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4618112189706444596 | Miracle of the Sun | Miracle of the sun - wikipedia Miracle of the sun Jump to : navigation , search Page from Ilustração Portuguesa , 29 October 1917 , showing the people looking at the sun during the Fátima apparitions attributed to the Virgin Mary The Miracle of the Sun ( Portuguese : O milagre do sol ) , also known as the Miracle of Fátima , refers to an event that allegedly occurred on 13 October 1917 above a large crowd who had gathered near Fátima , Portugal , in response to a prophecy made by three shepherd children . The prophecy was that the Virgin Mary ( referred to as Our Lady of Fatima ) , would appear and perform miracles on that date . Newspapers published testimony from reporters and other people who claimed to have witnessed extraordinary solar activity , such as the sun appearing to `` dance '' or zig - zag in the sky , careen towards the earth , or emit multicolored light and radiant colors . According to these reports , the event lasted approximately ten minutes . The local bishop opened a canonical investigation of the event in November 1917 , to review witness accounts and assess whether the alleged private revelation from Mary were compatible with Catholic theology . The local priest conducting the investigation was particularly convinced by the concurring testimony of extraordinary solar phenomena from secular reporters , government officials , and other skeptics in attendance . Bishop José da Silva declared the miracle `` worthy of belief '' on 13 October 1930 , permitting `` officially the cult of Our Lady of Fatima '' within the Catholic Church . At a gathering on 13 October 1951 at Fátima , the papal legate , Cardinal Federico Tedeschini , told the million people attending that on 30 October , 31 October , 1 November , and 8 November 1950 , Pope Pius XII himself witnessed the miracle of the sun from the Vatican gardens . The early and enduring interest in the miracle and related prophesies has had a significant impact on the devotional practices of many Catholics . There has been much analysis of the event from critical sociological and scientific perspectives . According to critics , the eyewitness testimony was actually a collection of inconsistent and contradictory accounts . Proposed alternate explanations include witnesses being deceived by their senses due to prolonged staring at the sun and then seeing something unusual as expected . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 The event 2.1 De Marchi accounts 2.2 Catholic Church recognition 3 Believers ' explanations 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : Our Lady of Fatima Beginning in the spring of 1917 , three Catholic shepherd children living near Fatima reported apparitions of an Angel , and starting in May 1917 , apparitions of the Virgin Mary , whom the children described as the Lady of Fátima . The children reported a prophecy that prayer would lead to an end to the Great War , and that on 13 October of that year the Lady would reveal her identity and perform a miracle `` so that all may believe . '' Newspapers reported the prophesies , and many pilgrims began visiting the area . The children 's accounts were deeply controversial , drawing intense criticism from both local secular and religious authorities . A provisional administrator briefly took the children into custody , believing the prophecies were politically motivated in opposition to the officially secular First Portuguese Republic established in 1910 . The event ( edit ) Crowd at Cova da Iria on 13 October 1917 Estimates of the number of people present range from 30,000 and 40,000 , by Avelino de Almeida writing for the Portuguese newspaper O Século , to 100,000 , estimated by lawyer Dr. José Almeida Garrett , the son of a professor of natural sciences at the University of Coimbra . Various claims have been made as to what actually happened during the event . According to many witnesses , after a period of rain , the dark clouds broke and the sun appeared as an opaque , spinning disc in the sky . It was said to be significantly duller than normal , and to cast multicolored lights across the landscape , the people , and the surrounding clouds . The sun was then reported to have careened towards the earth before zig - zagging back to its normal position . Witnesses reported that their previously wet clothes became `` suddenly and completely dry , as well as the wet and muddy ground that had been previously soaked because of the rain that had been falling '' . Not all witnesses reported seeing the sun `` dance '' . Some people only saw the radiant colors , and others , including some believers , saw nothing at all . The only known picture of the sun taken during the event shows nothing unusual . The three children ( Lúcia dos Santos and her cousins Jacinta and Francisco Marto ) who originally claimed to have seen Our Lady of Fátima also reported seeing a panorama of visions , including those of Jesus , Our Lady of Sorrows , Our Lady of Mt . Carmel , and of Saint Joseph blessing the people . In the fourth edition of her memoirs , written in 1941 , Lúcia said that on the occasion of their third visit to the Cova da Iria , on 13 July 1917 , she asked the Lady to tell them who she was , and to perform a miracle so that everyone would believe . The Lady told her that they should continue to come to the Cova each month until October , when the requested miracle would occur . De Marchi accounts ( edit ) Location of Fátima Part of the crowd looking at the sun during the event Descriptions of the events reported at Fátima were collected by Father John De Marchi , an Italian Catholic priest and researcher . De Marchi spent seven years in Fátima , from 1943 to 1950 , conducting research and interviewing the principals at length . In The Immaculate Heart , published in 1952 , De Marchi reports that , `` ( t ) heir ranks ( those present on 13 October ) included believers and non-believers , pious old ladies and scoffing young men . Hundreds , from these mixed categories , have given formal testimony . Reports do vary ; impressions are in minor details confused , but none to our knowledge has directly denied the visible prodigy of the sun . '' De Marchi authored several books on the subject , such as The True Story of Fátima . They include a number of witness descriptions . `` The sun , at one moment surrounded with scarlet flame , at another aureoled in yellow and deep purple , seemed to be in an exceedingly swift and whirling movement , at times appearing to be loosened from the sky and to be approaching the earth , strongly radiating heat . '' ― Dr. Domingos Pinto Coelho , writing for the Catholic newspaper Ordem . `` ... The silver sun , enveloped in the same gauzy grey light , was seen to whirl and turn in the circle of broken clouds ... The light turned a beautiful blue , as if it had come through the stained - glass windows of a cathedral , and spread itself over the people who knelt with outstretched hands ... people wept and prayed with uncovered heads , in the presence of a miracle they had awaited . The seconds seemed like hours , so vivid were they . '' ― Reporter for the Lisbon newspaper O Dia . `` The sun 's disc did not remain immobile . This was not the sparkling of a heavenly body , for it spun round on itself in a mad whirl when suddenly a clamor was heard from all the people . The sun , whirling , seemed to loosen itself from the firmament and advance threateningly upon the earth as if to crush us with its huge fiery weight . The sensation during those moments was terrible . '' -- De Marchi attributes this description to Dr. Almeida Garrett , Professor of Natural Sciences at Coimbra University . Theologian Father Stanley L. Jaki wrote that it was actually given by Dr. José Almeida Garrett , a young lawyer , and is often mistakenly attributed to his father , a professor of natural sciences at the University of Coimbra , named Dr. Gonçalo de Almeida Garrett . `` As if like a bolt from the blue , the clouds were wrenched apart , and the sun at its zenith appeared in all its splendor . It began to revolve vertiginously on its axis , like the most magnificent firewheel that could be imagined , taking on all the colors of the rainbow and sending forth multicolored flashes of light , producing the most astounding effect . This sublime and incomparable spectacle , which was repeated three distinct times , lasted for about ten minutes . The immense multitude , overcome by the evidence of such a tremendous prodigy , threw themselves on their knees . '' ― Dr. Manuel Formigão , a professor at the seminary at Santarém , and a priest . `` I feel incapable of describing what I saw . I looked fixedly at the sun , which seemed pale and did not hurt my eyes . Looking like a ball of snow , revolving on itself , it suddenly seemed to come down in a zig - zag , menacing the earth . Terrified , I ran and hid myself among the people , who were weeping and expecting the end of the world at any moment . '' -- Rev. Joaquim Lourenço , describing his boyhood experience in Alburitel , eighteen kilometers from Fátima . `` On that day of October 13 , 1917 , without remembering the predictions of the children , I was enchanted by a remarkable spectacle in the sky of a kind I had never seen before . I saw it from this veranda ... '' -- Portuguese poet Afonso Lopes Vieira . De Marchi also drew on the newspaper account written by Avelino de Almeida , a journalist sent by the newspaper O Século ( English : The Century ) , who described in detail the reactions of the crowd . Catholic Church recognition ( edit ) The event was declared of `` supernatural character '' by the Catholic Church in 1930 . A shrine was erected near the site in Fatima , which has been attended by thousands of faithful . Pope Pius XII approved the `` Fatima apparitions '' in 1940 . Four times during the week that he declared the dogma of the Assumption of Mary ( 33 years after the actual event said to have occurred in Fatima ) , Pope Pius XII claimed to have witnessed the same `` Miracle of the Sun '' . At 4 : 00 pm on 30 October 1950 , during a walk in the Vatican gardens , he arrived at the statue of Our Lady of Lourdes and began to see the miracle . He described himself in his handwritten notes as `` awestruck . '' He saw the same miracle on 31 October , again on 1 November ( the date of the definition of the dogma ) and then again on 8 November . He wrote that on other days at about the same time he tried to see if he could observe the Miracle of the Sun , but was unable to . He confided this information to a number of Vatican cardinals , to Sr. Pascalina Lehnert ( the nun in charge of the papal apartments ) and finally to handwritten notes ( discovered in 2008 ) that were later placed on display at the Vatican . In 2017 , Pope Francis approved the recognition of a miracle involving two of the children , Francisco and Jacinta Marto , who were involved in the Fatima event of 1917 , which paved the way for their canonization . Believers ' explanations ( edit ) Within Catholicism , the event is seen as the fulfillment of a promise by Mary , mother of Jesus to the shepherd children she appeared to several times before 13 October 1917 . According to the children 's accounts , Mary , referred to as the Lady of Fátima , promised them she would perform a miracle to show people they were telling the truth , and so caused the crowds to see the sun make `` incredible '' movements in the sky . Catholics have regarded Mary as a `` miracle worker '' for centuries , and this view has continued into the 21st century . Various theologians and apologetic scientists have discussed the limits of scientific explanations for the event and proposed possible mechanisms through which divine intervention caused the solar phenomenon . Fr Andrew Pinsent , research director of the Ian Ramsey Centre for Science and Religion at Oxford University , states that `` a scientific perspective does not rule out miracles , and the event at Fatima is , in the view of many , particularly credible . '' He states that a usual prejudice involves a lack of understanding of the scope of scientific laws , which merely describe how natural systems behave isolated from free agents . Concluding that the event is `` a public miracle of the most extraordinary kind and credibility '' , he sees the year of the event , as connected to significant historical milestones that call for Fatima 's message of repentance : Protestantism in 1517 , Freemasonry in 1717 and Atheistic Communism in 1917 . Theologian , professor , and priest Stanley L. Jaki , concurs , concluding that by divine intervention , a coordinated interplay of natural meteorological events , an enhancement of air lens with ice crystals , was made to occur at the exact time predicted , and this is the essence of the miracle . He assumed as fact that the sun did n't move since observatories did not perceive any solar movement and the vast majority of the earth 's populace did n't notice it either . Jaki described the phenomenon thus : ... a sudden temperature inversion must have taken place . The cold and warm air masses could conceivably propel that rotating air lens in an elliptical orbit first toward the earth , and then push it up , as if it were a boomerang , back to its original position . Meanwhile the ice crystals in it acted as so many means of refraction for the sun 's rays ... Only one observer , a lawyer , stated three decades later that the path of descent and ascent was elliptical with small circles superimposed on it . Such an observation would make eminent sense to anyone familiar with fluid dynamics or even with the workings of a boomerang . There is indeed plenty of scientific information on hand to approach the miracle of the sun scientifically ... The carefully co-ordinated interplay of so many physical factors would by itself be a miracle , even if one does not wish to see anything more in what actually happened . Clearly , the `` miracle '' of the sun was not a mere meteorological phenomenon , however rare . Otherwise it would have been observed before and after , regardless of the presence of devout crowds or not . I merely claim , which I did in my other writings on miracles , that in producing miracles God often makes use of a natural substratum by greatly enhancing its physical components and their interactions . According to Jaki , the faithful should believe that a miracle occurred at Fatima , and `` those who stake their purpose in life on Christ as the greatest and incomparably miraculous fact of history '' , need to pay attention to facts that support miracles . Father De Marchi believed related miraculous phenomena , such as the Sun 's effect on standing water from heavy rains that immediately preceded the event , to be genuine . According to De Marchi , `` ... engineers that have studied the case reckoned that an incredible amount of energy would have been necessary to dry up those pools of water that had formed on the field in a few minutes as it was reported by witnesses . '' De Marchi wrote that the prediction of an unspecified `` miracle '' , the abrupt beginning and end of the event , the varied religious backgrounds of the observers , the sheer numbers of people present , reports of sightings by people up to 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) away , and the lack of any known scientific causative factor make a mass hallucination or mass hysteria unlikely . De Marchi concludes that `` given the indubitable reference to God , and the general context of the story , it seems that we must attribute to Him alone the most obvious and colossal miracle of history . '' Leo Madigan , a former psychiatric nurse and local journalist at Fátima in the late 20th century , also dismisses suggestions from critics of mass hypnosis , and believes that astonishment , fear , exaltation and the spiritual nature of the phenomenon explain any inconsistency of witnesses descriptions . Madigan wrote that what people saw was `` the reflection of the Lady 's own light projected on the Sun itself '' . Criticism ( edit ) A parhelion in rainbow colors , photographed in 2005 Theologians , scientists , and skeptics have responded to claims that conflict with established scientific knowledge regarding the behavior of the Sun . Science writer Benjamin Radford maintains that `` the sun did not really dance in the sky . We know this because , of course , everyone on Earth is under the same sun , and if the closest dying star to us suddenly began doing celestial gymnastics a few billion other people would surely have reported it '' . Radford wrote that psychological factors such as the power of suggestion and pareidolia can better explain the reported events . According to Radford , `` No one suggests that those who reported seeing the Miracle of the Sun -- or any other miracles at Fátima or elsewhere -- are lying or hoaxing . Instead , they very likely experienced what they claimed to , though that experience took place mostly in their minds . '' In The Evidence for Visions of the Virgin Mary Kevin McClure wrote that the crowd at Cova da Iria may have been expecting to see signs in the sun , since similar phenomena had been reported in the weeks leading up to the miracle . On this basis , he believes that the crowd saw what it wanted to see . McClure also stated that he had never seen such a collection of contradictory accounts of a case in any of the research that he had done in the previous ten years . According to theologian Lisa J. Schwebel , claims of the miracle present a number of difficulties . Schwebel states , `` not only did not all those present not see the phenomenon , but also there are considerable inconsistencies among witnesses as to what they did see '' . Schwebel also observes that there is no authentic photo of the solar phenomena claimed , `` despite the presence of hundreds of reporters and photographers at the field '' and one photo often presented as authentic is actually `` a solar eclipse in another part of the world taken sometime before 1917 '' . Supernatural explanations , such as those by Father Pio Scatizzi who argues that observers in Fátima could not be collectively deceived , or that the effect was not seen by observatories in distant places because of divine intervention have been dismissed by critics who say those taking part in the event could certainly be deceived by their senses , or they could have experienced a localized , natural phenomenon . Others , such as professor of physics Auguste Meessen , suggest that optical effects created by the human eye can account for the reported phenomenon . Meessen presented his analysis of apparitions and `` miracles of the sun '' at the International Symposium `` Science , Religion and Conscience '' in 2003 . While Meessen felt those who claim to have experienced miracles were `` honestly experiencing what they report '' , he stated sun miracles can not be taken at face value and that the reported observations were optical effects caused by prolonged staring at the sun . Meessen contends that retinal after - images produced after brief periods of sun gazing are a likely cause of the observed dancing effects . Similarly , Meessen concluded that the color changes witnessed were most likely caused by the bleaching of photosensitive retinal cells . Meessen observes that Sun Miracles have been witnessed in many places where religiously charged pilgrims have been encouraged to stare at the sun . He cites the apparitions at Heroldsbach , Germany ( 1949 ) as an example , where many people within a crowd of over 10,000 testified to witnessing similar observations as at Fátima . Meessen also cites a British Journal of Ophthalmology article that discusses some modern examples of Sun Miracles . Prof. Dr. Stöckl , a meteorologist from Regensburg , also proposed a similar theory and made similar observations . Critics also suggest that a combination of clouds , atmospheric effects and natural sunlight could have created the reported visual phenomena . Steuart Campbell , writing for the edition of Journal of Meteorology in 1989 , postulated that a cloud of stratospheric dust changed the appearance of the sun on 13 October , making it easy to look at , and causing it to appear to be yellow , blue , and violet , and to spin . In support of his hypothesis , Mr. Campbell reported that a blue and reddened sun was reported in China as documented in 1983 . Paul Simons , in an article entitled `` Weather Secrets of Miracle at Fátima '' , stated that it is possible that some of the optical effects at Fátima may have been caused by a cloud of dust from the Sahara . Skeptical investigator Joe Nickell wrote that the `` dancing sun '' effects reported at Fátima were `` a combination of factors , including optical effects and meteorological phenomena , such as the sun being seen through thin clouds , causing it to appear as a silver disc . Other possibilities include an alteration in the density of the passing clouds , causing the sun 's image to alternately brighten and dim and so seem to advance and recede , and dust or moisture droplets in the atmosphere refracting the sunlight and thus imparting a variety of colors '' . However , Dr. Jose Maria de Almeida Garrett observed , `` It could not be confused with the sun seen through a fog ( there was no fog at that moment ) . '' Nickell also suggests that unusual visual effects could have resulted from temporary retinal distortion caused by staring at the intense light of the Sun , or have been caused by a sundog , a relatively common atmospheric optical phenomenon . Nickell also highlights the psychological suggestibility of the witnesses , noting that devout spectators often come to locations where Marian apparitions have been reported `` fully expecting some miraculous event '' , such as the 1988 Lubbock apparition of Mary in Texas , the Mother Cabrini Shrine near Denver , Colorado , in 1992 , and Conyers , Georgia , in the early to mid-1990s . See also ( edit ) Marian apparition Solar retinopathy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chojnowski , Peter ( August 2010 ) . `` The Miracle of the Sun '' ( PDF ) . The Fatima Crusader . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Results of the Investigative Commission '' . October 1930 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph Pelletier. ( 1983 ) . The Sun Danced at Fátima . Doubleday , New York . pp. 147 -- 51 . Jump up ^ `` Pius XII Saw `` Miracle of the Sun '' -- ZENIT -- English `` . www.zenit.org . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Michael ( 1 June 2014 ) . `` Miracle or fraud ? How the Catholic Church decides '' . Chicago Catholic . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Secrets of Fatima '' . www.csicop.org . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Auguste Meessen ' Apparitions and Miracles of the Sun ' International Forum in Porto `` Science , Religion and Conscience '' 23 -- 25 October 2003 ISSN 1645 - 6564 ^ Jump up to : `` The Lady of Fátima & the Miracle of the Sun '' . LiveScience.com . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Dunning , Brian . `` Skeptoid # 110 : Illuminating the Fatima Miracle of the Sun '' . Skeptoid . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin McClure ( 1983 ) The Evidence for Visions of the Virgin Mary Aquarian Press , ISBN 0 - 85030 - 351 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Leo Madigan . The Children of Fatima : Blessed Francisco & Blessed Jacinto Marto . Our Sunday Visitor Publishing ; 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931709 - 57 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fátima 's dusty veil '' , New Humanist , Vol 104 , No 2 , August 1989 and `` The Miracle of the Sun at Fátima '' , Journal of Meteorology , UK , Vol 14 , no . 142 , October 1989 ^ Jump up to : Joe Nickell . Looking for a Miracle : Weeping Icons , Relics , Stigmata , Visions and Healing Cures . Prometheus Books , Publishers ; 1993 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61592 - 464 - 6 . pp. 178 -- . Jump up ^ ( De Marchi 1952 : 118 ) Jump up ^ Bennett , 2012 Jump up ^ ( De Marchi 1952a ) ^ Jump up to : Donal Anthony Foley . Marian Apparitions , the Bible , and the Modern World . Gracewing Publishing ; 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85244 - 313 - 2 . pp. 404 -- . Jump up ^ ( De Marchi 1952a : 185 -- 87 ) ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Jeffrey S. , When the Sun Danced : Myth , Miracles , and Modernity in Early Twentieth - Century Portugal , University of Virginia Press , 2012 ISBN 9780813932507 ^ Jump up to : ( De Marchi 1952b : 150 ) Jump up ^ Jaki , Stanley L. ( 1999 ) . God and the Sun at Fátima . Real View Books . pp. 170 -- 171 , 232 , 272 . ASIN B0006R7UJ6 . Jump up ^ Frere Michel de la Sainte Trinite ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter X , appendix II '' . The Whole Truth About Fátima , Volume I : Science and the Facts . Names Izabel Brandao de Melo , and a few vague or unverifiable accounts . Jump up ^ John Haffert ( 1961 ) . `` Meet the Witnesses '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima -- Fatima , Portugal '' . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ ( De Marchi 1952b : 151 -- 66 ) Jump up ^ De Marchi , John . True Story of Fatima , Catechetical Guild Educational Society , St. Paul , Minnesota , 1956 ^ Jump up to : ( De Marchi 1952b : 143 ) Jump up ^ ( De Marchi 1952b : 147 ) ^ Jump up to : ( De Marchi 1952b : 146 ) Jump up ^ História da ciência na Universidade de Coimbra : 1772 -- 1933 . Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra / Coimbra University Press ; 1 June 2013 . ISBN 978 - 989 - 26 - 0609 - 5 . pp. 15 -- . Jump up ^ ( De Marchi 1952b : 149 ) Jump up ^ ( De Marchi 1952b : 148 -- 49 ) Jump up ^ Elbson . `` Fátima -- O milagre do sol '' . www.universocatolico.com.br . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Lady of Fatima 100th Anniversary '' . Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ https://zenit.org/articles/pius-XII-saw-miracle-of-the-sun Jump up ^ http://www.spiritdaily.net/lastsecretqueen.htm Jump up ^ https://zenit.org/articles/pius-XII-saw-miracle-of-the-sun Jump up ^ https://zenit.org/articles/pius-XII-saw-miracle-of-the-sun Jump up ^ `` Pope recognizes miracle attributed to Fatima visionaries '' . Catholic Sun . Diocese of Phoenix . Retrieved 6 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Our Lady Of Fatima '' . Catholic News Agency . CNA . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Miracles of Our Lady by Gonzalo de Berceo , Richard Terry Mount , Annette Grant Cash 1997 ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2019 - 5 pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ `` Fatima at 100 : Can a scientist take the Miracle of the Sun seriously ? -- CatholicHerald.co.uk '' . catholicherald.co.uk. 11 May 2017 . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fr . Stanley Jaki on the Fátima Miracle -- Catholic Stand '' . catholicstand.com. 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaki , Stanley L. ( 1999 ) . God and the Sun at Fátima . Real View Books . ASIN B0006R7UJ6 . ^ Jump up to : ( De Marchi 1952b : 150 , 278 -- 82 ) Jump up ^ Lisa J. Schwebel . Apparitions , Healings , and Weeping Madonnas : Christianity and the Paranormal . Paulist Press ; 14 May 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61643 - 695 - 7 . pp. 2 -- . Jump up ^ ( De Marchi 1952b : 282 ) Jump up ^ Hallet , M. ( 2011 ) Les apparitions de la Vierge et la critique historique ( new expanded edition ) Jump up ^ Apparitions and Miracles of the Sun . Auguste Meessen . International Forum in Porto `` Science , Religion and Conscience '' October 23 -- 25 , 2003 Meessen.net Jump up ^ Solar retinopathy following religious rituals . M Hope - Ross , S Travers , D Mooney ; Br J Ophthalmol 1988 , 72 : 931 -- 34 doi : 10.1136 / bjo. 72.12. 931 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Jaki , Stanley L. ( 1999 ) . God and the Sun at Fátima . Real View Books . p. 303 . ASIN B0006R7UJ6 . Jump up ^ `` Weather Secrets of Miracle at Fátima '' , Paul Simons , The Times , 17 February 2005 . Jump up ^ Novos Documentos de Fatima , San Paulo , 1984 . Jump up ^ Nickell , John ( 1993 ) . Looking for a Miracle : Weeping Icons , Relics , Stigmata , Visions , and Healing Cures . Prometheus . ISBN 0 - 87975 - 840 - 6 . Bibliography ( edit ) De Marchi , John ( 1956 ) . The True Story of Fátima . St. Paul Minnesota : Catechetical Guild Educational Society . OCLC 40630767 . ( Online Text ) De Marchi , John ( 1952b ) . The Immaculate Heart , The True Story of Our Lady of Fatima . New York : Farrar , Straus and Young . OCLC 2947238 . McClure , Kevin ( 1983 ) . The Evidence for Visions of the Virgin Mary . Aquarian Press . ISBN 0 - 85030 - 351 - 6 . Bennett , Jeffrey S. ( 2012 ) . When the Sun Danced : Myth , Miracles , and Modernity in Early Twentieth Century . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 3250 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miracle of the Sun . Newspaper article in Portuguese that came out shortly after the alleged miracle . Picture of the sun during the alleged miracle . ( archive ) Apparitions and Miracles of the Sun Phil Plait . `` When self - fulfilling prophecies Knock '' , Discover Magazine BBC News article on sun miracles at Knock The Fatima Message ( hide ) Our Lady of Fátima Marian apparitions in Fátima , Portugal , in 1917 Events Three Secrets of Fátima Miracle of the Sun Fátima prayers Guardian Angel of Portugal Pontevedra apparitions Consecration of Russia First Saturdays Devotion People Visionaries Lúcia Santos Francisco and Jacinta Marto Artur Santos José Alves Correia da Silva Related places Aljustrel Cova da Iria Valinhos Sanctuary of Fátima Chapel of the Apparitions Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary Basilica of the Holy Trinity Media The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima ( 1952 film ) Fatima in Lucia 's Own Words Fatima in Lucia 's Own Words II Calls from the Message of Fatima A Pathway Under the Gaze of Mary : Biography of Sister Maria Lucia of Jesus and the Immaculate Heart Associations Fatima Movement of Priests Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima Sol de Fátima America Needs Fatima Catholicism portal Private revelation portal Private revelation in the Catholic Church Revelations Apparitional experience Christian mysticism Locution interior Marian apparition Religious ecstasy Vision ( spirituality ) Visions of Jesus and Mary Miracles Bilocation Charism Gift of miracles Gifts of healing Glossolalia Interpretation of tongues Prophecy Word of Knowledge Word of wisdom Eucharistic miracle Miracle of Lanciano Levitation Lourdes water Miracle of the Sun Odour of sanctity Stigmata Tabor Light Thaumaturgy Weeping statue Discernment Documents Code of canon law Haurietis aquas Normae Congregationis Tribus circiter Magisterium Rule of Faith Sensus fidei Theology Bridal theology Christology Mariology Mystical theology Popular piety Acts of reparation Immaculate Heart of Mary Consecration First Saturdays Devotion Miraculous Medal Seven Dolors Pilgrimage Rosary Rosary of the Holy Wounds Sacred Heart Divine Mercy Eucharistic adoration First Friday Devotion Holy Hour Saint Michael Chaplet of Saint Michael Prayer to Saint Michael Scapular Shrines Sanctuary of the Divine Mercy Sanctuary of Christ the King Shrine of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Marian shrines Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe Cathedral - Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar Chapel of Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Sanctuary of Our Lady of Fátima Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help Sanctuary of Our Lady of Graces of Onuva Shrine of Our Lady of the Hens Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo Catholicism portal Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miracle_of_the_Sun&oldid=810320360 '' Categories : Christian miracles Our Lady of Fatima 1917 in Portugal Forteana Solar phenomena 20th - century Roman Catholicism 1917 in Christianity October 1917 events Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use dmy dates from October 2017 Articles containing Portuguese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Română Shqip Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 15 : 18 . About Wikipedia | what was the miracle of the sun at fatima | [
"The Miracle of the Sun (Portuguese: O milagre do sol), also known as the Miracle of Fátima, refers to an event that allegedly occurred on 13 October 1917 above a large crowd who had gathered near Fátima, Portugal, in response to a prophecy made by three shepherd children. The prophecy was that the Virgin Mary (referred to as Our Lady of Fatima), would appear and perform miracles on that date. Newspapers published testimony from reporters and other people who claimed to have witnessed extraordinary solar activity, such as the sun appearing to \"dance\" or zig-zag in the sky, careen towards the earth, or emit multicolored light and radiant colors. According to these reports, the event lasted approximately ten minutes."
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"extraordinary solar activity"
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9122306376236538813 | Galvanization | Galvanization - wikipedia Galvanization Jump to : navigation , search `` Galvanize '' and `` Galvanized '' redirect here . For other uses , see Galvanize ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Galvanism or Electrogalvanization . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A street lamp in Singapore showing the characteristic spangle of hot - dip galvanization Galvanization ( or galvanizing as it is most commonly called in that industry ) is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron , to prevent rusting . The most common method is hot - dip galvanizing , in which parts are submerged in a bath of molten zinc . Contents ( hide ) 1 Protective action 2 History and etymology 3 Methods 4 Eventual corrosion 5 Galvanized construction steel 6 Galvanized piping 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Protective action ( edit ) Galvanising protects the base metal in three ways : It forms a coating of zinc which , when intact , prevents corrosive substances from reaching the underlying steel or iron . The zinc serves as a sacrificial anode so that even if the coating is scratched , the exposed steel will still be protected by the remaining zinc . The zinc protects its base metal by corroding before iron . For better results , application of chromates over zinc is also seen as an industrial trend . History and etymology ( edit ) Galvanized nails The earliest known example of galvanized iron was encountered by Europeans on 17th - century Indian armor in the Royal Armouries Museum collection . It was named in English via French from the name of Italian scientist Luigi Galvani . Originally in the 19th century , the term `` galvanizing '' was used to describe the administration of electric shocks ; this was also called Faradism . This usage is the origin of the metaphorical use of the verb `` galvanize '' , such as to `` galvanize into action '' meaning stimulating a complacent person or group to take action . In modern usage , the term `` galvanizing '' has largely come to be associated with zinc coatings , to the exclusion of other metals . Galvanic paint , a precursor to hot - dip galvanizing , was patented by Stanislas Sorel , of Paris , in December 1837 . Methods ( edit ) Hot - dip galvanizing deposits a thick , robust layer of zinc iron alloys on the surface of a steel item . In the case of automobile bodies , where additional decorative coatings of paint will be applied , a thinner form of galvanizing is applied by electrogalvanizing . The hot - dip process generally does not reduce strength on a measurable scale , with the exception of high - strength steels ( > 1100 MPa ) where hydrogen embrittlement can become a problem . This deficiency is a consideration affecting the manufacture of wire rope and other highly - stressed products . The protection provided by hot - dip galvanizing is insufficient for products that will be constantly exposed to corrosive materials such as acids , including acid rain in outdoor uses . For these applications , more expensive stainless steel is preferred . Some nails made today are galvanized . Nonetheless , electroplating is used on its own for many outdoor applications because it is cheaper than hot - dip zinc coating and looks good when new . Another reason not to use hot - dip zinc coating is that for bolts and nuts of size M10 ( US 3 / 8 `` ) or smaller , the thick hot - dipped coating fills in too much of the threads , which reduces strength ( because the dimension of the steel prior to coating must be reduced for the fasteners to fit together ) . This means that for cars , bicycles , and many other light mechanical products , the practical alternative to electroplating bolts and nuts is not hot - dip zinc coating , but making the fasteners from stainless steel . Galvanized surface with visible spangle The size of crystallites in galvanized coatings is a visible and aesthetic feature , known as `` spangle '' . By varying the number of particles added for heterogeneous nucleation and the rate of cooling in a hot - dip process , the spangle can be adjusted from an apparently uniform surface ( crystallites too small to see with the naked eye ) to grains several centimetres wide . Visible crystallites are rare in other engineering materials , even though they are usually present . Thermal diffusion galvanizing , or Sherardizing , provides a zinc diffusion coating on iron - or copper - based materials . Parts and zinc powder are tumbled in a sealed rotating drum . Around 300 ° C ( 572 ° F ) , zinc will diffuse into the substrate to form a zinc alloy . The advance surface preparation of the goods can be carried out by shot blasting . The process is also known as `` dry galvanizing '' , because no liquids are involved ; this can avoid possible problems caused by hydrogen embrittlement . The dull - grey crystal structure of the zinc diffusion coating has a good adhesion to paint , powder coatings , or rubber . It is a preferred method for coating small , complex - shaped metals , and for smoothing rough surfaces on items formed with sintered metal . Eventual corrosion ( edit ) Rusted corrugated steel roof Although galvanizing will inhibit attack of the underlying steel , rusting will be inevitable after some decades of exposure to weather , especially if exposed to acidic conditions . For example , corrugated iron sheet roofing will start to degrade within a few years despite the protective action of the zinc coating . Marine and salty environments also lower the lifetime of galvanized iron because the high electrical conductivity of sea water increases the rate of corrosion , primarily through converting the solid zinc to soluble zinc chloride which simply washes away . Galvanized car frames exemplify this ; they corrode much faster in cold environments due to road salt , though they will last longer than unprotected steel . Galvanized steel can last for many decades if other supplementary measures are maintained , such as paint coatings and additional sacrificial anodes . The rate of corrosion in non-salty environments is caused mainly by levels of sulfur dioxide in the air . In the most benign natural environments , such as inland low population areas , galvanized steel can last without rust for over 100 years . Galvanized construction steel ( edit ) This is the most common use for galvanized metal , and hundreds of thousands of tons of steel products are galvanized annually worldwide . In developed countries most larger cities have several galvanizing factories , and many items of steel manufacture are galvanized for protection . Typically these include : street furniture , building frameworks , balconies , verandahs , staircases , ladders , walkways , and more . SGCC hot dip galvanized steel is also used for making steel frames as a basic construction material for steel frame buildings . Galvanized piping ( edit ) See also : Galvanic corrosion In the early 20th century , galvanized piping replaced previously - used cast iron and lead in cold - water plumbing . Typically , galvanized piping rusts from the inside out , building up layers of plaque on the inside of the piping , causing both water pressure problems and eventual pipe failure . These plaques can flake off , leading to visible impurities in water and a slight metallic taste . The life expectancy of galvanized piping is about 70 years , but it may vary by region due to impurities in the water supply and the proximity of electrical grids for which interior piping acts as a pathway ( the flow of electricity can accelerate chemical corrosion ) . Pipe longevity also depends on the thickness of zinc in the original galvanizing , which ranges on a scale from G40 to G210 , and whether the pipe was galvanized on both the inside and outside , or just the outside . Since World War II , copper and plastic piping have replaced galvanized piping for interior drinking water service , but galvanized steel pipes are still used in outdoor applications requiring steel 's superior mechanical strength . The use of galvanized pipes lends some truth to the urban myth that water purity in outdoor water faucets is lower , but the actual impurities ( iron , zinc , calcium ) are harmless . The presence of galvanized piping detracts from the appraised value of housing stock because piping can fail , increasing the risk of water damage . Galvanized piping will eventually need to be replaced if housing stock is to outlast a 50 to 70 year life expectancy , and some jurisdictions require galvanized piping to be replaced before sale . One option to extend the life expectancy of existing galvanized piping is to line it with an epoxy resin . See also ( edit ) Cathodic protection Corrugated galvanized iron Galvanic corrosion Galvannealed - galvanization and annealing Prepainted metal Rust Rustproofing Sendzimir process Sherardizing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Summary of XRF analysis conducted on or about 30 September 1999 by the Royal Armouries Museum in Leeds and written up as part of a thesis by Helen Bowstead Stallybrass at the Department of Archaeological Sciences , Bradford University . Jump up ^ Process for protecting articles made of Iron or Steel from oxidation . '' Specification of patent granted to M. Sorel , of Paris , France , December , 1837 . Journal of the Franklin Institute ( Philadelphia , Pa . ) , Published by Pergamon Press , 1838 , via Google Book Search . Jump up ^ Industrial Galvanizes : http://www.ingal.com.au/IGSM/28.htm Jump up ^ `` Zinc Plating and Hydrogen Embrittlement '' . Hydrogen Embrittlement Handbook Jump up ^ `` Steel Selection '' . American Galvanizers Association . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Frank C. ( 1991 ) . Zinc Handbook . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 8340 - 2 . Jump up ^ Natrup , F. ; Graf , W. ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` 20 - Sherardizing : corrosion protection of steels by zinc diffusion coatings '' . In Mittemeijer , Eric J. ; Somers , Marcel A.J. Thermochemical Surface Engineering of Steels : Improving Materials Performance . Elsevier Science . p. 737 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85709 - 652 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Resistance '' . Galvanising Association ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Look up galvanize in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galvanization . American Galvanizers Association Galvanizers Association Galvanizers Association Ireland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galvanization&oldid=803742555 '' Categories : Chemical processes Corrosion prevention Metal plating Zinc Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 10 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | iron nails to be used outdoors are coated with this to prevent the iron from rusting | [
"Galvanization (or galvanizing as it is most commonly called in that industry) is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, in which parts are submerged in a bath of molten zinc."
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"zinc"
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7063704144179021601 | List of FA Cup Finals | List of FA Cup finals - wikipedia List of FA Cup finals Jump to : navigation , search Further information : FA Cup Final The Blackburn Rovers team which won the FA Cup in 1884 . Team captain James Brown ( front row , centre ) holds the trophy . The Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup , is a knockout competition in English football , organised by and named after The Football Association ( the FA ) . It is the oldest existing football competition in the world , having commenced in the 1871 -- 72 season . The tournament is open to all clubs in the top 10 levels of the English football league system , although a club 's home stadium must meet certain requirements prior to entering the tournament . The competition culminates at the end of the league season usually in May with the FA Cup Final , officially named The Football Association Challenge Cup Final Tie , which has traditionally been regarded as the showpiece finale of the English football season . All of the final venues , apart from four , have been in London with most being played at the original Wembley Stadium , which was used from 1923 until the stadium closed in 2000 . The other venues that were used for the final prior to 1923 were Kennington Oval , Crystal Palace , Stamford Bridge and Lillie Bridge , all in London , Goodison Park in Liverpool and Fallowfield Stadium and Old Trafford in Manchester . The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final for six years ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction . Other grounds have been used for replays , which until 1999 took place if the initial match ended in a draw . The new Wembley Stadium has been the permanent venue of the final since 2007 . As of 2018 , the record for the most wins is held by Arsenal with 13 victories . The cup has been won by the same team in two or more consecutive years on ten occasions , and four teams have won consecutive finals more than once : Wanderers , Blackburn Rovers , Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal . The cup has been won by a non-English team once . The cup is currently held by Chelsea , who defeated Manchester United in the 2018 final . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Finals 2.1 Key 2.2 Results 3 Results by team 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of the FA Cup Tottenham Hotspur captain Arthur Grimsdell displays the cup to fans on the Tottenham High Road after Spurs ' victory in the 1921 final , the first win by a London - based team for 20 years . The winners of the first tournament were Wanderers , a team of former public schoolboys based in London , who went on to win the competition five times in its first seven seasons . The early winners of the competition were all teams of wealthy amateurs from the south of England , but in 1883 , Blackburn Olympic became the first team from the north to win the cup , defeating Old Etonians . Upon his team 's return to Blackburn , Olympic captain Albert Warburton proclaimed : `` The Cup is very welcome to Lancashire . It 'll have a good home and it 'll never go back to London . '' With the advent of professionalism at around the same time , the amateur teams quickly faded from prominence in the competition . The leading professional clubs formed The Football League in 1888 . Since then , one non-league team has won the cup . Tottenham Hotspur , then of the Southern League , defeated Sheffield United of The Football League to win the 1901 final . A year later Sheffield United returned to the final and won the cup , which then remained in the hands of Northern and Midland clubs until Tottenham won it again in 1921 . In 1927 , Cardiff City , a team which plays in the English football league system despite being based in Wales , won the cup , the only non-English club to do so . Scottish club Queens Park reached the final twice in the early years of the competition . Newcastle United enjoyed a brief spell of FA Cup dominance in the 1950s , winning the trophy three times in five years , and in the 1960s , Tottenham Hotspur enjoyed a similar spell of success , with three wins in seven seasons . This marked the start of a successful period for London - based clubs , with 11 wins in 22 seasons . Teams from the second tier of English football , at the time called the Second Division , experienced an unprecedented run of cup success between 1973 and 1980 . Sunderland won the cup in 1973 , Southampton repeated the feat in 1976 , and West Ham United won in 1980 , the most recent victory by a team from outside the top division . Finals ( edit ) Until 1999 , a draw in the final would result in the match being replayed at a later date ; since then the final has always been decided on the day , with a penalty shootout as required . As of 2017 a penalty shoot - out has been required on only two occasions , in the 2005 and 2006 finals . The competition did not take place during the First and Second World Wars , other than in the 1914 -- 15 season , when it was completed , and the 1939 -- 40 season , when it was abandoned during the qualifying rounds . Key ( edit ) Key to list of winners ( R ) Replay * Match went to extra time Match decided by a penalty shoot - out after extra time Winning team won the Double Italics Team from outside the top level of English football ( since the formation of The Football League in 1888 ) All teams are English , except where marked ( Scottish ) or ( Welsh ) . Results ( edit ) FA Cup winners Season Winners Score Runners -- up Venue Attendance 1871 -- 72 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1871 -- 72 Wanderers 1 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1872 -- 73 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1872 -- 73 Wanderers 2 -- 0 Oxford University Lillie Bridge 3,000 1873 -- 74 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1873 -- 74 Oxford University 2 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1874 -- 75 Royal Engineers 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1874 -- 75 ( R ) Royal Engineers 2 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,000 1875 -- 76 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1875 -- 76 Wanderers 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,500 1875 -- 76 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1875 -- 76 ( R ) Wanderers 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 1,500 1876 -- 77 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1876 -- 77 Wanderers 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Oxford University Kennington Oval 3,000 1877 -- 78 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1877 -- 78 Wanderers 3 -- 1 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 4,500 1878 -- 79 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1878 -- 79 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Clapham Rovers Kennington Oval 5,000 1879 -- 80 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1879 -- 80 Clapham Rovers 1 -- 0 Oxford University Kennington Oval 6,000 1880 -- 81 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1880 -- 81 Old Carthusians 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 4,000 1881 -- 82 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1881 -- 82 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Kennington Oval 6,500 1882 -- 83 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1882 -- 83 Blackburn Olympic 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 8,000 1883 -- 84 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1883 -- 84 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 4,000 1884 -- 85 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1884 -- 85 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 12,500 1885 -- 86 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1885 -- 86 Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,000 1885 -- 86 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1885 -- 86 ( R ) Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Racecourse Ground ! Racecourse Ground 12,000 1886 -- 87 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1886 -- 87 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,500 1887 -- 88 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1887 -- 88 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Preston North End Kennington Oval 19,000 1888 -- 89 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1888 -- 89 Preston North End 3 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Kennington Oval 22,000 1889 -- 90 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1889 -- 90 Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 The Wednesday Kennington Oval 20,000 1890 -- 91 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1890 -- 91 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Notts County Kennington Oval 23,000 1891 -- 92 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1891 -- 92 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Kennington Oval 32,810 1892 -- 93 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1892 -- 93 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Everton Fallowfield Stadium 45,000 1893 -- 94 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1893 -- 94 Notts County 4 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers Goodison Park 37,000 1894 -- 95 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1894 -- 95 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 42,560 1895 -- 96 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1895 -- 96 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Crystal Palace 48,836 1896 -- 97 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1896 -- 97 Aston Villa 3 -- 2 Everton Crystal Palace 65,891 1897 -- 98 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1897 -- 98 Nottingham Forest 3 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 62,017 1898 -- 99 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1898 -- 99 Sheffield United 4 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 73,833 1899 -- 1900 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1899 -- 1900 Bury 4 -- 0 Southampton Crystal Palace 68,945 1900 -- 01 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1900 -- 01 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 Sheffield United Crystal Palace 110,820 1900 -- 01 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1900 -- 01 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Sheffield United Burnden Park 20,470 1901 -- 02 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1901 -- 02 Sheffield United 1 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 76,914 1901 -- 02 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1901 -- 02 ( R ) Sheffield United 2 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 33,068 1902 -- 03 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1902 -- 03 Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County Crystal Palace 63,102 1903 -- 04 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1903 -- 04 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Bolton Wanderers Crystal Palace 61,374 1904 -- 05 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1904 -- 05 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 101,117 1905 -- 06 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1905 -- 06 Everton 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 75,609 1906 -- 07 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1906 -- 07 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Everton Crystal Palace 84,594 1907 -- 08 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1907 -- 08 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 74,697 1908 -- 09 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1908 -- 09 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Bristol City Crystal Palace 71,401 1909 -- 10 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1909 -- 10 Newcastle United 1 -- 1 Barnsley Crystal Palace 77,747 1909 -- 10 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1909 -- 10 ( R ) Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Barnsley Goodison Park 69,000 1910 -- 11 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1910 -- 11 Bradford City 0 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 69,068 1910 -- 11 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1910 -- 11 ( R ) Bradford City 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Old Trafford 58,000 1911 -- 12 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1911 -- 12 Barnsley 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 54,556 1911 -- 12 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1911 -- 12 ( R ) Barnsley 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * West Bromwich Albion Bramall Lane 38,555 1912 -- 13 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1912 -- 13 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Sunderland Crystal Palace 121,919 1913 -- 14 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1913 -- 14 Burnley 1 -- 0 Liverpool Crystal Palace 72,778 1914 -- 15 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1914 -- 15 Sheffield United 3 -- 0 Chelsea Old Trafford 49,557 1919 -- 20 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1919 -- 20 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Stamford Bridge 50,018 1920 -- 21 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1920 -- 21 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Stamford Bridge 72,805 1921 -- 22 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1921 -- 22 Huddersfield Town 1 -- 0 Preston North End Stamford Bridge 53,000 1922 -- 23 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1922 -- 23 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 126,047 1923 -- 24 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1923 -- 24 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,695 1924 -- 25 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1924 -- 25 Sheffield United 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,763 1925 -- 26 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1925 -- 26 Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,447 1926 -- 27 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1926 -- 27 Cardiff City 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,206 1927 -- 28 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1927 -- 28 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,041 1928 -- 29 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1928 -- 29 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,576 1929 -- 30 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1929 -- 30 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,488 1930 -- 31 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1930 -- 31 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Birmingham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,406 1931 -- 32 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1931 -- 32 Newcastle United 2 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,298 1932 -- 33 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1932 -- 33 Everton 3 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,950 1933 -- 34 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1933 -- 34 Manchester City 2 -- 1 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,258 1934 -- 35 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1934 -- 35 Sheffield Wednesday 4 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,204 1935 -- 36 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1935 -- 36 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Sheffield United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,384 1936 -- 37 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1936 -- 37 Sunderland 3 -- 1 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,495 1937 -- 38 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1937 -- 38 Preston North End 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,497 1938 -- 39 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1938 -- 39 Portsmouth 4 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,370 1945 -- 46 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1945 -- 46 Derby County 4 -- 1 ! * 4 -- 1 * Charlton Athletic Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1946 -- 47 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1946 -- 47 Charlton Athletic 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1947 -- 48 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1947 -- 48 Manchester United 4 -- 2 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1948 -- 49 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1948 -- 49 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,500 1949 -- 50 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1949 -- 50 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1950 -- 51 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1950 -- 51 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1951 -- 52 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1951 -- 52 Newcastle United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1952 -- 53 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1952 -- 53 Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1953 -- 54 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1953 -- 54 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1954 -- 55 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1954 -- 55 Newcastle United 3 -- 1 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1955 -- 56 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1955 -- 56 Manchester City 3 -- 1 Birmingham City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1956 -- 57 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1956 -- 57 Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1957 -- 58 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1957 -- 58 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1958 -- 59 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1958 -- 59 Nottingham Forest 2 -- 1 Luton Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1959 -- 60 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1959 -- 60 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1960 -- 61 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1960 -- 61 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1961 -- 62 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1961 -- 62 Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1962 -- 63 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1962 -- 63 Manchester United 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1963 -- 64 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1963 -- 64 West Ham United 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1964 -- 65 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1964 -- 65 Liverpool 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1965 -- 66 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1965 -- 66 Everton 3 -- 2 Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1966 -- 67 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1966 -- 67 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1967 -- 68 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1967 -- 68 West Bromwich Albion 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1968 -- 69 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1968 -- 69 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1969 -- 70 Chelsea 2 -- 2 ! * 2 -- 2 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1969 -- 70 ( R ) Chelsea 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Old Trafford 62,078 1970 -- 71 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1970 -- 71 Arsenal 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1971 -- 72 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1971 -- 72 Leeds United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1972 -- 73 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1972 -- 73 Sunderland 1 -- 0 Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1973 -- 74 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1973 -- 74 Liverpool 3 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1974 -- 75 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1974 -- 75 West Ham United 2 -- 0 Fulham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1975 -- 76 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1975 -- 76 Southampton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1976 -- 77 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1976 -- 77 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1977 -- 78 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1977 -- 78 Ipswich Town 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1978 -- 79 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1978 -- 79 Arsenal 3 -- 2 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1979 -- 80 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1979 -- 80 West Ham United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1980 -- 81 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1980 -- 81 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 2 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,000 1981 -- 82 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1981 -- 82 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1981 -- 82 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1981 -- 82 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 90,000 1982 -- 83 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1982 -- 83 Manchester United 2 -- 2 ! * 2 -- 2 * Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1982 -- 83 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1982 -- 83 ( R ) Manchester United 4 -- 0 Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1983 -- 84 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1983 -- 84 Everton 2 -- 0 Watford Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1984 -- 85 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1984 -- 85 Manchester United 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1985 -- 86 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1985 -- 86 Liverpool 3 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1986 -- 87 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1986 -- 87 Coventry City 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1987 -- 88 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1987 -- 88 Wimbledon 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,203 1988 -- 89 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1988 -- 89 Liverpool 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,500 1989 -- 90 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1989 -- 90 Manchester United 3 -- 3 ! * 3 -- 3 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1989 -- 90 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1989 -- 90 ( R ) Manchester United 1 -- 0 Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1990 -- 91 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1990 -- 91 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Nottingham Forest Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1991 -- 92 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1991 -- 92 Liverpool 2 -- 0 Sunderland Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1992 -- 93 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1992 -- 93 Arsenal 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,347 1992 -- 93 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1992 -- 93 ( R ) Arsenal 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 62,267 1993 -- 94 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 4 -- 0 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,634 1994 -- 95 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1994 -- 95 Everton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,592 1995 -- 96 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,007 1996 -- 97 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1996 -- 97 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Middlesbrough Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,160 1997 -- 98 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,183 1998 -- 99 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,101 1999 -- 2000 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1999 -- 2000 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 78,217 2000 -- 01 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2000 -- 01 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 72,500 2001 -- 02 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Chelsea Millennium Stadium 73,963 2002 -- 03 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2002 -- 03 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Southampton Millennium Stadium 73,726 2003 -- 04 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2003 -- 04 Manchester United 3 -- 0 Millwall Millennium Stadium 71,350 2004 -- 05 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2004 -- 05 Arsenal 0 -- 0 ! 0 -- 0 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 71,876 2005 -- 06 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2005 -- 06 Liverpool 3 -- 3 ! 3 -- 3 West Ham United Millennium Stadium 71,140 2006 -- 07 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2006 -- 07 Chelsea 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,826 2007 -- 08 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2007 -- 08 Portsmouth 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,874 2008 -- 09 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2008 -- 09 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,391 2009 -- 10 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,335 2010 -- 11 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2010 -- 11 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Stoke City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,643 2011 -- 12 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2011 -- 12 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,041 2012 -- 13 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2012 -- 13 Wigan Athletic 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 86,254 2013 -- 14 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2013 -- 14 Arsenal 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Hull City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,345 2014 -- 15 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2014 -- 15 Arsenal 4 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,283 2015 -- 16 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2015 -- 16 Manchester United 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,619 2016 -- 17 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,472 2017 -- 18 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2017 -- 18 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( new ) 87,647 A . ^ The official attendance for the 1923 final was reported as 126,047 , but the actual figure is believed to be anywhere between 150,000 and 300,000 . Results by team ( edit ) Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence . Additionally , Queen 's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887 . Results by team Club Wins First final won Last final won Runners - up Last final lost Total final appearances Arsenal 13 1930 2017 7 2001 20 Manchester United 12 1909 2016 8 2018 20 Chelsea 8 1970 2018 5 2017 13 Tottenham Hotspur 8 1901 1991 9 Liverpool 7 1965 2006 7 2012 14 Aston Villa 7 1887 1957 2015 11 Newcastle United 6 1910 1955 7 1999 13 Blackburn Rovers 6 1884 1928 1960 8 Everton 5 1906 1995 8 2009 13 Manchester City 5 1904 2011 5 2013 10 West Bromwich Albion 5 1888 1968 5 1935 10 Wanderers 5 1872 1878 0 -- 5 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1893 1960 1939 8 Bolton Wanderers 1923 1958 1953 7 Sheffield United 1899 1925 1936 6 Sheffield Wednesday 1896 1935 1993 6 West Ham United 1964 1980 2006 5 Preston North End 1889 1938 5 1964 7 Old Etonians 1879 1882 1883 6 Portsmouth 1939 2008 5 Sunderland 1937 1973 1992 Nottingham Forest 1898 1959 1991 Bury 1900 1903 0 -- Huddersfield Town 1922 1922 1938 5 Derby County 1946 1946 1903 Leeds United 1972 1972 1973 Oxford University 1874 1874 1880 Royal Engineers 1875 1875 1878 Southampton 1976 1976 2003 Blackpool 1953 1953 1951 Burnley 1914 1914 1962 Cardiff City 1927 1927 2008 Charlton Athletic 1947 1947 1946 Barnsley 1912 1912 1910 Clapham Rovers 1880 1880 1879 Notts County 1894 1894 1891 Blackburn Olympic 1883 1883 0 -- Bradford City 1911 1911 0 -- Coventry City 0 -- Ipswich Town 1978 1978 0 -- Old Carthusians 1881 1881 0 -- Wigan Athletic 2013 2013 0 -- Wimbledon 1988 1988 0 -- Leicester City 0 1969 Birmingham City 0 1956 Crystal Palace 0 2016 Queen 's Park 0 1885 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 Bristol City 0 1909 Fulham 0 Hull City 0 2014 Luton Town 0 1959 Middlesbrough 0 1997 Millwall 0 Queens Park Rangers 0 1982 Stoke City 0 2011 Watford 0 1984 Jump up ^ Sheffield Wednesday 's total includes two wins and one defeat under the earlier name of The Wednesday . Jump up ^ Wimbledon relocated in 2004 from south London to Milton Keynes rebranding the club as Milton Keynes Dons , but the current incarnation of the club considers that it was founded in 2004 and does not lay claim to the history or honours ( including the FA Cup win ) of Wimbledon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( 7 January 2005 ) . `` FA Cup trophy 's sale to set football memorabilia record '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup Summary -- Contents '' . The Football Club History Database . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FA Competition Administration '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 21 May 2000 ) . `` Football : FA Cup Final : Calamity for James as Di Matteo makes history '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin ( 1983 ) . Encyclopedia of British Football . Willow Books . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218049 - 9 . Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lyles , Christopher ( 5 January 2008 ) . `` FA Cup by numbers '' . Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Peter ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` Cardiff in footsteps of FA Cup giants '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . p. 27 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 February 2005 ) . `` FA Cup in danger of losing lustre '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of The FA Challenge Cup '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Stuart ( 2008 ) . Nationwide Football Annual 2008 -- 2009 . SportsBooks Ltd . pp. 132 , 134 -- 143 . ISBN 1 - 899807 - 72 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bateson , Bill ; Sewell , Albert ( 1992 ) . News of the World Football Annual 1992 -- 93 . Harper Collins . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 85543 - 188 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The F.A. Cup -- Bolton 's Victory -- Record Crowds '' . The Times . News International . 30 May 1923 . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 5 '' . BBC Sport. 19 February 2001 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Merton to be given Dons trophies '' . BBC Sport. 2 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) The FA Cup Archive at TheFA.com England FA Challenge Cup Finals at RSSSF.com ( hide ) FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 History Trophy List of finals Third - fourth place matches Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FA_Cup_Finals&oldid=843463093 '' Categories : FA Cup FA Cup Finals Lists of association football matches Association football in England lists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from January 2013 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Magyar Română Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 09 : 22 . 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"\nFA Cup winners\n\nSeason\nWinners[2]\nScore[2]\nRunners–up[2]\nVenue[13]\nAttendance[13]\n\n\n1871–72 FA Cup (1) !1871–72\nWanderers\n1–0\nRoyal Engineers\nKennington Oval\n2,000\n\n\n1872–73 FA Cup (1) !1872–73\nWanderers\n2–0\nOxford University\nLillie Bridge\n3,000\n\n\n1873–74 FA Cup (1) !1873–74\nOxford University\n2–0\nRoyal Engineers\nKennington Oval\n2,000\n\n\n1874–75 FA Cup (1) !1874–75\nRoyal Engineers\n1–1 !* 1–1 *\nOld Etonians\nKennington Oval\n2,000\n\n\n1874–75 FA Cup (2) !1874–75 (R)\nRoyal Engineers\n2–0\nOld Etonians\nKennington Oval\n3,000\n\n\n1875–76 FA Cup (1) !1875–76\nWanderers\n1–1 !* 1–1 *\nOld Etonians\nKennington Oval\n3,500\n\n\n1875–76 FA Cup (2) !1875–76 (R)\nWanderers\n3–0\nOld Etonians\nKennington Oval\n1,500\n\n\n1876–77 FA Cup (1) !1876–77\nWanderers\n2–1 !* 2–1 *\nOxford University\nKennington Oval\n3,000\n\n\n1877–78 FA Cup (1) !1877–78\nWanderers\n3–1\nRoyal Engineers\nKennington Oval\n4,500\n\n\n1878–79 FA Cup (1) !1878–79\nOld Etonians\n1–0\nClapham Rovers\nKennington Oval\n5,000\n\n\n1879–80 FA Cup (1) !1879–80\nClapham Rovers\n1–0\nOxford University\nKennington Oval\n6,000\n\n\n1880–81 FA Cup (1) !1880–81\nOld Carthusians\n3–0\nOld Etonians\nKennington Oval\n4,000\n\n\n1881–82 FA Cup (1) !1881–82\nOld Etonians\n1–0\nBlackburn Rovers\nKennington Oval\n6,500\n\n\n1882–83 FA Cup (1) !1882–83\nBlackburn Olympic\n2–1 !* 2–1 *\nOld Etonians\nKennington Oval\n8,000\n\n\n1883–84 FA Cup (1) !1883–84\nBlackburn Rovers\n2–1\n Queen's Park\nKennington Oval\n4,000\n\n\n1884–85 FA Cup (1) !1884–85\nBlackburn Rovers\n2–0\n Queen's Park\nKennington Oval\n12,500\n\n\n1885–86 FA Cup (1) !1885–86\nBlackburn Rovers\n0–0\nWest Bromwich Albion\nKennington Oval\n15,000\n\n\n1885–86 FA Cup (2) !1885–86 (R)\nBlackburn Rovers\n2–0\nWest Bromwich Albion\nRacecourse Ground !Racecourse Ground\n12,000\n\n\n1886–87 FA Cup (1) !1886–87\nAston Villa\n2–0\nWest Bromwich Albion\nKennington Oval\n15,500\n\n\n1887–88 FA Cup (1) !1887–88\nWest Bromwich Albion\n2–1\nPreston North End\nKennington Oval\n19,000\n\n\n1888–89 FA Cup (1) !1888–89\nPreston North End \n3–0\nWolverhampton Wanderers\nKennington Oval\n22,000\n\n\n1889–90 FA Cup (1) !1889–90\nBlackburn Rovers\n6–1\nThe Wednesday\nKennington Oval\n20,000\n\n\n1890–91 FA Cup (1) !1890–91\nBlackburn Rovers\n3–1\nNotts County\nKennington Oval\n23,000\n\n\n1891–92 FA Cup (1) !1891–92\nWest Bromwich Albion\n3–0\nAston Villa\nKennington Oval\n32,810\n\n\n1892–93 FA Cup (1) !1892–93\nWolverhampton Wanderers\n1–0\nEverton\nFallowfield Stadium\n45,000\n\n\n1893–94 FA Cup (1) !1893–94\nNotts County\n4–1\nBolton Wanderers\nGoodison Park\n37,000\n\n\n1894–95 FA Cup (1) !1894–95\nAston Villa\n1–0\nWest Bromwich Albion\nCrystal Palace\n42,560\n\n\n1895–96 FA Cup (1) !1895–96\nThe Wednesday\n2–1\nWolverhampton Wanderers\nCrystal Palace\n48,836\n\n\n1896–97 FA Cup (1) !1896–97\nAston Villa \n3–2\nEverton\nCrystal Palace\n65,891\n\n\n1897–98 FA Cup (1) !1897–98\nNottingham Forest\n3–1\nDerby County\nCrystal Palace\n62,017\n\n\n1898–99 FA Cup (1) !1898–99\nSheffield United\n4–1\nDerby County\nCrystal Palace\n73,833\n\n\n1899–1900 FA Cup (1) !1899–1900\nBury\n4–0\nSouthampton\nCrystal Palace\n68,945\n\n\n1900–01 FA Cup (1) !1900–01\nTottenham Hotspur\n2–2\nSheffield United\nCrystal Palace\n110,820\n\n\n1900–01 FA Cup (2) !1900–01 (R)\nTottenham Hotspur\n3–1\nSheffield United\nBurnden Park\n20,470\n\n\n1901–02 FA Cup (1) !1901–02\nSheffield United\n1–1\nSouthampton\nCrystal Palace\n76,914\n\n\n1901–02 FA Cup (2) !1901–02 (R)\nSheffield United\n2–1\nSouthampton\nCrystal Palace\n33,068\n\n\n1902–03 FA Cup (1) !1902–03\nBury\n6–0\nDerby County\nCrystal Palace\n63,102\n\n\n1903–04 FA Cup (1) !1903–04\nManchester City\n1–0\nBolton Wanderers\nCrystal Palace\n61,374\n\n\n1904–05 FA Cup (1) !1904–05\nAston Villa\n2–0\nNewcastle United\nCrystal Palace\n101,117\n\n\n1905–06 FA Cup (1) !1905–06\nEverton\n1–0\nNewcastle United\nCrystal Palace\n75,609\n\n\n1906–07 FA Cup (1) !1906–07\nThe Wednesday\n2–1\nEverton\nCrystal Palace\n84,594\n\n\n1907–08 FA Cup (1) !1907–08\nWolverhampton Wanderers\n3–1\nNewcastle United\nCrystal Palace\n74,697\n\n\n1908–09 FA Cup (1) !1908–09\nManchester United\n1–0\nBristol City\nCrystal Palace\n71,401\n\n\n1909–10 FA Cup (1) !1909–10\nNewcastle United\n1–1\nBarnsley\nCrystal Palace\n77,747\n\n\n1909–10 FA Cup (2) !1909–10 (R)\nNewcastle United\n2–0\nBarnsley\nGoodison Park\n69,000\n\n\n1910–11 FA Cup (1) !1910–11\nBradford City\n0–0\nNewcastle United\nCrystal Palace\n69,068\n\n\n1910–11 FA Cup (2) !1910–11 (R)\nBradford City\n1–0\nNewcastle United\nOld Trafford\n58,000\n\n\n1911–12 FA Cup (1) !1911–12\nBarnsley\n0–0\nWest Bromwich Albion\nCrystal Palace\n54,556\n\n\n1911–12 FA Cup (2) !1911–12 (R)\nBarnsley\n1–0 !* 1–0 *\nWest Bromwich Albion\nBramall Lane\n38,555\n\n\n1912–13 FA Cup (1) !1912–13\nAston Villa\n1–0\nSunderland\nCrystal Palace\n121,919\n\n\n1913–14 FA Cup (1) !1913–14\nBurnley\n1–0\nLiverpool\nCrystal Palace\n72,778\n\n\n1914–15 FA Cup (1) !1914–15\nSheffield United\n3–0\nChelsea\nOld Trafford\n49,557\n\n\n1919–20 FA Cup (1) !1919–20\nAston Villa\n1–0 !* 1–0 *\nHuddersfield Town\nStamford Bridge\n50,018\n\n\n1920–21 FA Cup (1) !1920–21\nTottenham Hotspur\n1–0\nWolverhampton Wanderers\nStamford Bridge\n72,805\n\n\n1921–22 FA Cup (1) !1921–22\nHuddersfield Town\n1–0\nPreston North End\nStamford Bridge\n53,000\n\n\n1922–23 FA Cup (1) !1922–23\nBolton Wanderers\n2–0\nWest Ham United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n126,047[A]\n\n\n1923–24 FA Cup (1) !1923–24\nNewcastle United\n2–0\nAston Villa\nWembley Stadium (original)\n91,695\n\n\n1924–25 FA Cup (1) !1924–25\nSheffield United\n1–0\n Cardiff City\nWembley Stadium (original)\n91,763\n\n\n1925–26 FA Cup (1) !1925–26\nBolton Wanderers\n1–0\nManchester City\nWembley Stadium (original)\n91,447\n\n\n1926–27 FA Cup (1) !1926–27\n Cardiff City\n1–0\nArsenal\nWembley Stadium (original)\n91,206\n\n\n1927–28 FA Cup (1) !1927–28\nBlackburn Rovers\n3–1\nHuddersfield Town\nWembley Stadium (original)\n92,041\n\n\n1928–29 FA Cup (1) !1928–29\nBolton Wanderers\n2–0\nPortsmouth\nWembley Stadium (original)\n92,576\n\n\n1929–30 FA Cup (1) !1929–30\nArsenal\n2–0\nHuddersfield Town\nWembley Stadium (original)\n92,488\n\n\n1930–31 FA Cup (1) !1930–31\nWest Bromwich Albion\n2–1\nBirmingham\nWembley Stadium (original)\n92,406\n\n\n1931–32 FA Cup (1) !1931–32\nNewcastle United\n2–1\nArsenal\nWembley Stadium (original)\n92,298\n\n\n1932–33 FA Cup (1) !1932–33\nEverton\n3–0\nManchester City\nWembley Stadium (original)\n92,950\n\n\n1933–34 FA Cup (1) !1933–34\nManchester City\n2–1\nPortsmouth\nWembley Stadium (original)\n93,258\n\n\n1934–35 FA Cup (1) !1934–35\nSheffield Wednesday\n4–2\nWest Bromwich Albion\nWembley Stadium (original)\n93,204\n\n\n1935–36 FA Cup (1) !1935–36\nArsenal\n1–0\nSheffield United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n93,384\n\n\n1936–37 FA Cup (1) !1936–37\nSunderland\n3–1\nPreston North End\nWembley Stadium (original)\n93,495\n\n\n1937–38 FA Cup (1) !1937–38\nPreston North End\n1–0 !* 1–0 *\nHuddersfield Town\nWembley Stadium (original)\n93,497\n\n\n1938–39 FA Cup (1) !1938–39\nPortsmouth\n4–1\nWolverhampton Wanderers\nWembley Stadium (original)\n99,370\n\n\n1945–46 FA Cup (1) !1945–46\nDerby County\n4–1 !* 4–1 *\nCharlton Athletic\nWembley Stadium (original)\n98,000\n\n\n1946–47 FA Cup (1) !1946–47\nCharlton Athletic\n1–0 !* 1–0 *\nBurnley\nWembley Stadium (original)\n99,000\n\n\n1947–48 FA Cup (1) !1947–48\nManchester United\n4–2\nBlackpool\nWembley Stadium (original)\n99,000\n\n\n1948–49 FA Cup (1) !1948–49\nWolverhampton Wanderers\n3–1\nLeicester City\nWembley Stadium (original)\n99,500\n\n\n1949–50 FA Cup (1) !1949–50\nArsenal\n2–0\nLiverpool\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1950–51 FA Cup (1) !1950–51\nNewcastle United\n2–0\nBlackpool\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1951–52 FA Cup (1) !1951–52\nNewcastle United\n1–0\nArsenal\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1952–53 FA Cup (1) !1952–53\nBlackpool\n4–3\nBolton Wanderers\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1953–54 FA Cup (1) !1953–54\nWest Bromwich Albion\n3–2\nPreston North End\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1954–55 FA Cup (1) !1954–55\nNewcastle United\n3–1\nManchester City\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1955–56 FA Cup (1) !1955–56\nManchester City\n3–1\nBirmingham City\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1956–57 FA Cup (1) !1956–57\nAston Villa\n2–1\nManchester United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1957–58 FA Cup (1) !1957–58\nBolton Wanderers\n2–0\nManchester United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1958–59 FA Cup (1) !1958–59\nNottingham Forest\n2–1\nLuton Town\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1959–60 FA Cup (1) !1959–60\nWolverhampton Wanderers\n3–0\nBlackburn Rovers\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1960–61 FA Cup (1) !1960–61\nTottenham Hotspur \n2–0\nLeicester City\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1961–62 FA Cup (1) !1961–62\nTottenham Hotspur\n3–1\nBurnley\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1962–63 FA Cup (1) !1962–63\nManchester United\n3–1\nLeicester City\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1963–64 FA Cup (1) !1963–64\nWest Ham United\n3–2\nPreston North End\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1964–65 FA Cup (1) !1964–65\nLiverpool\n2–1 !* 2–1 *\nLeeds United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1965–66 FA Cup (1) !1965–66\nEverton\n3–2\nSheffield Wednesday\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1966–67 FA Cup (1) !1966–67\nTottenham Hotspur\n2–1\nChelsea\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1967–68 FA Cup (1) !1967–68\nWest Bromwich Albion\n1–0 !* 1–0 *\nEverton\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1968–69 FA Cup (1) !1968–69\nManchester City\n1–0\nLeicester City\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1969–70 FA Cup (1) !1969–70\nChelsea\n2–2 !* 2–2 *\nLeeds United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1969–70 FA Cup (2) !1969–70 (R)\nChelsea\n2–1 !* 2–1 *\nLeeds United\nOld Trafford\n62,078\n\n\n1970–71 FA Cup (1) !1970–71\nArsenal \n2–1 !* 2–1 *\nLiverpool\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1971–72 FA Cup (1) !1971–72\nLeeds United\n1–0\nArsenal\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1972–73 FA Cup (1) !1972–73\nSunderland\n1–0\nLeeds United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1973–74 FA Cup (1) !1973–74\nLiverpool\n3–0\nNewcastle United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1974–75 FA Cup (1) !1974–75\nWest Ham United\n2–0\nFulham\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1975–76 FA Cup (1) !1975–76\nSouthampton\n1–0\nManchester United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1976–77 FA Cup (1) !1976–77\nManchester United\n2–1\nLiverpool\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1977–78 FA Cup (1) !1977–78\nIpswich Town\n1–0\nArsenal\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1978–79 FA Cup (1) !1978–79\nArsenal\n3–2\nManchester United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1979–80 FA Cup (1) !1979–80\nWest Ham United\n1–0\nArsenal\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1980–81 FA Cup (1) !1980–81\nTottenham Hotspur\n1–1 !* 1–1 *\nManchester City\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1980–81 FA Cup (2) !1980–81 (R)\nTottenham Hotspur\n3–2\nManchester City\nWembley Stadium (original)\n92,000\n\n\n1981–82 FA Cup (1) !1981–82\nTottenham Hotspur\n1–1 !* 1–1 *\nQueens Park Rangers\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1981–82 FA Cup (2) !1981–82 (R)\nTottenham Hotspur\n1–0\nQueens Park Rangers\nWembley Stadium (original)\n90,000\n\n\n1982–83 FA Cup (1) !1982–83\nManchester United\n2–2 !* 2–2 *\nBrighton & Hove Albion\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1982–83 FA Cup (2) !1982–83 (R)\nManchester United\n4–0\nBrighton & Hove Albion\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1983–84 FA Cup (1) !1983–84\nEverton\n2–0\nWatford\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1984–85 FA Cup (1) !1984–85\nManchester United\n1–0 !* 1–0 *\nEverton\nWembley Stadium (original)\n100,000\n\n\n1985–86 FA Cup (1) !1985–86\nLiverpool \n3–1\nEverton\nWembley Stadium (original)\n98,000\n\n\n1986–87 FA Cup (1) !1986–87\nCoventry City\n3–2 !* 3–2 *\nTottenham Hotspur\nWembley Stadium (original)\n98,000\n\n\n1987–88 FA Cup (1) !1987–88\nWimbledon\n1–0\nLiverpool\nWembley Stadium (original)\n98,203\n\n\n1988–89 FA Cup (1) !1988–89\nLiverpool\n3–2 !* 3–2 *\nEverton\nWembley Stadium (original)\n82,500\n\n\n1989–90 FA Cup (1) !1989–90\nManchester United\n3–3 !* 3–3 *\nCrystal Palace\nWembley Stadium (original)\n80,000\n\n\n1989–90 FA Cup (2) !1989–90 (R)\nManchester United\n1–0\nCrystal Palace\nWembley Stadium (original)\n80,000\n\n\n1990–91 FA Cup (1) !1990–91\nTottenham Hotspur\n2–1 !* 2–1 *\nNottingham Forest\nWembley Stadium (original)\n80,000\n\n\n1991–92 FA Cup (1) !1991–92\nLiverpool\n2–0\nSunderland\nWembley Stadium (original)\n80,000\n\n\n1992–93 FA Cup (1) !1992–93\nArsenal\n1–1 !* 1–1 *\nSheffield Wednesday\nWembley Stadium (original)\n79,347\n\n\n1992–93 FA Cup (2) !1992–93 (R)\nArsenal\n2–1 !* 2–1 *\nSheffield Wednesday\nWembley Stadium (original)\n62,267\n\n\n1993–94 FA Cup (1) !1993–94\nManchester United \n4–0\nChelsea\nWembley Stadium (original)\n79,634\n\n\n1994–95 FA Cup (1) !1994–95\nEverton\n1–0\nManchester United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n79,592\n\n\n1995–96 FA Cup (1) !1995–96\nManchester United \n1–0\nLiverpool\nWembley Stadium (original)\n79,007\n\n\n1996–97 FA Cup (1) !1996–97\nChelsea\n2–0\nMiddlesbrough\nWembley Stadium (original)\n79,160\n\n\n1997–98 FA Cup (1) !1997–98\nArsenal \n2–0\nNewcastle United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n79,183\n\n\n1998–99 FA Cup (1) !1998–99\nManchester United \n2–0\nNewcastle United\nWembley Stadium (original)\n79,101\n\n\n1999–2000 FA Cup (1) !1999–2000\nChelsea\n1–0\nAston Villa\nWembley Stadium (original)\n78,217\n\n\n2000–01 FA Cup (1) !2000–01\nLiverpool\n2–1\nArsenal\nMillennium Stadium\n72,500\n\n\n2001–02 FA Cup (1) !2001–02\nArsenal \n2–0\nChelsea\nMillennium Stadium\n73,963\n\n\n2002–03 FA Cup (1) !2002–03\nArsenal\n1–0\nSouthampton\nMillennium Stadium\n73,726\n\n\n2003–04 FA Cup (1) !2003–04\nManchester United\n3–0\nMillwall\nMillennium Stadium\n71,350\n\n\n2004–05 FA Cup (1) !2004–05\nArsenal\n0–0 ! 0–0 \nManchester United\nMillennium Stadium\n71,876\n\n\n2005–06 FA Cup (1) !2005–06\nLiverpool\n3–3 ! 3–3 \nWest Ham United\nMillennium Stadium\n71,140\n\n\n2006–07 FA Cup (1) !2006–07\nChelsea\n1–0 !* 1–0 *\nManchester United\nWembley Stadium (new)\n89,826\n\n\n2007–08 FA Cup (1) !2007–08\nPortsmouth\n1–0\n Cardiff City\nWembley Stadium (new)\n89,874\n\n\n2008–09 FA Cup (1) !2008–09\nChelsea\n2–1\nEverton\nWembley Stadium (new)\n89,391\n\n\n2009–10 FA Cup (1) !2009–10\nChelsea \n1–0\nPortsmouth\nWembley Stadium (new)\n88,335\n\n\n2010–11 FA Cup (1) !2010–11\nManchester City\n1–0\nStoke City\nWembley Stadium (new)\n88,643\n\n\n2011–12 FA Cup (1) !2011–12\nChelsea\n2–1\nLiverpool\nWembley Stadium (new)\n89,041\n\n\n2012–13 FA Cup (1) !2012–13\nWigan Athletic\n1–0\nManchester City\nWembley Stadium (new)\n86,254\n\n\n2013–14 FA Cup (1) !2013–14\nArsenal\n3–2 !* 3–2 *\nHull City\nWembley Stadium (new)\n89,345\n\n\n2014–15 FA Cup (1) !2014–15\nArsenal\n4–0\nAston Villa\nWembley Stadium (new)\n89,283\n\n\n2015–16 FA Cup (1) !2015–16\nManchester United\n2–1 !* 2–1 *\nCrystal Palace\nWembley Stadium (new)\n88,619\n\n\n2016–17 FA Cup (1) !2016–17\nArsenal\n2–1\nChelsea\nWembley Stadium (new)\n89,472\n\n\n2017–18 FA Cup (1) !2017–18\nChelsea\n1–0\nManchester United\nWembley Stadium (new)\n87,647\n\n"
] | [
"2015–16"
] |
-6300464920662790826 | Always on My Mind | Always on My Mind - wikipedia Always on My Mind Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Always on My Mind ( disambiguation ) . `` Always on My Mind '' Song by Gwen McCrae Published 1972 Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James `` Always on My Mind '' is an American country music song by Johnny Christopher , Mark James and Wayne Carson , recorded first by Gwen McCrae ( as `` You Were Always On My Mind '' ) and Brenda Lee in 1972 . AllMusic lists over 300 recorded releases of the song in versions by dozens of performers . While Brenda Lee 's version had stalled at number 45 on the country charts in 1972 , other performers would reach the top 20 in the United States and elsewhere with their own versions : Elvis Presley in 1972 ; John Wesley Ryles in 1979 ; Willie Nelson 's Grammy Award - winning version in 1982 ; Pet Shop Boys in 1987 ; Loretta Lynn in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Elvis Presley version 2.1 Charts 3 John Wesley Ryles ' version 3.1 Charts 4 Willie Nelson version 4.1 Chart history 5 Pet Shop Boys version 5.1 Charts 6 Other cover versions 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) Wayne Carson said that he wrote most of the song in 10 minutes at his kitchen table in Springfield , Missouri , and completed the song in studio with the assistance of Johnny and Mark . Carson , who had the song about a year and one day , was finishing a recording session . Producer Chips Moman asked about recording `` that mind '' song , but added it would need a bridge . Wayne went upstairs to the studio 's old piano , trying to work out a bridge , when Johnny and Mark walked in the door , and he asked for their help to complete his song . The trio felt that the song was finished and at first could not come up with anything to add , but Wayne explained that Moman was insisting that a bridge be added . So between them , the two - line `` Tell me ... '' bridge was written . The song was passed to one of Elvis 's bodyguards , who gave Presley the cut from the studio . Moman did not produce Presley 's recording , but did record the Willie Nelson version years later . Elvis Presley version ( edit ) `` Always on My Mind '' Picture sleeve for North American , some European , and Australian releases with `` Separate Ways '' in smaller font Single by Elvis Presley A-side `` Separate Ways '' Released November 1972 Format 7 `` , 45rpm Recorded March 29 , 1972 , RCA Studios , Hollywood , California Genre Country , soft rock , Gospel Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James Producer ( s ) Felton Jarvis Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Burning Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1972 ) `` Fool '' / `` Steamroller Blues '' ( 1973 ) `` Burning Love '' ( 1972 ) `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1972 ) `` Fool '' / `` Steamroller Blues '' ( 1973 ) Elvis Presley recorded his version of `` Always on My Mind '' on March 29 , 1972 , a few weeks after his February separation from wife Priscilla . The song received immense fame and critical appreciation and is considered one of the standout songs of the ' 70s for Elvis . The song was released as the B - side of the `` Separate Ways '' single , which reached Gold status in the U.S for sales of over a million copies . It was listed as a double sided hit reaching number 16 on Billboard magazine 's Hot Country Singles chart in November 1972 . In the UK `` Always on My Mind '' was the hit song and `` Separate Ways '' was the B - side . It was voted the number 1 song of Presley 's recording career in a poll conducted by ITV in 2013 . Charts ( edit ) 1972 Weekly Chart Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Hot Country Singles ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) Canadian RPM Country Tracks Dutch Top 40 17 French Singles Chart 56 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Swiss Singles Chart 39 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 John Wesley Ryles ' version ( edit ) In 1979 , John Wesley Ryles reached number 20 on the US country charts with his rendition , entitled `` You Are Always on My Mind '' , from the album Let the Night Begin . The rendition was produced by Bob Montgomery . A review in Billboard praised the `` brightly mixed vocals '' and `` powerful production '' . Charts ( edit ) 1979 Weekly Chart Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 24 Willie Nelson version ( edit ) `` Always on My Mind '' A-side label of the U.S. vinyl release Single by Willie Nelson from the album Always on My Mind B - side `` The Party 's Over '' Released March 6 , 1982 Genre Country Length 3 : 33 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Wayne Carson , Johnny Christopher , Mark James Producer ( s ) Chips Moman Willie Nelson singles chronology `` Heartaches of a Fool '' ( 1981 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1982 ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1982 ) `` Heartaches of a Fool '' ( 1981 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1982 ) `` Let It Be Me '' ( 1982 ) Audio sample file help Willie Nelson recorded and released the song in early 1982 . It raced to number one on Billboard magazine 's Hot Country Singles chart that May , spending two weeks on top and total of 21 weeks on the chart . The song also did very well on Top 40 radio , reaching number five on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks and staying on this chart for 23 weeks . In the year end charts , it was Billboard 's biggest Country hit for 1982 . This version also charted in a number of other countries . Nelson 's version would result in three wins at the 25th Grammy Awards in February 1983 : songwriters Christopher , James and Carson won Song of the Year and Best Country Song ; in addition , Nelson won for Best Male Country Vocal Performance . This version also won Country Music Association awards in two consecutive years : 1982 Song of the Year and 1983 Song of the Year for songwriters Christopher , James and Carson ; 1982 Single of the Year for Nelson , and ; contributed to Nelson winning 1982 Album of the Year for the album `` Always on My Mind '' . Willie Nelson performed the number with Johnny Cash on the 1998 release of VH1 Storytellers : Johnny Cash & Willie Nelson . The song was also featured on a December 2009 ASPCA commercial . The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA signifying U.S. sales in excess of two million . In 2008 , the single was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame . Nelson 's version was also featured , in its entirety , in a season two ( 2013 ) episode of the HBO television series The Newsroom . Chart history ( edit ) 1982 Weekly Chart Peak position Australian Kent Music Report 39 Belgian Top 40 ( Flanders ) 31 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 10 Dutch Singles Chart 17 Irish Singles Chart 8 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 UK Singles Chart 49 1982 Year - End Chart Position Canadian RPM Top Singles 70 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 8 US Billboard Hot Country Singles US Cashbox Top 100 31 Pet Shop Boys version ( edit ) `` Always on My Mind '' Standard artwork for commercial releases in most territories Single by Pet Shop Boys B - side `` Do I Have to ? '' Released November 30 , 1987 Format 7 `` , 12 '' , cassette , CD Genre Synthpop , Euro disco , Hi - NRG Length 3 : 56 ( single mix ) 5 : 55 ( remix ) 8 : 10 ( extended mix ) 9 : 04 ( album version ) Label Parlophone -- R 6171 Songwriter ( s ) Mark James , Johnny Christopher , Wayne Carson Thompson Producer ( s ) Julian Mendelsohn , Pet Shop Boys Pet Shop Boys singles chronology `` Rent '' ( 1987 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1987 ) `` Heart '' ( 1988 ) `` Rent '' ( 1987 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( 1987 ) `` Heart '' ( 1988 ) Alternative cover Artwork for the UK and European 12 - inch vinyl remix single Audio sample file help In 1987 , the Pet Shop Boys performed a synthpop version of `` Always on My Mind '' on Love Me Tender , a television special on the ITV network in the UK . Commemorating the tenth anniversary of Presley 's death , the programme featured various popular acts of the time performing cover versions of his hits . The Pet Shop Boys ' performance was so well - received that the duo decided to record the song and release it as a single . This version became the UK 's Christmas number one single that year . It went on to top the charts for four weeks in total , and reached number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The Pet Shop Boys version introduces a harmonic variation not present in the original version . In the original the ending phrase `` always on my mind '' is sung to a IV - V - I cadence ( C-D - G ) . The Pet Shop Boys extend this cadence by adding two further chords : C-D - Gm / B ♭ - C-G ( i.e. a progression of IV - V - III - IV - I ) . In November 2004 , The Daily Telegraph newspaper placed the version at number two in a list of the fifty greatest cover versions of all time . In October 2014 , a public poll compiled by the BBC saw the song voted the all - time best cover version . In the video for Pet Shop Boys ' version of `` Always on My Mind '' ( an excerpt from their surreal music film It Could n't Happen Here ) , Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe are seated in the front of a taxi cab , when an eccentric passenger gets in , played by notable British actor Joss Ackland . At the end of the song , he gets out of the car , which drives away . Standing alone , he mutters : `` You went away . It should make me feel better . But I do n't know how I 'm going to get through '' , which is part of the lyrics for another Pet Shop Boys track , `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' , which was released earlier in the year . In 1988 , the duo remixed the song for their third studio LP , Introspective , combining it with an acid - house track called `` In My House '' . In 2008 , Konami used the song for Dance Dance Revolution X which was released for both arcades and the Sony PlayStation 2 console . In 2010 , the song was re-used for Dance Dance Revolution X2 which was released for arcades . In 2017 , Burberry released its Holiday campaign , as directed by Alasdair McLellan , which features `` Cara Delevingne and British actor Matt Smith . It opens with Delevingne singing `` Always on My Mind '' before segueing into the Pet Shop Boys cover of the song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 / 1988 ) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 10 Austrian Singles Chart Belgian Singles Chart ( Vl ) Canadian Singles Chart Dutch Singles Chart 5 European Singles Chart Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Singles Chart 22 German Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart Italian Singles Chart 9 New Zealand Singles Chart 8 Norwegian Singles Chart Polish Singles Chart South African Singles Chart Spain ( AFYVE ) Swedish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Dance / Club Play Songs Chart 8 US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales Chart 12 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1983 , Michael Kwan and Tracy Huang ( 黃鶯 鶯 ) covered the song in Cantonese as `` Often in My Heart '' ( 常 在 我 心 間 ) , written by lyricist Andrew Lam ( 林敏驄 ) , for Kwan 's album Often in My Heart ... Sooner or Later I Love You ( 常 在 我 心 間 ... 愛 你 不 分 早晚 ) . The Cantonese rendition became one of the year 's top ten songs awarded in the 1983 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation . In 1984 , the duo re-adapted the song in Mandarin with the same Chinese title for Huang 's album Demi - Gods and Semi-Devils / Impulse / nu hai ping zong ( 天龍 八 部 、 衝 激 、 怒 海 萍踪 ) . In 2013 , the Spanish national Christmas lottery advertisement covered this song with various popular Spanish artists , including Montserrat Caballé . In 2017 , Jessica Mauboy covered the song on her album , The Secret Daughter Season Two : Songs from the Original 7 Series . In 2017 , Ane Brun covered the song on her album , Leave Me Breathless . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Always on My Mind '' -- search results `` . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ George Klein ; Chuck Crisafulli . Elvis : My Best Man : Radio Days , Rock ' n ' Roll Nights , and My Lifelong ... Books.google.com . p. 233 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Guralnick , Peter / Jorgensen , Ernst ( 1999 ) p. 310 . Elvis : Day by Day . ISBN 0 - 345 - 42089 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Country Billboard Singles '' . The Official Elvis Presley Website . Archived from the original on 19 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation 's Favourite Elvis Song : Top 20 Results and Winner '' . Telly Chat . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Elvis Presley Billboard Chart Positions at AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Always on My Mind '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 367 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard . Books.google.com. 1979 - 10 - 06 . p. 85 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` John Wesley Ryles Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks for December 29 , 1979 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . ultratop.be. 1984 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Willie Nelson -- Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6167&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 ^ Jump up to : `` Willie Nelson -- Always on My Mind '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles -- 1982 '' . Cashboxcountdowns.com. 1982 - 12 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` ChartArchive -- Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . Chartstats.com. 2009 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Pet Shop Boys ( 2009 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` They did it their way '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . November 20 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pet Shop Boys ' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote '' . BBC News . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cara Delevingne and Matt Smith Star in Burberry 's Very ' 80s Holiday Campaign '' . Fashionista . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW , Australia : Australian Chart Book . p. 232 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . austriancharts.at . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PET SHOP BOYS - ALWAYS ON MY MIND ( SONG ) '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Results -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin -- levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . lescharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` charts.de '' . charts.de. 2006 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward -- Fireball Media Group . `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia -- Indice per Interprete : P '' . Hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Archiwum Listy Przebojów Programu Trzeciego '' . lp3.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Brian Currin ( 2003 - 05 - 25 ) . `` South African Rock Lists Website -- SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( P ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . swedishcharts.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Pet Shop Boys -- Always on My Mind '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://hd.stheadline.com/arts/arts_content.asp?contid=152111&srctype=g Jump up ^ 1983 年度 十 大 勁歌 金曲 頒獎 典禮 ( 十 大 勁歌 金曲 獎 ) . TVB ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Mountain Music '' by Alabama Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single May 8 -- 15 , 1982 by Willie Nelson Succeeded by `` Just to Satisfy You '' by Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson Preceded by `` Single Women '' by Dolly Parton RPM Country Tracks number - one single June 5 -- 12 , 1982 by Willie Nelson Succeeded by `` Listen to the Radio '' by Don Williams Preceded by `` Fire and Smoke '' by Earl Thomas Conley Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single of the year 1982 by Willie Nelson Succeeded by `` Jose Cuervo '' by Shelly West Preceded by `` China in Your Hand '' by T'Pau UK number one single December 20 , 1987 -- January 9 , 1988 by Pet Shop Boys Succeeded by `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' by Belinda Carlisle Preceded by `` Reet Petite '' by Jackie Wilson UK Singles Chart Christmas number - one single 1987 by Pet Shop Boys Succeeded by `` Mistletoe and Wine '' by Cliff Richard Preceded by `` Wishing Well '' by Terence Trent D'Arby Canadian RPM Singles Chart number - one single May 21 , 1988 -- May 28 , 1988 by Pet Shop Boys Succeeded by `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil Elvis Presley singles discography 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come from '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Brenda Lee Albums Grandma , What Great Songs You Sang ! Brenda Lee This Is ... Brenda Emotions All the Way Sincerely , Brenda Lee All Alone Am I ... `` Let Me Sing '' Brenda , That 's All Gospel Duets with Treasured Friends Other albums The Winning Hand Singles `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` One Step at a Time '' `` Let 's Jump the Broomstick '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` Sweet Nothin 's '' `` That 's All You Gotta Do '' `` I 'm Sorry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Emotions '' `` You Can Depend on Me '' `` Dum Dum '' `` Fool # 1 `` Break It to Me Gently '' `` Speak to Me Pretty '' `` Everybody Loves Me But You '' `` Here Comes That Feeling '' `` Heart in Hand '' `` It Started All Over Again '' `` All Alone Am I '' `` Your Used to Be '' `` She 'll Never Know '' `` Losing You '' `` I Wonder '' `` My Whole World Is Falling Down '' `` The Grass Is Greener '' `` As Usual '' `` Think '' `` Alone with You '' `` When You Loved Me '' `` Truly , Truly True '' `` Is It True '' `` Jingle Bell Rock '' `` Too Many Rivers '' `` Rusty Bells '' `` Coming on Strong '' `` Johnny One Time '' `` Let It Be Me '' `` Always on My Mind '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` Wrong Ideas '' `` Big Four Poster Bed '' `` Rock on Baby '' `` He 's My Rock '' `` Tell Me What It 's Like '' `` The Cowgirl and the Dandy '' `` Broken Trust '' Other singles `` Hallelujah , I Love You So '' `` America the Beautiful '' Songs `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` The Letter '' `` Our Day Will Come '' Related topics Discography Connie Francis Skeeter Davis Ricky Nelson Lesley Gore Red Foley Muruga Booker Book : Brenda Lee UK Christmas number - one singles in the 1980s `` There 's No One Quite Like Grandma '' ( St Winifred 's School Choir , 1980 ) `` Do n't You Want Me '' ( The Human League , 1981 ) `` Save Your Love '' ( Renée and Renato , 1982 ) `` Only You '' ( The Flying Pickets , 1983 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid , 1984 ) `` Merry Christmas Everyone '' ( Shakin ' Stevens , 1985 ) `` Reet Petite '' ( Jackie Wilson , 1986 ) `` Always on My Mind '' ( Pet Shop Boys , 1987 ) `` Mistletoe and Wine '' ( Cliff Richard , 1988 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' ( Band Aid II , 1989 ) Complete list 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' 1988 `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' 1989 `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson Pet Shop Boys Chris Lowe Neil Tennant Studio albums Please Actually Introspective Behaviour Very Bilingual Nightlife Release Fundamental Yes Elysium Electric Super Compilation albums Discography : The Complete Singles Collection Alternative Essential PopArt : The Hits Story : 25 Years of Hits Party Ultimate Format Remix albums Disco Disco 2 Disco 3 Disco 4 Live albums Concrete Pandemonium Extended plays Christmas Soundtracks and scores It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Battleship Potemkin The Most Incredible Thing Other songs `` King 's Cross '' `` The Loving Kind '' `` The Night I Fell in Love '' `` I 'm Not Scared '' `` In Private '' `` Nothing Has Been Proved '' `` So Sorry , I Said '' `` Do n't Drop Bombs '' `` Euroboy '' Film , stage and television It Could n't Happen Here Closer to Heaven Pet Shop Boys : A Life In Pop The Most Incredible Thing Notable tours and concerts MCMLXXXIX Performance Discovery Somewhere Nightlife Release Fundamental Pandemonium Progress ( as special guests ) Electric Super Related articles Discography Songs x2 Reputation Results Electronic Back to Mine : Pet Shop Boys West End Girls Book Pet Shop Boys singles Please ( 1984 -- 1986 ) `` West End Girls '' `` Opportunities ( Let 's Make Lots of Money ) '' `` Love Comes Quickly '' `` Suburbia '' Disco ( 1986 ) `` Paninaro '' Actually ( 1987 -- 1988 ) `` It 's a Sin '' `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? '' `` Rent '' `` Heart '' Introspective ( 1988 -- 1989 ) `` Always on My Mind '' `` Domino Dancing '' `` Left to My Own Devices '' `` It 's Alright '' Behaviour ( 1990 -- 1991 ) `` So Hard '' `` Being Boring '' `` How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously ? '' / `` Where the Streets Have No Name ( I Ca n't Take My Eyes off You ) '' `` Jealousy '' Discography ( 1991 ) `` DJ Culture '' `` Was It Worth It ? '' Very ( 1993 -- 1994 ) `` Can You Forgive Her ? '' `` Go West '' `` I Would n't Normally Do This Kind of Thing '' `` Liberation '' `` Yesterday , When I Was Mad '' Alternative ( 1995 ) `` Paninaro ' 95 '' Bilingual ( 1996 -- 1997 ) `` Before '' `` Se a vida é ( That 's the Way Life Is ) '' / `` To Step Aside '' `` Single - Bilingual '' `` A Red Letter Day '' Nightlife ( 1999 -- 2000 ) `` I Do n't Know What You Want But I Ca n't Give It Any More '' `` New York City Boy '' `` You Only Tell Me You Love Me When You 're Drunk '' Release ( 2002 -- 2003 ) `` Home and Dry '' `` I Get Along '' `` London '' PopArt ( 2003 -- 2004 ) `` Miracles '' `` Flamboyant '' Fundamental ( 2006 ) `` I 'm with Stupid '' `` Minimal '' `` Numb '' Disco 4 ( 2007 ) `` Integral '' Yes ( 2009 ) `` Love Etc . '' `` Did You See Me Coming ? '' `` Beautiful People '' Ultimate ( 2010 ) `` Together '' Elysium ( 2012 ) `` Winner '' `` Leaving '' `` Memory of the Future '' Electric ( 2013 - 14 ) `` Axis '' `` Vocal '' `` Love Is a Bourgeois Construct '' `` Thursday '' `` Fluorescent '' Super ( 2016 ) `` The Pop Kids '' `` Twenty - something '' `` Inner Sanctum '' `` Say It to Me '' `` Undertow '' Non-album singles `` One More Chance '' `` Absolutely Fabulous '' `` Hallo Spaceboy '' `` Somewhere '' `` Break 4 Love '' `` She 's Madonna '' `` Love Life '' Grammy Award for Song of the Year ( 1980s ) 1980 Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald - `` What a Fool Believes '' 1981 Christopher Cross - `` Sailing '' 1982 Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon - `` Bette Davis Eyes '' Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson - `` Always on My Mind '' 1984 Sting - `` Every Breath You Take '' 1985 Graham Lyle & Terry Britten - `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' 1986 Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie - `` We Are the World '' Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager - `` That 's What Friends Are For '' 1988 James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil - `` Somewhere Out There '' 1989 Bobby McFerrin - `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Billboard Year - End Hot Country Songs number one single of the year 1980 -- 1989 1980 : `` My Heart '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1981 : `` Fire and Smoke '' -- Earl Thomas Conley 1982 : `` Always on My Mind '' -- Willie Nelson 1983 : `` José Cuervo '' -- Shelly West 1984 : `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' -- Julio Iglesias and Willie Nelson 1985 : `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' -- Ronnie Milsap 1986 : `` Never Be You '' -- Rosanne Cash 1987 : `` Give Me Wings '' -- Michael Johnson 1988 : `` Do n't Close Your Eyes '' -- Keith Whitley 1989 : `` A Better Man '' -- Clint Black 1990 -- 1999 1990 : `` Nobody 's Home '' -- Clint Black 1991 : `` Do n't Rock the Jukebox '' -- Alan Jackson 1992 : `` I Saw the Light '' -- Wynonna Judd 1993 : `` Chattahoochee '' -- Alan Jackson 1994 : `` I Swear '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1995 : `` Sold ( The Grundy County Auction Incident ) '' -- John Michael Montgomery 1996 : `` My Maria '' -- Brooks & Dunn 1997 : `` It 's Your Love '' -- Tim McGraw and Faith Hill 1998 : `` Just to See You Smile '' -- Tim McGraw 1999 : `` Amazed '' -- Lonestar 2000 -- 2009 2000 : `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' -- Toby Keith 2001 : `` Ai n't Nothing ' bout You '' -- Brooks & Dunn 2002 : `` The Good Stuff '' -- Kenny Chesney 2003 : `` My Front Porch Looking In '' -- Lonestar 2004 : `` Live Like You Were Dying '' -- Tim McGraw 2005 : `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' -- Craig Morgan 2006 : `` If You 're Going Through Hell ( Before The Devil Even Knows ) '' -- Rodney Atkins 2007 : `` Watching You '' -- Rodney Atkins 2008 : `` Just Got Started Lovin ' You '' -- James Otto 2009 : `` I Run to You '' -- Lady Antebellum 2010 -- 2019 2010 : `` Love Like Crazy '' -- Lee Brice 2011 : `` Crazy Girl '' -- Eli Young Band 2012 : `` Time Is Love '' -- Josh Turner 2013 : `` Cruise '' -- Florida Georgia Line 2014 : `` This Is How We Roll '' -- Florida Georgia Line featuring Luke Bryan 2015 : `` Take Your Time '' -- Sam Hunt 2016 : `` H.O.L.Y. '' - Florida Georgia Line Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Always_on_My_Mind&oldid=817135082 '' Categories : Christmas number - one singles in the United Kingdom 1970s ballads 1972 singles 1973 singles 1982 singles 1987 singles 1988 singles 1972 songs Amanda Lear songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles of the year Brenda Lee songs Country ballads Elvis Presley songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Grammy Award for Song of the Year John Wesley Ryles songs Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland Pet Shop Boys songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Mark James ( songwriter ) Songs written by Wayne Carson Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Song recordings produced by Felton Jarvis Song recordings produced by Bob Montgomery ( songwriter ) UK Singles Chart number - one singles Willie Nelson songs MCA Records singles Columbia Records singles RCA Records singles Parlophone singles Song recordings produced by Julian Mendelsohn Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 11 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the original always on my mind | [
"\"Always on My Mind\" is an American country music song by Johnny Christopher, Mark James and Wayne Carson, recorded first by Gwen McCrae (as \"You Were Always On My Mind\") and Brenda Lee in 1972.",
"\"Always on My Mind\" is an American country music song by Johnny Christopher, Mark James and Wayne Carson, recorded first by Gwen McCrae (as \"You Were Always On My Mind\") and Brenda Lee in 1972."
] | [
"Gwen McCrae",
"Brenda Lee"
] |
579064443982094063 | Last glacial period | Last glacial period - wikipedia Last glacial period Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent period cooler than present but without significant glaciation , see Little Ice Age . For the full sequence of geologically recent glacial advances and retreats , see Quaternary glaciation . For the geological epoch often associated with or referred to as `` The Ice Age '' , see Pleistocene . For a generic geological period of reduced temperature and increased glaciation , see Ice age . `` Last glacial '' redirects here . For the period of maximum glacier extent during this time , see Last Glacial Maximum . Chronology of climatic events of importance for the last glacial period ( about the last 120,000 years ) The last glacial period occurred from the end of the Eemian interglacial to the end of the Younger Dryas , encompassing the period c. 110,000 -- c. 11,700 years ago . This most recent glacial period is part of a larger pattern of glacial and interglacial periods known as the Quaternary glaciation extending from c. 2,588,000 years ago to present . During this last glacial period there were alternating episodes of glacier advance and retreat . Within the last glacial period the Last Glacial Maximum was approximately 22,000 years ago . While the general pattern of global cooling and glacier advance was similar , local differences in the development of glacier advance and retreat make it difficult to compare the details from continent to continent ( see picture of ice core data below for differences ) . Approximately 13,000 years ago , the Late Glacial Maximum began . The end of the Younger Dryas about 11,700 years ago marked the beginning of the Holocene geological epoch , which includes the Holocene glacial retreat . From the point of view of human archaeology , the last glacial period falls in the Paleolithic and early Mesolithic periods . When the glaciation event started , Homo sapiens was confined to lower latitudes and used tools comparable to those used by Neanderthals in western and central Eurasia and by Homo erectus in Asia . Near the end of the event , Homo sapiens migrated into Eurasia and Australia . Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived the last glacial period in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover . The retreat of the glaciers 15,000 years ago allowed groups of humans from Asia to migrate to the Americas . Artist impression of the last glacial period at glacial maximum Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and definition 2 Overview 2.1 Northern Hemisphere 2.2 Southern Hemisphere 3 Deglaciation 4 Named local glaciations 4.1 Antarctica glaciation 4.2 Europe 4.2. 1 Devensian and Midlandian glaciation ( Britain and Ireland ) 4.2. 2 Weichselian glaciation ( Scandinavia and northern Europe ) 4.2. 3 Würm glaciation ( Alps ) 4.3 North America 4.3. 1 Pinedale or Fraser glaciation ( Rocky Mountains ) 4.3. 2 Wisconsin glaciation 4.3. 3 Tahoe , Tenaya , and Tioga , Sierra Nevada 4.3. 4 Greenland glaciation 4.4 South America 4.4. 1 Mérida glaciation ( Venezuelan Andes ) 4.4. 2 Llanquihue glaciation ( Southern Andes ) 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Origin and definition ( edit ) The last glacial period is sometimes colloquially referred to as the `` last ice age '' , though this use is incorrect because an ice age is a longer period of cold temperature in which year - round ice sheets are present near one or both poles . Glacials are colder phases within an ice age in which glaciers advance ; glacials are separated by interglacials . Thus , the end of the last glacial period , which was about 11,700 years ago , is not the end of the last ice age since extensive year - round ice persists in Antarctica and Greenland . Over the past few million years the glacial - interglacial cycles have been `` paced '' by periodic variations in the Earth 's orbit via Milankovitch cycles . The last glacial period is the best - known part of the current ice age , and has been intensively studied in North America , northern Eurasia , the Himalaya and other formerly glaciated regions around the world . The glaciations that occurred during this glacial period covered many areas , mainly in the Northern Hemisphere and to a lesser extent in the Southern Hemisphere . They have different names , historically developed and depending on their geographic distributions : Fraser ( in the Pacific Cordillera of North America ) , Pinedale ( in the Central Rocky Mountains ) , Wisconsinan or Wisconsin ( in central North America ) , Devensian ( in the British Isles ) , Midlandian ( in Ireland ) , Würm ( in the Alps ) , Mérida ( in Venezuela ) , Weichselian or Vistulian ( in Northern Europe and northern Central Europe ) , Valdai in Russia and Zyryanka in Siberia , Llanquihue in Chile , and Otira in New Zealand . The geochronological Late Pleistocene comprises the late glacial ( Weichselian ) and the immediately preceding penultimate interglacial ( Eemian ) period . Overview ( edit ) Vegetation types at time of Last Glacial Maximum Last glacial period , as seen in ice core data from Antarctica and Greenland The last glaciation centered on the huge ice sheets of North America and Eurasia . Considerable areas in the Alps , the Himalaya and the Andes were ice - covered , and Antarctica remained glaciated . Northern Hemisphere ( edit ) Canada was nearly completely covered by ice , as well as the northern part of the United States , both blanketed by the huge Laurentide Ice Sheet . Alaska remained mostly ice free due to arid climate conditions . Local glaciations existed in the Rocky Mountains and the Cordilleran Ice Sheet and as ice fields and ice caps in the Sierra Nevada in northern California . In Britain , mainland Europe , and northwestern Asia , the Scandinavian ice sheet once again reached the northern parts of the British Isles , Germany , Poland , and Russia , extending as far east as the Taymyr Peninsula in western Siberia . The maximum extent of western Siberian glaciation was reached by approximately 16,000 -- 15,000 BC and thus later than in Europe ( c. 20,000 -- c. 16,000 BC ) . Northeastern Siberia was not covered by a continental - scale ice sheet . Instead , large , but restricted , icefield complexes covered mountain ranges within northeast Siberia , including the Kamchatka - Koryak Mountains . The Arctic Ocean between the huge ice sheets of America and Eurasia was not frozen throughout , but like today probably was only covered by relatively shallow ice , subject to seasonal changes and riddled with icebergs calving from the surrounding ice sheets . According to the sediment composition retrieved from deep - sea cores there must even have been times of seasonally open waters . Outside the main ice sheets , widespread glaciation occurred on the Alps − Himalaya mountain chain . In contrast to the earlier glacial stages , the Würm glaciation was composed of smaller ice caps and mostly confined to valley glaciers , sending glacial lobes into the Alpine foreland . To the east the Caucasus and the mountains of Turkey and Iran were capped by local ice fields or small ice sheets . In the Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau , glaciers advanced considerably , particularly between 45,000 and 25,000 BC , but these datings are controversial . The formation of a contiguous ice sheet on the Tibetan Plateau is controversial . Other areas of the Northern Hemisphere did not bear extensive ice sheets , but local glaciers in high areas . Parts of Taiwan , for example , were repeatedly glaciated between 42,250 and 8,680 BCE as well as the Japanese Alps . In both areas maximum glacier advance occurred between 58,000 and 28,000 BCE . To a still lesser extent glaciers existed in Africa , for example in the High Atlas , the mountains of Morocco , the Mount Atakor massif in southern Algeria , and several mountains in Ethiopia . In the Southern Hemisphere , an ice cap of several hundred square kilometers was present on the east African mountains in the Kilimanjaro massif , Mount Kenya and the Rwenzori Mountains , still bearing remnants of glaciers today . Southern Hemisphere ( edit ) Glaciation of the Southern Hemisphere was less extensive because of current configuration of continents . Ice sheets existed in the Andes ( Patagonian Ice Sheet ) , where six glacier advances between 31,500 and 11,900 BC in the Chilean Andes have been reported . Antarctica was entirely glaciated , much like today , but the ice sheet left no uncovered area . In mainland Australia only a very small area in the vicinity of Mount Kosciuszko was glaciated , whereas in Tasmania glaciation was more widespread . An ice sheet formed in New Zealand , covering all of the Southern Alps , where at least three glacial advances can be distinguished . Local ice caps existed in Irian Jaya , Indonesia , where in three ice areas remnants of the Pleistocene glaciers are still preserved today . Small glaciers developed in a few favorable places in Southern Africa during the last glacial period . These small glaciers would have developed in the Lesotho Highlands and parts of the Drakensberg . The development of glaciers was likely aided by localized cooling indebted to shading by adjacent cliffs . Various moraines and former glacier niches have been identified in the eastern Lesotho Highlands , above 3,000 m.a.s.l. and on south - facing slopes , a few kilometres west of the Great Escarpment . Studies suggest the mountains of Southern Africa were mostly subject to mild periglaciation during the last glacial cycle and the annual average temperatures were about 6 ° C colder than at present . The estimated 6 ° C temperature drop for Southern Africa is in line with temperature drops estimated for Tasmania and southern Patagonia during the same time . The environment of the Lesotho Highlands during the Last Glacial Maximum was one of a relatively arid periglaciation without permafrost but with deep seasonal freezing on south - facing slopes . Periglaciation in the Eastern Drakensberg and Lesotho Highlands produced solifluction deposits , blockfields and blockstreams , and stone garlands . Deglaciation ( edit ) See also : Bølling - Allerød warming , Meltwater pulse 1A , and Deglaciation Scientists from the Center for Arctic Gas Hydrate , Environment ( CAGE ) and Climate at the Arctic University of Norway , published a study in June 2017 describing over a hundred ocean sediment craters , some 3,000 meters wide and up to 300 meters deep , formed by explosive eruptions of methane from destabilized methane hydrates , following ice - sheet retreat during the last glacial period , around 12,000 years ago . These areas around the Barents Sea still seep methane today . The study hypothesized that existing bulges containing methane reservoirs could eventually have the same fate . Named local Glaciations ( edit ) Antarctica glaciation ( edit ) During the last glacial period Antarctica was blanketed by a massive ice sheet , much as it is today . The ice covered all land areas and extended into the ocean onto the middle and outer continental shelf . According to ice modelling , ice over central East Antarctica was generally thinner than today . Europe ( edit ) Devensian and Midlandian glaciation ( Britain and Ireland ) ( edit ) The name Devensian glaciation is used by British geologists and archaeologists and refers to what is often popularly meant by the latest ice age . Irish geologists , geographers , and archaeologists refer to the Midlandian glaciation as its effects in Ireland are largely visible in the Irish Midlands . The name Devensian is derived from the Latin Dēvenses , people living by the Dee ( Dēva in Latin ) , a river on the Welsh border near which deposits from the period are particularly well represented . The effects of this glaciation can be seen in many geological features of England , Wales , Scotland , and Northern Ireland . Its deposits have been found overlying material from the preceding Ipswichian stage and lying beneath those from the following Flandrian interglacial stage of the Holocene . The latter part of the Devensian includes Pollen zones I - IV , the Allerød oscillation and Bølling oscillation , and the Older Dryas and Younger Dryas climatic stages . Weichselian glaciation ( Scandinavia and northern Europe ) ( edit ) Main article : Weichselian glaciation Europe during the last glacial period Alternative names include : Weichsel glaciation or Vistulian glaciation ( referring to the Polish river Vistula or its German name Weichsel ) . Evidence suggests that the ice sheets were at their maximum size for only a short period , between 25,000 and 13,000 BP . Eight interstadials have been recognized in the Weichselian , including : the Oerel , Glinde , Moershoofd , Hengelo and Denekamp ; however correlation with isotope stages is still in process . During the glacial maximum in Scandinavia , only the western parts of Jutland were ice - free , and a large part of what is today the North Sea was dry land connecting Jutland with Britain ( see Doggerland ) . It is also in Denmark that the only Scandinavian ice - age animals older than 13,000 BCE are found . The Baltic Sea , with its unique brackish water , is a result of meltwater from the Weichsel glaciation combining with saltwater from the North Sea when the straits between Sweden and Denmark opened . Initially , when the ice began melting about 10,300 BP , seawater filled the isostatically depressed area , a temporary marine incursion that geologists dub the Yoldia Sea . Then , as post-glacial isostatic rebound lifted the region about 9500 BP , the deepest basin of the Baltic became a freshwater lake , in palaeological contexts referred to as Ancylus Lake , which is identifiable in the freshwater fauna found in sediment cores . The lake was filled by glacial runoff , but as worldwide sea level continued rising , saltwater again breached the sill about 8000 BP , forming a marine Littorina Sea which was followed by another freshwater phase before the present brackish marine system was established . `` At its present state of development , the marine life of the Baltic Sea is less than about 4000 years old '' , Drs . Thulin and Andrushaitis remarked when reviewing these sequences in 2003 . Overlying ice had exerted pressure on the Earth 's surface . As a result of melting ice , the land has continued to rise yearly in Scandinavia , mostly in northern Sweden and Finland where the land is rising at a rate of as much as 8 -- 9 mm per year , or 1 meter in 100 years . This is important for archaeologists since a site that was coastal in the Nordic Stone Age now is inland and can be dated by its relative distance from the present shore . Würm glaciation ( Alps ) ( edit ) Main article : Würm glaciation Extent of Alpine glaciation during the Würm ice age . Blue : extent of the early ice ages : The term Würm is derived from a river in the Alpine foreland , approximately marking the maximum glacier advance of this particular glacial period . The Alps were where the first systematic scientific research on ice ages was conducted by Louis Agassiz at the beginning of the 19th century . Here the Würm glaciation of the last glacial period was intensively studied . Pollen analysis , the statistical analyses of microfossilized plant pollens found in geological deposits , chronicled the dramatic changes in the European environment during the Würm glaciation . During the height of Würm glaciation , c. 24,000 -- c . 10,000 BP , most of western and central Europe and Eurasia was open steppe - tundra , while the Alps presented solid ice fields and montane glaciers . Scandinavia and much of Britain were under ice . During the Würm , the Rhône Glacier covered the whole western Swiss plateau , reaching today 's regions of Solothurn and Aarau . In the region of Bern it merged with the Aar glacier . The Rhine Glacier is currently the subject of the most detailed studies . Glaciers of the Reuss and the Limmat advanced sometimes as far as the Jura . Montane and piedmont glaciers formed the land by grinding away virtually all traces of the older Günz and Mindel glaciation , by depositing base moraines and terminal moraines of different retraction phases and loess deposits , and by the pro-glacial rivers ' shifting and redepositing gravels . Beneath the surface , they had profound and lasting influence on geothermal heat and the patterns of deep groundwater flow . North America ( edit ) Pinedale or Fraser glaciation ( Rocky Mountains ) ( edit ) The Pinedale ( central Rocky Mountains ) or Fraser ( Cordilleran Ice Sheet ) glaciation was the last of the major glaciations to appear in the Rocky Mountains in the United States . The Pinedale lasted from approximately 30,000 to 10,000 years ago and was at its greatest extent between 23,500 and 21,000 years ago . This glaciation was somewhat distinct from the main Wisconsin glaciation as it was only loosely related to the giant ice sheets and was instead composed of mountain glaciers , merging into the Cordilleran Ice Sheet . The Cordilleran Ice Sheet produced features such as glacial Lake Missoula , which would break free from its ice dam causing the massive Missoula Floods . USGS geologists estimate that the cycle of flooding and reformation of the lake lasted an average of 55 years and that the floods occurred approximately 40 times over the 2,000 year period between 15,000 and 13,000 years ago . Glacial lake outburst floods such as these are not uncommon today in Iceland and other places . Wisconsin glaciation ( edit ) The Wisconsin Glacial Episode was the last major advance of continental glaciers in the North American Laurentide Ice Sheet . At the height of glaciation the Bering land bridge potentially permitted migration of mammals , including people , to North America from Siberia . It radically altered the geography of North America north of the Ohio River . At the height of the Wisconsin Episode glaciation , ice covered most of Canada , the Upper Midwest , and New England , as well as parts of Montana and Washington . On Kelleys Island in Lake Erie or in New York 's Central Park , the grooves left by these glaciers can be easily observed . In southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta a suture zone between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets formed the Cypress Hills , which is the northernmost point in North America that remained south of the continental ice sheets . The Great Lakes are the result of glacial scour and pooling of meltwater at the rim of the receding ice . When the enormous mass of the continental ice sheet retreated , the Great Lakes began gradually moving south due to isostatic rebound of the north shore . Niagara Falls is also a product of the glaciation , as is the course of the Ohio River , which largely supplanted the prior Teays River . With the assistance of several very broad glacial lakes , it released floods through the gorge of the Upper Mississippi River , which in turn was formed during an earlier glacial period . In its retreat , the Wisconsin Episode glaciation left terminal moraines that form Long Island , Block Island , Cape Cod , Nomans Land , Martha 's Vineyard , Nantucket , Sable Island , and the Oak Ridges Moraine in south central Ontario , Canada . In Wisconsin itself , it left the Kettle Moraine . The drumlins and eskers formed at its melting edge are landmarks of the Lower Connecticut River Valley . Tahoe , Tenaya , and Tioga , Sierra Nevada ( edit ) In the Sierra Nevada , there are three named stages of glacial maxima ( sometimes incorrectly called ice ages ) separated by warmer periods . These glacial maxima are called , from oldest to youngest , Tahoe , Tenaya , and Tioga . The Tahoe reached its maximum extent perhaps about 70,000 years ago . Little is known about the Tenaya . The Tioga was the least severe and last of the Wisconsin Episode . It began about 30,000 years ago , reached its greatest advance 21,000 years ago , and ended about 10,000 years ago . Greenland glaciation ( edit ) In Northwest Greenland , ice coverage attained a very early maximum in the last glacial period around 114,000 . After this early maximum , the ice coverage was similar to today until the end of the last glacial period . Towards the end , glaciers readvanced once more before retreating to their present extent . According to ice core data , the Greenland climate was dry during the last glacial period , precipitation reaching perhaps only 20 % of today 's value . South America ( edit ) Mérida glaciation ( Venezuelan Andes ) ( edit ) Map showing the extent of the glaciated area in Venezuelan Andes during the Mérida glaciation The name Mérida Glaciation is proposed to designate the alpine glaciation which affected the central Venezuelan Andes during the Late Pleistocene . Two main moraine levels have been recognized : one with an elevation of 2,600 -- 2,700 m ( 8,500 -- 8,900 ft ) , and another with an elevation of 3,000 -- 3,500 m ( 9,800 -- 11,500 ft ) . The snow line during the last glacial advance was lowered approximately 1,200 m ( 3,900 ft ) below the present snow line , which is 3,700 m ( 12,100 ft ) . The glaciated area in the Cordillera de Mérida was approximately 600 km ( 230 sq mi ) ; this included the following high areas from southwest to northeast : Páramo de Tamá , Páramo Batallón , Páramo Los Conejos , Páramo Piedras Blancas , and Teta de Niquitao . Approximately 200 km ( 77 sq mi ) of the total glaciated area was in the Sierra Nevada de Mérida , and of that amount , the largest concentration , 50 km ( 19 sq mi ) , was in the areas of Pico Bolívar , Pico Humboldt ( 4,942 m ( 16,214 ft ) ) , and Pico Bonpland ( 4,983 m ( 16,348 ft ) ) . Radiocarbon dating indicates that the moraines are older than 10,000 BP , and probably older than 13,000 BP . The lower moraine level probably corresponds to the main Wisconsin glacial advance . The upper level probably represents the last glacial advance ( Late Wisconsin ) . Llanquihue glaciation ( Southern Andes ) ( edit ) Main article : Llanquihue glaciation Map showing the extent of the Patagonian Ice Sheet in the Strait of Magellan area during the last glacial period . Selected modern settlements are shown with yellow dots . The Llanquihue glaciation takes its name from Llanquihue Lake in southern Chile which is a fan - shaped piedmont glacial lake . On the lake 's western shores there are large moraine systems of which the innermost belong to the last glacial period . Llanquihue Lake 's varves are a node point in southern Chile 's varve geochronology . During the last glacial maximum the Patagonian Ice Sheet extended over the Andes from about 35 ° S to Tierra del Fuego at 55 ° S . The western part appears to have been very active , with wet basal conditions , while the eastern part was cold based . Cryogenic features like ice wedges , patterned ground , pingos , rock glaciers , palsas , soil cryoturbation , solifluction deposits developed in unglaciated extra-Andean Patagonia during the Last Glaciation . However , not all these reported features have been verified . The area west of Llanquihue Lake was ice - free during the LGM , and had sparsely distributed vegetation dominated by Nothofagus . Valdivian temperate rain forest was reduced to scattered remnants in the western side of the Andes . Modelled maximum extent of the Antarctic ice sheet 21,000 years before present See also ( edit ) Glacial history of Minnesota Glacial lake outburst flood Glacial period Ice age Last Glacial Maximum Pleistocene Pleistocene megafauna Plio - Pleistocene Quaternary extinction event Quaternary glaciation Sea level rise Stone Age Timeline of glaciation Valparaiso Moraine Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Prior to the 2010s there was considerable debate on whether Southern Africa was glaciated during the last glacial cycle or not . Jump up ^ The former existence of large glaciers or deep snow cover over much of the Lesotho Highlands has been judged unlikely considering the lack of glacial morphology ( e.g. rôche moutonnées ) and the existence of periglacial regolith that has not been reworked by glaciers . Estimates of the mean annual temperature in Southern Africa during the Last Glacial Maximum indicate the temperatures were not low enough to initiate or sustain a widespread glaciation . The former existence of rock glaciers or large glaciers is according to the same study ruled out , because of a lack of conclusive field evidence and the implausibility of the 10 - 17 ° C temperature drop , relative to the present , that such features would imply . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clayton , Lee ; Attig , John W. ; Mickelson , David M. ; Johnson , Mark D. ; Syverson , Kent M. `` Glaciation of Wisconsin '' ( PDF ) . Dept . Geology , University of Wisconsin . Jump up ^ Gavashelishvili , A. ; Tarkhnishvili , D. ( 2016 ) . `` Biomes and human distribution during the last ice age '' . Global Ecology and Biogeography. 25 : 563 -- 574 . doi : 10.1111 / geb. 12437 . Jump up ^ Crowley , Thomas J. ( 1995 ) . `` Ice age terrestrial carbon changes revisited '' . Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 9 ( 3 ) : 377 -- 389 . Bibcode : 1995GBioC ... 9 ... 377C . doi : 10.1029 / 95GB01107 . Jump up ^ Clark , D.H. Extent , timing , and climatic significance of latest Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation in the Sierra Nevada , California ( PDF 20 Mb ) ( Ph. D . ) . Seattle : Washington University . Jump up ^ Möller , P. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Severnaya Zemlya , Arctic Russia : a nucleation area for Kara Sea ice sheets during the Middle to Late Quaternary '' ( PDF 11.5 Mb ) . Quaternary Science Reviews . 25 ( 21 -- 22 ) : 2894 -- 2936 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2006.02. 016 . Jump up ^ Matti Saarnisto : Climate variability during the last interglacial - glacial cycle in NW Eurasia . Abstracts of PAGES -- PEPIII : Past Climate Variability Through Europe and Africa , 2001 Archived April 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gualtieri , Lyn ; et al. ( May 2003 ) . `` Pleistocene raised marine deposits on Wrangel Island , northeast Siberia and implications for the presence of an East Siberian ice sheet '' . Quaternary Research . 59 ( 3 ) : 399 -- 410 . Bibcode : 2003QuRes ... 59 ... 399G . doi : 10.1016 / S0033 - 5894 ( 03 ) 00057 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ehlers , Gibbard & 2004 III , pp. 321 -- 323 Jump up ^ Barr , I.D ; Clark , C.D. ( 2011 ) . `` Glaciers and Climate in Pacific Far NE Russia during the Last Glacial Maximum '' . Journal of Quaternary Science . 26 ( 2 ) : 227 . doi : 10.1002 / jqs. 1450 . Jump up ^ Spielhagen , Robert F. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Arctic Ocean deep - sea record of northern Eurasian ice sheet history '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 23 ( 11 -- 13 ) : 1455 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2003.12. 015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jr. , Richard S. ; Ferrigno , Jane G. ( 1991 ) . `` Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa -- Glaciers of Turkey '' ( PDF 2.5 Mb ) . U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386 - G - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Ferrigno , Jane G. ( 1991 ) . `` Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa -- Glaciers of Iran '' ( PDF 1.25 Mb ) . U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386 - G - 2 . Jump up ^ Owen , Lewis A. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` A note on the extent of glaciation throughout the Himalaya during the global Last Glacial Maximum '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 21 ( 1 ) : 147 -- 157 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 3791 ( 01 ) 00104 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. , Kuhle , S. ( 2010 ) : Review on Dating methods : Numerical Dating in the Quaternary of High Asia . In : Journal of Mountain Science ( 2010 ) 7 : 105 - 122 . Jump up ^ Chevalier , Marie - Luce ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Constraints on the late Quaternary glaciations in Tibet from cosmogenic exposure ages of moraine surfaces '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 30 : 528 -- 554 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2010.11. 005 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , Matthias ( 2002 ) . `` A relief - specific model of the ice age on the basis of uplift - controlled glacier areas in Tibet and the corresponding albedo increase as well as their positive climatological feedback by means of the global radiation geometry '' . Climate Research . 20 : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.3354 / cr020001 . Jump up ^ Ehlers , Gibbard & 2004 III , Kuhle , M. `` The High Glacial ( Last Ice Age and LGM ) ice cover in High and Central Asia '' . Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology . pp. 175 -- 199 . ISBN 9780444534477 . Jump up ^ Lehmkuhl , F. ( 2003 ) . `` Die eiszeitliche Vergletscherung Hochasiens -- lokale Vergletscherungen oder übergeordneter Eisschild ? '' . Geographische Rundschau. 55 ( 2 ) : 28 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Zhijiu Cui ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` The Quaternary glaciation of Shesan Mountain in Taiwan and glacial classification in monsoon areas '' . Quaternary International . 97 -- 98 : 147 -- 153 . doi : 10.1016 / S1040 - 6182 ( 02 ) 00060 - 5 . Jump up ^ Yugo Ono ; et al. ( September -- October 2005 ) . `` Mountain glaciation in Japan and Taiwan at the global Last Glacial Maximum '' . Quaternary International . 138 -- 139 : 79 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2005.02. 007 . Jump up ^ Young , James A.T. ; Hastenrath , Stefan ( 1991 ) . `` Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa -- Glaciers of Africa '' ( PDF 1.25 Mb ) . U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1386 - G - 3 . Jump up ^ Lowell , T.V. ; et al. ( 1995 ) . `` Interhemisperic correlation of late Pleistocene glacial events '' ( PDF 2.3 Mb ) . Science . 269 ( 5230 ) : 1541 -- 9 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 269.5230. 1541 . PMID 17789444 . Jump up ^ Ollier , C.D. `` Australian Landforms and their History '' . National Mapping Fab . Geoscience Australia . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burrows , C.J. ; Moar , N.T. ( 1996 ) . `` A mid Otira Glaciation palaeosol and flora from the Castle Hill Basin , Canterbury , New Zealand '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Journal of Botany. 34 ( 4 ) : 539 -- 545 . doi : 10.1080 / 0028825X. 1996.10410134 . Archived from the original ( PDF 340 Kb ) on February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Allison , Ian ; Peterson , James A. ( 1988 ) . Glaciers of Irian Jaya , Indonesia : Observation and Mapping of the Glaciers Shown on Landsat Images . ISBN 0 - 607 - 71457 - 3 . U.S. Geological Survey professional paper 1386 . ^ Jump up to : Mills , S.C. ; Barrows , T.T. ; Telfer , M.W. ; Fifield , L.K. ( 2017 ) . `` The cold climate geomorphology of the Eastern Cape Drakensberg : A reevaluation of past climatic conditions during the last glacial cycle in Southern Africa '' . Geomorphology. 278 : 184 -- 194 . doi : 10.1016 / j. geomorph. 2016.11. 011 . ^ Jump up to : Sumner , P.D. ( 2004 ) . `` Geomorphic and climatic implications of relict openwork block accumulations near Thabana - Ntlenyana , Lesotho '' . Geografiska Annaler Series A : Physical Geography. 86 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 302 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0435 - 3676.2004. 00232. x . ^ Jump up to : Mills , Stephanie C. ; Grab , Stefan W. ; Rea , Brice R. ; Farrow , Aidan ( 2012 ) . `` Shifting westerlies and precipitation patterns during the Late Pleistocene in southern Africa determined using glacier reconstruction and mass balance modelling '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 55 : 145 -- 159 . doi : 10.1016 / j. quascirev. 2012.08. 012 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kevin ( 2010 ) . `` The shape of glacial valleys and implications for southern African glaciation '' . South African Geographical Journal . 92 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 44 . doi : 10.1080 / 03736245.2010. 485360 . Jump up ^ `` Like ' champagne bottles being opened ' : Scientists document an ancient Arctic methane explosion '' . The Washington Post . June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , J.B. ; Shipp , S.S. ; Lowe , A.L. ; Wellner , J.S. ; Mosola , A.B. ( 2002 ) . `` The Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum and its subsequent retreat history : a review '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 21 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 49 -- 70 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 3791 ( 01 ) 00083 - X . Jump up ^ Ehlers , Gibbard & 2004 III , Ingolfsson , O. Quaternary glacial and climate history of Antarctica ( PDF ) . pp. 3 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Huybrechts , P. ( 2002 ) . `` Sea - level changes at the LGM from ice - dynamic reconstructions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets during the glacial cycles '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 21 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 203 -- 231 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 3791 ( 01 ) 00082 - 8 . Jump up ^ OED Jump up ^ Behre Karl - Ernst , van der Plicht Johannes ( 1992 ) . `` Towards an absolute chronology for the last glacial period in Europe : radiocarbon dates from Oerel , northern Germany '' . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 1 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 117 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00206091 . Jump up ^ Davis , Owen K. ( 2003 ) `` Non-Marine Records : Correlations with the Marine Sequence '' Introduction to Quaternary Ecology University of Arizona web site , doi : 2003618 - 145735g Jump up ^ `` Brief geologic history '' . Rocky Mountain National Park . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age Floods '' . U.S. National Park Service . Jump up ^ Waitt , Jr. , Richard B. ( October 1985 ) . `` Case for periodic , colossal jökulhlaups from Pleistocene glacial Lake Missoula '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 96 ( 10 ) : 1271 -- 86 . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1985 ) 96 < 1271 : CFPCJF > 2.0.CO ; 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ehlers , Gibbard & 2004 II , p. 57 Jump up ^ Funder , Svend `` Late Quaternary stratigraphy and glaciology in the Thule area , Northwest Greenland '' . MoG Geoscience. 22 : 63 . 1990 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnsen , Sigfus J. ; et al. ( 1992 ) . `` A `` deep '' ice core from East Greenland `` . MoG Geoscience. 29 : 22 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schubert , Carlos ( 1998 ) . `` Glaciers of Venezuela '' . US Geological Survey ( USGS P 1386 - I ) . Jump up ^ Schubert , C. ; Valastro , S. ( 1974 ) . `` Late Pleistocene glaciation of Páramo de La Culata , north - central Venezuelan Andes '' ( PDF ) . Geologische Rundschau. 63 ( 2 ) : 516 -- 538 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01820827 . Jump up ^ Mahaney , William C. ; Milner , M.W. , Kalm , Volli ; Dirsowzky , Randy W. ; Hancock , R.G.V. ; Beukens , Roelf P. ( April 1 , 2008 ) . `` Evidence for a Younger Dryas glacial advance in the Andes of northwestern Venezuela '' . Geomorphology. 96 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 199 -- 211 . doi : 10.1016 / j. geomorph. 2007.08. 002 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Maximiliano , B. ; Orlando , G. ; Juan , C. ; Ciro , S. `` Glacial Quaternary geology of las Gonzales basin , páramo los conejos , Venezuelan andes '' . Jump up ^ Trombotto Liaudat , Darío ( 2008 ) . `` Geocryology of Southern South America '' . In Rabassa , J. The Late Cenozoic of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego . pp. 255 -- 268 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 52954 - 1 . Jump up ^ Adams , Jonathan . `` South America during the last 150,000 years '' . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Bowen , D.Q. ( 1978 ) . Quaternary geology : a stratigraphic framework for multidisciplinary work . Oxford UK : Pergamon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 020409 - 3 . Ehlers , J. ; Gibbard , P.L. , eds. ( 2004 ) . Quaternary Glaciations : Extent and Chronology 2 : Part II North America . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51462 - 7 . Ehlers , J. ; Gibbard , P.L. , eds. ( 2004 ) . Quaternary Glaciations : Extent and Chronology 3 : Part III : South America , Asia , Africa , Australia , Antarctica . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51593 - 3 . Gillespie , A.R. , Porter , S.C. ; Atwater , B.F. ( 2004 ) . The Quaternary Period in the United States ( of America ) . Developments in Quaternary Science . 1 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 51471 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Harris , A.G. ; Tuttle , E. ; Tuttle , S.D. ( 1997 ) . Geology of National Parks ( 5th ed . ) . Iowa : Kendall / Hunt . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 5353 - 7 . Kuhle , M. ( 1988 ) . `` The Pleistocene Glaciation of Tibet and the Onset of Ice Ages -- An Autocycle HypothesisGeoJournal '' . GeoJournal. 17 ( 4 ) : 581 -- 596 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00209444 . Mangerud , J. ; Ehlers , J. ; Gibbard , P. , eds. ( 2004 ) . Quaternary Glaciations : Extent and Chronology 1 : Part I Europe . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 444 - 51462 - 7 . Sibrava , V. ; Bowen , D.Q ; Richmond , G.M. ( 1986 ) . `` Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere '' . Quaternary Science Reviews . 5 : 1 -- 514 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 3791 ( 86 ) 80002 - 6 . Pielou , E.C. ( 1991 ) . After the Ice Age : The Return of Life to Glaciated North America . Chicago IL : University Of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 66812 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ice age . Pielou , E.C. After the Ice Age : The Return of Life to Glaciated North America ( University of Chicago Press : 1992 ) National Atlas of the USA : Wisconsin Glaciation in North America : Present state of knowledge Ray , N. ; Adams , J.M. ( 2001 ) . `` A GIS - based Vegetation Map of the World at the Last Glacial Maximum ( 25,000 -- 15,000 BP ) '' ( PDF ) . Internet Archaeology. 11 . Quaternary Period Pleistocene Epoch Holocene Epoch Early Middle Late Preboreal Boreal Atlantic Subboreal Subatlantic Ice ages Quaternary Current Antarctica Greenland Iceland Pleistocene Last glacial period 1st : Würm , Wisconsin , Weichselian , Devensian / Midlandian , Pinedale / Fraser , Greenland , Merida , Llanquihue 2nd : Riss , Illinoian , Saale , Wolstonian , Santa María 3rd -- 6th : Mindel , Pre-Illinoian , Elster , Anglian , Rio Llico 7th -- 8th : Günz , Pre-Illinoian , Elbe or Menapian , Beestonian , Caracol Carboniferous -- Permian Karoo ( 360 Mya to 260 Mya ) Ordovician -- Silurian Andean - Saharan ( 460 Mya to 430 Mya ) Ediacaran Gaskiers ( 579.63 to 579.63 Mya ) Baykonurian ( 547 to 541.5 Mya ) Cryogenian Sturtian ( 717 to 660 Mya ) ; Marinoan ( 650 to 635 Mya ) Paleoproterozoic Huronian ( 2.4 to 2.1 Gya ) Mesoarchean Pongola ( 2.9 to 2.78 Gya ) Related topics Greenhouse and icehouse Earth Great Oxygenation Event Snowball Earth Interglacial Milankovitch cycles Stadial Timeline of glaciation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_glacial_period&oldid=832193740 '' Categories : Ice ages Climate history Holocene events Pleistocene events Quaternary events Holocene Pleistocene Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Қазақша Latina 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 12 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the most recent glacial period occur | [
"The last glacial period occurred from the end of the Eemian interglacial to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c. 110,000 – c. 11,700 years ago. This most recent glacial period is part of a larger pattern of glacial and interglacial periods known as the Quaternary glaciation extending from c. 2,588,000 years ago to present.[1]"
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"c. 110,000 – c. 11,700 years ago"
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-2566256819059641656 | Walt Disney World | Walt Disney World - Wikipedia Walt Disney World Jump to : navigation , search Walt Disney World Cinderella Castle , the icon of the Magic Kingdom Industry Theme parks and resorts Founded October 1 , 1971 ; 46 years ago ( 1971 - 10 - 01 ) Founders Walt and Roy Disney Headquarters Lake Buena Vista , Florida , U.S. Key people George Kalogridis ( President ) Number of employees 62,000 Parent Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products ( The Walt Disney Company ) Website Official website Walt Disney World Theme parks Magic Kingdom Epcot Disney 's Hollywood Studios Disney 's Animal Kingdom Other attractions Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon Disney 's Blizzard Beach Disney Springs ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Resort hotels Walt Disney World Resorts Coordinates : 28 ° 23 ′ 07 '' N 81 ° 33 ′ 50 '' W / 28.385233 ° N 81.563874 ° W / 28.385233 ; - 81.563874 The Walt Disney World Resort , commonly known as Walt Disney World , or often just as Disney World , is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista , Florida , near Orlando and Kissimmee , Florida . Opened on October 1 , 1971 , the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products , a division of The Walt Disney Company . It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company . The property covers 27,258 acres ( 43 sq mi ; 110 km ) , featuring four theme parks , two water parks , twenty - seven themed resort hotels , nine non-Disney hotels , several golf courses , a camping resort , and other entertainment venues , including the outdoor shopping center Disney Springs . Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim , California , which had opened in 1955 , the complex was developed by Walt Disney in the 1960s . `` The Florida Project '' , as it was known , was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of attractions . Walt Disney 's original plans also called for the inclusion of an `` Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow '' ( EPCOT ) , a planned community intended to serve as a test bed for new city living innovations . After extensive lobbying , the government of Florida created the Reedy Creek Improvement District , a special government district that essentially gave The Walt Disney Company the standard powers and autonomy of an incorporated city . Walt Disney died on December 15 , 1966 , during construction of the complex . Without Disney spearheading the construction , the company created a resort similar to Disneyland , abandoning experimental concepts for a planned community . Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex , in 1971 , followed by Epcot in 1982 , Disney 's Hollywood Studios in 1989 , and the most recent , Disney 's Animal Kingdom in 1998 . Today , Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world , with an average annual attendance of over 52 million . The resort is the flagship destination of Disney 's worldwide corporate enterprise , and has become a popular staple in American culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Planning and construction 1.1. 1 Conception 1.1. 2 Roy Disney 's oversight of construction 1.2 Recent history 1.3 Timeline 1.4 Future expansion 2 Location 3 Attractions 3.1 Theme parks 3.2 Water parks 3.3 Other attractions 3.4 Golf and recreation 3.5 Former attractions 4 Resorts 4.1 On - site Disney resorts 4.2 On - site non-Disney hotels 4.3 Former resorts 4.4 Proposed resorts 4.5 Never - built resorts 4.6 Disney 's Magical Express 5 Attendance 6 Operations 6.1 Transportation 6.2 Employment 6.3 Corporate culture 6.4 Security 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Planning and construction ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Walt Disney ( left ) with his brother Roy O. Disney ( right ) and then - governor of Florida W. Haydon Burns ( center ) on November 15 , 1965 , publicly announcing the creation of Disney World . In 1959 , Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim , California , which had opened in 1955 . Market surveys at the time revealed that only 5 % of Disneyland 's visitors came from east of the Mississippi River , where 75 % of the population of the United States lived . Additionally , Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland and wanted more control over a larger area of land in the next project . Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando , Florida -- one of many -- in November 1963 . After witnessing the well - developed network of roads and taking the planned construction of both Interstate 4 and Florida 's Turnpike into account , with McCoy Air Force Base ( later Orlando International Airport ) to the east , Disney selected a centrally - located site near Bay Lake . To avoid a burst of land speculation , Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres ( 48 sq mi ; 123 km ) of land . In May 1965 , some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County . In addition , two large tracts totaling $1.5 million were sold , and smaller tracts of flatlands and cattle pastures were purchased by exotically - named companies such as the `` Ayefour Corporation '' , `` Latin - American Development and Management Corporation '' and the `` Reedy Creek Ranch Corporation '' . Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street , U.S.A. in Magic Kingdom . The smaller parcels of land acquired were called `` outs '' . They were 5 - acre ( 2 ha ) lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company and sold to investors . Most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land , which was mostly swamp at the time . Another issue was the mineral rights to the land , which were owned by Tufts University . Without the transfer of these rights , Tufts could come in at any time and demand the removal of buildings to obtain minerals . Eventually , Disney 's team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the mineral rights for $15,000 . Working strictly in secrecy , real estate agents unaware of their client 's identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties . The agents were careful not to reveal the extent of their intentions , and they were able to negotiate numerous land contracts with some including large tracts of land for as little as $100 an acre . With the understanding that the recording of the first deeds would trigger intense public scrutiny , Disney delayed the filing of paperwork until a large portion of the land was under contract . Early rumors and speculation about the land purchases assumed possible development by NASA in support of the nearby Kennedy Space Center , as well as references to other famous investors such as Ford , the Rockefellers , and Howard Hughes . An Orlando Sentinel news article published weeks later on May 20 , 1965 , acknowledged a popular rumor that Disney was building an `` East Coast '' version of Disneyland . However , the publication denied its accuracy based on an earlier interview with Disney at Kennedy Space Center , in which he claimed a $50 million investment was in the works for Disneyland , and that he had no interest in building a new park . In October 1965 , editor Emily Bavar from the Sentinel visited Disneyland during the park 's 10th - anniversary celebration . In an interview with Disney , she asked him if he was behind recent land purchases in Central Florida ; Bavar later described that Disney `` looked like I had thrown a bucket of water in his face '' before denying the story . His reaction , combined with other research obtained during her Anaheim visit , led Bavar to author a story on October 21 , 1965 , where she predicted that Disney was building a second theme park in Florida . Three days later after gathering more information from various sources , the Sentinel published another article headlined , `` We Say : ' Mystery Industry ' Is Disney '' . Walt Disney had originally planned to publicly reveal Disney World on November 15 , 1965 , but in light of the Sentinel story , Disney asked Florida Governor Haydon Burns to confirm the story on October 25 . His announcement called the new theme park `` the greatest attraction in the history of Florida '' . The official reveal was kept on the previously - planned November 15 date , and Disney joined Burns in Orlando for the event . Roy Disney 's oversight of construction ( edit ) Roy O. Disney inspecting design plans on - site in Florida . Walt Disney died from circulatory collapse caused by lung cancer on December 15 , 1966 , before his vision was realized . His brother and business partner , Roy O. Disney , postponed his retirement to oversee construction of the resort 's first phase . On February 2 , 1967 , Roy O. Disney held a press conference at the Park Theatres in Winter Park , Florida . The role of EPCOT was emphasized in the film that was played . After the film , it was explained that for Disney World , including EPCOT , to succeed , a special district would have to be formed : the Reedy Creek Improvement District with two cities inside it , Bay Lake and Reedy Creek , now Lake Buena Vista . In addition to the standard powers of an incorporated city , which include the issuance of tax - free bonds , the district would have immunity from any current or future county or state land - use laws . The only areas where the district had to submit to the county and state would be property taxes and elevator inspections . The legislation forming the district and the two cities was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk , Jr. on May 12 , 1967 . The Supreme Court of Florida then ruled in 1968 that the district was allowed to issue tax - exempt bonds for public projects within the district , despite the sole beneficiary being Walt Disney Productions . The district soon began construction of drainage canals , and Disney built the first roads and the Magic Kingdom . The Contemporary Resort Hotel and Polynesian Village were also completed in time for the park 's opening on October 1 , 1971 . The Palm and Magnolia golf courses near Magic Kingdom had opened a few weeks before , while Fort Wilderness opened a month later . 24 days after the park opened , Roy O. Disney dedicated the property and declared that it would be known as `` Walt Disney World '' in his brother 's honor . In his own words : `` Everyone has heard of Ford cars . But have they all heard of Henry Ford , who started it all ? Walt Disney World is in memory of the man who started it all , so people will know his name as long as Walt Disney World is here . '' After the dedication , Roy Disney asked Walt 's widow , Lillian , what she thought of Walt Disney World . According to biographer Bob Thomas , she responded , `` I think Walt would have approved . '' Roy Disney died at age 78 on December 20 , 1971 , less than three months after the property opened . Admission prices in 1971 were $3.50 for adults , $2.50 for juniors under age 18 , and one dollar for children under twelve . Recent history ( edit ) Much of Walt Disney 's plans for his Progress City were abandoned after his death after the company board decided that it did not want to be in the business of running a city . The concept evolved into the resort 's second theme park , EPCOT Center , which opened in 1982 ( renamed EPCOT in 1996 ) . While still emulating Walt Disney 's original idea of showcasing new technology , the park is closer to a world 's fair than a `` community of tomorrow '' . One of EPCOT 's main attractions is their world 's showcase which highlights 11 countries across the globe . Some of the urban planning concepts from the original idea of EPCOT would instead be integrated into the community of Celebration much later . The resort 's third theme park , Disney - MGM Studios ( renamed Disney 's Hollywood Studios in 2008 ) , opened in 1989 and is inspired by show business . The resort 's fourth theme park , Disney 's Animal Kingdom , opened in 1998 . George Kalogridis was named president of the resort in December 2012 , replacing Meg Crofton , who had overseen the site since 2006 . On January 21 , 2016 , the resort 's management structure was changed , with general managers within a theme park being in charge of an area or land , instead of on a functional basis as previously . Theme parks have already had a vice-president overseeing them . Disney Springs and Disney Sports were also affected . Now hotel general managers manage a single hotel instead of some managing multiple hotels . On October 18 , 2017 , it was announced that resort visitors could bring dogs to Disney 's Yacht Club Resort , Disney Port Orleans Resort -- Riverside , Disney 's Art of Animation Resort and Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground . Timeline ( edit ) Some popular Disney characters ( from left to right ) : Goofy , Donald Duck , Mickey Mouse , and Minnie Mouse can be found throughout the resort . ( hide ) Year Event 1965 Walt Disney announces Florida Project 1966 Walt Disney dies of lung cancer at age 65 1967 Construction of Walt Disney World Resort begins 1971 Magic Kingdom Opened Palm and Magnolia Golf Courses Opened Disney 's Contemporary Resort Opened Disney 's Polynesian Resort Opened Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground Opened Roy O. Disney dies at age 78 1972 Disney 's Village Resort opens 1973 The Golf Resort opens Discovery Island opens Walt Disney Village Marketplace opens 1976 Disney 's River Country opens 1980 Walt Disney World Conference Center opens 1982 EPCOT Center opens 1986 The Golf Resort is expanded and renamed The Disney Inn Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa opens Disney 's Caribbean Beach Resort opens Disney - MGM Studios opens Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon opens Pleasure Island opens Disney 's Yacht and Beach Club resorts open Walt Disney World Swan opens Walt Disney World Dolphin opens 1991 Disney 's Port Orleans Resort French Quarter opens Disney Vacation Club is launched Disney 's Old Key West Resort opens Disney 's Port Orleans Resort Riverside ( Dixie Landings ) opens Bonnet Creek Golf Club opens Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort and Disney 's All Star Music Resort opens Disney 's Wilderness Lodge opens The Disney Inn is Shades of Green 1995 Disney 's Blizzard Beach opens Disney 's Wedding Pavilion opens Walt Disney World Speedway opens EPCOT Center is renamed Epcot Disney Institute opens Disney 's BoardWalk Inn and BoardWalk Villas open Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort opens Disney 's Wide World of Sports Complex opens Downtown Disney West Side opens 1998 Disney 's Animal Kingdom opens DisneyQuest opens 1999 Disney 's All - Star Movies Resort opens Discovery Island closes Hurricane Floyd closes the resort for September 15 . 2000 The Villas at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge opens Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge opens Disney 's River Country closes September 11 attack causes all parks on property to evacuate early due to national safety concerns . 2002 Disney 's Beach Club Villas opens 2003 Disney 's Pop Century Resort opens Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa opens Hurricane Frances causes the second closure on both Sept. 4 and 5 . Hurricane Jeanne closes the resort for its third time on September 26 . 2007 Disney 's Animal Kingdom Villas opens 2008 Disney - MGM Studios is renamed Disney 's Hollywood Studios 2009 Bay Lake Tower at Disney 's Contemporary Resort opens Treehouse Villas opens 2011 Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort opens 2012 Disney 's Art of Animation Resort Phase 1 of Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland expansion opens 2013 The Villas at Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa opens 2014 Phase 2 of Magic Kingdom 's Fantasyland expansion opens 2015 Disney 's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows open Downtown Disney is expanded and renamed Disney Springs 2016 Disney Springs finishes construction Hurricane Matthew forced the resort to close for its fourth time on October 7 . 2017 Pandora -- The World of Avatar opens at Disney 's Animal Kingdom Hurricane Irma forced the resort to close for its fifth time on September 10 and 11 . DisneyQuest closes permanently for the NBA experience Future expansion ( edit ) The resort has a number of expansion projects planned or ongoing , including : Toy Story Land due to open at Disney 's Hollywood Studios on June 30 2018 . This plans to feature various rides and attractions including a Slinky Dog Roller Coaster and the park is Toy Story themed Star Wars Hotel ( opening date to be announced ) Disney Riviera Resort an all new Disney resort opening fall 2019 Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge due to open at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in 2019 A Tron themed ride at Magic Kingdom due to open in 2021 Expansion at Epcot including new attractions related to Guardians of the Galaxy and Ratatouille due to open by the end of 2021 Disney Skyliner , a new gondola lift style transportation system . Select cabins will feature iconic Disney characters on the exterior and will transport guests across Disney property Location ( edit ) Map of the resort as of May 2015 One of four arches welcoming guests to the resort . The Florida resort is not within Orlando city limits but is southwest of Downtown Orlando . Much of the resort is in southwestern Orange County , with the remainder in adjacent Osceola County . The property includes the cities of Lake Buena Vista and Bay Lake which are governed by the Reedy Creek Improvement District . The site is accessible from Central Florida 's Interstate 4 via Exits 62B ( World Drive ) , 64B ( US 192 West ) , 65B ( Osceola Parkway West ) , 67B ( SR 536 West ) , and 68 ( SR 535 North ) , and Exit 8 on SR 429 , the Western Expressway . At its founding , the park occupied approximately 30,500 acres ( 48 sq mi ; 123 km ) . Portions of the property have since been sold or de-annexed , including land now occupied by the Disney - built community of Celebration . Now the resort occupies 27,258 acres ( 43 sq mi ; 110 km ) , about the size of San Francisco , or twice the size of Manhattan . Attractions ( edit ) Further information : List of Walt Disney World Resort attractions Cinderella Castle at Magic Kingdom Spaceship Earth at Epcot The Chinese Theatre at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Tree of Life at Disney 's Animal Kingdom Theme parks ( edit ) Magic Kingdom , opened October 1 , 1971 Epcot , opened October 1 , 1982 Disney 's Hollywood Studios , opened May 1 , 1989 Disney 's Animal Kingdom , opened April 22 , 1998 Water parks ( edit ) Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon , opened June 1 , 1989 Disney 's Blizzard Beach , opened April 1 , 1995 Other attractions ( edit ) The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror , at Disney 's Hollywood Studios Typhoon Lagoon , one of two waterparks at the resort View of Disney Springs Multiple resorts across Disney property offer a variety of spa treatments including Disney 's Grand Floridian and Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort Disney 's Boardwalk is located outside of their Boardwalk Inn and is a quarter - mile of shopping , entertainment , dining , and nightlife options that are fun for a variety of ages EPCOT has annual festivals that run for limited amounts of time throughout the year like the EPCOT Flower and Garden Festival , EPCOT Festival of the Arts , and the EPCOT Food and Wine Festival Disney does special ticketed events throughout the year including the Mickey 's Not So Scary Halloween Party , which usually runs late August through October , and Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party Disney Springs , opened March 22 , 1975 ( Previously known as Lake Buena Vista Shopping Village , Disney Village Marketplace , and Downtown Disney ) Disney 's Wedding Pavilion , opened July 15 , 1995 ESPN Wide World of Sports , opened March 28 , 1997 Golf and recreation ( edit ) Disney 's property includes four golf courses . The three 18 - hole golf courses are Disney 's Palm ( 4.5 stars ) , Disney 's Magnolia ( 4 stars ) , and Disney 's Lake Buena Vista ( 4 stars ) . There is also a nine - hole walking course ( no electric carts allowed ) called Oak Trail , designed for young golfers . The Magnolia and Palm courses played home to the PGA Tour 's Children 's Miracle Network Hospitals Classic . Arnold Palmer Golf Management manages the Disney golf courses . Additionally , there are two themed miniature golf complexes , each with two courses , Fantasia Gardens and Winter Summerland . The two courses at Fantasia Gardens are Fantasia Garden and Fantasia Fairways . The Garden course is a traditional miniature - style course based on the `` Fantasia '' movies with musical holes , water fountains and characters . Fantasia Fairways is a traditional golf course on miniature scale having water hazards and sand traps . The two courses at Winter Summerland are Summer and Winter , both themed around Santa . Summer is the more challenging of the two 18 - hole courses . Former Attractions ( edit ) Discovery Island -- an island in Bay Lake that was home to many species of animals and birds . It opened on April 8 , 1974 , and closed on April 8 , 1999 . Disney 's River Country -- the first water park at the Walt Disney World Resort . It opened on June 20 , 1976 , and closed on November 2 , 2001 . Walt Disney World Speedway -- a racetrack at Walt Disney World and included the Richard Petty Driving Experience . It opened November 28 , 1995 , and closed on August 9 , 2015 . DisneyQuest -- an indoor interactive theme park that featured many arcade games and virtual attractions . It opened June 19 , 1998 as part of an unsuccessful attempt to launch a chain of similar theme parks . It closed on July 2 , 2017 to be replaced by the NBA Experience . La Nouba by Cirque du Soleil -- opened December 23 , 1998 , and closed after December 31 , 2017 . Resorts ( edit ) See also : Category : Hotels in Walt Disney World Resort Of the thirty - four resorts and hotels on the Walt Disney World property , twenty - eight are owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products . These are classified into four categories -- Deluxe , Moderate , Value , and Disney Vacation Club Villas -- and are located in one of five resort areas : the Magic Kingdom , Epcot , Wide World of Sports , Animal Kingdom , or Disney Springs resort areas . While all of the Deluxe resort hotels have achieved an AAA Four Diamond rating , Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa is considered the highest tier flagship luxury resort on the Walt Disney World Resort complex . On - site Disney resorts ( edit ) Name Opening date Theme Number of rooms Resort Area Deluxe resorts Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge April 16 , 2001 African Wildlife preserve 1,307 Animal Kingdom Disney 's Beach Club Resort November 19 , 1990 Newport Beach cottage 576 Epcot Disney 's BoardWalk Inn July 1 , 1996 Early 20th Century Atlantic and Ocean City 378 Disney 's Contemporary Resort October 1 , 1971 Modern 655 Magic Kingdom Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa July 1 , 1988 Early 20th Century Florida 867 Disney 's Polynesian Village Resort October 1 , 1971 South Seas 492 Disney 's Wilderness Lodge May 28 , 1994 Pacific Northwest , National Park Service rustic 729 Disney 's Yacht Club Resort November 5 , 1990 Martha 's Vineyard Resort 621 Epcot Moderate resorts Disney 's Caribbean Beach Resort October 1 , 1988 Caribbean Islands 2,112 Epcot Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort August 1 , 1997 Mexico , American Southwest 1,915 Animal Kingdom Disney 's Port Orleans Resort -- French Quarter May 17 , 1991 New Orleans French Quarter 1,008 Disney Springs Disney 's Port Orleans Resort -- Riverside February 2 , 1992 Antebellum South 2,048 Value resorts Disney 's All - Star Movies Resort January 15 , 1999 Disney films 1,920 Animal Kingdom Disney 's All - Star Music Resort November 22 , 1994 Music 1,604 Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort April 24 , 1994 Sports 1,920 Disney 's Art of Animation Resort May 31 , 2012 Disney and Pixar animated films 1,984 Wide World of Sports Disney 's Pop Century Resort December 14 , 2003 20th Century American pop culture 2,880 Disney Vacation Club Bay Lake Tower at Disney 's Contemporary Resort August 4 , 2009 Modern 428 Magic Kingdom Disney 's Animal Kingdom Villas August 15 , 2007 African safari lodge 708 Animal Kingdom Disney 's Beach Club Villas July 1 , 2002 Newport resort 282 Epcot Disney 's BoardWalk Villas July 1 , 1996 Early 20th Century Atlantic City 530 Disney 's Old Key West Resort December 20 , 1991 Early 20th Century Key West 761 Disney Springs Disney 's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows April 1 , 2015 South Seas 380 Magic Kingdom Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa May 17 , 2004 1880s Upstate New York resort 1,320 Disney Springs The Villas at Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa October 23 , 2013 Early 20th Century Florida 147 Magic Kingdom Boulder Ridge Villas at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge November 15 , 2000 Pacific Northwest 181 Copper Creek Villas and Cabins at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge July 17 , 2017 Pacific Northwest 184 Disney Riviera Resort Fall 2019 Riviera 300 Epcot Cabins and campgrounds Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground November 19 , 1971 Rustic Woods Camping 800 campsites 409 cabins Magic Kingdom Residential areas Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort Fall 2011 Varies 450 homes Magic Kingdom The Grand Floridian Resort & Spa , Walt Disney World 's flagship resort Disney 's Polynesian Resort , a deluxe level resort Caribbean Beach Resort , the first moderate resort at Walt Disney World Fort Wilderness , Disney 's campground and cabin resort Disney 's All Star Movies Resort , one of five value resorts On - site non-Disney hotels ( edit ) Hotel name Opening date Theme Number of rooms Owner Area Best Western Lake Buena Vista Resort Hotel November 21 , 1972 None 325 Drury Hotels Hotel Plaza Boulevard , close to Disney Springs Doubletree Guest Suite Resort March 15 , 1987 229 Hilton Hotels Corporation Wyndham Lake Buena Vista October 15 , 1972 626 Wyndham Hotels & Resorts Hilton Walt Disney World November 23 , 1983 787 Hilton Hotels Corporation Holiday Inn in the Walt Disney World Resort February 8 , 1973 323 InterContinental Hotels Group B Resort October 1 , 1972 394 B Hotels & Resorts Buena Vista Palace Resort & Spa March 10 , 1983 1,014 Hilton Hotels Corporation Four Seasons Orlando at Walt Disney World Resort August 3 , 2014 450 Four Seasons Magic Kingdom Bonnet Creek Resort Various Various , 3,000 total Hilton Worldwide , Wyndham Worldwide Epcot Walt Disney World Dolphin June 1 , 1990 Seaside Floridian Resort & Under the Sea 1509 Sheraton Walt Disney World Swan January 13 , 1990 Seaside Floridian Resort & Under the Sea 756 Westin Shades of Green February 1 , 1994 Upscale Country Club 586 United States Department of Defense Magic Kingdom Shades of Green Resort , owned and operated by the United States Military The Walt Disney World Dolphin The Walt Disney World Swan The Hilton at Walt Disney World , located at Hotel Plaza Boulevard Former resorts ( edit ) The Golf Resort -- Became The Disney Inn , and later became Shades of Green . Disney 's Village Resort -- Became the Villas at Disney Institute and then Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa . The `` Tree House '' Villas were decommissioned for a time because they were not accessible to disabled guests . Until early 2008 , they were used for International Program Cast Member housing . In February 2008 , Disney submitted plans to the South Florida Water Management District to replace the 60 existing villas with 60 new villas . The Treehouse Villas opened during the summer of 2009 . Celebration -- a town designed and built by Disney , now managed by a resident - run association . Lake Buena Vista -- Disney originally intended this area to become a complete community with multiple residences , shopping , and offices , but transformed the original homes into hotel lodging in the 1970s , which were demolished in the early 2000s to build Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa ) Proposed resorts ( edit ) Star Wars Hotel -- planned to be built just outside of the under - construction Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge land of Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park planning to open in 2019 . Never - built resorts ( edit ) Disney 's Asian Resort Disney 's Persian Resort Disney 's Venetian Resort Disney 's Mediterranean Resort Fort Wilderness Junction Disney 's Magical Express ( edit ) Main article : Disney 's Magical Express Guests with a Disney Resort reservation ( excluding the Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin ) that arrive at Orlando International Airport can be transported to their resort from the airport using the complimentary Disney Magical Express service , which is operated by Mears Destination Services . Guests can also have their bags picked up and transported to their resort for them through a contract with BAGS Incorporated on participating airlines . Many resorts feature Airline Check - in counters for guests returning to the airport . Here their bags will be checked all the way through to their final destination and they can also have boarding passes printed for them . Some participating airlines are Delta , United , American , Jet Blue , and Alaska Airlines . Attendance ( edit ) Magic Kingdom , the world 's most visited theme park In 2014 , the resort 's four theme parks all ranked in the top 8 on the list of the 25 most visited theme parks in the world ; ( 1st ) Magic Kingdom - 19,332,000 visitors , ( 6th ) Epcot - 11,454,000 visitors , ( 7th ) Disney 's Animal Kingdom - 10,402,000 visitors , and ( 8th ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios - 10,312,000 visitors . Year Magic Kingdom Epcot Disney 's Hollywood Studios Disney 's Animal Kingdom Overall Ref . 2008 17,063,000 10,935,000 9,608,000 9,540,000 47,146,000 2009 17,233,000 10,990,000 9,700,000 9,590,000 47,513,000 16,972,000 10,825,000 9,603,000 9,686,000 47,086,000 2011 17,142,000 10,826,000 9,699,000 9,783,000 47,450,000 2012 17,536,000 11,063,000 9,912,000 9,998,000 48,509,000 2013 18,588,000 11,229,000 10,110,000 10,198,000 50,125,000 2014 19,332,000 11,454,000 10,312,000 10,402,000 51,500,000 2015 20,492,000 11,798,000 10,828,000 10,922,000 54,040,000 2016 20,395,000 11,712,000 10,776,000 10,844,000 53,727,000 Total overall 1,347,096,000 Operations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Transportation ( edit ) The Walt Disney World Monorail System provides free transport across the resort . The Walt Disney World Resort is serviced by Disney Transport , a complimentary mass transportation system allowing guest access across the property . The Walt Disney World Monorail System provides free transportation at Walt Disney World . Guests can aboard the monorail from select on property resorts including The Grand Floridian and The Polynesian . The system operates on three routes that interconnect at the Transportation and Ticket Center ( TTC ) , adjacent to the Magic Kingdom 's parking lot . A fleet of Disney - operated buses on property , branded Disney Transport , is also complimentary for guests . Disney Transport also operates a fleet of watercraft , ranging in size from water taxis , up to the ferries that connect the Magic Kingdom to the Transportation and Ticket Center . Disney Transport is also responsible for maintaining the fleet of parking lot trams that are used for shuttling visitors between the various theme park parking lots and their respective main entrances . Walt Disney World previously had its own small airport : the Walt Disney World Airport which was also known as the Lake Buena Vista STOLport . During the early 1970s , scheduled passenger service was operated by Shawnee Airlines with small de Havilland Canada DHC - 6 Twin Otter commuter turboprops which had STOL ( short take off and landing ) capabilities on flights to Tampa and Orlando . The airport is no longer in operation . Employment ( edit ) When the Magic Kingdom opened in 1971 , the site employed about 5,500 `` cast members '' . Today , Walt Disney World employs more than 74,000 cast members , spending more than $1.2 billion on payroll and $474 million on benefits each year . The largest single - site employer in the United States , Walt Disney World has more than 3,700 job classifications . The resort also sponsors and operates the Walt Disney World College Program , an internship program that offers American college students ( CP 's ) the opportunity to live about 15 miles ( 24 km ) off - site in four Disney - owned apartment complexes and work at the resort , and thereby provides much of the theme park and resort `` front line '' cast members . There is also the Walt Disney World International College Program , an internship program that offers international college students ( ICP 's ) from all over the world the same opportunity . Corporate culture ( edit ) Walt Disney World 's corporate culture uses jargon based on theatrical terminology . For example , park visitors are always `` guests '' , employees are called `` cast members '' , rides are `` attractions '' or `` adventures '' , cast members costumed as famous Disney characters in a way that does not cover their faces are known as `` face characters '' , jobs are `` roles '' , and public and nonpublic areas are respectively labeled `` onstage '' and `` backstage '' . Security ( edit ) Disney 's security personnel are generally dressed in typical security guard uniforms , though some of the personnel are dressed as tourists in plain clothes . Since September 11 , 2001 , uniformed security has been stationed just outside each Disney park in Florida to search guests ' bags as they enter the parks . Disney Security Vehicle , picture taken July 2 , 2009 in front of Epcot The land where Walt Disney World resides is part of the Reedy Creek Improvement District ( RCID ) , a governing jurisdiction created in 1967 by the State of Florida at the request of Disney . RCID provides 911 services , fire , environmental protection , building code enforcement , utilities and road maintenance but does not provide law enforcement services . The approximately 800 security staff are instead considered employees of the Walt Disney Company . Arrests and citations are issued by the Florida Highway Patrol along with the Orange County and Osceola County sheriffs deputies who patrol the roads . Disney security does maintain a fleet of security vans equipped with flares , traffic cones , and chalk commonly used by police officers . These security personnel are charged with traffic control by the RCID and may only issue personnel violation notices to Disney and RCID employees , not the general public . Despite the appearance of the uniformed security personnel , they are not considered a legal law enforcement agency . Disney and The Reedy Creek Improvement District were sued for access to Disney Security records by Bob and Kathy Sipkema following the death of their son at the resort in 1994 . The court characterized Disney security as a `` night watchman '' service not a law enforcement agency and was not subject to Florida 's open records laws . An appeals court later upheld the lower court 's ruling . In late 2015 , Disney confirmed the addition of randomized secondary screenings and dogs trained to detect body - worn explosives within parks , in addition to metal detectors at entrances . It has also increased the number of uniformed security personnel at Walt Disney World and Disneyland properties . Disney Security personnel in Florida have investigated traffic accidents and issued accident reports . The forms used by Disney Security may be confused with official , government forms by some . The Orange County Sheriff maintains an office on Disney property , but this is primarily to process guests accused of shoplifting by Disney security personnel . See also ( edit ) Walt Disney World Company Walt Disney Travel Company Walt Disney World Hospitality and Recreation Corporation Disney College Program Incidents at Walt Disney World Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Walt Disney World Casting Center The Walt Disney World Explorer Walt Disney World International Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Telling , Gillian. `` 10 crazy things you never knew about Walt Disney World '' . Today . NBC . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Most Popular Theme Parks in the World '' . uscitytraveler.com . US City Traveler . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fogleson , Richard E. ( 2003 ) . Married to the Mouse . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . p. 274 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09828 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mannheim , Steve ( 2002 ) . Walt Disney and the Quest for Community . Aldershot , Hampshire , England : Ashgate Publishing Limited . pp. 68 -- 70 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 1974 - 5 . Jump up ^ Koenig , David ( 2007 ) . Realityland : True - Life Adventures at Walt Disney World . Irvine , CA : Bonaventure Press . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9640605 - 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Assembled Cast Of Buyers To Amass Land Stage For Kingdom '' . tribunedigital - orlandosentinel . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Andrews ( August 6 , 2000 ) . `` Disney Pulled Strings So Mouse Moved In With Barely A Squeak '' . orlandosentinel.com . Tribune Newspapers . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1994 ) . Walt Disney - An American Original . p. 357 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney World Florida opens next Friday '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . UPI . September 27 , 1971 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney World opens Florida gates '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . California . UPI . October 2 , 1971 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Backstage brain Roy Disney dies '' . St. Petersburg Independent . Florida . Associated Press . December 21 , 1971 . p. 10 - A . Jump up ^ Pedicini , Sandra ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Walt Disney World announces management reorganization '' . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trejos , Nancy . `` Dogs now welcome at Disney World resorts '' . USA TODAY . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney World closes for just fourth time ever as Hurricane Matthew nears '' . cnbc.com . CNBC . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma causes Disney World to close for sixth time in nearly 50 years '' . Fox News . September 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` We Have More Information About the Disney Skyliner Transportation System Coming to Walt Disney World '' . Oh My Disney . 2017 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Press Release on Resort Landscape Facts ( 2008 ) Walt Disney World News Jump up ^ `` Disney 's BoardWalk '' . Walt Disney World . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Levine , Arthur ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Springs : The story behind Disney World 's former Downtown Disney '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jason Garcia ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Disney golf : Disney World to turn its golf courses over to Arnold Palmer '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Susan B. ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Putt putt your way across the USA '' . Detroit Free Press . USA TODAY . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Emily . `` Walt Disney World Mini Golf '' . USA Today . studioD . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandra Pedicini ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` DisneyQuest closing at Downtown Disney '' . orlandosentinel.com . Tribune Newspapers . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ; Palm , Matthew J. `` Cirque du Soleil 's ' La Nouba ' to close at Disney '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Floridian Construction Project '' . Laughing Place . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse Villas To Be Replaced By New Treehouses At Walt Disney World '' . Netcot.com . February 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney World 's Magic Kingdom Tops The List Of The 25 Most Visited Theme Parks In The World '' . dwtickets.com . OrlandoTastic . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2008 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2009 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2010 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2011 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2012 Global Attractions Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2012 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2013 Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association / AECOM. 2014 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Judith ; Au , Tsz Yin ( Gigi ) ; Chang , Beth ; Cheu , Linda ; Elsea , Daniel ; LaClair , Kathleen ; Lock , Jodie ; Linford , Sarah ; Miller , Erik ; Nevin , Jennie ; Papamichael , Margreet ; Pincus , Jeff ; Robinett , John ; Sands , Brian ; Selby , Will ; Timmins , Matt ; Ventura , Feliz ; Yoshii , Chris . `` TEA / AECOM 2014 Theme Index & Museum Index : The Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . aecom.com . Themed Entertainment Association ( TEA ) . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TEA / AECOM 2015 Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . Themed Entertainment Association . 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Au , Tsz Yin ( Gigi ) ; Chang , Bet ; Chen , Bryan ; Cheu , Linda ; Fischer , Lucia ; Hoffman , Marina ; Kondaurova , Olga ; LaClair , Kathleen ; Li , Shaojin ; Linford , Sarah ; Marling , George ; Miller , Erik ; Nevin , Jennie ; Papamichael , Margreet ; Robinett , John ; Rubin , Judith ; Sands , Brian ; Selby , William ; Timmins , Matt ; Ventura , Feliz ; Yoshii , Chris ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` TEA / AECOM 2016 Theme Index & Museum Index : Global Attractions Attendance Report '' ( PDF ) . aecom.com . Themed Entertainment Association . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Airlines ( International ) system timetable June 15 , 1972 timetableimages.com Jump up ^ Eastern Air Lines system timetable , Air Commuter Service section Sept. 6 , 1972 departedflights.com Jump up ^ `` Disney World 's Grand Opening '' . www.thisdayindisneyhistory.com . Jump up ^ `` Disney donates $1 million to help those affected by Orlando massacre '' . 7 News Miami . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Profile '' . Hospitality Online . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Grant , Rich ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` How Walt Disney 's Love of Trains Changed the World '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sehlinger , Bob ; Testa , Len ( 2014 ) . The Unofficial Guide to Walt Disney World 2014 . Birmingham , AL : Keen Communications . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 9781628090000 . ^ Jump up to : Mohney , Chris ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's Irreverent Guide to Walt Disney World . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley Publishing , Inc. p. 115 . ISBN 9780470089880 . Jump up ^ Foglesong , Richard E. ( 2003 ) . Married to the Mouse . Yale University Press , . pp. 69,139 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09828 - 6 . Jump up ^ Southern Reporter . Second Series . Alabama . Supreme Court , Alabama . Court of Appeals , Florida . Supreme Court , Louisiana . Courts of Appeal , Louisiana . Supreme Court , Florida . District Court of Appeals , Mississippi . Supreme Court . West Pub. Co . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Pastor , James F. ( 2006 ) . Security Law and Methods . Butterworth - Heinemann , . pp. 505 -- 512 . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 7994 - 8 . Jump up ^ Louissant , Moise . `` The Walt Disney Company : A Case Study in Private Security Trends '' . Fast Guard Service . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Schweizer , Peter ; Rochelle Schweizer ( 1998 ) . Disney : The Mouse Betrayed : Greed , Corruption , and Children at Risk . Regnery Publishing . pp. 65 -- 68 . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 387 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Official website Books View or order collections of articles Walt Disney World Resort Portals Access related topics Disney portal Amusement parks portal Florida portal Trains portal Trams portal Zoos and aquariums portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage News stories from Wikinews Data from Wikidata Walt Disney World Resort Theme parks Magic Kingdom attractions Epcot attractions Disney 's Hollywood Studios attractions Disney 's Animal Kingdom attractions Water parks Disney 's Typhoon Lagoon Disney 's Blizzard Beach Beyond the parks Disney Springs ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex Resorts and residential areas Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort Celebration Bonnet Creek Resort Magic Kingdom Contemporary Resort Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground Grand Floridian Resort & Spa Polynesian Village Resort Wilderness Lodge Shades of Green Epcot Caribbean Beach Resort Yacht Club Resort Beach Club Resort BoardWalk Resort Walt Disney World Dolphin Walt Disney World Swan Disney Springs Port Orleans Resort - French Quarter Port Orleans Resort - Riverside Old Key West Resort Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa Animal Kingdom All - Star Movies Resort All - Star Music Resort All - Star Sports Resort Animal Kingdom Lodge Coronado Springs Resort Wide World of Sports Art of Animation Resort Pop Century Resort Unbuilt Disney resorts Asian Resort Mediterranean Resort Persian Resort Venetian Resort Fort Wilderness Junction Transportation Transportation and Ticket Center Walt Disney World Monorail System Disney Skyliner Disney 's Magical Express Events and festivities Resort Disney Weddings Disney 's Wedding Pavilion Magic Music Days Disney World Marathon Weekend Magic Kingdom Mickey 's Not - So - Scary Halloween Party Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party Epcot Epcot International Flower & Garden Festival Epcot International Food & Wine Festival Retired events and former attractions ABC Super Soap Weekend Discovery Island DisneyQuest Give a Day , Get a Disney Day Happiest Celebration on Earth Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Millennium Celebration Pleasure Island River Country Star Wars Weekends Summer Nightastic ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did disney start buying land in florida | [
"Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando, Florida – one of many – in November 1963. After witnessing the well-developed network of roads and taking the planned construction of both Interstate 4 and Florida's Turnpike into account, with McCoy Air Force Base (later Orlando International Airport) to the east, Disney selected a centrally-located site near Bay Lake.[4] To avoid a burst of land speculation, Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres (48 sq mi; 123 km2) of land.[4] In May 1965, some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County. In addition, two large tracts totaling $1.5 million were sold, and smaller tracts of flatlands and cattle pastures were purchased by exotically-named companies such as the \"Ayefour Corporation\", \"Latin-American Development and Management Corporation\" and the \"Reedy Creek Ranch Corporation\". Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street, U.S.A. in Magic Kingdom. The smaller parcels of land acquired were called \"outs\". They were 5-acre (2 ha) lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company and sold to investors. Most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land, which was mostly swamp at the time. Another issue was the mineral rights to the land, which were owned by Tufts University. Without the transfer of these rights, Tufts could come in at any time and demand the removal of buildings to obtain minerals. Eventually, Disney's team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the mineral rights for $15,000.[5]"
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"May 1965"
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4737453067639194462 | Origination Clause | Origination Clause - wikipedia Origination Clause Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Origination Clause , sometimes called the Revenue Clause , is part of the United States Constitution . This clause says that all bills for raising revenue must start in the House of Representatives , but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as in the case of other bills . The Origination Clause stemmed from a British parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their first reading ( and any other initial readings ) in the House of Commons before being sent to the House of Lords . This practice was intended to ensure that the power of the purse is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people , although the British practice was modified in America by allowing the Senate to amend these bills . This clause was part of the Great Compromise between small and large states . The large states were unhappy with the lopsided power of small states in the Senate , and so the Origination Clause theoretically offsets the unrepresentative nature of the Senate , compensating the large states for allowing equal voting rights to Senators from small states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background leading up to adoption 3 Developments since 1789 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Text ( edit ) The Origination Clause , also known as the Revenue Clause , reads as follows : All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills . Background leading up to adoption ( edit ) The federal Constitution was written in 1787 and adopted in 1789 . Prior to 1787 , several state constitutions followed British practice by providing that `` money bills '' must start in the more representative branch of the state legislature . Vesting the power of origination in the U.S. House of Representatives was part of the Great Compromise , in which the framers also agreed to allow equality in the Senate regardless of a state 's population , while creating representation based on a State 's population in the House . The framers adopted the Great Compromise on July 16 , 1787 . At that point , the draft clause stated : `` all bills for raising or appropriating money ... shall originate in the ( representative house ) , and shall not be altered or amended by the ( other house ) ... '' The Origination Clause was modified later in 1787 to reduce the House 's power by allowing the Senate to amend revenue bills , and by removing appropriation bills from the scope of the clause ( the House and Senate have disagreed on the latter point ) . However , a proposal was defeated that would have reduced the House 's power even more by changing `` bills for raising revenue '' to `` bills for raising money for the purpose of revenue '' . James Madison explained : In many acts , particularly in the regulations of trade , the object would be twofold . The raising of revenue would be one of them . How could it be determined which was the primary or predominant one ; or whether it was necessary that revenue shd : be the sole object , in exclusion even of other incidental effects . Ben Franklin ( left ) and Elbridge Gerry urged adoption of an origination clause . John Dickinson ( left ) and Edmund Randolph joined Franklin and George Mason to urge reinsertion of the clause . Regarding the decision to allow Senate amendments , some of the reasoning was given by Theophilus Parsons during the convention in Massachusetts that ratified the Constitution ; Parsons said that , otherwise , `` representatives might tack any foreign matter to a money - bill , and compel the Senate to concur or lose the supplies . '' Madison believed that the difference between a permissible Senate amendment and an impermissible Senate amendment would , `` turn on the degree of connection between the matter & object of the bill and the alteration or amendment offered to it . '' During that era , the Continental Congress had a rule stating : `` No new motion or proposition shall be admitted under color of amendment as a substitute for a question or proposition under debate until it is postponed or disagreed to . '' At the Virginia convention to ratify the Constitution , delegate William Grayson was concerned that a substitute amendment could have the same effect as an origination : `` the Senate could strike out every word of the bill except the word whereas , or any other introductory word , and might substitute new words of their own . '' Grayson was not convinced by Madison 's argument that `` the first part of the clause is sufficiently expressed to exclude all doubts '' about where the origination must occur . In its final form , the Origination Clause was a major selling point for ratification of the Constitution . James Madison , who supported the final version during and after the 1787 Convention , wrote the following in Federalist 58 as the debate over ratification was raging : The house of representatives can not only refuse , but they alone can propose the supplies requisite for the support of government . They in a word hold the purse ; that powerful instrument by which we behold , in the history of the British constitution , an infant and humble representation of the people , gradually enlarging the sphere of its activity and importance , and finally reducing , as far as it seems to have wished , all the overgrown prerogatives of the other branches of the government . This power over the purse , may in fact be regarded as the most compleat and effectual weapon with which any constitution can arm the immediate representatives of the people , for obtaining a redress of every grievance , and for carrying into effect every just and salutary measure . This clause resonated with a citizenry opposed to taxation without representation . Developments since 1789 ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Many scholars have written about the Origination Clause . Among the most widely influential was Joseph Story , who wrote in 1833 that the clause refers only to bills that levy taxes : ( The clause ) has been confined to bills to levy taxes in the strict sense of the words , and has not been understood to extend to bills for other purposes , which may incidentally create revenue . No one supposes , that a bill to sell any of the public lands , or to sell public stock , is a bill to raise revenue , in the sense of the constitution . Much less would a bill be so deemed , which merely regulated the value of foreign or domestic coins , or authorized a discharge of insolvent debtors upon assignments of their estates to the United States , giving a priority of payment to the United States in cases of insolvency , although all of them might incidentally bring , revenue into the treasury . The U.S. Supreme Court has decided several cases involving this clause , and all of those challenges to federal statutes failed . For example , in the 1911 case of Flint v. Stone Tracy Company , the Court held : `` The amendment was germane to the subject - matter of the bill and not beyond the power of the Senate to propose . '' But , the plaintiffs in one lower court decision succeeded in striking down a federal statute on Origination Clause grounds . The Supreme Court stated in the 1990 case of United States v. Munoz - Flores : Both parties agree that `` revenue bills are those that levy taxes in the strict sense of the word , and are not bills for other purposes which may incidentally create revenue . '' Twin City Bank v. Nebeker , 167 U.S. 196 , 202 ( 1897 ) ( citing 1 J. Story , Commentaries on the Constitution § 880 , pp. 610 -- 611 ( 3d ed. 1858 ) ) . The Court has interpreted this general rule to mean that a statute that creates a particular governmental program and that raises revenue to support that program , as opposed to a statute that raises revenue to support Government generally , is not a `` Bil ( l ) for raising Revenue '' within the meaning of the Origination Clause . Justice Joseph Story What this means exactly is disputed . According to one scholar , a statute is outside the scope of the Origination Clause if it , `` imposes an exaction not to raise revenue , but to enforce a statute passed under the Commerce Clause or other enumerated power . '' However , according to another scholar , even exactions imposed only under the taxing powers of Congress are outside the scope of the Origination Clause if Congress `` earmarks revenues to fund a program it creates . '' Regarding the latter view , Justice John Paul Stevens suggested in 1990 that its tendency was to `` convert the Origination Clause into a formal accounting requirement ... '' A bill that lowers taxes instead of raises taxes may still be a bill for raising revenue , according to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . Assuming that a bill is for raising revenue , a further ambiguity in the clause involves how far the Senate 's right to amend extends . According to law professor Jack Balkin , the Senate may take a House - originated revenue bill , and `` substitute a different bill on a different subject . '' On the other hand , law professor Randy Barnett says : `` The Supreme Court has never approved the ' strike - and - replace ' procedure ... '' Not only the House of Representatives , but also the Senate and the judiciary have sometimes tried to guard the role of the House with regard to origination of revenue bills . For example , as early as 1789 , the Senate deemed itself helpless to pass a law levying a tax . And , as mentioned , a federal court in 1915 struck down legislation contrary to the clause . The U.S. Supreme Court has expressed willingness to address such issues , according to its 1990 opinion by Justice Thurgood Marshall in Munoz - Flores : A law passed in violation of the Origination Clause would thus be no more immune from judicial scrutiny because it was passed by both Houses and signed by the President than would be a law passed in violation of the First Amendment . In 2012 , the joint dissent in the U.S. Supreme Court case National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius mentioned that `` the Constitution requires tax increases to originate in the House of Representatives '' per the Origination Clause , though that issue was not addressed by the majority opinion . In 2014 , Sissel v. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , a challenge to the Affordable Care Act brought by the Pacific Legal Foundation based upon this clause , was rejected by a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia , and that court later declined a request to put the matter before all of its judges ( `` en banc '' ) over a lengthy dissent authored by Judge Brett Kavanaugh . In 2013 , during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 and the United States debt - ceiling crisis of 2013 , the Republican - led House of Representatives could not agree on or pass an originating resolution to end the government crisis , as had been agreed , so the Democratic - led Senate used bill H.R. 2775 to resolve the impasse by using the Continuing Appropriations Act , 2014 , an insignificant bill that originated in the House , which it amended all the tax and appropriation measures so to satisfy the formal requirements of the Originating Clause . See also ( edit ) Revenue - raising bills must have started in the House ( right ) and moved to the Senate ( left ) . Article One of the United States Constitution ( where the Origination Clause is located ) Blue slip ( when the House protests on Origination Clause grounds ) Taxing and Spending Clause ( authorizes Congress to levy taxes ) Sixteenth Amendment ( expands ability of Congress to levy taxes ) Seventeenth Amendment ( provides for direct election of two Senators for each state ) Shell bill ( legislative maneuver ) Substitute amendment ( legislative maneuver ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wirls , Daniel and Wirls , Stephen . The Invention of the United States Senate , p. 188 ( Taylor & Francis 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Gold , Martin . Senate Procedure and Practice , p. 135 ( Rowman & Littlefield 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : Sargent , Noel . `` Bills for Raising Revenue Under the Federal and State Constitutions '' , Minnesota Law Review , Vol. 4 , p. 330 ( 1919 ) . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erik and Monaghan , Henry . The Taxing Power : a Reference Guide to the United States Constitution . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 170 ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31229 - X ^ Jump up to : Meigs , William . The Growth of the Constitution in the Federal Convention of 1787 , pp. 110 -- 112 ( Lippincott 1900 ) . Jump up ^ Farrelly , Marie . `` Special Assessments and the Origination Clause : A Tax on Crooks ? '' , Fordham Law Review , Vol. 58 , p. 447 ( 1989 ) . ^ Jump up to : Saturno , James . `` The Origination Clause of the U.S. Constitution : Interpretation and Enforcement '' , CRS Report for Congress ( Mar - 15 - 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Woodrow Wilson wrote that the Senate has extremely broad amendment authority with regard to appropriations bills , as distinguished from bills that levy taxes . See Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics , pp. 155 -- 156 ( Transaction Publishers 2002 ) . Likewise , according to the Library of Congress , the Constitution is the source of the origination requirement for revenue bills , whereas tradition is the source of the origination requirement for appropriation bills . See Sullivan , John . `` How Our Laws Are Made '' , Library of Congress ( accessed August 26 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Naroll , Raoul . Clio and the Constitution : The Influence of the Study of History on the Federal Convention of 1787 , p. 140 ( UCLA 1953 ) . ^ Jump up to : Graham , John . Free , Sovereign , and Independent States : The Intended Meaning of the American Constitution , pp. 238 -- 240 ( Pelican Publishing , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Luce , Robert . Legislative Problems : Development , Status , And Trend Of The Treatment And Exercise Of Lawmaking Powers , p. 417 ( Houghton Mifflin 1935 , reprinted by The Lawbook Exchange 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Watson , David . The Constitution of the United States : its history application and construction , p. 346 ( Callaghan 1910 ) . ^ Jump up to : Medina , J. Michael . The Origination Clause in the American Constitution : A Comparative Survey , Tulsa Law Journal , Vol. 23 , p. 165 ( 1987 ) . Madison also wrote this in Federalist No. 45 : `` ( T ) he present Congress have as complete authority to REQUIRE of the States indefinite supplies of money for the common defense and general welfare , as the future Congress will have to require them of individual citizens . '' Jump up ^ Horn , Stephen . Unused Power : The Work of the Senate Committee on Appropriations , p. 249 ( Brookings Institution Press 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Vile , John . A Companion to the United States Constitution and Its Amendments , p. 35 ( ABC - CLIO , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Nowell , Edwin . A history of the relations between the two houses of parliament in Tasmania and South Australia : in regard to amendments to bills containing provisions relating to the public revenue or expenditure , pp. 130 -- 131 ( Tasmania 1890 ) . Jump up ^ Story , Joseph . Commentaries on the Constitution ( 1833 ) . Jump up ^ Krotoszynski , Ronald . `` Reconsidering the Nondelegation Doctrine : Universal Service , the Power to Tax , and the Ratification Doctrine '' , Indiana Law Journal , Vol. 80 ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Flint v. Stone Tracy Co. , 220 U.S. 107 ( 1911 ) . ^ Jump up to : Hubbard v. Lowe , 226 F. 135 ( S.D.N.Y. 1915 ) , appeal dismissed mem. , 242 U.S. 654 ( 1916 ) . ^ Jump up to : United States v. Munoz - Flores , 495 U.S. 385 ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Sandefur , Timothy . `` So it 's a Tax , Now What ? : Some of the Problems Remaining After NFIB v. Sebelius '' , Texas Review of Law and Politics , Vol. 17 , p. 204 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Kysar , Rebecca . `` The ' Shell Bill ' Game : Avoidance and the Origination Clause '' , Washington University Law Review , Vol. 91 ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack . `` The Right Strikes Back : A New Legal Challenge for ObamaCare '' , The Atlantic ( September 17 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Barnett , Randy . `` New Obamacare Challenge : The Origination Clause '' , The Volokh Conspiracy ( September 13 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Fisher , Daniel . `` Obamacare Dissents Poke Holes In Roberts ' Reasoning '' , Forbes ( June 29 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Eastman , John . `` Hidden Gems in the Historical 2011 -- 2012 Term , and Beyond '' , Charleston Law Review , Vol. 7 , p. 19 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Sissel v. DHS ( D.C. Cir. 2014 ) . See also Hotze v. Burwell ( 5th Cir. 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Sissel v. DHS , `` On Petititon for Rehearing En Banc '' ( August 7 , 2015 ) . External links ( edit ) `` Article 1 , Section 7 , Clause 1 '' , The Founders ' Constitution , University of Chicago ( 2000 ) . Zotti , Priscilla and Schmitz , Nicholas . `` The Origination Clause : Meaning , Precedent , and Theory from the 12th Century to the 21st Century '' , British Journal of American Legal Studies , Vol. 3 ( Spring 2014 ) . Jensen , Erik , `` The Origination Clause '' , The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . Natelson , Robert . The Founders ' Origination Clause ( and Implications for the Affordable Care Act ) , The Independence Institute ( August 3 , 2014 ) , via SSRN . Riddick , Floyd . `` Revenue '' , Senate Procedure , p. 1214 ( 1992 ) . Hinds , Asher . `` Prerogatives of the House as to Revenue Legislation '' , Hinds ' Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States , p. 942 ( U.S. Government Printing Office 1907 ) . The Original Meaning of the Origination Clause : Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution and Civil Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary , House of Representatives , One Hundred Thirteenth Congress , Second Session , April 29 , 2014 Smyth , Daniel . The Original Public Meaning of Amendment in the Origination Clause Versus the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , British Journal of American Legal Studies , Vol. 6 ( 2 ) , forthcoming . ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origination_Clause&oldid=799407661 '' Categories : Article One of the United States Constitution Clauses of the United States Constitution Legislative branch of the United States government Taxation in the United States Origination Clause case law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 15 : 05 . About Wikipedia | where must proposed legislation to raise governmental revenue through taxes originate | [
"The Origination Clause, sometimes called the Revenue Clause, is part of the United States Constitution. This clause says that all bills for raising revenue must start in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as in the case of other bills."
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"in the House of Representatives"
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8402691376390151773 | Pilgrims' Way | Pilgrims ' Way - wikipedia Pilgrims ' Way For other uses , see Pilgrims ' Way ( disambiguation ) . Pilgrims ' Way Pilgrims ' Way near Westwell , Kent Length 192 km ( 119 mi ) Location South Eastern England , United Kingdom Trailheads Winchester , Hampshire Shrine of Thomas Becket , Canterbury , Kent Use Hiking , cycling and byway ; former pilgrim way Hiking details Season All year The Pilgrims ' Way ( also Pilgrim 's Way or Pilgrims Way ) is the historical route taken by pilgrims from Winchester in Hampshire , England , to the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury in Kent . This name , of comparatively recent coinage , is applied to a pre-existing ancient trackway dated by archaeological finds to 600 -- 450 BC , but probably in existence since the stone age . The prehistoric route followed the `` natural causeway '' east to west on the southern slopes of the North Downs . The course was dictated by the natural geography : it took advantage of the contours , avoided the sticky clay of the land below but also the thinner , overlying `` clay with flints '' of the summits . In places a coexisting ridgeway and terrace way can be identified ; the route followed would have varied with the season , but it would not drop below the upper line of cultivation . The trackway ran the entire length of the North Downs , leading to and from Folkestone : the pilgrims would have had to turn away from it , north along the valley of the Great Stour near Chilham , to reach Canterbury . Contents 1 History 2 Route 3 Walk 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Map of Pilgrims Way near Titsey , Surrey . The upper route , on the brow of the North Downs , is the ancient trackway ( note the archaeological finds at the top left ) ; the lower , almost in the valley , is the route surmised by the Ordnance Survey in the 19th century A section of the lower route , eroded into the slope , in Surrey The prehistoric trackway extended further than the present Way , providing a link from the narrowest part of the English Channel to the important religious complexes of Avebury and Stonehenge , in Wiltshire , where it is known as the Harroway . The route was still followed as an artery for through traffic in Roman times , a period of continuous use of more than 3000 years . From Thomas Becket 's canonization in 1173 , until the dissolution of the monasteries in 1538 , his shrine at Canterbury became the most important in the country , indeed `` after Rome ... the chief shrine in Christendom '' , and it drew pilgrims from far and wide . Winchester , apart from being an ecclesiastical centre in its own right ( the shrine of St Swithin ) , was an important regional focus and an aggregation point for travellers arriving through the seaports on the south coast . Indeed , this was the route taken by Henry II on his pilgrimage of atonement for the death of Bishop Thomas from France To Canterbury in July 1174 . Travellers from Winchester to Canterbury naturally used the ancient way , as it was the direct route , and research by local historians has provided much by way of detail -- sometimes embellished -- of the pilgrims ' journeys . The numbers making their way to Canterbury by this route were not recorded , but the estimate by the Kentish historian William Coles Finch that it carried more than 100,000 pilgrims a year is surely an exaggeration . A separate ( and more reliably attested ) route to Canterbury from London was by way of Watling Street , as followed by the storytellers in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer . Conversely , the concept of a single route called the Pilgrims ' Way could be no older than the Victorian Ordnance Survey map of Surrey , whose surveyor , Edward Renouard James , published a pamphlet in 1871 entitled Notes on the Pilgrims ' Way in West Surrey . Here he asserted that the route was `` little studied '' and that `` very many persons in the neighbourhood '' had not been aware of it . His insertion of the route name on the Ordnance map gave an official sanction to his conjecture ; and writers such as Hilaire Belloc were eager to follow it up . In fact , the route as shown on modern maps is not only unsuitable for the mass movement of travellers but has also left few traces of their activity . The official history of the Ordnance Survey acknowledges the `` enduring archaeological blunder '' , blaming the enthusiasm for history of the then Director , General Sir Henry James . Together , romantically inclined authors have succeeded in creating `` a fable of ... modern origin '' to explain the existence of the Way . However , F.C. Elliston - Erwood , A Kentish historian , notes that tithe records dating from before 1815 use the well established name `` Pilgrims ' Way '' to reference and locate pieces of land . Earlier still , surviving thirteenth century documents show a `` Pilgrim Road '' by the walls of Thornham Castle , Kent , on what is today considered the route . The Pilgrims ' Way is at the centre of the Powell and Pressburger film A Canterbury Tale , with the camera panning along a map of the route at the start of the film . Route ( edit ) In the Middle Ages the pilgrims ' route left the ancient trackway to climb St Martha 's Hill On the Pilgrims ' Way near Trottiscliffe , Kent Anyone walking the ' Pilgrims Way ' from Winchester would have started along the Roman road east following the route through New Alresford , Four Marks , Alton and Bentley to Farnham . This roughly follows the modern A31 . The ancient main streets of towns along the route from Farnham ( where the old trackway converges with the pilgrims ' route ) through Guildford , Dorking and Reigate align west to east , strongly suggesting that this was the most important route that passed through them . On modern Ordnance Survey maps , part of the route is shown running east from Farnham via the heights by Guildford Castle , then north of the village of Shere , north of Dorking , Reigate , Merstham , Chaldon , Godstone , Limpsfield and Westerham , through Otford , Kemsing and Wrotham , north of Trottiscliffe , towards Cuxton ( where it crossed the River Medway ) . South of Rochester , the Pilgrims ' Way travels through the villages of Burham , Boxley , Detling and continuing in a south - east direction to the north of the villages of Harrietsham and Lenham . The route continues south - east along the top of the Downs past Charing , to Wye and then turns north to follow the valley of the Great Stour through Chilham and on to Canterbury . Along some stretches the pilgrims ' route left the ancient trackway to encompass religious sites , examples being Pewley Down , near Guildford , where the later way passed St Martha 's Hill and The Chantries , some 500 metres to the south . At Reigate the thirteenth - century chapel of St Thomas and a hospice were built for the pilgrims ' use , although they were not on the route . Boxley Abbey , with its revered Rood of Grace , was another recognised detour . Walk ( edit ) The North Downs Way National Trail parallels the old Pilgrims ' Way between Farnham and Canterbury . Much of the traditional route of the Pilgrims ' Way is now part of the modern road network and the Ramblers has previously advised walkers wishing to follow it to use St. Swithuns Way between Winchester and Farnham and the North Downs Way between Farnham and Canterbury as an alternative . The route also links with the South Downs Way at Winchester . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ All three usages are noted on Ordnance Survey maps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brayley , Edward ( 1850 ) . A topographical history of Surrey. 4 . London : G Willis . p. 218 . OCLC 4601837 . ^ Jump up to : Margary , Ivan D ( 1948 ) . Roman Ways in the Weald . London : JM Dent . pp. 260 -- 263 . ISBN 0 - 460 - 07742 - 2 . Jump up ^ Fagg , C.C. ; Hutchings , G.E. ( 1928 ) . `` Prehistory '' . In Ogilvie , Alan Grant . Great Britain : essays in regional geography . Tansley , A.G. Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . p. 29 . OCLC 59447377 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Christopher John ( 1971 ) . A Guide to the Pilgrims ' Way . Constable and Co , London . ISBN 0 - 09 - 456240 - 7 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1998 ) Pilgrims ' Way . Jump up ^ Wooldridge , Sidney ; Hutchings , Geoffrey ( 1957 ) . London 's Countryside : Geographical field work for students and teachers of geography . London : Methuen . p. 121 . OCLC 788928682 . Jump up ^ Castleden , Rodney ( 1987 ) . `` The High Roads '' . The Stonehenge People : An Exploration of Life in Neolithic Britain , 4700 - 2000 BC . Routledge . p. 114 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0968 - 1 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Osbert ( 1953 ) . Archaeology in the Field . London : Phoenix House . p. 7 . OCLC 30245154 . Jump up ^ Wright ( 1971 : 16 ) Jump up ^ Cartwright , Julia ( 1911 ) . `` 1 : The Pilgrims ' Way '' . The Pilgrims ' Way : From Winchester to Canterbury . London : John Murray . OCLC 559472322 ... Jump up ^ Hooper , Wilfrid ( 1936 ) . `` The Pilgrims ' Way and its supposed pilgrim use '' . Surrey Archaeological Collections . Guildford : Surrey Archaeological Society . 44 : 53 . A Pipe Roll record for the hire of horses for the King 's escort is extant . Jump up ^ Finch , William Coles ( 1925 ) . In Kentish pilgrim land , its ancient roads and shrines . London : Charles William Daniel . p. 77 . OCLC 6213389 . Jump up ^ Hooper ( 1936 ) 44 `` In their train have followed the host of guide - books and popular writers who have expanded and embellished ad libitum as fancy prompted '' . Jump up ^ James , Edward Renouard ( 1871 ) . Notes on the Pilgrims Way in West Surrey . London : Edward Stanford . p. 6 . OCLC 560914994 . Jump up ^ Parker , Eric ( 1947 ) . `` The Pilgrims Way '' . Surrey . London : Hale . OCLC 4320463 . Jump up ^ Owen , Tim ; Pilbeam , Elaine ( 1992 ) . Ordnance Survey . Southampton , England : Ordnance Survey . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 319 - 00498 - 8 . Jump up ^ Elliston Erwood , F.C. ( 1927 ) . `` The `` Pilgrim 's Way '' its antiquity and its alleged Mediæval Use `` . Archæologia Cantiana. 33 : 2 -- 3 ; 20 . Jump up ^ Ordnance Survey ( 1957 ) . 172 Chatham & Madistone ( Map ) . 1 : 63360 . Chessington , England . Jump up ^ Hauser , Kitty ( 2007 ) . `` From Pilgrims ' Way to the railway '' . Shadow Sites : Photography , Archaeology , and the British Landscape , 1927 - 1955 . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . pp. 256 -- 261 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920632 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wright ( 1971 : 134 ) Jump up ^ Malden , Henry Elliot , ed. ( 1902 ) . A history of the County of Surrey. 3 . London : Constable . pp. 229 -- 245 . OCLC 2979914 . Jump up ^ Cartwright 1911 : `` The Friary Aylesford '' Jump up ^ North Downs Way National Trail . Page archived ( as at 2012 - 07 - 28 ) from the Ramblers ' Association , accessed 2013 - 04 - 29 External links ( edit ) A short history of the Pilgrims ' Way , Countryside Agency Pilgrims ' Way Net - History and resource site for the Pilgrims ' Way Coordinates : 51 ° 17 ′ N 0 ° 4 ′ E / 51.283 ° N 0.067 ° E / 51.283 ; 0.067 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilgrims%27_Way&oldid=852085966 '' Categories : Ancient trackways in England History of Kent History of Surrey History of Ashford , Kent City of Canterbury Archaeological sites in Hampshire Archaeological sites in Kent Pilgrimage routes Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Use British English from May 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2018 , at 14 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the pilgrims way start and finish | [
"The Pilgrims' Way (also Pilgrim's Way or Pilgrims Way)[a] is the historical route taken by pilgrims from Winchester in Hampshire, England, to the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury in Kent. This name, of comparatively recent coinage, is applied to a pre-existing ancient trackway dated by archaeological finds to 600–450 BC, but probably in existence since the stone age.[1][2] The prehistoric route followed the \"natural causeway\" east to west on the southern slopes of the North Downs.[3] \n"
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"from Winchester in Hampshire, England, to the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury in Kent"
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5352737830693782219 | Patrick Henry Hughes | Patrick Henry Hughes - wikipedia Patrick Henry Hughes Patrick Henry Hughes ( 1988 - 03 - 10 ) March 10 , 1988 ( age 30 ) Occupation ( s ) Student , speaker Instruments piano , trumpet Website http://www.patrickhenryhughes.com/ Patrick Henry Hughes ( born March 10 , 1988 ) is an American multi-instrumental musician from Louisville , Kentucky who was born without eyes and unable to fully straighten his arms and legs , making him unable to walk . Contents 1 Biography 2 Published works 2.1 Discography 3 Awards 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Patrick Henry Hughes was born March 10 , 1988 to Patrick John and Patricia Hughes . Upon his delivery , the medical staff noticed physical anomalies . These were diagnosed as bilateral anophthalmia with pterygium syndrome and congenital bilateral hip dysplasia . His father , Patrick John Hughes , introduced him to the piano at the age of nine months . Patrick has studied piano in the years since and later began the study of trumpet . He has two younger brothers , Jesse and Cameron . Patrick Henry 's national fame began in 2006 while a student at the University of Louisville . At the suggestion of Louisville 's marching band director , Dr. Greg Byrne , Patrick Henry joined the Louisville Marching Band , playing trumpet while his father pushed him in his wheelchair through the marching routines . This visible commitment attracted increasing crowd and media attention throughout the fall football season , and the pair of Patricks were featured in a variety of television and newspaper coverage . Patrick Henry was subsequently invited to play piano and sing in musical performances throughout the country , including two performances at the Grand Ole Opry , and onstage performances with Pam Tillis , Lonestar , Lane Brody , Chad Brock , Faith Hill , and Bryan White . Also in 2007 he played solo trumpet on stage in performance with the Louisville Orchestra . Hughes graduated from Atherton High School , where he participated in the International Baccalaureate program and was a member of National Honor Society . He has graduated from the University of Louisville , magna cum laude where he majored in Spanish and played trumpet in the marching band . In November 2007 , the members of the Hughes family were chosen to be the recipients of a complete home renovation for the show Extreme Makeover : Home Edition . The episode aired on February 15 , 2008 . During late 2012 , Patrick Henry and his family competed on Family Feud , remaining champions for four days before being defeated on their fifth and final day ; the family was later brought back because of a technical error and given another chance to retire undefeated , but were again unsuccessful . His story was dramatized in the 2015 movie I Am Potential , written and directed by Zach Meiners and starring Jimmy Bellinger as Patrick Henry , and Burgess Jenkins as his father . Published works ( edit ) I Am Potential : Eight Lessons on Living , Loving , and Reaching Your Dreams with Bryant Stamford ( ISBN 0738212989 ; Da Capo Lifelong Books , 2008 ) Discography ( edit ) Most Requested From Me to You ( 2006 ? ) Look Within ( 2009 ) Awards ( edit ) 2001 : Olympic torchbearer , December 17 , 2001 2001 - 2005 : VSA arts of Kentucky Young Soloist Award 2003 , 2006 : Breaking Barriers Spotlight Award 2005 : VSA arts Panasonic Young Soloist International winner 2006 : Disney Wide World of Sports Spirit Award Disney Sports Spirit Award winners 1996 : Daniel Huffman 1997 : Dwight Collins 1998 : Matt Hartl 1999 : East Carolina University 2000 : Hameen Ali 2001 : United States Air Force Academy ; United States Military Academy ; United States Naval Academy 2002 : Dewayne White 2003 : Neil Parry 2004 : Tim Frisby 2005 : Tulane University 2006 : Patrick Henry Hughes 2007 : Zerbin Singleto 2008 : Tim Tebow 2009 : Mark Herzlich 2010 : D.J. Williams 2011 : Alabama Crimson Tide football team 2012 : Nate Boyer 2013 : Devon Walker 2014 : Sterling Shepard 2015 : Hank Goff 2016 : James Conner 2017 : University of Iowa See also ( edit ) Jessica Cox , motivational speaker and world 's first licensed armless pilot . Stephen Hawking , theoretical physicist , cosmologist and survivor of ALS . Hirotada Ototake , sports writer and survivor of Tetra - amelia syndrome . Mile Stojkoski , humanitarian and wheelchair ultramarathon runner . Nick Vujicic , motivational speaker and survivor of Tetra - amelia syndrome . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Feature Family - The Hughes '' ( PDF ) . The Conformer . International Children 's Anophthalmia Network . Spring 2004 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Erin ( 2006 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Blind , Wheelchair - Bound Student Does n't Fail to Inspire '' . World News Tonight . ABC News . Jump up ^ Fenton , Angie ( 2007 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Louisville family 's home gets a mega-makeover '' . Louisville Courier - Journal . Jump up ^ Dorsey , Tom ( 2008 - 02 - 15 ) . `` U of L trumpeter Patrick Henry Hughes will appear on ' Extreme Makeover : Home Edition ' '' . Louisville Courier - Journal . Jump up ^ `` I Am Potential Home Page '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ I Am Potential ( 2015 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Thornton , Matthew ( 2008 - 03 - 31 ) . `` Dutton Wins Recall '' . Publishers Weekly . Da Capo Lifelong senior editor Katie McHugh won an auction for I Am Potential , by Patrick Henry Hughes and his father , Patrick John Hughes ... the pair , with co-writer Bryant Stamford , will share Patrick Henry 's story of overcoming blindness and disability to achieve musical success , along with his lessons for living with faith . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Michelle ( 2006 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Disabled trumpeter , dad steal the show '' . Miami Herald . External links ( edit ) Patrick Henry Hughes I Am Potential ( 2015 ) on IMDb ISNI : 0000 0000 7888 6674 SNAC : w65x3hts VIAF : 102652011 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Henry_Hughes&oldid=832641452 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people American pianists American tenors American trumpeters Blind musicians Musicians from Louisville , Kentucky University of Louisville alumni Singers from Kentucky Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 05 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why was the hughes family back on family feud | [
"During late 2012, Patrick Henry and his family competed on Family Feud, remaining champions for four days before being defeated on their fifth and final day; the family was later brought back because of a technical error and given another chance to retire undefeated, but were again unsuccessful.\n"
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"because of a technical error"
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4561005230500856740 | UCLA Bruins men's basketball | UCLA Bruins Men 's basketball - Wikipedia UCLA Bruins Men 's basketball Jump to : navigation , search `` UCLA Bruins basketball '' redirects here . For the women 's team , see UCLA Bruins women 's basketball . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) UCLA Bruins men 's basketball 2017 -- 18 UCLA Bruins men 's basketball team University University of California , Los Angeles All - time record 1,849 -- 824 (. 692 ) Head coach Steve Alford ( 5th season ) Conference Pac - 12 Location Los Angeles Arena Pauley Pavilion ( Capacity : 13,800 ) Nickname Bruins Student section The Den Colors Blue and Gold Uniforms Home Away NCAA Tournament champions 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 NCAA Tournament runner - up 1980 * , 2006 NCAA Tournament Final Four 1962 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1980 * , 1995 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 NCAA Tournament Elite Eight 1950 , 1962 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1979 , 1980 * , 1992 , 1995 , 1997 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 NCAA Tournament Sweet Sixteen 1952 , 1956 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 * , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 NCAA Tournament Round of 32 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 * , 1981 , 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 NCAA Tournament appearances 1950 , 1952 , 1956 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 * , 1981 , 1983 , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 * , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 * vacated by NCAA Conference tournament champions 1987 , 2006 , 2008 , 2014 Conference regular season champions 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1925 , 1926 , 1927 , 1945 , 1950 , 1952 , 1956 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1987 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2013 The UCLA Bruins men 's basketball program represents the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) in men 's college basketball . Established in 1919 , the program has won a record 11 NCAA titles , which is also tied with the Connecticut Huskies women 's team for the most in all of college basketball . UCLA teams coached by John Wooden won 10 national titles in 12 seasons , from 1964 to 1975 , including seven straight from 1967 to 1973 . UCLA went undefeated a record four times , in 1964 , 1967 , 1972 , and 1973 . Coach Jim Harrick led the team to another NCAA title in 1995 . Former coach Ben Howland led UCLA to three consecutive Final Four appearances from 2006 to 2008 . As a member of the AAWU , Pacific - 8 and then Pacific - 10 , UCLA set a NCAA Division I record with 13 consecutive regular season conference titles between 1967 and 1979 which stood until passed by Kansas in 2018 . On March 30 , 2013 , Steve Alford was named the school 's 13th head men 's basketball coach . Contents ( hide ) 1 NCAA records 2 History 2.1 Early UCLA basketball 2.2 The John Wooden era 2.3 Post-Wooden era 2.4 The Jim Harrick era 2.5 The Steve Lavin era 2.6 Ben Howland era ( 2003 -- 2013 ) 2.7 Steve Alford era ( 2013 -- present ) 3 Season - by - season results 4 Facilities 4.1 Pauley Pavilion 4.2 Mo Ostin Basketball Center 5 Coaches 6 Rivals 6.1 USC 6.2 Notre Dame , Arizona and California 7 By the numbers 8 Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame 8.1 UCLA players 8.2 UCLA coaches 9 Notable players 9.1 Retired numbers 9.2 Consensus All - Americans 10 School records 10.1 Individual career 10.2 Team season records 11 Career leaders 12 Conferences 12.1 Record vs. Pac - 12 opponents 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links NCAA records ( edit ) UCLA men 's basketball has set several NCAA records . 11 NCAA titles 7 consecutive NCAA titles ( 1967 -- 1973 ) 12 NCAA title game appearances * 10 consecutive Final Four appearances ( 1967 -- 1976 ) 25 Final Four wins * 38 game NCAA Tournament winning streak ( 1964 -- 1974 ) 134 weeks ranked No. 1 in AP Top 25 Poll 221 consecutive weeks ranked in AP Top 25 Poll ( 1966 -- 1980 ) 54 consecutive winning seasons ( 1949 -- 2002 ) 88 game men 's regular season winning streak ( 1971 -- 1974 ) 13 consecutive Div - I regular season conference titles ( 1966 -- 1979 ) * * 4 undefeated seasons ( 1964 , 1967 , 1972 , 1973 ) * Excludes 1980 tournament results vacated by NCAA * * Surpassed by Kansas in 2018 History ( edit ) Early UCLA basketball ( edit ) In 1919 , Fred Cozens became the first head coach of the UCLA basketball and football teams . Cozens coached the basketball team for two seasons , finishing with an overall record of 21 -- 4 . Caddy Works was the head coach of the Bruins from 1921 to 1939 , guiding them to a 173 - 159 record . Works was a lawyer by profession and coached the team only during the evenings . According to UCLA player and future Olympian Frank Lubin , Works was `` more of an honorary coach '' with little basketball knowledge . Wilbur Johns was the UCLA basketball head coach from 1939 to 1948 , guiding the Bruins to a 93 - 120 record . The John Wooden era ( edit ) John Wooden coached UCLA to 10 national championships Lew Alcindor ( Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ) makes a reverse two hand dunk Bill Walton taking a shot From 1948 to 1975 , John Wooden , nicknamed the `` Wizard of Westwood '' , served as UCLA 's head coach . He won ten NCAA national championships in a 12 - year period , including a run of seven in a row that shattered the previous record of only two consecutive titles . Within this period , his teams won a men 's basketball - record 88 consecutive games . Prior to Wooden 's arrival , UCLA had only won two conference championships in the previous 18 years . In his first season , Wooden guided a UCLA team that had finished with a 12 -- 13 record the previous year to a 22 -- 7 record -- then the most wins in a season in program history -- and the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) Southern Division championship . In his second season , Wooden led the Bruins to a 24 -- 7 record and the PCC championship . The Bruins would win the division title in each of the next two seasons and the conference title in the latter season . Up to that time , UCLA had won only two division titles since the PCC began divisional play , and it had not won a conference title of any kind since winning the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference in 1927 . In 1955 -- 56 , Wooden guided the Bruins to their first undefeated PCC conference title and a 17 - game winning streak that only came to an end in the 1956 NCAA Tournament at the hands of a University of San Francisco team that featured Bill Russell . However , UCLA was unable to maintain this level of performance over the immediate ensuing seasons , finding itself unable to return to the NCAA Tournament as the Pete Newell - coached California teams took control of the conference at the end of the decade . Also hampering the fortunes of Wooden 's team during that time period was a probation imposed on all UCLA sports in the aftermath of a scandal involving illegal payments made to players on the school 's football team , along with USC , Cal and Stanford , resulting in the dismantling of the PCC conference . By 1962 the probation was no longer in place and Wooden had returned the Bruins to the top of their conference ( now the Pac - 12 Conference ) . This time , however , they would take the next step , and go on to unleash a run of dominance unparalleled in the history of college sports . A narrow loss due largely to a controversial foul call in the semifinal of the 1962 NCAA Tournament convinced Wooden that his Bruins were ready to contend for national championships . Two seasons later , the final piece of the puzzle fell into place when assistant coach Jerry Norman persuaded Wooden that the team 's small - sized players and fast - paced offense would be complemented by the adoption of a zone press defense . The result was a dramatic increase in scoring , giving UCLA a powerhouse team led by Walt Hazzard and Gail Goodrich that went undefeated on its way to the school 's first basketball national championship . Wooden 's team repeated as national champions the following season before the squad fell briefly in 1966 when it finished second in the conference to Oregon State . UCLA was ineligible to play in the NCAA tournament that year because in those days only conference champions went to the tournament . However , the Bruins ' incarnation returned with a vengeance in 1967 with the arrival of sophomore All - America and MVP Lew Alcindor . The team reclaimed not only the conference title but the national crown with an undefeated season . In January 1968 , UCLA took its 47 - game winning streak to the Astrodome in Houston , where Alcindor squared off against Elvin Hayes in the Game of the Century , which was the nation 's first nationally televised regular season college basketball game . Houston upset UCLA 71 - 69 behind Hayes ' 39 points . In a post-game interview , Wooden stated , `` We have to start over . '' They did , and went undefeated the rest of the year , avenging Houston 101 - 69 in the semi-final rematch of the NCAA tournament en route to the national championship . Hayes , who had been averaging 37.7 points per game , was held to only 10 points . Wooden credited Norman for devising the diamond - and - one defense that contained the Houston center . The emergence of the Bruins under Wooden vastly increased the program 's popularity . Since 1932 , the Bruins had played at the Men 's Gym . It normally seated 2,400 , but had been limited to 1,500 since 1955 by order of the city fire marshal . This forced games to be moved to Pan Pacific Auditorium , the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena and other venues around Los Angeles when larger crowds were expected -- an increasing inconvenience since the Bruins ' first national title . At Wooden 's urging , a much larger on - campus facility was built in time for the 1965 -- 66 season , the nearly 13,000 seat Pauley Pavilion , . Wooden coached his final game in Pauley Pavilion on March 1 , 1975 , when UCLA trounced Stanford 93 -- 59 . Four weeks later , following a 75 -- 74 overtime victory over Louisville in the 1975 NCAA Tournament semifinal game , Wooden announced that he would retire at age 64 immediately after the championship game . His legendary coaching career concluded triumphantly , as his team responded with a win over Kentucky to claim Wooden 's first career coaching victory over the Wildcats and his unprecedented 10th national championship in a twelve - year span . During his tenure with the Bruins , Wooden became known as the `` Wizard of Westwood '' , although he personally disdained the nickname . He gained lasting fame at UCLA by winning 620 games in 27 seasons and 10 NCAA titles during his last 12 seasons , which included seven in a row from 1967 to 1973 . His UCLA teams also had a then - record winning streak of 88 games and four perfect 30 -- 0 seasons . They also won 38 straight games in NCAA Tournaments and 98 straight home game wins at Pauley Pavilion . Wooden was named NCAA College Basketball 's `` Coach of the Year '' in 1964 , 1967 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 and 1973 . In 1967 , he was named the Henry Iba Award USBWA College Basketball Coach of the Year . In 1972 , he shared Sports Illustrated magazine 's `` Sportsman of the Year '' award with Billie Jean King . He was named to the Basketball Hall of Fame as a coach in 1973 , becoming the first to be honored as both a player and a coach . Post-wooden era ( edit ) From 1975 to 1977 , Gene Bartow served as the head coach of UCLA . He guided them to a 52 -- 9 record , including a berth in the 1976 Final Four . He coached the 1977 College Player of the Year , Marques Johnson . Gary Cunningham became the head coach at UCLA in 1977 . He coached two seasons , winning the Pacific - 8 and Pacific - 10 conference championships and leading UCLA to a # 2 ranking in the final polls both seasons . Larry Brown then moved on to coach UCLA from 1979 -- 1981 , leading his freshman - dominated 1979 -- 80 team to the NCAA title game before falling to Louisville , 59 -- 54 . However , that runner - up finish was later vacated by the NCAA after two players were found to be ineligible . This was one of the few times a Final Four squad had its record vacated ( Villanova had its runner - up finish vacated in 1971 because Howard Porter had signed a pro contract ) . Larry Farmer was the head coach of UCLA from 1981 to 1984 , guiding them to a 61 -- 23 (. 726 ) record . He had recruited Earvin `` Magic '' Johnson to come play at UCLA , but then told Johnson to hold off on a visit as he was more interested in Albert King . Neither played for UCLA . In 1984 , Walt Hazzard was named the UCLA basketball coach twenty years after winning the national championship as a player . He coached for four seasons , winning 77 out of 125 games . The 1984 -- 1985 UCLA Bruin basketball team won the NIT championship . The 1986 -- 1987 UCLA Bruin basketball team won both the Pac - 10 regular season championship as well as the inaugural Pacific - 10 Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament . The Jim Harrick era ( edit ) In 1988 , Jim Harrick returned to UCLA ( he had spent two years as an assistant coach from 1978 to 1979 ) to assume head coaching duties after the firing of Walt Hazzard . During the recruiting period before his first season , he recruited Don MacLean , the most significant recruit to commit to UCLA in several years . McLean 's arrival helped start a revival of the basketball program . Within four years , the Bruins were in the Elite Eight -- `` officially '' their deepest advance in the tournament in 13 years , and only the second time they had gone that far since Wooden 's departure . During the 1994 -- 1995 season , he led UCLA to a 31 - 2 record ( a loss to California was subsequently forfeited to the Bruins ) and the school 's eleventh national championship , its first since the 1974 -- 75 season . The 31 wins would stand as a school record until the 2005 -- 06 season . In 1996 , Harrick 's Bruins were upset in the first round by Princeton . Shortly before the 1996 season , UCLA fired Harrick for lying about who attended a recruiting dinner . At the time , he was the second - winningest coach in school history . The Steve Lavin era ( edit ) On the departure of assistants Mark Gottfried and Lorenzo Romar for head coaching jobs shortly after the 1995 NCAA Championship season , Lavin , as the assistant with the longest tenure at UCLA , was selected as interim head coach . Later that season on February 11 , 1997 , with the Bruins tied for first place in the Pac - 10 with an 8 -- 3 record , UCLA removed the `` interim '' tag from Lavin 's title and formally named him as its 11th head coach . The Bruins then won their next 11 games en route to the Pac - 10 title , before being eliminated by the Minnesota Gophers in the NCAA Midwest Regional Final . In seven seasons as head coach Lavin 's record was 12 -- 4 in games involving overtime . Additionally Lavin 's Bruins had a 10 -- 4 record against the rival USC Trojans . During the period 1997 -- 2002 , Lavin 's Bruins compiled nine consecutive overtime victories . These included victories over Arizona , Cincinnati ( 2002 NCAA second round double overtime victory over No. 1 West Region seed ) , Kentucky , and Stanford ( then ranked No 1 ) . The Stanford win was sealed by a last second jumper by star sophomore guard JaRon Rush . At UCLA from 1996 to 2003 , Lavin compiled a record of 145 -- 78 . As both an assistant and head coach , Lavin participated in 13 consecutive NCAA tournament appearances ( 1990 -- 2002 ) , while working at Purdue and UCLA . During Lavin 's tenure as a head coach , he was one of only two coaches in the country to lead his team to five NCAA `` Sweet 16s '' in six years ( 1997 , 1998 , 2000 -- 2002 ) , the other coach being Duke 's Mike Krzyzewski . Lavin guided UCLA to six consecutive seasons of 20 or more wins , as well as six consecutive NCAA tournament appearances . Lavin signed seven McDonald 's High School All - Americans . Seven of Lavin 's former Bruin recruits became roster members of NBA teams : Trevor Ariza , Matt Barnes , Baron Davis , Dan Gadzuric , Ryan Hollins , Jason Kapono , and Earl Watson . During Lavin 's tenure as head coach , the Bruins qualified for six consecutive NCAA Tournaments ( 1997 -- 2002 ) . Lavin 's record in the first and second rounds of the NCAA tournament is 10 -- 1 . His winning percentage ( 90.9 % ) in the first two rounds is second only to Dean Smith in NCAA Tournament history . However , Lavin also coached the Bruins to their only loss in an NCAA tournament game played in the State of California ( a 2002 loss to Missouri in San Jose ) . In seven seasons as head coach Lavin 's record was 12 -- 4 in games involving overtime . The Bruins defeated the No. 1 team in the country in four consecutive collegiate seasons : Stanford in 2000 and 2001 , Kansas in 2002 and Arizona in 2003 . In March 2003 , following UCLA 's first losing season ( 10 -- 19 ) in 55 years , Lavin was fired . Despite some success under the watch of Steve Lavin , the program wanted to regain its position in the college basketball upper echelon . Even the success in the NCAA tournament belied the fact that UCLA had earned no better than a number 4 seed with the exception of the 1997 season . The 2002 -- 03 season turned out to be the back - breaker for Lavin as the Bruins stumbled to a 10 -- 19 record and a 6 -- 12 record in the conference . It was the first losing season for UCLA in over five decades . Lavin was dismissed following the season . Ben Howland era ( 2003 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Russell Westbrook ( left ) and Kevin Love defend against USC UCLA looked to find a coach that could move the Bruins back to the elite ranks of the Pac - 10 and the country . Howland 's success at the University of Pittsburgh and his southern California roots made him an attractive candidate . In 2003 , he left Pitt and accepted the head coaching duties at UCLA . Howland remedied this disappointment in his recruiting efforts . Howland produced a top tier recruiting class from athletes in southern California that fit his Big East style . Behind Lavin hold - over Dijon Thompson and Howland recruits Jordan Farmar and Arron Afflalo , UCLA produced a winning season for the first time in three years and returned to the tournament , where they lost in the first round . Starting the 2005 -- 06 season with the majority of the roster made over in Howland 's image and with the Lavin hold - overs ( e.g. , Ryan Hollins and Cedric Bozeman ) , the Bruins produced an excellent campaign . They finished the regular season 24 -- 6 , winning the Pac - 10 Conference title . They then roared through the Pac - 10 tournament , winning each game by double digits en route to only the second Pac - 10 tournament championship in school history . The momentum continued into the NCAA tournament as the second - seeded Bruins defeated Gonzaga in the Sweet Sixteen . They then upset top - seeded Memphis to reach the school 's first Final Four in 11 years . The run ended in the championship game against Florida , whose imposing front - line proved to be a matchup problem for the Bruins . Howland continued his success at UCLA the following year . The Bruins finished undefeated at home for the first time in 22 years , winning the Pac - 10 conference title . However they lost in their first Pac - 10 tournament game and were seeded second in the NCAA Tournament West Region . After a close second - round win over Indiana , Howland led the Bruins to a win over his former team , Pitt in the Sweet Sixteen . The Bruins then again upset the top seed in the West Region , Kansas , and reached the second of UCLA 's first consecutive Final Fours since the John Wooden era , only to lose again to Florida in the national semifinal . At the start of the 2007 -- 08 season , expectations for UCLA were the highest ever with the arrival of Kevin Love , one of the best low - post prospects in the high school class of 2007 . Combined with the emergence of Russell Westbrook and Darren Collison in the back - court , the Bruins won their 3rd consecutive Pac - 10 conference title , and their second Pac - 10 tournament title in three years . They received their first # 1 seed in the NCAA tournament since 1995 , and once again reached the Final Four , where they faced another top seed , the Memphis Tigers . Memphis got the better of the Bruins , who returned to Westwood without a championship once again . However , the Bruins program under Howland began to struggle in subsequent seasons . After 2008 , UCLA did not advance past the first weekend of the NCAA tourney , and did not qualify for the tournament in 2010 and 2012 . With a 77 - 73 victory over Penn on December 10 , 2011 ; Howland passed Jim Harrick for second on UCLA 's all - time wins list behind John Wooden . Nonetheless , questions about how Howland was running the program began to come into focus . In February 2012 , a Sports Illustrated article portrayed UCLA player Reeves Nelson as a bully on and off the court , who at times intentionally tried to injure his teammates . According to the article , Howland looked the other way and did not discipline Nelson for over two years . From 2008 -- the Bruins last Final Four appearance -- through 2012 , at least 11 players left the UCLA program . Although the 2012 -- 2013 Bruins won the Pac - 12 regular season championship , they quickly bowed out in the first round of the NCAA tournament . On March 25 , 2013 , three days after being eliminated by 11th seed Minnesota , UCLA fired Howland . Steve Alford era ( 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) On March 30 , 2013 , Alford signed a seven - year , $18.2 - million contract to become the head coach of UCLA , replacing the fired Ben Howland . In his first year as head coach Alford led UCLA to a Pac - 12 tournament championship , a feat not accomplished since 2008 . The team later went on to the `` Sweet Sixteen '' of the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament as a 4 seed in the South regional before losing to the 1 seed Florida . In his second year , the team was controversially chosen to participate in the 2015 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament as an 11 seed in the South Region , where they upset the 6 seed SMU on a game - winning goaltending call . The Bruins went on to defeat the University of Alabama at Birmingham Blazers before losing to rival Gonzaga in the `` Sweet Sixteen . '' After a disappointing third season in which UCLA suffered their fourth losing record since 1948 , the team rebounded in the following season , going 31 - 5 before falling to Kentucky , once again in the `` Sweet Sixteen . '' Freshman point guard Lonzo Ball , as well as the program in general , garnered national media attention for the outspoken behavior of his father LaVar Ball . Prior to the beginning of the 2017 - 18 season , the team travelled to China to participate in the annual Pac - 12 China Game . On November 6 in Hangzhou , during a block of free time allotted to the players , freshmen LiAngelo Ball , Cody Riley and Jalen Hill shoplifted sunglasses from a Louis Vuitton department store . They were placed under house arrest by local police the next day and required to hand over their passports . The controversy garnered immense attention due to the reputation of LiAngelo as a member of the Ball family and received significant media coverage . President Donald Trump , who was concurrently visiting China , reportedly asked General Secretary Xi Jinping to pardon the three men , and they were released back to the United States shortly after , although Ball 's family questioned if the President 's request was a direct reason for the release . The players were placed on suspension from basketball activities , and were eventually suspended for the entirety of the season on December 22nd . Believing the suspension to have been unearned , LaVar Ball preemptively withdrew LiAngelo from UCLA and had him sign with an agent , making him ineligible for further NCAA competition . UCLA finished the regular season in a three - way tie for third ( tied with Utah and Stanford ) in the Pac - 12 ( 21 - 10 , 11 - 7 ) , and junior guard Aaron Holiday was named to the First - team All - Pac - 12 and the Pac - 12 All Defensive Team , the first player to do so in the Alford era . Season - by - season results ( edit ) Main article : List of UCLA Bruins men 's basketball seasons Facilities ( edit ) The men 's basketball team played in the 2,400 seat Men 's Gym from 1932 to 1965 . They also played at other venues around Los Angeles , including the Pan-Pacific Auditorium and Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena , when larger crowds were expected for games . Pauley Pavilion ( edit ) UCLA Bruins vs. Oregon State Beavers , January 2013 , in the `` New Pauley Pavilion '' Following UCLA 's second championship in 1964 , the idea of constructing a new arena to accommodate increased interest in the team was proposed . In 1965 , Pauley Pavilion was built on campus and has been the home of the Bruins basketball programs since that time . During the 2011 -- 12 season , Pauley Pavilion underwent a complete , $136 million renovation , both inside and out , earning it the nickname of `` New Pauley . '' A new attendance record was set on March 2 , 2013 when 13,727 fans watched the Bruins defeating the Arizona Wildcats 74 -- 69 . Mo Ostin basketball Center ( edit ) The Mo Ostin Basketball Center will be built south of the Los Angeles Tennis Center and close to Pauley Pavilion , the basketball team 's home court to serve as a practice facility and hub for the basketball team . On December 14 , 2015 , Russell Westbrook donated a `` significant '' sum to the construction of the Center , for which the facility 's court was named in his honor . Westbrook 's former teammate , Kevin Love , matched his contribution on September 20 , 2016 , for which the strength and conditioning center was named after him . Coaches ( edit ) Pauley Pavilion , home court of the Bruins prior to the 2012 renovation Main article : List of UCLA Bruins men 's basketball head coaches The team has had 12 head coaches in its history , and they have won 11 NCAA Championships , the most of any school . John Wooden won 10 national championships between 1964 and 1975 , and Jim Harrick won the other in 1995 . The New York Times wrote that Wooden `` made UCLA the most successful team in college basketball . '' After Wooden retired , the four coaches that succeeded him resigned , and the following three -- Harrick included -- were fired . The average tenure of those coaches after Wooden was four years . Former coach Ben Howland , led the Bruins to three consecutive Final Four appearances from 2006 to 2008 . Rivals ( edit ) USC ( edit ) See also : UCLA -- USC rivalry When John Wooden became the coach , UCLA turned into a national basketball powerhouse . UCLA has won 11 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournaments and has dominated the conference , winning two games for every one that USC won . As of the 2013 -- 2014 season , UCLA has won or shared the conference title 31 times , and USC has won or shared the title 7 times . There have been a number of significant games in this rivalry Notre Dame , Arizona and California ( edit ) See also : Notre Dame - UCLA rivalry UCLA had a basketball rivalry with Notre Dame that started when Digger Phelps was the Notre Dame coach and John Wooden was the UCLA coach . UCLA and Notre Dame played a home - and - home meeting for several seasons , which is otherwise uncommon outside conference play . This rivalry existed from the desire of the Notre Dame athletic department to schedule the top schools for intersectional competition . UCLA and Notre Dame played 42 times between 1966 and 1995 , and the height of the rivalry was when Notre Dame ended UCLA 's consecutive - game winning streak at 88 on January 19 , 1974 . UCLA also broke a 60 - game Notre Dame winning streak in South Bend . Previous UCLA head coach Ben Howland scheduled Notre Dame four times : in 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , and 2009 . After UCLA 's victory on February 7 , 2009 , UCLA leads the all - time series 28 - 19 . See also : Arizona - UCLA basketball rivalry Since the mid-1980s , UCLA has also had a basketball rivalry with Arizona under coach Lute Olson , as the two schools competed for the Pac - 10 Championship every year . Since 1985 the two teams have combined to win 21 out of the 29 conference titles . The UCLA - Arizona basketball rivalry still is seen as the match up of the two premier teams in the conference . Also , the performance of the two schools influences the national opinion of the conference . By the numbers ( edit ) National titles -- 11 Final Four - 18 * Elite Eights -- 22 * Sweet Sixteens -- 34 * Conference titles -- 31 Conference tournament titles -- 4 Undefeated conference seasons -- 11 Undefeated seasons -- 4 20 - win seasons -- 45 30 - win seasons -- 8 Winning seasons -- 72 Non-losing seasons (. 500 or better ) -- 74 NCAA tourney bids -- 47 All - Americans -- 38 All - conference ( 1st team ) -- 119 NBA MVP winners -- 8 NBA 1st round draft picks -- 36 Olympians -- 8 McDonald 's All - Americans -- 31 Naismith Hall of Famers -- 9 * Includes 1980 tournament results vacated by NCAA Naismith Memorial basketball Hall of Fame ( edit ) UCLA players ( edit ) Two - time national champion Gail Goodrich ( 1964 ) All individuals were ( or will be ) inducted as players unless otherwise noted . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( 1995 ) Don Barksdale ( 2012 ) , contributor Gail Goodrich ( 1996 ) Reggie Miller ( 2012 ) Bill Walton ( 1993 ) Jamaal Wilkes ( 2012 ) UCLA coaches ( edit ) All individuals were inducted as coaches , though not necessarily for their service at UCLA . Larry Brown ( 2002 ) Denny Crum ( 1994 ) John Wooden ( 1972 ) -- Also inducted separately as a player in 1961 for his career at Purdue and in early professional leagues . Notable players ( edit ) See also : Category : UCLA Bruins men 's basketball players . Ed O'Bannon , a member of the 1995 Championship team , was player - of - the - year Six former UCLA Bruins went on to be named to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Reggie Miller , Gail Goodrich , Jamaal Wilkes , Bill Walton and Don Barksdale . Barksdale was also notable as the first player to break many color barriers , including being the first African American to be named an NCAA All - American and NBA All - Star , and the first to be selected to the US Olympic basketball team . All 14 players who have played on three NCAA Division I Championship basketball teams are from UCLA : Abdul - Jabbar , Sidney Wicks , Curtis Rowe , Lynn Shackelford , Larry Farmer , Henry Bibby , Steve Patterson , Kenny Heitz , Jon Chapman , John Ecker , Andy Hill , Terry Schofield , Bill Sweek , and Larry Hollyfield . UCLA became the first school to have a top winner in both basketball and football in the same year with Gary Beban winning the Heisman Trophy and Lew Alcindor ( now Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ) winning the U.S. Basketball Writers Association player of the year award in 1968 . UCLA has produced the most NBA Most Valuable Player Award winners , six of them by Abdul - Jabbar , one to Walton , who was Abdul - Jabbar 's successor , and one to Russell Westbrook . As of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season , 91 former UCLA players have played in the NBA . At the 2015 NBA All - Star Game and the 2016 NBA All - Star Game , former Bruins Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder was the MVP and Zach LaVine of the Minnesota Timberwolves was the winner of the Slam Dunk Contest . Lonzo Ball second pick in the 2017 NBA draft is the first player ever with his own signature shoe ( ZO2 ) entering the NBA draft , he 's signed with Big Baller Brand . Retired numbers ( edit ) Main article : UCLA Bruins men 's basketball retired numbers Marques Johnson No . Player Pos . Career 11 Don Barksdale 1946 -- 47 25 Gail Goodrich 1962 -- 65 31 Ed O'Bannon PF 1991 -- 95 Reggie Miller SG 1983 -- 87 32 Bill Walton 1971 -- 74 33 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1966 -- 69 35 Sidney Wicks PF 1968 -- 71 42 Walt Hazzard 1961 -- 64 52 Jamaal Wilkes SF 1971 -- 74 54 Marques Johnson SF 1973 -- 77 Consensus All - Americans ( edit ) The following Bruins have been named consensus first - team All - Americans : Jamaal Wilkes Year Player 1964 Hazzard , Walt Walt Hazzard 1965 Goodrich , Gail Gail Goodrich 1967 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1968 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1969 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1971 Wicks , Sidney Sidney Wicks 1972 Walton , Bill Bill Walton Bibby , Henry Henry Bibby 1973 Walton , Bill Bill Walton Wilkes , Jamaal Jamaal Wilkes Walton , Bill Bill Walton Wilkes , Jamaal Jamaal Wilkes Meyers , Dave Dave Meyers 1976 Washington , Richard Richard Washington 1977 Johnson , Marques Marques Johnson 1978 Greenwood , David David Greenwood 1979 Greenwood , David David Greenwood 1995 O'Bannon , Ed Ed O'Bannon 2007 Afflalo , Arron Arron Afflalo 2008 Love , Kevin Kevin Love 2017 Ball , Lonzo Lonzo Ball School records ( edit ) Individual career ( edit ) Record Player Total Years Ref Most points MacLean , Don Don MacLean 2,608 1988 -- 1992 Highest scoring average Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 26.4 1966 -- 1969 Most rebounds Walton , Bill Bill Walton 1,370 1971 -- 1974 Highest rebounding average Walton , Bill Bill Walton 15.7 1971 -- 1974 Most assists Richardson , Pooh Pooh Richardson 833 1985 -- 1989 Team season records ( edit ) Record Total Year Field Goals Made 1210 2017 Field Goals % 55.5 1979 Free Throws Made 642 1956 1991 Free Throw % 75.6 1979 3 - pt . Field Goals Made 354 2017 3 - pt . Field Goal % 42.6 Rebounds 1670 1964 Assists 771 2017 Blocked Shots 199 2011 Career leaders ( edit ) Updated through 2016 -- 17 season Points Player Year Points MacLean , Don Don MacLean 1988 -- 1992 2,608 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1966 -- 1969 2,325 Kapono , Jason Jason Kapono 1999 -- 2003 2,095 Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller 1983 -- 1987 2,095 Alford , Bryce Bryce Alford 2013 -- 2017 1,922 Bailey , Toby Toby Bailey 1994 -- 1998 1,846 O'Bannon , Ed Ed O'Bannon 1991 -- 1995 1,815 Henderson , J.R. J.R. Henderson 1994 -- 1998 1,801 Wilson , Trevor Trevor Wilson 1986 -- 1990 1,798 Murray , Tracy Tracy Murray 1989 -- 1992 1,792 Rebounds Player Year Rebounds Walton , Bill Bill Walton 1971 -- 1974 1,370 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1966 -- 1969 1,367 Greenwood , David David Greenwood 1975 -- 1979 1,022 Wilson , Trevor Trevor Wilson 1986 -- 1990 1,001 MacLean , Don Don MacLean 1988 -- 1992 992 Naulls , Willie Willie Naulls 1953 -- 1956 900 Johnson , Marques Marques Johnson 1973 -- 1977 897 Gadzuric , Dan Dan Gadzuric 1998 -- 2002 896 Wicks , Sidney Sidney Wicks 1968 -- 1971 894 O'Bannon , Ed Ed O'Bannon 1991 -- 1995 820 Assists Player Year Assists Richardson , Pooh Pooh Richardson 1985 -- 1989 833 Edney , Tyus Tyus Edney 1991 -- 1995 652 Martin , Darrick Darrick Martin 1988 -- 1992 636 Watson , Earl Earl Watson 1997 -- 2001 607 Collison , Darren Darren Collison 2005 -- 2009 577 Jackson , Ralph Ralph Jackson 1980 -- 1984 523 Hamilton , Roy Roy Hamilton 1975 -- 1979 512 Bailey , Toby Toby Bailey 1994 -- 1998 458 Dollar , Cameron Cameron Dollar 1993 -- 1997 451 Madkins , Gerald Gerald Madkins 1987 -- 1992 404 Conferences ( edit ) Years Conferences Win -- Loss Pct . 1919 -- 1920 None -- -- 1920 -- 1927 Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SCIAC ) 63 -- 6 . 913 1927 -- 1959 Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) 1959 -- 1968 Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) 99 -- 21 . 825 1968 -- 1978 Pacific - 8 Conference 129 -- 11 . 921 1978 -- 2011 Pacific - 10 Conference 365 -- 166 . 687 2011 -- present Pac - 12 Conference Record vs. Pac - 12 opponents ( edit ) The UCLA Bruins lead the all - time series vs. all other eleven Pac - 12 opponents . In the Pac - 12 , only Arizona currently leads the series against more than eleven of its conference opponents . Opponent Wins Losses Pct . Streak Arizona 55 43 . 561 Arizona 1 Arizona St . 68 19 . 782 UCLA 4 Cal 137 103 . 571 UCLA 1 Colorado 11 . 846 UCLA 3 Oregon 85 39 . 686 Oregon 1 Oregon St . 95 37 . 720 UCLA 2 Stanford 144 93 . 608 UCLA 2 USC 140 109 . 562 UCLA 1 Utah 9 7 . 562 UCLA 1 Washington 98 42 . 700 UCLA 7 Washington St . 106 17 . 862 UCLA 3 Note all - time series includes non-conference matchups and the Pac - 12 Tournament . Updated March 25 , 2017 See also ( edit ) Game of the Century NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four appearances by coaches NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four appearances by school NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament Consecutive Appearances Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ There were 28 seasons from 1975 -- 76 to 2002 -- 03 and 7 coaches , an average of 4 years . The Yahoo article said 3.9 . Jump up ^ Hollyfield is generally credited with being on three championship teams ( 1971 -- 1973 ) . While he played in 1970 -- 71 , he was ineligible to play in the 1971 postseason due to NCAA restrictions on junior college transfers . Jump up ^ Includes players in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , which merged with the NBA in 1976 . Jump up ^ basketball-reference.com counts 79 players , but is missing Greg Foster , Corey Gaines , Brett Vroman . Foster , Gaines , and Vroman all transferred from UCLA to another school . The UCLA Media Guide did not count Foster , Gaines , and John Vallely . The Media Guide listed Ray Young , but he is not included here since he did not play a game in the NBA . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UCLA Athletics Brand Guidelines '' ( PDF ) . June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ UCLA Men 's Basketball Team Archived 2009 - 03 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` No. 3 Kansas routs TCU 87 - 68 to clinch share of Big 12 title '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ UCLA Names Steve Alford Head Men 's Basketball Coach , UCLABruins.com , March 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.laalmanac.com/sports/sp10rda.htm Jump up ^ http://prweb.com/releases/2007/2/prweb504690.htm Jump up ^ `` An Olympian 's Oral History '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Wooden : A Coaching Legend '' . UCLABruins.com ( official athletic site of the UCLA Bruins ) . Archived from the original on 17 April 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Puma ( 2007 ) . `` Sportscentury Biography : Wizard of Westwood '' . ESPN . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA History '' ( PDF ) . UCLA. 2007 . pp. 118 -- 126 . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Wolff ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` How ' 64 Bruins made John Wooden '' . SI.com . Retrieved 21 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Esper , Dwain ( March 25 , 1968 ) . `` Bruins Hope Norman Stays '' . The Independent . Pasadena , California . p. 15 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Gasaway , John ( June 7 , 2010 ) . `` John Wooden 's Century '' . Basketball Prospectus . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wooden hangs ' em up '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . March 30 , 1975 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Schlabach ( April 1 , 2006 ) . `` A Tradition Lacking Swagger : Storied UCLA Fails to Worry Frisky LSU '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Brendan Murphy ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Trinity squash nears decade with nation 's longest winning streak '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John R. Wooden ( coach ) '' . Naismith Memorial Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 31 August 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2010 . Jump up ^ http://newtown100.heraldtribune.com/2014/12/14/finally-forgiven-howard-porter-story/ Jump up ^ Larry Bird ; Earvin Johnson ; Jackie MacMullan ( 4 November 2009 ) . When the Game Was Ours . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 13 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 41681 - 6 . Jump up ^ McMurphy , Brett ( 2011 ) . `` Steve Lavin Takes New York by Storm '' . aolnews.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Shelly ( 2006 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Anderson : Howland still calls Pitt family '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/recruiting/news/story?id=2529652 Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Howland interested in job '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dohrmann , George ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Special Report : Not the UCLA Way '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Foster , Chris ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` UCLA disputes Sports Illustrated depiction of basketball program '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Joshua Smith calls it quits at UCLA '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` UCLA wants more than Ben Howland could deliver -- and it 's entitled to '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Ben Howland fired at UCLA after 10 seasons with Bruins , coach says he was ' blessed ' to lead program for a decade '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA hires Steve Alford as basketball coach ; he has big job ahead '' . Los Angeles Times . March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.bruinsnation.com/ucla_basketball/2016/11/25/13745642/lavar-ball-predicts-ucla-bruins-will-win-the-national-championship Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/sports/ucla/la-sp-lavar-ball-white-guys-comment-20170406-story.html Jump up ^ http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/02/19/move-over-stephen-curry-lonzo-ball-or-his-dad-is-coming-to-take-your-place/ Jump up ^ `` Three UCLA basketball players , including LiAngelo Ball , are questioned by police in China about shoplifting '' . Los Angeles Times . November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump asked Xi to look at cases of UCLA basketball players '' . CNN . November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA suspends Cody Riley , Jalen Hill for season for China shoplifting '' . CBS Sports . December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LaVar Ball pulls suspended LiAngelo out of UCLA '' . New York Post . December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA 's Aaron Holiday is a big winner on All - Pac - 12 teams '' . Los Angeles Times . March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.uclabruins.com/news/2013/4/17/208271486.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/sports/ucla/uclanow/la-sp-sn-russell-westbrook-ucla-donation-20151214-story.html Jump up ^ http://www.ocregister.com/2016/09/20/kevin-love-matches-russell-westbrooks-record-setting-donation-to-ucla-basketball-facility/ Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Colleges to Produce NBA Pros '' . RealClearSports . June 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( March 18 , 2003 ) . `` Formality Is Reality As U.C.L.A. Fires Lavin '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( March 29 , 2006 ) . `` Westwood 's new look '' . yahoo.com . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dwyre , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Ben Howland keeps cool on the UCLA basketball hot seat '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2014 -- 15 PAC - 12 MEN 'S BASKETBALL Media Guide Jump up ^ UCLA vs. Notre Dame : A rivalry the way they used to be Jump up ^ UCLA Renews Historical Rivalry with Notre Dame on CBS Jump up ^ Foster , Chris -- UCLA , Arizona need to raise Pac - 12 level . Los Angeles Times , March 2 , 2013 . Quote : California Coach Mike Montgomery , `` ... If those two are not good , the conference is not perceived as being good . People do n't give credit to the schools across the board in the league . '' ^ Jump up to : Steve Aschburner , School is often out when it comes to picking an MVP , NBA.com , March 25 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : UCLA 's Miller Highlights Class Of 2012 , Pac-12.org , April 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/play-index/psl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=combined&type=totals&per_minute_base=36&per_poss_base=100&season_start=1&season_end=-1&lg_id=NBA&age_min=0&age_max=99&is_playoffs=N&height_min=0&height_max=99&birth_country_is=Y&is_hof=Y&college_id=ucla&as_comp=gt&pos_is_g=Y&pos_is_gf=Y&pos_is_f=Y&pos_is_fg=Y&pos_is_fc=Y&pos_is_c=Y&pos_is_cf=Y&force%3Apos_is=1&c6mult=1.0&order_by=ws Jump up ^ Haylock , Rahshaun ( May 30 , 2012 ) . `` Former Bruin Hollyfield still winning '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` It 's hard to disagree with TV analyst 's take on the Lakers '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 Men 's Basketball Team Celebrates 40th Anniversary '' ( Press release ) . UCLA Athletics . February 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berger , Dan ( April 8 , 1971 ) . `` Do n't Count Wooden 's Whiz Kids Out Next Season '' . The Sun . San Bernardino , California . Associated Press . p . D - 6 . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Watts , Joe ( February 28 , 1973 ) . `` Tournament Committee Replies to Questions '' . The Daily Herald . p. 6 . Retrieved May 30 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( April 3 , 2009 ) . `` Kobe Bryant vs. Ron Artest is worth hearing '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patton , Robes ( April 5 , 1994 ) . `` Parks Recovers '' . Sun Sentinel . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 UCLA Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . UCLA Athletic Department . 2013 . pp. 139 -- 142 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Players Who Attended University of California , Los Angeles '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finney , Ryan ( 2010 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 UCLA Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . UCLA Athletic Department . p. 108 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Foster Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Gaines Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Vroman Stats '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . NCAA.org. 2014 . p. 7 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA Records from 2011 -- 12 UCLA Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . UCLA Athletic Department . p. 80 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Timiraos , Alex ( 2014 ) . `` 2014 -- 15 UCLA Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' . UCLABruins.com . UCLA Sports Information Office . pp. 122 -- 123 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Timiraos 2014 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ 2014 -- 15 UCLA Men 's Basketball media Guide . Retrieved on December 1 , 2014 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to UCLA Bruins men 's basketball . Official website UCLA Bruins men 's basketball Venues Men 's Gym ( 1932 -- 1965 ) Pan-Pacific Auditorium ( alternate ; 1949 -- 1959 ) Venice High School ( 1955 -- 1956 ) Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena ( 1959 -- 1965 ; 2011 -- 2012 ) Honda Center ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Pauley Pavilion ( 1965 -- present ) Rivalries Arizona Notre Dame USC Crosstown Cup Culture & lore Game of the Century UCLA High Post Offense Joe Bruin People Head coaches Retired numbers NBA players Seasons 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NCAA national championships in bold ; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics University of California , Los Angeles Located in : Westwood , Los Angeles , California Academics College of Letters and Science Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science Anderson School of Management David Geffen School of Medicine Graduate School of Education and Information Studies School of Dentistry School of Law School of Nursing Luskin School of Public Affairs School of Public Health School of the Arts and Architecture School of Theater , Film & Television Knowledge California NanoSystems Institute Center for Embedded Network Sensing Center for the Study of Women Chicano Studies Research Center Film and Television Archive Hammer Museum Library Phonological Segment Inventory Database Language Materials Project Institute for Research on Labor and Employment Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior UCLA Medical Center , Santa Monica Campus Botanical Garden Drake Stadium Clark Library Easton Stadium Fowler Museum Jackie Robinson Stadium L.A. Tennis Center Pauley Pavilion Powell Library Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center Royce Hall Sculpture Garden Spieker Aquatics Center Stephanie and Spy Student housing Young Research Library Athletics Programs Bruins Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Football Gymnastics Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Women 's volleyball Rivals Arizona Rivalry California Rivalry Notre Dame Rivalry USC Crosstown Cup Culture Joe Bruin Rose Bowl Marching Band `` Hail to the Hills of Westwood '' `` Sons of Westwood '' `` Mighty Bruins '' True Blue Life Daily Bruin JazzReggae Festival Spring Sing Westwood Associated institutions Harbor -- UCLA Medical Center Olive View -- UCLA Medical Center UCLA Lab School Hannah Carter Japanese Garden Topics History 2006 Taser incident 2016 shooting People UCLA Blue Founded : 1919 Pac - 12 Conference men 's basketball Teams Arizona Wildcats Arizona State Sun Devils California Golden Bears Colorado Buffaloes Oregon Ducks Oregon State Beavers Stanford Cardinal UCLA Bruins USC Trojans Utah Utes Washington Huskies Washington State Cougars Championships & awards Pac - 12 Tournament Player of the Year Coach of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Freshman of the Year All - Pac - 12 teams Seasons 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UCLA_Bruins_men%27s_basketball&oldid=841636236 '' Categories : UCLA Bruins men 's basketball Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2015 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 01 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many ncaa basketball championships has ucla won | [
"The UCLA Bruins men's basketball program represents the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) in men's college basketball. Established in 1919, the program has won a record 11 NCAA titles, which is also tied with the Connecticut Huskies women's team for the most in all of college basketball. UCLA teams coached by John Wooden won 10 national titles in 12 seasons, from 1964 to 1975, including seven straight from 1967 to 1973. UCLA went undefeated a record four times, in 1964, 1967, 1972, and 1973. Coach Jim Harrick led the team to another NCAA title in 1995. Former coach Ben Howland led UCLA to three consecutive Final Four appearances from 2006 to 2008.[2] As a member of the AAWU, Pacific-8 and then Pacific-10, UCLA set a NCAA Division I record with 13 consecutive regular season conference titles between 1967 and 1979 which stood until passed by Kansas in 2018.[3] On March 30, 2013, Steve Alford was named the school's 13th head men's basketball coach.[4]"
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-887967255822965574 | Harry Potter and the Cursed Child | Harry Potter and the Cursed Child - Wikipedia Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Jump to : navigation , search Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II Official banner of the 2016 West End production Written by Jack Thorne ( script ) J.K. Rowling , Jack Thorne & John Tiffany ( story ) Characters Harry Potter Albus Severus Potter Scorpius Malfoy Delphini Ginny Weasley - Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger - Weasley Rose Granger - Weasley Draco Malfoy Amos Diggory Cedric Diggory Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Minerva McGonagall Dolores Umbridge Lord Voldemort Original language English Series Harry Potter Subject Harry Potter and his son Albus Severus Potter Genre Fantasy Drama Adventure Setting Wizarding world Official site Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part stage play written by Jack Thorne based on an original new story by Thorne , J.K. Rowling and John Tiffany . Previews of the play began at the Palace Theatre , London on 7 June 2016 , and it officially premiered on 30 July 2016 . In September 2017 , it will start playing at Broadway , in the Lyric Theatre in New York . Its cast will be made up of a similar one to the first year on West - End , with actors including Sam Clemmett , Jamie Parker , Anthony Boyle , Noma Dumezweni and Paul Thornley . The rehearsal script , which was not a novelisation of the play , was published . The story begins nineteen years after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his younger son Albus Severus Potter , who is about to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . At the 2017 Laurence Olivier Awards , the London production received a record - breaking eleven nominations and an again record - breaking nine awards , including Best New Play , Best Actor , Best Actor in a Supporting Role , Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Director . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Part One 1.2 Part Two 2 Background 3 Production 4 Original cast and principal roles 4.1 Notable West End cast replacements 5 Script publication 5.1 Editions 5.2 Sales 6 Critical reception 6.1 Response within the Harry Potter fandom 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Original London Production 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The play 's official summary was released by the publisher ( Pottermore ) on 23 October 2015 : It was always difficult being Harry Potter and it is n't much easier now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic , a husband , and father of three school - age children . While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs , his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted . As past and present fuse ominously , both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth : sometimes , darkness comes from unexpected places . Part one ( edit ) Act 1 In the opening scene , set during the final chapter of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in 2017 , Harry Potter and Ginny Weasley send their second son , Albus Severus Potter , on the Hogwarts Express to begin his first year at Hogwarts . Harry is now working in a desk job as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement at the Ministry of Magic , while Ginny is the editor of the sports section of the Daily Prophet . Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger also send their daughter Rose Granger - Weasley , on the train . Hermione is now Minister for Magic , while Ron manages Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes in Diagon Alley . Albus makes an unlikely friend in Slytherin with Scorpius Malfoy , the son of Harry 's unknown friend Draco Malfoy and Astoria Kolfrey . Surprisingly , Albus is sorted into Slytherin house alongside Scorpius , as all Potters before him were sorted into Gryffindor . Both boys are bullied by other students over the next few years , Albus due to his perceived failure to live up to his parents , Scorpius due to unproven rumours that he is the son of Lord Voldemort . In addition , Albus and Harry begin to drift apart , owing to Albus 's struggles with his father 's shadow , and Harry 's uncertainty on how to deal with his son 's issues . Albus also drifts apart from Rose , who he was friends with before meeting Scorpius . Prior to Albus and Scorpius 's fourth year , Albus gets into a fight with his father after he is given Harry 's baby blanket and a love potion from Ron . During the fight , Harry accidentally says that he does not love Albus , and Albus spills the potion on the blanket . Harry obtains a prototype of a more powerful version of the Time Turner that allows one to travel back several years into the past , and change history . Simultaneously , Harry 's scar begins to hurt again , causing him to become concerned that Voldemort may somehow be returning . Amos Diggory , who has become old and is cared for by his niece Delphi Diggory , asks Harry to use the Time Turner to prevent Cedric Diggory 's death . After overhearing Harry refuse to help the Diggorys , Albus is inspired to do so himself , and convinces Scorpius to help him . The two escape from the Hogwarts Express and the trolly operator , who is revealed to a be a monster placed on the train to prevent students from escaping . The two arrive at St. Oswald 's Home for Old Witches and Wizards in Yorkshire , where Amos lives , and team up with Delphi to steal the Time Turner from Hermione 's office while disguised with Polyjuice Potion . Act 2 Knowing that Cedric 's death was the result of him winning the Triwizard Tournament alongside Harry , the boys use the Time Turner to travel back to the first challenge of the Triwizard Tournament in 1995 , and sabotage Cedric during the tournament 's first task in the hope of preventing his victory . Instead , they only succeed in creating an alternate reality in which Albus was sorted into Gryffindor , and Ron Weasley and Hermione never got together , and thus Rose was never born . Albus discovers that this was because they chose to disguise themselves as Durmstrang students , causing Hermione to become suspicious of Viktor Krum and go to the Yule Ball with Ron instead of Viktor . As a result , Ron never experienced the jealousy fundamental to his relationship with Hermione , fell in love with Padma Patil at the Ball , and eventually became married to her , having a son named Panju . Hermione , in turn , became a frustrated and mean professor at Hogwarts . At around the same time , Harry 's fear that Voldemort may return increases as his scar continues to hurt and as he has Voldemort - related nightmares . After speaking with a portrait of Dumbledore , he becomes convinced that Scorpius is a threat to Albus and tries to have the boys kept apart at Hogwarts by forcing McGonagall to keep tabs on Albus using the Marauders ' Map . Albus and Scorpius 's friendship is destroyed , but the two eventually reconcile after Albus steals Harry 's old Invisibility Cloak from James , and after McGonagall refuses to enforce Harry 's request . Harry himself is persuaded to relent after a conversation with Draco and Ginny . Meanwhile , Albus and Scorpius decide to make another attempt to use the Time Turner to change Cedric 's fate , this time by humiliating him during the Triwizard Tournament 's second task . When Scorpius returns to the present day however , Albus is not with him , and Scorpius finds himself in a reality in which Harry is dead and Voldemort rules the wizarding world . Part two ( edit ) Act 3 Scorpius discovers - as a result of his actions - an embittered Cedric joined the Death Eaters and killed Neville Longbottom during the events of Deathly Hallows , preventing him from killing Nagini and allowing Voldemort to win the Battle of Hogwarts . With Harry now dead , Albus subsequently never existed , while Voldemort was able to completely consolidate power and transform the Ministry of Magic into a fascist regime . In the new timeline , Scorpius became a popular Head Boy and Quidditch star , helping the staff and students torment Muggle - borns . Dolores Umbridge became the new Headmistress of Hogwarts , and patrols the school with Dementors and a revived Inquisitorial Squad lead by Scorpius . Draco Malfoy occupies Harry 's old position as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement , using his post to encourage routine attacks on Muggles and bribe the Prime Minister to remain silent on the actions of the Death Eaters . With help from Ron , Hermione and Severus Snape , now the final members of a dwindling anti-Voldemort resistance movement , Scorpius is able to use the Time Turner to prevent the interference of Albus and his past self and restore the events of the original timeline , the alternate Ron , Hermione and Snape sacrificing themselves to the Dementors in order to allow him to do so . Scorpius reunites with Albus , and the two boys are eventually found by their parents , as well as Ron and Hermione . Following these events , Harry scolds Albus for his actions , but the two nevertheless begin to reconcile . Recognizing the danger the Time Turner poses , and deciding their parents will continue to keep it , Scorpius and Albus attempt to destroy it themselves , but they are joined by Delphi . Scorpius realizes Delphi was in charge of the Ministry of Magic in the alternate timeline , and she takes them captive , later revealing her intention of restoring the alternate timeline . After the adults learn Albus and Scorpius were seen disappearing with Delphi , they confront Amos , only to discover Delphi is not his niece , but the daughter of Voldemort and Bellatrix Lestrange . Searching her room , they discover she is following a prophecy that , if fulfilled , would lead to Voldemort 's return . Delphi takes the boys to the final challenge of the Triwizard Tournament , but Albus and Scorpius prevent her from acting , and Delphi uses the Time Turner to travel further back in time . She inadvertently takes the boys with her , and destroys the Time Turner to leave them stranded in time . Act 4 Abandoned by Delphi , Albus and Scorpius discover they have been taken back to the night Harry 's parents were killed , and assume Delphi is planning to kill Harry before Voldemort can do so . Albus and Scorpius write an invisible message on Harry 's baby blanket , knowing in the present , the blanket would become stained with love potion and expose the message to Harry . Meanwhile , Draco reveals the Time - Turner was actually a prototype for a perfected model owned by him , but they remain unable to rescue the boys due to their uncertainty over which time period they have entered . After Harry receives the message from the boys , he and his allies use Draco 's Time Turner to travel back in time to save them and stop Delphi . While waiting for Delphi , they deduce she intends to convince Voldemort to abandon his doomed attempt to kill Harry , ensuring her father 's survival and allowing her to be with him . Harry disguises himself as Voldemort using Transfiguration to distract Delphi , and the group subdues her . They allow the murder of Harry 's parents to play out , unwilling to risk the consequences of altering the past . After returning to the present day , Delphi is sent to Azkaban Prison . Albus and Scorpius now decide to be more active at Hogwarts , with Scorpius expressing interest in trying out for Quidditch and asking Rose on a date . Harry and Albus visit Cedric 's grave , with Harry apologizing for his role in Cedric 's death . Background ( edit ) In December 2013 , it was revealed that a stage play based on Harry Potter had been in development for around a year , with the view to bringing it to the stage sometime in 2016 . At the time of the announcement , Rowling revealed that the play would `` explore the previously untold story of Harry 's early years as an orphan and outcast '' . The following May , Rowling began establishing the creative team for the project . On 26 June 2015 , the project was officially confirmed under the title of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , and it was revealed it would receive its world premiere in mid-2016 at London 's Palace Theatre . The announcement marked the eighteenth anniversary of the publication of the first Harry Potter novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , published on 26 June 1997 . On announcing plans for the project , Rowling stated that the play would not be a prequel . In response to queries regarding the choice of a play rather than a new novel , Rowling has stated that she `` is confident that when audiences see the play they will agree that it is the only proper medium for the story '' . Rowling has also assured audiences that the play will contain an entirely new story and will not be a rehashing of previously explored content . On 24 September 2015 , Rowling announced that the play had been split into two parts . The parts are designed to be viewed on the same day or consecutively over two evenings . On 23 October , it was confirmed the plays were set nineteen years after the conclusion of the final novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , and would open at London 's Palace Theatre in July 2016 . The plays principally follow Harry , now Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement , and his younger son Albus Severus Potter . As of 22 July , little more had been revealed about the plot even by those who had attended the previews since 7 June . Production ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , a two - part play , was written by British playwright Jack Thorne based on an original story by Thorne , John Tiffany and Rowling . Some websites were listing all three as authors of the script but by July 26 , 2016 , the official web site for the play and many others ( including the BBC ) were listing Thorne as the sole script writer . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is directed by John Tiffany with choreography by Steven Hoggett , set design by Christine Jones , costume design by Katrina Lindsay , lighting design by Neil Austin , music by Imogen Heap , and sound design by Gareth Fry . In addition , special effects were created by Jeremy Chernick , with illusions by Jamie Harrison , and musical supervision by Martin Lowe . Previews at the West End Palace Theatre , London began on June 7 , 2016 , with the official opening night for both parts on July 30 , and originally booking until September 18 , 2016 . Tickets went on sale to pre-registered priority bookers on October 28 , 2015 , with a public sale scheduled to commence on 30 October . In just under 8 hours of priority booking 175,000 tickets were sold for the world premiere production , with the play 's booking period extended to January 2017 . On commencement of the public sale booking was extended until April 30 , 2017 , with a further extension issued the same day to May 27 , 2017 . At opening tickets were priced from £ 30 up to £ 130 for a ticket for both parts , although ticket resale agencies were selling seats for up to £ 3,000 . Ticket resale has been banned by the producers , with tickets no longer valid if sold on . In mid-July 2016 , the theatre began holding a ticket lottery at 1pm each Friday , releasing 40 for sale on their website for ' some of the best seats ' in the theatre for the lowest price , advertised at £ 20 per part . For example , the `` Friday Forty '' tickets sold on July 29 , 2016 were for performances on August 3 , 5 , 6 , and 7 . The plays are recommended for ages 12 and up . On December 20 , 2015 , initial casting was announced with Jamie Parker playing Harry Potter , Noma Dumezweni playing Hermione Granger and Paul Thornley playing Ron Weasley . The casting of the dark - skinned Noma Dumezweni as Hermione sparked fervent discussion , to which Rowling responded that Hermione 's skin was never specified as white . Further notable casting includes Poppy Miller as Ginny Potter and Sam Clemmett as Albus Severus Potter . The production features an overall cast of 42 . Deadline reported on May 4 , 2017 that the play will open on Broadway at the Lyric Theatre with an opening date of April 22 , 2018 , with Clemmett , Boyle , Dumezweni , Parker , Thornley and Miller reprising their roles . Original cast and principal roles ( edit ) Character Original West End Cast ( 2016 - 2017 ) Original Broadway Cast ( 2018 ) Current West End Cast ( 2017 - 2018 ) Harry Potter Jamie Parker Jamie Glover Ron Weasley Paul Thornley Thomas Aldridge Hermione Granger Noma Dumezweni Rakie Ayola Ginny Potter Poppy Miller Emma Lowndes Draco Malfoy Alex Price James Howard Albus Severus Potter Sam Clemmett Theo Ancient Scorpius Malfoy Anthony Boyle Samuel Blenkin Rose Granger - Weasley Cherrelle Skeete Helen Aluko Young Hermione Delphi Diggory Esther Smith Annabel Baldwin Craig Bowker Jr . Jeremy Ang Jones James Phoon Moaning Myrtle Annabel Baldwin April Hughes Lily Potter Sr . Polly Chapman Claudia Grant Sarah Miele Vernon Dursley Paul Bentall David Annen Severus Snape Lord Voldemort Rubeus Hagrid Chris Jarman Mark Theodore Sorting Hat Yann Fredericks James Le Lacheur Henry Rundle Petunia Dursley Helena Lymbery Elizabeth Hill Madam Hooch Dolores Umbridge Amos Diggory Barry McCarthy Barry McCarthy Albus Dumbledore Trolley Witch Sandy McDade Sandy McDade Minerva McGonagall Cedric Diggory Tom Milligan Rupert Henderson James Sirius Potter James Potter Sr . Dudley Dursley Jack North Tom Mackley Karl Jenkins Viktor Krum Henry Rundle Bane Nuno Silva Nuno Silva Young Harry Potter Rudi Goodman Alfred Jones Bili Keogh Ewan Rutherford Nathaniel Smith Dylan Standen Jabez Cheeseman Alfred Jones Harrison Noble Ben Roberts Freddie Preston Lily Luna Potter Zoe Brough Cristina Fray Christiana Hutchings Phoebe Austen Esme Grace Hope Sizer Ava Palmer Ella Bright Notable West End cast replacements ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jamie Glover is to take over from Jamie Parker as Harry Potter , while Emma Lowndes will play his wife Ginny Potter . Thomas Aldridge is to play Ron Weasley , replacing Paul Thornley , while Rakie Ayola will play Hermione Granger , replacing Noma Dumezweni . Annabel Baldwin , previously playing Moaning Myrtle will take over from Esther Smith as Delphi . Original cast members Helen Aluko and James Howard will play Rose Granger - Weasley and Draco Malfoy respectively . Samuel Blenkin and Theo Ancient - making their professional debut - will play Scorpius Malfoy and Albus Potter , respectively . The lead cast are joined by new cast members David Annen , Ruthxjiah Bellenea , Danny Dalton , Leah Haile , Rupert Henderson , Elizabeth Hill , April Hughes , James McGregor , Sarah Miele , Jordan Paris , James Phoon , Henry Rundle , Ged Simmons , Mark Theodore , Gideon Turner and Ed White . Original cast members who will continue include Nicola Alexis , Rosemary Annabella , Phoebe Austen , Annabel Baldwin , Jabez Cheeseman , Morag Cross , Esme Grace , Lowri James , Martin Johnston , Alfred Jones , Barry McCarthy , Sandy McDade , Tom Mackley , Harrison Noble , Ben Roberts , Nuno Silva , Hope Sizer and Joshua Wyatt . The new cast took over on 24 May , with the original cast having their final performance on 21 May . Script publication ( edit ) Editions ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Special Rehearsal Edition cover Author Jack Thorne ( script ) J.K. Rowling , John Tiffany & Jack Thorne ( story ) Country United Kingdom Language English Series Harry Potter Genre Fantasy , Drama Published 31 July 2016 ( Special Rehearsal Edition ) 25 July 2017 ( `` Definitive Collector 's Edition '' ) Publisher Little , Brown and Company ( UK ) Scholastic ( US ) Pottermore ( digital ) Publication date 31 July 2016 Pages 328 ( Special Rehearsal Edition ) 321 ( `` Definitive Collector 's Edition '' ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 338 - 09913 - 3 ( US ) ; 978 - 0 - 7515 - 6535 - 5 ( UK ) Both parts of the stage play 's script have been released in print and digital formats as Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II . The first edition , entitled `` Special Rehearsal Edition '' , corresponded to the script used in the preview shows and was scheduled to be published on 31 July 2016 , the date of Harry 's birthday in the series and Rowling 's birthday , as well . Since revisions to the script continued after the book was printed , an edited version was released on 25 July 2017 , as the `` Definitive Collector 's Edition '' . According to CNN , this was the most preordered book of 2016 . Sales ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , the book sold over 2 million copies in its first two days of release . 847,885 copies were sold during the book 's first week of release in the United Kingdom . By June 2017 , the book had sold over 4.5 million copies in the United States . Critical reception ( edit ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child has received extremely positive reviews from critics . Audiences and critics have complimented the casting and performances , while many debate the quality of the piece and how it compares to entries in the main Harry Potter series . Publications awarding five star ratings included The Independent , the London Evening Standard , The Stage and WhatsOnStage.com . The Telegraph also gave five , although `` there are some quibbles , '' while The Guardian 's Michael Billington awarded four stars . Anthony Boyle 's performance as Scorpius Malfoy garnered particular acclaim . WhatsOnStage.com wrote that `` Boyle gives a career - making performance , '' while The Wall Street Journal described him as `` the break - out performance . '' Variety 's critic , Matt Trueman , agreed , writing , `` it 's Boyle who really stands out '' , and both Trueman and Henry Hitchings , in the Evening Standard , noted that his performance was sure to be a fan favourite . Response within the Harry Potter fandom ( edit ) Reviews within the fandom was negative . Some fans claim that the story diverged from previously established rules of the universe , criticizing the play 's characterization . Some also took issue with the style and plot of the play . These criticisms have led some of the fandom to reject the play as separate from the Potter canon . Rowling has stated that the play is canon . However , other fans responded positively to the play and its characters , with Scorpius Malfoy being particularly popular . Notably , the published script was voted Best Fantasy in Good Reads Choice Awards 2016 . Some fans commented that the dialogue between the familiar characters was `` spot on . '' Others celebrated it as a faithful continuation of the books . Others have noted that the play sheds light on some of the relationships between the characters , such as Harry and Dumbledore 's . The response had been particularly positive among fans who watched the play on stage . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original London Production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2016 Evening Standard Theatre Awards Best Play Won Best Director John Tiffany Nominated Best Design Christine Jones Nominated Emerging Talent Award Anthony Boyle Nominated Critics ' Circle Theatre Awards Best Director John Tiffany Won Best Designer Christine Jones Won Most Promising Newcomer Anthony Boyle Won 2017 WhatsOnStage Awards Best New Play Won Best Actor in a Play Jamie Parker Won Best Supporting Actor in a Play Anthony Boyle Won Paul Thornley Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Play Poppy Miller Nominated Noma Dumezweni Won Best Direction John Tiffany Won Best Costume Design Katrina Lindsay Nominated Best Set Design Christine Jones Won Best Lighting Design Neil Austin Won Best Video Design Finn Ross and Ash Woodward Won Laurence Olivier Awards Best New Play Won Best Director John Tiffany Won Best Actor Jamie Parker Won Best Actress in a Supporting Role Noma Dumezweni Won Best Actor in a Supporting Role Anthony Boyle Won Best Costume Design Christine Jones Won Best Set Design Katrina Lindsay Won Best Sound Design Gareth Fry Won Best Lighting Design Neil Austin Won Best Theatre Choreographer Steven Hoggett Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Music Imogen Heap Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Harry Potter The Play . harrypottertheplaylondon.com. 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lyall , Sarah ( 7 June 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Begins Previews in London , as Magic Continues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Grice , Elizabeth ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child exclusive cast interview : ' Being a wizard is the best job ever ' '' . The Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . Harrypottertheplay.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling 's `` Harry Potter '' in Development for West End Stage Premiere `` . Playbill. 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter turned into stage play '' . The Guardian . 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Battersby , Matilda ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` JK Rowling confirms new Harry Potter story for the theatre '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling to collaborate on Harry Potter play for West End '' . The Guardian . 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , a new play by JK Rowling , will hit the West End in 2016 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter theatre show '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh Evening News . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to open in 2016 '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . bloomsbury.com . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's The One Thing J.K. Rowling Wants Everyone To Know About The New Harry Potter Play '' . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to debut in London in 2016 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' : Everything you need to know '' . mashable.com. 27 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter play will be two - part epic '' . The Independent . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First peek at Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play '' . bbc.co.uk/newsbeat . BBC Newsbeat. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to be split in two '' . The Guardian . 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In New Play , Harry Potter Is a Father '' . The New York Times . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ere 's How You Can See ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Without Robbing Gringotts '' . MTV . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grown - up Harry must juggle working at the Ministry of Magic with being a father to three children , including his youngest Albus . '' . Sky ( United Kingdom ) . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Mark ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child -- ' It 's extraordinary the story still is n't out ' '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXPLORE THE STORY -- Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Pottermore . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . harrypottertheplaylondon.com . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child gets five star reviews '' . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . The play , written by Jack Thorne , is set 19 years after the seventh and final book in the series by JK Rowling . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . Harry Potter The Play . Palace Theatre . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Coming Back , This Time on Stage in New Play '' . The New York Times . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Premiere of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Sets London Premiere '' . Playbill. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Play Planned for 2016 '' . Rolling Stone . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , Leo ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` Harry Potter Play to Open in London Next Year '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' To Open in London 's West End Summer 2016 '' . deadline.com. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling reveals new Harry Potter stage play '' . The Scotsman. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child play to open in London in 2016 , JK Rowling confirms '' . Digital Spy. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter stage play to premiere in the West End next summer '' . The Stage. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HARRY POTTER AND THE CURSED CHILD TO BE PRESENTED IN TWO PARTS '' . soniafriedman.com. 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to get tickets to Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ticket sale : Over 175,000 tickets sell in just eight hours '' . The Independent . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : West End play focuses on Harry 's youngest son '' . The Guardian . 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child run extended to April 2017 as touted tickets go on sale for £ 3,000 '' . The Daily Telegraph . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More than 175,000 tickets for ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' on London 's West End were snapped up in eight hours . '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Extended booking dates confirmed for Harry Potter and The Cursed Child general sale '' . Digital Spy. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child extends booking YET AGAIN -- this time to May 2017 '' . Digital Spy. 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to get tickets to Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Stage Show Producers Warn Scalpers That Resold Tix Will Not Fly '' . Playbill. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Friday Forty '' . Palace Theatre . Palace Theatre . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Your Questions Answered '' . harrypottertheplay.com . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child announces lead cast '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` JK Rowling shuts down anyone with a problem about Hermione being black on Twitter : ' Frizzy hair is canon ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Responding to ( a small pocket of ) negative discussion of the casting , she tweeted : `` Canon : brown eyes , frizzy hair and very clever . White skin was never specified . Rowling loves black Hermione . '' UPDATE : Hold up , maybe the logic is n't quite so airtight . Jump up ^ `` In ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , ' a Black Actress Will Play Hermione '' . The New York Times . 21 December 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Maltby , Kate . `` There 's nothing confusing about a black actress playing Hermione Granger -- Spectator Blogs '' . Spectator Blogs . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . JK Rowling tweeted this morning that she 'd never specified Hermione 's skin colour in the books Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling ( @ jk_rowling ) ( 21 December 2015 ) . `` Canon : brown eyes , frizzy hair and very clever . White skin was never specified . Rowling loves black Hermione '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 20 January 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child cast photos released '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 31 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 42 - Member Multicultural Cast Revealed for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . Playbill. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full casting announced for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child '' . whatsonstage.com. 26 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( 4 May 2017 ) . `` ' Harry Potter And The Cursed Child ' Sets April 22 , 2018 Broadway Opening '' . Deadline . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Announcement Harry Potter and the Cursed Child London '' . Harry Potter and the Cursed Child London . 2015 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Original Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Trio to Reunite on Broadway ; Additional Casting Announced Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New cast announced for Harry Potter and the Cursed Child London - Pottermore '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter and the Cursed Child cast announced '' . WhatsOnStage.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to be eighth book '' . bbc.co.uk/news . BBC News . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to pre-order the Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II script book '' . Pottermore . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World . 2016 . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Will Be Published in Book Form '' . Time . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter book coming out in July : the play script '' . The Guardian . 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exciting publishing programme from J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World '' . pottermore.com. 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter script the most preordered book of 2016 '' . CNN . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ 8 / 3 / 2016 , `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' Script Book Sells Over 2 Million Copies in 2 Days '' < http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/harry-potter-cursed-child-script-916817 > . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 4 August 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/hayleycuccinello/2017/06/19/how-j-k-rowling-earned-95-million-in-a-year/ Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review : Tailor made for the theatre '' . 25 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child : A magical experience '' . 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review at Palace Theatre '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( Palace Theatre ) '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a magical show with a strong emotional core -- review '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( 26 July 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child review -- duel of dark and light carried off with dazzling assurance '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Maltby , Kate ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , Parts One and Two ' Review : The Spell of Friendship '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 25 July 2016 ) . `` West End Review : ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/a43367/harry-potter-and-the-cursed-child-review/ Jump up ^ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/why-harry-potter-and-the-cursed-child-disappointed_us_57a2c2fce4b0456cb7e1799b Jump up ^ http://www.businessinsider.com/harry-potter-cursed-child-reactions-2016-7 Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( @ jk_rowling ) ( 29 June 2015 ) . `` The story of # CursedChild should be considered canon , though . @ jackthorne , John Tiffany ( the director ) and I developed it together . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Shoemaker , Allison ( 2 August 2016 ) . `` Why a Harry Potter and the Cursed Child film may or may not work '' . Consequence of Sound . Jump up ^ https://www.goodreads.com/choiceawards/best-fantasy-books-2016 Jump up ^ Haysom , Sam . `` 15 thoughts I had while reading ' Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ' '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ https://itsmusicalphan24601.tumblr.com/post/157072300373/time-travel-in-harry-potter Jump up ^ https://bounding-heart.tumblr.com/post/159672748068/the-boy-who-lived Jump up ^ `` How Harry Potter & The Cursed Child Continues Harry 's Story '' . Screen Rant. 2016 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what fans are saying about the new ' Harry Potter ' play that just premiered in London '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Official website Harry Potter and the Cursed Child on Twitter Harry Potter and The Cursed Child A selection of reviews of Harry Potter and The Cursed Child by WellRead Harry Potter and The Cursed Child Epub Review Review of Softcopy ( Epub ) At EpubEbooks Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Category Portal J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Feature films Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 production The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 production Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel Music Harry Potter The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Fantastic Beasts Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Other The Cursed Child Pottermore The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood See also Harry Potter cast Harry Potter book series Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them book Book Category Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Blue / Orange ( 2001 ) Jitney ( 2002 ) Vincent in Brixton ( 2003 ) The Pillowman ( 2004 ) The History Boys ( 2005 ) On the Shore of the Wide World ( 2006 ) Blackbird ( 2007 ) A Disappearing Number ( 2008 ) Black Watch ( 2009 ) The Mountaintop ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Collaborators ( 2012 ) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( 2013 ) Chimerica ( 2014 ) King Charles III ( 2015 ) Hangmen ( 2016 ) Harry Potter and the Cursed Child ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Cursed_Child&oldid=802499021 '' Categories : 2016 plays British plays Fantasy theatre Harry Potter books J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Laurence Olivier Award - winning plays Plays set in the 20th century Plays set in the 21st century Plays set in England Plays set in Scotland Time travel literature West End plays Works based on Harry Potter Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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"In the opening scene, set during the final chapter of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in 2017, Harry Potter and Ginny Weasley send their second son, Albus Severus Potter, on the Hogwarts Express to begin his first year at Hogwarts. Harry is now working in a desk job as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement at the Ministry of Magic, while Ginny is the editor of the sports section of the Daily Prophet. Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger also send their daughter Rose Granger-Weasley, on the train. Hermione is now Minister for Magic, while Ron manages Weasley's Wizard Wheezes in Diagon Alley. Albus makes an unlikely friend in Slytherin with Scorpius Malfoy, the son of Harry's unknown friend Draco Malfoy and Astoria Kolfrey. Surprisingly, Albus is sorted into Slytherin house alongside Scorpius, as all Potters before him were sorted into Gryffindor. Both boys are bullied by other students over the next few years, Albus due to his perceived failure to live up to his parents, Scorpius due to unproven rumours that he is the son of Lord Voldemort. In addition, Albus and Harry begin to drift apart, owing to Albus's struggles with his father's shadow, and Harry's uncertainty on how to deal with his son's issues. Albus also drifts apart from Rose, who he was friends with before meeting Scorpius. Prior to Albus and Scorpius's fourth year, Albus gets into a fight with his father after he is given Harry's baby blanket and a love potion from Ron. During the fight, Harry accidentally says that he does not love Albus, and Albus spills the potion on the blanket."
] | [
"Hermione Granger"
] |
1073083229448148719 | Video game console | Video game console - wikipedia Video game console Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on : Video games Platforms ( show ) Arcade game Console game Game console Home console Electronic game Audio game Electronic handheld Handheld game Handheld console Mobile game Online game PC game Linux Mac Genres ( show ) Action Fighting Shooter Action - adventure Stealth Survival horror Adventure Interactive movie Visual novel Role - playing Action role - playing Tactical role - playing Simulation Sports Vehicle Strategy Real - time Turn - based Massively multiplayer online Related ( show ) List of arcade video games List of best - selling video games List of best - selling video game franchises List of highest - grossing arcade games List of video games considered the best List of video game soundtracks considered the best List of Game of the Year awards List of video games notable for negative reception Development ( show ) Game AI Game design Interaction design Game programming Level design Video game art Video game design Video game graphics Video game music A video game console is an electronic , digital or computer device that outputs a video signal or visual image to display a video game that one or more people can play . The term `` video game console '' is primarily used to distinguish a console machine primarily designed for consumers to use for playing video games , in contrast to arcade machines or home computers . An arcade machine consists of a video game computer , display , game controller ( joystick , buttons , etc . ) and speakers housed in large chassis . A home computer is a personal computer designed for home use for a variety of purposes , such as bookkeeping , accessing the Internet and playing video games . There are various types of video game consoles , including home video game consoles , handheld game consoles , microconsoles and dedicated consoles . Although Ralph Baer had built working game consoles by 1966 , it was nearly a decade before the Pong game made them commonplace in regular people 's living rooms . Through evolution over the 1990s and 2000s , game consoles have expanded to offer additional functions such as CD players , DVD players , Blu - ray disc players , web browsers , set - top boxes and more . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Overview of timeline 1.2 First generation 1.3 Second generation 1.3. 1 Home consoles 1.3. 2 Handheld game consoles 1.3. 3 Rebirth of the home console market 1.3. 4 North American video game crash of 1983 1.4 Third generation 1.4. 1 Home consoles 1.4. 2 Handheld game consoles 1.5 Fourth generation 1.5. 1 Home consoles 1.5. 2 Handheld game consoles 1.6 Fifth generation 1.6. 1 Home consoles 1.6. 2 Handheld game consoles 1.7 Sixth generation 1.7. 1 Home consoles 1.7. 2 Handheld game consoles 1.8 Seventh generation 1.8. 1 Home consoles 1.8. 2 Handheld game consoles 1.9 Eighth generation 1.9. 1 Home consoles 1.9. 2 Handheld game consoles 2 Media 2.1 Cartridges 2.2 Chip cards 2.3 Magnetic media 2.4 Optical media 2.5 Internet distribution 3 Bits 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History Overview of timeline Source First generation Main article : First generation of video game consoles See also : Early history of video games The Magnavox Odyssey was the first video game console , released in 1972 The first video games appeared in the 1960s . They were played on massive computers connected to vector displays , not analog televisions . Ralph H. Baer conceived the idea of a home video game in 1951 . In the late 1960s , while working for Sanders Associates , Baer created a series of video game console designs . One of these designs , which gained the nickname of the 1966 `` Brown Box '' , featured changeable game modes and was demonstrated to several TV manufacturers , ultimately leading to an agreement between Sanders Associates and Magnavox . In 1972 , Magnavox released the Magnavox Odyssey , the first home video game console which could be connected to a TV set . Ralph Baer 's initial design had called for a huge row of switches that would allow players to turn on and off certain components of the console ( the Odyssey lacked a CPU ) to create slightly different games like tennis , volleyball , hockey , and chase . Magnavox replaced the switch design with separate cartridges for each game . Although Baer had sketched up ideas for cartridges that could include new components for new games , the carts released by Magnavox all served the same function as the switches and allowed players to choose from the Odyssey 's built - in games . The Odyssey initially sold about 100,000 units , making it moderately successful , and it was not until Atari 's arcade game Pong popularized video games that the public began to take more notice of the emerging industry . By autumn 1975 , Magnavox , bowing to the popularity of Pong , cancelled the Odyssey and released a scaled - down version that played only Pong and hockey , the Odyssey 100 . A second , `` higher end '' console , the Odyssey 200 , was released with the 100 and added on - screen scoring , up to four players , and a third game -- Smash . Almost simultaneously released with Atari 's own home Pong console through Sears , these consoles jump - started the consumer market . All three of the new consoles used simpler designs than the original Odyssey did with no board game pieces or extra cartridges . In the years that followed , the market saw many companies rushing similar consoles to market . After General Instrument released their inexpensive microchips , each containing a complete console on a single chip , many small developers began releasing consoles that looked different externally , but internally were playing exactly the same games . Most of the consoles from this era were dedicated consoles playing only the games that came with the console . These video game consoles were often just called video games , because there was little reason to distinguish the two yet . While a few companies like Atari , Magnavox , and newcomer Coleco pushed the envelope , the market became flooded with simple , similar video games . Second generation Main article : Second generation of video game consoles Home consoles The Atari 2600 became the most popular game console of the second generation . Fairchild released the Fairchild Video Entertainment System ( VES ) in 1976 . While there had been previous game consoles that used cartridges , either the cartridges had no information and served the same function as flipping switches ( the Odyssey ) or the console itself was empty ( Coleco Telstar ) and the cartridge contained all of the game components . The VES , however , contained a programmable microprocessor so its cartridges only needed a single ROM chip to store microprocessor instructions . RCA and Atari soon released their own cartridge - based consoles , the RCA Studio II and the Atari 2600 ( originally branded as the Atari Video Computer System ) , respectively . Handheld game consoles The first handheld game console with interchangeable cartridges was the Microvision designed by Smith Engineering , and distributed and sold by Milton - Bradley in 1979 . Crippled by a small , fragile LCD display and a very narrow selection of games , it was discontinued two years later . The Epoch Game Pocket Computer was released in Japan in 1984 . The Game Pocket Computer featured an LCD screen with 75 X 64 resolution , and could produce graphics at about the same level as early Atari 2600 games . The system sold very poorly , and as a result only five games were made for it . Nintendo 's Game & Watch series of dedicated game systems proved more successful . It helped to establish handheld gaming as popular and lasted until 1991 . Many Games & Watch games were later re-released on Nintendo 's subsequent handheld systems . Rebirth of the home console market The VES continued to be sold at a profit after 1977 , and both Bally ( with their Home Library Computer in 1977 ) and Magnavox ( with the Odyssey2 in 1978 ) brought their own programmable cartridge - based consoles to the market . However , it was not until Atari released a conversion of the golden age arcade hit Space Invaders in 1980 for the Atari 2600 that the home console industry took off . Many consumers bought an Atari console so they could play Space Invaders at home . The unprecedented success of Space Invaders started the trend of console manufacturers trying to get exclusive rights to arcade titles , and the trend of advertisements for game consoles claiming to bring the arcade experience home . Throughout the early 1980s , other companies released video game consoles of their own . Many of the video game systems ( e.g. ColecoVision ) were technically superior to the Atari 2600 , and marketed as improvements over the Atari 2600 . However , Atari dominated the console market in the early 1980s . North American video game crash of 1983 Main article : North American video game crash of 1983 In 1983 , the video game business suffered a much more severe crash . A flood of low - quality video games by smaller companies ( especially for the 2600 ) , industry leader Atari hyping games such as E.T and a 2600 version of Pac - Man that were poorly received , and a growing number of home computer users caused consumers and retailers to lose faith in video game consoles . Most video game companies filed for bankruptcy , or moved into other industries , abandoning their game consoles . A group of employees from Mattel Electronics formed the INTV Corporation and bought the rights for the Intellivision . INTV alone continued to manufacture the Intellivision in small quantities and release new Intellivision games until 1991 . All other North American game consoles were discontinued by 1984 . Revenues generated by the video game industry fell by 97 % during the crash . Third generation Main article : Third generation of video game consoles Home consoles The NES made home console video games popular again in America after the 1983 crash In 1983 , Nintendo released the Family Computer ( or Famicom ) in Japan . The Famicom supported high - resolution sprites , larger color palettes , and tiled backgrounds . This allowed Famicom games to be longer and have more detailed graphics . Nintendo began attempts to bring their Famicom to the U.S. after the video game market had crashed . In the U.S. , video games were seen as a fad that had already passed . To distinguish its product from older game consoles , Nintendo released their Famicom as the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) which used a front - loading cartridge port similar to a VCR , included a plastic `` robot '' ( R.O.B. ) , and was initially advertised as a toy . The NES was the highest selling console in the history of North America and revitalized the video game market . Mario of Super Mario Bros. became a global icon starting with his NES games . Nintendo took a somewhat unusual stance with third - party developers for its console . Nintendo contractually restricted third - party developers to three NES titles per year and forbade them from developing for other video game consoles . The practice ensured Nintendo 's market dominance and prevented the flood of trash titles that had helped kill the Atari , but was ruled illegal late in the console 's life cycle . Sega 's Master System was intended to compete with the NES , but never gained any significant market share in the US or Japan and was barely profitable . It fared notably better in PAL territories . In Europe and South America , the Master System competed with the NES and saw new game releases even after Sega 's next - generation Mega Drive was released . In Brazil where strict importation laws and rampant piracy kept out competitors , the Master System outsold the NES by a massive margin and remained popular into the 1990s . Jack Tramiel , after buying Atari , downsizing its staff , and settling its legal disputes , attempted to bring Atari back into the home console market . Atari released a smaller , sleeker , cheaper version of their popular Atari 2600 . They also released the Atari 7800 , a console technologically comparable with the NES and backwards compatible with the 2600 . Finally Atari repackaged its 8 - bit XE home computer as the XEGS game console . The new consoles helped Atari claw its way out of debt , but failed to gain much market share from Nintendo . Atari 's lack of funds meant that its consoles saw fewer releases , lower production values ( both the manuals and the game labels were frequently black and white ) , and limited distribution . Additionally two popular 8 - bit computers , the Commodore 64 and Amstrad CPC , were repackaged as the Commodore 64 Games System and Amstrad GX4000 respectively , for entry into the console market . Japan North America Europe Units sold Famicom / NES 1985 1986 61,910,000 Mark III / Master System 1985 1986 13,000,000 Atari 7800 none 1986 3,770,000 Atari XEGS none 100,000 Handheld game consoles In the later part of the third generation , Nintendo also introduced the Game Boy , which almost single - handedly solidified and then proceeded to dominate the previously scattered handheld market for 15 years . While the Game Boy product line was incrementally updated every few years , until the Game Boy Micro and Nintendo DS , and partially the Game Boy Color , all Game Boy products were backwards compatible with the original released in 1989 . Since the Game Boy 's release , Nintendo had dominated the handheld market . Fourth generation Main article : Fourth generation of video game consoles Home consoles Nintendo Super Famicom NEC brought the first fourth - generation console to market with their PC Engine ( or TurboGrafx16 ) when Hudson Soft approached them with an advanced graphics chip . Hudson had previously approached Nintendo , only to be rebuffed by a company still raking in the profits of the NES . The TurboGrafx used the unusual HuCard format to store games . The small size of these proprietary cards allowed NEC to re-release the console as a handheld game console . The PC Engine enjoyed brisk sales in Japan , but its North American counterpart , the TurboGrafx , lagged behind the competition . The console never saw an official release in Europe , but clones and North American imports were available in some markets starting in 1990 . NEC advertised their console as `` 16 - bit '' to highlight its advances over the NES . This started the trend of all subsequent fourth generations consoles being advertised as 16 bit . Many people still refer to this generation as the 16 - bit generation , and often refer to the third generation as `` 8 - bit '' . Sega scaled down and adapted their Sega System 16 ( used to power arcade hits like Altered Beast and Shinobi ) into the Mega Drive ( sold as the Genesis in North America ) and released it with a near arcade - perfect port of Altered Beast . Sega 's console met lukewarm sales in Japan , but skyrocketed to first place in PAL markets , and made major inroads in North America . Propelled by its effective `` Genesis does what Nintendo n't '' marketing campaign , Sega capitalized on the Genesis 's technological superiority over the NES , faithful ports of popular arcade games , and competitive pricing . The arcade gaming company SNK developed the high end Neo Geo MVS arcade system which used interchangeable cartridges similar to home consoles . Building on the success of the MVS , SNK repackaged the NeoGeo as the Neo Geo AES home console . Though technologically superior to the other fourth - generation consoles , the AES and its games were prohibitively expensive , which kept sales low and prevented it from expanding outside its niche market and into serious competition with Nintendo and Sega . The AES did , however , amass a dedicated cult following , allowing it to see new releases into the 2000s . Fourth generation graphics chips allowed these consoles to reproduce the art styles that were becoming popular in arcades and on home computers . These games often featured lavish background scenery , huge characters , broader color pallettes , and increased emphasis on dithering and texture . Games written specifically for the NES , like Megaman , Shatterhand , and Super Mario Bros. 3 were able to work cleverly within its limitations . Ports of the increasingly detailed arcade and home computer games came up with various solutions . For example , when Capcom released Strider in the arcade they created an entirely separate Strider game for the NES that only incorporated themes and characters from the arcade . In 1990 , Nintendo finally brought their Super Famicom to market and brought it to the United States as the Super NES ( SNES ) a year later . Its release marginalized the TurboGrafx and the Neo Geo , but came late enough for Sega to sell several million consoles in North America and gain a strong foothold . The same year the SNES was released Sega released Sonic the Hedgehog , which spiked Genesis sales , similar to Space Invaders on the Atari . Also , by 1992 the first fully licensed NFL Football game was released : NFL Sports Talk Football ' 93 , which was available only on the Genesis . This impact on Genesis sales , and the overall interest of realistic sports games , would start the trend of licensed sports games being viewed as necessary for the success of a console in the US . While Nintendo enjoyed dominance in Japan , and Sega in Europe , the competition between the two was particularly fierce and close in North America . Ultimately , the SNES outsold the Genesis , but only after Sega discontinued the Genesis to focus on the next generation of consoles . One trait that remains peculiar to the fourth generation is the huge number of exclusive games . Both Sega and Nintendo were very successful and their consoles developed massive libraries of games . Both consoles had to be programmed in assembly to get the most out of them . A game optimized for the Genesis could take advantage of its faster CPU and sound chip . A game optimized for the SNES could take advantage of its graphics and its flexible , clean sound chip . Some game series , like Castlevania , saw separate system exclusive releases rather than an attempt to port one game to disparate platforms . When compact disc ( CD ) technology became available midway through the fourth generation , each company attempted to integrate it into their existing consoles in different ways . NEC and Sega released CD add - ons to their consoles in the form of the TurboGrafx - CD and Sega CD , but both were only moderately successful . NEC also released the TurboDuo which combined the TurboGrafx - 16 and its TurboGrafx - CD add - on ( along with the RAM and BIOS upgrade from the Super System Card ) into one unit . SNK released a third version of the NeoGeo , the Neo Geo CD , allowing the company to release its games on a cheaper medium than the AES 's expensive cartridges , but it reached the market after Nintendo and Sega had already sold tens of millions of consoles each . Nintendo partnered with Sony to work on a CD add - on for the SNES , but the deal fell apart when they realized how much control Sony wanted . Sony would use their work with Nintendo as the basis for their PlayStation game console . While CDs became an increasingly visible part of the market , CD - reading technology was still expensive in the 1990s , limiting NEC 's and Sega 's add - ons ' sales . Japan North America Europe Units sold PC Engine / TurboGrafx - 16 1989 1989 10,000,000 Mega Drive / Genesis 1989 1990 40,000,000 Neo Geo 1991 1991 1994 980,000 Super Famicom / Super NES 1990 1991 49,100,000 LaserActive 1993 1993 none 10,000 Handheld game consoles The first handheld game console released in the fourth generation was the Game Boy , on April 21 , 1989 . It went on to dominate handheld sales by an extremely large margin , despite featuring a low - contrast , unlit monochrome screen while all three of its leading competitors had color . Three major franchises made their debut on the Game Boy : Tetris , the Game Boy 's killer application ; Pokémon ; and Kirby . With some design ( Game Boy Pocket , Game Boy Light ) and hardware ( Game Boy Color ) changes , it continued in production in some form until 2008 , enjoying a better than 18 - year run . The Atari Lynx included hardware - accelerated color graphics , a backlight , and the ability to link up to sixteen units together in an early example of network play when its competitors could only link 2 or 4 consoles ( or none at all ) , but its comparatively short battery life ( approximately 4.5 hours on a set of alkaline cells , versus 35 hours for the Game Boy ) , high price , and weak games library made it one of the worst - selling handheld game systems of all time , with less than 500,000 units sold . The third major handheld of the fourth generation was the Game Gear . It featured graphics capabilities roughly comparable to the Master System ( better colours , but lower resolution ) , a ready made games library by using the `` Master - Gear '' adaptor to play cartridges from the older console , and the opportunity to be converted into a portable TV using a cheap tuner adaptor , but it also suffered some of the same shortcomings as the Lynx . While it sold more than twenty times as many units as the Lynx , its bulky design - slightly larger than even the original Game Boy ; relatively poor battery life - only a little better than the Lynx ; and later arrival in the marketplace - competing for sales amongst the remaining buyers who did n't already have a Game Boy - hampered its overall popularity despite being more closely competitive to the Nintendo in terms of price and breadth of software library . Sega eventually retired the Game Gear in 1997 , a year before Nintendo released the first examples of the Game Boy Color , to focus on the Nomad and non-portable console products . Other handheld consoles released during the fourth generation included the TurboExpress , a handheld version of the TurboGrafx - 16 released by NEC in 1990 , and the Game Boy Pocket , an improved model of the Game Boy released about two years before the debut of the Game Boy Color . While the TurboExpress was another early pioneer of color handheld gaming technology and had the added benefit of using the same game cartridges or ' HuCards ' as the TurboGrafx16 , it had even worse battery life than the Lynx and Game Gear - about three hours on six contemporary AA batteries - selling only 1.5 million units . Fifth generation Main article : Fifth generation of video game consoles During this time home computers gained greater prominence as a way of playing video games . The gaming console industry nonetheless continued to thrive alongside home computers , due to the advantages of much lower prices , easier portability , circuitry specifically dedicated towards gaming , the ability to be played on a television set ( which PCs of the time could not do in most cases ) , and intensive first party software support from manufacturers who were essentially banking their entire future on their consoles . Home consoles The Sony PlayStation became the most popular system of the fifth generation consoles , eventually selling over 100 million systems The first fifth - generation consoles were the 3DO and the Atari Jaguar . Although both consoles were more powerful than the fourth generation systems , neither would become serious threats to Sega or Nintendo . The 3DO initially generated a great deal of hype in part because of a licensing scheme where 3DO licensed the manufacturing of its console out to third parties , similar to VCR or DVD players . However , unlike its competitors who could sell their consoles at a loss , all 3DO manufacturers had to sell for profit . The cheapest 3DO was more expensive than the SNES and Genesis combined . The Jaguar had three processors and no C libraries to help developers cope with it . Atari was ineffective at courting third parties and many of their first party games were poorly received . Many of the Jaguar 's games used mainly the slowest ( but most familiar ) of the console 's processors , resulting in titles that could easily have been released on the SNES or Genesis . To compete with emerging next gen consoles , Nintendo released Donkey Kong Country which could display a wide range of tones ( something common in fifth - generation games ) by limiting the number of hues onscreen , and Star Fox which used an extra chip inside of the cartridge to display polygon graphics . Sega followed suit , releasing Vectorman and Virtua Racing ( the latter of which used the Sega Virtua Processor ) . Sega also released the 32X , an add - on for the Genesis , while their Sega Saturn was still in development . Despite public statements from Sega claiming that they would continue to support the Genesis / 32X throughout the next generation , Sega Enterprises forced Sega of America to abandon the 32X . The 32X 's brief and confusing existence damaged public perception of the coming Saturn and Sega as a whole . While the fourth generation had seen NEC 's TurboGrafx - CD and Sega 's Sega CD add - ons , it was not until the fifth generation that CD - based consoles and games began to seriously compete with cartridges . CD - ROMs were significantly cheaper to manufacture and distribute than cartridges were , and gave developers room to add cinematic cut - scenes , pre-recorded soundtracks , and voice acting that made more serious storytelling possible . NEC had been developing a successor to the TurboGrafx - 16 as early as 1990 , and presented a prototype , dubbed the `` Iron Man , '' to developers in 1992 , but shelved the project as the CD - ROM2 System managed to extend the console 's market viability in Japan into the mid-90s . When sales started to dry up , NEC rushed its old project to the market . The PC - FX , a CD - based , 32 - bit console , had highly advanced , detailed 2D graphics capabilities , and better full - motion video than any other system on the market . It was , however , incapable of handling 3D graphics , forfeiting its chances at seriously competing with Sony and Sega . The console was limited to a niche market of dating sims and visual novels in Japan , and never saw release in Western markets . After the abortive 32X , Sega entered the fifth generation with the Saturn . Sega released several highly regarded titles for the Saturn , but a series of bad decisions alienated many developers and retailers . While the Saturn was technologically advanced , it was also complex , difficult , and unintuitive to write games for . In particular , programming 3D graphics that could compete with those on Nintendo and Sony 's consoles proved exceptionally difficult for third - party developers . Because the Saturn used quadrilaterals , rather than standard triangles , as its basic polygon , cross platform games had to be completely rewritten to see a Saturn port . The Saturn was also a victim of internal politics at Sega . While the Saturn sold comparably well in Japan , Sega 's branches in North America and Europe refused to license localizations of many popular Japanese titles , holding they were ill - suited to Western markets . First - party hits like Sakura Taisen never saw Western releases , while several third - party titles released on both PlayStation and Saturn in Japan , like Grandia and Castlevania : Symphony of the Night , were released in North America and Europe as PlayStation exclusives . Born from a failed attempt to create a console with Nintendo , Sony 's PlayStation would not only dominate its generation , but become the first console to sell over 100 million units by expanding the video game market . Sony actively courted third parties and provided them with convenient c libraries to write their games . Sony had built the console from the start as a 3D , disc - based system , and emphasized its 3D graphics that would come to be viewed as the future of gaming . The PlayStation 's CD technology won over several developers who had been releasing titles for Nintendo and Sega 's fourth generation consoles , such as Konami , Namco , Capcom , and Square . CDs were far cheaper to manufacture and distribute than cartridges were , meaning developers could release larger batches of games at higher profit margins ; Nintendo 's console , on the other hand , used cartridges , unwittingly keeping third - party developers away . The PlayStation 's internal architecture was simpler and more intuitive to program for , giving the console an edge over Sega 's Saturn . Nintendo was the last to release a fifth generation console with their Nintendo 64 , and when they finally released their console in North America , it came with only two launch titles . Partly to curb piracy and partly as a result of Nintendo 's failed disc projects with Sony and Philips , Nintendo used cartridges for their console . The higher cost of cartridges drove many third party developers to the PlayStation . The Nintendo 64 could handle 3D polygons better than any console released before it , but its games often lacked the cut - scenes , soundtracks , and voice - overs that became standard on PlayStation discs . Nintendo released several highly acclaimed titles , such as Super Mario 64 and The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time , and the Nintendo 64 was able to sell tens of millions of units on the strength of first - party titles alone , but its constant struggles against Sony would make the Nintendo 64 the last home console to use cartridges as a medium for game distribution . Japan North America Europe Units sold FM Towns Marty 1993 none none 45,000 Atari Jaguar 1994 1993 1994 250,000 3DO 1994 1993 1994 2,000,000 PC - FX 1994 none none 400,000 Sega 32X 1994 1994 1995 665,000 Virtual Boy 1995 1995 none 770,000 Sega Saturn 1994 1995 1995 9,260,000 PlayStation 1994 1995 1995 102,490,000 Nintendo 64 32,930,000 Handheld game consoles Sega Nomad Released in 1995 Game Boy Pocket Released in 1996 Game.com Released in September 1997 Game Boy Light Released in April 1998 Game Boy Color Released in November 1998 Neo Geo Pocket Released in 1998 Sixth generation Main article : Sixth generation of video game consoles Home consoles With more than 155 million units sold , the Sony PlayStation 2 is the best selling video game console in history The Dreamcast was the last system released by Sega , who became a third - party software publisher . The sixth generation witnessed a shift towards using DVDs for video game media . This brought games that were both longer and more visually appealing . Adding furthermore features with online console gaming and implementing both flash and hard drive storage for game data . Sega 's Dreamcast , the first console with a built - in modem , was released in Japan on November 27 , 1998 . The Dreamcast initially underperformed in Japan ; while interest was initially strong , the company was forced to stop taking preorders due to manufacturing issues , and the system underperformed its sales expectations , with reports of disappointed customers returning Dreamcast consoles to buy Playstation games and peripherals . After the sluggish sales in Japan , Sega pursued a different strategy in other areas . The system launched in North America with 18 titles , including the much - anticipated Sonic Adventure . A big part of marketing their system to North America was taking advantage of the turn of the century and North America 's tendency to end a products price tag with the number 9 . They came up with the slogan `` 9 / 9 / 99 for $199 '' , and the system initially sold brisky . Despite Japan having a year head start on North America , by the end of 1999 the Dreamcast had sold 2 million units in North America versus only 1 million in Japan , and at the end of the year Sega controlled 31 % of the American video game market . The Dreamcast went on to launch in Europe on October 14 , 1999 and in Australia on November 30 , 1999 . However , Sega 's success ultimately proved to be short - lived . Sony announced their own upcoming system , the Playstation 2 , in the fall of 1999 ; while they had few details on their system , many consumers ultimately held off on buying a system until Sony 's own system launched . The PS2 released a year later and received immense critical acclaim . The PS2 quickly outsold the Dreamcast , eventually going on to become the best - selling video game console of all time while the Dreamcast 's own sales stagnated . The Dreamcast was Sega 's last video game console , and was the first of the generation 's consoles to be discontinued . Sega implemented a special type of optical media called the GD - ROM . These discs were created in order to prevent software piracy , which had been more easily done with consoles of the previous generation ; however , this format was soon cracked as well . It also sported a 33.6 Kb or 56k modem which could be used to access the Internet or play some games that took advantage of this feature , such as Phantasy Star Online , making it the first console with built - in Internet connectivity . An add on for an Ethernet port allowed one to access broad band Internet though it did not come with the system . The Dreamcast was discontinued in March 2001 , and Sega transitioned to software developing / publishing only . Sony 's PlayStation 2 was released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , in Europe on November 24 , 2000 and in Australia on November 30 , 2000 . It was the follow - up to its highly successful PlayStation , and was also the first home game console to be able to play DVDs . As was done with the original PlayStation in 2000 , Sony redesigned the console in 2004 into a smaller version . As of November 21 , 2011 over 140 million PlayStation 2 units have been sold . This makes it the best selling home console of all time to date . Nintendo 's GameCube was released in Japan on September 15 , 2001 , in North America on November 18 , 2001 , in Europe on May 3 , 2002 and in Australia on May 17 , 2002 . It was Nintendo 's fourth home video game console and the first console by the company to use optical media instead of cartridges . The GameCube did not play standard 12 cm DVDs , instead it employed smaller 8 cm optical discs . With the release of the GameCube Game Boy Player , all Game Boy , Game Boy Color , and Game Boy Advance cartridges could be played on the platform . The GameCube was discontinued in 2007 with the release of Wii . Microsoft 's Xbox was the first dedicated video games console released by the company in North America on November 15 , 2001 , in Japan on February 22 , 2002 , and in Europe and Australia on March 14 , 2002 . Microsoft realized the power of video game consoles and feared with growing capabilities they may take over more than the living room . It was the first console to employ a hard drive right out of the box to save games , the first to include an Ethernet port for broadband internet , and the beginning of Microsoft 's online Xbox LIVE service . Microsoft was able to attract many PC developers by using the NT kernel and DirectX from their Windows operating system . Though criticized for its bulky size and the awkwardness of its original controller , the Xbox eventually gained popularity , especially in the US , where it outsold the GameCube to secure second place , due in part to the success of the Halo franchise . Japan North America Europe Units sold Dreamcast 1998 1999 1999 9,130,000 PlayStation 2 2000 2000 2000 155,000,000 GameCube 2001 2001 2002 21,740,000 Xbox 2002 2001 2002 24,000,000 Handheld game consoles During the sixth generation era , the handheld game console market expanded with the introduction of new devices from many different manufacturers . Nintendo maintained its dominant share of the handheld market with the release in 2001 of the Game Boy Advance , which featured many upgrades and new features over the Game Boy . Two redesigns of this system followed , the Game Boy Advance SP in 2003 and the Game Boy Micro in 2005 . Also introduced were the Neo Geo Pocket Color in 1998 and Bandai 's WonderSwan Color , launched in Japan in 1999 . South Korean company Game Park introduced its GP32 handheld in 2001 , and with it came the dawn of open source handheld consoles . The Game Boy Advance line of handhelds has sold 81.51 million units worldwide as of September 30 , 2010 . A major new addition to the market was the trend for corporations to include a large number of `` non-gaming '' features into their handheld consoles , including cell phones , MP3 players , portable movie players , and PDA - like features . The handheld that started this trend was Nokia 's N - Gage , which was released in 2003 and doubled primarily as a mobile phone . It went through a redesign in 2004 and was renamed the N - Gage QD . A second handheld , the Zodiac from Tapwave , was released in 2004 ; based on the Palm OS , it offered specialized gaming - oriented video and sound capabilities , but it had an unwieldy development kit due to the underlying Palm OS foundation . With more and more PDAs arriving during the previous generation , the difference between consumer electronics and traditional computing began to blur and cheap console technology grew as a result . It was said of PDAs that they were `` the computers of handheld gaming '' because of their multi-purpose capabilities and the increasingly powerful computer hardware that resided within them . This capability existed to move gaming beyond the last generation 's 16 - bit limitations ; however , PDAs were still geared towards the typical businessman , and lacked new , affordable software franchises to compete with dedicated handheld gaming consoles . Seventh generation Main article : Seventh generation of video game consoles Video game consoles had become an important part of the global IT infrastructure . It is estimated that video game consoles represented 25 % of the world 's general - purpose computational power in the year 2007 . Home consoles The release of the Xbox 360 began the seventh generation The features introduced in this generation include the support of new disc formats : Blu - ray Disc , utilized by the PlayStation 3 , and HD DVD supported by the Xbox 360 via an optional $200 external accessory addition , that was later discontinued as the format war closed . Another new technology is the use of motion as input , and IR tracking ( as implemented on the Wii ) . Also , all seventh generation consoles support wireless controllers . This generation also introduced the Nintendo DS , and the Nintendo DSi , which brought touch screens into the mainstream for and added cameras to portable gaming . Microsoft kicked off the seventh generation with the release of the Xbox 360 on November 22 , 2005 in the United States , December 2 , 2005 in Europe , December 10 , 2005 in Japan and March 23 , 2006 in Australia . It featured market - leading processing power until the Sony PlayStation 3 was released one year later . While the original Xbox 360 `` Core '' did not include an internal HDD , most Xbox 360 models since have included at least the option to have one . The Xbox 360 optical drive is a DVD9 reader , allowing DVD movies to be played . No Blu - ray drive was included , making big games like Battlefield and Wolfenstein : The New Order require two or more DVDs to play . Up to four controllers can be connected to the console wirelessly on the standard 2.4 GHz spectrum . There are 4 discontinued versions of the Xbox 360 : the `` Arcade , '' the `` Pro , '' and the `` Elite , '' and the newer `` S '' or ' slim ' model . The `` E '' version of the Xbox 360 included 3 configurations : a 4GB internal SSD version which acts like a USB hard drive , a 250 GB HDD version , and a branded 320 GB HDD version . The Xbox 360 is backward compatible with about half the games of the original Xbox library . In 2010 , Microsoft released Kinect , allowing for motion - controlled games . The Xbox 360 was discontinued on April 20 , 2016 . The XBox 360 had major technical problems on release , with a large portion of its consoles suffering from general hardware failures , nicknamed `` the Red Ring of Death ( RROD ) '' for the display of a red ring around the console 's power button indicating the problem . The company spent over $1 billion correcting the problem . Sony 's PlayStation 3 was released in Japan on November 11 , 2006 , in North America on November 17 , 2006 and in Europe and Australia on March 23 , 2007 . All PlayStation 3 's come with a hard drive and are able to play Blu - ray Disc games and Blu - ray Disc movies out of the box . The PlayStation 3 was the first video game console to support HDMI output out of the box , using full 1080p resolution . Up to seven controllers can connect to the console using Bluetooth . There are 6 discontinued versions of the PS3 : a 20 GB HDD version ( discontinued in North America and Japan , and was never released in PAL territories ) , a 40 GB HDD version ( discontinued ) , a 60 GB HDD version ( discontinued in North America , Japan and PAL territories ) , 80 GB HDD version ( only in some NTSC territories and PAL territories ) , a `` slim '' 120GB HDD version ( discontinued ) , and a `` slim '' 250 GB version ( discontinued ) . The two current shipping versions of the PlayStation 3 are : a `` slim '' 160 GB HDD version and a `` slim '' 320 GB HDD version . The hard drive can be replaced with any standard 2.5 '' Serial ATA drive and the system has support for removable media storage , such as Memory Stick , Memory Stick Pro , Memory Stick Duo , Memory Stick PRO Duo , USB , SD , MiniSD , and CompactFlash ( CF ) digital media , but only the PlayStation versions up to 80 GB support this . The slim PlayStation 3 consoles ( 120 GB and up ) had removable storage discontinued . All models are backward compatible with the original PlayStation 's software library , and the launch models , since discontinued , are also backward compatible with PlayStation 2 games . As a cost - cutting measure , later models removed the Emotion Engine , making them incompatible with PlayStation 2 discs . In 2010 , Sony released PlayStation Move , allowing for motion - controlled games . With recent software updates , the PlayStation 3 can play 3D Blu - ray movies and 3D games . With more than 101 million units sold , the Nintendo Wii is the best - selling home video game console in the seventh generation . Nintendo 's Wii was released in North America on November 19 , 2006 , in Japan on December 2 , 2006 , in Australia on December 7 , 2006 and in Europe on December 8 , 2006 . It is bundled with Wii Sports in all regions except for Japan . Unlike the other systems of the seventh generation , the Wii does not support an internal hard drive , but instead uses 512 MB of internal Flash memory and includes support for removable SD card storage . It also has a maximum resolution output of 480p , making it the only seventh generation console not able to output high - definition graphics . Along with its lower price , the Wii is notable for its unique controller , the Wii Remote , which resembles a TV remote . The system uses a `` sensor bar '' that emits infrared light that is detected by an infrared camera in the Wii Remote to determine orientation relative to the source of the light . All models , other than the Wii Family Edition and the Wii Mini , are backwards compatible with GameCube games and support up to four GameCube controllers and two memory cards . It also includes the Virtual Console , which allows the purchase and downloading of games from older systems , including those of former competitors . In 2009 , Nintendo introduced the ' Wii MotionPlus ' expansion , which uses the same technology as the console previously used , but with enhanced motion tracking and sensing to improve gameplay quality . The Wii has four colors : white , blue , black , and red . Current models include Wii Sports , Wii Sports Resort , and Wii Motion Plus . Japan North America Europe Units sold Xbox 360 2005 2005 2005 84,700,000 PlayStation 3 2006 2006 2007 85,900,000 Wii 2006 2006 2006 101,630,000 Handheld game consoles For handheld game consoles , the seventh generation began with the release of the Nintendo DS on November 21 , 2004 . This handheld was based on a design fundamentally different from the Game Boy and other handheld video game systems . The Nintendo DS offered new modes of input over previous generations such as a touch screen , the ability to connect wirelessly using IEEE 802.11 b , as well as a microphone to speak to in - game NPCs . On December 12 , 2004 , Sony released its first handheld , PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) . The PlayStation Portable was marketed at launch to an above 25 - year - old or `` core gamer '' market , while the Nintendo DS proved to be popular with both core gamers and new customers . Nokia revived its N - Gage platform in the form of a service for selected S60 devices . This new service launched on April 3 , 2008 . Other less - popular handheld systems released during this generation include the Gizmondo ( launched on March 19 , 2005 and discontinued in February 2006 ) and the GP2X ( launched on November 10 , 2005 and discontinued in August 2008 ) . The GP2X Wiz , Pandora , and Gizmondo 2 were scheduled for release in 2009 . Another aspect of the seventh generation was the beginning of direct competition between dedicated handheld gaming devices , and increasingly powerful PDA / cell phone devices such as the iPhone and iPod Touch , and the latter being aggressively marketed for gaming purposes . Simple games such as Tetris and Solitaire had existed for PDA devices since their introduction , but by 2009 PDAs and phones had grown sufficiently powerful to where complex graphical games could be implemented , with the advantage of distribution over wireless broadband . Japan North America Europe Units sold Nintendo DS 2005 154,020,000 PlayStation Portable 2005 2005 82,000,000 Eighth generation Main article : Eighth generation of video game consoles Home consoles The Wii U was the least selling console of the eighth generation , selling around 12.8 million units as of 2016 , but some of Nintendo 's first party games for the system have sold over half the install base of the system , telling that Nintendo has a very dedicated fanbase Aside from the usual hardware enhancements , consoles of the eighth generation focus on further integration with other media and increased connectivity . The Wii U introduced a controller / tablet hybrid whose features include the possibility of augmented reality in gaming . The PlayStation 4 is Sony 's eighth generation console , featuring a `` share '' button to stream video game content between devices , released on November 15 , 2013 . Microsoft released their next generation console , the Xbox One , on November 22 , 2013 . On March 3 , 2017 , following poor sales of the Wii U , Nintendo released the Nintendo Switch , a ' hybrid ' console consisting of a tablet with controller attachments that can be used as a mobile device or connected to a television via a dock . Game systems in the eighth generation also faced increasing competition from mobile device platforms such as Apple 's iOS and Google 's Android operating systems . Smartphone ownership was estimated to reach roughly a quarter of the world 's population by the end of 2014 . The proliferation of low - cost games for these devices , such as Angry Birds with over 2 billion downloads worldwide , presents a new challenge to classic video game systems . Microconsoles , cheaper stand - alone devices designed to play games from previously established platforms , also increased options for consumers . Many of these projects were spurred on by the use of new crowdfunding techniques through sites such as Kickstarter . Notable competitors include the GamePop , OUYA , GameStick Android - based systems , the PlayStation TV , the NVIDIA SHIELD and Steam Machines . Despite the increased competition , the sales for major console manufacturers featured strong starts . The PlayStation 4 sold 1 million consoles within 24 hours in 2 countries , whilst the Xbox One sold 1 million consoles within 24 hours in 13 countries . As of December 6 , 2016 , over 50 million PlayStation 4 consoles have been sold worldwide , and 10 million Xbox One units have shipped to retailers ( by the end of 2014 ) , both outpacing sales of their seventh generation systems . In May , Nintendo announced that it had sold only 2.8 million Wii U consoles , falling far short of their forecasts . Japan North America Europe Units sold Wii U 2012 2012 2012 13,360,000 PlayStation 4 2014 2013 2013 50,000,000 Xbox One 2014 2013 2013 10,000,000 Handheld game consoles The Nintendo 3DS is a portable game console produced by Nintendo . It is the successor to the Nintendo DS . The autostereoscopic device is able to project stereoscopic 3D effects without the use of 3D glasses or any additional accessories . The Nintendo 3DS features backward compatibility with Nintendo DS series software , including Nintendo DSi software . After announcing the device in March 2010 , Nintendo officially unveiled it at E3 2010 , with the company inviting attendees to use demonstration units . The console succeeded the Nintendo DS series of handheld systems , which primarily competed with PlayStation Portable . The 3DS competed with Sony 's handheld , the PlayStation Vita . PlayStation Vita is a handheld game console developed by Sony Computer Entertainment . It is the successor to the PlayStation Portable as part of the PlayStation brand of gaming devices . It was released in Japan on December 17 , 2011 and was released in Europe and North America on February 22 , 2012 . The handheld includes two analog sticks , a 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) OLED / LCD multi-touch capacitive touchscreen , and supports Bluetooth , Wi - Fi and optional 3G . Internally , the PS Vita features a 4 core ARM Cortex - A9 MPCore processor and a 4 core SGX543MP4+ graphics processing unit , as well as LiveArea software as its main user interface , which succeeds the XrossMediaBar . Japan North America Europe Units sold Nintendo 3DS 2011 2011 2011 61,570,000 PlayStation Vita 2011 2012 2012 4,000,000 Media Cartridges Game cartridges consist of a printed circuit board housed inside of a plastic casing , with a connector allowing the device to interface with the console . The circuit board can contain a wide variety of components . All cartridge games contain at the minimum , read only memory with the software written on it . Many cartridges also carry components that increase the original console 's power , such as extra RAM or a coprocessor . Components can also be added to extend the original hardware 's functionality ( such as gyroscopes , rumble packs , tilt - sensors , light sensors , etc . ) ; this is more common on handheld consoles where the user does not interact with the game through a separate video game controller . Cartridges were the first external media to be used with home consoles and remained the most common until continued improvements in capacity in 1995 ( the Nintendo 64 , released in 1996 , was the last mainstream game console to use cartridges ) . Nevertheless , the relatively high manufacturing costs and limited data capacity compared to optical media at the time saw them completely replaced by the latter for home consoles by the early 21st century , although they are still in use in some handheld video game consoles and in the Nintendo Switch . Due to the aforementioned capabilities of cartridges such as more memory and coprocessors , those factors make it harder to reverse engineer consoles to be used on emulators . Chip cards Further information : Smart card Several consoles such as the Master System and the TurboGrafx - 16 have used different types of smart cards as an external medium . These cards function similar to simple cartridges . Information is stored on a chip that is housed in plastic . Cards are more compact and simpler than cartridges , though . This makes them cheaper to produce and smaller , but limits what can be done with them . Cards can not hold extra components , and common cartridge techniques like bank switching ( a technique used to create very large games ) were impossible to miniaturize into a card in the late 1980s . Compact Discs reduced much of the need for cards . Optical Discs can hold more information than cards , and are cheaper to produce . The Nintendo GameCube and the PlayStation 2 use memory cards for storage , but the PlayStation Vita , Nintendo 3DS , and Nintendo Switch are currently the only modern systems to use cards for game distribution . Nintendo has long used cartridges with their Game Boy line of hand held consoles because of their durability , small size , stability ( not shaking and vibrating the handheld when it is in use ) , and low battery consumption . Nintendo switched to cards starting with the DS , because advances in memory technology made putting extra memory on the cartridge unnecessary . The PlayStation Vita uses Sony 's own proprietary flash - memory Vita cards as one method of game distribution . Magnetic media Two forms of magnetic media commonly used in the 1980s and 1990s for video games are cassette and floppy disk Home computers have long used magnetic storage devices . Both tape drives and floppy disk drives were common on early microcomputers . Their popularity is in large part because a tape drive or disk drive can write to any material it can read . However , magnetic media is volatile and can be more easily damaged than game cartridges or optical discs . Among the first consoles to use magnetic media were the Bally Astrocade and APF - M1000 , both of which could use cassette tapes through expansions . In Bally 's case , this allowed the console to see new game development even after Bally dropped support for it . While magnetic media remained limited in use as a primary form of distribution , three popular subsequent consoles also had expansions available to allow them to use this format . The Starpath Supercharger can load Atari 2600 games from audio cassettes ; Starpath used it to cheaply distribute their own games from 1982 to 1984 and today it is used by many programmers to test , distribute , and play homebrew software . The Disk System , a floppy disk - reading add - on to the Famicom ( as the NES was known in Japan ) , was released by Nintendo in 1986 for the Japanese market . Nintendo sold the disks cheaply and sold vending machines where customers could have new games written to their disks up to 500 times . In 1999 , Nintendo released another Japan - only floppy disk add - on , the Nintendo 64DD , for the Nintendo 64 . Optical media Shown is a CD - ROM ( left ) and a game in Nintendo 's proprietary optical disc format similar to a MiniDVD , as the most widely used forms of optical media are DVDs and compact discs In the mid-1990s , various manufacturers shifted to optical media , specifically CD - ROM , for games . Although they were slower at loading game data than the cartridges available at that time , they were significantly cheaper to manufacture and had a larger capacity than the existing cartridge technology . NEC released the first CD - based gaming system , the TurboGrafx - CD ( an add - on for the TurboGrafx - 16 ) , in December 4 , 1988 in Japan and August 1 , 1990 in the United States . Sega followed suit with the Sega CD ( an add - on for the Sega Genesis ) in Japan on December 12 , 1991 ; Commodore stepped into the ring shortly after with the Amiga - CD32 , the first 32 - bit game console , on September 17 , 1993 . During the later half of the 1990s , optical media began to supplant cartridges due to their greater storage capacity and cheaper manufacturing costs , with the CD - based PlayStation significantly outpacing the cartridge - based Nintendo 64 in terms of sales . By the early 21st century , all of the major home consoles used optical media , usually DVD - ROM or similar discs , which are widely replacing CD - ROM for data storage . The PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One systems use even higher - capacity Blu - ray optical discs for games and movies , while the Xbox 360 formerly used HD DVDs in the form of an external USB player add - on for video playback before it was discontinued . However , Microsoft still supports those who bought the accessory . Nintendo 's GameCube , Wii , and Wii U , meanwhile , use proprietary disc formats based on then - current industry standard discs -- the GameCube 's discs are based on miniDVDs , the Wii 's on DVDs , and the Wii U 's are believed to be based on Blu - rays . These discs offer somewhat smaller storage capacities compared to the formats they are based on , though the difference is significantly smaller compared to the gap between the N64 's cartridges and CDs . Internet distribution This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) All seventh and eighth generation consoles offer some kind of Internet games distribution service , allowing users to download games for a fee onto some form of non-volatile storage , typically a hard disk or flash memory . Recently , the console manufacturers have been taking advantage of internet distribution with games , video streaming services like Netflix , Hulu Plus and film trailers being available . Microsoft 's Xbox Live service includes the Xbox Live Arcade and Xbox Live Marketplace , featuring digital distribution of classic and original titles . These include arcade classics , original titles , and games originally released on other consoles . The Xbox Live Marketplace also includes many different hit movies and trailers in high definition , and is accessible with a Xbox Live Free Membership . There is also an `` Indie Games '' section where small - time developers can buy a license and release their own games onto the marketplace . Such is their volume , these games are not viewed by Microsoft as standard and are instead rated by the public . Sony 's online game distribution is known as the PlayStation Network ( PSN ) . It offers free online gaming , downloadable content such as classic PlayStation games , high definition games and movie trailers , and original games such as flOw and Everyday Shooter as well as some games that also release on Blu - ray Disc such as Warhawk and Gran Turismo 5 Prologue . A networking service , dubbed PlayStation Home , was released in December 2008 . Sony also announced a video / movie service and music service for some time in 2008 . Nintendo 's Virtual Console service emulates games from previous - generation consoles and is available for Wii , Nintendo 3DS , and Wii U. Nintendo also has original content available for download through its online stores , the Wii Shop Channel ( WiiWare ) , Nintendo DSi Shop ( DSiWare ) and Nintendo eShop . In the case of the Wii console , Nintendo offers information and videos of upcoming software through the Nintendo Channel , which also allows users to download demos to the Nintendo DS through wireless connection . Other free services for Wii include the Forecast Channel , where people can access a weather forecast for cities around the world , News Channel , which provides users with the current world news in different categories such as International or Technology , and also the Internet Channel that allows users to browse the web and watch videos in sites like YouTube ( which now has its own channel ) . The Wii Message Board also allows Nintendo to communicate with Wii owners with letters that include update information or contests on the Check Mii Out Channel , Everybody Votes Channel and games like Mario Kart Wii . However , in the summer of 2014 , these services were discontinued , reportedly to let developers work harder on Wii U functionality . Eight - generation Nintendo consoles ( Nintendo 3DS , Wii U and later ) takes advantage of the services provided by the Nintendo Network . This includes being able to purchase and download classic Virtual Console games , downloadable games ( including most DSiWare / WiiWare downloadable games ) , downloadable game content , non-gaming apps , game demos , videos , and even certain retail games via the Nintendo eShop . Nintendo Network will allow content , online - gaming support , non-gaming interactions to be provided either for free or for a premium cost . Nintendo also offers its own social network in the form of Miiverse , supported by the Nintendo Network . The Ouya has its games distributed entirely over the Internet , instead of using any physical media like a disk or cartridge . Users purchase games over the Ouya shop , just like PlayStation Network Store and the Xbox Live Arcade . Bits Each new generation of console hardware made use of the rapid development of processing technology . Newer machines could output a greater range of colors , more sprites , and introduced graphical technologies such as scaling , and vector graphics . One way console makers marketed these advances to consumers was through the measurement of `` bits '' . The TurboGrafx - 16 , Genesis , and Super NES were among the first consoles to advertise the fact that they contained 16 - bit processors . This fourth generation of console hardware was often referred to as the 16 - bit era , and the previous generation as the 8 - bit . The bit - value of a console referred to the word length of a console 's processor ( although the value was sometimes misused , for example the TurboGrafx 16 had only an 8 - bit CPU , and the Genesis / Mega Drive had the 16 / 32 - bit Motorola 68000 , but both had a 16 - bit dedicated graphics processor ) . As the graphical performance of console hardware is dependent on many factors , using bits was a crude way to gauge a console 's overall ability . For example , the NES , Commodore 64 , Apple II , and Atari 2600 all used a very similar 8 - bit CPU . The difference in their processing power is due to other causes . For example , the Commodore 64 contains 64 kilobytes of RAM and the Atari 2600 has much less at 128 bytes of RAM . The jump from 8 - bit machines to 16 - bit machines to 32 - bit machines made a noticeable difference in performance , so consoles from certain generations are frequently referred to as 8 - bit or 16 - bit consoles . However , the `` bits '' in a console are no longer a major factor in their performance . The Nintendo 64 , for example has been outpaced by several 32 - bit machines . See also Electronics portal Video games portal Console game Console manufacturer Console war Dedicated console Handheld game console Handheld TV game History of video games Home video game console List of video game consoles Microconsole Timeline of video game console releases in North America Unlockable games Video game clone Virtual reality headset Notes Jump up ^ The first generation of video game consoles began with the release of the Magnavox Odyssey , the first commercial home video game console , was released in May 1972 . This generation came to an end when Nintendo discontinued the Color TV - Game series in 1980 . Jump up ^ The second generation of video game consoles began when the Fairchild Channel F was released in May 1976 . This generation came to an end when Atari discontinued the Atari 2600 on January 1 , 1992 . Jump up ^ The third generation of video game consoles began with both Sega and Nintendo releasing SG - 1000 and Nintendo Entertainment System ( known in Japan as the Family Computer ) , respectively , on July 15 , 1983 in Japan . This generation came to an end when Nintendo discontinued the Nintendo Entertainment System on September 25 , 2003 in Japan . Jump up ^ The fourth generation of video game consoles began when the TurboGrafx - 16 was released on October 30 , 1987 . This generation came to an end when SNK discontinued the Neo Geo in 2004 . Jump up ^ The fifth generation of video game consoles began when Panasonic released the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer on October 4 , 1993 . This generation came to an end when Sony discontinued the PlayStation on March 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ The sixth generation of video game consoles began when Sega released the Dreamcast on November 27 , 1998 in Japan . This generation came to an end when Sony discontinued the PlayStation 2 on January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The seventh generation of video game consoles began when Microsoft released the Xbox 360 on November 22 , 2005 . The seventh generation is still ongoing . The first console of this generation to be discontinued was the Xbox 360 on April 20 , 2016 while the PlayStation 3 and Wii remain in production . Jump up ^ The eighth generation of video game consoles began when Nintendo released the Wii U on November 18 , 2012 . This is the current generation of video game consoles . The first console of this generation to be discontinued is the Wii U , on January 31 , 2017 ; the other major consoles from Nintendo , Microsoft and Sony remain in production . References Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( May 31 , 2007 ) . `` ODYSSEY : 35 YEARS LATER '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Between 1970 and 1972 , Magnavox and Baer work together to fully develop the Odyssey . The set release date : May 1972 . The era of video games is about to explode . Jump up ^ DeMaria , Rusel ; Wilson , Johnny L. ( 2003 ) . High Score ! : The Illustrated History of Electronic Games ( 2 ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . pp. 363 , 378 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 223172 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Channel F The Dot Eaters '' . thedoteaters.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Shane ; Brett Elston ( June 18 , 2008 ) . `` Consoles of the ' 80s '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.pc-engine.co.uk/?section=systems Jump up ^ Nintendo to end Famicom and Super Famicom production . GameSpot.com ( May 30 , 2003 ) . Retrieved on August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Longest support for an arcade system '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Which Game System is the Best ! ? '' . Next Generation . No. 12 . Imagine Media . December 1995 . pp. 36 -- 85 . 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Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Johnny ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Sony outs tech specs for NGP '' . VG247 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vlad Savov ( January 27 , 2011 ) . `` Sony 's next PSP , codenamed NGP '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dauer , James ( March 20 , 2006 ) . `` Sonic : A History - From South Island to Cosmic Eternity '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kevin Horton ( April 18 , 1997 ) . `` Cart Information '' . 6.00 . Archived from the original (. txt ) on July 3 , 2007 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Polsson , Ken ( May 9 , 2007 ) . `` Chronology of Video Game Systems '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Richard Talbot - Watkins ( June 10 , 1998 ) . `` Sega master system technical information '' (. txt ) . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jeff Bogumil ( September 27 , 1997 ) . `` Sega MASTER SYSTEM Frequently Asked Questions '' (. txt ) . 2.06 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo DS Details Explosion - Screen , Battery , GBA Compatibility and More '' . January 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2008 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sarju Shah ( June 7 , 2011 ) . `` E3 2011 : Sony PlayStation Vita : Inside and Out '' . GameSpot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Swearingen , Kirsten ; Peter Charles ; Nathan Good ; Laheem Lamar Jordan ; Joyojeet Pal . `` How Much Information ? 2003 '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Family Computer Disk System '' . January 20 , 2000 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : IBM GEKKO ( part II ) '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Further reading Forster , Winnie ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of Game Machines - Consoles , handheld & home computers 1972 -- 2005 . Gameplan . ISBN 3 - 00 - 015359 - 4 . External links Console platforms at DMOZ Video game consoles Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- ) Eighth ( 2012 -- ) First generation Home Magnavox Odyssey Dedicated APF TV Fun Color TV - Game Gameroom Tele - Pong Magnavox Odyssey series Pong Coleco Telstar Video Pinball Second generation Home APF - MP1000 Arcadia 2001 Atari 2600 Atari 5200 Bally Astrocade ColecoVision Epoch Cassette Vision Fairchild Channel F Interton VC 4000 / 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System Intellivision Odyssey2 RCA Studio II Vectrex Super Vision 8000 VTech CreatiVision Handheld Milton Bradley Microvision Entex Select - A-Game Entex Adventure Vision Epoch Game Pocket Computer Dedicated Nintendo Game & Watch Third generation Home Action Max Amstrad GX4000 Atari 7800 Atari XE Games System Casio PV - 1000 Commodore 64 Games System Nintendo Entertainment System NES - 101 RDI Halcyon Sega Master System Sega SG - 1000 Super Cassette Vision VTech Socrates Fourth generation Home Commodore CDTV Neo Geo Neo Geo CD Philips CD - i LaserActive Sega Genesis Sega Pico Super A'Can Super Nintendo Entertainment System SNS - 101 TurboGrafx - 16 Handheld Game Boy family Game Boy Atari Lynx Game Gear TurboExpress Gamate Watara Supervision Mega Duck / Cougar Boy Game Master Fifth generation Home 3DO Interactive Multiplayer Amiga CD32 Atari Jaguar Casio Loopy FM Towns Marty Nintendo 64 NEC PC - FX Pippin Playdia PlayStation Sega Saturn Handheld Design Master Senshi Game Boy Color Game.com Neo Geo Pocket R - Zone Genesis Nomad Virtual Boy Sixth generation Home DISCover Dreamcast GameCube Panasonic Q Nuon PlayStation 2 V. 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Flash Xavix Handheld GameKing consoles LeapFrog Didj Neo Geo X Pokémon Mini Hybrid Nintendo Switch Dedicated Atari Flashback Barcode Battler C64 Direct - to - TV Coleco Sonic Plug It in & Play TV Games NES Classic Edition Stunt Cycle Super NES Classic Edition Pelican VG Pocket consoles Emulator Game List Manufacturer Timeline Computer sizes Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer SFF Nettop Plug Portable Tabletop Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole Interactive kiosk Smart TV Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement Notebook 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Mobile Internet device Tabletop Phablet Information appliance Handheld PC Palm - size PC Pocket PC Pocket computer Palmtop PC PDA Electronic organizer EDA Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP DAP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Pizza box form factor Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_console&oldid=801111734 '' Categories : American inventions Video game consoles Video game terminology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with DMOZ links Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 18 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the first home console come out | [
"The first video games appeared in the 1960s.[15] They were played on massive computers connected to vector displays, not analog televisions. Ralph H. Baer conceived the idea of a home video game in 1951. In the late 1960s, while working for Sanders Associates, Baer created a series of video game console designs. One of these designs, which gained the nickname of the 1966 \"Brown Box\", featured changeable game modes and was demonstrated to several TV manufacturers, ultimately leading to an agreement between Sanders Associates and Magnavox.[16] In 1972, Magnavox released the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home video game console which could be connected to a TV set. Ralph Baer's initial design had called for a huge row of switches that would allow players to turn on and off certain components of the console (the Odyssey lacked a CPU) to create slightly different games like tennis, volleyball, hockey, and chase. Magnavox replaced the switch design with separate cartridges for each game. Although Baer had sketched up ideas for cartridges that could include new components for new games, the carts released by Magnavox all served the same function as the switches and allowed players to choose from the Odyssey's built-in games."
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-5496218610512654788 | Silver Dollar City | Silver Dollar City - wikipedia Silver Dollar City Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Silver Dollar City Location Branson , Missouri , U.S. Coordinates 36 ° 40 ′ 02 '' N 93 ° 20 ′ 20 '' W / 36.6671 ° N 93.3389 ° W / 36.6671 ; - 93.3389 Coordinates : 36 ° 40 ′ 02 '' N 93 ° 20 ′ 20 '' W / 36.6671 ° N 93.3389 ° W / 36.6671 ; - 93.3389 Owner Herschend Family Entertainment General Manager Brad Thomas Opened May 1 , 1960 ( 57 years ago ) ( 1960 - 05 - 01 ) Operating season March -- December Visitors per annum 2 million Area 61 acres ( 250,000 m ) Rides Total 31 Roller coasters 6 Water rides Website http://www.bransonsilverdollarcity.com Silver Dollar City is a theme park in the US state of Missouri . Opened on May 1 , 1960 , the park is located between Branson and Branson West off of Missouri Route 76 on the Indian Point peninsula of Table Rock Lake . The park is an 1880s - themed experience that fits Branson 's vision as a family - friendly vacation destination with down - home charm . Silver Dollar City 's operating season runs from mid-March until late December , with the park closed during the months of January and February . Silver Dollar City is owned by the Herschend Family Entertainment . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Marvel Cave 1.2 Herschend family 1.3 New theme park 1.4 Pop culture 2 Layout , attractions and general information 2.1 Districts 2.2 Demonstrations 2.3 Rides and attractions 2.4 Festivals 2.5 Former Festivals 2.6 Recurring shows 2.7 Stages , multipurpose buildings and theaters 2.8 Former rides and attractions 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Marvel cave ( edit ) Marvel Cave entrance and rubble pile viewed from within Silver Dollar City is situated at the site of one of the Ozarks ' oldest attractions , Marvel Cave . Henry T. Blow , a lead mining magnate , explored the cave with six miners . They found no lead , but were convinced that the flat ceiling of one room was composed of marble , they originally named the cave Marble Cave . The cave remained undisturbed until 1882 when a group led by T. Hodges Jones and Truman S. Powell entered the cave in hopes of finding lead . Jones and Powell instead found huge amounts of guano and a flat wall which they also believed to be marble . Two years later Jones bought the property and formed the Marble Cave Mining and Manufacturing Company . The company planned a town , Marble City , on the rough hilltop near the cave and in 1884 recorded a plat map at the courthouse in Galena , Missouri . By 1889 much of the guano had been mined from the cave , the marble wall proved to be limestone , and no lead ore was found . The mining company ceased operation . In 1889 , William Henry Lynch , a Canadian miner and dairyman , purchased the cave and a square mile around it for $10,000 ( equivalent to $266,556 in 2016 ) . Lynch , with the aid of his family , proposed to open the cave to sightseers . The Lynches began operation of the sightseeing venture in 1894 . The venture was not immediately profitable and was closed until Lynch raised additional capital to reopen the cave sometime after 1900 . The cave has remained open since , making it one of the oldest continuously running tourist attractions in the Ozarks . Herschend family ( edit ) When William Lynch died in 1927 , ownership of the cave passed to his daughters and the name of the cave was changed to Marvel Cave . The Lynch family operated the cave for nearly fifty years until a Chicago vacuum cleaner salesman , Hugo Herschend , purchased a 100 - year lease on the cave . After Hugo 's death his wife , Mary , took over the day - to - day operations of the venture . With the aid of her two sons , Jack and Peter , she was able to make vast improvements to the cave , including the inclusion of a narrow gauge funicular railway , whose trains pulled visitors a distance of 218 feet ( 66 m ) from the depths of the cave up to the surface . Once the railway was in operation the Herschends felt the development of the cave was complete , so they decided to create another attraction which would bring even more tourists to the cave . New theme park ( edit ) Mary , Jack and Pete began building the 1880s Ozark village . Mary wanted authenticity and preservation as well as preserving the natural beauty of the area . The Herschends built the Ozark frontier town on the land surrounding the site of the cave . Silver Dollar City originally was the site of five shops , a church , a log cabin , and a street production reproducing the feud between the Hatfields and McCoys several times daily . The name was inspired by Ozark Jubilee script writer and publicist Don Richardson after the promotional idea of giving visitors silver dollars in change . The scenic designer for much of the original attraction was Andy Miller , who had been the set designer for the Jubilee in nearby Springfield . Opening day , May 1 , 1960 , included an appearance by Uncle Cyp and Aunt Sap Brasfield . The first year , Silver Dollar City drew more than 125,000 people , four times more visitors than the number that toured Marvel Cave . `` We discovered we were in the theme park business , '' Pete Herschend said . In 1968 , the park started charging admission . In 1972 Genevieve Lynch , the last of William Lynch 's daughters , died and she bequeathed the land under Silver Dollar City and Marvel Cave to the College of the Ozarks and Branson Presbyterian Church . The Herschends continue to operate it . In 1976 , the Herschends purchased the Goldrush Junction theme park in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee , which they renamed Silver Dollar City Tennessee . In 1986 , the Herschends partnered with Dolly Parton and renamed the park to Dollywood . Silver Dollar City expanded its entertainment over the years by adding attractions such as a stage coach ride , a steam engine train , interactive activities and various thrill rides . The park is also home to resident craftsmen who can be seen practicing their craft and exhibiting and selling their work to park visitors . Pop culture ( edit ) The Clampett family of CBS - TV 's The Beverly Hillbillies decided to pay a visit to Silver Dollar City ( treated as an actual town , rather than a theme park ) to start off the 1969 -- 1970 season . The plotline involved Granny ( Irene Ryan ) attempting to find a husband for Elly May ( Donna Douglas ) back in the hills , while Jed ( Buddy Ebsen ) socialized with hotel clerk Shorty Kellems ( Shug Fisher ) . They visited the blacksmith Shad Heller , soapmaker Granny Ethel Huffman , and woodcarver Peter Engler , and Miss Hathaway ( Nancy Kulp ) was seen in the Ozark woods . The Hillbillies were from the area surrounding Silver Dollar City and Branson , and references to Jim Owens and his White River float trip business and some Missouri mountain locations were made throughout the show 's nine - year run . Five episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies were eventually shot in the park . In 1999 , Silver Dollar City was the site for the 14th annual Stihl Timbersports Series Championships . Jason Wynyard , becoming the champion for the third consecutive year . On December 5 , 2007 ABC 's Good Morning America spotlighted the park 's Christmas festival , `` An Old Time Christmas , '' and declared it as one of the top five holiday events in the country . The park was featured as part of the show 's segment called `` Good Morning America Lights Up the Holidays . '' On July 5 , 2007 , Silver Dollar City was featured in an episode of the soap opera As the World Turns . From June 21 -- 23 , 2009 , the park hosted the American Coaster Enthusiasts ' national summer convention . The park was featured in the book The Man Who Loved Clowns . Layout , attractions and general information ( edit ) Districts ( edit ) Silver Dollar City is divided into ten distinct districts . Park Entrance Main Street Homestead Ridge Midtown Valley Road The Grand Exposition Riverfront Wilson 's Farm Hugo 's Hill Street Fireman 's Landing Demonstrations ( edit ) Brown 's Candy Factory Carrie 's Candles Duplicating Lathe Hazel 's Blown & Cut Glass Heartland Home Furnishings Hillcreek Pottery Mountain Leather Mountain Outfitter 's Knives Sullivan 's Mill Valley Road Woodcarvers Wilderness Road Blacksmith Rides and attractions ( edit ) WildFire American Plunge -- Riders experience a 50 - foot ( 15 m ) drop at speeds of 35 miles ( 56 km ) per hour . Birdle 's Cabin Electro Spin -- Riders sit facing outward with chests against a padded panel while riding a rotational vehicle the spins at high speeds on a 50 - foot ( 15 m ) U-shaped track . Elephant March -- Riders sit in an elephant - shaped vehicle that revolves around a central machine . The vehicles also ascend and descend at the press of a button , which is controlled by the rider . Elsie the Milk Cow -- A fake cow with udders that allows guests to pull and retrieve their own `` milk '' . FireFall -- An eight - story drop tower in the Firemans Landing area . Fireman 's Flyer -- A low flying swing ride for children in the Firemans Landing area . Fire - in - the - Hole -- The park 's first , and oldest , roller coaster . Guests ride in a dark building with scenes that tell of a town set ablaze by the Baldknobbers overnight . Riders then are shifted quickly to avoid trains , fires , and broken bridges . The ride is notable for being the site of the park 's only fatality to date . Fire Spotter -- A family balloon ride in the Firemans Landing area . Fire Wagon Frenzy -- A magic carpet ride themed around a fire wagon in the Firemans Landing area . Flooded Mine -- Guests ride in a dark building that resembles an old broken down mine . The prisoners of the mine have escaped during a flood , and the warden needs the guests ' help in shooting them down . Guests have laser powered guns that count how many times they hit specified targets . Frisco Silver Dollar Line Steam Train -- Guests experience a slow - moving , 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge train ride through the park lasting 20 minutes . In the middle of the ride , guests experience a show where uneducated train robbers try their best to rob the train , but guests are saved just in time by the conductor , who was tricked into searching for `` Yankees '' or `` Indians . '' During the Old Time Christmas festival , the train is decked - out in lights and becomes the Frisco Sing - Along Steam Train . Also , the train robber act is replaced by Grandpa telling the Christmas story . The attraction uses three 600 mm ( 1 ft 11 ⁄ in ) narrow gauge steam locomotives , two numbered 13 and 43 built by Orenstein & Koppel in Germany in 1934 and 1938 , and one numbered 76 built in 1940 by Kolben - Danek in Czechoslovakia . This is one of the oldest attractions in the park . The Giant Barn Swing -- a Screamin ' Swing that includes two 16 capacity swings on two giant pendulum arms each . The Grand Exposition Coaster -- A small , 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) roller coaster , with speeds up to 20 miles per hour . Grandfather 's Mansion -- Guests walk through a large fun house . Half Dollar Holler -- a kids ' play and ride area . Happy Frogs -- Riders sit in a frog - shaped vehicle that revolves around a central machine . The vehicles also bounce up and down from a combined mechanical / airbag system . High - Low Silos -- Guests sit with a companion and pull themselves up a 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) cable and drop at low speeds as soon as they let go . Homestead Animal Barnyard -- A petting zoo with animals such as goats , chickens , hens , and other farm animals . The Ladybugs -- Riders sit in a bug - shaped vehicle that revolves around a central machine . The vehicles also ascend and descend at the press of a button , which is controlled by the rider . Lost River of the Ozarks -- a whitewater rapids tube ride . Mack Rides steel launch coaster opening in 2018 Magnificent Wave Carousel Marvel Cave -- The cave offers two types of tours . The Traditional Cave Tour is a one - hour guided tour through a half mile of lighted passageway . Throughout the tour , geological and historical information is explained . The Lantern Light Tour is a one and a half - hour guided tour through a little over a half mile of unlit passageway . A narrow gauge funicular railway is employed to take visitors from the far end of the cave back to surface level . McHaffie 's Homestead -- a real , hewn - log cabin built in 1843 . Oak Trail School -- a 19th - century school house where everyone is invited to pick a desk , sit down and learn about school in the 1800s . Outlaw Run -- Added in 2013 ; the world 's second steepest wooden coaster and the only one featuring three inversions . PowderKeg -- an S&S launched roller coaster which reused the coaster segment portion of Buzz Saw Falls . Racing Regatta Royal Tea Party Swinging Bridge The Mighty Galleon The Roundabout -- Carousel ride themed around dalmatians circling a fire hydrant . Opens in 2015 in the new Firemans Landing area . Tom & Huck 's River Blast Thunderation -- an Arrow Dynamics mine train roller coaster ; one of the largest and fastest in the world currently in operation . Time Traveler - an Mack Rides spinning launch coaster . Up The Ladder -- A small drop tower for children . Opened in 2015 in the Firemans Landing area . Wilderness Church -- an old - time church with a view of the Ozark and Boston Mountains of Arkansas . WildFire -- a Bolliger & Mabillard sit down looping coaster with five inversions . Wings of Wonder -- caterpillar and butterfly vehicles rotate around a central mast , and ascend and descend at the press of a button , which is controlled by the rider . Festivals ( edit ) Throughout the operating season Silver Dollar City hosts six different festivals : World-Fest ( April -- May ) : an international event showcasing different cultures and performers from around the world . Bluegrass & BBQ Festival ( May ) : a celebration of bluegrass music and BBQ from across the nation . Star - Spangled Summer ( June -- August ) : a summer festival featuring shows and activities that appeal to families with children . Southern Gospel Picnic ( August -- September ) : Gospel music is showcased during this festival along with picnic style dinners . National Harvest & Cowboy Festival ( September -- October ) : a salute to an old time harvest celebration featuring visiting craftsmen . An Old Time Christmas ( November -- December ) : a traditional holiday Christmas Celebration with special shows , foods , and other attractions . In addition , the park is decorated with nearly 5 million Christmas lights and a five - story special effects Christmas tree . Former festivals ( edit ) Throughout its operation , Silver Dollar City has hosted different festivals that have since been replaced . Kid 's Fest -- replaced by Family Fest . Family Fest -- replaced by Star - Spangled Summer in 2014 . Recurring shows ( edit ) Cajun Connection Horsecreek Band Old - Time Story Time Pure Heart The Homestead Pickers Sons of the Silver Dollar Stages , multipurpose buildings and theaters ( edit ) The Gazebo Carousel Barn Dockside Theater Riverfront Playhouse -- The `` Deep Woods '' area increased the park 's size by 25 % . The district eventually introduced the 600 seat Court House Theatre in 1979 . The inaugural production was The Chicken Thief , a comedy depicting the trial of a strange man named Melvin . The theatre 's name has changed over the years from Courthouse to Gaslight and on to its current name . Past shows have included Timothy Turnbuckle 's Traveling Time Machine , Hoedown , and Hatfield 's Haint . During the Christmas season , a nativity play of the Nativity of Jesus is given . The Frisco Barn McHaffie 's Homestead Front Porch Silver Dollar Saloon -- The saloon opened to the public in 1973 with can - can dancers and singing bartenders . Carry Nation brought her temperance union to the City to shut the house of ill repute down for good . Unfortunately for Ms. Nation , she did n't succeed . The show has changed throughout the years to include Mean Murphy , the saloon 's arch enemy ; Miss Tilly , the loveable yet dim - witted dance hall girl ; and Choctaw Charlie and his Wild West show . The show is billed as `` Good clean fun . '' There is no cursing , chewing or spitting at the Silver Dollar and root beer is served as an alternative to beer . Echo Hollow Amphitheatre is an amphitheatre with seating for 4,000 . The amphitheater opened in 1983 as a dinner theatre encouraging guests to stay once Silver Dollar City closed for the day . Featured shows within the amphitheater have included Harmonies from the Hollow , Echo Hollow Jubilee , Hotrods and Hair - dos , and GAC Country Nights . Each spring Silver Dollar City 's Young Christian Youth Rally is held at Echo Hollow . This Rally features ministers , speakers and musical guests like Newsboys , Kutless and Sixpence None the Richer . The amphitheater also hosts nationally known musical artists such as , Gladys Knight , Peter , Paul and Mary , Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and Ricky Skaggs . The Boatworks Theater The Opera House -- The 1,000 seat performance venue opened in 1994 with the Broadway - style production Listen to the River . Since its opening the theatre has played host to other large scale in - house productions including American Spirit , , a patriotic musical ; For the Glory , a Civil War drama ; Headin ' West , a musical drama about Western expansion ; and A Dickens ' Christmas Carol , a high - energy , musical telling of Charles Dickens ' Christmas classic , A Christmas Carol . Pickin ' Shed Red Gold Heritage Hall -- To commemorate Silver Dollar Citys 's 40th anniversary this 25,000 - square - foot ( 2,300 m ) multipurpose building opened in 2000 . Themed after a turn - of - the - century tomato canning factory , the hall is capable of hosting exhibitions and shows with seating up to 1,800 guests . Festival food fills the building during events . Previously , the town of Bethlehem was recreated each Christmas season , but has since been moved to the Riverfront Playhouse in order to accommodate a stage production of It 's a Wonderful Life . Former rides and attractions ( edit ) Sam 's Minin ' Shack -- closed in 1968 and re-themed as Grandfather 's Mansion . Buzz Saw Falls -- This was a roller coaster that incorporated a water type boat for the vehicle . The ride was largely promoted , however it was constantly plagued with mechanical difficulties . It was closed in 2003 and construction began to modify the ride into Powder Keg , which opened in 2005 . Rube Dugan 's Diving Bell -- This was an attraction that simulated a Jules Verne - style fantasy submarine ride , the first simulation ride of its kind . Disney Imagineers told Silver Dollar City that it would be hard to do but secretly advised them on how to create the attraction . It was removed in the mid-1980s to make room for the Lost River of the Ozarks , a ride that could run more people through per hour . Slim Pickens was the voice of Rube Dugan . Jim Owens Float Trip -- This was an outdoor boat ride ( 1969 to 1980 ) around a man - made river with animatronics . Silver Dollar City removed this ride after the 1980 season and remodeled it into the American Plunge log flume . However , the original channels still exist and can be seen as guests make their way to Wildfire and from the queue line for American Plunge . Stagecoach -- In the early years of the park , an authentic stagecoach took guests on a bumpy ride around the perimeter of the town square pulled by sturdy draft horses . It was removed five years after the park opened . Runaway Ore Cart -- This was a small children 's roller coaster that was removed after the 2004 season . Tom Sawyer 's Landing -- Added to the park in 1984 , this play area featured rope towers and rides with Becky 's Carousel as its center piece . Silver Dollar City 's craftsmen hand carved each horse on the carousel . The most notable aspect of the structure were the large rope nets upon which visitors bounced and climbed . Huck Finn 's Hideaway -- This was a large play house built several stories above the ground on stilts . Visitors entered the attraction via a tiny spiral staircase built into a fake hollow tree . They had to crawl on hands and knees across a narrow bridge from the top of the hollow tree to the tree house . The exit from the attraction led visitors through an artificial cave featuring an infinite mirror illusion and Christmas lights to make it appear that they were walking through a large open space with `` stars '' . Waterworks Waterboggan -- a flume - type water ride , mostly through a dark tunnel so the sudden turns took riders by surprise . Splash Harbor -- was located near the bathrooms of Geyser Gulch . Geyser Gulch -- This was an area built in 1997 with two large buildings for the young at heart . Kids could run throughout the building located by the `` lake '' and shoot each other with water guns , while dodging balls being thrown by other kids or through tubes . There were also water sprinklers outside the building where children can run through . Geyser Gulch closed on August 3 , 2014 to make way for Fireman 's Landing . See also ( edit ) Amusement parks portal Trains portal Missouri portal List of amusement parks References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stefanoni , Andra Bryan ( 2012 - 08 - 09 ) . `` Silver Dollar City unveils $10 million roller coaster '' . The Joplin Globe . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Brothers , Michael A. `` ' Ozark Jubilee ' : a Musical Legacy '' ( March 2 , 2003 ) , Springfield News - Leader , p. 1C Jump up ^ `` Missouri Spot Opens May 1 ; Draws 18,000 '' ( May 9 , 1960 ) , The Billboard , p. 103 Jump up ^ Missouri Roadsides : The Traveler 's Companion -- Bill Earngey -- University of Missouri Press ( October 1995 ) - ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1021 - X Jump up ^ Surviving Steam Locomotives in Missouri Jump up ^ Steamlocomotive.info -- Missouri External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Silver Dollar City . Silver Dollar City ( Official Website ) Dollywood ( Official Website ) Silver Dollar City at the Roller Coaster DataBase ( A fan website for SDC ) Herschend Family Entertainment Amusement parks Dollywood Silver Dollar City Wild Adventures Aquariums Adventure Aquarium Newport Aquarium Water parks Dollywood 's Splash Country Splash Island ( Wild Adventures ) White Water Branson Other Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Harlem Globetrotters Ride the Ducks Showboat Branson Belle Stone Mountain Park Talking Rocks Cavern Silver Dollar City Roller coasters Fire in the Hole Grand Exposition Coaster Outlaw Run Powder Keg : A Blast into the Wilderness Thunderation Wildfire Rides and attractions American Plunge Flooded Mine Giant Barn Swing Marvel Cave Former rides Buzz Saw Falls Runaway Ore Cart Recipients of the Liseberg Applause Award 1980 Magic Kingdom ( US ) 1982 Opryland USA ( US ) 1986 Epcot ( US ) 1988 Knott 's Berry Farm ( US ) 1990 Europa - Park ( DE ) 1992 Efteling ( NL ) 1994 Universal Studios Florida ( US ) 1996 Cedar Point ( US ) 1998 Silver Dollar City ( US ) 2000 Hersheypark ( US ) 2002 Busch Gardens Williamsburg ( US ) 2004 Holiday World & Splashin ' Safari ( US ) 2006 Islands of Adventure ( US ) 2008 Xetulul Theme Park ( GT ) 2010 Dollywood ( US ) 2012 Ocean Park Hong Kong ( HK ) 2014 Puy du Fou ( FR ) 2016 Busch Gardens Tampa ( US ) VIAF : 315147770 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_Dollar_City&oldid=803040407 '' Categories : Silver Dollar City Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 02 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many roller coasters does silver dollar city have | [
"\nSilver Dollar City\n\n\n\n\nLocation\nBranson, Missouri, U.S.\n\n\nCoordinates\n36°40′02″N 93°20′20″W / 36.6671°N 93.3389°W / 36.6671; -93.3389Coordinates: 36°40′02″N 93°20′20″W / 36.6671°N 93.3389°W / 36.6671; -93.3389\n\n\nOwner\nHerschend Family Entertainment\n\n\nGeneral Manager\nBrad Thomas\n\n\nOpened\nMay 1, 1960 (57 years ago) (1960-05-01)\n\n\nOperating season\nMarch – December\n\n\nVisitors per annum\n2 million[1]\n\n\nArea\n61 acres (250,000 m2)\n\n\nRides\n\n\nTotal\n31\n\n\nRoller coasters\n6\n\n\nWater rides\n4\n\n\nWebsite\nhttp://www.bransonsilverdollarcity.com\n\n"
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"6"
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-6638877434385361110 | 2017 Australian Open – Men's singles final | 2017 Australian Open -- men 's singles final - wikipedia 2017 Australian Open -- men 's singles final Jump to : navigation , search 2017 Australian Open Men 's Final Roger Federer ( 17 ) vs. Rafael Nadal ( 9 ) Set 5 Roger Federer 6 6 6 Rafael Nadal 6 6 Date Sunday January 29 , 2017 Tournament Australian Open Location Melbourne , Australia Main articles : 2017 Australian Open and 2017 Australian Open -- Men 's Singles The 2017 Australian Open Men 's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men 's Singles tournament at the 2017 Australian Open . It was contested between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal , ranked 17th and 9th in the world respectively . It was their record ninth meeting in a Grand Slam final in their rivalry , and their 1st meeting in a Grand Slam final since the 2011 French Open . In a rematch of the 2009 Australian Open final , which Nadal won in 5 sets , Roger Federer won the duel in 5 sets , beating Nadal for the first time in a Grand Slam since the 2007 Wimbledon final . He also trailed Nadal 3 -- 1 in the final set but won 5 games in a row to win the title . This ended a 6 - match losing streak against Nadal in Grand Slam events . Having lost all of their previous three encounters , this was the first time Federer defeated Nadal at the Australian Open and also marked Federer 's first Grand Slam victory over Nadal outside the grass courts of Wimbledon . Federer extended his record of Grand Slam men 's singles titles to 18 exceeding the previous record of 14 held by Pete Sampras . Due to their storied rivalry , the advancing age of both players in their respective careers , critical speculation of this being their last Grand Slam finals contest against one another , the potential tennis history made from either victory and subsequent implications for their respective legacies , and the match 's relevance towards popular and critical discussions on either Federer or Nadal being ' the greatest tennis player of all time ' , the 2017 Australian Open men 's singles finals match between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal , referred by the moniker ' Fedal XXXV ' , was a ' dream final ' and the most highly anticipated final in the history of tennis , and was dubbed one of the most important sporting events ever played . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Build - up 3 Match 4 Statistics 5 Significance 6 Viewership 7 Reactions 8 See also 9 References Background ( edit ) Federer and Nadal 's participation in the 2017 Australian Open marked their major returns from their 2016 seasons that saw sidelining injuries . Federer in particular had not played a tournament since the 2016 Wimbledon semi-final , having aggravated his surgically repaired knee to the extent that he called off the rest of his 2016 season , including missing out the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio that he was keen to compete in for the men 's singles Olympic Gold Medal that eluded him and also playing the highly anticipated mixed doubles pairing with compatriot and fellow tennis great , Martina Hingis . Unable to defend his Cincinnati Open and Swiss Basel Indoors titles and his runner up position at the 2016 US Open , Federer fell from No. 3 to No. 16 at the end of the 2016 , dropping out of the top 5 for the first time since March 2014 and dropping out of the top 10 rankings for the first time since 2002 . Contrasting Federer 's consistent semi-finals and finals appearances in Grand Slams from 2015 Wimbledon onwards , Nadal failed to make a Grand Slam quarterfinal since the 2015 French Open . His last Grand Slam title win was the 2014 French Open and his last appearance in the Australian Open men 's singles final was against Stan Wawrinka in 2014 , which Wawrinka won in four sets . Nadal , however , won the Monte - Carlo Masters title in 2016 , while Federer , for the first time since 2000 , did not win a tournament title . Prior to the 2017 Australian Open , Nadal had reached the quarterfinals of the 2017 Brisbane International losing to Milos Raonic , while Federer had played in the 2017 Hopman Cup in singles and mixed round robins with Belinda Bencic , winning two and losing one match in both singles and mixed doubles ( the Swiss team did not qualify for the final ) . En route to the final both Federer and Nadal made exceptional campaigns : Federer scored 3 top - 10 wins , including a 5 - set win over Kei Nishikori in the 4th round , which became Federer 's 200th win over top - 10 players in his career and becoming the first man ever to achieve this feat , and culminated by a 5 - set win in the semifinals over compatriot Stan Wawrinka after surviving a few breaks points in the 5th ; Nadal scored 2 top - 10 wins , as well as ending Grigor Dimitrov 's unbeaten 2017 win streak of 10 matches in the semifinals in 4 hours and 56 minutes , after being down 3 -- 4 , 15 -- 40 in the 5th set . When top seeds Andy Murray and Novak Djokovic were knocked out early in the draw and both Federer and Nadal made quarter - finals on opposite sides of the draw , the men 's singles final between Federer and Nadal was anticipated early and , when secured , drew immediate attention for being another confrontation between the two perennial archrivals and , more importantly , the potential tennis history made from either victory and the subsequent implications upon both players ' respective legacies . Both men made note of the passage of time of their respective careers since their last Grand Slam final meeting and respective struggles , simultaneously acknowledging and embracing the present significance and the magnitude of their upcoming match . Build - up ( edit ) Main article : Federer -- Nadal rivalry Federer 's entry in the 2017 Australian Open already drew substantial and critical media attention due to his 6 - month layoff from his knee injury , his continued years - long quest for his 18th singles major , and his consistent form and reflected appearances in two semi-finals and two finals in four previous Grand Slam tournaments despite his advancing age . The 2017 Australian Open men 's singles final between perennial archrivals Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal further developed from that attention and the match was immediately regarded by fans , fellow tennis contemporaries , pundits and analysts , and the media as a ' dream final ' and , more importantly , a match of historical significance for both players , as agreed by many past legends such as Andy Roddick and Pam Shriver as well as renowned tennis analyst Mary Carillo . Due to their respective ages of 35 and 30 , the increasing number of years since their last respective Grand Slam title wins , and the perceived declines from their prime sporting years which saw some critics voicing opinions that neither player would ever win a singles major again , it was critically speculated that the 2017 Australian Open men 's singles final may mark the last time that Federer and Nadal would meet and contest each other in a Grand Slam final . Furthermore , many other pundits and analysts also agreed that this match could very well prove who between Federer and Nadal would be popularly and critically viewed as the `` greatest tennis player of all time '' . Federer held the all - time count of men 's singles of Grand Slam titles at 17 , while Nadal held the second all - time count of 14 tied with Pete Sampras and a dominant head - to - head 23 -- 11 record against Federer . The 2017 Australian Open men 's singles final would either see Federer breaking his historic all - time record of 17 men 's Grand Slam singles titles , or , Nadal with 15 Grand Slam singles titles that would break the tie between himself and Sampras ' Grand Slam title count and subsequently narrow the Grand Slam title count gap between himself and Federer . Furthermore , should Nadal win , he would become the first man in the Open Era to achieve a double career Grand Slam , winning each of the Grand Slams at least twice in men 's singles . Numerous tennis players and legends fielded their opinions on the match and who would win , including Australian Open promotional interviews with Roy Emerson , Fred Stolle , John McEnroe , Lindsay Davenport , and Rod Laver , in addition to other media interviews with John Newcombe , Martina Navratilova , Lleyton Hewitt , Pat Rafter , Michael Chang , Mary Joe Fernández , and Andy Roddick . Federer 's age , his last two disappointing four - set losses in Grand Slam tournament finals , and first tournament return from his six - month layoff due to his injured and surgically repaired knee were all collectively cited against Federer 's chances for winning the final , all in addition to the popularly cited Nadal 's dominant head - to - head record ( including 3 - 0 against Federer in their previous Australian Open matches ) , and particular game match - up against Federer 's game . Players remarked that the court speed would favor Federer 's game over Nadal 's , and the media noted that Federer 's game may be further helped by the courts being comparatively faster than the previous year 's Australian Open , but this remains disputed . Further adding to Federer 's chances to winning were their last encounter ending in Federer 's favor at the 2015 Swiss Basel Indoors , an additional day of rest for Federer , a comparatively improved backhand that might hold up better against Nadal 's lefty forehand , and Nadal 's intensely contested five - set semi-final match against Grigor Dimitrov which lasted almost five hours . Match ( edit ) The men 's final , 2017 . James Keothavong of the UK was the chair umpire . The match lasted 3 : 38 minutes , including a medical time - out for Federer after the 4th set . Federer won the first set 6 -- 4 after breaking Nadal in the 7th game . Nadal won the second set 6 -- 3 where he broke Federer twice and Federer broke back once . The start of the third set saw a crucial momentum swing , where Federer saved 3 break points in his opening service game , all of which were saved by aces . After holding on to his serve , Federer subsequently broke Nadal twice to take the set 6 -- 1 . The fourth set was won by Nadal 6 -- 3 , and it came down to a fifth set . Federer took an off - court medical time - out at the start of the fifth set . Upon resumption of play , Nadal broke Federer in the first game , and was leading the final set 3 -- 1 . However , Federer would prove out to be too strong for Nadal after that . He broke back to level the set at 3 -- 3 . After holding his serve to take the lead 4 -- 3 , Federer went on to break Nadal 's next service game , which included a 26 shot rally ( longest in the match ) at deuce . Whilst serving for the championship at 5 -- 3 , Federer had to overcome a 15 -- 40 deficit to reach championship point . On his second championship point , Federer hit a forehand winner that landed on the line of the alley on the deuce side . Nadal challenged the call , but , upon Hawk - Eye review , the call was upheld and Federer won the match . Statistics ( edit ) The match statistics followed a similar pattern to those at the 2009 Australian Open final , with a few exceptions : Federer had a higher break point conversion rate than Nadal , while Nadal won a higher percentage of points at the net . The most striking difference between this match and past Fedal Slam finals is that Federer hit more than double the number of winning shots than Nadal , 73 to 35 . Federer Nadal 1st serve % 85 of 138 = 62 % 110 of 151 = 73 % Winning % on 1st serve 65 of 85 = 76 % 69 of 110 = 63 % Winning % on 2nd serve 26 of 53 = 49 % 23 of 41 = 56 % Aces 20 Double faults Winners 73 35 Unforced errors 57 28 Winners - UFE + 16 + 7 Forehand winners 28 20 Backhand winners 14 9 Receiving points won 59 of 151 = 39 % 47 of 138 = 34 % Break point conversions 6 of 20 = 30 % 4 of 17 = 24 % Net approaches 29 of 40 = 73 % 10 of 12 = 83 % Fastest serve 207 km / h 200 km / h Average 1st serve speed 185 km / h 177 km / h Average 2nd serve speed 147 km / h 150 km / h Total points won 150 of 289 = 52 % 139 of 289 = 48 % Significance ( edit ) Winning his 5th Australian Open men 's singles title , Roger Federer extended his all - time record of Grand Slam titles to 18 , pulling four ahead of the second all - time count of 14 held by Rafael Nadal and Pete Sampras . Federer also became the first man ever to win at least 5 singles majors at 3 different Grand Slams each ( Australian Open , Wimbledon , and US Open ) . In addition to being denied his third effort to win the Australian Open title , Nadal was also denied , for the second time after the 2014 Australian Open men 's singles final , from becoming the first man to achieve a double career Grand Slam in the Open Era . Furthermore , Federer 's victory over Nadal in the Australian Open 2017 final was his first Grand Slam match win over Nadal since the 2007 Wimbledon final nearly a decade earlier , and also marked Federer 's first ever win over Nadal in a Grand Slam match outside of the grass courts of Wimbledon . Most importantly , Federer 's 2017 Australian Open title victory marked the culmination of his years - long quest since his 2012 Wimbledon title win for his 18th Grand Slam singles title , which previously saw three finals appearances and losses all to then - reigning No. 1 Novak Djokovic at the 2014 Wimbledon , 2015 Wimbledon and the 2015 US Open . At 35 years and 174 days of age , Federer became the second - oldest winner of a Grand Slam after Ken Rosewall since 1972 . Considered altogether along with his return from his six - month injury layoff , his 2017 Australian Open run seeing three 5 - set match wins over top 10 players , and his Grand Slam match history of losses against Nadal , Federer 's victory from being down 1 -- 3 in the final set against Nadal in the 2017 Australian Open men 's singles final is considered by some to be the biggest win in his career . Federer 's 5th Australian Open title win marked a tournament record 7 year - long gap between a player 's successive Australian Open titles and also established an Open - era Slam record of a 13 + year - long span of winning men 's singles Grand Slam titles since his maiden 2003 Wimbledon title win . Winning another Australian Open title also saw Federer increase his all - time record count of hard court singles majors to 10 , two ahead of the second all - time count of 8 held by Novak Djokovic . In addition , the match was also Federer 's career 7th five - set Grand Slam final match , subsequently breaking the all - time career record tie held with Björn Borg of 6 Grand Slam five - set finals . Federer 's winning campaign at the 2017 Australian Open defeated four top 10 players , three of which whose matches went to a full five sets and two of them were back - to - back : 5th seed Kei Nishikori in the 4th round ; 4th seed Stan Wawrinka in the semi-final ; and 9th seed Rafael Nadal in the final . The previous winning campaign in a men 's singles Grand Slam defeating four top 10 players for the title was 35 years ago , accomplished by the unseeded 17 year - old Mats Wilander at the 1982 French Open - Men 's Singles . The 2017 Australian Open men 's singles final also marked Federer 's 100th Australian Open match . Winning the 2017 Australian Open catapulted Federer back into the top 10 rankings at No. 10 . Nadal 's runner - up position advanced his rank from No. 9 to No. 6 . Nadal and Federer would continue their resurgent form throughout the season , each winning two of the four majors ( Federer winning a record eighth Wimbledon title , Nadal a record 10th French Open and a third US Open ) and finishing as world number 1 and 2 respectively . Federer , however , won all four matches between the two during the season , including a fourth - round encounter at Indian Wells and two further finals at the Masters 1000 series events in Miami and Shanghai . Viewership ( edit ) The match was one of the most watched tennis matches in history . Eurosport 's coverage of the event reached 9.7 million viewers across Europe , becoming its most - watched tennis match of all - time and the second most watched sport event in Eurosport 's history , averaging 7.2 million viewers through the match 's duration and peaking at 8 million viewers during the final set . Eurosport 's coverage of the final also broke local records receiving the highest ever amount of average viewers for a Eurosport programme in the Netherlands with 503,000 viewers and in Spain with 610,000 viewers . In Australia , the free - to - air television broadcast on the Seven Network was the highest - rating Australian Open Men 's Singles Final in more than a decade , with a combined 2.668 million viewers in Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Adelaide & Perth . Including regional viewers ( 965,000 ) , the figure rose to 3.615 million viewers across Australia . A one - minute period peaked at 4.4 million viewers across Australia . Across the final day of the tournament , 6.5 million Australians watched at least 5 consecutive minutes of the broadcast . In addition , the match was streamed online in Australia by nearly 190,000 people . The Seven Network had a free - to - air audience share of 54.5 % between 6 : 00pm and 12 : 00am . In the United States , ESPN said the men 's final drew a record audience since it moved to an overnight time slot in 2005 . Starting at 3 : 30 AM ET Sunday , the five - set match posted a 0.9 overnight rating ( ~ 1.05 million households ) , up 80 % from the 2016 final between Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray . The network said it likely will be the most - watched program at that hour in ESPN history . Reactions ( edit ) Joining the social media congratulations and praise from fans , commentators , fellow contemporaries and tennis legends such as Billie Jean King who praised Federer as the greatest of all time , were other sport stars and legends outside of tennis such as Mesut Özil , Ian Thorpe , Alex Morgan , Sachin Tendulkar , Pau Gasol , Luís Figo , Franco Baresi , Karrie Webb , Lin Dan , and Usain Bolt . Golf legend ' Golden Bear ' Jack Nicklaus , who holds the all - time record of golf majors at the same number of 18 , also offered his congratulations to Federer for winning his 18th major tennis singles win . Commentators contributed their post-match thoughts . Brad Gilbert said to his fellow commentators Chris McKendry and Darren Cahill that he could easily make a case that Federer , being 1 - 3 down to his archrival Nadal in the final deciding set , would go on to play the best five games in his career , coming up the most clutch that he has ever been , especially in the face of Nadal and everything that was on line in losing this match to him . Patrick McEnroe of ESPN said that Federer ' out - Rafa 'd Rafa ' , noting that , instead of being emotionally and physically depleted from being grounded down by Nadal 's persistence and tenacity , Federer this time around was ' the fighter ... that was defending , that was scrapping , was coming up with shots on the run ' that , coupled with his serve , saw him close the gap between himself and Nadal and then go on to win the deciding set of the match . John McEnroe remarked that Nadal 's long semi-final and the one day of difference of rest between him and Federer perhaps made themselves felt in the latter stages of the match . But John McEnroe , who himself in the past was one of the critics who judged that Federer would never again win another major after his 2012 Wimbledon title win , remarked that during the match 's final set Federer ' showed more heart and will than he ever has in a singles match in his life , ' which led to Federer 's victory that in John McEnroe 's eyes cemented Federer as being the best player of all time unless Nadal can win additional majors to once again close the gap between their respective Grand Slam singles title count . Due to the form shown by both players , both McEnroe brothers say that Federer and Nadal could very well win at their respective most successful Slams of Wimbledon and the French Open ahead . This prediction proved out to be correct , as later in the year Nadal and Federer , won French Open and Wimbledon respectively , both without dropping a set . Nadal also won the US Open later the same year . In 2018 , Federer successfully defended his Australian Open title , defeating finalist Marin Čilić in 5 sets . Pat Cash criticized Federer 's ' lengthy break ' after the 4th set due to a medical time - out , accusing him of `` legal '' cheating and criticized the tournament for allowing Federer to do so . In response , Federer said that Cash was unfair and exaggerating in his criticism , elaborating that his quad and groin began to hurt through the second and third sets respectively and finally warranted a medical time - out after the end of the fourth set . Further defending his integrity , Federer said that he was the last guy to take a medical time - out , much less abuse it , citing his 20 - year career of having not called a medical time - out prior to the 2017 Australian Open . When asked in the post-match conference for his thoughts , Nadal was indifferent , `` ( having ) no opinion and did n't know what was going on '' . Nadal himself had taken a brief break in which he went to the dressing room and returned to court in fresh clothes . As precedence , Nadal also took a timeout in the 2014 final against Stan Wawrinka when he was behind , and came back to play better and win the third set in that final following the break . Nadal 's uncle and coach , Toni Nadal , also believed that Federer 's medical time out was not called to secure an advantage from stopping the match 's rhythm and pace . In fact , Nadal broke Federer 's serve immediately after the timeout . See also ( edit ) 2008 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's singles final 2009 Australian Open -- Men 's singles final 2009 French Open -- Men 's singles final 2009 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's singles final 2012 Australian Open -- Men 's singles final 2012 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's singles final References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The match that transcends tennis '' . Australian Open . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Fedal XXXV : What the world is saying '' . Australian Open . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open 2017 : Roddick says Nadal - Federer final would be greatest ever '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fedal final the ' most important ever , ' says Wilander '' . TenniSmash . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open : Roger Federer vs Rafael Nadal tipped as ' biggest ' final ever '' . ABC.net.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Rafael Nadal to play Roger Federer in Australian Open final '' . edition.CNN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer , Martina Hingis lead Switzerland Olympic tennis team '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer and Martina Hingis to team up at Rio 2016 Olympics '' . TheGuardian.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Far more on the line than an Aussie Open trophy for Federer , Nadal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Talking points from day nine of the Australian Open '' . News.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer not getting favours with faster courts -- Australian Open boss '' . TheGuardian.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey ( 2017 ) . `` Roger Federer , Defying Age , Tops Rafael Nadal in Australian Open Final , '' New York Times , January 29 . Jump up ^ `` 7 years Longest Gap Between # AusOpen Titles in the Open Era '' . Australian Open . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dream Final Serves Up Biggest Ever Audience on Eurosport '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings go higher than ever for the Federer - Nadal final '' . Tennis World Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` TV ratings for 2017 Australian Open Men 's Final in Australia . Copyright OzTam , RegTAM , Seven Network and Twitter Australia ( Mediaweek Australia ) '' . Mediaweek Australia . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Hits A Ratings Winner With Historic Australian Open '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' There is a reason @ rogerfederer is the ( G.O.A.T. ) . He showed us again tonight at @ AustralianOpen that true champions always find a way to win . '' Twitter . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICYMI : Usain Bolt , Russell Crowe among those reacting to riveting Aussie Open final '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` As Roger Federer wins 18th Grand Slam Titles , Lin Dan looks for his 20th '' . BadmintonPlanet.com . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter goes wild after Roger Federer wins 2017 Australian Open '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting stars react to Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal 's epic Australian Open final '' . GiveMeSport.com . Retrieved 1 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federer - Nadal met the expectations of the world '' . Baseline.Tennis.com . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nicklaus welcomes Federer to ' Club 18 ' '' . Golf Channel . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Nicklaus Welcomes Federer To ' Club 18 ' '' . ATP.com . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` McEnroe can not see another grand slam win for Federer '' . Reuters Sports News . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pat Cash accuses Roger Federer of cheating during Australian Open 2017 final '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer returns serve at ' legalised cheating ' claim by Pat Cash '' . Stuff.co.nz/sport . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toni Nadal : `` Federer fue mejor y no hay nada que decir '' . Puntodebreak.com . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Rafael Nadal Entourage Miguel Ángel Nadal ( uncle ) Toni Nadal ( uncle and coach ) Carlos Moyá ( coach , 2017 -- current ) Career Achievements Statistics Big Four Rivalry with Roger Federer Rivalry with Novak Djokovic Milestones 46 - match winning streak at the Monte - Carlo Masters Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2012 Australian Open final 2012 French Open final 2017 Australian Open final Exhibition matches Battle of Surfaces Match for Africa and Joining Forces for the Benefit of Children Seasons 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open 2009 French Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2017 Wimbledon 2008 US Open 2013 2017 World Tour Finals Finals : 2010 2013 Indian Wells 2007 2009 2013 Miami Finals : 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 Monte Carlo 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2016 2017 Rome 2005 2006 2007 2009 2012 2013 Hamburg / Madrid 2008 ( H ) 2013 2014 2017 Montreal / Toronto 2005 ( M ) 2008 ( T ) 2013 ( M ) Cincinnati 2013 Madrid / Shanghai 2005 ( M ) Paris Finals : 2007 Olympics 2008 2016 ( Doubles ) Davis Cup 2008 2009 2011 Laver Cup 2017 Rafael Nadal Official Website Roger Federer Team Mirka Federer ( wife ) Severin Lüthi ( coach , 2007 -- current ) Ivan Ljubičić ( coach , 2015 -- current ) Stefan Edberg ( coach , 2014 -- 2015 ) Paul Annacone ( coach , 2010 -- 2013 ) José Higueras ( coach , 2008 ) Tony Roche ( coach , 2005 -- 2007 ) Peter Lundgren ( coach , 2000 -- 2003 ) Peter Carter ( coach , 1991 -- 1995 , 1997 -- 1998 ) Career Achievements Statistics Big Four Rivalry with Rafael Nadal Rivalry with Novak Djokovic Rivalry with Andy Roddick Rivalry with Andy Murray Notable matches 2007 Wimbledon final 2008 Wimbledon final 2009 Australian Open final 2009 French Open final 2009 Wimbledon final 2012 Wimbledon final 2014 Wimbledon final 2015 Wimbledon final 2017 Australian Open final Seasons Juniors Early career 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open 2006 2007 2017 2018 French Open 2009 Wimbledon Juniors : 1998 ( Singles & Doubles ) 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2012 2017 US Open 2005 2006 2007 2008 World Tour Final 2003 2006 2007 2011 Indian Wells 2005 2006 2012 2017 Miami 2005 2006 2017 Monte Carlo Finals : 2006 2007 2008 2014 Roma Finals : 2003 2006 2013 2015 Hamburg / Madrid 2002 ( H ) 2004 ( H ) 2005 ( H ) 2007 ( H ) 2009 2012 Montreal / Toronto 2004 ( T ) 2006 ( T ) Cincinnati 2005 2007 2009 2012 2014 2015 Madrid / Shanghai 2006 ( M ) 2014 2017 Paris 2011 Olympics 2008 ( Doubles ) 2012 ( Singles ) Davis Cup 2014 Hopman Cup 2018 Laver Cup 2017 Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Australian_Open_ -- _Men % 27s_singles_final&oldid = 829843231 '' Categories : 2017 Australian Open Rafael Nadal Roger Federer Tennis matches Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 03 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the australian men's open final | [
"The 2017 Australian Open Men's Singles final was the championship tennis match of the Men's Singles tournament at the 2017 Australian Open. It was contested between Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal, ranked 17th and 9th in the world respectively. It was their record ninth meeting in a Grand Slam final in their rivalry, and their 1st meeting in a Grand Slam final since the 2011 French Open. In a rematch of the 2009 Australian Open final, which Nadal won in 5 sets, Roger Federer won the duel in 5 sets, beating Nadal for the first time in a Grand Slam since the 2007 Wimbledon final. He also trailed Nadal 3–1 in the final set but won 5 games in a row to win the title. This ended a 6-match losing streak against Nadal in Grand Slam events. Having lost all of their previous three encounters, this was the first time Federer defeated Nadal at the Australian Open and also marked Federer's first Grand Slam victory over Nadal outside the grass courts of Wimbledon. Federer extended his record of Grand Slam men's singles titles to 18 exceeding the previous record of 14 held by Pete Sampras."
] | [
"Roger Federer"
] |
5397879985506961172 | Don't Matter to Me | Do n't Matter to Me - wikipedia Do n't Matter to Me `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Single by Drake and Michael Jackson from the album Scorpion Released July 6 , 2018 Recorded 1983 ( original demo ) 2017 -- 2018 ( reworked ) Studio Sandra Gale , Yolo Estate , CA Genre R&B Length 4 : 05 Label Young Money Cash Money Songwriter ( s ) Aubrey Graham Michael Jackson Paul Anka Noah Shebib Paul Jefferies Nana Rogues Negin Djafari Producer ( s ) 40 Nineteen85 Drake singles chronology `` Bigger Than You '' ( 2018 ) Bigger Than You2018 `` Do n't Matter to Me '' ( 2018 ) Do n't Matter to Me2018 `` In My Feelings '' ( 2018 ) In My Feelings 2018 Michael Jackson singles chronology `` Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous '' ( 2017 ) Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous 2017 `` Do n't Matter to Me '' ( 2018 ) Do n't Matter to Me2018 `` Do n't Matter to Me '' is a song by Canadian musician Drake from his fifth studio album Scorpion ( 2018 ) . It was sent to British contemporary hit radio on July 6 , 2018 as the album 's fourth single . The song was set to be released to US rhythmic radio on July 10 , 2018 alongside `` In My Feelings '' . However , its release in the country was canceled when Republic Records decided to solely push `` In My Feelings '' to rhythmic and contemporary hit radio stations in the US . Commercially , the song has reached number one in Sweden as well as the top 10 in Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , Ireland , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal , Slovakia , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The song contains posthumous vocals from Michael Jackson , taken from part of an unreleased 1983 session between Jackson and Canadian singer - songwriter Paul Anka . `` Love Never Felt So Good '' , released on Xscape , and `` This Is It '' , also came from the same session ; Anka is therefore credited as a songwriter on all three songs . Contents 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Personnel 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Background ( edit ) First worked on as a demo , Jackson co-wrote the song during a 1983 recording session with Paul Anka . Critical reception ( edit ) Brendan Klinkenberg of Rolling Stone said , `` ( the song ) opens like most Drake songs , with gloomy , atmospheric synths and Drake singing sweetly to an ex-lover . Then Jackson comes in ; even with some digital quivering added to his vocals , he 's unmistakeable . While the `` featuring Michael Jackson '' billing would feel like an unnecessary flourish in almost any scenario , it 's close to earned here . '' Larry Fitzmaurice of Entertainment Weekly thought `` ( the song ) makes great melodic hay out of a headline - grabbing posthumous Michael Jackson feature . '' Roisin O'Connor of The Independent deemed it `` hauntingly beautiful '' , however , she felt Jackson 's voice `` is controversially auto - tuned to the point that it sounds more like one of his biggest imitators , The Weeknd . '' NME 's Luke Morgan described the song as `` a clear - cut power move , rather than artistic posthumous collaboration , '' and considered it as an example of `` cases of Drake doing things because he can , rather than because he should . '' The Hollywood Reporter 's Jonny Coleman felt the song `` is as unsettling as a Tupac hologram , but ultimately not as offensive . It sounds like a Weeknd B - side but is weird enough to break up some of the exhaustion of listening to ( Scorpion ) in one sitting . '' Dean Van Nguyen of The Irish Times said , `` Jackson 's segment is lovely , his vocal loop floating over the warm ' n ' woozy orchestration which comes off as a kind of downbeat version of `` Liberian Girl '' . Unfortunately , Drake is the worst thing about the song , his depressed coos sounding formless and without conviction . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , `` Do n't Matter to Me '' debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart on the chart dated July 12 , 2018 , behind George Ezra 's `` Shotgun '' . It serves as Drake 's 15th top - ten song and Michael Jackson 's 44th top ten on the chart . In the United States , the song debuted at number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 , making it Drake 's 31st top - ten song and Jackson 's 30th top ten on the chart . It stands as Jackson 's second posthumous top - ten entry , tying the peak of his duet with Justin Timberlake , `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( 2014 ) . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes and Tidal . Noel Cadastre -- recording Noah `` 40 '' Shebib -- production , recording Noel `` Gadget '' Campbell -- mixing Harley Arsenault -- mixing assistance Greg Moffet -- mixing assistance Ronald Moonoo -- mixing assistance Michael Jackson -- vocals Nineteen85 -- production Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 37 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 50 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 16 Greece ( IFPI ) 17 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 23 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Portugal ( AFP ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 33 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 33 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 36 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Single release Region Date Format Label ( s ) Ref . United Kingdom July 6 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Young Money Cash Money Republic Canceled single release Region Date Format Label ( s ) Ref . United States July 10 , 2018 Rhythmic contemporary Young Money Cash Money Republic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson returns posthumously on Drake album '' . Deccan Herald . June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's new album ' Scorpion ' - release date , tracklist , tour dates and everything we know so far - NME '' . NME. 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Reveals ' Scorpion ' Features , Including Michael Jackson & Jay - Z '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC -- Radio 1 -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 - Rhythmic Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Scrapped as a Single in Favor of `` In My Feelings '' `` . Hiphopnmore . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - Rhythmic Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' Scorpion ' Features Michael Jackson Vocal , References Newborn Son '' . Variety . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Paul Anka brought Michael Jackson to Drake 's new album Scorpion '' . CBC . Jun 29 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's Favorite Collaborators are Ghosts '' . Rollings Stone . Jump up ^ `` On Scorpion , Drake loses sight of his own essence '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Drake , Scorpion album review : Lacks a sting in the tail '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Britton , Luke Morgan ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Drake -- ' Scorpion ' review '' . NME . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Jonny ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Drake Overplays His Hand on Bloated Double Album ' Scorpion ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Van Nguyen , Dean ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Drake : Scorpion review -- A painfully dull barrage of lifeless tunes '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Official Chart history '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Official Chart history '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Claims 7 of Hot 100 's Top 10 , Breaking the Beatles ' Record , As ' Nice For What ' Returns to No. 1 For Eighth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scorpion ( CD liner notes ) . Drake . Republic Records . 2018 . 86318 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Scorpion / Drake TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . July 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Drake feat . Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake feat . Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake feat . Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201827 into search . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 28 , 2018 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake : Do n't Matter to Me ( Feat . Michael Jackson ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNEP Top Singles : Week 27 ( 2018 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Drake feat . Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI -- Greek Charts '' . IFPI . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singoli -- Classifica settimanale WK 27 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 29 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Drake feat . Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . July 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 28 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Drake -- Do n't Matter to Me ( Feat . Michael Jackson ) '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201828 into search . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 27 : del 29.06. 2018 al 05.07. 2018 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Drake feat . Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Drake ft Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Do n't Matter to Me in the search field and then press Enter . Drake songs Discography Comeback Season `` Replacement Girl '' So Far Gone `` Successful '' `` Best I Ever Had '' `` I 'm Goin ' In '' We Are Young Money `` Every Girl '' `` BedRock '' Thank Me Later `` Fireworks '' `` Over '' `` Up All Night '' `` Fancy '' `` Miss Me '' `` Find Your Love '' `` 9AM in Dallas '' Take Care `` Over My Dead Body '' `` Headlines '' `` Crew Love '' `` Take Care '' `` Marvins Room '' `` We 'll Be Fine '' `` Make Me Proud '' `` Lord Knows '' `` HYFR ( Hell Ya Fucking Right ) '' `` The Motto '' Nothing Was the Same `` Tuscan Leather '' `` Furthest Thing '' `` Started from the Bottom '' `` Wu - Tang Forever '' `` Worst Behavior '' `` From Time '' `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' `` The Language '' `` Too Much '' `` Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 '' `` All Me '' If You 're Reading This It 's Too Late `` Energy '' `` Preach '' What a Time to Be Alive `` Jumpman '' Views `` Controlla '' `` One Dance '' `` Pop Style '' `` Too Good '' `` Hotline Bling '' More Life `` Free Smoke '' `` No Long Talk '' `` Passionfruit '' `` Get It Together '' `` Madiba Riddim '' `` Blem '' `` Gyalchester '' `` Portland '' `` Sacrifices '' `` Teenage Fever '' `` KMT '' `` Glow '' `` Since Way Back '' `` Fake Love '' `` Ice Melts '' Scary Hours / Scorpion `` God 's Plan / Diplomatic Immunity '' `` Nonstop '' `` Emotionless '' `` I 'm Upset '' `` Nice for What '' `` In My Feelings '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Other singles `` Forever '' `` 0 to 100 / The Catch Up '' `` Charged Up '' `` Back to Back '' `` Right Hand '' `` Summer Sixteen '' `` Sneakin ' '' `` Two Birds , One Stone '' `` No Frauds '' `` Signs '' `` Yes Indeed '' As featured artist `` 100 '' `` 4 My Town ( Play Ball ) '' `` Amen '' `` Aston Martin Music '' `` Back on Road '' `` Believe Me '' `` Big Amount '' `` Blessings '' `` Both '' `` Cabaret '' `` Champion '' `` Come and See Me '' `` Come Closer '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Diced Pineapples '' `` Digital Girl ( Remix ) '' `` Enough Said '' `` Fall for Your Type '' `` Fed Up '' `` Feel Love '' `` For Free '' `` Fuckin ' Problems '' `` Gonorrhea '' `` I Do It '' `` I Invented Sex '' `` I 'm on One '' `` In the Morning '' `` It 's Good '' `` Know Bout Me '' `` Lemon ( Remix ) '' `` Live For '' `` Look Alive '' `` Love Me '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Mine '' `` Moment 4 Life '' `` Money to Blow '' `` Mr. Wrong '' `` No Complaints '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` No Lie '' `` No New Friends '' `` No Shopping '' `` Odio '' `` Only '' `` Poetic Justice '' `` Pop That '' `` R.I.C.O. '' `` Recognize '' `` Right Above It '' `` Right Here '' `` Round of Applause '' `` Say Something '' `` She Will '' `` Stay Schemin ' '' `` Still Got It '' `` The One '' `` The Zone '' `` Throw It in the Bag ( Remix ) '' `` To the Max '' `` Trophies '' `` Truffle Butter '' `` Tuesday '' `` Un-Thinkable ( I 'm Ready ) ( Remix ) '' `` Unusual '' `` Used to This '' `` Walk It Talk It '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Haiti Mix ) '' `` We in This Bitch 1.5 '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` What Up '' `` Where Ya At '' `` Who Do You Love ? '' `` Why You Always Hatin ? '' `` Work '' Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' 1980s `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` Cry '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Breaking News '' `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` Monster '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give / Toro Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` State of Independence '' `` Muscles '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Do n't Stand Another Chance '' `` Centipede '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` Girls , Girls , Girls ( Part 2 ) '' `` All Eyez on Me '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' `` Low '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Matter_to_Me&oldid=854624642 '' Categories : 2018 songs 2018 singles Drake ( musician ) songs Michael Jackson songs Song recordings produced by Nineteen85 Songs written by Drake ( musician ) Songs written by Michael Jackson Songs written by Paul Anka UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Sweden Vocal duets Songs released posthumously Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 18 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang it don't matter to me | [
"\"Don't Matter to Me\"Single by Drake and Michael Jacksonfrom the album ScorpionReleased\nJuly 6, 2018Recorded\n1983 (original demo)2017–2018 (reworked)Studio\nSandra Gale, Yolo Estate, CAGenre\nR&B[1]Length\n4:05Label\nYoung Money\nCash Money\nSongwriter(s)\nAubrey Graham\nMichael Jackson\nPaul Anka\nNoah Shebib\nPaul Jefferies\nNana Rogues\nNegin Djafari\nProducer(s)\n40\nNineteen85\n\nDrake singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Bigger Than You\"(2018) Bigger Than You2018\n\n\"Don't Matter to Me\"(2018) Don't Matter to Me2018\n\n\"In My Feelings\"(2018) In My Feelings2018\n\n\nMichael Jackson singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous\"(2017) Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous2017\n\n\"Don't Matter to Me\"(2018) Don't Matter to Me2018\n\n\n\n",
"\"Don't Matter to Me\"Single by Drake and Michael Jacksonfrom the album ScorpionReleased\nJuly 6, 2018Recorded\n1983 (original demo)2017–2018 (reworked)Studio\nSandra Gale, Yolo Estate, CAGenre\nR&B[1]Length\n4:05Label\nYoung Money\nCash Money\nSongwriter(s)\nAubrey Graham\nMichael Jackson\nPaul Anka\nNoah Shebib\nPaul Jefferies\nNana Rogues\nNegin Djafari\nProducer(s)\n40\nNineteen85\n\nDrake singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Bigger Than You\"(2018) Bigger Than You2018\n\n\"Don't Matter to Me\"(2018) Don't Matter to Me2018\n\n\"In My Feelings\"(2018) In My Feelings2018\n\n\nMichael Jackson singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous\"(2017) Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous2017\n\n\"Don't Matter to Me\"(2018) Don't Matter to Me2018\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Drake",
"Michael Jackson"
] |
-832806042712432248 | List of U.S. states and territories by population | List of U.S. States and territories by population - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by population Population by state , including Puerto Rico ( 2015 ) 580k -- 2.8 M 2.8 M -- 5.28 M 5.28 M -- 8.26 M 8.26 M -- 11.6 M 11.6 M -- 19.6 M 19.6 M -- 26.5 M 26.5 M -- 38.4 M 38.4 M+ As of April 1 , 2010 , the date of the 2010 United States Census , the nine most populous U.S. states contain slightly more than half of the total population . The 25 least populous states contain less than one - sixth of the total population . California , the most populous state , contains more people than the 21 least populous states combined , and Wyoming is the least populous state , with a population less than the 31 most populous U.S. cities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Electoral apportionment 3 State Rankings 4 Summary of population by region 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Methodology ( edit ) Map of population change in U.S. states from April 5 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 The United States Census counts total persons residing in the United States including citizens , non-citizen permanent residents , and non-citizen long - term visitors . Civilian and military federal employees serving abroad and their dependents are counted in their home state . Electoral apportionment ( edit ) Based on data from the decennial census , each state is allocated a proportion of the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives , although each state is guaranteed a minimum of one seat , regardless of population . This apportionment is based on the proportion of each state 's population to that of the fifty states together ( without regard to the populations of the District of Columbia , AS , GU , MP , PR , or VI ) . The Electoral College is the body that , every four years , elects the President and Vice President of the United States . Each state 's representation in the Electoral College is equal to that state 's total number of members in both houses of the United States Congress . The Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution effectively grants the District of Columbia , which is separate from any state , three votes . More precisely , the district gets as many votes in the Electoral College as it would have if it were a state , with the caveat that the district can have no more votes than the least populous state ( which is currently Wyoming ) . Currently , this caveat is a moot point since the District of Columbia would only be entitled to one representative if it were a state , and is more populous than only two of the seven states with a single member in the House since 2013 . Since the Constitution guarantees every state at least one U.S. Representative and two U.S. Senators , it effectively guarantees every state ( and , since the ratification of the 23rd Amendment , the District of Columbia ) at least three electoral votes . Thus , the total representation in the Electoral College is 538 members ( equal to 100 senators plus 435 representatives , plus 3 members for the District of Columbia ) . State rankings ( edit ) Rank in the fifty states , 2017 Rank in all states and territories , 2010 State or territory Population estimate , July 1 , 2017 Census population , April 1 , 2010 Total seats in the U.S. House of Representatives , 2013 -- 2023 Estimated population per House seat , 2017 Census population per House seat , 2010 Percent of the total U.S. population , 2017 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 California 39,536,653 37,252,895 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 745,974 702,885 12.14 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Texas 28,304,596 25,146,105 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 786,238 698,503 8.69 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Florida 21,312,211 18,804,623 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 777,200 696,468 6.44 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 New York 19,849,399 19,378,087 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 735,163 717,707 6.09 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Pennsylvania 12,805,537 12,702,887 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 711,419 705,715 3.93 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Illinois 12,802,023 12,831,549 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 711,224 712,864 3.93 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ohio 11,658,609 11,536,725 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 728,663 721,032 3.58 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Georgia 10,429,379 9,688,681 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 744,956 691,975 3.20 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 North Carolina 10,273,419 9,535,692 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 790,263 733,498 3.15 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Michigan 9,962,311 9,884,129 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 711,594 705,974 3.06 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New Jersey 9,005,644 8,791,936 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 750,470 732,658 2.76 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Virginia 8,470,020 8,001,045 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 770,002 727,366 2.60 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Washington 7,405,743 6,724,543 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 740,574 672,454 2.27 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Arizona 7,016,270 6,392,307 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 779,586 710,224 2.15 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Massachusetts 6,859,819 6,547,817 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 762,202 727,514 2.11 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Tennessee 6,715,984 6,346,275 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 746,220 705,123 2.06 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Indiana 6,666,818 6,484,229 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 740,758 720,422 2.05 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Missouri 6,113,532 5,988,927 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 764,192 748,615 1.88 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Maryland 6,052,177 5,773,785 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 756,522 721,694 1.86 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Wisconsin 5,795,483 5,687,289 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 724,435 710,873 1.78 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Colorado 5,607,154 5,029,324 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 801,022 720,704 1.72 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Minnesota 5,576,606 5,303,925 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 697,076 662,991 1.71 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 South Carolina 5,024,369 4,625,401 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 717,767 660,766 1.54 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Alabama 4,874,747 4,780,127 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 696,392 682,819 1.50 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Louisiana 4,684,333 4,533,479 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 780,722 755,562 1.44 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Kentucky 4,454,189 4,339,349 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 742,365 723,228 1.37 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Oregon 4,142,776 3,831,073 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 828,555 766,215 1.27 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Oklahoma 3,930,864 3,751,616 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 786,173 750,270 1.21 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Connecticut 3,588,184 3,574,118 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 717,637 714,824 1.10 % -- 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Puerto Rico 3,337,177 3,726,157 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 1.01 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Iowa 3,145,711 3,046,869 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 786,428 761,717 0.97 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Utah 3,101,833 2,763,888 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 775,458 690,972 0.95 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Arkansas 3,004,279 2,915,958 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 751,070 728,990 0.92 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Nevada 2,998,039 2,700,691 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 749,510 675,173 0.92 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Mississippi 2,984,100 2,968,103 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 746,025 742,026 0.92 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Kansas 2,913,123 2,853,132 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 728,281 713,280 0.89 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 New Mexico 2,088,070 2,059,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 696,023 686,393 0.64 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 Nebraska 1,920,076 1,826,341 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 640,025 608,780 0.59 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 West Virginia 1,815,857 1,853,011 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 605,285 617,670 0.56 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Idaho 1,716,943 1,567,652 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 858,472 783,826 0.53 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Hawaii 1,427,538 1,360,301 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 713,769 680,151 0.44 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 New Hampshire 1,342,795 1,316,466 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 671,398 658,233 0.41 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Maine 1,335,907 1,328,361 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 667,954 664,181 0.41 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Rhode Island 1,059,639 1,052,931 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 529,820 526,466 0.33 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Montana 1,050,493 989,417 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,050,493 989,417 0.32 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Delaware 961,939 897,936 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 961,939 897,936 0.30 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 South Dakota 869,666 814,191 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 869,666 814,191 0.27 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 North Dakota 755,393 672,591 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 755,393 672,591 0.23 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Alaska 739,795 710,249 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 739,795 710,249 0.23 % -- 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 District of Columbia 693,972 601,767 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.21 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Vermont 623,657 625,745 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 623,657 625,745 0.19 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Wyoming 579,315 563,767 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 579,315 563,767 0.18 % -- 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Guam 159,358 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.06 % -- 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 U.S. Virgin Islands 106,405 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.04 % -- 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 American Samoa 55,519 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.01 % -- 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Northern Mariana Islands 53,883 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.00 % -- 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Wake Island 100 188 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Palmyra Atoll 20 20 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 Midway Atoll 40 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Johnston Atoll 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Baker Island 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Howland Island 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Jarvis Island 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Kingman Reef 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Navassa Island 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Serranilla Bank 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Bajo Nuevo Bank 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Contiguous United States 323,551,845 306,687,555 432 ( + 1 non-voting ) -- -- 98.18 % -- -- The fifty states 325,025,206 308,156,338 435 737,348 708,376 98.48 % -- -- Fifty states + D.C. 325,719,178 308,758,105 435 ( + 1 non-voting ) -- -- 98.67 % -- -- Total U.S. ( including D.C. and territories ) 329,431,520 312,913,872 435 ( + 6 non-voting ) -- -- 100.00 % Jump up ^ Because of rounding of the individual percentages , the entries in this column may not sum to 100 % . ^ Jump up to : There is no official population estimate for American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and United States Virgin Islands between the decennial censuses . Summary of population by region ( edit ) Legend Division totals -- 9 divisions for 50 states and D.C. Region totals -- 4 regions ( 2 or 3 divisions each ) Individual territories Total U.S. Territories 50 States + District of Columbia Divisions & regions as defined by U.S. Census Bureau Last col . shows larger region which contains entity in col. 1 Population of states , territories , divisions and regions State / Territory / Division / Region Rank 2017 population Rank population Rank 2000 population Rank 2000 - change Geographic sort Massachusetts 15 6,859,819 14 6,547,629 13 6,349,097 43 3.1 % NEng Connecticut 29 3,588,184 29 3,574,097 29 3,405,565 35 4.9 % NEng Maine 42 1,335,907 41 1,328,361 40 1,274,923 39 4.2 % NEng New Hampshire 41 1,342,795 42 1,316,470 41 1,235,786 32 6.5 % NEng Rhode Island 43 1,059,639 43 1,052,567 43 1,048,319 49 0.4 % NEng Vermont 49 623,657 49 625,741 49 608,827 44 2.8 % NEng New England 9 14,810,001 9 14,444,865 9 13,922,517 7 3.8 % NEast New York 19,849,399 19,378,102 18,976,457 46 2.1 % MAtl Pennsylvania 5 12,805,537 6 12,702,379 6 12,281,054 41 3.4 % MAtl New Jersey 11 9,005,644 11 8,791,894 9 8,414,350 37 4.5 % MAtl Mid-Atlantic 41,660,580 40,872,375 39,671,861 8 3.0 % NEast Northeast 56,470,581 55,317,240 53,594,378 3.2 % USA Florida 19,552,860 18,801,310 15,982,378 8 17.6 % SAtl Georgia 8 9,992,167 9 9,687,653 10 8,186,453 7 18.3 % SAtl North Carolina 10 9,848,060 10 9,535,483 11 8,049,313 6 18.5 % SAtl Virginia 12 8,260,405 12 8,001,024 12 7,078,515 16 13.0 % SAtl Maryland 19 5,928,814 19 5,773,552 19 5,296,486 23 9.0 % SAtl South Carolina 24 4,774,839 24 4,625,364 26 4,012,012 10 15.3 % SAtl West Virginia 38 1,854,304 37 1,852,994 37 1,808,344 45 2.5 % SAtl Delaware 45 925,749 45 897,934 45 783,600 11 14.6 % SAtl District of Columbia -- 646,449 -- 601,723 -- 572,059 -- 5.2 % SAtl South Atlantic 64,705,532 59,777,037 51,769,160 15.5 % South Tennessee 17 6,495,978 17 6,346,105 16 5,689,283 19 11.5 % ESC Alabama 23 4,833,722 23 4,779,736 23 4,447,100 27 7.5 % ESC Kentucky 26 4,395,295 26 4,339,367 25 4,041,769 28 7.4 % ESC Mississippi 31 2,991,207 31 2,967,297 31 2,844,658 38 4.3 % ESC East South Central 8 19,029,020 8 18,432,505 8 17,022,810 5 8.3 % South Texas 26,448,193 25,145,561 20,851,820 5 20.6 % WSC Louisiana 25 4,625,470 25 4,533,372 22 4,468,976 48 1.4 % WSC Oklahoma 28 3,850,568 28 3,751,351 27 3,450,654 24 8.7 % WSC Arkansas 32 2,959,373 32 2,915,918 33 2,673,400 22 9.1 % WSC West South Central 5 39,924,072 5 36,346,202 5 31,444,850 15.6 % South South 123,658,624 114,555,744 100,236,820 14.3 % USA Illinois 6 12,882,135 5 12,830,632 5 12,419,293 42 3.3 % ENC Ohio 7 11,570,808 7 11,536,504 7 11,353,140 47 1.6 % ENC Michigan 10 9,895,622 8 9,883,640 8 9,938,444 50 - 0.6 % ENC Indiana 17 6,570,902 15 6,483,802 14 6,080,485 31 6.6 % ENC Wisconsin 20 5,742,713 20 5,686,986 18 5,363,675 34 6.0 % ENC East North Central 46,885,244 46,421,564 45,155,037 9 2.8 % MWest Missouri 18 6,044,171 18 5,988,927 17 5,595,211 29 7.0 % WNC Minnesota 22 5,420,380 21 5,303,925 21 4,919,479 26 7.8 % WNC Iowa 30 3,090,416 30 3,046,355 30 2,926,324 40 4.1 % WNC Kansas 34 2,893,957 33 2,853,118 32 2,688,418 33 6.1 % WNC Nebraska 37 1,868,516 38 1,826,341 38 1,711,263 30 6.7 % WNC South Dakota 46 844,877 46 814,180 46 754,844 25 7.9 % WNC North Dakota 47 723,393 48 672,591 47 642,200 36 4.7 % WNC West North Central 7 21,294,107 7 20,505,437 6 19,237,739 6 6.6 % MWest Midwest 68,179,351 66,927,001 64,392,776 3.9 % USA Arizona 14 7,016,270 16 6,392,017 20 5,130,632 24.6 % Mtn Colorado 21 5,607,154 22 5,029,196 24 4,301,261 9 16.9 % Mtn Utah 31 3,101,833 34 2,763,885 34 2,233,169 23.8 % Mtn Nevada 33 2,998,039 35 2,700,551 35 1,998,257 35.1 % Mtn New Mexico 36 2,088,070 36 2,059,179 36 1,819,046 15 13.2 % Mtn Idaho 39 1,716,943 39 1,567,582 39 1,293,953 21.1 % Mtn Montana 44 1,050,493 44 989,415 44 902,195 21 9.7 % Mtn Wyoming 50 579,315 50 563,626 50 493,782 12 14.1 % Mtn Mountain 6 24,158,117 6 22,065,451 7 18,172,295 21.4 % West California 39,536,653 37,253,956 33,871,648 20 10.0 % Pac Washington 13 7,405,743 13 6,724,540 15 5,894,121 13 14.1 % Pac Oregon 27 4,142,776 27 3,831,074 28 3,421,399 18 12.0 % Pac Hawaii 40 1,427,538 40 1,360,301 42 1,211,537 17 12.3 % Pac Alaska 48 739,795 47 710,231 48 626,932 14 13.3 % Pac Pacific 53,252,505 49,880,102 45,025,637 10.8 % West West 77,410,622 71,945,553 63,197,932 13.8 % USA 50 states and D.C. -- 325,719,178 -- 308,745,538 -- 281,421,906 -- 9.7 % NAmer Puerto Rico 3,337,177 3,725,789 3,808,610 - 2.2 % Terr . Guam 159,358 154,805 2.9 % Terr . U.S. Virgin Islands 106,405 108,612 - 2.0 % Terr . American Samoa 55,519 5 57,291 - 3.1 % Terr . Northern Mariana Islands 5 5 53,883 69,221 5 - 22.2 % Terr . Total Territories -- 3,712,342 -- 4,100,954 -- 4,198,539 -- - 2.3 % USA ^ Jump up to : There is no official population estimate for American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and United States Virgin Islands between the decennial censuses . See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Demographics of the United States List of United States cities by population List of U.S. states by African - American population List of U.S. states by historical population ( tables of state populations since 1790 ) List of U.S. states by population density List of U.S. states by population growth rate List of U.S. states and territories by area List of U.S. states by vehicles per capita List of U.S. states by religiosity United States References ( edit ) General `` National Totals : Vintage 2015 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . `` 2010 Resident Population Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 26 . `` 2010 Apportionment Population '' , U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 `` 2009 Census estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Statistical Abstract of the United States , 1995 , U.S. Census Bureau , Section 29 : Outlying Areas , Table No. 1347 . Land Area and Population Characteristics , by ( Outlying ) Area : 1990 ( page 828 ) . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 Specific Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Does the Census Bureau collect data on the number of unauthorized migrants ? '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Will 2010 Census apportionment population counts also include any Americans overseas ? '' . U. S Census Bureau . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Register . `` A Procedural Guide to the Electoral College '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' ( XLSX ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 02 . External links ( edit ) United States Government United States Census Bureau USCB population estimates United States Office of Management and Budget United States Censuses 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 2000 2020 United States Census Bureau United States Census of Agriculture United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population&oldid=850165054 '' Categories : Lists by population Lists of states of the United States Lists of subdivisions of the United States United States demography - related lists United States geography - related lists Ranked lists of country subdivisions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Ilokano Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Македонски მარგალური Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 02 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the least populated state in the us | [
"As of April 1, 2010, the date of the 2010 United States Census, the nine most populous U.S. states contain slightly more than half of the total population. The 25 least populous states contain less than one-sixth of the total population. California, the most populous state, contains more people than the 21 least populous states combined, and Wyoming is the least populous state, with a population less than the 31 most populous U.S. cities.\n"
] | [
"Wyoming"
] |
676052316827559652 | Brahmaputra River | Brahmaputra river - wikipedia Brahmaputra river Brahmaputra ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ ब्रह्मपुत्र River The Brahmaputra in Guwahati , Assam , India . Name origin : Sanskrit for Son ( Putra ) of Brahmā Countries China , India , Bangladesh States Assam , Arunachal Pradesh Autonomous Region Tibet Tributaries - left Dibang River , Lohit River , Dhansiri River , Kolong River - right Kameng River , Manas River , Beki River , Raidak River , Jaldhaka River , Teesta River , Subansiri River City Guwahati , Dibrugarh , Tezpur Source Bhagirath Glacier - location Himalayas , Tibet - elevation 5,210 m ( 17,093 ft ) - coordinates 30 ° 23 ′ N 82 ° 0 ′ E / 30.383 ° N 82.000 ° E / 30.383 ; 82.000 Mouth Bay of Bengal - location Ganges Delta , Bangladesh - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 25 ° 13 ′ 24 '' N 89 ° 41 ′ 41 '' E / 25.22333 ° N 89.69472 ° E / 25.22333 ; 89.69472 Coordinates : 25 ° 13 ′ 24 '' N 89 ° 41 ′ 41 '' E / 25.22333 ° N 89.69472 ° E / 25.22333 ; 89.69472 Length 3,848 km ( 2,390 mi ) Basin 712,035 km ( 274,900 sq mi ) Discharge - average 19,800 m / s ( 699,200 cu ft / s ) - max 100,000 m / s ( 3,531,500 cu ft / s ) Map of the combined drainage basins of the Brahmaputra ( violet ) , Ganges ( orange ) , and Meghna ( green ) . The Brahmaputra ( / ˌbrɑːməˈpuːtrə / is one of the major rivers of Asia , a trans - boundary river which flows through China , India and Bangladesh . As such , it is known by various names in the region : Assamese : ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদ ( ' নদ ' nôd , masculine form of ' নদী ' nôdi `` river '' ) Brôhmôputrô ( bɹɔɦmɔputɹɔ ) ; Sanskrit : ब्रह्मपुत्र , IAST : Brahmaputra ; Tibetan : ཡར ་ ཀླུངས ་ གཙང ་ པོ ་ , Wylie : yar klung gtsang po Yarlung Tsangpo ; simplified Chinese : 布 拉 马 普 特 拉 河 ; traditional Chinese : 布 拉 馬 普 特 拉 河 ; pinyin : Bùlāmǎpǔtèlā Hé . It is also called Tsangpo - Brahmaputra ( when referring to the whole river including the stretch within Tibet ) . The Manas River , which runs through Bhutan , joins it at Jogighopa , in India . It is the ninth largest river in the world by discharge , and the 15th longest . With its origin in the Manasarovar Lake , located on the northern side of the Himalayas in Burang County of Tibet as the Yarlung Tsangpo River , it flows across southern Tibet to break through the Himalayas in great gorges ( including the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon ) and into Arunachal Pradesh ( India ) . It flows southwest through the Assam Valley as Brahmaputra and south through Bangladesh as the Jamuna ( not to be mistaken with Yamuna of India ) . In the vast Ganges Delta , it merges with the Padma , the popular name of the river Ganges in Bangladesh , and finally the Meghna and from here it is known as Meghna before emptying into the Bay of Bengal . About 3,848 km ( 2,391 mi ) long , the Brahmaputra is an important river for irrigation and transportation . The average depth of the river is 38 m ( 124 ft ) and maximum depth is 120 m ( 380 ft ) . The river is prone to catastrophic flooding in the spring when Himalayas snow melts . The average discharge of the river is about 19,800 m / s ( 700,000 cu ft / s ) , and floods can reach over 100,000 m / s ( 3,500,000 cu ft / s ) . It is a classic example of a braided river and is highly susceptible to channel migration and avulsion . It is also one of the few rivers in the world that exhibit a tidal bore . It is navigable for most of its length . The river drains the Himalaya east of the Indo - Nepal border , south - central portion of the Tibetan plateau above the Ganga basin , south - eastern portion of Tibet , the Patkai - Bum hills , the northern slopes of the Meghalaya hills , the Assam plains , and the northern portion of Bangladesh . The basin , especially south of Tibet , is characterized by high levels of rainfall . Kangchenjunga ( 8,586 m ) is the only peak above 8,000 m , hence is the highest point within the Brahmaputra basin . The Brahmaputra 's upper course was long unknown , and its identity with the Yarlung Tsangpo was only established by exploration in 1884 -- 86 . This river is often called Tsangpo - Brahmaputra river . The lower reaches are sacred to Hindus . While most rivers on the Indian subcontinent have female names , this river has a rare male name , as it means `` son of Brahma '' in Sanskrit ( putra means `` son '' ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Course 1.1. 1 Tibet 1.1. 2 Assam and adjoining region 1.1. 3 Bangladesh 1.2 Basin characteristics 1.3 Discharge 1.3. 1 Climate 1.3. 2 Hydrology 1.3. 3 Floodplain evolution 1.3. 4 Flooding 1.4 Channel morphology 1.4. 1 River engineering 2 History 2.1 Earlier history 2.2 International cooperation 2.3 Significance to people 3 Development 3.1 Bridges 3.2 National Waterway 2 4 References 4.1 See also 4.2 External links 4.3 Further reading 4.4 Notes 4.5 Citations Geography ( edit ) Course ( edit ) Tibet ( edit ) Main article : Yarlung Tsangpo Yarlung Tsangpo River in Tibet . The Brahmaputra River , also called Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibetan language , originates on the Angsi Glacier located on the northern side of the Himalayas in Burang County of Tibet . The source of the river was earlier thought to be on the Chemayungdung glacier , which covers the slopes of the Himalayas about 97 km ( 60 mi ) southeast of Lake Manasarovar in southwestern Tibet . The river is 3,848 km ( 2,391 mi ) long , and its drainage area is 712,035 km ( 274,918 sq mi ) according to the new findings , while previous documents showed its length varied from 2,900 to 3,350 km and its drainage area between 520,000 and 1.73 million km . This finding has been given by Liu Shaochuang , a researcher with the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications under the analysis using expeditions and satellite imagery from the Chinese Academy of Sciences ( CAS ) . From its source , the river runs for nearly 1,100 km ( 680 mi ) in a generally easterly direction between the main range of the Himalayas to the south and the Kailas Range to the north . Throughout its upper course , the river is generally known as the Tsangpo ( `` Purifier '' ) ; it is also known by its Chinese name ( Yarlung Zangbo ) and by other local Tibetan names . In Tibet , the Tsangpo receives a number of tributaries . The most important left - bank tributaries are the Raka Zangbo ( Raka Tsangpo ) , which joins the river west of Xigazê ( Shigatse ) , and the Lhasa ( Kyi ) , which flows past the Tibetan capital of Lhasa and joins the Tsangpo at Qüxü . The Nyang Qu ( Gyamda ) River joins the river from the north at Zela ( Tsela Dzong ) . On the right bank , a second river called the Nyang Qu ( Nyang Chu ) meets the Tsangpo at Xigazê . After passing Pi ( Pe ) in Tibet , the river turns suddenly to the north and northeast and cuts a course through a succession of great narrow gorges between the mountainous massifs of Gyala Peri and Namcha Barwa in a series of rapids and cascades . Thereafter , the river turns south and southwest and flows through a deep gorge ( the `` Grand Canyon '' of the Tsangpo ) across the eastern extremity of the Himalayas with canyon walls that extend upward for 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) and more on each side . During that stretch , the river enters northern Arunachal Pradesh state in northeastern India , where it is known as the Dihang ( or Siang ) River , and turns more southerly . Assam and adjoining region ( edit ) Brahmaputra basin in India A view of sunset in the Brahmaputra from Dibrugarh The Brahmaputra enters India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh , where it is called Siang . It makes a very rapid descent from its original height in Tibet , and finally appears in the plains , where it is called Dihang . It flows for about 35 km ( 22 mi ) and is joined by the Dibang River and the Lohit River at the head of the Assam Valley . Below the Lohit , the river is called Brahmaputra and Burlung - Buthur by native Bodo tribals , it then enters the state of Assam , and becomes very wide -- as wide as 20 km ( 12 mi ) in parts of Assam . The Dihang , winding out of the mountains , turns toward the southeast and descends into a low - lying basin as it enters northeastern Assam state . Just west of the town of Sadiya , the river again turns to the southwest and is joined by two mountain streams , the Lohit and the Dibang . Below that confluence , about 1,450 km ( 900 mi ) from the Bay of Bengal , the river becomes known conventionally as the Brahmaputra ( `` Son of Brahma '' ) . In Assam , the river is mighty , even in the dry season , and during the rains , its banks are more than 8 km ( 5.0 mi ) apart . As the river follows its braided 700 m ( 2,300 ft ) course through the valley , it receives several rapidly rushing Himalayan streams , including the Subansiri , Kameng , Bhareli , Dhansiri , Manas , Champamati , Saralbhanga , and Sankosh Rivers . The main tributaries from the hills and from the plateau to the south are the Burhi Dihing , the Disang , the Dikhu , and the Kopili . Between Dibrugarh and Lakhimpur Districts , the river divides into two channels -- the northern Kherkutia channel and the southern Brahmaputra channel . The two channels join again about 100 km ( 62 mi ) downstream , forming the Majuli island , which is the largest river island in the world . At Guwahati , near the ancient pilgrimage centre of Hajo , the Brahmaputra cuts through the rocks of the Shillong Plateau , and is at its narrowest at 1 km ( 1,100 yd ) bank - to - bank . Because of the river 's narrow width , the Battle of Saraighat was fought here in March 1671 . The first combined rail / road bridge across the Brahmaputra was opened to traffic in April 1962 at Saraighat . The environment of the Brahmaputra floodplains in Assam have been described as the Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests ecoregion . Bangladesh ( edit ) Rivers of Bangladesh , including the Brahmaputra In Bangladesh , the Brahmaputra is joined by the Teesta River ( or Tista ) , one of its largest tributaries . Below the Tista , the Brahmaputra splits into two distributary branches . The western branch , which contains the majority of the river 's flow , continues due south as the Jamuna ( Jomuna ) to merge with the lower Ganga , called the Padma River ( Pôdda ) . The eastern branch , formerly the larger , but now much smaller , is called the lower or old Brahmaputra ( Brommoputro ) . It curves southeast to join the Meghna River near Dhaka . The Padma and Meghna converge near Chandpur and flow out into the Bay of Bengal . This final part of the river is called Meghna . The Brahmaputra enters the plains of Bangladesh after turning south around the Garo Hills below Dhuburi , India . After flowing past Chilmari , Bangladesh , it is joined on its right bank by the Tista River and then follows a 240 km ( 150 - mi ) course due south as the Jamuna River . ( South of Gaibanda , the Old Brahmaputra leaves the left bank of the main stream and flows past Jamalpur and Mymensingh to join the Meghna River at Bhairab Bazar . ) Before its confluence with the Ganga , the Jamuna receives the combined waters of the Baral , Atrai , and Hurasagar Rivers on its right bank and becomes the point of departure of the large Dhaleswari River on its left bank . A tributary of the Dhaleswari , the Buriganga ( `` Old Ganga '' ) , flows past Dhaka , the capital of Bangladesh , and joins the Meghna River above Munshiganj . The Jamuna joins with the Ganga north of Goalundo Ghat , below which , as the Padma , their combined waters flow to the southeast for a distance of about 120 km ( 75 mi ) . After several smaller channels branch off to feed the Ganga - Brahmaputra delta to the south , the main body of the Padma reaches its confluence with the Meghna River near Chandpur and then enters the Bay of Bengal through the Meghna estuary and lesser channels flowing through the delta . The growth of the Ganga - Brahmaputra Delta is dominated by tidal processes . The Ganga Delta , fed by the waters of numerous rivers , including the Ganga and Brahmaputra , is 59,570 square kilometres ( 23,000 sq mi ) the largest river deltas in the world . Basin characteristics ( edit ) The Brahmaputra River from Space The basin of the Brahmaputra river is 651 334 km and it is a good example of a braided river and meanders quite a bit and frequently forms temporary sand bars . A region of significant tectonic activity has developed in the Jamuna River and is associated with the Himalayan uplift and development of the Bengal foredeep . Several researchers has hypothesized that the underlying structural control on the location of the major river systems of Bangladesh . A zone of ' structural weakness ' along the present course of the Ganga - Jamuna - Padma Rivers due to either a subsiding trough or a fault at depth has been observed by Morgan and Melntire. ( 1959 ) . Scijmonsbergen ( 1999 ) contends that width changes in the Jamuna may respond to these faults and they may also cause increased sedimentation upstream of the fault . He presented a few images to argue that a fault downstream of the Bangabandhu Multipurpose Bridge has affected channel migration . Huge accumulations of sediment that have been fed from Himalayan erosion has been produced due to the deepening of the Bengal Basin , with the thickness of sediment above the Precambrian basement increasing from a few hundred metres in the shelf region to over 18 km in the Bengal foredeep to the south . The tectonic and climatic context for the large water and sediment discharges in the rivers of Bangladesh was set by the ongoing subsidence in the Bengal Basin , combined with high rates of Himalayan uplift . The control of uplift and subsidence is , however , clear . The courses of the Jamuna and Ganga Rivers are first - order controls due to the fact that they are most influenced by the uplifted Plcistoccnc terraces of the Barind and Madhupur tracts . Discharge ( edit ) The Ganga - Brahmaputra system has the third - greatest average discharge of the world 's rivers -- roughly 30,770 m ( 1,086,500 ft ) per second ; and the river Brahmaputra alone supplies about 19,800 m ( 700,000 ft ) per second of the total discharge . The rivers ' combined suspended sediment load of about 1.87 billion tonnes ( 1.84 billion tons ) per year is the world 's highest . In the past , the lower course of the Brahmaputra was different and passed through the Jamalpur and Mymensingh districts . In a 7.5 magnitude earthquake on 2 April 1762 , however , the main channel of the Brahmaputra at Bhahadurabad point was switched southwards and opened as Jamuna due to the result of tectonic uplift of the Madhupur tract . Climate ( edit ) Rising temperature is one of the major cause of snow - melting at the upper Brahmaputra catchment . The discharge of the river Brahmaputra is highly affected by the melting of snow at the upper part of its catchment . The attenuation of river flow due to the melting of snow in the river Brahmaputra basin affects the downstream discharge of the river . This increase in discharge due to significant retreat of snow gives rise to severe catastrophic problems such as flood and erosion . Hydrology ( edit ) The hydrology of the Brahmaputra River is characterized by its significant rates of sediment discharge , the large and variable flows , along with its rapid channel aggradations and accelerated rates of basin denudation . Over time , the deepening of the Bengal Basin caused by erosion will results in the increase in hydraulic radius , and hence allowing for the huge accumulation of sediments fed from the Himalayan erosion by efficient sediment transportation . The thickness of the sediment accumulated above the Precambrian basement has increased over the years from a few hundred meters to over 18 km in the Bengal fore - deep to the south . The ongoing subsidence of the Bengal Basin and the high rate of Himalayan uplift continues to contribute to the large water and sediment discharges of fine sand and silt , with 1 % clay , in the Brahmaputra River . Climatic change plays a crucial role in affecting the basin hydrology . Throughout the year , there is a significant rise in hydrograph , with a broad peak between July and September . The Brahmaputra River experiences two high - water seasons , one in early summer caused by snow melt in the mountains , and one in late summer caused by runoff from monsoon rains . The river flow is strongly influenced by snow and ice melting of the glaciers , which are located mainly on the eastern Himalaya regions in the upstream parts of the basin . The snow and glacier melt contribution to the total annual runoff is about 27 % , while the annual rainfall contributes to about 1.9 m and 19,830 m3 / s of discharge . The highest recorded daily discharge in the Brahmaputra at Pandu was 72,726 m3 / s August 1962 while the lowest was 1,757 m3 / s in February 1968 . The increased rates of snow and glacial melt are likely to increase summer flows in some river systems for a few decades , followed by a reduction in flow as the glaciers disappear and snowfall diminishes . This is particularly true for the dry season when water availability is crucial for the irrigation systems . Floodplain evolution ( edit ) The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed drastically in the past two and a half centuries , moving its river course westwards for a distance of about 80 km ( 50 mi ) , leaving its old river course , appropriately named the old Brahmaputra river , behind . In the past , the floodplain of the old river course had soils which were more properly formed compared to graded sediments on the operating Jamuna river . This change of river course resulted in modifications to the soil - forming process , which include acidification , breakdown of clays and buildup of organic matter , with the soils showing an increasing amount of biotic homogenization , mottling , coating arounds Peds and maturing soil arrangement , shape and pattern . In the future , the consequences of local ground subsidence coupled with flood prevention propositions , for instance localised breakwaters , that increase flood - plain water depths outside the water breakers , may alter the water levels of the floodplains . Throughout the years , bars , scroll bars and sand dunes are formed at the edge of the flood plain by deposition . The height difference of the channel topography is often not more than 1m - 2m . Furthermore , flooding over history of the river has caused the formation of river levees due to deposition from overbank flow . The height difference between the levee top and the surrounding floodplains is typically 1m along small channels and 2 - 3m along major channels . Crevasse splay , a sedimentary fluvial deposit which forms when a stream breaks its natural or artificial levees and deposits sediment on a floodplain , are often formed due to a breach in levee , forming a lobe of sediments which progrades onto the adjacent floodplain . Lastly , flood basins are often formed between the levees of adjacent rivers . Flooding ( edit ) Flooded villages along the Brahmaputra During the monsoon season ( June -- October ) , floods are a very common occurrence . Deforestation in the Brahmaputra watershed has resulted in increased siltation levels , flash floods , and soil erosion in critical downstream habitat , such as the Kaziranga National Park in middle Assam . Occasionally , massive flooding causes huge losses to crops , life , and property . Periodic flooding is a natural phenomenon which is ecologically important because it helps maintain the lowland grasslands and associated wildlife . Periodic floods also deposit fresh alluvium , replenishing the fertile soil of the Brahmaputra River Valley . Thus flooding , agriculture , and agricultural practices are closely connected . The effects of flooding can be devastating and cause significant damage to crops and houses , serious bank erosive with consequent loss of homesteads , school and land , and loss of many lives , livestock and fisheries . During the 1998 flood , over 70 % of the land area of Bangladesh was inundated , affecting 31 million people and 1 million homesteads . In the 1998 flood which had an unusually long duration from July to September , claimed 918 human lives and was responsible for damaging 16 00 and 6000 km of roads and embankments respectively , and affecting 6000 km of standing crops . The 2004 floods , over 25 % of the population of Bangladesh or 36 million people , was affected by the floods ; 800 lives were lost ; 952 000 houses were destroyed and 1.4 million were badly damaged ; 24 000 educational institutions were affected including the destruction of 1200 primary schools , 2 million governments and private tubewells were affected , over 3 million latrines were damaged or washed away , this increases the risks of waterborne diseases including diarrhea and cholera . Also , 1.1 M ha of rice crop was submerged and lost before it could be harvested , with 7 % of the yearly aus ( early season ) rice crop lost ; 270 000 ha of grazing land was affected , 5600 livestock perished together with 254 00 poultry and 63 MT of lost fish production . Flood - control measures are taken by water resource department and the Brahmaputra Board , but until now the flood problem remains unsolved . At least a third of the land of Majuli island has been eroded by the river . Recently , it is suggested that a highway protected by concrete mat along the river bank and excavation of the river bed can curb this menace . This project , named the Brahmaputra River Restoration Project , is yet to be implemented by the government. Recently the Central Government approved the construction of Brahmaputra Express Highways . Channel morphology ( edit ) The course of the Brahmaputra River has changed dramatically over the past 250 years , with evidence of large - scale avulsion , in the period 1776 -- 1850 , of 80 km from east of the Madhupur tract to the west of it . Prior to 1843 , the Brahmaputra flowed within the channel now termed the `` old Brahmaputra '' . The banks of the river are mostly weakly cohesive sand and silts , which usually erodes through large scale slab failure , where previously deposited materials undergo scour and bank erosion during flood periods . Presently , the river 's erosion rate has decreased to 30m per year as compared to 150m per year from 1973 to 1992 . This erosion has , however , destroyed so much land that it has caused 0.7 million people to become homeless due to loss of land . Several studies have discussed the reasons for the avulsion of the river into its present course , and have suggested a number of reasons including tectonic activity , switches in upstream course of the Teesta River , the influence of increased discharge , catastrophic floods and river capture into an old river course . From an analysis of maps of the river between 1776 and 1843 , it was concluded in a study that the river avulsion was more likely gradual than catastrophic and sudden , and may have been generated by bank erosion , perhaps around a large mid-channel bar , causing a diversion of the channel into the existing floodplain channel . The Brahmaputra channel is governed by the peak and low flow periods during which its bed undergoes tremendous modification . The Brahmaputra 's bankline migration is inconsistent with time . The Brahmaputra river bed has widened significantly since 1916 and appears to be shifting more towards the south than towards the north . Together with the contemporary slow migration of the river , the left bank is being eroded away faster than the right bank . River engineering ( edit ) The Brahmaputra River experiences high levels of bank erosion ( usually via slab failure ) and channel migration caused by its strong current , lack of river bank vegetation , and loose sand and silt which compose its banks . It is thus difficult to build permanent structures on the river , and protective structures designed to limit the river 's erosional effects often face numerous issues during and after construction . In fact , a 2004 report by the Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group ( BDER ) has stated that several of such protective systems have ' just failed ' . However , some progress has been made in the form of construction works which stabilize sections of the river , albeit the need for heavy maintenance . The Bangabandhu Bridge , the only bridge to span the river 's major distributary , the Jamuna , was thus opened in June 1998 . Constructed at a narrow braid belt of the river , it is 4.8 km long with a platform 18.5 m wide , and it is used to carry railroad traffic as well as gas , power and telecommunication lines . Due to the variable nature of the river , prediction of the river 's future course is crucial in planning upstream engineering to prevent flooding on the bridge . China had built the Zangmu Dam in the upper course of the Brahmaputra River in the Tibet region and it was operationalised on 13 October 2015 . The main purpose of the dam was to generate electricity for China and its operation has caused concerns for downstream neighbours like India as the presence of dams in the upper course of the river will mean unpredictability in the dynamics of downstream flows . History ( edit ) Brahmaputra River seen from a spot satellite The Brahmaputra and its tributaries in northeastern India and Bangladesh James Rennell 's 1776 map shows the Brahmaputra 's flow before an earthquake on 2 April 1762 and the Teesta River flowing in three channels to the Ganga before a flood in 1787 . Earlier history ( edit ) Early accounts give its name as Dyardanes . In the past , the course of the lower Brahmaputra was different and passed through the Jamalpur and Mymensingh districts . Some water still flows through that course , now called the Old Brahmaputra , as a distributary of the main channel . A question about the river system in Bangladesh is when and why the Brahmaputra changed its main course , at the site of the Jamuna and the `` Old Brahmaputra '' fork that can be seen by comparing modern maps to historic maps before the 1800s . The Brahmaputra likely flowed directly south along its present main channel for much of the time since the last glacial maximum , switching back and forth between the two courses several times throughout the Holocene . One idea about the most recent avulsion is that the change in the course of the main waters of the Brahmaputra took place suddenly in 1787 , the year of the heavy flooding of the river Tista . In the middle of the 18th century , at least three fair - sized streams flowed between the Rajshahi and Dhaka Divisions , viz. , the Daokoba , a branch of the Tista , the Monash or Konai , and the Salangi . The Lahajang and the Elengjany were also important rivers . In Renault 's time , the Brahmaputra as a first step towards securing a more direct course to the sea by leaving the Mahdupur Jungle to the east began to send a considerable volume of water down the Jinai or Jabuna from Jamalpur into the Monash and Salangi . These rivers gradually coalesced and kept shifting to the west till they met the Daokoba , which was showing an equally rapid tendency to cut towards the east . The junction of these rivers gave the Brahmaputra a course worthy of her immense power , and the rivers to right and left silted up . In Renault 's Altas they very much resemble the rivers of Jessore , which dried up after the hundred - mouthed Ganga had cut her new channel to join the Meghna at the south of the Munshiganj subdivision . In 1809 , Francis Buchanan - Hamilton wrote that the new channel between Bhawanipur and Dewanranj `` was scarcely inferior to the mighty river , and threatens to sweep away the intermediate country '' . By 1830 , the old channel had been reduced to its present insignificance . It was navigable by country boats throughout the year and by launches only during rains , but at the point as low as Jamalpur it was formidable throughout the cold weather . Similar was the position for two or three months just below Mymensingh also . International cooperation ( edit ) The waters of the River Brahmaputra are shared by China , India , and Bangladesh . In the 1990s and 2000s , there was repeated speculation that mentioned Chinese plans to build a dam at the Great Bend , with a view to divert the waters to the north of the country . This has been denied by the Chinese government for many years . At the Kathmandu Workshop of Strategic Foresight Group in August 2009 on Water Security in the Himalayan Region , which brought together in a rare development leading hydrologists from the basin countries , the Chinese scientists argued that it was not feasible for China to undertake such a diversion . However , on 22 April 2010 , China confirmed that it was indeed building the Zangmu Dam on the Brahmaputra in Tibet , but assured India that the project would not have any significant effect on the downstream flow to India . This claim has also been reiterated by the Government of India , in an attempt to assuage domestic criticism of Chinese dam construction on the river , but is one that remains hotly debated . Recent years have seen an intensification of grassroots opposition , especially in the state of Assam , against Chinese upstream dam building , as well as growing criticism of the Indian government for its perceived failure to respond appropriately to Chinese hydropower plans . In a meeting of scientists at Dhaka at 2010 , 25 leading experts from the basin countries issued a Dhaka Declaration on Water Security calling for exchange of information in low - flow periods , and other means of collaboration . Even though the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention does not prevent any of the basin countries from building a dam upstream , customary law offers some relief to the lower riparian countries . There is also potential for China , India , and Bangladesh to cooperate on transboundary water navigation . Significance to people ( edit ) People fishing in the Brahmaputra River The lives of many millions of Indian and Bangladeshi citizens are reliant on the Brahmaputra river . Its delta is home to 130 million people and 600 000 people live on the riverine islands . These people rely on the annual ' normal ' flood to bring moisture and fresh sediments to the floodplain soils , hence providing the necessities for agricultural and marine farming . In fact , two of the three seasonal rice varieties ( aus and aman ) can not survive without the floodwater . Furthermore , the fish caught both on the floodplain during flood season and from the many floodplain ponds are the main source of protein for many rural populations . Development ( edit ) Bridges ( edit ) Current Bogibeel Bridge Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Setu Kolia Bhomora Setu Naranarayan Setu Saraighat Planned ( under - construction , approved , proposed , etc . ) : Nitin Gadkari announced following 5 new bridges in Dec 2017 . Jorhat - Nematighat Disangmukh - Tekeliphuta Louit - Khablu Numaligarh - Gohpur North Guwahati - Guwahati National Waterway 2 ( edit ) National Waterway 2 ( NW2 ) is 891 km long Sadiya - Dhubri stretch of Brahmaputra River in Assam . References ( edit ) See also ( edit ) BrahMos ( missile ) -- A missile named partly after the Brahmaputra River Brahmaputra - class frigate Dhola - Sadiya bridge List of rivers of Asia List of rivers of Assam List of rivers of Bangladesh List of rivers of China List of rivers of India External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brahmaputra . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Brahmaputra . Further reading ( edit ) Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law . Peace Palace Library Rivers of Dhemaji and Dhakuakhana Background to Brahmaputra Flood Scenario The Mighty Brahmaputra Principal Rivers of Assam `` The Brahmaputra '' , a detailed study of the river by renowned writer Arup Dutta . ( Published by National Book Trust , New Delhi , India ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Scientists pinpoint sources of four major international rivers '' . Xinhua News Agency . 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Krishnan , Ananth ( 23 August 2011 ) . `` China maps Brahmaputra , Indus '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Buckley ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) . `` The Price of Damming Tibet 's Rivers '' . The New York Times . p . A25 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Two of the continent 's wildest rivers have their sources in Tibet : the Salween and the Brahmaputra . Though they are under threat from retreating glaciers , a more immediate concern is Chinese engineering plans . A cascade of five large dams is planned for both the Salween , which now flows freely , and the Brahmaputra , where one dam is already operational . ^ Jump up to : `` Brahmaputra River '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Brahmaputra River Flowing Down From Himalayas Towards Bay of Bengal '' . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Water Resources of Bangladesh '' . FAO . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Catling , David ( 1992 ) . Rice in deep water . International Rice Research Institute . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 22 - 0005 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Madan ( 1990 ) . K.S. Gautam , ed. India through the ages . Publication Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India . p. 80 . Jump up ^ `` China maps Brahmaputra source , course '' . Assam Tribune . 24 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Majuli , River Island . `` Largest river island '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Singh , Vijay P. ; Sharma , Nayan ; C. Shekhar ; P. Ojha ( 2004 ) . The Brahmaputra Basin Water Resources . Springer . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 1737 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Avijit ( 2008 ) . Large Rivers : Geomorphology and Management . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 5 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 72371 - 5 . Jump up ^ The Geography of India : Sacred and Historic Places . Britannica Educational Publishing . 2010 . pp. 85 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 202 - 4 . Jump up ^ Suess , Eduard ( 1904 ) . The face of the earth : ( Das antlitz der erde ) . Clarendon press . pp. 50 -- . Jump up ^ `` Change in snow cover area of Brahmaputra river basin and its sensitivity to temperature '' . Environmental Systems Research . 4 . doi : 10.1186 / s40068 - 015 - 0043 - 0 . Jump up ^ Das , D.C. 2000 . Agricultural Landuse and Productivity Pattern in Lower Brahmaputra valley ( 1970 -- 71 and 1994 -- 95 ) . Ph. D. Thesis , Department of Geography , North Eastern Hill University , Shillong . Jump up ^ Mipun , B.S. 1989 . Impact of Migrants and Agricultural Changes in the Lower Brahmaputra Valley : A Case Study of Darrang District . Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis , Department of Geography , North Eastern Hill University , Shillong . Jump up ^ Shrivastava , R.J. ; Heinen , J.T. ( 2005 ) . `` Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley , Assam , India '' . Journal of Ecological Anthropology. 9 : 20 -- 34 . doi : 10.5038 / 2162 - 4593.9. 1.2 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Monsoon Floods 2004 : Post Flood Needs Assessment Summary Report ( PDF ) . Bangladesh Disaster and Emergency Sub-Group ( BDER ) ( Report ) . Dhaka , Bangladesh. 2004 . p. 23 . Jump up ^ `` China operationalizes biggest dam on Brahmaputra in Tibet '' . The Times of India . 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ A compendium of ancient and modern geography : for the use of Eton School By Aaron Arrowsmith , page 56 Jump up ^ e.g. Rennell , 1776 ; Rennel , 1787 ^ Jump up to : `` China admits to Brahmaputra project '' . The Economic Times . 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ MacArthur Foundation , Asian Security Initiative Archived 27 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Chinese dam will not impact flow of Brahmaputra : Krishna '' . The Indian Express . 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC . `` Megadams : Battle on the Brahmaputra '' . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeophantong , Pichamon ( 2017 ) . `` River activism , policy entrepreneurship and transboundary water disputes in Asia '' . Water International . 42 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.1080 / 02508060.2017. 1279041 . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ The New Nation , Bangladesh , 17 January 2010 ^ Jump up to : Nitin Gadkari flags off cargo movement on Brahmaputra , Economic Times , 29 Dec 2017 . Jump up ^ http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/168716.pdf Jump up ^ `` Press Information Bureau '' . www.pib.nic.in . Government of India . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Citations ( edit ) Rahaman , M.M. ; Varis , O. ( 2009 ) . `` Integrated Water Management of the Brahmaputra Basin : Perspectives and Hope for Regional Development '' . Natural Resources Forum. 33 ( 1 ) : 60 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1477 - 8947.2009. 01209. x . Sarma , JN ( 2005 ) . `` Fluvial process and morphology of the Brahmaputra River in Assam , India '' . Geomorphology. 70 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 226 -- 256 . doi : 10.1016 / j. geomorph. 2005.02. 007 . Ribhaba Bharali . The Brahmaputra River Restoration Project . Published in Assamese Pratidin , Amar Assam in October 2012 . Hydrography of the Indian subcontinent Inland rivers Beas Betwa Bhagirathi Brahmaputra Chambal Chenab Damodar Godavari Gandaki Ganges Ghaghara Indus Jhelum Kali Kaveri Kosi Krishna Luni Mahanadi Mahaweli Meghna Narmada Padma Ravi Sarasvati Sankosh Sharda Son Sutlej Tapti Yamuna Inland lakes , deltas , etc . Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Indus Delta Dal Lake Pookode Lake Skeleton Lake Chilika Lake Lake Powai Borith Lake Saiful Muluk Gosaikunda Nizam Sagar Red Hills Lake Malampuzha Kerala backwaters Pulicat Lake Coastal Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Mannar Laccadive Sea Palk Strait Categories Lakes of Bangladesh / India / Nepal / Pakistan Reservoirs and dams in India Rivers of Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Nepal / Pakistan Hydrography of India Inland Alaknanda Beas Betwa Bhāgīrathī Bharatapuzha Brahmaputra Burhi Gandak Chambal Chenab Chilika Lake Dal Lake Damodar Dibang Ganges Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Ghaghara Godavari Gomti Hooghly Indira Gandhi Canal Indus Indus Delta Indus Basin Jhelum Kali Kaveri Ken Kerala backwaters Koshi Krishna Kushiyara Luni Mahanadi Malampuzha Narmada Nizam Sagar Padma Pamba Periyar Pookode Lake Powai Lake Ramganga Ravi Red Hills Lake Roopkund ( Skeleton Lake ) Sambhar Salt Lake Sapt Koshi Sabarmati River Sarasvati Sharda Someshwari Son Sutlej Tamsa Tapti Tons Vaigai Yamuna Coastal Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Indian Ocean Laccadive Sea Palk Strait Ilog Pasig Categories Lakes of India Reservoirs and dams in India Rivers of India Hydrography of Northeast India Rivers Bhogdoi Siang / Dihang / Brahmaputra Dhansiri Dihing Diphlu Feni Gumti Haora Iril Kaladan Kameng or Jia Bhoreli Karnaphuli Khowai Kolong Lohit Manas / Drangme Chhu Manu Mora Dhansiri Muhuri Myntdu Mora Diphlu Sankosh or Puna Tsang Chhu Simsang or Someshwari Surma Surma - Meghna River System Thega River Tirap Lakes Kamalasagar Loktak Umiam Lake Waterfalls Bishop Kynrem Langshiang Nohkalikai Nohsngithiang Vantawng Fluvial islands Majuli Hydrography of surrounding areas Bhutan Bengal Mizoram Rivers in and around Bengal Southeast Bangladesh Dakatia Halda Karnaphuli Naf Sangu Thega Feni Assam / Meghalaya / Tripura Barak Brahmaputra Dhalai Feni Juri Kangsha Khawthlangtuipui Kushiyara Longai Manu Meghna Muhuri Myntdu Someshwari Surma Surma - Meghna Titas / Haora Gumti Khowai Northern Bangladesh North Bengal Atrai Balason Bangali Baral Chiri Dharla Dhepa Jaldhaka Karala Karatoya Karotoa Kazipur Khong Khola Mahananda Mechi Nagar Punarbhaba Raidak or Wong Chhu Rangeet Small Jamuna Shiba Sree Tangon Teesta Torsa / Machu / Amo Chhu Central Bangladesh Balu Bangshi Buriganga Chiknai Dhaleshwari Dhanu Gorai - Madhumati Jamuna Jinai Louhajang Padma Shitalakhya Turag Rarh region Ajay Bakreshwar Bansloi Barakar Brahmani Dakatia Damodar Dwarka Dwarakeswar Gandheswari Haldi Hinglo Kangsabati Keleghai Kopai Kosai Kumar Kunur Mayurakshi Mundeswari Rasulpur Rupnarayan Sali Shilabati Subarnarekha South Bengal Ganges Delta Adi Ganga Baleshwar Bhairab Bhodra Bidyadhari Bishkhali Bura Gauranga Churni Choita Dhanshiri Garai Gosaba Hariabhanga Hooghly Ichamati Jalangi Jamuna Kaliganga Kalindi Kirtankhola Kopothakho Makunda Mathabhanga Matla Muri Ganga Nabaganga Pasur Piyali Raimangal Rupsha Saptamukhi Saraswati Thakuran Related topics Beel Country boats in Bangladesh Chalan Beel Ganges Haor Haors in Bangladesh List of rivers of Bangladesh of India Waters of South Asia Damodar Valley Corporation River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts Hydrography of surrounding areas Odisha Jharkhand Bihar Mizoram Nepal Sikkim Bhutan North - east India Dooars Places Alipurduar Barpeta Bindu Binnaguri Birpara Bongaigaon Buxa Chalsa Cooch Behar Dhubri Gairkata Goalpara Hasimara Jalpaiguri Jayanti Jhalong Lataguri Madarihat Malbazar Mongpong Murti Phuentsholing Rajabhatkhawa Rasikbeel Samsing Sevoke Siliguri Suntalekhola Totopara Geography Districts Alipurduar Barpeta Bongaigaon Cooch Behar Darjeeling Dhubri Goalpara Jalpaiguri Kokrajhar Rivers Brahmaputra Manas Teesta Torsha Sankosh Dyna Jaldhaka Raidak Karatoya Kaljani Other Jayanti Hills Peoples Bengalis Bodo Gurkha Koch Lepcha Limbus Oraons Munda Kharia Mahali Mech Lohar Chik Baraik Rajbongsi Rabha Toto Protected areas Buxa Tiger Reserve Gorumara National Park Manas National Park Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary Jaldapara National Park Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary Chilapata Forests Transport North Bengal State Transport Corporation Assam State Transport Corporation Bagdogra Airport Cooch Behar Airport GND : 4089904 - 4 VIAF : 246543842 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brahmaputra_River&oldid=846478244 '' Categories : Brahmaputra River International rivers of Asia Distributaries of the Ganges Rivers of Bangladesh Rivers of China Rivers of India Bay of Bengal Sacred rivers Rivers of Arunachal Pradesh Rivers of Assam Rivers of the Tibet Autonomous Region Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing Assamese - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | by what name is the brahmaputra known in tibet and bangladesh | [
"The Brahmaputra (/ˌbrɑːməˈpuːtrə/ is one of the major rivers of Asia, a trans-boundary river which flows through China, India and Bangladesh. As such, it is known by various names in the region: Assamese: ব্ৰহ্মপুত্ৰ নদ ('নদ' nôd, masculine form of 'নদী' nôdi \"river\") Brôhmôputrô [bɹɔɦmɔputɹɔ]; Sanskrit: ब्रह्मपुत्र, IAST: Brahmaputra; Tibetan: ཡར་ཀླུངས་གཙང་པོ་, Wylie: yar klung gtsang po Yarlung Tsangpo; simplified Chinese: 布拉马普特拉河; traditional Chinese: 布拉馬普特拉河; pinyin: Bùlāmǎpǔtèlā Hé. It is also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra (when referring to the whole river including the stretch within Tibet).[3] The Manas River, which runs through Bhutan, joins it at Jogighopa, in India. It is the ninth largest river in the world by discharge, and the 15th longest."
] | [
"Tsangpo-Brahmaputra"
] |
-6889205073247743471 | Lying in state | Lying in state - wikipedia Lying in state Jump to : navigation , search For the band , see Lying in States . Philip IV of France lying in state Mahatma Gandhi lying in state Lying in state is the tradition in which the body of a dead official is placed in a state building , either outside or inside a coffin , to allow the public to pay their respects . It traditionally takes place in the principal government building of a country , state , or city . While the practice differs among countries , a viewing in a location other than the principal government building may be referred to as lying in repose . Contents ( hide ) 1 Canada 2 North Korea 3 Russia 4 Singapore 5 South Africa 6 United Kingdom 7 United States 7.1 Lain in state 7.2 Lain in honor 7.3 Lain in repose 7.4 States and cities 8 Vatican City 9 Coptic Patriarchate 10 Other notable funerals 11 See also 12 References Canada ( edit ) In Canada , official lying in state is a part of a state funeral , an honor generally reserved for former Governors General and former Prime Ministers . It is held in the Centre Block of Parliament Hill , in the national capital , Ottawa , Ontario . Ex-governors general lie in state in the Senate Chamber while former prime ministers lie in the Hall of Honour . During the period of lying in state , the coffins are flanked at each corner by a Guard of honour , made up of four members drawn from the Canadian Forces and Royal Canadian Mounted Police , as well as members of the Governor General 's Foot Guards for former governors general , and guards from the parliamentary security forces for former prime ministers . Guards stand at each corner with heads bowed and weapons inverted ( resting on Arms reversed ) with their backs turned towards the casket . Provinces may also mount state funerals and have a lying in state for a distinguished former resident . For instance , Maurice Richard , nationally known hockey player , was given a state funeral by the province of Quebec when he died in 2000 ; his coffin lay in state at the Molson Centre . This process was repeated for fellow Canadiens legend Jean Béliveau in December 2014 . Municipalities may offer civic funerals to prominent deceased current or former politicians . North Korea ( edit ) In North Korea , the body of the late leader Kim Jong - il was displayed in a glass coffin surrounded with red flowers at the Kumsusan Memorial Palace in Pyongyang prior to his funeral , which began and ended at the palace . An honor guard armed with AK - 47s was present . Jong - il 's father Kim Il - sung , the founding president , is on display elsewhere in the palace . Russia ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Russia , during the time of the Soviet Union ( 1917 -- 1991 ) , the state funerals of the most senior political and military leaders , such as Vladimir Lenin , Joseph Stalin , Leonid Brezhnev , Yuri Andropov , and Konstantin Chernenko all followed the same basic outline . They took place in Moscow , beginning with a public lying in state of the deceased in the House of the Unions , and ending with an interment at Red Square . For the lying in state at the House of the Unions , the coffin would be placed on display in the Column Hall , which would be decorated by flowers , numerous red flags and other communist symbols . The mourners , which usually would be brought in by the thousands , shuffled up a marble staircase beneath chandeliers draped in black gauze . On the stage at the left side of the Column Hall , a full orchestra in black tailcoats played classical music . The deceased 's embalmed body , dressed in a black suit , white shirt and a tie , was displayed in an open coffin on a catafalque banked with carnations , red roses and tulips , facing the queue of mourners . A small guard of honour would be in attendance in the background . At the right side of the hall , seats were placed for guests of honour , with the front row reserved for the dead leader 's family . On the day of the funeral , a military funeral parade would take place during which the coffin would be conveyed from the House of the Unions to Red Square where burial would take place . Lenin and Stalin were placed inside the Lenin Mausoleum , while Brezhnev , Andropov , and Chernenko were interred in individual graves in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis . Singapore ( edit ) At state funerals in Singapore , the national flag is put on the coffin . The vigil guard may be deployed during the public lying in state of the deceased person at Parliament House . The deployment of the vigil guard is the highest form of respect accorded by the nation to the deceased . Similar to British traditions , the vigil guard is composed of groups of five commissioned officers from the Singapore Armed Forces ( SAF ) and Singapore Police Force ( SPF ) who stand guard around the clock in shifts of 30 minutes . One of the five officers stands facing outward at each of the four corners of the casket , while the fifth and most senior one stands in front and faces inward . Their heads are bowed and their ceremonial swords are inverted . Vigil guards were stationed at the public lying in state of Goh Keng Swee in May 2010 , Lee Kuan Yew in March 2015 as well as SR Nathan in August 2016 . South Africa ( edit ) Nelson Mandela was the first democratically elected president to lie in state in South Africa . The event took place at the Union Buildings , the same site where he was inaugurated as the President of South Africa on May 10 , 1994 . The body of Mandela was lying in State for three days , starting on Wednesday , December 11 , 2013 and ending Friday , December 13 . The body was viewed by thousands of South Africans before it was airlifted to Qunu in the Eastern Cape where Mandela was buried on December 15 , 2013 . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : State funerals in the United Kingdom and Vigil of the Princes In state and ceremonial funerals in the United Kingdom , the lying - in - state takes place in Westminster Hall . The coffin is placed on a catafalque and is guarded , around the clock , by detachments , each of four men , from the following units : Sovereign 's Bodyguard Her Majesty 's Bodyguard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen - at - Arms The Queen 's Bodyguard of the Yeomen of the Guard The Royal Company of Archers , The Queen 's Bodyguard for Scotland Household Cavalry The Life Guards The Blues and Royals ( Royal Horse Guards and 1st Dragoons ) Foot Guards Grenadier Guards Coldstream Guards Scots Guards Irish Guards Welsh Guards Each unit mans the guard for a total of six hours , with each detachment standing post for twenty minutes . The four men stand at each corner with heads bowed and weapons inverted ; their backs are turned towards the coffin . On two occasions , the guard has been mounted by four male members of the Royal Family . At the lying in state of King George V in 1936 , the guard was mounted by his four sons King Edward VIII , the Duke of York ( George VI ) , the Duke of Gloucester and the Duke of Kent . For Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 's lying - in - state in 2002 , the guard was mounted by her four grandsons , the Prince of Wales , the Duke of York , the Earl of Wessex , and Viscount Linley . United States ( edit ) See also : State funerals in the United States Representative Thaddeus Stevens lying in state in the Capitol rotunda on August 13 , 1868 . Because of his prominence as an abolitionist , members of the Butler Zouaves , an African - American company of the District of Columbia , served as honor guards . A plaster statue of President Abraham Lincoln , likely submitted for a commission , was credited to Henry J. Ellicott . John J. Pershing saluting the Unknown Soldier of World War I , who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on November 9 , 1921 . Lyndon B. Johnson and members of Congress honor President John F. Kennedy , who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on November 24 , 1963 . Richard Nixon and members of Congress honor Lyndon B. Johnson who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on January 24 , 1973 . The U.S. Joint Service Color Guard and members of Congress honor President Ronald Reagan , who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on June 10 , 2004 . Dick Cheney and members of Congress honor President Gerald Ford , who lay in state in the Capitol rotunda on December 30 , 2006 . Lying in state is the rare honor granted by the United States to a deceased official whereby his or her remains are placed in the rotunda of the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. , for public viewing . The casket is guarded by members of the armed forces . By regulation and custom , only Presidents , military commanders , and members of Congress are granted the honor of lying in state . Except for Presidents and former Presidents , the honor is not automatic . Not all those entitled to the honor have it accepted by their survivors . The first leader to receive this honor was Henry Clay , former Speaker of the House of Representatives , when he died in 1852 . Since then , the honor has been extended to 29 people , including eleven Presidents . The process of lying in state at the Capitol is as follows . The coffin or casket is usually placed on a catafalque , usually the Lincoln catafalque , so named as it was constructed for lying in state upon the death of Abraham Lincoln , after his assassination in 1865 . The casket is guarded at each of its corners by a serviceperson from each of the branches of the armed forces . In contrast to the practice in the United Kingdom and other countries of the Commonwealth , guards at the Capitol face the casket , hold their rifles with their right hand , and keep the rifle butt resting on the floor . After the viewing and ceremony at the Capitol , the remains are taken to the burial location . Lain in state ( edit ) 1852 -- Henry Clay , long - serving Senator and Representative , Secretary of State , Speaker of the House , and three - time presidential candidate 1865 -- President Abraham Lincoln , assassinated in office 1868 -- Thaddeus Stevens , Representative from Pennsylvania 1874 -- Charles Sumner , Senator from Massachusetts 1875 -- Vice President Henry Wilson , served under Grant , died in office 1881 -- President James Garfield , assassinated in office 1886 -- John A. Logan , Senator from Illinois 1901 -- President William McKinley , assassinated while in office 1909 -- Pierre L'Enfant -- although he died in 1825 , his remains were disinterred ; he was honored by lying in state before reinterment at Arlington National Cemetery 1917 -- Admiral George Dewey , Admiral of the Navy 1921 -- The Unknown Soldier for World War I 1923 -- President Warren Harding , died in office 1930 -- President William Howard Taft , President 1909 -- 13 , also Chief Justice 1921 -- 30 1948 -- John J. Pershing , General of the Armies of the United States during World War I and after 1953 -- Robert A. Taft , U.S. Senator and Majority Leader 1958 -- The Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War 1963 -- President John F. Kennedy , assassinated in office 1964 -- General Douglas MacArthur , General of the Army 1964 -- President Herbert Hoover , serving 1929 -- 33 1969 -- President Dwight Eisenhower , President 1953 -- 1961 , Supreme Allied Commander during World War II 1969 -- Everett Dirksen , Illinois Senator , Senate Minority Leader 1959 -- 1969 1972 -- J. Edgar Hoover , FBI Director 1929 -- 1972 1973 -- President Lyndon B. Johnson , President 1963 -- 1969 1978 -- Hubert Humphrey , Vice President 1965 -- 1969 , Minnesota Senator 1984 -- The Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War ( later identified as 1st . Lt. Michael J. Blassie ) 1989 -- Claude Pepper , long - serving Senator and Representative 2004 -- President Ronald Reagan , President 1981 -- 1989 2006 -- 07 -- President Gerald Ford , President 1974 -- 1977 2012 -- Daniel Inouye , President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate , Senator from Hawaii , and recipient of the Medal of Honor Lain in honor ( edit ) 1998 -- United States Capitol Police Officer Jacob Chestnut and Detective John Gibson , killed on duty 2005 -- Rosa Parks , civil rights activist 2018 -- Billy Graham , Christian evangelist The United States Congress has created a similar -- though not identical -- privilege for distinguished Americans who do not qualify for a lying in state designation . In the process of `` lying in honor , '' the honor guard in the Rotunda is provided by the Capitol Police or another suitable source . In 1998 , Chestnut and Gibson were killed while defending the Capitol against Russell Eugene Weston Jr . Congress approved their remains to lie in honor in the Rotunda . Chestnut was the first African American to lie in honor . In 2005 , upon the death of civil rights activist Rosa Parks , Congress authorized her remains to lie in honor at the Rotunda ; Parks was the second African American and the first woman to lie in honor in the Capitol Rotunda . Graham was the first religious leader to be honored in this way . Lain in repose ( edit ) Supreme Court Justices `` lie in repose '' in the Great Hall of the United States Supreme Court Building . 1974 -- Chief Justice Earl Warren 1993 -- Justice Thurgood Marshall 1995 -- Chief Justice Warren E. Burger 1997 -- Justice William J. Brennan , Jr . 1999 -- Justice Harry A. Blackmun 2005 -- Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist , the first so - honored to have died in office . 2016 -- Justice Antonin Scalia States and cities ( edit ) Some U.S. states and cities extend similar honors . For example , in the state of Hawaii , three people have been laid in state at the Hawaii State Capitol , among which include famous Hawaiian singer Israel Kamakawiwoʻole upon his death in 1997 , and the aforementioned Daniel Inouye , President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate and Senator from Hawaii . In the City of San Francisco , California , Mayor Ed Lee laid in state at the Rotunda of San Francisco City Hall after his death in office in 2017 . Vatican City ( edit ) Pope John Paul II 's body lying in state . A deceased pope customarily lies in state in the chapel of the Apostolic Palace and then in St. Peter 's Basilica , between the holding of a Mass of Visitation and a Mass of Requiem . The funeral of Pope John Paul II was an example of this custom . Coptic patriarchate ( edit ) The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has a tradition of mummifying the deceased pope and placing his body on his throne to enable church followers to have a farewell look at him for a short period of time . This tradition is one of the ways that ancient Egyptian rituals have survived in the Egyptian church . Other notable funerals ( edit ) Death and funeral of Josip Broz Tito Death and funeral of Corazon Aquino Death and state funeral of Omar Bongo Death and state funeral of Pierre Trudeau Death and state funeral of Lech Kaczyński and Maria Kaczyńska See also ( edit ) Caisson Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan Catafalque Death and funeral of Richard Nixon Funeral train Lying in repose Lincoln Catafalque Missing man formation Riderless horse State funeral State funeral of John F. Kennedy State funerals in the United States Vigil of the Princes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived June 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rocket to get state funeral '' . CBC News . May 28 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Kim 's body on show in North Korea amid mass mourning '' . AFP . The West Australian . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheong , Danson ( 4 April 2015 ) . `` ' An honour to stand vigil for Mr Lee Kuan Yew ' '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Of state funerals and state - assisted funerals '' . Public Opinion . Jump up ^ `` Vigil guard , highest form of respect , accorded to Lee Kuan Yew during lying in state '' . Channel News Asia . Jump up ^ `` Vigil guards to be mounted for SR Nathan 's Lying - in - State '' . Channel News Asia . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived July 31 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Senator Inouye Lying in State '' . US Architect of the Capitol . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Individuals Who Have Lain in State or in Honor '' . History , Art & Archives -- United States House of Representatives . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Rights Pioneer Rosa Parks Lies in Honor in Capitol Rotunda '' . Democracy Now ! . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Lying in State Architect of the Capitol United States Capitol '' . Aoc.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Graham 's body to ' lie in honor ' at U.S. Capitol '' . charlotteobserver . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Those Who Have Lain In State or In Honor in the Capitol Rotunda , US Architect of the Capitol . Jump up ^ Memorial or Funeral Services in the Capitol Rotunda ( PDF ) , U.S. Senate Historical Office from the Architect of the Capitol . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Billy Graham to lie in honor at the U.S. Capitol '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Boulos Ayad Ayad , Phd : `` Ancient Egyptian Civilization and the Coptic Church '' , Coptic Church Review , Volume 9 , Number 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lying_in_state&oldid=839201302 '' Categories : Death customs State ritual and ceremonies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Simple English Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 22 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has laid in repose in the capitol rotunda | [
"\n1974 – Chief Justice Earl Warren\n1993 – Justice Thurgood Marshall\n1995 – Chief Justice Warren E. Burger\n1997 – Justice William J. Brennan, Jr.\n1999 – Justice Harry A. Blackmun\n2005 – Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, the first so-honored to have died in office.\n2016 – Justice Antonin Scalia\n",
"\n1974 – Chief Justice Earl Warren\n1993 – Justice Thurgood Marshall\n1995 – Chief Justice Warren E. Burger\n1997 – Justice William J. Brennan, Jr.\n1999 – Justice Harry A. Blackmun\n2005 – Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, the first so-honored to have died in office.\n2016 – Justice Antonin Scalia\n",
"\n1974 – Chief Justice Earl Warren\n1993 – Justice Thurgood Marshall\n1995 – Chief Justice Warren E. Burger\n1997 – Justice William J. Brennan, Jr.\n1999 – Justice Harry A. Blackmun\n2005 – Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, the first so-honored to have died in office.\n2016 – Justice Antonin Scalia\n",
"\n1974 – Chief Justice Earl Warren\n1993 – Justice Thurgood Marshall\n1995 – Chief Justice Warren E. Burger\n1997 – Justice William J. Brennan, Jr.\n1999 – Justice Harry A. Blackmun\n2005 – Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, the first so-honored to have died in office.\n2016 – Justice Antonin Scalia\n",
"\n1974 – Chief Justice Earl Warren\n1993 – Justice Thurgood Marshall\n1995 – Chief Justice Warren E. Burger\n1997 – Justice William J. Brennan, Jr.\n1999 – Justice Harry A. Blackmun\n2005 – Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, the first so-honored to have died in office.\n2016 – Justice Antonin Scalia\n",
"\n1974 – Chief Justice Earl Warren\n1993 – Justice Thurgood Marshall\n1995 – Chief Justice Warren E. Burger\n1997 – Justice William J. Brennan, Jr.\n1999 – Justice Harry A. Blackmun\n2005 – Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, the first so-honored to have died in office.\n2016 – Justice Antonin Scalia\n",
"\n1974 – Chief Justice Earl Warren\n1993 – Justice Thurgood Marshall\n1995 – Chief Justice Warren E. Burger\n1997 – Justice William J. Brennan, Jr.\n1999 – Justice Harry A. Blackmun\n2005 – Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, the first so-honored to have died in office.\n2016 – Justice Antonin Scalia\n"
] | [
"Earl Warren",
"Thurgood Marshall",
"Warren E. Burger",
"William J. Brennan, Jr.",
"Harry A. Blackmun",
"William H. Rehnquist",
"Antonin Scalia"
] |
6875959602758173887 | List of Fresno State Bulldogs bowl games | List of Fresno State Bulldogs bowl games - wikipedia List of Fresno State Bulldogs bowl games Jump to : navigation , search The Fresno State Bulldogs college football team competes as part of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , representing California State University , Fresno in the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) . Since the establishment of the team in 1921 , Fresno State has appeared in 27 bowl games . The latest bowl occurred on December 24 , 2017 , when Fresno State won over Houston 33 -- 27 in the Hawai ʻi Bowl . The win in that game brought the Bulldogs ' overall bowl record to thirteen wins and fourteen losses ( 13 -- 14 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Bowl games 3 Notes 4 References Key ( edit ) General Bowl game record attendance Former bowl game record attendance Results Win Loss Bowl games ( edit ) List of bowl games showing bowl played in , score , date , season , opponent , stadium , location , attendance and head coach # Bowl Score Date Season Opponent Stadium Location Attendance Head coach Charity Bowl W 01 ! W 27 -- 26 000000001937 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1937 1937 Central Arkansas Bears Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles 005,000 ! 5,000 Bradshaw , James James Bradshaw Pineapple Bowl W 03 ! W 3 -- 0 000000001941 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1941 1940 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors Honolulu Stadium Honolulu N / A Bradshaw , James James Bradshaw Raisin Bowl L 01 ! L 13 -- 12 000000001946 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 1946 1945 Drake Bulldogs Ratcliffe Stadium Fresno 010,000 ! 10,000 Pierson , Alvin Alvin Pierson Mercy Bowl W 30 ! W 36 -- 6 000000001961 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1961 1961 Bowling Green Falcons Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles 033,145 ! 33,145 Coleman , Cecil Cecil Coleman Mercy Bowl L 03 ! L 17 -- 14 000000001971 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 1971 1971 Cal State Fullerton Titans Anaheim Stadium Anaheim 016,854 ! 16,854 Rogers , Darryl Darryl Rogers 6 California Bowl W 01 ! W 29 -- 28 000000001982 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1982 1982 Bowling Green Falcons Bulldog Stadium Fresno 030,000 ! 30,000 Sweeney , Jim Jim Sweeney 7 California Bowl W 44 ! W 51 -- 7 000000001985 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1985 1985 Bowling Green Falcons Bulldog Stadium Fresno 032,554 ! 32,554 Sweeney , Jim Jim Sweeney 8 California Bowl W 05 ! W 35 -- 30 000000001988 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1988 1988 Western Michigan Broncos Bulldog Stadium Fresno 031,272 ! 31,272 Sweeney , Jim Jim Sweeney 9 California Bowl W 21 ! W 27 -- 6 000000001989 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 1989 1989 Ball State Cardinals Bulldog Stadium Fresno 031,610 ! 31,610 Sweeney , Jim Jim Sweeney 10 California Bowl L 07 ! L 28 -- 21 000000001991 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1991 1991 Bowling Green Falcons Bulldog Stadium Fresno 034,825 ! 34,825 Sweeney , Jim Jim Sweeney 11 Freedom Bowl W 17 ! W 24 -- 7 000000001992 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1992 1992 USC Trojans Anaheim Stadium Anaheim 050,745 ! 50,745 Sweeney , Jim Jim Sweeney 12 Aloha Bowl L 11 ! L 41 -- 30 000000001993 - 12 - 25 - 0000 December 25 , 1993 1993 Colorado Buffaloes Aloha Stadium Honolulu 044,009 ! 44,009 Sweeney , Jim Jim Sweeney 13 Las Vegas Bowl L 01 ! L 17 -- 16 000000001999 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1999 1999 Utah Utes Sam Boyd Stadium Whitney 028,227 ! 28,227 Hill , Pat Pat Hill 14 Silicon Valley Football Classic L 03 ! L 37 -- 34 000000002000 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2000 2000 Air Force Falcons Spartan Stadium San Jose 026,542 ! 26,542 Hill , Pat Pat Hill 15 Silicon Valley Football Classic L 09 ! L 44 -- 35 000000002001 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2001 2001 Michigan State Spartans Spartan Stadium San Jose 030,456 ! 30,456 Hill , Pat Pat Hill 16 Silicon Valley Football Classic W 09 ! W 30 -- 21 000000002002 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2002 2002 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Spartan Stadium San Jose 010,132 ! 10,132 Hill , Pat Pat Hill 17 Silicon Valley Football Classic W 08 ! W 17 -- 9 000000002003 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2003 2003 UCLA Bruins Spartan Stadium San Jose 020,126 ! 20,126 Hill , Pat Pat Hill 18 MPC Computers Bowl W 03 ! W 37 -- 34 000000002004 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 2004 Virginia Cavaliers Bronco Stadium Boise 028,516 ! 28,516 Hill , Pat Pat Hill 19 Liberty Bowl L 07 ! L 31 -- 24 000000002005 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2005 2005 Tulsa Golden Hurricane Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium Memphis 054,894 ! 54,894 Hill , Pat Pat Hill 20 Humanitarian Bowl W 12 ! W 40 -- 28 000000002007 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2007 2007 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Bronco Stadium Boise 027,062 ! 27,062 Hill , Pat Pat Hill 21 New Mexico Bowl L 05 ! L 40 -- 35 000000002008 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2008 2008 Colorado State Rams University Stadium Albuquerque 024,735 ! 24,735 Hill , Pat Pat Hill 22 New Mexico Bowl L 07 ! L 35 -- 28 000000002009 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 2009 2009 Wyoming Cowboys University Stadium Albuquerque 024,898 ! 24,898 Hill , Pat Pat Hill 23 Humanitarian Bowl L 23 ! L 40 -- 17 000000002010 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2010 Northern Illinois Huskies Bronco Stadium Boise 025,449 ! 25,449 Hill , Pat Pat Hill 24 Hawai ʻi Bowl L 33 ! L 43 -- 10 000000002012 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2012 2012 SMU Mustangs Aloha Stadium Honolulu 030,024 ! 30,024 DeRuyter , Tim Tim DeRuyter 25 Las Vegas Bowl L 25 ! L 45 -- 20 000000002013 - 12 - 21 - 0000 December 21 , 2013 2013 USC Trojans Sam Boyd Stadium Whitney 042,178 ! 42,178 DeRuyter , Tim Tim DeRuyter 26 Hawai ʻi Bowl L 24 ! L 30 -- 6 000000002014 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2014 2014 Rice Owls Aloha Stadium Honolulu 025,365 ! 25,365 DeRuyter , Tim Tim DeRuyter 27 Hawai ʻi Bowl W 06 ! W 33 -- 27 000000002017 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2017 2017 Houston Cougars Aloha Stadium Honolulu 020,546 ! 20,546 Tedford , Jeff Jeff Tedford Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Statistics correct as of 2011 -- 12 NCAA football bowl games . Jump up ^ Results are sortable first by whether the result was a Fresno State win , loss or tie and then second by the margin of victory . Jump up ^ Links to the season article for the Fresno State team that competed in the bowl for that year . Jump up ^ Links to the season article for the opponent that Fresno State competed against in the bowl for that year when available or to their general page when unavailable . Jump up ^ The Charity Bowl was unsanctioned by the NCAA . As such , the 1937 appearance in the game is not included in the official NCAA bowl listing for Fresno State . Jump up ^ The Pineapple Bowl was unsanctioned by the NCAA . As such , the 1941 appearance in the game is not included in the official NCAA bowl listing for Fresno State . Jump up ^ The 1971 Mercy Bowl was unsanctioned by the NCAA , and as such the 1971 appearance in the game is not included in the official NCAA bowl listing for Fresno State . References ( edit ) General National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . `` Bowl / All - Star Game Records '' ( PDF ) . 2011 NCAA Division I Football Records . NCAA.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Bowl / All - Star Game Records , p. 18 Jump up ^ Bowl / All - Star Game Records , pp. 32 -- 38 Jump up ^ Bowl / All - Star Game Records , p. 111 ^ Jump up to : Bowl / All - Star Game Records , p. 112 Fresno State Bulldogs bowl games 1937 Charity Bowl 1940 Pineapple Bowl 1946 Raisin Bowl 1961 Mercy Bowl 1971 Mercy Bowl 1982 California Bowl 1985 California Bowl 1988 California Bowl 1989 California Bowl 1991 California Bowl 1992 Freedom Bowl 1993 Aloha Bowl 1999 Las Vegas Bowl 2000 Silicon Valley Football Classic 2001 Silicon Valley Football Classic 2002 Silicon Valley Football Classic 2003 Silicon Valley Football Classic 2004 MPC Computers Bowl 2005 Liberty Bowl 2007 Humanitarian Bowl 2008 New Mexico Bowl 2009 New Mexico Bowl 2010 Humanitarian Bowl 2012 Hawaii Bowl 2013 Las Vegas Bowl 2014 Hawaii Bowl 2017 Hawaii Bowl Fresno State Bulldogs football Venues Ratcliffe Stadium ( 1926 -- 1979 ) Bulldog Stadium ( 1980 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Boise State Hawaii San Diego State San Jose State Culture & lore Timeout Bulldog Marching Band People Head coaches List Head Coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 2001 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Fresno_State_Bulldogs_bowl_games&oldid=817048230 '' Categories : Lists of college bowl games by team Fresno State Bulldogs football bowl games California State University - related lists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 December 2017 , at 18 : 59 . About Wikipedia | who does fresno state play in the bowl game | [
"\nList of bowl games showing bowl played in, score, date, season, opponent, stadium, location, attendance and head coach[A 1]\n\n#\nBowl\nScore[A 2]\nDate\nSeason[A 3]\nOpponent[A 4]\nStadium\nLocation\nAttendance[2]\nHead coach\n\n\n1\nCharity Bowl[A 5]\nW 01 !W 27–26\n000000001937-12-25-0000December 25, 1937\n1937\nCentral Arkansas Bears\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles\n005,000 !5,000\nBradshaw, JamesJames Bradshaw\n\n\n2\nPineapple Bowl[A 6]\nW 03 !W 3–0\n000000001941-01-01-0000January 1, 1941\n1940\nHawaii Rainbow Warriors\nHonolulu Stadium\nHonolulu\nN/A\nBradshaw, JamesJames Bradshaw\n\n\n3\nRaisin Bowl\nL 01 !L 13–12\n000000001946-01-01-0000January 1, 1946\n1945\nDrake Bulldogs\nRatcliffe Stadium\nFresno\n010,000 !10,000\nPierson, AlvinAlvin Pierson\n\n\n4\nMercy Bowl\nW 30 !W 36–6\n000000001961-11-23-0000November 23, 1961\n1961\nBowling Green Falcons\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles\n033,145 !33,145\nColeman, CecilCecil Coleman\n\n\n5\nMercy Bowl[A 7]\nL 03 !L 17–14\n000000001971-12-11-0000December 11, 1971\n1971\nCal State Fullerton Titans\nAnaheim Stadium\nAnaheim\n016,854 !16,854\nRogers, DarrylDarryl Rogers\n\n\n6\nCalifornia Bowl\nW 01 !W 29–28\n000000001982-12-18-0000December 18, 1982\n1982\nBowling Green Falcons\nBulldog Stadium\nFresno\n030,000 !30,000\nSweeney, JimJim Sweeney\n\n\n7\nCalifornia Bowl\nW 44 !W 51–7\n000000001985-12-14-0000December 14, 1985\n1985\nBowling Green Falcons\nBulldog Stadium\nFresno\n032,554 !32,554\nSweeney, JimJim Sweeney\n\n\n8\nCalifornia Bowl\nW 05 !W 35–30\n000000001988-12-10-0000December 10, 1988\n1988\nWestern Michigan Broncos\nBulldog Stadium\nFresno\n031,272 !31,272\nSweeney, JimJim Sweeney\n\n\n9\nCalifornia Bowl\nW 21 !W 27–6\n000000001989-12-09-0000December 9, 1989\n1989\nBall State Cardinals\nBulldog Stadium\nFresno\n031,610 !31,610\nSweeney, JimJim Sweeney\n\n\n10\nCalifornia Bowl\nL 07 !L 28–21\n000000001991-12-14-0000December 14, 1991\n1991\nBowling Green Falcons\nBulldog Stadium\nFresno\n034,825 !34,825\nSweeney, JimJim Sweeney\n\n\n11\nFreedom Bowl\nW 17 !W 24–7\n000000001992-12-29-0000December 29, 1992\n1992\nUSC Trojans\nAnaheim Stadium\nAnaheim\n050,745 !50,745\nSweeney, JimJim Sweeney\n\n\n12\nAloha Bowl\nL 11 !L 41–30\n000000001993-12-25-0000December 25, 1993\n1993\nColorado Buffaloes\nAloha Stadium\nHonolulu\n044,009 !44,009\nSweeney, JimJim Sweeney\n\n\n13\nLas Vegas Bowl\nL 01 !L 17–16\n000000001999-12-18-0000December 18, 1999\n1999\nUtah Utes\nSam Boyd Stadium\nWhitney\n028,227 !28,227\nHill, PatPat Hill\n\n\n14\nSilicon Valley Football Classic\nL 03 !L 37–34\n000000002000-12-31-0000December 31, 2000\n2000\nAir Force Falcons\nSpartan Stadium\nSan Jose\n026,542 !26,542\nHill, PatPat Hill\n\n\n15\nSilicon Valley Football Classic\nL 09 !L 44–35\n000000002001-12-31-0000December 31, 2001\n2001\nMichigan State Spartans\nSpartan Stadium\nSan Jose\n030,456 !30,456\nHill, PatPat Hill\n\n\n16\nSilicon Valley Football Classic\nW 09 !W 30–21\n000000002002-12-31-0000December 31, 2002\n2002\nGeorgia Tech Yellow Jackets\nSpartan Stadium\nSan Jose\n010,132 !10,132\nHill, PatPat Hill\n\n\n17\nSilicon Valley Football Classic\nW 08 !W 17–9\n000000002003-12-30-0000December 30, 2003\n2003\nUCLA Bruins\nSpartan Stadium\nSan Jose\n020,126 !20,126\nHill, PatPat Hill\n\n\n18\nMPC Computers Bowl\nW 03 !W 37–34\n000000002004-12-27-0000December 27, 2004\n2004\nVirginia Cavaliers\nBronco Stadium\nBoise\n028,516 !28,516\nHill, PatPat Hill\n\n\n19\nLiberty Bowl\nL 07 !L 31–24\n000000002005-12-31-0000December 31, 2005\n2005\nTulsa Golden Hurricane\nLiberty Bowl Memorial Stadium\nMemphis\n054,894 !54,894\nHill, PatPat Hill\n\n\n20\nHumanitarian Bowl\nW 12 !W 40–28\n000000002007-12-31-0000December 31, 2007\n2007\nGeorgia Tech Yellow Jackets\nBronco Stadium\nBoise\n027,062 !27,062\nHill, PatPat Hill\n\n\n21\nNew Mexico Bowl\nL 05 !L 40–35\n000000002008-12-20-0000December 20, 2008\n2008\nColorado State Rams\nUniversity Stadium\nAlbuquerque\n024,735 !24,735\nHill, PatPat Hill\n\n\n22\nNew Mexico Bowl\nL 07 !L 35–28\n000000002009-12-19-0000December 19, 2009\n2009\nWyoming Cowboys\nUniversity Stadium\nAlbuquerque\n024,898 !24,898\nHill, PatPat Hill\n\n\n23\nHumanitarian Bowl\nL 23 !L 40–17\n000000002010-12-18-0000December 18, 2010\n2010\nNorthern Illinois Huskies\nBronco Stadium\nBoise\n025,449 !25,449\nHill, PatPat Hill\n\n\n24\nHawaiʻi Bowl\nL 33 !L 43–10\n000000002012-12-24-0000December 24, 2012\n2012\nSMU Mustangs\nAloha Stadium\nHonolulu\n030,024 !30,024\nDeRuyter, TimTim DeRuyter\n\n\n25\nLas Vegas Bowl\nL 25 !L 45–20\n000000002013-12-21-0000December 21, 2013\n2013\nUSC Trojans\nSam Boyd Stadium\nWhitney\n042,178 !42,178\nDeRuyter, TimTim DeRuyter\n\n\n26\nHawaiʻi Bowl\nL 24 !L 30–6\n000000002014-12-24-0000December 24, 2014\n2014\nRice Owls\nAloha Stadium\nHonolulu\n025,365 !25,365\nDeRuyter, TimTim DeRuyter\n\n\n27\nHawaiʻi Bowl\nW 06 !W 33–27\n000000002017-12-24-0000December 24, 2017\n2017\nHouston Cougars\nAloha Stadium\nHonolulu\n020,546 !20,546\nTedford, JeffJeff Tedford\n\n"
] | [
"Houston Cougars"
] |
-8884779762236098554 | List of The Tudors episodes | List of the Tudors episodes - wikipedia List of the Tudors episodes Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of episodes for the CBC / Showtime television series The Tudors . The series formally began April 1 , 2007 . Individual episodes are numbered . On June 20 , 2010 , the series aired its 38th and final episode . All four seasons have been released on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2007 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2008 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2009 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2010 ) 3 See also 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired DVD release date Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Discs 10 2007 January 8 , 2008 December 10 , 2007 10 2008 November 11 , 2008 ( Canada ) January 6 , 2009 ( United States ) October 13 , 2008 8 2009 November 10 , 2009 ( Canada ) December 15 , 2009 ( United States ) December 7 , 2009 10 October 12 , 2010 ( United States ) November 9 , 2010 ( Canada ) March 21 , 2011 Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Henry VIII is the young and virile king of England , one of the most powerful nations in the world , and seems to have it all . However , he is troubled by religious unrest in his own kingdom , as well as political struggles and changing allegiances with other countries . And weighing most on his mind is his failure thus far to produce a male heir with his Queen , Katherine of Aragon ; so far their only child ( who survived beyond birth ) is the young Princess Mary , on whom he dotes . The aunt of the powerful Spanish king & Holy Roman Emperor Charles , Katherine is all that a Queen should be , and popular , but the difficult pursuit of a divorce approved by the Pope becomes a seductive option - especially when he encounters the beautiful , bold and intelligent Anne Boleyn . No. in series No. in season Title Setting Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` In Cold Blood '' 1518 Charles McDougall & Steve Shill Michael Hirst April 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 01 ) 0.869 Henry 's uncle , Ambassador to Urbino , is assassinated by the French and Henry seizes upon this event to plan a war with France to establish his immortal reputation and seize back the title of King of France . More interested in his own ambitions , the Lord Chancellor , Cardinal Wolsey , manipulates the young king to propose a `` Treaty of Universal Peace '' with France instead . Thomas More , Henry 's teacher and a humanist , is in favour of the treaty which further convinces a reluctant Henry to abandon his war plans . A summit is to take place in France , and -- against Katherine 's express wishes -- their daughter Mary is to be betrothed to the Dauphin of France , also still a child . Meanwhile , Henry has a rival to the throne in the Duke of Buckingham , a blood relative to earlier Kings . Buckingham plots to murder Henry and thus grab the throne for himself , letting Thomas Boleyn and the Duke of Norfolk in on his plan . Boleyn 's beautiful daughters Mary and Anne prepare to meet King Henry ; meanwhile , Henry discovers that Lady Elizabeth Blount , his mistress and one of the Queen 's ladies - in - waiting , is pregnant with his child . `` Simply Henry '' 1519 / 20 Charles McDougall Michael Hirst April 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 08 ) 0.464 With Thomas More 's encouragement , King Henry prepares to meet King Francis of France and sign Cardinal Wolsey 's peace treaty . Henry had promised the hand of his daughter , Princess Mary , to the Dauphin of France , which caused strife between Henry and his queen , Katherine of Aragon . In France , Thomas Boleyn maneuvers his elder daughter Mary into Henry 's bed in an effort to secure favor for the family . The Duke of Buckingham plots against the King , claiming a better right to the throne than Henry Tudor ; but his purpose is betrayed by Thomas Boleyn and the Duke is executed . Katherine of Aragon continues to pray for Henry to give her a live , healthy son , but Henry wrestles with the theological problem of having married his brother 's wife , and questions whether his lack of sons could be God 's punishment . There is much celebration as Lady Elizabeth Blount gives birth to Henry 's illegitimate son , to Katherine 's pain . When Henry loses interest in Mary Boleyn after a short time , Thomas Boleyn turns to his younger daughter , Anne , to replace her ... `` Wolsey , Wolsey , Wolsey ! '' 1521 Steve Shill Michael Hirst April 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 15 ) 0.350 As Cardinal Wolsey has lost his chance to be Pope with King Henry 's decision to go to war against France , a new accord with Spain and Queen Katherine 's nephew Charles , Holy Roman Emperor , offers him fresh hope . Thomas More is knighted by Henry , and charged with destroying any copies of the Lutheran `` heresy '' he can seize , obviously paining More ( although he , too , considers it heretical ) . Princess Mary 's engagement to the Dauphin of France is broken off in favour of a marriage to Charles of Spain ; and Henry 's elder sister , Princess Margaret , is to marry the King of Portugal . Charles Brandon , Henry 's friend , is made Duke of Suffolk in order to be able to escort her to Portugal . Meanwhile , Anne Boleyn encounters Henry face - to - face for the first time at a masquerade , leaving a distinct impression on him . `` His Majesty , The King '' 1521 Steve Shill Michael Hirst April 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 22 ) 0.601 As a reward for his denunciation of Martin Luther in his book , the Defence of the Seven Sacraments , the Pope christens Henry `` Defender of the Faith '' , but a brush with death causes the King to seek a solution to his lack of an heir . Charles V defeats Francis I and captures the latter at the Battle of Pavia . Princess Margaret reluctantly marries the decrepit King of Portugal , but the union is short - lived ; Henry 's desire for Anne Boleyn intensifies . Having arrested the King 's secretary as a supposed French spy , Wolsey replaces him with his protege , a shrewd commoner named Thomas Cromwell . 5 5 `` Arise , My Lord '' c. 1526 / 7 Brian Kirk Michael Hirst April 29 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 29 ) 0.592 King Henry is stunned by a reversal in his alliance with Emperor Charles and forced to look elsewhere for European support , while Anne Boleyn refuses his offer of mistress status , inflaming his desire to marry her . Katherine of Aragon 's alliance with Charles and her hatred for Cardinal Wolsey intensify . Wolsey urges appealing to Clement VII because the English bishops do n't all approve of annulling Henry 's marriage to Cathorine . Charles Brandon and the newly - widowed Margaret Tudor marry secretly , which infuriates the King , and he banishes both of them from court . Henry bestows a Dukedom on his bastard son Henry FitzRoy , but is heartbroken when FitzRoy dies only weeks later . Rome is sacked by Charles V . 6 6 `` True Love '' c. 1527 Brian Kirk Michael Hirst May 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 06 ) 0.599 As King Henry gains in confidence , his displeasure with the way the Catholic church handles his request for an annulment of his marriage to Katherine of Aragon grows . As a result , Cardinal Wolsey 's position is weakening , leaving him vulnerable to his enemies . Having restored Henry 's former alliance with the French King Francis , Wolsey attempts to convene a conclave of the Cardinals in France , beyond the reach of Emperor Charles ' influence , to decide on the matter . But the Cardinals refuse to come - on orders from the Pope , who remains the Emperor 's captive . In return for securing his return to court and reconciliation with the King , Charles Brandon makes a reluctant alliance with the Duke of Norfolk and the Boleyn family . 7 7 `` Message to the Emperor '' 1528 Alison Maclean Michael Hirst May 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 13 ) 0.460 William Compton dies of the `` sweating sickness '' at Compton Wynates , his house in Warwickshire . As King Henry VIII receives positive news of his war against Emperor Charles , the sickness spreads like a wildfire . Henry flees the palace and London , and starts having doubts about the future and his ability to rule the country . Both Anne Boleyn and Cardinal Wolsey are stricken with the disease , but recover . Wolsey sends agents to the exiled Pope asking for him to make a favorable decision on Henry 's ' Great Matter ' but Clement instead sends his legate , Cardinal Campeggio , to make a final decision in England . 8 8 `` Truth and Justice '' 1528 Alison Maclean Michael Hirst May 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) 0.424 The Pope 's legate Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio arrives to hear the case for King Henry VIII 's divorce from Katherine of Aragon . Cardinal Wolsey intimidates Campeggio : `` Let me make certain things plain to you . If you do not grant the King his divorce , papal authority in England will be annihilated ! '' Wolsey has assured Henry that the divorce will be granted , but the Pope and Campeggio are not so easily swayed . A desperate Wolsey begs Queen Katherine to abdicate the marriage , but she ultimately refuses . Wolsey 's enemies circle ; Anne Boleyn plants more doubt in Henry 's mind about Wolsey , who soon threatens Campeggio both physically and politically . A Legatine Court convenes at Blackfriar 's Church , and both Henry and Katherine plead their cases . 9 9 `` Look to God First '' 1529 Ciaran Donnelly Michael Hirst June 3 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 03 ) 0.396 The legatine trial on the legitimacy of King Henry 's marriage to Katherine continues despite the queen 's refusal to attend , but the papal envoy receives notice to return to Rome and place the evidence to the judgement of the Curia . The Pope procrastinates and Henry , goaded by the conspirators Thomas Boleyn , the Duke of Norfolk and Charles Brandon , strips Wolsey of his temporal power and properties , bans him from court and instructs him to resume his now sole role as Archbishop of York . Thomas More reluctantly succeeds Wolsey as Chancellor of the realm . Anne Boleyn , encouraged by her ally Thomas Cromwell ( the King 's secretary ) , subtly and opportunely asks the king to reacquaint himself with the subject of Lutheranism . Wolsey appeals to Cromwell for help , but Cromwell reluctantly turns his back on his former mentor . Margaret Tudor dies of tuberculosis , and her widower Charles Brandon shows repentance for his infidelity at her deathbed . 10 10 `` The Death of Wolsey '' 1530 Ciaran Donnelly Michael Hirst June 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) 0.465 Wolsey , now acting solely as the Archbishop of York and living in relative poverty , is repudiated by Anne Boleyn and writes to Queen Katherine instead , trying to gain her support . Thomas More uses his new powers as Chancellor and starts actively persecuting prominent Lutherans - including burning six of them at the stake , to the anger of Thomas Cromwell . King Henry finds his new Privy Counsellors less proficient than Wolsey was in running the country ; he threatens to reinstate the Cardinal , spurring Norfolk and Suffolk to find a way to ' end ' Wolsey . Henry has also found elements much to his liking in the teachings of Luther , and dispatches Cromwell to canvass various European faculties of theology , hopefully to obtain favourable opinions regarding his intended divorce . Wolsey 's secret communication with the Queen is uncovered by Cromwell , and he is arrested by Charles Brandon and charged with high treason . His fall from grace now complete , Wolsey laments his decadent lifestyle and commits suicide in a jail cell en route to London . Anne Boleyn engages Henry in a sexual encounter , but forces him to perform coitus interruptus after which a furious Henry storms off . Season 2 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) The season 2 premiere of The Tudors attracted 768 000 viewers to the original broadcast , with an additional 254 000 viewing the reaired broadcast the same night . No. in series No. in season Title Setting Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 11 `` Everything Is Beautiful '' 1532 Jeremy Podeswa Michael Hirst March 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 30 ) 0.768 As he seeks the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon , King Henry VIII seeks to appoint himself the head of the Church of England . Anne Boleyn insists that Henry remove Queen Catherine from the picture -- and Court . The new Pope Paul III , not wanting to displease either the king or the Emperor , practically suggests that Anne Boleyn be assassinated instead . Lutheran clergyman Thomas Cranmer , newly arrived at Court , receives a promotion as the king 's chaplain at the behest of Cromwell and the Boleyns . Thomas and George Boleyn bribe a cook to poison the food of Catherine 's strongest supporter , Bishop of Rochester John Fisher ; however , the bishop survives and the cook , Richard Roose , is boiled alive . King Henry banishes the Queen from court . At the end of this episode the Spanish ambassador , Eustace Chapuys , is seen discussing the assassination of Anne with an unknown , hooded man . 12 `` Tears of Blood '' 1532 Jeremy Podeswa Michael Hirst April 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 06 ) N / A As the Catholic Church struggles in vain to control Henry VIII 's demands for an annulment , the King appoints himself head of the Church of England ; initial protests are stifled when Archbishop of Canterbury William Warham officially submits the Clergy to Henry . When Anne Boleyn insists Henry break all contacts with Catherine , the Queen is banished from court . The Reformation has begun ; depressed by his failure to prevent it , Sir Thomas More resigns as Henry 's Chancellor . Charles Brandon 's growing hatred for the Boleyns - and his mistrust of Cromwell - causes him to abandon his alliance with them , losing him the King 's favor again . Anne is created Marquess of Pembroke before she and Henry visit France to present Anne as the future Queen of England and Henry 's future wife . After talks between both Henry and Anne with the French King to secure his support , in their chamber , Anne finally submits sexually to Henry , asking him to help her conceive the son and heir they both want , narrowly avoiding another encounter with the Imperial - hired assassin . 13 `` Checkmate '' 1533 Colm McCarthy Michael Hirst April 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 13 ) N / A Henry destroys all ties with authority and the past . After many failed attempts to have his marriage to Catherine annulled by the Catholic Church , Henry runs out of patience and marries a pregnant Anne Boleyn in secret . He appoints the young Lutheran Thomas Cranmer to succeed the deceased William Warham as Archbishop of Canterbury and strips Queen Catherine of her title and status , along with Princess Mary ; they are hence to be known as the Princess Dowager of Wales and the Lady Mary , respectively . The Act of Restrain of Appeals is presented to Parliament by Cromwell and passes . As Sir Thomas More has resigned as Chancellor , Henry hands the position to the pro-Lutheran Thomas Cromwell . Anne Boleyn is crowned Queen of England to a small and uneager crowd and escapes an assassination attempt . Pope Paul III threatens to excommunicate the king and the church of England from the Roman Catholic Church if Henry does not return to Catherine , but Henry tears the papal edict in half . Henry is also disappointed when Anne Boleyn gives birth to a daughter , Elizabeth , instead of his desired son , and soon resumes his philandering with ladies of the court despite assuring Anne they will still have a son . 14 `` The Act of Succession '' 1534 Colm McCarthy Michael Hirst April 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 20 ) N / A Questions of faith dominate the court . As the infant Princess Elizabeth is baptised , Thomas Cromwell unveils the ' Act of Succession ' , declaring that only children of Henry and Anne are legitimate successors to the English throne . A law is passed where every royal subject must take an oath , on pain of death , recognising the validity of the King 's new marriage and the supremacy of Henry VIII in all matters . Although Charles Brandon reluctantly does so - thus restoring him to the King 's favor again - Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More refuse and are imprisoned in the Tower . Catherine of Aragon lives now in total seclusion , and Lady Mary is sent to be a maid to the baby Princess Elizabeth , her half - sister . Anne soon discovers the identity of the King 's new mistress and secretly has her brother George banish her . Pregnant again to Henry 's delight , Anne , at her father 's prompting , tacitly approves of the king 's infidelity while she is with child , albeit those of her own choosing and posing no political threat to her . 15 5 `` His Majesty 's Pleasure '' 1535 Ciaran Donnelly Michael Hirst April 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 27 ) N / A Attempts to legitimise the King 's marriage and increase his power hit firm obstacles as Sir Thomas More and Cardinal Fisher insist that only Christ can be the head of the church , but both of them are now arrested . Meanwhile Henry 's wandering eye continues to roam . Queen Anne Boleyn unexpectedly miscarries her child and fears that the king has lost his love for her . Anne also fears the Lady Mary and Catherine of Aragon for she feels that Henry may still designate Mary as Heir over her own beloved daughter , Elizabeth . Also , Anne 's relationship with her older sister , Mary Boleyn , deteriorates when Mary marries a commoner in secret and becomes pregnant with his child without asking her permission ; Anne has the pair banished from court when pressured by her father Thomas Boleyn . Imprisoned in the Tower , Cardinal Fisher and Sir Thomas More face likely execution unless they take the Oath of Allegiance , which Cromwell encourages them to do . Both still refuse , even after More received pleas from his family , and both are found guilty of high treason , and are beheaded despite Henry 's indecisiveness on Thomas More . Meanwhile , Catherine of Aragon 's health begins to fail . 16 6 `` The Definition of Love '' c. 1535 Ciaran Donnelly Michael Hirst May 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 04 ) 0.649 As the Reformation gathers pace , Sir Thomas Cromwell becomes ever more powerful as propagandist - in - chief of a new moral order . Royal confidence has given way to doubt . Henry is haunted by the memory of the executed Thomas More , while Queen Anne Boleyn 's insecurities border on paranoia . Her husband 's affairs continue and an effort to have her daughter Elizabeth betrothed to a French prince fails when the French King refuses to recognize the infant Princess 's legitimacy ; Anne 's interference with policies both foreign and domestic also anger the King , as he expected her to play a more submissive role after receiving her crown . As a result of this debacle , deep fractures begin to appear in Henry and Anne 's marriage . Meanwhile Charles Brandon feels remorse for being unfaithful to his wife , but resumes his friendship with the King . 17 7 `` Matters of State '' 1536 Dearbhla Walsh Michael Hirst May 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 11 ) N / A As Thomas Cromwell 's increasingly ruthless ' reforms ' spread terror through an ever more vulnerable Catholic Church , Anne Boleyn has nightmares that her position at the King 's side is under threat from the continued existence of former Queen Catherine and her daughter Mary . Catherine 's death removes much of the perceived illegitimacy of Anne 's position , and a passionate sexual encounter with Henry seems to heal the rift with her husband . However , she is still far from secure , and her quarrels with her former ally Cromwell alarm her father and brother . Meanwhile Henry is occupied by the sad news of Catherine 's death and later has a happy encounter with Lady Jane Seymour . Anne Boleyn announces to her father that she is pregnant with a son . 18 8 `` Lady in Waiting '' Spring 1536 Dearbhla Walsh Michael Hirst May 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 18 ) N / A At Henry 's command Jane Seymour is made a lady - in - waiting to Anne Boleyn , much to the discomfort and suspicion of the Queen . Emperor Charles indicates through Chapuys his interest in renewing relations with England . However Charles insists on legitimizing Lady Mary as Henry 's heir as his condition , something Cromwell knows Anne will oppose . When Henry is seriously injured in a jousting match all thoughts turn to who might succeed him . After he recovers , Anne finds Henry kissing with Jane , and her shock , anger and grief leads to another miscarriage - of a son . Infuriated by yet another failed pregnancy , the episode closes with Henry declaring to Cromwell that his marriage with Anne is null and void , saying he was ' bewitched ' into marrying her . 19 9 `` The Act of Treason '' 17th May 1536 Jon Amiel Michael Hirst May 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 25 ) 0.670 Anne has lost her son , and with him her last chance at a lasting marriage with Henry . The King 's affections are shifting anyway : the Seymour family are awarded new and more luxurious rooms at court and soon replace the Boleyns as the new royal favourites . Anne 's behavior becomes more erratic as she is browbeaten by her family to help regain favor at any cost . Several members of the court , including Charles Brandon , begin to move against her , accusing her of adultery and witchcraft . Arrests are made of suspected lovers , and eventually of Anne herself . Cromwell leads the interrogations , torturing some of the scapegoats to force a false confession . All of the accused ( apart from Thomas Wyatt ) , including the Queen , are sentenced to death . Four of Anne 's supposed lovers , including her trusted friend Mark Smeaton and her beloved brother George are executed at the Tower while a grief - stricken Anne awaits her own fate . 20 10 `` Destiny and Fortune '' 18th -- 19th May 1536 Jon Amiel Michael Hirst June 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 01 ) 0.852 As Anne Boleyn awaits her death , which is painfully delayed by the executioner 's late arrival , Henry visits Jane Seymour and asks for her hand in marriage . Declaring his marriage to Anne null and void means that their daughter Elizabeth becomes illegitimate and is no longer in line to the throne , clearing the way for a legitimate heir to come from his marriage with Jane ; meanwhile , Lady Mary , delighted at Anne 's fall , hopes she will soon be reconciled with her father . George Boleyn and the other men that are supposedly Anne 's lovers have been put to death , while Earl Thomas Boleyn is expelled from court in permanent disgrace . Archbishop Thomas Cranmer is still Anne 's loyal ally , but he can do nothing for her except protect her daughter and take her final confession , in which she firmly maintains that she was never unfaithful to Henry . Despite the roles they played in bringing Anne and her family down , both Charles Brandon and Cromwell show some remorse , feeling that death is too harsh a punishment for her . The season ends as Anne loses her head , going to her death with great dignity and surprising sympathy from the onlookers and the executioner . Henry , on the other hand , breakfasts in splendor on a swan and looks forward to his oncoming third marriage , completely indifferent to the death of his second queen . Season 3 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) The third season of The Tudors premiered on April 5 , 2009 , and attracted 726,000 viewers in the United States , which was a five percent decrease from the previous season 's premiere . The premiere bested HBO 's In Treatment season two premiere which drew 657,000 viewers , and marks one of the few times that a Showtime original received more viewers than an HBO original . The season finale aired on May 24 , 2009 , and the original broadcast attained 366,000 viewers . No. in series No. in season Title Setting Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 21 `` Civil Unrest '' 30th May 1536 Ciaran Donnelly Michael Hirst April 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 05 ) 0.726 The third season premier . Days after Anne Boleyn 's execution , Henry VIII weds a third time , to shy , demure noblewoman Jane Seymour -- a union that he and his advisers pray will result in a male heir ; Henry appears to an apparently pleased court , but secretly Thomas Cromwell and Lord Rich worry for their plans for a reformation . Lady Ursula Misseldon arrives at court to wait upon the new queen , and is soon mistress to Sir Francis Bryan . Lady Mary is threatened with death unless she submits to her father 's authority and , under guidance from the Spanish ambassador , reluctantly complies . A number of Catholics , once - loyal subjects , rebel in objection to Henry 's crusade against Catholicism and the dissolution of the monasteries , shaking Cromwell 's new - found confidence , and enraging Henry . 22 `` The Northern Uprising '' Winter 1536 Ciaran Donnelly Michael Hirst April 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 12 ) N / A The rebellion now known as the Pilgrimage of Grace in York begins in earnest , with Henry dispatching Brandon to deal with the uprising . Darcy surrenders the Pontefract Castle . Bedridden due to the painful ulcerating of his jousting injury , Henry takes a new mistress named Lady Ursula Misseldon in his frustration at the Queen 's lack of pregnancy . Queen Jane unveils the king 's daughter , Lady Mary , at court in a bid to see her restored to the succession . 23 `` Dissension and Punishment '' 1536 -- 1537 Ciaran Donnelly Michael Hirst April 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 19 ) N / A Queen Jane and Lady Mary bring the toddler Lady Elizabeth to court , and Henry reconciles with her at the Christmas holiday . He also makes promises of pardons and redress of grievances to the leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace , while making plans to bring them to heel for their insurrection , then using a further uprising as an excuse to have Charles Brandon put the leaders to death . 24 `` The Death of a Queen '' July -- October 1537 Ciaran Donnelly Michael Hirst April 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) N / A The leaders of the Pilgrimage of Grace uprising are put to death , but Brandon is haunted by the cruelty and mercilessness of the suppression and his part in it ; Henry celebrates the birth of a son but his joy is short - lived as Queen Jane dies within days . 25 5 `` Problems in the Reformation '' 1537 -- 1538 Jeremy Podeswa Michael Hirst May 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 03 ) N / A Henry remains in seclusion with his jester Will Sommers while mourning the queen 's death , an opportunity that enemies of the crown seize to murder several friends of the court ; Cromwell is disturbed when Henry does not resist his new church 's similarities to Catholicism . Meanwhile Henry ends his depression by having sex with Ursula one more time before she returns to her hometown . 26 6 `` Search for a New Queen '' 1538 -- 1539 Jeremy Podeswa Michael Hirst May 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 10 ) N / A Matchmaking begins in earnest as Cromwell schemes to secure the Reformation by marrying Henry to a Protestant wife -- but the king 's marital reputation precedes him ; the condition of Henry 's wounded leg turns life - threatening . 27 7 `` Protestant Anne of Cleves '' 1539 -- 1540 Jeremy Podeswa Michael Hirst May 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 17 ) N / A War looms with France and Spain aligning against England with backing from Rome , so Henry agrees to a politically fortuitous marriage with Anne of Cleves ( Joss Stone ) , a plain and unsophisticated German aristocrat he has never met . 28 8 `` The Undoing of Cromwell '' Spring -- 28 July 1540 Jeremy Podeswa Michael Hirst May 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 24 ) 0.366 Henry moves swiftly to annul his loveless marriage to Anne of Cleves , and beds a new mistress , 17 - year - old Katherine Howard ( Tamzin Merchant ) ; Princess Mary falls in love with Duke Philip of Bavaria in spite of their religions , only to be heartbroken when he is sent away from court ; Cromwell 's fall from favour is sudden and dramatic . The season ends with Cromwell 's beheading . Season 4 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) On April 10 , 2009 , it was announced that Showtime had picked up The Tudors for a fourth and final season , which contained 10 episodes and began airing on April 11 , 2010 . Maria Doyle Kennedy , Natalie Dormer , and Annabelle Wallis reprised their roles as Catherine of Aragon , Anne Boleyn , and Jane Seymour , respectively , in individual dream sequences in the final episode . This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No. in series No. in season Title Setting Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 29 `` Moment of Nostalgia '' Summer 1540 Dearbhla Walsh Michael Hirst April 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 11 ) 0.883 Whitehall Palace , London 1540 . Thirty years into the reign of King Henry VIII and it 's been a long , hot , summer : London is experiencing intense heat and there has been no rain for two months . But while his subjects wilt , the King 's vigor remains undiminished . The underlying rivalry between Catholics and Lutherans continues , led by Bishop of Winchester Stephen Gardiner and Lord Edward Seymour of Hertford . Meanwhile , Henry has just married the beautiful Katherine Howard , his fifth Queen , who is a mere seventeen years old . Katherine is different from earlier wives in more ways than age : though born into an aristocratic family , she had been left by her impoverished father in the care of her aunt , who raised her in a large household with little education or supervision . Katherine attempts to befriend Henry 's children ; she befriends his young son , Prince Edward , but gets nothing but contempt from Mary while Elizabeth prefers to spend time with Anne of Cleves . Joan Bulmer , the new Queen 's childhood friend , is hired as a lady in waiting ; she knows too much scandalous detail about Katherine 's sexual past to be outside the court . The Queen 's ' low ' background , combined with her youth and beauty , arouses a lusty familiarity in certain members of Henry 's court . Her most notable admirer is the King 's handsome and ambitious new groom Thomas Culpeper , who makes no secret of his desire for the new Queen . During an extended hunting trip visit by the royal entourage , Culpeper unleashes his sexual frustrations by raping an unfortunate local peasant woman and then murdering her aggrieved husband . Meanwhile , Charles Brandon and his wife , Catherine Brandon , are separated after Charles 's actions in defeating the Pilgrimage of Grace . 30 `` Sister '' Winter 1540 Dearbhla Walsh Michael Hirst April 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 18 ) 0.740 Thomas Culpeper -- principal groom to Henry VIII -- continues to make eyes at his King 's young bride , Katherine Howard . He is not alone ; the teen Queen inspires many admirers in Henry 's court , not least the King himself who spoils his new wife with an endless supply of extravagant gifts . Lady Rochford gets plenty of gossip about her new mistress from Katherine 's old friend and indiscreet lady - in - waiting Joan Bulmer who hints about their sexual adventures as young ladies . When Rochford sleeps with Culpeper soon after , he does n't hide that the Queen is his real desire and she helpfully suggests that she aid him in seducing Katherine . On a drinking binge with his cronies in one of London 's nastiest neighborhoods , the arrogant Lord Surrey persecutes prostitutes , smashes windows and causes general mayhem . Not content with stirring up trouble after dark , Surrey intends to be the scourge of the Seymour brothers -- - Edward and Thomas -- whom he considers mere commoners . As part of the Christmas festivities Henry invites his previous wife Anne of Cleves to the palace . He is pleasantly surprised by her beauty -- something he missed when they were married -- and delighted by her graciousness . But where once he was the life and soul of such parties , the aging King goes to bed early and the party grows boisterous in his absence . Never before have two of Henry 's wives had such fun together , nor have so many of his male courtiers enjoyed openly ogling their Queen , nor has Princess Mary ever hated a Queen as much as she hates Katherine Howard , since Katherine 's cousin , and mother of Elizabeth , Anne Boleyn , was on the throne . 31 `` Something for You '' Spring 1541 Dearbhla Walsh Michael Hirst April 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 25 ) 0.890 Henry VIII is in great spirits . Buoyed by the happiness that a young wife brings an aging man , he is noticeably more tolerant and forgiving than the Henry of old . He pardons a criminal , gives blessings and alms to a crowd of the poor , visits Princess Elizabeth and plans a visit to the North of England -- his first visit to the territory that hatched the ' Pilgrimage of Grace ' rebellion . Charles Brandon is ordered to go ahead and make preparations . Scenes of rebellion are now closer to home . Unknown to the doting King , his wife Katherine Howard has begun a serious flirtation with Culpeper with the assistance of her lady in waiting , Lady Rochford . Cuckolding the King is a capital offense , but Henry can play by different rules and takes his pleasure in the bed of Anne of Cleves , the ex-wife he once thought ugly . A large and impressive entourage accompanies the King , Queen and Princess Mary north to the city of Lincoln for the royal visit . In his appreciation for the warm welcome he receives , Henry gives a speech forgiving the city for its earlier revolt , and the Lady Mary gives a speech . Feeling benevolent and powerful once more , the King longs to be with his young bride but his troublesome leg - wound makes him tired and irritable and confines him to his room . Thomas Culpeper , on the other hand , is young , passionate and fit for a Queen . 32 `` Natural Ally '' Summer / Autumn 1541 Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst May 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 02 ) 0.902 Pontefract Castle , Yorkshire was the only royal property captured by the rebels during the Catholic uprising known as the ' Pilgrimage of Grace ' . In a symbolic gesture , it now welcomes Henry and his large entourage . Rejuvenated by the affection he has experienced in his tour of the north of England , Henry feels a stirring sexual energy towards his Queen . Charles Brandon , on the other hand , senses death as he remembers the hangings and punishments he oversaw as the King 's representative during the Northern rebellion . In a castle full of ghosts , Queen Katherine sees something like one when a young man arrives at her door . He is Francis Dereham , one of the men she had sexual liaisons with before she married the King ... and he wants a job . Threatened with blackmail , she has little choice but to give in . Katherine Howard 's past begins to catch up with her on another front . 33 5 `` Bottom of the Pot '' Winter 1541 / February 13 , 1542 Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst May 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 09 ) 0.929 The King receives an anonymous letter accusing his wife of sexual relationships with two men , including Francis Dereham . Henry thinks the whole thing is a fraud but nonetheless orders an investigation , to be led by Lord Hertford . Queen Katherine is shocked to be confined to her apartments by the King 's orders , with no visitors permitted . The investigation into her past moves with speed : Francis Dereham is arrested and interrogated ; Joan Bulmer is questioned , as is the Dowager Duchess of Norfolk , at whose home Joan and Katherine lived as young women , where their immoral acts are rumored to have taken place . Dereham confesses that he and Katherine Howard had planned to get married and that he knew her carnally before she became Queen : a serious revelation , but not adultery . Uncharacteristically , Henry weeps when told of these discoveries . Nevertheless , his response is unsentimental and swift : Katherine Howard is removed from court and her title as Queen withdrawn . Her pleas for understanding and forgiveness are coldly ignored , but she knows she is lucky to escape with her life . Francis Dereham is brutally tortured as Lord Hertford seeks to establish whether Katherine committed adultery . Dereham denies the charge but points to Thomas Culpeper , who is promptly arrested . Furious that the betrayal was widely known , Henry isolates himself from his court . Later , Katherine Howard , Thomas Culpeper , Francis Dereham and Lady Rochford are all executed , and Joan is lucky to escape with her life . Betrayed , bruised but unbowed , the King gives a banquet , attended only by 26 beautiful young women . 34 6 `` You Have My Permission '' 1542 Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst May 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 16 ) 0.820 In a surprise decision , the King orders a new Act of Parliament which restores the succession rights of his two daughters , Princess Mary and Princess Elizabeth , and , although they are next in line after their younger brother Edward , it is a powerful gesture of his love , which will have historical consequences . At the same time , recalling Katherine Howard 's fate , Elizabeth makes a vow that will also have historical consequences -- `` As God is my witness , I shall never marry . '' The King dispatches Hertford and his arch enemy the Earl of Surrey north to warn the King of Scotland that any further acts of aggression will be responded to with the might of England 's armies . But Surrey is no man for issuing warnings , and the body count is high at the Battle of Solway Moss . Meanwhile , both the ambassador of France and the ambassador of the Holy Roman Empire seek the support of Henry in attacking each other . To the surprise of his court , Henry sides with the Catholic Emperor , for the first time since he was married to his first wife , Catherine of Aragon . The Catholic alliance signals a weakening of the Reformation 's influence in English politics . Realizing that the tide is turning , Bishop Stephen Gardiner goes on the hunt for suspected Calvinists . Single once again , Henry takes an interest in the twice - married Catherine Parr , a woman closer to his own age than his usual fancies . She has in mind to marry Thomas Seymour , but within hours of her husband 's death , Seymour is hastily transferred to Brussels as permanent Ambassador , and the King proposes marriage . 35 7 `` Sixth and the Final Wife '' 1543 Jeremy Podeswa Michael Hirst May 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 23 ) 0.948 Henry marries Catherine Parr , his sixth and final wife . The wedding is notable for the presence of Henry 's daughters , the now restored Princesses Mary and Elizabeth . Catherine is determined to be a loving stepmother to the King 's children , who are fond of her in return . Plans are made for the invasion of France , and Charles Brandon is named commander of the English armies . The emissaries of the Emperor Charles , with whom Henry has formed an alliance , are entertained in great style at the English court where , to their surprise and delight , Princess Mary addresses them in Spanish . As the Catholic influence increases , Bishop Gardiner begins to investigate the new Queen 's religious beliefs . She is rumored to be a secret Protestant and he intends to expose her . But any such suspicions are excused by the courage and commitment she shows in nursing the King when he is once again struck down by his ulcerous leg . There has never been a Queen so attentive to Henry at his most vulnerable . The war effort is elaborate and costly . Three hundred ships have been requisitioned to take guns , wagons , horses and the army to France . The King may not be in peak condition but he is determined to lead his armies into battle , to recapture both the lands he once held and a glimmer of his youth . To the shock and horror of Bishop Gardiner , the King appoints Catherine regent in his absence , protector of the realm and guardian of his children . The new Queen rises to the opportunity with ease and is well liked and respected by all . 36 8 `` As It Should Be '' 1544 Jeremy Podeswa Michael Hirst June 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 06 ) 0.991 The year is 1544 . Under the supervision of Henry VIII , the Earl of Surrey and his men attempt to undermine the French fortifications at Boulogne . Clearly pleased to be once again in the field of battle , the King dines and entertains in style at his tent some distance from the action . But progress is slow and conditions are appalling for his soldiers . Over two thousand men die of disease and starvation and another three thousand fall ill as ' the flux ' sweeps the King 's camp . When hope of success seems all but lost , Treviso , the King 's engineer , explodes a mine that spectacularly brings down the city 's walls . The French surrender to a gloating Henry , who returns to England in triumph and commands festivities and celebrations throughout the land . Charles Brandon , who has been separated from his wife for some time , finds happiness with a young Frenchwoman , Brigitte , who returns with him from France . While Henry too has been rejuvenated by the siege of Boulogne , given a taste once more of the vigor and vitality of his youth , he may have pushed his already weakened body too far . 37 9 `` Secrets of the Heart '' 1544 -- 1546 Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst June 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 13 ) 0.724 King Henry VIII is aging rapidly : the recent siege of Boulogne has taken its toll , his ulcerous leg is constantly in pain , and he now requires glasses to read . Political events continue to be tumultuous and exhausting . The profligate Earl of Surrey , a noble not known for his sense of judgment , loses 600 men in an unprovoked battle in France , endangering Henry 's recent success at Boulogne . News arrives that the King of France is preparing for war and , worse , that the Emperor Charles , England 's recent ally , has seized English ships and properties . The rising influence of Bishop Gardiner is signaled by the appointment of a Catholic , Wriothesley , to the important position of Lord Chancellor . Nonetheless the Lutherans continue with their radical reforms , the latest of which is women preachers . One such preacher , Anne Askew , is imprisoned and tortured by Wriothesley and then burnt at the stake for her perceived heresies . Sir Richard Rich brings bad news to the Princess Mary ; her best friend , and long - time confidant , Eustace Chapuys , is dead . Mary avows that it is all her fault for not being a boy , and declares , that , if she becomes Queen , then she will return England to the true faith . Sensing their rise in authority , Gardiner and his allies are determined to trap Queen Catherine . Brazenly , the Bishop suggests to the King that he has proof of her heresy . Henry confuses the Bishop with the reply that even if this were true -- and he probably knows that it is -- he would spare her life . The Earl of Surrey , however , is not so fortunate . Defiant on his return to court , he fails to convince Henry 's Privy Council with his explanation of how so many men were lost under his command in France . His rank is withdrawn and the King refuses to see him . Surrey 's wild antics and attitude have won him no friends among Henry 's closest advisers , and he is arrested on charges of treason . After a quick and one - sided trial he is sentenced to death . 38 10 `` Death of a Monarchy '' January 1547 Ciarán Donnelly Michael Hirst June 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 20 ) 0.682 Henry is forced to surrender Boulogne , his great prize , as part of a peace treaty with France . But where , in the past , he might have felt anger , his feelings now turn melancholic with the news that King Francis , his long - time friend and sometimes foe , is dying . There is a slow , quiet and nonetheless inevitable shifting of allegiances as Henry 's own health begins to fade . Factions are forming at court as thoughts turn towards a successor . Some see Prince Edward , Henry 's son by Jane Seymour , as his natural heir while others , notably Bishop Gardiner , are determined to restore a Catholic to the throne in the person of Lady Mary . Under the orders of Gardiner , an arrest warrant for Queen Catherine is issued on the grounds of heresy . However , when Wriothesley and his men come to arrest the Queen -- - believing that they are carrying out the King 's orders -- - they are brutally rebuffed by Henry in a complex psychological game that leaves everyone uncertain of his allegiances and beliefs . For his overreaching ambition , Bishop Gardiner is expelled from court , leaving the Lutheran factions -- - led by Prince Edward 's uncle , Edward Seymour -- - suddenly dominant , prompting Wriothesley to switch his allegiance to Seymour . Hearing that Charles Brandon is ill , the King summons his old friend to court . It is to be their last encounter . Brandon dies soon after and Henry is greatly shaken : his longest and most loyal ally is now gone . Henry also commissions artist Hans Holbein to do a portrait of him , but soon rejects the realistically sickly depiction and demands that Holbein repaint it . He sees the ghosts of his past wives with his children : Catherine of Aragon , who tells him that Mary should have been married and have children of her own by now ; Anne Boleyn , who proclaims her innocence of the crimes she was beheaded for , the ill - fated death of her cousin Katherine Howard , and her pride in their daughter Elizabeth ; finally Jane Seymour , who tells him that she is upset at young Edward 's being shut away , and that he will die young . Realizing that his own death is now imminent , Henry retreats more and more into himself and sends Queen Catherine and his beloved daughters Mary and Elizabeth away from Whitehall Palace , telling them that he will not see them again . Queen Catherine and Lady Mary weep outside Henry 's chamber , but Elizabeth bravely strides away , ready to face her destiny . As Henry sits alone in his room reflecting on his momentous reign , he is called back to see his new portrait , of which he approves . As he turns and leaves the room , the fates of Henry 's children are briefly explained , with a final note that the Tudor dynasty ultimately produced the two most famous monarchs in English history : Henry VIII and Elizabeth I . See also ( edit ) Assertio Septem Sacramentorum , book by Henry VIII ( Season 2 , Episode 4 ) References ( edit ) `` The Tudors : Episodes '' . Showtime online ( sho.com ) . Jump up ^ The Tudors : The Complete First Season -- Amazon.com Jump up ^ The Tudors : Complete BBC Series 1 -- Amazon.co.uk Jump up ^ The Tudors : The Complete Second Season -- Futureshop.ca Jump up ^ The Tudors DVD news : Delay for The Tudors -- The Complete 2nd Season -- TVShowsOnDVD.com Jump up ^ The Tudors : Complete BBC Series 2 -- Amazon.co.uk Jump up ^ The Tudors : The Complete Third Season -- TVShowsOnDVD Jump up ^ The Tudors Season 3 DVD -- TVShowsOnDVD.com Jump up ^ The Tudors : Complete Third Series -- Amazon.co.uk Jump up ^ The Tudors : The Complete Fourth Season -- Amazon.co.uk Jump up ^ As established by the series credits and character list on the official website Archived 2007 - 07 - 31 at WebCite , the character 's name is spelled Katherine with a `` K '' in contrast to the English language spelling `` Catherine '' usually used for the actual historical figure . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` ' Dexter ' bow finds blood brothers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Ratings Round - Up ( Week of April 2 - 8 ) : ' Sopranos , ' ' Shield ' Returns Fade '' . The Futon Critic. April 13 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Ratings Round - Up ( Week of April 9 - 15 ) : VH1 ' Charms ' Series Premiere Record '' . The Futon Critic. April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` Last Night 's Results : Sunday 4 / 22 / 07 '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` Hot Off The Press : The Latest TV News and Information '' . AVS Forum . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 8 , 2007 ) . `` Last Night 's Results : Sunday 5 / 06 / 07 '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Last Night 's Results : Sunday 5 / 13 / 07 '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 22 , 2007 ) . `` Last Night 's Results : Sunday 5 / 22 / 07 '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` Sunday original finals 6 / 03 / 17 '' . AVS Forum . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` ' Sopranos ' ends on high note with 11.9 mil '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( April 1 , 2008 ) . `` With Effort , Showtime Achieves Some Online Parity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Nielsen ratings : Bumper crop for ' Farmer ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( May 28 , 2008 ) . `` Recounton HBO '' . Mediaweek . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` ' Tudors ' season finale ratings up '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , Ben ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` Tuning In to TV '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Nielsens : Ratings slip for Idol '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Broadcasting and Cable April 13 , 2009 Showtime Picks Up Fourth And Final Season Of ' The Tudors ' Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` The Tudors Up In Fourth ( and Final ) Season Premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending April 18 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending April 25 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 4 , 2010 ) . `` Oy `` Treme , '' `` The Pacific '' + `` Army Wives '' & Other Sunday Cable `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable : NBA , `` Army Wives '' Tops With 18 -- 49 ; `` The Pacific '' Dives Below 2 Million `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cable TV Ratings for Week Ending May 16 , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . TV Aholics . May 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable : Lakers / Suns NBA Playoff , America : The Story Of US Tops With 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NASCAR Pocono , MTV Movie Awards , Army Wives , Breaking Bad & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : True Blood , Breaking Bad , Army Wives , Drop Dead Diva & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Leverage , True Blood , Army Wives , Drop Dead Diva & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Tudors_episodes&oldid=817322032 '' Categories : Lists of drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2017 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français Italiano Magyar Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 16 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in series 4 of the tudors | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nDVD release date\n\n\nRegion 1\nRegion 2\nRegion 4\nDiscs\n\n\n\n1\n10\n2007\nJanuary 8, 2008[1]\nDecember 10, 2007[2]\n\n4\n\n\n\n2\n10\n2008\nNovember 11, 2008[3] (Canada)\nJanuary 6, 2009[4] (United States)\nOctober 13, 2008[5]\n\n4\n\n\n\n3\n8\n2009\nNovember 10, 2009[6] (Canada)\nDecember 15, 2009[7] (United States)\nDecember 7, 2009[8]\n\n3\n\n\n\n4\n10\n2010\nOctober 12, 2010 (United States)\nNovember 9, 2010 (Canada)\nMarch 21, 2011[9]\n\n3\n\n"
] | [
"10"
] |
-4093998714223889208 | The Dukes of Hazzard (film) | The Dukes of Hazzard ( film ) - wikipedia The Dukes of Hazzard ( film ) The Dukes of Hazzard Theatrical release poster Directed by Jay Chandrasekhar Produced by Bill Gerber Screenplay by John O'Brien Story by John O'Brien Jonathan L. Davis Based on Characters by Gy Waldron Starring Johnny Knoxville Seann William Scott Jessica Simpson Burt Reynolds Willie Nelson Narrated by Junior Brown Music by Nathan Barr Cinematography Lawrence Sher Edited by Lee Haxall Myron I. Kerstein Production company Village Roadshow Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date August 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 05 ) Running time 104 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $111.1 million The Dukes of Hazzard is a 2005 American buddy comedy road film based on the television series , The Dukes of Hazzard . The film was directed by Jay Chandrasekhar and released on August 5 , 2005 , by Warner Bros. Pictures . As in the television series , the film depicts the adventures of cousins Bo , Luke , and Daisy , and their Uncle Jesse , as they outfox crooked Hazzard County Commissioner Boss Hogg and Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane . The film was the acting debut of pop singer Jessica Simpson . While financially successful , the film met with negative reviews from critics . The film was followed by a direct - to - video prequel titled The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cameos 3 Production 3.1 Stunts 3.2 Locations 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Awards 5 Controversy 6 Soundtrack 7 Unrated Cut 8 Prequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Cousins Bo ( Seann William Scott ) , Luke ( Johnny Knoxville ) , and Daisy Duke ( Jessica Simpson ) run a moonshine business for their Uncle Jesse ( Willie Nelson ) in Hazzard County , Georgia . The cousins ' primary mode of transportation is an orange 1969 Dodge Charger that the boys affectionately refer to as the `` General Lee '' . Along the way , the family is tormented by corrupt Hazzard County Commissioner Jefferson Davis Hogg , widely known as `` Boss Hogg '' ( Burt Reynolds ) , and his willing but dimwitted henchman , Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane ( M.C. Gainey ) . After Rosco has the General Lee impounded after Bo and Luke 's attempt to run away from a daughter of one their many moonshine customers , Billy Prickett ( James Roday ) , a famous stock - car driver , enters Hazzard to participate in the rally . Meanwhile , Rosco plants a fake moonshine still ( `` ' cause he 's too dumb to find the real one '' ) in Uncle Jesse 's barn and seizes the Duke property in the interest of eminent domain for Boss Hogg , forcing the family to temporarily reside with neighbor and Uncle Jesse 's love - interest , Pauline ( Lynda Carter ) . Pauline informs the Dukes that Rosco seized another farm on charges , so Bo and Luke investigate a local construction site and find geologic core samples with the help of bait - shop owner Sheev ( Kevin Heffernan ) . Meanwhile , Coltrane makes arrangements to seize the General Lee as `` evidence '' from the local auto body shop run by the Dukes ' friend Cooter Davenport ( David Koechner ) , who instead turns the car into a hot rod and applies a new paint job and horn , in return for finally getting payment for all the work he has done ( `` ... ' cause that 's how this works ... '' ) for the boys in the past . Sheriff 's car at location in Thousand Oaks , California After retrieving the General Lee before Rosco can , the Dukes go to Atlanta to visit a local university geology lab , meeting with Katie - Lynn Johnson ( Nikki Griffin ) , a Hazzard county girl and the Dukes ' love interest , and her Australian roommate Annette ( Jacqui Maxwell ) . At the lab , they discover Boss Hogg 's intentions of turning the county into a strip coal mine . They are later arrested by Atlanta Police after running from campus police . Back in Hazzard , Daisy learns , with the help of Sheriff 's Deputy Enos Strate ( Michael Weston ) , that Billy Prickett has been hired by Boss Hogg to participate in the rally as a ringer . Boss Hogg then heads to Atlanta , where he informs the Duke boys , in lock - up , that they are too late to stop him and reveals that the vote on Hogg 's proposition is at the same time as the rally , explaining Billy Prickett 's involvement . During a transfer from detainment , Daisy helps the boys escape from the patrol car , and they speed home to try to inform the townsfolk , escaping Atlanta Police , and the Georgia State Patrol after Bo outmaneuvers the city cops . Upon returning home , the Dukes discover that Boss Hogg and Rosco had taken Uncle Jesse and Pauline hostage , an obvious trap for the boys , and that Billy is in on the scheme because he is ashamed of the town 's low status . The two race to the farmhouse to cause a distraction to the waiting Hazzard County sheriff 's deputies and Georgia state troopers , while Daisy and Cooter rescue Jesse and Pauline . Meanwhile , the college girls head to the rally with Sheev to inform the townsfolk about the vote on the strip - mining ordinance . Because of Sheev 's armadillo hat and lack of pants , no one listens , so Bo leaves for the rally while Luke and Jesse team up to foil the county and state police who are chasing Bo , interfering with the race . Upon crossing the finish line first , before Billy , the two continue racing back and forth all the way into town , leading the townsfolk to the courthouse just in time to vote against Boss Hogg 's proposed ordinance . At the courthouse , Daisy takes advantage of the governor of Georgia 's presence and TV cameras to convince him to pardoning the boys , so Uncle Jesse takes the opportunity to knock out Boss Hogg and gets a pardon for assaulting a county commissioner at the same time . The final scene shows a cook - out at the Dukes ' house where Pauline convinces Uncle Jesse , who could not be found because he was `` using the meat smoker '' , to get up and play the television series ' main theme . Bo and Luke are romantically involved with the girls in the General Lee when they are caught by Luke 's other love - interest Laurie Pullman ( Alice Greczyn ) from the introduction of the film , who proceeds to chase them with a shotgun as they drive away . During the credits , outtakes from the production of the film are shown . Cast ( edit ) Knoxville and Scott at the premiere Johnny Knoxville as Luke Duke Seann William Scott as Bo Duke Jessica Simpson as Daisy Duke Burt Reynolds as Boss Hogg Willie Nelson as Uncle Jesse Duke David Koechner as Cooter Davenport M.C. Gainey as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane Michael Weston as Deputy Enos Strate Lynda Carter as Pauline James Roday as Billy Prickett Kevin Heffernan as Derek `` Sheev '' Sheevington Nikki Griffin as Katie - Lynn Johnson Jacqui Maxwell as Annette Alice Greczyn as Laurie Pullman Junior Brown as The Balladeer ( narrator ) Joe Don Baker as Governor Jim Applewhite Barry Corbin as Bill Pullman Andrew Prine as Angry Man Randy Orton as Bo Duke ( Stunt double ) Cameos ( edit ) All five members of the comedy film troupe Broken Lizard make appearances in the film , classified as cameos , except for Kevin Heffernan , who had a larger speaking role ( Sheev ) . Broken Lizard cameos Steve Lemme appears as Jimmy Pullman , the son of Bill Pullman , in an early car chase scene in which he accidentally shoots the inside of his father 's truck . Jay Chandrasekhar and Erik Stolhanske reprise their roles as Ramathorn and Rabbit from the Broken Lizard comedy , Super Troopers . The characters are now campus security officers , who give a warning to the Duke boys for driving too slowly . Paul Soter appears as TV newsman Rick Shakely , who is reporting from the Hazzard Road Rally . Charlie Finn , who played a dimwitted fast - food employee in Super Troopers , appears as a dimwitted geology student who assists the Duke boys with the coal samples . Other notable cameos During the bar - fight scene , Indy - car driver A.J. Foyt IV appears as himself . Bloopers roll under the ending credits , one of which features Rip Taylor interrupting the bedroom scene with Luke and the two college girls . Taylor had previously appeared with Knoxville in Jackass : The Movie . Production ( edit ) Stunts ( edit ) Knoxville said he was initially reluctant to take on the role , but was persuaded by script changes and the presence of Dan Bradley as stunt coordinator and second unit for the car chase scenes . Knoxville praised him , saying , `` everyone in Hollywood wants Dan Bradley to shoot their car stuff '' . Locations ( edit ) The majority of the film was shot in and around Clinton , Louisiana . The street scenes are set in Atlanta , but filmed in the New Orleans Central Business District , and the university scenes were shot on the campus of Louisiana State University . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was number one at the box office its opening weekend and grossed $30.7 million on 3,785 screens . It also had an adjusted - dollar rank of number 24 all - time for August releases . The film eventually collected $111 million worldwide , although it was much less successful financially outside the United States . Critical reception ( edit ) Roger Ebert gave the film one star , calling it a `` lame - brained , outdated wheeze '' and wondered that Burt Reynolds ' part in the film is `` karma-wise ... the second half of what Smokey and the Bandit was the first half of '' . Ebert also named it the second - worst film of the year and Richard Roeper named it the worst film of 2005 . According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , 14 % of critics gave the film positive reviews , based on 168 reviews ; the website 's consensus called the film `` A dumb , goofy , and vacuous adaptation of a TV show where plot is simply an excuse to string together the car chases . '' The film received an average rating of 33 % on Metacritic based on 36 reviews , indicating `` Generally unfavorable reviews . '' Longtime fans of the original Dukes of Hazzard series were generally disappointed by the film . Awards ( edit ) At the 26th Golden Raspberry Awards , the film received seven nominations , but did not win any . Worst Picture - lost to Dirty Love Worst Director ( Jay Chandrasekhar ) - lost to John Mallory Asher for Dirty Love Worst Screenplay ( John O'Brien ) - lost to Jenny McCarthy for Dirty Love Worst Supporting Actor ( Burt Reynolds ) - lost to Hayden Christensen in Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Worst Supporting Actress ( Jessica Simpson ) - lost to Paris Hilton in House of Wax Worst Screen Couple ( Jessica Simpson and her Daisy Dukes ) - lost to Nicole Kidman and Will Ferrell in Bewitched Worst Remake or Sequel - lost to Son of the Mask At the People 's Choice Awards , Simpson won the `` Favorite Song from a Movie '' award for her cover of Nancy Sinatra 's `` These Boots Are Made For Walkin ' '' . The film was nominated for two MTV Movie Awards , including Best On - Screen Team ( Johnny Knoxville , Seann William Scott , and Jessica Simpson ) , and Sexiest Performance ( Jessica Simpson ) . Simpson won the Choice Breakout Female award for her role in the film at the Teen Choice Awards . Controversy ( edit ) Before the release of this film , Warner Bros. reportedly paid $17.5 million to the producer of Moonrunners , the movie that inspired the television series . This was soon followed by a claim from screenwriter Gy Waldron . The Hollywood Reporter reported that James Best , who portrayed Rosco P. Coltrane in the original series , filed suit in late July 2011 over royalties he was contracted to receive over spinoffs that `` used his identity '' . Ben Jones , who played Cooter Davenport in the original series , criticized the film for its emphasis on sexual content , suggesting that the original series was more family - oriented and not as sexualized . He called for fans of the television series to boycott the film `` unless they clean it up before the August 5th release date . '' Some have countered that the original series also contained sexual themes , primarily Catherine Bach 's ( Daisy Duke ) much - displayed `` short shorts '' ( which have become so ubiquitous in American culture that skimpy blue jean cutoff shorts are now often simply called `` Daisy Dukes '' ) . In a film review , a New York Daily News entertainment columnist said the movie 's sex humor is `` cruder '' than the TV series , but that it is `` nearly identical to the TV series in ... its ogling of the posterior of cousin Daisy Duke . '' Although initially he commented that he enjoyed the new style of relationship between the movie versions of Bo and Luke , John Schneider , who played Bo Duke in the original series , was later asked if he saw the film and said : `` My gosh ... it was terrible ! It was n't Dukes . It was true to whatever it was ; I just do n't know what that was ! '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' § Jessica Simpson version Jessica Simpson recorded her own version of `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' ( and added her own lyrics ) for the soundtrack to the film The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) . Performed from the point of view of her character in the movie , Simpson 's cover was co-produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , and was released as the soundtrack 's first single in 2005 . It became Simpson 's fifth top - 20 single in the United States and its music video drew some controversy because of its sexual imagery . Both the original Ram Jam version of `` Black Betty '' , and the Sylvia Massy produced remake by Spiderbait appear in the film . `` If You Want Blood ( You 've Got It ) '' and `` Shoot to Thrill '' are played by AC / DC . Unrated cut ( edit ) In 2008 , an unrated cut restored changes made to get a PG - 13 rating from the Motion Picture Association of America . The unrated cut was released on DVD , and included rated and unrated bonus features , including unrated deleted scenes and blooper scenes . This edition was not rated by the MPAA , but would have unquestionably been rated R for nudity , language , and violent driving stunts . Prequel ( edit ) A prequel to the film , titled The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning , was released to television on March 4 , 2007 , and released to DVD on March 13 , 2007 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Johnny Knoxville interview for Dukes Of Hazzard '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 12 - 28 . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top August Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert Reviews The Dukes of Hazzard Jump up ^ `` Ebert and Roeper 's Worst of 2005 '' . Rope Of Silicon.com . Jump up ^ `` Dukes of Hazzard , The ( 2005 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dukes of Hazzard ' Sheriff Sues Warner Bros. for Millions in Royalties '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2011 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dukes of Hazzard , Cooter 's Place , archived from the original on 2005 - 07 - 16 Jump up ^ NY Daily News , New York , August 5 , 2005 , archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 30 , retrieved September 2009 Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Exclusive Interview : John Schneider , Moviehole , 2007 - 12 - 28 , archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 28 Jump up ^ `` Jessica Simpson : Singles Chart History '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - Jessica Simpson kicks off People 's Choice Awards '' . www.usatoday.com . January 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Wurm , Gerald . `` Dukes of Hazzard , The ( Comparison : Theatrical Cut - Unrated Edition ) - Movie-Censorship.com '' . www.movie-censorship.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Dukes of Hazzard ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_ ( film ) The Dukes of Hazzard on IMDb The Dukes of Hazzard at AllMovie The Dukes of Hazzard at Box Office Mojo The Dukes of Hazzard at Rotten Tomatoes The Dukes of Hazzard at HazzardNet.com The Dukes of Hazzard Episodes Characters Bo Duke Luke Duke Daisy Duke Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane Boss Hogg Television films The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion ! ( 1997 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood ( 2000 ) Remake films The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) Video games The Dukes of Hazzard Racing for Home Daisy Dukes It Out Return of the General Lee Spin - offs Enos The Dukes See also The General Lee Boar 's Nest Jerry Rushing `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' Moonrunners Hazard Run Films directed by Jay Chandrasekhar Puddle Cruiser ( 1996 ) Super Troopers ( 2001 ) Club Dread ( 2004 ) The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) Beerfest ( 2006 ) Broken Lizard Stands Up ( 2010 ) The Babymakers ( 2012 ) Super Troopers 2 ( 2018 ) LCCN : no2005089888 VIAF : 185752175 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_(film)&oldid=838270535 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films The Dukes of Hazzard films 2000s buddy films 2000s comedy films 2000s adventure comedy films 2000s road movies American adventure comedy films American action comedy films American buddy films American road movies Auto racing films Buddy comedy films Films about cousins Films about fraternities and sororities Films based on adaptations Films based on television series Films directed by Jay Chandrasekhar Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Louisiana Films shot in New Orleans Village Roadshow Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Film articles using image size parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 00 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played daisy duke in the 2005 film the dukes of hazzard | [
"Cousins Bo (Seann William Scott), Luke (Johnny Knoxville), and Daisy Duke (Jessica Simpson) run a moonshine business for their Uncle Jesse (Willie Nelson) in Hazzard County, Georgia. The cousins' primary mode of transportation is an orange 1969 Dodge Charger that the boys affectionately refer to as the \"General Lee\". Along the way, the family is tormented by corrupt Hazzard County Commissioner Jefferson Davis Hogg, widely known as \"Boss Hogg\" (Burt Reynolds), and his willing but dimwitted henchman, Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane (M. C. Gainey).\n"
] | [
"Jessica Simpson"
] |
-4136679757896827820 | World Summit for Social Development | World Summit for Social Development - Wikipedia World Summit for Social Development The World Summit for Social Development was a conference held in Copenhagen from 6 -- 12 March 1995 . It aimed to `` establish a people - centered framework for social development ( , ) to build a culture of cooperation and partnership and to respond to the immediate needs of those who are most affected by human distress . '' Organisations whose representatives addressed the summit included Grameen Bank , Soroptimist International , and Rotary International . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rao , D.B. ( 1998 ) . World Summit for Social Development . Discovery Publishing House . p. 37 . ISBN 9788171414208 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Archives , A.N.S. ; Nielsen , P. ( 1998 ) . Social Priorities of Civil Society : Speeches by Non-Governmental Organizations at the World Summit for Social Development . DIANE Publishing Company . p. 107 . ISBN 9780788171499 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Miroslav Lajčák , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs Security Council Members Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General General Assembly President Economic and Social Council International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Sexual Violence in Conflict Programmes and specialized agencies Culture of peace FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNSSC UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2016 ) Security Council ( 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Criminal Court International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners ( the Mandela Rules ) Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture This United Nations - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Summit_for_Social_Development&oldid=803034496 '' Categories : United Nations conferences 1995 in women 's history 1995 conferences 1995 in international relations 20th - century diplomatic conferences United Nations stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017 , at 01 : 23 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | world summit on social development in copenhagen in 1995 | [
"The World Summit for Social Development was a conference held in Copenhagen from 6–12 March 1995.[1] It aimed to \"establish a people-centered framework for social development[, ] to build a culture of cooperation and partnership and to respond to the immediate needs of those who are most affected by human distress.\"[2]\n"
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"The World Summit for Social Development"
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6295894182996700744 | List of recurring characters in The Suite Life on Deck | List of recurring characters in the Suite Life on Deck - wikipedia List of recurring characters in the Suite Life on Deck Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of recurring , minor characters , in the Disney Channel Original Series , The Suite Life on Deck . This article also includes Marcus Little , who was a main character in season 2 of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Marcus Little 2 Supporting characters 2.1 Woody Fink 2.2 Emma Tutweiller 2.3 Kirby Morris 2.4 Maya Bennett 2.5 Addison 2.6 Carey Martin 2.7 Kurt Martin 2.8 Mrs. Pepperman 2.9 Mr. Blanket 2.10 Arwin Hawkhauser 2.11 Mrs. Gergely 2.12 Moose 2.13 Tom 2.14 Frankie 3 Character appearances 4 References Main characters ( edit ) Marcus Little ( edit ) Marcus Little The Suite Life on Deck character Promotional image First appearance `` Roomies '' Last appearance `` Bon Voyage '' Created by Danny Kallis Pamela Eells O'Connell Portrayed by Doc Shaw Information Nickname ( s ) Marcus Lou Aliases Lil ' Little Gender Male Occupation Student , model , rapper , singer , song - writer , musician , record producer , director , creator , illustrator , reality star , playwright Family Unnamed father Unnamed mother Marcus Little first appears in the episode `` Roomies '' . A former rapping sensation called Lil ' Little , he comes aboard the SS Tipton to attend Seven Seas High School and is assigned as Zack Martin 's roommate . Marcus lived in Atlanta , Georgia as mentioned on his sash in `` The Beauty and the Fleeced '' and unfortunately lost his fame and career after his voice deepened . Marcus has a crush on London Tipton , and is shown to be quite gullible , often believing Woody Fink 's tall tales . Like London , he also has many famous contacts , but he is sensitive about the loss of his fame because he believes that his celebrity friends wo n't like him . However , he is later proven wrong by Jordin Sparks in the episode `` Crossing Jordin '' . In `` Breakup in Paris '' , Marcus gets a surprise by a boy named Dante who is posing as him at a CD signing . Marcus and Dante argue over who 's the real Lil ' Little , but the crowd believes Dante because of a nearby lifesize cut - out . Later Marcus and Dante both sing at a Lil ' Little concert . Mr. Moseby recognizes Marcus as the real Lil ' Little and gets recognized himself , ending up with the crowd beating him with a bicycle , as pointed out by London afterwards . Marcus tells Dante they should work together someday . Later in `` My , Oh Maya '' , Dante comes back pointing out he is a stowaway that got on the boat with a rope . In the Season 3 episode `` Das Boots '' , it is revealed that Marcus has extremely poor gameplay towards chess ( despite winning a match after Cody opts to help Zack who is trapped in a submarine with minutes of air left ) and that his grandfather only talks about the bus schedule . Marcus makes his final appearance in `` Bon Voyage '' . At the end of this episode , he leaves the ship after he discovers that he will make a rap opera inspired by his one - hit song . In a fashion similar to Green Day 's rock opera American Idiot ( musical ) based on their album American Idiot , which he says was the inspiration for why he wanted to do it . Marcus quotes that he and his family will move to New York City so that Marcus can perform in his Broadway musical Retainer Baby . Supporting characters ( edit ) Woody Fink ( edit ) Woody in the Suite Life on Deck episode Parrot Island . Woodrow `` Woody '' Fink ( Matthew Timmons ) from Cleveland , Ohio , is Cody Martin 's cabin - mate on the SS Tipton . He is known for being messy , disorganized , gullible , dimwitted , lazy , gluttonous and having bad grades at school . His catchphrases are `` Hurtful ! '' and `` Dang it ! '' In `` Flowers and Chocolate '' , Woody had a huge crush on London 's best friend Chelsea Brimmer and he pretended being London 's butler from England . Woody also directs , does make - up and hair and guards the studio for London 's web show `` Yay Me ! Starring London Tipton '' . Woody also can direct passed wind to sound like different songs . In the episode `` Sea Monster Mash '' , he mentions that he has brothers and friends off the ship that are n't smart . It is also revealed that he has a younger sister who is much bigger than he is . However , in `` Bermuda Triangle , '' he states that , `` Being the youngest of 9 , I learned to grab first and worry about utensils later , you would n't know , being an ' only child . ' '' Also , his younger sister Willa visited the ship at one point . In a few episodes of the series ( International Dateline , Goin ' Bananas , Marriage 101 ) he has been interested in a female student named Addison who has also shown possible interest in him . He then went out with a girl named Becky in Smarticle Particles . In Rat Tale after he gets bitten by Buck ( Cody and Bailey 's pet rat ) he thinks he mutates into a human - rat hybrid and later he saves Buck from falling off of an extremely high place , and does amazing acrobatic feats . Addison and Woody become a couple in several episodes . Of all recurring characters , Woody appears in the most episodes ( 48 out of the show 's 71 episodes ) . Emma Tutweiller ( edit ) Emma Tutweiller in the Suite Life on Deck episode The Silent Treatment . Emma Tutweiller ( Erin Cardillo ) is one of the teachers at Seven Seas High , the school on board the SS Tipton . Commonly referred to as Miss Tutweiller , Emma is very enthusiastic about her job but is often frustrated by both Cody and Bailey ( her best students ) and Zack , London , and Woody ( whom she considers her worst students ) . In several episodes , Emma has been shown to have self - esteem and / or relationship issues ; a running gag has her abruptly making comments or outbursts about various failed relationships while speaking to the kids , often causing her embarrassment . Mr. Moseby has dated her in the episode `` Sea Harmony '' and has a crush on her , as became clear in `` The Play 's The Thing '' , when he tried to make her love him using Zack 's help , although it was already suggested that Mr Moseby and Emma would become a couple as he fantasized about her in a showgirl costume after she stepped in once as a showgirl in the episode `` Show and Tell '' , London and Bailey also began suspecting them to be a couple in the same episode . Emma is also very fond of cats ; in the third season it was revealed that she keeps at least 31 Siamese cats in her cabin . In `` Prom Night '' , she and Moseby are confirmed to be dating . Miss Tutweiller did not have her own prom on the show , but she said that she ripped a tiara off a blond haired girl to get a tiara for prom . In the episode `` Graduation on Deck '' , Mr. Moseby proposes to her , she accepts and the two become engaged . She appears in 23 episodes . Kirby Morris ( edit ) Kirby Morris ( Windell D. Middlebrooks ) is the ship 's security guard . He first appeared in `` Showgirls '' . He loves to eat junk food and can not get enough of it . Kirby never finished high school , so Zack and Cody help him study for the GED test allowing him to graduate . He then suffered through test anxiety as he could n't get past the first question which was `` Put name here '' . He played arena football and is a friend of Kurt Warner . ( He also bit Kurt Warner 's leg . `` But I spit it back out '' , he says on the subject . ) In `` Any Given Fantasy '' , he coached Cody in football . In `` Seven Seas News '' , he had a television show which was called Boat Cops. which was exclusively made for the SS Tipton guests . In `` Rat Tale '' , it is shown he likes rats and mice as he cares about Buck ( Cody and Bailey 's pet rat ) after Bailey and Cody had an argument about who gets Buck . He is shown to love grilled cheese sandwiches . Despite not appearing again for the rest of the series , he is mentioned once more in the episode , `` My , Oh Maya '' . Maya Bennett ( edit ) Maya Elizabeth Bennett ( Zoey Deutch ) is one of the ship 's waitresses and helps Zack serve drinks . Zack has an obvious crush on her and she reciprocates but plays hard - to - get due to his ' hit - on - every - girl ' attitude . She becomes the target of Zack 's modified 6 - month plan , originally designed by Cody . Zack eventually becomes friends with her due to receiving advice from Cody to be just friends first , then move on later . Maya catches on easily , as shown in My , Oh Maya , where after being on the SS Tipton for a single day , she already knows that Zack hits on every girl on the ship . In Das Boots when Woody , London , Zack and Maya become trapped in London 's shoe submarine and when they are all about to die because of the lack of oxygen , Maya admits she really likes Zack too . When Cody rescues the group , Maya explains that she is not yet ready to become Zack 's long - term girlfriend . In `` My , Oh Maya '' , it is revealed that she is from New York City . In Party On ! Zack throws Maya a surprise birthday party , which results in the pair sharing a kiss . It is also revealed in that episode that Maya is born sometime between March and June , and that she is a huge fan of Sean Kingston . In `` Love and War '' , Maya has become Zack 's girlfriend . She breaks up with him in Graduation On Deck because she got accepted into ' The Peace Corps ' in Chad and did n't want a long distance relationship with Zack . He is very hurt by her leaving . After Maya tries to comfort him , he responds saying , `` No , I am not your ' baby ' anymore '' and goes off . He is heart broken and almost does n't go to graduation because of it . When his dad helps him though , Zack goes to graduation and at the end is seen hugging Maya , showing that they are friends despite the break - up . Addison ( edit ) Addison ( Rachael Kathryn Bell ) is a student at Seven Seas High and a friend of Bailey 's as shown in the episode `` Roomies '' . She is very hyperactive and addicted to candy , thus often talks very rapidly and in a rambling fashion that sometimes confuses other people . She appeared in the episodes `` International Dateline '' , `` Kitchen Casanova '' , `` Goin ' Bananas '' , `` Marriage 101 '' , `` The Play 's the Thing '' , `` Prom Night '' and `` Graduation on Deck '' , and she was also mentioned in the episode `` Flowers and Chocolate '' . In the episode `` Goin ' Bananas '' it was shown that Addison also has a terrible fear of ping - pong balls ( even after she got help with Mr. Blanket though says she played one round of ping - pong and only cried twice ) . Throughout her appearances on the show Addison and Woody have shown an attraction to each other . In the episode `` Kitchen Casanova '' Woody would take a home economics class in order to be close to her , and in `` Goin ' Bananas '' they briefly end up dating via their characters in an online role - playing game without realizing it . In `` Marriage 101 '' Addison marries Woody for a class assignment and Marcus became their baby . She also shows that she is good at arm wrestling and apparently weighs 83 pounds . She was Woody 's date to Seven Seas High 's senior prom , officially becoming his girlfriend afterwards , and would graduate with the rest of the class in the final episode `` Graduation on Deck '' . Carey Martin ( edit ) Main article : Carey Martin Carey Martin ( Kim Rhodes ) is Zack and Cody 's mother and a singer . She appeared on the first episode `` The Suite Life Sets Sail '' and has since appeared in `` Mom and Dad on Deck '' , `` Trouble in Tokyo '' and `` Graduation on Deck '' . She was also a main character on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . Kurt Martin ( edit ) Kurt Martin ( Robert Torti ) is Zack and Cody 's father and a rockstar . He appeared on `` Mom and Dad on Deck '' and `` Graduation On Deck '' . Mrs. Pepperman ( edit ) Mrs. Pepperman ( Lillian Adams ) has appeared in three episodes . She first appeared in `` Parrot Island '' in the group of people that was angry for going to Parrot Island instead of Europe . She later appeared in `` International Dateline '' as a member of the senior citizens karate class . She was in the senior citizens activities class in `` The Wrong Stuff '' . When things do n't go her way she says a long and annoying `` NOOOOOOO '' . She has only been in season 1 , but is mentioned throughout the series . Mr. Blanket ( edit ) Mr. Blanket ( Michael Hitchcock ) is the guidance counselor at Seven Seas High and the ship 's resident psychologist -- he even wrote a book on counseling , though he has never actually studied psychology . He is known for his extremely unorthodox approaches to helping people with their issues , which he refers to as `` the Blanket Method '' where he does bizarre things like handcuffing Zack and Mr. Moseby to each other ( this has often caused people such as Zack and London to call him crazy ) , but he has successfully helped various people on the SS Tipton deal with their problems . He is good at making dolls and once made dolls of Zack , Mr. Moseby , and Ms. Tutweiller ( whom he has a crush on ) . He is obsessed with cupcakes . In the episode `` The Defiant Ones '' he falls off the ship , though he would later reappear in the episode `` Mean Chicks '' . Mr. Blanket also has an addiction to sniffing rabbits . His degree is on the other side of a menu . Ms. Tutweiller filed a restraining order against him and is required to come `` no closer than 100 feet '' . Arwin Hawkhauser ( edit ) Arwin Hawkhauser is the kooky stationary engineer at the Tipton Hotel . He is a friend of Zack and Cody 's and has a crush on their mother . He appears in the episodes `` Computer Date '' , `` Its all Greek to me '' , and `` Graduation on Deck '' . According to the episode `` Its all Greek to me '' Arwin has a cousin named Milos who lives in Greece . Mrs. Gergely ( edit ) Mrs. Gergely ( uncredited ) , is an elderly passenger on the SS Tipton . She first appeared in the first - season episode `` seaHarmony '' and has appeared numerous times since . Her name was revealed to be Mrs. Gergely in the season 2 episode `` London 's Apprentice '' . She is most often seen in the background or when hitting someone with her purse , after they have said something that offends her or touched and or hurt her . She has apparently been a constant passenger on the SS Tipton throughout the series ; in the third - season episode The Ghost and Mr. Martin , Zack remarks to her `` When are you getting off this boat ? ! '' She then turns to the person next to her and gasps . Moose ( edit ) Moose ( Hutch Dano ) is Bailey 's ex-boyfriend before she left Kansas . In Mulch Ado About Nothing , London invites Moose to the ship so Bailey is n't as homesick , and that was making Cody angry . After Moose becomes elected to receive the Mulch Crown , he asks Bailey to return to Kansas , which upsets Cody . Cody then convinces a confused Bailey to follow her heart , and in turn , causes her to reject Moose 's invite , saying he is too bossy and thinks what is right for her , which it is n't . In `` Twister : Part 2 '' , Cody and Moose compete to win Bailey back . When Bailey gets a dream of The Wizard of Oz , Moose is portrayed as the Scarecrow and when the group comes to a crossroad , Zack , a flying monkey servant to the Wicked Witch of the West and Woody , the Cowardly Lion ( although he thinks he is Chewbacca from Star Wars ) outnumber Cody , the Tin Man , on where they should go . Cody tells the group that Bailey has n't made up her mind and , like in `` Mulch to Do About Nothing '' , convinces Bailey to follow her heart . Bailey wakes up from the dream and tells Moose that he is a great guy , but her heart still belongs to Cody . Tom ( edit ) Tom is a crew member who works at the juice bar with Zack . He has few appearances in the show and few speaking parts . Frankie ( edit ) Frankie ( Lisa K. Wyatt ) is a crew member and handyman on the ship . She got her first appearance in Bon Voyage and her last appearance was on Graduation On Deck . She really wants to be the next `` Mrs. Tipton '' . Frankie fixes the problems on the S.S. Tipton , she is n't exactly the brightest out of the bunch . But , when there 's a problem with or on the ship , shes the gal to call . Character appearances ( edit ) This table includes only characters that have appeared in more than one episode . They are not necessarily recurring characters . Character Portrayed by Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 First appearance Last appearance Woody Fink Matthew Timmons 11 17 20 The Suite Life Sets Sail Graduation on Deck Emma Tutweiller Erin Cardillo 7 9 7 The Suite Life Sets Sail Graduation on Deck Carey Martin Kim Rhodes 0 The Suite Life Sets Sail Graduation on Deck Padma Tiya Sircar 0 0 The Suite Life Sets Sail The Mommy and the Swami Mrs. Pepperman Lillian Adams 0 0 Parrot Island The Wrong Stuff Kirby Morris Windell Middlebrooks 5 Showgirls Rat Tale Addison Rachael Kathryn Bell International Dateline Graduation on Deck Holden Chad Duell 0 0 International Dateline Boo You Arwin Hawkhauser Brian Stepanek 0 It 's All Greek to Me Graduation on Deck Connie Jennifer Tisdale 0 0 Flowers and Chocolate Cruisin ' for a Bruisin ' Mrs. Gergely ( unknown ) 5 6 Flowers and Chocolate Frozen Mr. Blanket Michael Hitchcock 0 0 Goin ' Bananas Mean Chicks Dante Larry Vanburen Jr . 0 Breakup in Paris My Oh Maya Maya Bennett Zoey Deutch 0 0 7 My , Oh Maya Graduation on Deck The Mirror Michael Airington 0 Once Upon a Suite Life A London Carol Coco The Party Panda TBA 0 Mother of the Groom Party On ! Moose Hutch Dano 0 Mulch Ado About Nothing Twister : Part 2 Eunice Pickett Ginette Rhodes 0 The Suite Life Sets Sail Twister : Part 3 Frankie Lisa K. Wyatt 0 0 Bon Voyage Graduation on Deck Kurt Martin Robert Torti 0 Mom and Dad on Deck Graduation on Deck References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mekeisha Madden Toby ( 29 September 2008 ) . `` Disney twins take their tricks to new gig on cruise ship '' . Detroit News . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Party On ! '' . The Suite Life on Deck . Season 3 . Episode 8 . September 10 , 2010 . 05 : 46 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ `` London 's Apprentice '' . The Suite Life on Deck . Season 2 . Episode 19 . February 26 , 2010 . 05 : 18 minutes in . Disney Channel . ( hide ) The Suite Life series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody The Suite Life on Deck Characters Main Zack Martin Cody Martin London Tipton Mr. Moseby Carey Martin Recurring The Suite Life of Zack & Cody The Suite Life on Deck Episodes The Suite Life of Zack & Cody `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' `` The Suite Life Goes Hollywood '' The Suite Life on Deck `` The Suite Life Sets Sail '' `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' Related The Suite Life Movie Disney Channel All Star Party Indian Adaptation The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir Episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_recurring_characters_in_The_Suite_Life_on_Deck&oldid=817606962 '' Categories : The Suite Life on Deck Lists of Disney television series characters Lists of sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 29 December 2017 , at 13 : 12 . About Wikipedia | who played woody from suite life on deck | [
"Woodrow \"Woody\" Fink (Matthew Timmons) from Cleveland, Ohio, is Cody Martin's cabin-mate on the SS Tipton. He is known for being messy, disorganized, gullible, dimwitted, lazy, gluttonous and having bad grades at school. His catchphrases are \"Hurtful!\" and \"Dang it!\" In \"Flowers and Chocolate\", Woody had a huge crush on London's best friend Chelsea Brimmer and he pretended being London's butler from England. Woody also directs, does make-up and hair and guards the studio for London's web show \"Yay Me! Starring London Tipton\". Woody also can direct passed wind to sound like different songs. In the episode \"Sea Monster Mash\", he mentions that he has brothers and friends off the ship that aren't smart. It is also revealed that he has a younger sister who is much bigger than he is. However, in \"Bermuda Triangle,\" he states that, \"Being the youngest of 9, I learned to grab first and worry about utensils later, you wouldn't know, being an 'only child.'\" Also, his younger sister Willa visited the ship at one point. In a few episodes of the series (International Dateline, Goin' Bananas, Marriage 101) he has been interested in a female student named Addison who has also shown possible interest in him. He then went out with a girl named Becky in Smarticle Particles. In Rat Tale after he gets bitten by Buck (Cody and Bailey's pet rat) he thinks he mutates into a human-rat hybrid and later he saves Buck from falling off of an extremely high place, and does amazing acrobatic feats. Addison and Woody become a couple in several episodes. Of all recurring characters, Woody appears in the most episodes (48 out of the show's 71 episodes)."
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"Matthew Timmons"
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-9102139391307959557 | List of Saved by the Bell characters | List of Saved by the Bell characters - wikipedia List of Saved by the Bell characters Jump to : navigation , search The American television sitcom Saved by the Bell , that aired on NBC from 1989 to 1993 , follows a group of six high school students and their principal , Mr. Belding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Zack Morris 1.2 Kelly Kapowski 1.3 Samuel `` Screech '' Powers 1.4 A.C. Slater 1.5 Jessie Spano 1.6 Lisa Turtle 1.7 Mr. Belding 1.8 Tori Scott 2 Bayside faculty 2.1 Mrs. Culpepper 2.2 Mr. Dewey 2.3 Doctor Mertz 2.4 Mr. Dickerson 2.5 Mr. Heimlich 2.6 Nurse Jennifer 2.7 Coach Rizzo 2.8 Mrs. Simpson 2.9 Coach Sonski 2.10 Mr. Tuttle 2.11 George Testaverde 2.12 Ms. Wentworth 3 Bayside students 3.1 Kristy Barnes 3.2 Violet Ann Bickerstaff 3.3 Heather Brooks 3.4 Ginger 3.5 Graham 3.6 Jennifer 3.7 Joanna Peterson 3.8 Rhonda Robistelli 3.9 Robin 3.10 `` Big '' Pete Stonebreaker 3.11 Bryan Watkins 3.12 Louise 3.13 Moose 3.14 Maxwell Nerdstrom 3.15 Ox 3.16 Wendy Parks 4 Belding family 4.1 Rod Belding 4.2 Mrs. ( Becky ) Belding 4.3 Penny Belding 4.4 Zack Belding 5 Morris family 5.1 Derek Morris 5.2 Melanie Morris 6 Kapowski family 6.1 Frank Kapowski 6.2 Billy Kapowski 6.3 Kyle Kapowski 6.4 Nicki Kapowski 6.5 Harry Bannister 7 Slater family 7.1 Maj . Martin Slater 7.2 J.B. Slater 8 Jessie Spano 's stepfamily 8.1 Leslie 8.2 Eric Tramer 9 Turtle Family 9.1 Mr. Turtle 9.2 Judy Turtle 10 Powers Family 10.1 Roberta Powers 10.2 Kimberly 11 Malibu Sands characters 11.1 Stacey Carosi 11.2 Leon Carosi 11.3 Cynthia 11.4 Craig Strand 12 The Max 's employees and patrons 12.1 Max 12.2 Danielle 12.3 Jeff Hunter 13 Show business related characters 13.1 James the Actor 13.2 Johnny Dakota 13.3 Brian Fate 13.4 Linda 13.5 Brandon Tartikoff 14 Valley students 14.1 Dan and Stan Clegg 14.2 Allison Fox 14.3 Marvin Nedick 15 Miscellaneous characters 15.1 Lieutenant Chet Adams 15.2 Frank and Laura Benton 15.3 Gem Diamond 15.4 Chief Henry 15.5 Kevin the Robot 16 References Main characters ( edit ) Zack Morris ( edit ) Main article : Zack Morris Kelly Kapowski ( edit ) Kelly Kapowski ( portrayed by Tiffani Amber Thiessen ) is the most popular girl in school and is head cheerleader and captain of the volleyball , swim , and softball teams . Though a good student and role model , Kelly did find herself sentenced to detention on a couple of occasions . She is also a big fan of George Michael . She also is the love interest and later wife of Zack Morris . At the start of her freshman year , Zack had been trying to go out with Kelly ever since she can remember . For a while , a feud began between Zack and fellow student A.C. Slater over who would be her boyfriend , which caused her great stress , but a lot of fun at the same time . Kelly blushed numerous times when both Zack and Slater would hit on her , especially when it was done in front of other students . During her sophomore year , Slater conceded defeat to Zack and she and Zack began dating , whereas Slater thereupon pursued his interest in Jessie Spano . The following school year marked the end of their relationship . Zack wanted to go steady with Kelly , but she is not sure at first . She thought it over but by the time she decided to accept Zack 's offer , he had become infatuated with a young school nurse . That turned out to be a dead - end , but when he tried to apologize to Kelly and get her back , she brushed him off . However , they were back together in the following episode ( `` Breaking Up is Hard to Undo '' ) . Kelly began working at The Max as a waitress and fell for her boss , Jeff Hunter ( Patrick Muldoon ) , much to Zack 's disappointment . This caused her and Zack to break up . Kelly dated Jeff for a while , until he is caught at an 18 - and - over club ( The Attic ) with another girl . Subsequently , Kelly and Zack became closer friends , though they dated other people . While vacationing in Palm Springs for Jessie Spano 's father 's wedding , Zack and Kelly flirted with the possibility of getting together again but ended up remaining friends . In her senior year , she is once again pursued by Zack to accompany him to the prom . She agrees , and they get back together . As graduation approached , Kelly stated she could not afford to go to an out - of - state university and instead would attend community college . She and her friends graduated from Bayside High in 1993 and went their separate ways . In Saved by the Bell : The College Years , Kelly is accepted into California University , joining Zack , Slater , and Screech as suitemates . She also became the new roommate of Leslie Burke and Alex Taber . While at Cal . U. , Kelly engaged in an affair with her anthropology professor , Jeremiah Lasky . Zack makes a final attempt to win her over when she decides to go on a `` Semester on the Sea '' program through the Mediterranean for three months . Zack proposed to Kelly , and she accepted . Without much support from their families , Zack and Kelly had planned to get married in Las Vegas in Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas . The couple managed to bring Slater , Screech , and Lisa Turtle with them for the event . Just prior to the exchange of vows at the ceremony at a cheap wedding chapel , Zack 's parents showed up and stopped the wedding . They told Zack and Kelly that they would give them the wedding of their dreams . A few days later , Zack and Kelly had an elaborate outdoor wedding in the Las Vegas area . Lisa and Jessie stood as bridesmaids while Screech and Slater stood as groomsmen . The newlyweds then went on a honeymoon . When Zack and Slater made guest appearances on Saved by the Bell : The New Class a few years later , Slater asked Zack how `` the Mrs . '' ( meaning Kelly ) is doing , Zack replied , `` Good . '' Samuel `` Screech '' Powers ( edit ) Samuel `` Screech '' Powers ( portrayed by Dustin Diamond ) is one of only two characters to appear as a series regular from the beginning of the franchise to its end . He appeared in Good Morning , Miss Bliss , Saved by the Bell , Saved by the Bell : The College Years and Saved by the Bell : The New Class . Screech is seen as the geek of his peer group . While he is clearly intelligent and a high academic achiever , he lacks common sense and social skills . His friends , who are more conventionally attractive and `` cooler '' than he is , like him anyway and always include him in their plans . In Good Morning , Miss Bliss , Screech is much like he is in all of his other incarnations , only younger . He mentions he has a brother in one episode , but this was written out of all subsequent continuity . In Saved by the Bell , Screech is the only child of an unseen father and an Elvis - obsessed mother ( guest star Ruth Buzzi ) . In addition , he has a dog named Hound Dog , and a robot pal named Kevin , whom he built and programmed himself and who exhibits artificial intelligence . He often exhibits low self - esteem when it comes to girls , in contrast to his more popular friends . During his years at Bayside High , Screech frequently pursues classmate Lisa Turtle and is consistently turned down by her . However , she does agree to date him in one episode , only to spoil the date by talking through the movie . She also attends senior prom with him , because she is moved by both his honesty about how hurt he is that no one wants to go to the prom with him and impressed when Screech says he will stand by an earlier promise not to ask her to the prom . It is revealed in one episode that Screech is of Italian ancestry . Screech does eventually end up with a girlfriend , Violet Anne Bickerstaff ( played by the then unknown Tori Spelling ) , and dates her for several episodes , even managing to win back the support of her upper - class parents after losing it on a disastrous dinner date . Violet is then never seen again , without any explanation . Screech is frequently roped into scams by his best friend , Zack . As a running gag , he often unwittingly sabotages them . In spite of all his faults , Screech is well liked by his friends . Upon graduating , Screech and his friends Zack , Slater , and Kelly , attend California University in Saved by the Bell : The College Years . Screech remains there until his sophomore year , when he begins a work - study program at his alma mater , Bayside High , alongside Principal Richard Belding . In Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas , Screech attends Zack and Kelly 's wedding . He served as Zack 's best man in the wedding along with Slater . This is mentioned in an episode of Saved by the Bell : The New Class , which aired around the time of the movie 's release . From season two in Saved by the Bell : The New Class , Screech is initially in the role as Belding 's administrative assistant as part of a work - study program . Screech retains the same bumbling tendencies he did as a teenager , often irritating Belding and leading to his new what - did - I - do catachcall `` Zoinks ! '' ( an utterance originally made famous by Shaggy Rogers from Scooby - Doo ) . However , Screech remains at Bayside in this capacity until the end of the series . Mr. Belding leaves to pursue a new job at the University of Chattanooga at the end of the series . It 's implied that Screech will take over as Principal but the series ends without showing this happening . A.C. Slater ( edit ) Albert Clifford `` A.C. '' Slater ( portrayed by Mario Lopez ) is a popular jock who excelled in most sports ( particularly football and amateur wrestling ) . An Army brat , he is an outsider , having transferred to Bayside in the first filmed episode ( which aired later as a flashback ) . A.C. mentions that he has been to Bolivia , Italy , Iceland , and Berlin among other places . He becomes the school 's star athlete , excelling as a wrestler and the quarterback of the football team , but does not excel in the class room . His father , Martin ( a Major in the U.S. Army ) , appears in two episodes . His mother , Lorraine , however , is not in any episodes . He also has a younger sister named J.B. whom Zack briefly began dating , much to Slater 's chagrin . In the season four episode `` Love Machine , '' his ex-girlfriend from Berlin visits and calls him by his real name , `` Albert Clifford `` . Much like Voorhies , Lopez was able to captivate the show 's producers into casting him into a role that was originally written to be Caucasian . This issue of Slater 's ethnicity is addressed in `` Slater 's War '' from The College Years , where it is revealed that 25 years earlier A.C. 's father changed his last name from Sanchez to Slater so he could get into the military academy . Although the episode reveals that A.C. does not fluently understand Spanish , A.C. is seen speaking broken Spanish to the kitchen staff of the Malibu Sands Beach club . At the start of freshman year in Saved by the Bell , Slater arrives as a transfer student , immediately making an enemy of Zack Morris by attempting to make a move on Kelly Kapowski . Both boys end up in detention after schemes to be with Kelly backfire on both of them . While in detention , Slater reveals to Zack that he had transferred in and out of various schools throughout his life due to his father being a Major in the army . Their mutual understanding of a father putting something else before his son would serve as the ice breaker between the two ( Zack 's own father was too busy with his job and never paid attention to him or his academics ) . By the end of the first season , Zack and Slater find themselves bonding over similar social standing , popularity among women , and athletic ability . During Season 2 , the rivalry between the two is toned down , and they begin to become friends . Slater grew into the habit of calling Zack `` Preppie '' which he at first intended as an ongoing insult , but once they became friends , Slater used the term as an affectionate nickname for Zack . Slater goes on to date feminist Jessie Spano on and off for the remainder of High School . Throughout the course of the show , Slater and Zack compete for many other girls which often puts a strain on their friendship ( one instance culminated in a brawl between the two early in Senior Year . ) In the end though , their friendship is more important to them than any girl that would possibly come between them . In Saved by the Bell : The College Years , Slater is accepted into California University , along with Zack , Screech , and Kelly as suite mates and begins dating Alex Taber , one of Kelly 's roommates . While there , Slater continues his passion for wrestling and works in the University 's main restaurant . Along with Screech , Slater serves as Zack 's best man at his wedding to Kelly in Las Vegas in Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas . Slater makes two return guest appearances in Saved by the Bell : The New Class , firstly in `` Goodbye , Bayside '' Part 2 , along with Zack and Lisa when a millionaire alumnus J. Walter McMillan plans to buy the school and tear it down for the purpose of constructing a condo , and in `` Fire at the Max : Part 2 '' , where he reminisces on fond memories he had with his friends at the diner , after it was accidentally burned down by student Ryan Parker , who forgot to turn off the Christmas lights . Jessie Spano ( edit ) Jessica `` Jessie '' Myrtle Spano ( portrayed by Elizabeth Berkley ) is a lifelong friend of Zack , Screech , Lisa and Kelly . She and Zack live next door to each other , and Zack regularly visits Jessie by climbing through her window . Her parents are divorced . She lives with her mother , who remarried in the third season , providing Jessie with a stepbrother , Eric ( played by Joshua Hoffman ) from New York City , seen in only two episodes . Jessie 's father is the owner and manager of the Marriott Desert Sands resort . He also becomes remarried in the hour - long `` Palm Springs Weekend '' episode , to a much younger woman with whom Jessie did not initially get along and was against marrying . She eventually accepted Leslie for who she was and becomes friends with her ( Jessie 's father is played by George McDaniel , and her new stepmother , Leslie , is played by Barbra Brighton ) . Jessie is portrayed as a liberal ( she critiqued then - president George H.W. Bush ) , with strong feminist views . She is often the first to speak up when she feels something is unjust . Although seen as intelligent , Jessie has a somewhat neurotic streak . Jessie is the class president . In a close election , she initially lost to Zack . However , Zack used underhanded techniques to win the election in order to get a free trip to Washington , D.C. , but upon realizing that being class president would be a much better fit for his friend Jessie , Zack stepped down from office , naming Jessie the president . Jessie remains president for the remainder of her time at Bayside . From sophomore year until the end of the series , Jessie dates athlete A.C. Slater in an `` opposites attract '' relationship , which causes friction between the both of them . Slater 's pet name for Jessie is `` Mama . '' Jessie and Slater 's relationship is put to the test several times over the course of the series . Jessie also has a brief romantic encounter with Zack when the two are forced to endure a kissing scene in a school play . Additionally , she has a crush on one - time character Graham ( played by David Kreigel ) , with whom she spends cut day . ( This last encounter ultimately leads to her and Slater 's break up ) . Most notable is Jessie 's struggle with addiction to over-the - counter caffeine pills , in the episode entitled `` Jessie 's Song . '' Pressure from school and social obligations , and her desire to be accepted into Stanford University , drive Jessie to take caffeine pills in order to stay awake . Eventually she gets hooked on the pills and has a breakdown as Zack comes to her rescue . Another ongoing issue is Jessie 's height . She often considers herself too tall , and has therefore developed a bit of an insecurity complex , especially when it comes to shorter boys , and sometimes superficially judges men based on their height . Additionally , she is known as Jessie `` Legs '' Spano to some . Jessie would later stop judging men based on their height when she begins dating Slater . In an early episode , Jessie reveals that she attended dance camp as a child . As such , she is an experienced dancer . Jessie is also on the swim team . Jessie later joins Kelly and Lisa as cheerleaders ( because , according to Jessie , it looks good to colleges ) . Before graduation , Jessie has her hopes pinned on becoming valedictorian , but ultimately loses out to Screech . However , Screech realizes how important it is to her , and concedes the honor to Jessie . Jessie soon realizes just how much valedictorian meant to Screech and gives it back to him . After graduation , Jessie goes off to attend Columbia University . In Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas , Jessie , with Lisa , returns as one of Kelly 's bridesmaids at Zack and Kelly 's wedding in Las Vegas . This was her final appearance to date in the show . Lisa Turtle ( edit ) Lisa Marie Turtle ( portrayed by Lark Voorhies ) is the rich girl of the group , whose parents both worked as physicians . She is frequently seen wearing designer clothing . In her first appearance in Good Morning , Miss Bliss , Lisa plays a more secondary role than she later would in the later incarnations of the series . She attends John F. Kennedy Junior High with Zack Morris and Samuel `` Screech '' Powers . Throughout her high school years in Saved by the Bell , Lisa spends most of her time fighting off the affections of Screech , who is relentless in pursuing her ( and eventually wins at least one date with her ) and has been doing so since they were in Kindergarten . Despite her irritation with Screech , she values him as a friend , and eventually comes to admire Screech 's nobility when he abdicates his position as the class valedictorian in favor of Jessie Spano , who had a slightly lower grade point average than he did , but valued the position more . Lisa even went to the senior prom with Screech when she felt sorry that no one would go with him , when he promised to respect her comfort zone and not ask her , but she decided that she wants him to be her prom date . Most of Lisa 's time is spent in the company of schoolmates and fellow cheerleaders Kelly Kapowski and Jessie Spano . Unlike the rest of her friends , Lisa does not have a long - term relationship during high school ( despite having countless dates ) , although she has a short term romance with Zack Morris in the episode `` The Bayside Triangle , '' much to the chagrin of Screech . To keep his friendship with Screech , Zack must break up with Lisa . However , this is forgotten about in following episodes . `` Screech 's Spaghetti Sauce '' involves Screech on a date with a girl who is impressed by him , causing Lisa to be in a state of disbelief . Upon graduating , Lisa is accepted into the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City . Lisa only makes one guest appearance in Saved by the Bell : The College Years when she visits her former classmates Zack , Screech , Kelly , and A.C. Slater at California University in the episode `` Wedding Plans '' , after hearing of Zack and Kelly 's engagement . In Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas , Lisa and Jessie were Kelly 's bridesmaids for her wedding to Zack . Lisa returns to Bayside High along with Zack and Slater in `` Goodbye Bayside : Part 2 '' ( from Saved by the Bell : The New Class ) , where they are reunited with Screech ( now working at Bayside on a work - study program ) and their principal Mr. Belding when the school is under threat of being torn down by an alumnus . Mr. Belding ( edit ) Mr. Richard Belding ( portrayed by Dennis Haskins ) is the principal of Bayside High School . In his first appearance in the pilot of Good Morning , Miss Bliss , Mr. Belding 's first name was Gerald , and the character was played by Oliver Clark . Other than Miss Bliss , the character of Mr. Belding was the only one carried over when the show began production . The character also appeared in Saved by the Bell : The New Class and guest starred in `` A Thanksgiving Story '' ( from Saved by the Bell : The College Years ) . He is one of only two characters to remain from the beginning of the franchise until the end ( the other being Samuel `` Screech '' Powers ) . Mr. Belding 's name is a pun referencing the onomatopoeia `` ding '' that comes from a bell , ( a `` bell ding '' ) . His signature catchphrase is `` Hey , hey , hey , hey ! What is going on here ? '' , usually uttered after finding out about something ridiculous occurring at the school . Mr. Belding 's most frequent nemesis is Zack Morris ; however , throughout the series , it is abundantly clear the two like and respect each other , arguably because in `` Save the Max '' it is revealed that when Belding was a student himself he was a disc jockey and one who would rebel against school authority , prompting the comment that he was `` the Zack Morris of the 1960s '' . On at least one occasion , Belding has even called Zack Morris `` the son ( he ) never had '' . A small joke was also that Belding was open about his past failures with women prior to his marriage , such as when he was in the U.S. Army and in love with a North Vietnamese girl , where `` even she was with the enemy ! '' Belding 's family has appeared in the series on many occasions . The most frequent appearances were by his infant son , named in honor of Zack . When Belding 's wife ( Becky ) went into labor in an elevator , Zack Morris , along with classmate Tori Scott , helped deliver him . Much of Belding 's humor comes from his attempts to make jokes , sing or being generally tricked and scammed by Zack . Despite Zack 's ideas that he knew Belding inside and out , occasionally Belding would reveal that he had other ideas to deal with issues , thus outfoxing Zack . He also was against the Bayside - Valley High prank war and in spite of his best efforts to call a truce with Valley High 's principal , the war continued until then end of the cheerleading competition when one of the students from Valley was exposed . Belding also has a small rivalry with fellow teacher Mr. Tuttle , who was also in line for the position of Principal at Bayside . He also had a friendly rivalry with Brandon Tartikoff over courtship of Belding 's wife , but Tartikoff accepted that he got the short end of the straw and accepted the eventual presidency of NBC ( thus implicitly breaking the fourth wall , since Tartikoff actually was president of NBC at the time ) while Mr. Belding was `` happily married and got to be principal of a school of great kids . '' Belding remains the one constant between all the series and in the second season of The New Class , he is reunited with Bayside High alumnus Samuel `` Screech '' Powers , who is studying to become a teacher . Screech becomes Mr. Belding 's administrative assistant until the end of the series , when Belding decides to take a job as dean of a College in Tennessee . In 2012 , Dennis Haskins reprised his role as Mr. Belding on the hit Nickelodeon series Victorious in the episode `` April Fools Blank '' . Tori Scott ( edit ) Tori Scott ( portrayed by Leanna Creel ) arrives at Bayside during senior year , making an immediate enemy of Zack Morris by parking her motorcycle in his usual parking space on her first day . Eventually , things thaw between Tori and Zack and they later begin dating , but broke up in the episode `` The Will '' due to Zack 's sexist behavior . After the episode `` School Song , '' Tori is never seen or mentioned again . Bayside faculty ( edit ) Mrs. Culpepper ( edit ) Mrs. Culpepper is the school 's de facto art teacher ( although she is seen teaching history during Cut Day ) and made appearances in both junior year and senior year . She is always involved in comical situations in which she bumps into lockers and mistakes inanimate objects for living things due to her bad eyesight . At one point she even accidentally made Mr. Belding think she is in love with him ; when he talked to her about her `` crush '' she became completely flustered , and later punched him the face for continuing to `` reassure '' her that he had no romantic designs towards her . Mr. Dewey ( edit ) Mr. Dewey ( Patrick Thomas O'Brien ) is a math teacher who also oversaw detention . He represented the archetypal down - on - his - luck , more - bored - than - the - kids , depressed teacher but seemed to be respected by the kids on the grounds that nothing they did bothered or registered very much with him . He spoke in a monotonous voice , is sarcastic , always wore glasses , and once auditioned for American Gladiators . Mr. Dewey also appeared in the New Class . Doctor Mertz ( edit ) Dr. Mertz ( Avery Schreiber ) is a science teacher that seems to want the students to enjoy his class , giving out awards such as a molecule hat to Screech . His Science test stresses Kelly because she has concert tickets that she wo n't get to use if she fails . Zack hoping to get on Kelly 's good side arranges for Screech to tutor Kelly . The plan backfires when Kelly develops romantic feelings for Screech . Kelly manages to pass Dr. Mertz 's test but finds that without the need for a tutor , she and Screech really do not have much in common . Mr. Dickerson ( edit ) Played by Raf Mauro , Dickerson is a history teacher known for his unfriendly demeanor and an impossible midterm that no student had passed in three years , something he seems to be very proud of . In the episode `` The Fabulous Belding Boys , '' Dickerson has a nervous breakdown and is replaced by the very popular Rod Belding . Mr. Heimlich ( edit ) Mr. Heimlich ( appeared in episode : `` Earthquake ! '' ) is the physics teacher . Since the episode revolves primarily around Becky Belding 's baby and the earthquake , he did not have a very large part . He had a German accent and cheerfully assured the class that an upcoming exam would be impossible to pass , but Zack set up a quick in - school baby shower for Becky and they were able to defer that exam to another day . Nurse Jennifer ( edit ) Nurse Jennifer ( played by Nancy Valen ) is a school nurse that showed up for only one episode during sophomore year to replace Nurse `` Blind - as - a-bat '' Butcher . Zack decided to scrap his plans for a steady relationship with Kelly in order to pursue a romance with Jennifer . However , Jennifer is aware of the plot and managed to frighten Zack away by coming on to him and saying that she needed to escape her violent husband who is a professional wrestler ( which may or may not have been true ) . Coach Rizzo ( edit ) Coach Rizzo , one of the many coaches at Bayside , made his one appearance during the episode `` Slater 's Friend '' as a substitute for an English class ; his teaching this class is supposed to be funny because he spoke with a heavy Italian accent . He stood up at Artie the Lizard 's funeral and said some kind words about the reptile . Mrs. Simpson ( edit ) Mrs. Simpson ( Pamela Kosh ) is the nearly deaf , British - accented teacher who taught English class . She also appeared at the beginning of junior year and embarrassed Kelly and Zack by referring to them as `` Bayside 's Most Beloved Couple '' just a short while after they broke up . She said she did n't like Zack , and once wore a hearing aid that she discarded because the titular bell caused painful sound waves to assault her . She also made an appearance in the pilot episode of The New Class . Coach Sonski ( edit ) Coach Sonski ( played by comedian Monty Hoffman ) is the wrestling coach at Bayside High . He is overweight with a testosterone - laden personality , and has been shown to be a sexist ( mainly in `` Hold Me Tight '' ) . He depends on Slater as his star athlete . Coach Sonski is also shown as Bayside 's auto shop instructor in the episode where Jessie 's new stepbrother comes to California . He retains his sense of humor as well as his macho attitude throughout the episodes , though he once confessed to watching Oprah because he is `` sensitive to dames '' . Mr. Tuttle ( edit ) Tuttle ( portrayed by Jack Angeles ) is an enthusiastic , overweight teacher ( perhaps a foil for the thin , dour Mr. Dewey ) . He is well - liked by the students but had a mutually unfriendly relationship with Mr. Belding , stemming largely from Tuttle having been runner - up to Belding when Bayside had chosen a new principal . He also served as a leader in the local teacher 's union , a driver 's education teacher , and a music teacher . George Testaverde ( edit ) Mr. Testaverde ( portrayed by John Moschitta ) is a history teacher ( in the episode `` The Gift '' ) . He is nicknamed `` Terrible '' Testaverde by the students because he is one of the hardest teachers at Bayside . Not only is he tough on grading and exams , but he gave lectures in `` speed talk '' , causing Jessie to almost set fire to the papers she wrote on , and Screech to write with both hands . Both Jessie and Screech actually tried to keep up , but Zack totally ignored the lecture and listened to music instead . Ms. Wentworth ( edit ) Ms. Wentworth ( portrayed by Carol Lawrence ) is the Social Studies teacher during sophomore year who piqued Zack 's interest in his family heritage by assigning a family research project . She also taught the class about subliminal advertising , which led to a predictably hair - brained scheme from Zack . Ms. Wentworth is one of Bayside 's more enthusiastic and unorthodox teachers . Like Mr. Tuttle , she is one of the few teachers who genuinely seems to like Zack , and seems to be popular with her students , because she is serious about her job but treats them nicely and has a good sense of humor . Bayside students ( edit ) Kristy Barnes ( edit ) Kristy Barnes ( Krystee Clark ) is a female wrestler ( in `` Hold Me Tight '' ( 3.20 ) ) who joins the team despite much protest from Coach Sonski . She and Zack date , and Zack is embarrassed when Kristy beats up a Valley wrestler who is trying to fight with Zack . Although Kristy and Slater 's relationship is purely wrestling - related , Jessie ends up getting jealous as the two spend time together in the gym in close physical contact . When Jessie insults Kristy , Jessie then realizes she is wrong about who the female wrestler likes . She joins forces with Zack to convince Kristy to rejoin the team , and Zack resumes dating her . She does not appear at all on the show after this episode , and Zack goes back to his mix of dating adventures and pining for a reunion with Kelly Kapowski . Violet ann Bickerstaff ( edit ) Violet ( Tori Spelling ) is a nerdy character ( appearing in 3 episodes in seasons 2 & 3 ) who was originally dating Maxwell Nerdstrom , but she dumped him in favor of Screech ( whom she commonly addresses by his real name `` Samuel '' ) , as Maxwell had treated her poorly . In her first appearance , she knocks over Screech 's mother 's statue of Elvis Presley . This leads to a moneymaking scheme by the gang to get $250 for a new statue . Violet comes from an upper class family who disapproves of her relationship with Screech , mainly due to the fact he is from a lower class , despite the fact he and Violet share many common interests . In another episode , Violet is shown to have a beautiful singing voice , but is too shy to sing solo for Bayside 's abysmal school choir until Screech supports her . She then quits the choir after Screech embarrasses her at a disastrous dinner with her folks , but when he comes out and sings her opposite , saving the day for her it convinces the Bickerstaffs that he is a good guy , and they say they no longer object to him dating their daughter . Heather Brooks ( edit ) Heather ( portrayed by Christine Taylor ) is a brief love interest of Zack 's ( in `` S.A.T. 's '' ( 3.17 ) ) . Zack sits behind her while taking the test and invites her over to study when she shows interest in him after he scored 1502 on his S.A.T. 's , although things go downhill for Zack when she invites her boyfriend Bob over for some study help too . Ginger ( edit ) Ginger ( portrayed by Bridgette Wilson ) is a pretty but vacuous blonde ( appearing in 5 season 4 episodes ) who dates Zack a few times , but annoys him because she has little to say beyond asking him if she has lipstick on her teeth . Graham ( edit ) Graham ( portrayed by David Kriegel ) is a student ( appearing in `` Cut Day '' ( 3.23 ) ) who has progressive views that dovetail with Jessie 's , earning her attention when he points out that the U.S. has never had a female President while other countries have ( he mentions Indira Gandhi and Golda Meir ) . During the Junior Cut Day , Jessie and Graham stay behind in school to protest the delivery of a package of Styrofoam cups . It is Graham 's presence , and the fact that Slater sees her having fun hanging out with him , that leads Jessie and Slater to consider dating other people . Jennifer ( edit ) Jennifer ( portrayed by Stephanie Furst , appearing in `` Love Machine '' ( 4.11 ) ) revealed herself to be Slater 's ex-girlfriend from his days as an army brat in West Germany . Zack first dated her at Slater 's behest ( Slater did not want Jessie to know he was still attracted to Jennifer ) , but Jennifer finds out Slater 's ruse from Screech and dances closely with Zack at the Max , leading Slater to get angry and later to call Jennifer `` his girlfriend . '' Jessie storms away in a rage before Kelly tells her she has to let Slater go and see if there is anything to hold onto . While Jessie sadly allows Slater the chance to date his ex to see if the flame is still there , it turns out that the two ( Slater and Jennifer ) are now incompatible : time had changed them both . She then asks Zack out and he says he 'd love to go out with her . She does not appear at all on the show after her lone episode . Joanna Peterson ( edit ) Joanna ( Shana Furlow ) is a transfer student ( in `` The Fight '' ) who becomes the object of affection for both Zack and Slater , resulting in a strife that culminates in a physical fight , in which Zack and Slater duke it out for her affection . Joanna is so disgusted with the boys ' actions that she refuses to have anything to do with either of them . Rhonda robistelli ( edit ) Rhonda ( portrayed by Kirsten Holmquist ) is Bayside 's resident tomboy . She is a tall , lanky girl with disheveled blond hair ( appearing in 3 season 1 episodes ) . She and Zack have one date , during which she forcibly plants a kiss on his lips . Rhonda also tries to join the cheerleading squad in `` Save That Tiger '' and tries out for the team when one of the regulars is injured right before the big competition against Valley . Her audition is clumsy and the girls eventually talk Jessie into taking the spot . Robin ( edit ) Robin ( portrayed by Soleil Moon Frye , also known as TV 's Punky Brewster ) is a stuck - up girl ( appearing in `` Screech 's Spaghetti Sauce '' ( 4.3 ) ) who takes advantage of Screech 's affections toward her because of his rapidly growing spaghetti sauce business in order to con money and gifts from him . Screech 's friends are apparently aware of her true nature and tries to warn him about Robin . Although Screech showers her with expensive gifts , including several articles of jewelry , she informs him at the end that she believed him to be a geek and a loser . She receives her comeuppance , however , in the form of a bogus buyback deal for Screech 's spaghetti sauce recipe after the gang learns from a lawyer that Screech 's recipe was from the Betsy Crocker Cookbook . `` Big '' pete Stonebreaker ( edit ) Pete Stonebreaker ( Bryan Cooper ) is one of the tallest nerds at Bayside ( appearing in 2 episodes in seasons 3 & 4 ) who made his first appearance in an episode during the Malibu Sands storyline as a volleyball player when Screech was trying to recruit some members to replace Gary , an injured volleyball player . He seems to be a leader amongst the nerds , and has been able to fit in socially at times with more popular students . Bryan Watkins ( edit ) Bryan Watkins ( portrayed by Patrick J. Dancy ) is one of Bayside 's more intellectual students and Student Council Vice President ( in `` Date Auction '' ( 3.15 ) ) . Lisa wins him at the date auction , but he is repulsed by her perceived shallowness and frivolous personality . Although Lisa puts on an intelligent air in order to impress Bryan ( e.g. discussing Anna Karenina and the nature of art ) , she eventually gets fed up with his snobby behavior and habit of putting down her friends and tells him off . Louise ( edit ) Louise ( Lara Lyon ) is a nerdy Bayside student with blonde hair in pigtails and horn - rimmed glasses ( appearing in 3 episodes in seasons 2 & 4 ) who is sometimes shown as a friend of Screech 's . She enrolls in the Army JROTC program at Bayside after Zack convinces her that in the US Army men outnumber women . She is placed on Zack 's `` nerd team '' in a physical competition to compete against Slater 's better qualified team . Zack learns a lesson about leadership when he must encourage his team to realize their potential , which included telling Louise she could climb a rope . She returns in the episode `` 1 - 900 - Crushed '' , where she confides she has feelings for the jock `` Moose '' , whose feelings are mutual , but she worries about the mismatched relationship . She is the queen bee of the school 's nerd clique , and Zack goes out on a date with her during his campaign to earn the nod for writing the new school song , knowing she would convince Bayside 's geeks and dweebs to vote for him . Slater tells another high - ranking geek that Zack 's `` date '' with Louise could set a precedent where other popular guys begin dating geek girls , which inspired the geeks to cast their votes in the song contest for Screech 's entry . Moose ( edit ) Moose ( portrayed by Mark Clayman ) is a very dumb and childlike jock , much like his fellow football teammate Ox ( appearing in 3 episodes in seasons 2 & 4 ) . He is seen dating Louise in the episode `` 1 - 900 - Crushed '' , and also has a minor speaking role in the episode `` Student - Teacher Week . '' Maxwell Nerdstrom ( edit ) Nerdstrom ( portrayed by Jeffrey Asch ) is a rich nerd ( appearing in 2 episodes in seasons 2 & 4 ) who is Violet Bickerstaff 's boyfriend and treats her rather poorly , although he does buy her a gold - plated pocket protector . His poor treatment of her is one of the factors in her becoming Screech 's girlfriend . While most of the nerds comport themselves with a bumbling dignity at most , Nerdstrom goes above and beyond , behaving as a pompous , stuck - up geek . He defeats Zack in a game of poker , but gets his comeuppance in the end . Perhaps Maxwell 's most noted accomplishment at Bayside is mistakenly kissing Screech 's dog , `` Hound Dog '' believing him to be Jessie , to everybody 's delight . He is later humiliated when Screech pointed out that Maxwell kissed his dog and tells Maxwell to stay out of Violet 's life . Ox ( edit ) Ox ( Troy Fromin ) is a member of the Bayside football team and an archetypal `` dumb jock '' ( appearing in 9 episodes in seasons 3 & 4 ) who pals around with Slater when Slater is without his Core - 6 friends . Despite being a jock , he dates a female nerd , and is often shown to be gentler and more sensitive than his size and oafish behavior would suggest . He is among the students who get drunk senior year at the toga party . A similar character named `` Moose '' also appeared on the show , however . Wendy parks ( edit ) Wendy ( Judy Carmen ) is an overweight girl who serves as Student Council treasurer ( in `` Date Auction '' ) who bids $100 on Zack to win a date with him to the dance . He is mortified and his superficial nature causes him to craft a multitude of lies in order to avoid a date with the Rubenesque Wendy . However , when she finds out the truth , Wendy calls Zack out for hurting her feelings and calls off the date . He realizes his mistake and ends up taking Wendy to the dance and later to the Max ( though this is not shown ) . Belding family ( edit ) Rod Belding ( edit ) Rod Belding ( portrayed by Ed Blatchford ) is Mr. Belding 's brother and steps in as a substitute teacher during junior year ( Screech : `` A building with two Beldings , one of whom is balding ! '' ) , after Mr. Dickerson has a mental breakdown . He initially makes a hip impression on the students because of his happy - go - lucky attitude , world - weary demeanor , and tales of defying authority and schoolwork . Rod arranges to take the students on the rafting trip for their annual class trip ( ruining Mr. Belding 's plans to visit Yosemite Park ) and attempts to teach them about it . Mr. Belding is overshadowed by his brother 's connection with the students , which is evident in a minor confrontation they have when Mr. Belding tells his brother he is not to be teaching the kids whitewater rafting on official class time . After Zack accuses him of being jealous of Rod , he soon finds out what he 's really like on the inside . During a confrontation with the brothers , Rod tries to skip out of the trip just to meet a stewardess named Inga . Mr. Belding is furious that Rod would abandon his commitment to the students and orders him never to come back to Bayside , saying , `` Get out of my school . '' Rod leaves as Zack ducks behind some lockers to avoid his sight . Not wanting to upset his students , Mr. Belding claims that Rod is ill . However , when he offers to chaperone the trip instead , the students happily and gratefully accept . Zack , who had secretly overheard the incident , tells his principal that `` we got the better Belding . '' Mrs. ( Becky ) Belding ( edit ) Becky Belding , Mr. Belding 's wife ( portrayed by Louan Gideon ) , is featured in the episode `` The Earthquake '' , in which she , Zack and Tori get stuck in an elevator after a minor earthquake . During the time in the elevator she goes into labor and gives birth to the Beldings ' son with the help of Zack , who becomes the baby 's namesake . Penny Belding ( edit ) Richard Belding 's niece ( portrayed by Jodi Peterson ) is blonde and bubbly , but no one wants to date her as she is related to the Principal . During Zack 's sophomore year at Bayside , he earns himself a Saturday school detention . In order to be released from serving time and to be able to attend Kelly 's upcoming party , he signs a treaty with Mr. Belding agreeing to take Penny out on a date on Friday in lieu of serving his sentence . After making this agreement , Kelly informs Zack that her birthday party would also be that Friday , since the Max was booked on Saturday . In order to make Kelly 's party , Zack trains Screech to imitate him , so that he could take Penny out on the date instead ; this works out well because Penny is attracted to Screech , but she angers Kelly when she says that she is hot for `` Zack , '' thinking that was who Screech was . Zack Belding ( edit ) Richard and Becky Belding 's son , born when Zack , Mrs. Belding , and Tori get stuck in an elevator . He also appears in two episodes of Saved by the Bell : The New Class . Morris family ( edit ) Derek Morris ( edit ) Derek Morris ( portrayed by John Sanderford ) is the father of Zack . He is a businessman who spends little time with his son . He is very strict and opposed at first for Zack to marry Kelly in the TV Movie Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas . Melanie Morris ( edit ) Melanie Rhonda Morris ( portrayed by Melody Rogers ) is the mother of Zack . She 's more fresh and less strict than her husband Derek . She adores Zack but still she knows some of her son 's tricks . She supported Zack 's marriage but could n't do much to aid him in order to respect her husband , in the TV movie Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas . Kapowski family ( edit ) Frank Kapowski ( edit ) Frank Kapowski ( portrayed by John Mansfield ) is the father of Kelly and her six other siblings . Kind and loving , he worked at a defense plant , but is laid off in the season two premiere `` The Prom '' . He is also seen at Zack and Kelly 's wedding in Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas giving Kelly away , and at the reception with his wife and 2 of Kelly 's younger brothers . Billy Kapowski ( edit ) Billy Kapowski is Kelly 's baby brother , whom she places in the care of her friends in the episode `` The Babysitters '' so that she could have her cheerleading picture taken for the school yearbook . Zack is often left alone with Billy as the others make excuses or have other commitments to attend to . Because of this , Billy and Zack bond quickly to the point where Zack distrusts anyone else to care for the baby . He is forced , however , to allow Jessie and Lisa to look after him in their Home Economics / Parenthood class . They lose track of Billy when Screech goes to fetch Billy for Zack but mistakes a doll for the baby . The gang eventually find him in Mr. Belding 's office , and at the end of the episode he speaks his first word : `` Zack . '' Kyle Kapowski ( edit ) Another brother of Kelly 's , he disrupts the end of one of Kelly and Zack 's dates . Kyle later dumps water on Zack from the second floor of their house after Kelly decided against going steady . Nicki Kapowski ( edit ) Nicki Kapowski ( portrayed by Laura Mooney ) is Kelly 's tomboyish little sister who develops a crush on Zack . She becomes convinced that Zack feels the same way after he mixes up her phone call with Kelly 's ( while running the `` Teen Line '' ) . Although she is only thirteen and in the seventh grade , she nonetheless shows up at Bayside High to visit Zack , sporting a more feminine look and demanding a kiss . After trying various ploys to turn her off ( including dressing up like a geek and trying to gross her out with a pet spider ) , Zack finally has to tell her the truth : he is n't interested in her ; he is in love with Kelly . More angry than hurt , she insults Zack for trying to scare her away instead of having the courage to tell a thirteen - year - old girl how he really feels . Harry Bannister ( edit ) Harry Bannister ( portrayed by Dean Jones is Kelly 's grandfather from the movie Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style . He invites the youngsters to stay at `` The Hawaiian Hideaway '' , a rustic hotel in Hawaii . However , someone else is out to buy his land and build a hotel / resort complex , and the gang has to save it . Slater family ( edit ) Maj . Martin Slater ( edit ) Major Martin Slater ( Gerald Castillo ) is A.C. 's strict but loving father , who is frequently transferred due to Army obligations . Although he wants his son to attend West Point and enter the military as he himself had done , he eventually changes his views when he sees that Slater wants to attend college on a wrestling scholarship and figure things out from there . He is more frequent in the first season than any of the others . It is later revealed in `` Saved by the Bell : The College Years '' that Martin 's last name was actually `` Sanchez , '' causing an embarrassed A.C. Slater to realize his father concealed his Latino heritage ( presumably simple due to his decidedly non-Latino appearance ) to avoid rampant bigotry as he entered the military . J.B. Slater ( edit ) J.B. is Slater 's younger sister . She shows up suddenly to visit A.C. and Zack develops a crush on her . This makes A.C. angry as he knows how big a womanizer Zack is , and forbids them from seeing each other . Once J.B. learns of this , she confronts Slater angrily and tells him to butt out of her love life . He eventually accepts that she 'll be dating his best friend and thus would n't be so bad . He still warns Zack to `` treat her right '' . She does n't appear in any other episodes besides `` Slater 's Sister . '' Jessie Spano 's stepfamily ( edit ) Leslie ( edit ) Leslie ( Barbra Brighton ) is the aerobics instructor ( in the 2 - part season 3 episode `` Palm Springs Weekend '' ) as well as Jessie 's future step - mom . Although Zack makes a pass at her in the beginning of the episode , the gang later finds out Leslie is marrying Jessie 's dad . Jessie refers to her future step - mom as an `` aerobics bimbo '' , insults and lies to her , and asks her dad flat - out to not marry her . Her father firmly says he loves Leslie and is marrying her , period . Jessie then refuses to attend the wedding . At the end of the episode , however , Zack convinces Jessie to do the right thing and they arrive ( though slightly late ) to the wedding on a golf cart , where Jessie apologizes and Leslie forgives her . Eric Tramer ( edit ) Eric Tramer ( Josh Hoffman ) is Jessie 's stepbrother from New York ( in the 2 - part season 3 episode `` The Wicked Step - Brother '' ) . At first excited to have a new stepbrother , Jessie quickly grows to dislike his rough , confrontational and offensive personality . Eric causes trouble and conflict at Bayside , particularly with Zack who feels threatened by the new prankster bad - boy , even going so far as to offer up Mr. Belding 's car for auto shop class dissection to get Zack into trouble . However , after a punch and a speech from Jessie ( after he said she was `` just a chick '' ) , he reforms his ways , entirely reassembles Belding 's car , and apologizes to all . He was planning to return to NYC , but the gang , particularly Lisa , who had developed feelings for him , convinces him to remain at Bayside . Turtle family ( edit ) Mr. Turtle ( edit ) Mr. Turtle ( Henry Brown ) appears in the episode `` The Lisa Card '' . He was Lisa 's father , who gave Lisa her first credit card for ' emergencies only , ' however , she spends nearly $400 on clothes with the credit card . At the end of the episode , she confesses that she spent the emergency credit card balance on clothes , and Mr. Turtle forces her to pay the credit card off herself . Judy Turtle ( edit ) Lisa 's mother Judy Turtle ( Susan Beaubian ) appeared in two episodes of the series , `` Operation Zack '' ( Season 3 ) and `` Drinking and Driving '' ( Season 4 ) . In `` Operation Zack '' , she is Zack 's doctor after he accidentally breaks his leg when Mr. Belding bumps into him in the locker room . In `` Drinking and Driving '' , Lisa crashed her car after getting drunk at a party , and has to deal with the repercussions of her actions , including telling Judy what she did to her car . Powers family ( edit ) Roberta Powers ( edit ) Roberta Powers ( Ruth Buzzi ) appeared in `` House Party '' ( Season 2 ) . She is Screech 's mom , who is a huge Elvis fan . In the episode , she trusts Screech to be home alone for a weekend and gives him a long list of rules to abide by . Her favorite Elvis statue gets broken by Screech 's girlfriend , Violet , and the gang has to throw a party to raise money for the statue replacement . Kimberly ( edit ) Kimberly ( who was uncredited ) is Screech 's cousin who appeared in the episode `` The Aftermath '' ( Season 3 ) . She was one of Zack 's blind dates , which was intended to cheer Zack up after his rough breakup with Kelly . Slater , Jessie , and Lisa start wondering how Screech is related to her , due to the strong dissimilarities in their appearances , until Screech tells them she is adopted . Malibu Sands characters ( edit ) Stacey Carosi ( edit ) Stacey Carosi ( portrayed by Leah Remini , appearing in 6 episodes of season 3 ) . She works for her father , Leon Carosi , at the Malibu Sands beach resort as a staff manager , in charge of all of the other members . Zack Morris is quickly smitten with her , and is disappointingly shocked to learn that she is the daughter of his boss . Throughout the summer , she and Zack progress from flirtation to hostility to eventual romance , marked by their kiss under the fireworks during the Fourth of July celebration . Leon Carosi ( edit ) Leon Carosi ( portrayed by Ernie Sabella ) is Stacey 's father , who takes a strong dislike to Zack due to his constant snarky remarks and attempted courting of his daughter . He also is very narcissistic and thinks highly of himself and his daughter . However , despite his dislike of Zack , he eventually warms up to him towards the end of Zack 's summer employment and says he approves of Zack and Stacey dating . Cynthia ( edit ) Cynthia ( portrayed by Denise Richards -- uncredited ) , is Slater 's secret admirer while he worked at the Malibu Sands Beach Resort ( in `` The Last Weekend '' ( 3.12 ) ) , eventually revealing herself by pretending to drown . Although she and Slater seem to be a couple at the end of the Malibu Sands series , and Slater even informs the gang that Cynthia is coming to Bayside the following school year , she never again appears on the show . Craig Strand ( edit ) Craig Strand ( Benjamin King ) is Stacy Carosi 's preppy boyfriend from back east in Boston , a sophomore at Yale ( in `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' ( 3.8 ) ) , who shows up at the beach club and interrupts Zack and Stacy 's fling , even giving Stacy his fraternity pin . Craig defeats Zack in an ATV race after bumping Zack 's ATV on the last turn . Ultimately , Stacy sends Craig back home and confides her love for Zack . The Max 's employees and patrons ( edit ) Max ( edit ) Max is the owner of The Max ( played by Ed Alonzo , in 20 episodes during the first 2 seasons ) . He often advises the students of Bayside on their choices and dilemmas , and re-inforces his points with magic tricks . Danielle ( edit ) Danielle ( Julie St. Claire ) is a girl that Zack dates for one episode ( `` Fake I.D. 's '' ) . Zack meets Danielle at the Max after she gets a flat tire . She attempts to use the occupied pay phone , so Zack allows her to use his cell phone . He then changes the flat tire after the tow truck company says it would take an hour . Danielle is a student at USC , so Zack lies and tells her he was also a Trojan . He continues to lie , telling her that he is a Photojournalism major , and the reason that she never saw him on campus is because he is always in the dark room working on a project . However , Danielle ditches Zack upon learning he lied to her . Jeff Hunter ( edit ) Jeff Hunter ( played by Patrick Muldoon ) has a brief tenure ( in three episodes of season 3 ) as the Max 's manager who likes Kelly Kapowski . As a result , Zack and Kelly break up , allowing Jeff and Kelly to begin a relationship . Unfortunately , very soon afterwards Jeff 's infidelity was revealed when he is seen dancing with and kissing a girl at an over-18 club known as The Attic . Kelly breaks up with him as a result . Show business related characters ( edit ) James the actor ( edit ) James ( portrayed by Mark Blankfield ) is an out - of - work actor who takes a job as a waiter at the Max ( appearing in 2 episodes in seasons 2 & 3 ) . He claims that he was a student at acting school . Most of the work he seems to get as an actor on the show is in the employ of Zack . In the season 3 episode `` SATs , '' Zack hires James to do a double role as Stanley Alan Taylor ( S.A.T. ) , who orders Mr. Belding to lighten up Zack 's workload after his grades have dropped , then to play an admissions officer for Harvard who acts snooty and elitist to everyone . In the season 2 episode `` Rent - a-Pop , '' Zack hired James to impersonate his father after Belding demanded he meet with him as a condition to go on a ski trip in order to report on Zack 's failing grades ; to which Zack was convinced his real father would not let him go if he knew the truth . Zack then has to hire James again to play Mr. Belding after his real father accepts a letter to meet Belding once more , where James falsifies Zack 's grades as spectacular . James the Actor also made two appearances on Saved By the Bell : The New Class . Johnny Dakota ( edit ) Johnny Dakota ( portrayed by Eddie Garcia ) is a movie star who chooses Bayside as the site for filming an anti-drug PSA for NBC in the 1991 episode `` No Hope with Dope '' . Zack thinks this is a great idea , seeing this as a chance for stylish parties and to get close to Hollywood babes . However , during a party at his house , the gang discovers that Johnny is a marijuana user . Zack attempts to get him to call off filming the PSA , feeling it would be hypocritical for Johnny to tell millions of young people not to use drugs when he himself is a drug user , but Johnny refuses . When the gang refuses to participate as a result of his drug habit , Johnny angrily leaves Bayside without filming . The gang then films an anti-drug PSA with the help of Mr. Belding 's friend , Brandon Tartikoff . Brian Fate ( edit ) Brian Fate ( portrayed by Nick Brooks ) is a British record producer who picks up Zack Attack and makes them famous in the episode `` Rockumentary '' ( 3.22 ) . Although he has confidence in the band and takes them to the top , he can not stop the inevitable breakup that occurs as a result of Mindy , the band 's publicist . Since the entire episode is just a dream , he may not have existed in the `` real world '' of the show . Linda ( edit ) Linda ( portrayed by Bryn Erin -- uncredited ) has a very brief role in the `` Rockumentary '' episode . After the band splits up and each member goes their separate way , Slater has a race car accident leading to the band meeting again . Screech shows up ( after seeking wisdom from the high geek ) to the hospital with a cheerleader , Linda . She takes regular sentences and makes cheers from them , leading eventually to Lisa threatening her , `` if ya do n't get ridda Linda , I'ma throw her out the winda '' `` B-Y-E BYE ! '' after which she leaves the room . Like to Brian Fate , she was part of the entire fantasy of the episode , and thus probably did not exist in the real world . Brandon Tartikoff ( edit ) Brandon Tartikoff , a television executive for NBC , appeared as himself in the episode `` No Hope With Dope '' ( 3.21 ) . After Johnny Dakota was revealed to be a pot - smoker and subsequently left Bayside without finishing the anti-drug commercial being filmed there , Mr. Belding phoned Tartikoff , whom he had been childhood friends with , at NBC to see if he could help them . Tartikoff ended up assisting the teens in finishing the commercial . Afterwards , impressed with the rapport Belding had with his students , he suggested the idea of a TV show about `` a group of kids and their principal '' before shaking his head and saying that it `` would never work '' ( an obvious meta - joke on SBTB itself ) . Valley students ( edit ) Dan and Stan clegg ( edit ) Cousins and Valley students ( Dan is portrayed by C.W. Hemingway and Stan is portrayed by Mark Clayman ) responsible for the Bayside - Valley prank war in the episode `` Save That Tiger '' ( 1.16 ) . After Zack and Slater steals the Valley mascot , Dan and Stan retaliated by kidnapping Screech ( who wears the tiger costume and is the Bayside High mascot ) . However , Dan 's misstep in trying to pose as the tiger mascot ( along with Zack and Slater secretly putting fleas inside the costume ) made Valley High lose the cheerleading competition , along with the prank war in the end . This earns him a severe reprimand by his principal . Mark Clayman also played Bayside student , `` Moose . '' Allison Fox ( edit ) Allison Fox ( portrayed by Hilary Hayes ) poses as a reporter from `` Chessboy '' Magazine ( in `` Check Your Mate '' ( 3.7 ) ) . After rejecting Zack 's advances , she claims to be profiling Screech for the state chess championship against Valley . She is later revealed to be the girlfriend of Guy Guy , a student at Valley High with whom Zack had met a $300 bet on the match . After flirting with Screech , she steals the lucky beret given to him by Violet without which he thinks he can not win the match . However , with a burst of good luck by Violet , Screech wins the match and Allison is exposed for her scam . Marvin Nedick ( edit ) Marvin Nedick ( Gino De Mauro ) is Valley 's star wrestler and a major threat to AC Slater 's undefeated wrestling record ( in `` Pinned to the Mat '' ( 1.9 ) ) . After career day , Slater takes up cooking and quits the wrestling team , leaving Screech to wrestle Nedick . As Screech prepares to wrestle him , Slater appears . When asked why he changed his mind , Slater says that he burned his quiche . Slater quickly defeats Nedick in the wrestling match . Miscellaneous characters ( edit ) Lieutenant Chet Adams ( edit ) Lieutenant Chet Adams ( portrayed by Cylk Cozart , in the season two episode `` Zack 's War '' ) is the head of Bayside 's California Cadet Corps program . Lisa shows an infatuation towards Lt. Adams ( even once inadvertently calling him `` Lt. Hot '' ) and joins the program in an attempt to gain his favor . He then reminds her that he 's married . At the beginning of their training , Adams tells Zack that he can divide the cadets into teams , which prompts Zack to clump together all the `` nerds '' into one team and all the `` jocks '' onto another team , thinking all the jocks will be on his team . Adams replies by saying , `` You get to pick the teams , but I get to pick the captains '' and puts the nerds on Zack 's team and the jocks on Slater 's team . Jessie 's feminist attitude clashes with Adams ' military style , as she asks him to revise his motto `` separating the men from the boys '' to `` separating the persons from the persons . '' Frank and Laura Benton ( edit ) Frank and Laura Benton ( Stephen Mendel and Jennifer McComb ) are a homeless father and daughter , respectively ( in the 2 - part season 3 episode `` Home for Christmas '' ) , who catches the eye of Zack and the gang around Christmas time . Laura , who works in a department store with Kelly , seems to be a tentative love interest for Zack ; she is very shy around Zack about her homelessness . Zack , Slater and Screech get Frank to a hospital when he passes out at the mall from hunger , and then they find out he is Laura 's father . Laura 's boss accuses her of stealing a suit jacket that Kelly set aside to buy , so Frank would have an outfit that he could wear to job interviews . Later , Laura 's boss apologizes and gives Laura the jacket for free . Eventually , the Morris family takes in the Bentons until they could `` get back on their feet . '' Gem Diamond ( edit ) Gem Diamond ( Gary Beach ) is a con artist ( in `` Class Rings '' ( 4.12 ) ) who sells Zack fake class rings , which turn the wearer 's finger green . Desperate to replace the bunk rings with the genuine article , Zack and Slater make a plan in which Screech threatens Gem with karate unless he replaces the rings . Gem concedes , and the student body is satisfied with their new jewelry . He is last seen running out of the Max , being driven away by his mother in an attempt to escape from Screech 's moves . Gem also appears in the California Dreams episode `` Honest Sly '' as a used car dealer . Chief Henry ( edit ) Chief Henry ( portrayed by Dehl Berti ) is an American Indian ( in `` Running Zack '' ( 2.13 ) ) with whom Zack bonds during his family history project . Zack initially tries to skip the project because he has a big track meet coming up , and later gives an insulting presentation that leads the teacher to refer him to the Chief . While they quickly become good friends , Henry dies suddenly , with Zack lamenting that they had hardly had time to get to know each other . Later , Henry 's ghost appears to Zack , giving him a gift and encouraging him to run at the school track meet . Kevin the robot ( edit ) Kevin the Robot ( operated and voiced by Mike Lavelle ) was a creation of Screech 's with artificial intelligence ( appearing in 3 episodes during seasons 1 & 2 ) , who lives in Screech 's room and usually dishes out advice and witty remarks . His appearances include him as Screech 's assistant when Screech is doing a magic show ; and as assistant hall monitor when Screech is nominated for the post by his classmates , to make up for forgetting Screech 's birthday . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Columbia University in the City of New York in New York , NY - CUCNY '' . StateUniversity.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis Haskins : Timing to blame for ' Saved by the Bell ' reunion delay '' . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0761438/ Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0737083/ This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( hide ) Saved by the Bell Episodes Characters Zack Morris Films Hawaiian Style Wedding in Las Vegas Related series Good Morning , Miss Bliss The College Years The New Class episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Saved_by_the_Bell_characters&oldid=804091563 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television characters Saved by the Bell Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays nikki kapowski in saved by the bell | [
"Nicki Kapowski (portrayed by Laura Mooney) is Kelly’s tomboyish little sister who develops a crush on Zack. She becomes convinced that Zack feels the same way after he mixes up her phone call with Kelly's (while running the \"Teen Line\"). Although she is only thirteen and in the seventh grade, she nonetheless shows up at Bayside High to visit Zack, sporting a more feminine look and demanding a kiss. After trying various ploys to turn her off (including dressing up like a geek and trying to gross her out with a pet spider), Zack finally has to tell her the truth: he isn’t interested in her; he is in love with Kelly. More angry than hurt, she insults Zack for trying to scare her away instead of having the courage to tell a thirteen-year-old girl how he really feels."
] | [
"Laura Mooney"
] |
5648600698963316386 | Himadri Station | Himadri station - wikipedia Himadri station Jump to : navigation , search Himadri Himadri Research station Himadri Coordinates : 78 ° 55 ′ N 11 ° 56 ′ E / 78.917 ° N 11.933 ° E / 78.917 ; 11.933 Coordinates : 78 ° 55 ′ N 11 ° 56 ′ E / 78.917 ° N 11.933 ° E / 78.917 ; 11.933 Country India Named for Himadri Range of Himalayas Government Type Polar Research Organisation Body National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research Himadri Station is India 's first Arctic research station located at Spitsbergen , Svalbard , Norway . It is located at the International Arctic Research base , Ny - Ålesund . It was inaugurated on the 1st of July , 2008 by the Minister of Earth Sciences . It was set up during India 's second Arctic expedition in June 2008 . It is located at a distance of 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) from the North Pole . Contents ( hide ) 1 Research Goals 2 Strategic Interests 3 Description 4 New research in Arctic IndARC 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Research goals ( edit ) The Himadri 's functions include long term monitoring of the fjord ( Kongsfjorden ) dynamics , and atmospheric research . The primary goals of India 's research includes research on aerosol radiation , space weather , food - web dynamics , microbial communities , glaciers , sedimentology , and carbon recycling . The research base has devoted time for the research of governance and policy of the Arctic . India has prioritised research and study in the fields of genetics , glaciology , geology , pollution in the atmosphere , and space weather among other fields . In 2012 - 2013 , a total of 25 scientists visited the base which was staffed for 185 days to carry out studies under ten distinct projects . Strategic interests ( edit ) The United States Geological Survey estimates that 22 percent of the world 's oil and natural gas could be located beneath the Arctic . India 's ONGC Videsh is reported to be interested in joint venture with Russia for oil exploration and has reportedly requested Rosneft for stake in a project . In addition , using Arctic sea lanes for shipping would reduce voyage times by 40 % compared to Indian , Pacific or Atlantic ocean routes . On May 15 , 2013 , India was made a permanent observer at the Arctic Council . India is the 11th country after Britain , Germany , France , Italy , China , Japan , South Korea , The Netherlands , Sweden and Norway to set up a permanent research station in Ny - Ålesund . Description ( edit ) The station was set up in a refurbished two floored building with four bedrooms . The building has an area of 220 m ( 2,400 sq ft ) and has other facilities including a computer room , store room , drawing room and internet . It can host 8 scientists at normal conditions . The crew of the station are given training in shooting with rifles to protect themselves from polar bears . New research in Arctic IndARC ( edit ) Established in August 2014 . Designed and developed by scientists from the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research ( NCAOR ) and National Institute of Ocean Technology ( NIOT ) , the observatory has been deployed in the Kongsfjorden fjord of the Arctic , roughly halfway between Norway and the North Pole is named `` IndARC '' See also ( edit ) List of research stations in the Arctic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ P , Sunderarajan ( 2 July 2008 ) . `` New Indian research station at the Arctic '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Research Base `` Himadri '' `` . Ministry of Earth Sciences . Press Information Bureau . 5 May 2010 . Retrieved Apr 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2009 - 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Earth Sciences ( PDF ) . Department of Ocean Development . 2009 ( 2009 ) . Retrieved Apr 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacob , Jayanth ( 10 June 2013 ) . `` India gives leg - up to Arctic research '' . New Delhi . The Hindustan Times . Retrieved Apr 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2010 - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Earth Sciences ( PDF ) . Department of Ocean Development . 2010 ( 2010 ) . Retrieved Apr 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jon Børre Ørbæk ( 17 -- 18 September 2013 ) . `` Svalbard Integrated Earth Observing System ( SIOS ) opportunities for pan-Arctic Observations and Collaboration '' ( PDF ) . Research Council Norway . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Stensdal , Iselin ( 2013 ) . `` Asian Arctic Research 2005 - 2012 : '' ( PDF ) . Fridtjof Nansen Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The French - German Arctic Research Base AWIPEV winter 2012 / 13 '' ( PDF ) . NySMAC. April 2013 . p. 38 . Retrieved May 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Strategic Importance of the Arctic in U.S. Policy '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientists . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Devirupa Mitra ( 2 October 2012 ) . `` Taking cue from China , India eyeing Arctic region '' . New Indian Express . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Kabir Taneja ( 15 June 2013 ) . `` India pushes for visibility in Arctic '' . The Sunday Guardian . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Meena Menon , Sandeep Dikshit ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` India gets observer status in Arctic Council '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : P. Sunderarajan ( July 2 , 2008 ) . `` New Indian research station at the Arctic '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ny Alesund Science Plan '' . National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research ( NCAOR ) . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/India-Deploys-First-Ocean-Moored-Observatory-in-Arctic/2014/08/03/article2362075.ece External links ( edit ) Indian Minister to Svalbard ( hide ) Svalbard General Agriculture Archaeology Cannabis Outline Economy Geography History Languages Museums In fiction Politics Act Longyearbyen Community Council Governor Treaty Visa policy Settlements Barentsburg Hopen Radio Longyearbyen Ny - Ålesund Isbjørnhamna Sveagruva Former settlements Advent City Bölscheøya Finneset Gåshamna Grumant Hiorthhamn Isfjord Radio Kobbefjorden Lægerneset Pyramiden Smeerenburg Virgohamna Ytre Norskøya Environment Climate Flora Protected areas Islands Amsterdam Island Barentsøya Bear Island Danes Island Edgeøya Hopen Kong Karls Land Kvitøya Nordaustlandet Prins Karls Forland Sjuøyane Spitsbergen Thousand Islands Wilhelm Island Land areas Spitsbergen : Albert I Land Andrée Land Bünsow Land Dickson Land Haakon VII Land Heer Land James I Land Nathorst Land Nordenskiöld Land Ny - Friesland Olav V Land Oscar II Land Sabine Land Sørkapp Land Torell Land Wedel Jarlsberg Land Nordaustlandet : Gustav Adolf Land Gustav V Land Orvin Land National parks Forlandet National Park Indre Wijdefjorden Nordenskiöld Land Nordre Isfjorden Land Northwest Spitsbergen Sassen -- Bünsow Land Sør - Spitsbergen Companies Arctic Coal Company Arktikugol Bjørnøen Kings Bay Store Norske Research Arctic Yellow River Station Dirigibile Italia Arctic Station Himadri Station Norwegian Polar Institute Polish Polar Station Seed Vault University Centre Zeppelin Station Telecommunications Hopen Radio Isfjord Radio Kongsfjord Telemetry Station . sj Satellite Station Svalbard Radio Undersea Cable Transport Barentsburg Heliport , Heerodden Ny - Ålesund Airport , Hamnerabben Pyramiden Heliport Svalbard Airport , Longyear Svalbard Rocket Range Svea Airport Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Himadri_Station&oldid=808630902 '' Categories : Arctic research Research stations Research in India Science and technology in Svalbard Ny - Ålesund Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Add links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 02 : 49 . About Wikipedia | what is the name of india's first arctic research centre | [
"Himadri Station is India's first Arctic research station[1] located at Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway. It is located at the International Arctic Research base, Ny-Ålesund. It was inaugurated on the 1st of July, 2008 by the Minister of Earth Sciences.[2] It was set up during India's second Arctic expedition in June 2008.[3] It is located at a distance of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) from the North Pole.[4]"
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"Himadri Station"
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5443709229499141385 | The Post (film) | The Post ( film ) - wikipedia The Post ( film ) The Post Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Steven Spielberg Kristie Macosko Krieger Amy Pascal Written by Liz Hannah Josh Singer Starring Meryl Streep Tom Hanks Sarah Paulson Bob Odenkirk Tracy Letts Bradley Whitford Bruce Greenwood Matthew Rhys Music by John Williams Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Sarah Broshar Production company 20th Century Fox DreamWorks Pictures Amblin Entertainment Participant Media Pascal Pictures Star Thrower Entertainment TSG Entertainment Amblin Partners Distributed by 20th Century Fox ( United States ) Universal Pictures ( International ) Release date December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) ( Newseum ) December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 116 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $174.5 million The Post is a 2017 American historical political thriller film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg and written by Liz Hannah and Josh Singer . It stars Meryl Streep as Katharine Graham , the first female publisher of a major American newspaper , and Tom Hanks as Ben Bradlee , the executive editor of The Washington Post , with Sarah Paulson , Bob Odenkirk , Tracy Letts , Bradley Whitford , David Cross , Bruce Greenwood , Carrie Coon , and Matthew Rhys in supporting roles . Set in the early 1970s , The Post depicts the true story of attempts by journalists at The Washington Post to publish the Pentagon Papers , classified documents regarding the 30 - year involvement of the United States government in the Vietnam War . Principal photography began in New York City in May 2017 . The film premiered at the Newseum in Washington , D.C. on December 14 , 2017 , and began a limited release in the United States on December 22 , 2017 . It had a wide release on January 12 , 2018 , and grossed $174 million worldwide . The film received largely positive reviews , with critics praising the performances ( particularly those of Streep , Hanks , and Odenkirk ) and noting the references and allusions to the presidencies of Richard Nixon and Donald Trump . The Post was chosen by the National Board of Review as the best film of 2017 and was named as one of the top 10 films of the year by Time and the American Film Institute . The film was nominated for Best Picture and Best Actress ( for Streep ) at the 90th Academy Awards , and also received six nominations at the 75th Golden Globe Awards : Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director , Best Actress -- Drama ( for Streep ) , Best Actor -- Drama ( for Hanks ) , Best Screenplay and Best Original Score . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Costume design 3.3 Music 3.3. 1 Track listing 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Portrayal of The New York Times 5.4 Accolades 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1966 Vietnam , State Department military analyst Daniel Ellsberg ( Matthew Rhys ) accompanies U.S. troops in combat , documenting the progress of U.S. military activities in the region for Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara ( Bruce Greenwood ) . On the flight home , McNamara expresses to Ellsberg and William Macomber ( Cotter Smith ) his view that the war in Vietnam is hopeless , yet , upon landing , tells the press he has every confidence in the war effort . Ellsberg overhears this and becomes disillusioned . Years later , as a civilian military contractor working for the RAND Corporation , Ellsberg surreptitiously photocopies classified reports documenting the country 's decades - long involvement in the conflict in Vietnam , dating back to the Truman administration . Ellsberg then leaks these documents to reporters at The New York Times ; the movie follows two weeks in 1971 at The Washington Post and the publishing of the Pentagon Papers . Newspaper heiress Katharine Graham ( Meryl Streep ) tries to balance her social life with her responsibility as owner and publisher of The Washington Post , following the deaths of her husband , Phil Graham , and her father , Eugene Meyer . She is troubled over preparations for the newspaper 's stock - market launch , a move she recognizes as important for strengthening the paper 's economic stability . Graham lacks experience and is frequently overruled by more assertive men who advise or work for her , such as editor - in - chief Ben Bradlee ( Tom Hanks ) , and board member Arthur Parsons ( Bradley Whitford ) . Bradlee tries in vain to match The New York Times 's ability to get scoops . Meanwhile , McNamara , Graham 's longtime friend , confides in her that he is to be the subject of unflattering coverage by the Times . The story turns out to be an exposé of the government 's long - running deception of the American public . However , the series is halted by a court injunction against further publication by the Times . Post assistant editor Ben Bagdikian ( Bob Odenkirk ) tracks down Ellsberg as the source for the leak , who provides Bagdikian with copies of the same material given to the Times . A hand - picked team of Post reporters sorts through the piles of papers , searching for the headline stories . The lawyers for the Post advise against publishing the material , lest the Nixon administration bring criminal charges against them . Graham talks to McNamara , Bradlee , and trusted Post chairman Fritz Beebe ( Tracy Letts ) , agonizing over the decision of whether to publish . The situation is made even more complicated when the Post 's lawyers discover that Bagdikian 's source is the same as the Times 's , possibly putting Graham in contempt of court . If charges are brought against the company , Graham could destroy the newspaper she sees as a family legacy . Alternately , if she were to win any legal challenge , the Post could instead establish itself as an important journalistic institution . She chooses to run the story . The White House retaliates , and in short order the Post and Times appear together before the Supreme Court to plead their First Amendment argument for the right to publish the material . Meanwhile , newspapers across the country pick up the story in solidarity with the Post and Times . The court rules 6 -- 3 in the newspapers ' favor , vindicating Graham 's decision . Nixon demands that the Post should be barred from the White House . One year later , security guard Frank Wills discovers a break - in in progress at the Watergate complex after a guest at the Watergate hotel called complaining about people using flashlights . Cast ( edit ) Meryl Streep as Katharine Graham Tom Hanks as Ben Bradlee Sarah Paulson as Antoinette `` Tony '' Pinchot Bradlee Bob Odenkirk as Ben Bagdikian Tracy Letts as Fritz Beebe Bradley Whitford as Arthur Parsons Bruce Greenwood as Robert McNamara Matthew Rhys as Daniel Ellsberg Alison Brie as Lally Graham Carrie Coon as Meg Greenfield Jesse Plemons as Roger Clark David Cross as Howard Simons Michael Stuhlbarg as A.M. Rosenthal Zach Woods as Anthony Essaye Pat Healy as Philip L. Geyelin John Rue as Gene Patterson Rick Holmes as Murrey Marder Philip Casnoff as Chalmers Roberts Jessie Mueller as Judith Martin Stark Sands as Donald E. Graham Michael Cyril Creighton as Jake Brent Langdon as Paul Ignatius Gary Wilmes as Punch Sulzberger Christopher Innvar as James L. Greenfield James Riordan as Vice Admiral Joseph Francis Blouin Kelly AuCoin as Assistant Attorney General Maroney Cotter Smith as William Macomber Jennifer Dundas as Liz Hylton Production ( edit ) In October 2016 , Amy Pascal won a bid for the rights to the screenplay The Post , written by Liz Hannah . In February 2017 , Steven Spielberg had halted pre-production on The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara after a casting setback , and consequently opened his schedule to other potential films to direct . The following month , it was announced that Spielberg was in negotiations to direct and produce the film , with Meryl Streep and Tom Hanks in talks for the roles of Katharine Graham and Ben Bradlee , respectively . The Post is the first time that Spielberg , Streep , and Hanks had all worked together on a film . Spielberg read the screenplay and decided to direct the film as soon as possible , citing that `` when I read the first draft of the script , this was n't something that could wait three years or two years -- this was a story I felt we needed to tell today . '' Spielberg worked on The Post while post-production work continued on the visual - effects - heavy Ready Player One , a situation familiar to him from concurrently producing , in the early 1990s , Jurassic Park and Schindler 's List . Josh Singer was hired to re-write the screenplay ten weeks before filming . As filming commenced , a number of New York Times figures who were associated with the Pentagon Papers case -- among them James Greenfield , James Goodale , Allan Siegal , and Max Frankel -- objected to the film 's production due to the script 's lack of emphasis on the Times ' role in breaking the story . Goodale , who was at the time the Times 's in - house counsel , later called the film `` a good movie but bad history . '' Filming ( edit ) The film began principal photography in New York on May 30 , 2017 . On June 6 , 2017 , it was announced that the project , retitled The Papers , would also star Alison Brie , Carrie Coon , David Cross , Bruce Greenwood , Tracy Letts , Bob Odenkirk , Sarah Paulson , Jesse Plemons , Matthew Rhys , Michael Stuhlbarg , Bradley Whitford , and Zach Woods . On August 25 , 2017 , the film 's title reverted to The Post . Spielberg finished the final cut of the film on November 6 , 2017 , with the final sound mix also completed along with the musical score a week later , on November 13 . Costume design ( edit ) Writing for The New York Times , Manogla Dargis indicated some high points in the costume design used in the film stating , `` The costume designer Ann Roth subtly brightens Katharine , taking her from leaden gray to free - flowing gold . '' . Music ( edit ) When Steven first approached me about ( The Post ) , we talked about Kay Graham and Ben Bradlee and what opportunities the film might present for me . When I 've thought about it , I 've never been in a newsroom -- you know , with the clattering of a thousand typewriters in those days ... Now no one 's using them , it 's all silent . But it must have been quite a noisy environment , really -- everyone running back and forth . So I thought , `` Well , how are you gon na get any music in a newsroom ? '' -- John Williams on composing the score The score for the film was written by John Williams ; it is his 28th collaboration with Spielberg . The music is a combination of traditional orchestral instrumentation and what Williams has called `` very light , computerised electronic effects . '' Williams was originally attached to write the music for Spielberg 's Ready Player One , but , because both films had similar post-production schedules , Williams chose to work on The Post , while Alan Silvestri composed for Ready Player One . Spielberg has said that The Post was a rare instance in which he went to the recording sessions `` having not heard a note '' in advance . Recording began on October 30 , 2017 in Los Angeles . The soundtrack was released digitally by Sony Classical Records on December 22 , 2017 and in physical form on January 12 , 2018 . The Post ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by John Williams Released December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) ( digital ) January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) ( physical ) Genre Soundtrack Length 40 : 10 Label Sony Classical Producer John Williams John Williams chronology Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) String Module Error : Match not found2017 The Post ( 2017 ) Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Papers '' 3 : 56 2 . `` The Presses Roll '' 5 : 01 3 . `` Nixon 's Order '' 1 : 47 4 . `` The Oak Room , 1971 '' 1 : 46 5 . `` Setting the Type '' 2 : 34 6 . `` Mother and Daughter '' 3 : 23 7 . `` Scanning the Papers '' 2 : 23 8 . `` Two Martini Lunch '' 2 : 34 9 . `` Deciding to Publish '' 5 : 42 10 . `` The Court 's Decision and End Credits '' 11 : 04 Total length : 40 : 10 Release ( edit ) The Post premiered at the Newseum in Washington , D.C. on December 14 , 2017 . It began a limited theatrical release in the United States on December 22 , 2017 , and a wide release on January 12 , 2018 . The film is distributed internationally through Amblin Partners ' distribution agreements with Universal Pictures , Reliance Entertainment , and Entertainment One Films . The film was released by Reliance in India . Tom Hanks has expressed disinterest in appearing at a potential White House screening for Donald Trump . Marketing ( edit ) The first official image from The Post was released on October 31 , 2017 . The trailer for The Post premiered exclusively on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , on November 7 , 2017 , and the film 's poster , designed by BLT Communications , was released the next day . The first TV spot , titled `` Uncover the Truth '' , was released on November 21 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) The Post was released on Digital HD on April 3 and on Blu - ray / DVD April 17 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Post has grossed $81.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $92.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $174.5 million , against a production budget of $50 million . During The Post 's limited opening weekend , December 22 to 24 , it grossed $526,011 ( and a total of $762,057 over the four - day Christmas weekend ) from nine theaters . The following weekend , the film grossed $561,080 for a per - theater average of $62,342 , one of the highest of 2017 . The film had its wide release alongside the openings of The Commuter , Paddington 2 and Proud Mary , and was projected to gross around $20 million from 2,819 theaters over the weekend . It made $5.9 million on its first day and $18.6 million over the weekend ( and a four - day MLK weekend total of $23.4 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind holdover Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle. 66 % of its opening weekend audience was over the age of 35 . It dropped 37 % the following weekend to $12.2 million , finishing 4th behind Jumanji and newcomers 12 Strong and Den of Thieves . It dropped to 5th in its third week of wide release , grossing $8.9 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 88 % based on 321 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Post 's period setting belies its bitingly timely themes , brought compellingly to life by director Steven Spielberg and an outstanding ensemble cast . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 83 out of 100 , based on 51 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported 63 % of audience members gave the film a `` definite recommend '' . Alonso Duralde of TheWrap praised the acting and Spielberg 's direction , though noted the script as being too on - the - nose at times , saying , `` The Post passes the trickiest tests of a historical drama : It makes us understand that decisions that have been validated by the lens of history were difficult ones to make in the moment , and it generates suspense over how all the pieces fell into place to make those decisions come to fruition . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film an A -- and wrote : `` Nobody needs to be reminded that history tends to go in circles , but The Post is so vital because it captures the ecstasy of trying to break the chain and bend things towards justice ; defending the fundamental tenets of the Constitution has n't been this much fun since Hamilton . '' Chris Nashawaty , writing for Entertainment Weekly , gave the film a positive review , but also compared it with previous journalism films such as All the President 's Men and stating : `` Spielberg makes these crucial days in American history easy to follow . But if you look at The Post next to something like All the President 's Men , you see the difference between having a story passively explained to you and actively helping to untangle it . That 's a small quibble with an urgent and impeccably acted film . But it 's also the difference between a very good movie and a great one . '' Manohla Dargis of The New York Times awarded the film an NYT Critic 's Pick with a strong acknowledgment of Spielberg as director stating , `` Mostly , ( the Post decision to publish ) went down fast , a pace that Mr. Spielberg conveys with accelerated rhythms , flying feet , racing cameras and an enjoyably loose approach to the material . With his virtuosic , veteran crew , Mr. Spielberg paints the scene vividly and with daubs of beauty ; most notably , he creates distinct visual realms for the story 's two main overlapping , at times colliding worlds . Katharine reigns over one ; at first she 's all but entombed in her darkly lighted , wood - paneled empire . Ben rules the other , overseeing the talking and typing warriors of the glaring , noisily freewheeling newsroom '' . Matt Bobkin , writing for Exclaim ! , gave the film a 6 out of 10 score , saying the film `` has all the makings of an awards season hit , but is too calculated to reflect today 's ragged , tenuous sociopolitical climate . '' Portrayal of the New York Times ( edit ) The film downplays the role that journalists from The New York Times had in the leak of the Pentagon Papers and emphasizes The Washington Post 's involvement . In an interview with the Columbia Journalism Review , former New York Times associates James Greenfield , who coordinated the Pentagon Papers project as the Times ' foreign editor ; James Goodale , the Times ' general counsel at the time ; and Max Frankel , the Times ' Washington bureau chief when the Papers were published , criticized the film 's more minor portrayal of the paper . The New York Times had not only published the Pentagon Papers before The Washington Post , but had also set the stage for the major legal battle between the press and the United States government . The newspaper also won the 1972 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for its contributions . The 1972 Pulitzer jury of journalists noted in their recommendation not only the significance of Daniel Ellsberg 's Pentagon Papers leak , but also that of Times reporters Neil Sheehan , Hedrick Smith , Fox Butterfield and E.W. Kenworthy , and stated that their effort was `` a combination of investigative reporting , analysis , research , and writing -- all of which added to a distinctly meritorious public service , not only for readers of The Times but also for an entire nation . '' Goodale noted in an article for The Daily Beast that the Times published the Papers after Ellsberg had leaked them to Sheehan , and further stated that the film `` creates a false impression that the Post was a major player in such publication . It 's as though Hollywood had made a movie about the Times ' triumphant role in Watergate . '' On PBS NewsHour , Goodale further said , `` Although a producer has artistic license , I think it should be limited in a situation such as this , so that the public comes away with an understanding of what the true facts are in this case ... And I think that if you 're doing a movie now , when ( President Donald ) Trump is picking on the press for ' fake news ' , you want to be authentic . You do n't want to be in any way fake . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated Best Time Capsule The Post Nominated Readers ' Choice Poll The Post Nominated Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Picture Amy Pascal , Steven Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger Nominated Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists January 9 , 2018 Best Ensemble Cast -- Casting Director Ellen Lewis Nominated Best Woman Screenwriter Liz Hannah and Josh Singer Nominated American Cinema Editors January 26 , 2018 Best Edited Feature Film -- Dramatic Michael Kahn and Sarah Broshar Nominated American Film Institute January 5 , 2018 Top Ten Films of the Year The Post Won Art Directors Guild January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Period Film Rick Carter Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Drama Rori Bergman , Karlee Fomalont , Ellen Lewis and Kate Sprance Nominated Cinema For Peace Awards February 19 , 2018 Most Valuable Film of the Year The Post Won Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Acting Ensemble The cast of The Post Nominated Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated Best Editing Michael Kahn and Sarah Broshar Nominated Best Original Screenplay Liz Hannah and Josh Singer Nominated Best Picture The Post Nominated Best Score John Williams Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association December 13 , 2017 Best Film The Post 2nd Place Best Director Steven Spielberg 4th Place Best Actor Tom Hanks 5th Place Best Actress Meryl Streep 5th Place Detroit Film Critics Society December 7 , 2017 Best Ensemble The cast of The Post Won Best Screenplay Liz Hannah and Josh Singer Nominated Florida Film Critics Circle December 23 , 2017 Best Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Production Design Rick Carter , Kim Jennings and Deborah Jensen Nominated Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Best Ensemble The cast of The Post Nominated Gold Derby Awards February 1 , 2018 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Tom Hanks Nominated Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama Meryl Streep Nominated Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Drama The Post Nominated Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Best Screenplay Liz Hannah and Josh Singer Nominated Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated Best Original Screenplay Liz Hannah and Josh Singer Nominated Best Picture The Post Nominated Best Score John Williams Nominated Humanitas Prize February 16 , 2018 Feature -- Drama Liz Hannah and Josh Singer Nominated IndieWire Critics Poll December 19 , 2017 Best Picture The Post 10th Place National Board of Review January 4 , 2018 Best Actor Tom Hanks Won Best Actress Meryl Streep Won Best Film The Post Won National Society of Film Critics January 6 , 2018 Best Supporting Actor Michael Stuhlbarg 2nd Place New York Film Critics Online December 10 , 2017 Top 10 Films The Post Won Online Film Critics Society December 28 , 2017 Best Ensemble The cast of The Post Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards January 20 , 2018 Best Theatrical Motion Picture Amy Pascal , Steven Spielberg and Kristie Macosko Krieger Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Editing Michael Kahn and Sarah Broshar Nominated Best Ensemble The cast of The Post Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle December 10 , 2017 Best Editing Michael Kahn Nominated Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Thriller Film The Post Pending Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Picture of the Year The Post Nominated Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Ensemble The cast of The Post Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Director Steven Spielberg Nominated Best Editing Michael Kahn and Sarah Broshar Nominated Best Original Score John Williams Nominated Best Picture The Post Runner - up Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Actress Meryl Streep Nominated Best Ensemble The cast of The Post Nominated Best Portrayal of Washington D.C. The Post Won Women Film Critics Circle December 17 , 2017 Karen Morley Award The Post Nominated Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also nominated for Call Me by Your Name and The Shape of Water See also ( edit ) All the President 's Men : 1976 Best Picture nominee about the Post 's later efforts to break the Watergate scandal , with Ben Bradlee also portrayed . The Most Dangerous Man in America ( 2009 Oscar - nominated documentary ) The Pentagon Papers ( 2003 film ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Participant Media Hires Girl Rising Co-Founder Holly Gordon '' . Variety . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Post '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Galloway , Stephen ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Post ' : How Spielberg Beat a Tight Deadline to Make a Timely Newspaper Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Post ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` 10 Best Movies of 2017 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Damigella , Rick ( January 2 , 2017 ) . `` Political thriller gets Oscar buzz '' . CNN . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Post review round - up : Steven Spielberg 's Oscar 2018 frontrunner wins glowing reception '' . The Independent . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` The reviews are in and critics absolutely adore Steven Spielberg 's ' The Post ' '' . Mashable . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . AFI . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners '' . National Board of Review . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Top 10 Movies of 2017 '' . Time . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Amy Pascal Buys Pentagon Papers Movie Spec Script ' The Post ' By Liz Hannah '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg , Tom Hanks & Meryl Streep Team for Pentagon Papers Drama ' The Post ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch First Trailer for Steven Spielberg 's ' The Post , ' Starring Meryl Streep , Tom Hanks '' . Variety . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First ' The Post ' Trailer : Tom Hanks , Meryl Streep Tackle Pentagon Papers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg on timely new film ' The Post ' : ' History is certainly repeating itself ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg , Tom Hanks and Meryl Streep Unveil ' The Post ' at First Screening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : Steven Spielberg 's ' The Post ' Arrives with the Zeitgeist in Its Sights '' . Variety . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vinciguerra , Thomas ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Hell hath no fury like The New York Times scorned by Hollywood '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goodale , James C. ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Spielberg 's ' The Post ' : Good Movie , Bad History '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Movies News Desk ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Production Underway on Spielberg 's THE PAPERS , Starring Meryl Streep & Tom Hanks '' . Broadway World . Wisdom Digital Media . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Pentagon Papers Film Adds Sarah Paulson , Bob Odenkirk , Matthew Rhys , Bradley Whitford '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Pentagon Papers Movie Re-Titled ' The Post ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Has Finally Finished ' The Post ' '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Review : In ' The Post , ' Democracy Survives the Darkness '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams and Alan Silvestri to Score Steven Spielberg 's Next Films ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nothing But Geek ( December 11 , 2017 ) , The Post ( 20th Century Fox ) John Williams , retrieved January 1 , 2018 Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon . `` John Williams Is on Target to Set Yet Another Oscar Record '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ ScoringSessions.com ( @ scoringsessions ) ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` John Williams scoring Spielberg 's THE POST at Sony '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ John Williams , The Post , retrieved January 1 , 2018 Jump up ^ Friedman , Dan ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg , Tom Hanks Compare Trump Administration to Nixon 's at ' The Post ' Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Pentagon Papers Drama Gets 2017 Oscar - Season Release '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twentieth Century Fox & Amblin Entertainment Start Production on Steven Spielberg 's `` THE PAPERS '' Starring Meryl Streep & Tom Hanks '' ( Press release ) . Business Wire . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reliance Entertainment To Present Steven Spielberg 's Next Directorial ' The Post ' In India '' . Business of Cinema . November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Stephen ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Hanks Would n't Screen ' The Post ' at the White House , Decries Attacks on First Amendment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` First Look at Tom Hanks , Meryl Streep and More in Steven Spielberg 's ' The Post ' '' . Collider . Complex Media , Inc . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Trailer for Steven Spielberg 's ' The Post ' Premieres '' . The Daily Beast . The Daily Beast Company LLC . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agar , Chris ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Post Trailer : Tom Hanks & Meryl Streep Battle Political Corruption '' . Screen Rant . Valnet , Inc . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Post Movie Poster ( # 1 of 2 ) '' . IMP Awards . David Nicholson . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Post `` Uncover the Truth '' TV Commercial 20th Century FOX . YouTube . November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Uncover the Truth ' with new TV spot for Steven Spielberg 's The Post '' . Flickering Myth . Flickering Myth Limited . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Brian ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Phantom Thread ' Haute in 1st Full Weekend ; ' Darkest Hour ' & ' The Shape of Water ' Strong with Added Runs -- Specialty Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Can ' The Post ' or ' Paddington 2 ' Knock off ' Jumanji ' at MLK Weekend Box Office ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Roars To $34 M ; ' The Post ' Still The Most With $22 M+ ; ' The Commuter ' Punches $16 M : MLK Weekend Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Dominates MLK Weekend , ' The Post ' Leads Newcomers '' . Variety . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As ' Jumanji ' Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics ' 12 Strong ' & ' Den Of Thieves ' In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Post ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Post Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CinemaScore on Twitter ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` The Post '' . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Post ' Movie Review : Steven Spielberg Spins a Lean and Mean Fourth Estate Yarn '' . TheWrap . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Post ' Review : Steven Spielberg 's Spectacularly Entertaining Journalism Thriller Is a Rallying Cry for the Resistance '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris . Film Review : The Post . Entertainment Weekly . First Look Issue 2018 , December 1 , 2017 , pp 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Review : In ' The Post , ' Democracy Survives the Darkness '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truffaut - Wong , Olivia . `` How Accurate Is ' The Post ' ? The Meryl Streep Drama Recreates A Thrilling Chain Of Events '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Roy J. ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Post ' is a fine movie , but ' The Times ' would have been a more accurate one '' . Poynter . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vinciguerra , Thomas ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Hell hath no fury like The New York Times scorned by Hollywood '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/how-the-post-stood-up-to-the-power-of-the-presidency Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards '' . AARP . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Oscar Winners : Full List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . January 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Baby Driver ' Among ACE Eddie Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the AFI AWARDS 2017 Official Selections '' . DC Films . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Among Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations 2018 '' . Cinema for Peace Foundation . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jorgenson , Todd ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` DFW Film Critics Name ' The Shape of Water ' Best Picture of 2017 '' . Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' Leads 2017 Florida Film Critics Awards Nominations '' . Florida Film Critics Circle . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 FFCC Winners '' . Florida Film Critics Circle . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards '' . Georgia Film Critics Association . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Gold Derby Film Awards winners : ' Call Me by Your Name ' wins Best Picture , but voters spread the wealth '' . Gold Derby . March 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list '' . CNN Entertainment . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Houston Chronicle . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Humanitas Prize Finalists Announced ; Feature Awards Split Into 3 Categories '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Critics Poll : The Best Films and Performances According to Over 200 Critics '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Board Of Review Winners : ' The Post ' Comes Up Strong With Best Pic , Best Actress Meryl Streep , Best Actor Tom Hanks '' . Deadline.com . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Cara ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Post ' Lands Top National Board of Review Prizes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lady Bird ' Named 2017 Best Picture by National Society of Film Critics '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Florida Project , ' ' Mudbound ' Voted Best Picture by New York Film Critics Online '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt . `` The 2017 Online Film Critics Society ( OFCS ) Nominations '' . NextBigPicture . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Get Out ' Named Best Picture By Online Film Critics Society '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` PGA Awards : ' Wonder Woman , ' ' The Post , ' ' Three Billboards ' Up for Top Film Prize '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Nominations '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards '' . San Francisco Film Critics Circle . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seattle Film Critics Society Editors ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Flores , Marshall . `` Shape of Water Receives 12 Nominations From the St. Louis Film Critics '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benardello , Karen ( December 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Women Film Critics Circle Awards 2017 's Best Movies '' . Shockya.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Post on IMDb The Post at AllMovie The Post at Box Office Mojo The Post at Metacritic The Post at Rotten Tomatoes The Post at History vs. Hollywood hide Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Post_(film)&oldid=846458204 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 20th Century Fox films Amblin Entertainment films American drama films American films American historical films Biographical films about journalists DreamWorks Pictures films Entertainment One films Films about freedom of expression Films about journalism Films about journalists Films about The New York Times Films about The Washington Post Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films produced by Steven Spielberg Films set in 1966 Films set in 1971 Films set in New York City Films set in Vietnam Films set in Washington , D.C. Films set in the White House Historical films Participant Media films Pentagon Papers Political films based on actual events Reliance Entertainment films TSG Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Vietnam War films Watergate scandal in film Courtroom films Political drama films Films about newspaper publishing Films about Richard Nixon Cold War films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from January 2018 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 22 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was president during the movie the post | [
"The White House retaliates, and in short order the Post and Times appear together before the Supreme Court to plead their First Amendment argument for the right to publish the material. Meanwhile, newspapers across the country pick up the story in solidarity with the Post and Times. The court rules 6–3 in the newspapers' favor, vindicating Graham's decision. Nixon demands that the Post should be barred from the White House. One year later, security guard Frank Wills discovers a break-in in progress at the Watergate complex after a guest at the Watergate hotel called complaining about people using flashlights."
] | [
"Nixon"
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-7789297854414666220 | Bad News (How I Met Your Mother) | Bad news ( How I Met Your Mother ) - Wikipedia Bad news ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2015 ) `` Bad News '' How I Met Your Mother episode Episode no . Season 6 Episode 13 Directed by Pamela Fryman Written by Jennifer Hendriks Production code 6ALH13 Original air date January 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 03 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Alexis Denisof ( Sandy Rivers ) Suzie Plakson ( Judy Eriksen ) Bill Fagerbakke ( Marvin Eriksen Sr . ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` False Positive '' Next → `` Last Words '' `` Bad News '' is the 13th episode of the sixth season of the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother and their 125th episode overall . It aired January 3 , 2011 . TV Guide listed `` Bad News '' in its list of 2011 's Top TV Episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Critical response 3.1 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Future Ted tells his kids that Marshall and Lily are anxious and worried about their chances of having a baby . After several months of trying to conceive without success , their doctor refers them to a fertility expert . As they tell Ted the news at MacLaren 's , Barney arrives and announces to Ted and Marshall 's dismay that he needs a partner for a laser tag tournament . Lily goes to her appointment with the fertility expert , Dr. John Stangel ( Neil Patrick Harris ) , only to discover that he looks exactly like Barney , save for a beard and dark brown hair , raising her immediate concern that he is in fact Barney in disguise . When Lily confronts Barney , Marshall vouches for Barney , saying that they spent the whole day together . To convince her that Stangel and Barney are not the same person , Marshall attends Lily 's appointment and also immediately assumes Stangel and Barney are the same person . Barney shows up , acknowledges the similarity , and leaves . Lily still thinks Dr. Stangel is Barney in disguise upon hearing him say `` Scoot up '' , mistaking it for Barney 's catch phrase of `` Suit up . '' After getting Barney and the doctor in the room together throughout the procedure , Lily is convinced that they are in fact two different people . When Lily 's tests reveal that she is extremely fertile , Marshall is about to call his father with the good news , but stops when he considers that his sperm may be the problem . He admits only talking about good news with his father and decides to get his sperm tested before calling him again . When Marshall is unable to produce a sperm sample at the doctor 's office , he returns home to produce the sample , only to find that his parents have dropped by for a surprise visit . He eventually reveals to his parents his concerns about possible infertility , to which they reassure him that they love him regardless of whether he and Lily will give them grandchildren and suggest other options , such as adoption and sperm donors . Meanwhile , Robin 's new job at World Wide News has started badly , beginning with the revelation that the network 's lead anchor is her old Metro News 1 colleague Sandy Rivers . He promptly tells the entire office that they had sex and continues to harass her in front of her new co-workers with increasingly embarrassing stories from Robin 's past . The group tells Robin to play along with the mockery , insisting that it will only get worse if she resists it . However , after an especially humiliating day , Ted decides to help Robin by confronting Sandy at his apartment . Ted learns that Sandy is bald and wears a toupee ; he snaps a picture , and tells Robin to use it to put him to shame . At work the following day , Sandy takes another shot at Robin . Instead of showing the office the picture of him , however , she pulls out her old Robin Sparkles denim jacket , embracing the mockery and moving on ( with Future Ted telling his kids that while Robin never shook off the nickname of ' Sparkles ' , she went on to do great things while working for World Wide News ) . Having spent the entire day anticipating bad news , Marshall receives good news about his fertility from Stangel ( after a failed impersonation by Barney attempting to trick Marshall into becoming his laser tag partner ) . While at MacLaren 's , he tries to call his father about his good news , but Mr. Eriksen does not pick up the phone . At that moment , Lily pulls up in a taxi and tearfully informs Marshall that his father had been rushed to the hospital after having a heart attack , and that he did not survive . Shocked and grief - stricken , Marshall embraces Lily , and begins to weep , repeating the words , `` I 'm not ready for this . '' Production ( edit ) The twist ending of Marshall 's father 's death was the result of show co-creators and producers Carter Bays and Craig Thomas ' desire to explore the issue of the characters experiencing such a loss . Bays said that `` these kind of moments happen when you do n't expect them . We wanted to shock the audience the way the characters were shocked . So much of what we love about the show is the relatability of it , and we try to create characters and stories that people see themselves in . As we 've ticked off every milepost of young adulthood , sadly this is another one of those mileposts '' . Jason Segel and Alyson Hannigan themselves were kept in the dark about the final scene . Segel said the original script had Lily saying she was pregnant , but on the scene 's actual shooting day , the producers revealed that the scene will turn out differently . He and Hannigan worked out a plan wherein Segel would only know that his cue to react would be on Hannigan finishing her line with the word `` it '' . The scene was done in only one take . Throughout the episode , numbers appear on ordinary objects counting down from 50 to 1 . This is a countdown from the beginning of the episode to the eventual bad news , which is told right after the `` 1 '' is shown . As the final scene of the episode closes , a parking meter is in the background displaying a red ' expired ' state . The countdown was an idea taken from the 1988 film Drowning by Numbers ; through the course of that film , the numbers 1 to 100 appear in order , sometimes seen in the background , and sometimes spoken by the film 's characters . According to Bays , the countdown was used to give an early signal to the audience that something big was about to happen at the end of the episode . Critical response ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2015 ) Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode a C rating . Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode a rating of 9.5 out of 10 . DeAnn Welker of Television Without Pity graded the episode at A . Ratings ( edit ) This episode achieved the second highest ratings of season 6 , bringing in 10.15 million viewers , just behind the episode `` Last Words '' which attracted 10.51 million viewers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Pictures - Photo Gallery : 2011 's Top TV Episodes '' . TV Guide . December 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mikey O'Connell ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother 's ' Carter Bays : Storytelling requires tragedy '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . ^ Jump up to : Joel Keller ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Carter Bays on the ' How I Met Your Mother ' Countdown Episode '' . TV Squad . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( 2011 - 01 - 15 ) . `` How I Met 's Sad Storyline '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Donna Bowman ( 2011 - 01 - 03 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother `` Bad News '' `` . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Jump up ^ Robert Canning ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Bad News '' Review `` . IGN . News Corporation . Jump up ^ DeAnn Welker ( 2011 - 01 - 05 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : The Final Countdown '' . Television Without Pity . NBC Universal . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( 2011 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Two And A Half Men ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bill Gorman ( 2011 - 01 - 18 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : ' Chuck ' Returns At Season High , ' Harry 's Law ' Premieres Little Better , ' The Cape ' Falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 19 . External links ( edit ) `` Bad News '' on IMDb ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Season 6 `` Big Days '' `` Cleaning House '' `` Unfinished '' `` Subway Wars '' `` Architect of Destruction '' `` Baby Talk '' `` Canning Randy '' `` Natural History '' `` Glitter '' `` Blitzgiving '' `` The Mermaid Theory '' `` False Positive '' `` Bad News '' `` Last Words '' `` Oh Honey '' `` Desperation Day '' `` Garbage Island '' `` A Change of Heart '' `` Legendaddy '' `` The Exploding Meatball Sub '' `` Hopeless '' `` The Perfect Cocktail '' `` Landmarks '' `` Challenge Accepted '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bad_News_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=822488304 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother ( season 6 ) episodes 2011 American television episodes Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from December 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 17 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the countdown mean in how i met your mother | [
"Throughout the episode, numbers appear on ordinary objects counting down from 50 to 1. This is a countdown from the beginning of the episode to the eventual bad news, which is told right after the \"1\" is shown. As the final scene of the episode closes, a parking meter is in the background displaying a red 'expired' state. The countdown was an idea taken from the 1988 film Drowning by Numbers; through the course of that film, the numbers 1 to 100 appear in order, sometimes seen in the background, and sometimes spoken by the film's characters.[3] According to Bays, the countdown was used to give an early signal to the audience that something big was about to happen at the end of the episode.[2]"
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"an early signal to the audience that something big was about to happen at the end of the episode"
] |
-2924472177583919032 | Maudie Hopkins | Maudie Hopkins - Wikipedia Maudie Hopkins Jump to : navigation , search Maudie Hopkins Maudie Hopkins Maudie Cecilia Acklin ( 1914 - 12 - 07 ) December 7 , 1914 Baxter County , Arkansas , U.S. August 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 17 ) ( aged 93 ) Lexa , Arkansas , U.S. Nationality American Known for Last publicly identified Civil War widow This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Maudie Hopkins ( December 7 , 1914 -- August 17 , 2008 ) was an American woman believed to be the last publicly known and identified surviving widow of a Civil War veteran . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Life ( edit ) Born as Maudie Cecilia Acklin in Baxter County , Arkansas , she married William M. Cantrell ( aged 86 ) on February 2 , 1934 , when she was 19 . Cantrell had enlisted in the Confederate States Army at age 16 in Pikeville , Kentucky , and served in General Samuel G. French 's Battalion of Virginia Infantry . He was captured in 1863 , and was part of a prisoner exchange . He had a previous wife , who had died in 1929 . Cantrell supported her with a pension of US $25 every two or three months , and she inherited his home in 1937 . She received no further pension benefits after his death . She remarried later in 1937 , and twice thereafter , and had three children . It was not especially uncommon for young women in Arkansas to marry Confederate pensioners ; in 1937 the state passed a law stating that women who married Civil War veterans would not be eligible for a widow 's pension . The law was later changed in 1939 to state that widows born after 1870 were not eligible for pensions . Hopkins generally kept her first marriage a secret , fearing that the resulting gossip ( of marrying a much older man ) would damage her reputation . After researching records from Arkansas and United States Census Bureau data , Hopkins was certified by various historical organizations , most notably the United Daughters of the Confederacy . A spokeswoman for the UDC , Martha Boltz , has said that there may be two other widows , one in Tennessee and another in North Carolina , but if they are still alive , they choose to remain in anonymity . Maudie Hopkins died on August 17 , 2008 , in a nursing home in Lexa , Arkansas , aged 93 . See also ( edit ) Alberta Martin , one of the last known Confederate war widows and the last widow whose marriage to a Confederate soldier produced offspring . She died May 31 , 2004 . Gertrude Janeway , last known widow of a Union veteran of the Civil War . She died January 17 , 2003 . Irene Triplett , daughter of Mose Triplett , is the last known Civil War pension recipient . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barron , James . `` The ' Last Civil War Widow ' Has a Successor , It Would Seem '' , The New York Times , June 16 , 2004 ; retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hopkins ' obituary , WashingtonTimes.com ; accessed September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal , May 11 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Meet Maudie Hopkins CivilWarNews.com Infoplease article : Last Civil War Widows This article about a person of the American Civil War is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maudie_Hopkins&oldid=814931140 '' Categories : American Civil War biography stubs 1914 births 2008 deaths People from Baxter County , Arkansas People from Phillips County , Arkansas Disease - related deaths in Arkansas Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 19 : 13 . About Wikipedia | when did the last widow of the civil war die | [
"Maudie Hopkins (December 7, 1914 – August 17, 2008) was an American woman believed to be the last publicly known and identified surviving widow of a Civil War veteran."
] | [
"August 17, 2008"
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-8274188258493115065 | Flag of the United Nations | Flag of the United Nations - wikipedia Flag of the United Nations Jump to : navigation , search United Nations Proportion 2 : 3 or 3 : 5 Adopted December 7 , 1946 Design A white UN emblem ( world map surrounded by two olive branches ) on a blue background . Designed by Donal McLaughlin ( emblem only ) The flag of the United Nations was adopted on December 7 , 1946 , and consists of the official emblem of the United Nations in white on a blue background . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 History 3 Use 4 Derived flags 4.1 Agencies and organizations 4.2 Country flags 4.3 Proposed flags 4.4 Use outside UN 5 References 6 External links Design The flag flying at United Nations Plaza in the Civic Center , San Francisco , California The emblem 's design is described as : A map of the world representing an azimuthal equidistant projection centred on the North Pole , inscribed in a wreath consisting of crossed conventionalized branches of the olive tree , ... The projection of the map extends to 60 degrees south latitude , and includes five concentric circles . -- Official Seal and Emblem of the United Nations , Report of the Secretary - General , 15 October 1946 The olive branches are a symbol for peace , and the world map represents all the people and the countries of the world . White and blue are the official colours of the United Nations . History The first version of the UN flag , April 1945 . The `` United Nations Honour Flag '' , used as a symbol of the wartime allies , ca . 1943 -- 1948 The organizers of the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco , California wanted an insignia that could be made into a pin to identify delegates . United States Secretary of State Edward Stettinius , Jr. was chairperson of the U.S. delegation , and realized that a temporary design might become the permanent symbol of the United Nations . He formed a committee headed by Oliver Lundquist that developed a design consisting of a world map surrounded by leaves from a design created by Donal McLaughlin . The blue that appears in the background of the insignia was chosen to be `` the opposite of red , the war colour '' , although the exact shade has never been officially specified by the United Nations . The original colour the group chose in 1945 was a gray blue that differs from the current United Nations flag . The globe used in the original design was an azimuthal projection focused on the North Pole with the United States , the host nation of the conference , at the centre . The projection that was used cut off portions of the Southern Hemisphere at the latitude of Argentina , which was acceptable at the time , as Argentina was not planned to be an original member of the United Nations . The projection was later altered so that no country will be at prominence within the flag . The new logo was now designed so that the globe is bisected in the centre by the Prime Meridian and the International Date Line . In 1946 , a UNO committee got the task of making a definite design , which was presented December 2 , 1946 , and adopted by the plenary session of the UNO on December 7 , 1946 . The earlier version had the globe 90 degrees turned eastward compared with the present flag , which has the Prime Meridian and the International Date Line forming the vertical diameter . According to press statements , the change was made to move North America away from the centre of the emblem . Use According to the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel , the emblem and the flag of the United Nations can be used by the personnel and material of UN peacekeeping missions as a protective sign to prevent attacks during an armed conflict . The United Nations flag may also be flown as a garrison flag with other country flags . Garrison size is 10 feet by 30 feet . Derived Flags Agencies and organizations The flag of the World Food Programme has the olive leaves of the UN flag , with a hand clutching grains in the centre , in place of the globe . The white / blue colours of the UN flag are reversed in the WFP flag . Image Entity abbrev . Entity name Image description IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency The IAEA has a flag with the same colours and olive branches as the United Nations . The central symbol is the Bohr model of the Beryllium - atom with four electrons . The IAEA is independent of but reporting to the United Nations . ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization Is that of the UN with pilot 's wings superimposed . ILO International Labour Organization Is that of the UN , but replacing the map with an interrupted gear wheel with the letters `` ILO '' inside it . IMO International Maritime Organization Takes the UN flag , shrinks the map image and puts a chained cross of anchors behind it . ITU International Telecommunication Union Has the ITU logo -- a globe , lightning bolt , and the letters `` ITU '' . UNESCO United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization Has the same colours as the United Nations ; its symbol is a Greek temple ( possibly the Parthenon ) , representing science , learning and culture . The six columns are made of the letters of the organization 's name . UNICEF United Nations Children 's Fund Has the leaves and globe of the UN flag but with a mother and child inlay instead of the world map . UPU Universal Postal Union Is UN blue with the organization 's logo in white . WHO World Health Organization Identical to the UN flag , with a Rod of Asclepius , a traditional symbol of medicine , added . WMO World Meteorological Organization The flag is that of the UN with a compass rose and the letters `` OMM / WMO '' atop the globe . Country Flags The flag of Somalia , with central symbol a five - pointed star , uses the UN 's blue colour in honour of the UN 's help in gaining Somalia 's independence . The UNTAC UN administration of Cambodia used UN colours . Somalia Cambodia ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Proposed Flags Perhaps the most popular proposed flag of Antarctica ( the Graham Bartram design ) uses the UN colours , consisting of a plain white representation of the continent on a blue background . A number of proposed flags of Bosnia and Herzegovina used UN colours . A proposed flag for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly uses the same colours and olive branches and uses the cartographic elements of the globe to create what appear to be parliamentary benches . Antarctica ( proposed ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( proposed ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( proposed ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( proposed ) United Nations Parliamentary Assembly ( proposed ) Use outside UN The UN flag is depicted in the background of former UN Secretary - General Dag Hammarskjöld on Sweden 's 1,000 SEK banknote , the currency 's highest denomination . The banknotes have been in circulation since October 2015 . References Jump up ^ or using the same proportions of the national flag of whatever country it is flown in , with the emblem being centred and one half of the hoist . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly A / 107 , Official Seal and Emblem of the United Nations , 15 October 1946 Jump up ^ Bertram , Hulen . `` Origin of the UNO Seal '' , The New York Times , March 10 , 1946 . Accessed January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Catherine . `` UN Logo Designer Celebrates His Centennial '' Archived 2008 - 10 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , United Nations Association , c. 1975 . Accessed January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly A / 107 , Official Seal and Emblem of the United Nations , 15 October 1946 . Accessed March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Flags Of The World , United Nations Organization , Flag Colour . Accessed March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Heller , Steven . `` Oliver Lincoln Lundquist , Designer , Is Dead at 92 `` , The New York Times , January 3 , 2009 . Accessed January 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Flags Of The World , United Nations Organization , UN Flag , 1945 Jump up ^ Alex Wellerstein ( 2013 - 01 - 11 ) . `` The story behind the IAEA 's atomic logo '' . Restricted Data - The nuclear secrecy blog . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Znamierowski , Alfred . The World Encyclopedia of Flags . p. 222 . ISBN 0 - 7548 - 0167 - 5 . Jump up ^ Talocci , Mauro. Smith , Whitney , ed . Guide to the Flags of the World . p. 131 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 01141 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Cambodian flag history '' . Jump up ^ Flag of Antarctica # Graham Bartram Jump up ^ Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina # Alternative flag variations ( change of flag ) Jump up ^ `` New banknotes '' . Sveriges Riksbank . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flag of the United Nations . United Nations Flag Code United Nations Organization at Flags of the World ( hide ) United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed , Deputy Secretary - General Peter Thomson , General Assembly President United Nations System United Nations Charter Preamble Principal organs General Assembly President Security Council Members Economic and Social Council Secretariat Secretary - General Deputy Secretary - General Under - Secretary - General International Court of Justice statute Trusteeship Council Secretariat Offices and Departments Headquarters Envoy on Youth Spokesperson for the Secretary - General Geneva Palace of Nations Nairobi Vienna Economic and Social Affairs Political Affairs Public Information Dag Hammarskjöld Library Safety and Security Palestinian Rights Peacekeeping Operations Internal Oversight Legal Affairs Developing Countries Sport for Development and Peace Disarmament Affairs Outer Space Affairs Partnerships Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UN organizations by location United Nations Office for Developing Countries Programmes and specialized agencies FAO ICAO IFAD ILO IMO ITC IPCC IAEA MINURSO UNIDO ITU UNAIDS SCSL UNCTAD UNCITRAL UNCDF UNDG UNDP UNDPI UNDPKO peacekeeping UNEP OzonAction UNEP / GRID - Arendal UNEP - WCMC UNESCO UNFIP UNFPA UN-HABITAT OHCHR UNHCR UNHRC UNICEF UNICRI UNIDIR UNITAR UN-Oceans UNODC UNOPS UNOSAT UNRISD UNRWA UNU UNU - OP UNU - CRIS UNV UN Women UNWTO UPU WFP WHO WIPO WMO Members / observers Full members Founding members UNSC Permanent members Observers European Union History League of Nations Four Policemen Declaration by United Nations Peacekeeping missions history timeline Enlargement Resolutions Security Council vetoes General Assembly 66th 67th Security Council Cyprus Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Nagorno - Karabakh North Korea Palestine Syria Western Sahara Elections Secretary - General ( 2006 2016 ) International Court of Justice 2011 General Assembly President ( 2012 2016 ) Security Council ( 2015 2016 ) Related Bretton Woods system Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Criticism Delivering as One Flag Honour Flag Four Nations Initiative Genocide Convention UN Global Compact ICC International Years UN laissez - passer Military Staff Committee Official languages Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Peacekeeping Treaty Series UN Day Universal Declaration of Human Rights Millennium Declaration Summit Development Goals Security Council veto power UN reform Security Council reform UN Art Collection UN Memorial Cemetery Korea Other Outline UN television film series ( 1964 -- 1966 ) In popular culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_United_Nations&oldid=804692414 '' Categories : United Nations Flags introduced in 1946 Flags of international organizations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use British English Oxford spelling from November 2010 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 15 : 23 . 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6449991512387396060 | Anyone Who Had a Heart (song) | Anyone Who Had a Heart ( song ) - wikipedia Anyone Who Had a Heart ( song ) `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' Single by Dionne Warwick from the album Anyone Who Had a Heart B - side `` The Love of a Boy '' Released November 1963 , 1964 internationally Format 7 '' single Recorded 1963 , at Bell Sound Studios , Manhattan , Ed Smith , Engineer Genre Soul , pop Length 3 : 09 Label Scepter Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Dionne Warwick singles chronology `` Make the Music Play '' ( 1963 ) `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' ( 1963 ) `` Walk On By '' ( 1964 ) `` Make the Music Play '' ( 1963 ) `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' ( 1963 ) US No. 8 `` Walk On By '' ( 1964 ) US No. 6 `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' is a song written by Burt Bacharach ( music ) and Hal David ( lyrics ) for Dionne Warwick in 1963 . In January 1964 , Warwick 's original recording hit the Top Ten in the United States , Canada , Spain , Netherlands , South Africa , Belgium and Australia . In the United Kingdom , the Republic of Ireland and New Zealand , Warwick 's recording lost out to a cover version by Cilla Black . Black 's version was a UK number - one hit for three weeks in February / March 1964 and was also the fourth best - selling single of 1964 in the UK , with sales of around 950,000 copies . Petula Clark also recorded `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' in several foreign language versions for the international market . Clark reached No. 7 in France with `` Ceux Qui Ont Un Coeur '' in the spring of 1964 , then No. 5 in Italy with `` Quelli che hanno un cuore '' that September . In October 1964 , Clark reached No. 1 in Spain - for a two - week period - with `` Tú no tienes corazón '' . Contents 1 Original recording 1.1 Dionne Warwick 1.2 Chart history 2 Cilla Black version 3 Personnel 4 Josie James version 5 International hit 6 Other versions 7 References 8 External links Original recording ( edit ) `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' was presented to Dionne Warwick in unfinished form while she , Burt Bacharach and Hal David were rehearsing in Bacharach 's Manhattan apartment for an upcoming recording session . Bacharach had finished the score which , in his words , `` changes time signature constantly , 4 / 4 to 5 / 4 , and a 9 / 16 bar at the end of the song on the turnaround . It was n't intentional , it was all just natural . That 's the way I felt it . '' This was the first use of polyrhythm in popular music . However , David had written only about a third of the lyric and was reluctant to finalize the sixth line of the first stanza as `` And know I dream of you '' , feeling the stress was unnatural ( as opposed to `` And know I dream of you '' ) . Bacharach played a snippet of the tune for Warwick , who was enraptured and at her urging David left Warwick to rehearse with Bacharach in the living room while he ( David ) retired to a bedroom where he completed the lyric . Of the unnatural stress in `` I dream of you '' , David later stated : `` I tried to find a way to make the you do something and I could never do it ... ( I ) had to let it go . '' Warwick recorded `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' at Bell Sound Studios in Manhattan in November 1963 , in a session produced by Bacharach which also yielded `` Walk On By '' and `` In the Land of Make Believe '' and included session drummer Gary Chester . According to published reports , Warwick nailed the tune in only one take -- though an alternative remix of the take appears on a compilation album released in 1976 by Springboard International . Released on the Scepter label in November 1963 , `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' broke in Detroit , where it reached No. 1 that December . The track became Warwick 's first Top Ten single in January 1964 , peaking at No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the Cash Box Pop 100 that February , also reaching No. 6 on the Cash Box R&B chart . The track was also a hit in Canada , reaching No. 11 on the hit parade for Toronto radio station CHUM , the country 's most influential rock music broadcaster ( national charts for Canada were not published during the chart run of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' ) . Dionne Warwick ( edit ) Chart history ( edit ) Chart ( 1963 - 64 ) Peak Australia ( ARIA chart ) 11 Belgium Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) South Africa Canada 11 UK Singles Chart 42 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8 U.S. Billboard Hot Soul Singles 6 U.S. Easy Listening Cilla Black version ( edit ) `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' Single by Cilla Black B - side `` Just for You '' Released January 31 , 1964 Format 7 '' single Genre Traditional pop Length 2 : 50 Label Parlophone Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) George Martin Cilla Black singles chronology `` Love of the Loved '' ( 1963 ) `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' ( 1964 ) `` You 're My World '' ( 1964 ) `` Love of the Loved '' ( 1963 ) `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' ( 1964 ) `` You 're My World '' ( 1964 ) A scout for English record producer George Martin discovered `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' when Warwick 's version took off in the United States , suggesting to Martin that the song would be a strong UK single for Shirley Bassey . However , Martin saw the song as a vehicle for Cilla Black , the Liverpool vocalist whose star potential had yet to be realized despite her association with The Beatles , her recording of the Lennon - McCartney original `` Love of the Loved '' having been only a modest hit ( No. 35 ) . Martin produced the session for Black 's recording of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' at Abbey Road Studios ; the arrangement was by Johnny Pearson and the session personnel included guitarists Vic Flick and Big Jim Sullivan and The Breakaways vocal group . Black 's single of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' debuted at No. 28 on the UK Top 50 dated 8 February 1964 . The Dionne Warwick original , issued by Scepter 's UK licensee Pye Records , debuted on the chart for the following week at No. 42 ; by then Black 's version had reached No. 10 , ascending in the subsequent two weeks to No. 2 and then No. 1 , while Warwick 's version concurrently ended its chart run with two weeks at No. 47 . On the chart dated 29 February 1964 , besides Black 's `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' at No. 1 for the first of three weeks and Warwick 's version in its final chart week at No. 47 , the UK Top 50 featured a third version of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' as the version by Mary May made its one - week appearance at No. 49 . On 25 April 1964 , Billboard reported that the sales tally for Black 's `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' was nearing one million units . Internationally , Black 's version also reached No. 1 in Ireland . In The Netherlands the song reached the No. 6 position and in Australia it peaked at No. 34 . In May 2010 , research published by BBC Radio 2 revealed that `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' by Cilla Black was the biggest female UK chart hit of the 1960s . `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' was also a No. 1 hit for Cilla Black in Ireland , New Zealand and South Africa . Despite the international success and recognition of Warwick 's original version , the besting in Great Britain by Black 's version has long been a sore point with Warwick . In a 1995 edition of Great Performances which saluted Burt Bacharach , Warwick stated that Black 's version of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' replicated Warwick 's to the point where had Warwick coughed while recording her vocal for the original track or had that track 's organist hit a wrong note , those features would have been present on Black 's cover . In fact - whether intentionally or not - Black 's original recording features distinct lyrics on the chorus with Black singing `` who could n't be another heart '' rather than the original and standard lyric `` you could n't really have a heart '' : Black has always sung the standard lyric in live performance . Also , arranger Johnny Pearson utilized a bassoon solo for the instrumental break in Black 's version as opposed to the saxophone utilized in the Warwick original . Cilla Black , interviewed for that Great Performances telecast , expressed her awareness of Warwick 's disenchantment : `` It was a No. 1 ; Dionne was dead choked and she 's never forgiven me to this day . '' It was in fact Burt Bacharach himself who backed Cilla to record this song for a British release , after Dionne Warwick had a hit in America with it . `` At one point it looked as if Shirley Bassey would record the song ... but The Beatles producer George Martin suggested Cilla and I agreed immediately . It was late in 1963 and Liverpool was taking over popular music with some great songs and great people . There was an awareness that things would never be quite the same again - and Cilla Black was part of that . '' Bacharach went on to say , `` The great thing about the British is that they 've always ' got ' my songs right away . They are also one of the most loyal audiences in the world . I think Cilla reflected that kind of ability . She understood the song and she had a kind of long - term stickability , which is so very hard to achieve in this business . '' Black recorded a new version of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' for her 1993 Through the Years album . `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' backed with `` They Say It 's Wonderful '' was the third and final Fontana release by Mary May in January 1964 following `` Listen , All You Lovers '' in April 1962 and `` Our Day Will Come '' in February 1963 . Nothing else is known of her . On 7 August 2015 , following Black 's death , the single re-entered the charts at number 41 . Personnel ( edit ) Cilla Black -- lead vocals The Breakaways -- backing vocals Josie James version ( edit ) `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' Single by Josie James from the album That Jazz Released May 26 , 2014 Format 7 '' single Recorded 2011 Genre jazz Length 5 : 09 Label NJM MEDIA , INC Songwriter ( s ) Burt Bacharach , Hal David Producer ( s ) Nigel Martinez Josie James singles chronology `` That Jazz '' ( 2012 ) `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' ( 2014 ) `` That Jazz '' ( 2012 ) `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' ( 2014 ) `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' was officially covered by American singer Josie James in 2012 , for her album That Jazz . In 2008 , James performed the song on Bacharach 's live album , Live at the Sydney Opera House with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra . By popular demand and request of many fans , James chose to record the song for her upcoming album , `` That Jazz '' . In 2011 , James ' husband Nigel Martinez arranged the song to be recorded along with two other musicians , Isaac Wilson ( on piano ) and Marlon Martinez ( on bass ) . James and Martinez also re-arranged the music into a jazz song . The song appears on James ' sophomore album `` That Jazz '' as the opening song . On May 26 , 2014 , she released a music video on YouTube . The music video was filmed using a iPhone 4s . The setting takes place in a studio as the musicians play the music to the song . Another scene shows Josie James performing the song as well relaxing on chair by a pool . The three musicians ( N. Martinez , Wilson , M. Martinez ) whom she recorded the song with also make an appearance in the video . As of 2015 , she continues to tour and perform the song with Burt Bacharach . International hit ( edit ) In Australia , both Dionne Warwick 's and Cilla Black 's versions of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' were released as singles : Warwick 's version rose as high as No. 11 while Black 's peak was No. 34 . Warwick had the hit with `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' in Belgium ( Flemish Region ) , the Netherlands and South Africa , reaching No. 4 in each territory . Petula Clark was on the roster of Pye Records , Warwick 's UK label , and therefore in a position to almost immediately cover `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' in several foreign language versions for the international market . Clark reached No. 7 in France with `` Ceux Qui Ont Un Coeur '' in the spring of 1964 then No. 5 in Italy with `` Quelli che hanno un cuore '' that September ; in October 1964 Clark reached No. 1 in Spain - for a two - week period - with `` Tú no tienes corazón '' . The success of Petula Clark 's translated version of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' did not preclude the Dionne Warwick original reaching No. 7 in Spain ; Warwick 's version also charted in France at No. 57 and in Italy at No. 30 . In Germany , Clark 's specialized cover , `` Alles ist nun vorbei '' , was assigned a tandem chart ranking with both the Dionne Warwick and the Cilla Black versions of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' by with a peak achieved of No. 37 in May 1964 , marking Warwick 's sole German chart entry until 1982 's `` Heartbreaker '' and Black 's sole German charting ever . The orchestra on Petula Clark 's versions of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' was conducted by Tony Hatch . The instrumentation of Clark differs from that of the versions by Dionne Warwick and Cilla Black in utilizing an organ for the solo on the instrumental break rather than a saxophone as on the Warwick original or a bassoon as on Black 's cover . Petula Clark has never recorded `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' in English , feeling that both Dionne Warwick and Cilla Black have definitively rendered the song in its original language . Italian singer Mina performed a version of `` Quelli che hanno un cuore '' to an unprecedented Italian viewing audience of twenty million watching an episode of the Canzonissima series , orchestrated by Bruno Canfora for an ensemble of 400 musicians on 14 December 1968 . Czech singer Marta Kubišová sang the song with Czech lyrics titled as `` Denně čekám '' ( I 'm Waiting Every Day ) . Other versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dusty Springfield , who was a devotee of Warwick 's records , cut a version of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' which may predate Cilla Black 's : Springfield cut her version at Olympic Studios on 21 January 1964 . The Breakaways -- who sang on Cilla Black 's `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' - also sing on Springfield 's recording . Shirley Bassey , the vocalist for whom `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' was brought to the UK , recorded it only in 1978 for her The Magic Is You album with veteran producer Nick DeCaro . He had previously produced a version by Vikki Carr included on the 1968 album The Way of Today ! . The 1982 B.E.F. album Music of Quality and Distinction , Vol. 1 featured a rendering of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' by Sandie Shaw , marking a return to recording by the 1960s hitmaker , although that particular track would not be her comeback vehicle as despite its single release ( credited to B.E.F. Presents Sandie Shaw ) the track fell short of the UK Top 50 ; it was a lower chart item ( # 71 ) in Australia . Atomic Kitten reunited to remake `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' for the 2008 album Liverpool - The Number Ones Album , to which the group member Natasha Hamilton ( with Kush ) contributed a remake of Cilla Black 's subsequent single and # 1 `` You 're My World '' . Issued as a digital single release , `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' spent one week on the UK charts at # 77 , the only UK charting of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' since the Cilla Black version . It sold 5,154 copies in the United Kingdom . Shelby Lynne remade `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' for her 2008 tribute to Dusty Springfield : Just a Little Lovin ' . In 1993 , Linda Ronstadt recorded the song for her album Winter Light . In the US , the Dionne Warwick original remains the only version of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' to chart . In 1968 , the Lettermen had a single release of the song as the B - side of their `` bubbling under '' hit `` All the Grey Haired Men '' ( # 109 ) ; it is the second track on the first side of their album `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' ( Capitol ST2865 ) . Peter Rivera of Rare Earth sang lead on a 1975 remake of `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' fronting HUB . In 2008 , the Shelby Lynne recording from Just a Little Lovin ' was issued as a digital single release . Wynonna Judd performed `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' on the TNT special One Amazing Night broadcast in 1998 ; her version is included on the soundtrack album . Judd also performed the song with Dionne Warwick on the latter 's 2006 duet - based album My Friends and Me . `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' has also been recorded by Cheryl Baker , Michael Ball , Bec & Beth , Björk with the Brodsky Quartet , Tim Curry , Barbara Dickson , Eve , The Four Seasons , Jan Graveson , Nicola Hitchcock , Vicky Leandros , Maureen McGovern , Anita Meyer , Olivia Newton - John , Maxine Nightingale , Páll Óskar , Inger Lise Rypdal , Martha Reeves and the Vandellas , Bic Runga , Luther Vandross , Silvie Paladino , Kim Wilde and Delta Goodrem . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Serene Dominic ( 2003 ) . Burt Bacharach , song by song . ISBN 9780857122599 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Best - Selling Singles in the UK in 1964 '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Ken , ' ' Always Magic In the Air : The Bomp and Brilliance of the Brill Building Era ' ' , Viking Press , Penguin Group , NY , 2005 p. 176 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits : Eighth Edition . Record Research . p. 668 . Jump up ^ `` Big Jim Sullivan - The Hits '' . overzeal.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Irish charts -- searchable database '' . Irishcharts.ie . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Muziek Parade '' . hitnoteringen.nl . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Results -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest selling chart stars of the ' 60s '' . Telegraph News . 1 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Cilla Black - Flavour of New Zealand . Flavour of New Zealand Jump up ^ `` Burt Bacharach : Cilla Black had the BIGGEST heart '' . Sunday Express . 17 August 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singles Discography for Fontana Records - UK - H & TF to 999 '' . Globaldogproductions.info . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cilla Black back in the charts after three decades - ITV News '' . Itv.com. 2015 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Josie James - That Jazz . Amazon.com . Retrieved on January 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Josie James - Anyone Who Had A Heart ( Official ) . YouTube . Retrieved on January 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ Josie James ' Facebook Post . Facebook . Retrieved on January 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ Zum zum zum Galleria della canzone site . Retrieved 27 June 2007 Jump up ^ Puntata 12 del 14 dicembre 1968 ( Episode 12 on 14 December 1968 ) . minamazzini.com Jump up ^ `` Dusty Springfield Discography '' . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Atomic Kitten - Anyone Who Had A Heart '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Dionne Warwick Discography Studio albums Presenting Dionne Warwick ( 1963 ) Anyone Who Had a Heart ( 1964 ) Make Way for Dionne Warwick ( 1964 ) The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick ( 1965 ) Here I Am ( 1965 ) Here Where There Is Love ( 1966 ) On Stage and in the Movies ( 1967 ) The Windows of the World ( 1967 ) Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls ( 1968 ) Promises , Promises ( 1968 ) Soulful ( 1969 ) I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ( 1970 ) Very Dionne ( 1970 ) Dionne ( 1979 ) No Night So Long ( 1980 ) Friends in Love ( 1982 ) Heartbreaker ( 1982 ) How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye ( 1983 ) Finder of Lost Loves ( 1985 ) Friends ( 1985 ) Reservations for Two ( 1987 ) Friends Can Be Lovers ( 1993 ) My Friends & Me ( 2006 ) Live albums Dionne Warwick in Paris ( 1966 ) Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) Christmas in Vienna II ( 1993 ) Compilation albums The Love Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` Do n't Make Me Over '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` Walk On By '' `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` Reach Out for Me '' `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' `` Message to Michael '' `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' `` Alfie '' `` The Windows of the World '' `` I Say a Little Prayer '' `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' `` The Good Life '' `` Then Came You '' `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` After You '' `` No Night So Long '' `` Easy Love '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` All the Love in the World '' `` Run to Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` Love Power '' `` It 's All Over '' `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' Book Petula Clark Discography Albums Downtown I Know a Place The International Hits My Love I Could n't Live Without Your Love Petula Clark 's Hit Parade Colour My World These Are My Songs The Other Man 's Grass Is Always Greener Petula Then & Now : The Very Best of Petula Clark Singles `` The Little Shoemaker '' `` Suddenly There 's a Valley '' `` With All My Heart '' / `` Gonna Find Me a Bluebird '' `` Alone ( Why Must I Be Alone ) '' `` Sailor '' `` Romeo '' `` Dance On '' `` Downtown '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` I Know a Place '' `` Round Every Corner '' `` You 're the One '' `` My Love '' `` A Sign of the Times '' `` I Could n't Live Without Your Love '' `` Who Am I '' `` Colour My World '' `` This Is My Song '' `` The Last Waltz '' `` Do n't Sleep in the Subway '' `` The Cat in the Window ( The Bird in the Sky ) '' `` The Other Man 's Grass Is Always Greener '' `` Kiss Me Goodbye '' `` Happy Heart '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` My Guy '' `` Wedding Song ( There Is Love ) '' `` The Old Fashioned Way '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' Shelby Lynne Studio albums Sunrise Tough All Over Soft Talk Temptation Restless I Am Shelby Lynne Love , Shelby Identity Crisis Suit Yourself Just a Little Lovin ' Tears , Lies and Alibis Merry Christmas Revelation Road I Ca n't Imagine Not Dark Yet ( with Allison Moorer ) Singles `` If I Could Bottle This Up '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' `` Things Are Tough All Over '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' Related articles Discography `` Till You Were Gone '' Allison Moorer Awake : The Best of Live Cilla Black Studio albums Cilla ( 1965 ) Is It Love ? ( 1965 ) Cilla Sings a Rainbow ( 1966 ) Sher - oo ! ( 1968 ) Surround Yourself with Cilla ( 1969 ) Sweet Inspiration ( 1970 ) Images ( 1971 ) Day by Day with Cilla ( 1973 ) In My Life ( 1974 ) It Makes Me Feel Good ( 1976 ) Modern Priscilla ( 1978 ) Especially For You ( 1980 ) Surprisingly Cilla ( 1985 ) Cilla 's World ( 1990 ) Through The Years ( 1993 ) Beginnings : Greatest Hits & New Songs ( 2003 ) Cilla All Mixed Up ( 2009 ) Compilation albums The Best of Cilla Black ( 1968 ) The Definitive Collection ( A Life in Music ) ( 2009 ) Completely Cilla : 1963 - 1973 ( 2012 ) The Very Best of Cilla Black ( 2013 ) Songs `` Love of the Loved '' `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' `` You 're My World '' `` It 's for You '' `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' `` Alfie '' `` For No - one '' `` Step Inside Love '' `` Surround Yourself with Sorrow '' `` If I Thought You 'd Ever Change Your Mind '' `` Something Tells Me ( Something 's Gonna Happen Tonight ) '' Related Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anyone_Who_Had_a_Heart_(song)&oldid=853284066 '' Categories : 2008 singles 1963 singles 1964 singles 1982 singles Parlophone singles Dionne Warwick songs Cilla Black songs Shelby Lynne songs Songs with lyrics by Hal David Songs with music by Burt Bacharach Song recordings produced by George Martin Torch songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles 1963 songs Scepter Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 17 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song anyone who had a heart | [
"\"Anyone Who Had a Heart\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach (music) and Hal David (lyrics) for Dionne Warwick in 1963. In January 1964, Warwick's original recording hit the Top Ten in the United States, Canada, Spain, Netherlands, South Africa, Belgium and Australia. \n",
"\"Anyone Who Had a Heart\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach (music) and Hal David (lyrics) for Dionne Warwick in 1963. In January 1964, Warwick's original recording hit the Top Ten in the United States, Canada, Spain, Netherlands, South Africa, Belgium and Australia. \n"
] | [
"Burt Bacharach (music)",
"Hal David (lyrics)"
] |
6414507281322660455 | Tower of Silence | Tower of Silence - wikipedia Tower of Silence Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tower of Silence ( disambiguation ) . Interior view of Dakhma Early 20th century drawing of the Dakhma on Malabar Hill , Bombay . The Malabar Hill Tower of Silence today . A Dakhma ( Persian : دخمه ; Avestan : lit . `` tower of silence '' ) , also called a Tower of Silence , is a circular , raised structure built by Zoroastrians for excarnation -- that is , for dead bodies to be exposed to carrion birds . Zoroastrian exposure of the dead is first attested in the mid-5th century BCE Histories of Herodotus , but the use of towers is first documented in the early 9th century . The doctrinal rationale for exposure is to avoid contact with earth or fire , both of which are considered sacred . One of the earliest literary descriptions of such a building appears in the late 9th - century Epistles of Manushchihr , where the technical term is astodan , `` ossuary '' . Another technical term that appears in the 9th / 10th - century texts of Zoroastrian tradition ( the so - called Pahlavi books ) is dakhmag , for any place for the dead . This Zoroastrian Middle Persian term is a borrowing from Avestan dakhma , of uncertain meaning but related to interment and commonly translated as `` grave '' . In the Avesta , the term is pejorative and does not signify a construction of any kind . In the Iranian provinces of Yazd and Kerman , dakhma continues as deme or dema . Yet another term that appears in the 9th / 10th - century texts is dagdah , `` prescribed place '' . The word also appears in later Zoroastrian texts of both India and Iran , but in 20th - century India came to signify the lowest grade of temple fire . In India the term doongerwadi came into use after a Dakhma was constructed on a hill of that name . The English language term `` Tower of Silence '' is a neologism attributed to Robert Murphy , a translator for the British colonial government of India in the early 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rationale 2 History 3 Construction 4 In modern times 4.1 In Greater Iran 4.2 In India 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Rationale ( edit ) View of the interior Zoroastrian tradition considers a dead body ( in addition to cut hair and nail parings ) to be nasu , unclean , i.e. potential pollutants . Specifically , the corpse demon ( Avestan : nasu. daeva ) was believed to rush into the body and contaminate everything it came into contact with , hence the Vendidad ( an ecclesiastical code `` given against the demons '' ) has rules for disposing of the dead as safely as possible . To preclude the pollution of earth or fire ( see Zam and Atar respectively ) , the bodies of the dead are placed atop a tower and so exposed to the sun and to scavenging birds . Thus , `` putrefaction with all its concomitant evils ... is most effectually prevented . '' History ( edit ) Zoroastrian ritual exposure of the dead is first known of from the writings of the mid-5th century BC Herodotus , who observed the custom amongst Iranian expatriates in Asia Minor . In Herodotus ' account ( Histories i. 140 ) , the rites are said to have been `` secret '' , but were first performed after the body had been dragged around by a bird or dog . The corpse was then embalmed with wax and laid in a trench . While the discovery of ossuaries in both eastern and western Iran dating to the 5th and 4th centuries BCE indicates that bones were isolated , that this separation occurred through ritual exposure can not be assumed : burial mounds , where the bodies were wrapped in wax , have also been discovered . The tombs of the Achaemenid emperors at Naqsh - e Rustam and Pasargadae likewise suggest non-exposure , at least until the bones could be collected . According to legend ( incorporated by Ferdowsi into his Shahnameh ) , Zoroaster is himself interred in a tomb at Balkh ( in present - day Afghanistan ) . Writing on the culture of the Persians , Herodotus reports the Persian burial customs which is performed by the Magi , and they keep the customs secret . However , he writes that he know they expose the body of male dead to dogs and birds of prey , then they cover the corpse in wax , and then it is buried . Towers are a much later invention , and are first documented in the early 9th century . The ritual customs surrounding that practice appear to date to the Sassanid era ( 3rd -- 7th century CE ) . They are known in detail from the supplement to the Shayest ne Shayest , the two Rivayat collections , and the two Saddars . Construction ( edit ) The central pit of the ( now - defunct ) tower of silence at Yazd , Iran . The modern - day towers , which are fairly uniform in their construction , have an almost flat roof , with the perimeter being slightly higher than the center . The roof is divided into three concentric rings : the bodies of men are arranged around the outer ring , women in the second circle , and children in the innermost ring . Once the bones have been bleached by the sun and wind , which can take as long as a year , they are collected in an ossuary pit at the center of the tower , where -- assisted by lime -- they gradually disintegrate , and the remaining material -- with run - off rainwater -- runs through multiple coal and sand filters before being eventually washed out to sea . The ritual precinct may be entered only by a special class of pallbearers , called nusessalars , a contraction of nasa. salar , caretaker ( - salar ) of potential pollutants ( nasa - ) . In modern times ( edit ) In greater Iran ( edit ) Tower of Silence near Yazd , Iran . The building is no longer in use . An early 20th century photograph of an Iranian tower of silence . In the Iranian Zoroastrian tradition , the towers were built atop hills or low mountains in desert locations distant from population centers . In the early twentieth century , the Iranian Zoroastrians gradually discontinued their use and began to favour burial or cremation . The decision to change the system was accelerated by three considerations : The first problem arose with the establishment of the Dar ul - Funun medical school . Since Islam considers unnecessary dissection of corpses as a form of mutilation , thus forbidding it , there were no corpses for study available through official channels . The towers were repeatedly broken into , much to the dismay and humiliation of the Zoroastrian community . Secondly , while the towers had originally been built away from population centers , the growth of the towns led to the towers now being within city limits . Finally , many of the Zoroastrians themselves found the system outdated . Following long negotiations between the anjuman societies of Yazd , Kerman , and Tehran , the latter gained a majority and established a cemetery some 10 km from Tehran at Ghassr - e Firouzeh ( Firouzeh 's Palace ) . The graves were lined with rocks and plastered with cement to prevent direct contact with the earth . In Yazd and Kerman , in addition to cemeteries , orthodox Zoroastrians continued to maintain a tower until the 1970s when ritual exposure was prohibited by law . In India ( edit ) A late - 19th - century engraving of a Zoroastrian Tower of Silence in Mumbai . Following the rapid expansion of the Indian cities , the squat buildings are today in or near population centers , but separated from the metropolitan bustle by gardens or forests . In Parsi Zoroastrian tradition , exposure of the dead is additionally considered to be an individual 's final act of charity , providing the birds with what would otherwise be destroyed . In the late twentieth century and early twenty - first century the population of birds of prey on the Indian subcontinent declined ( see Indian vulture crisis ) , by 99.9 % as of 2008 , primarily due to Diclofenac poisoning of the birds following the introduction of that drug for livestock in the 1990s , until banned for cattle by the Indian government in 2006 . The few surviving birds are often unable to fully consume the bodies . Parsi communities in India are currently evaluating captive breeding of vultures and the use of `` solar concentrators '' ( which are essentially large mirrors ) to accelerate decomposition . Some have been forced to resort to burial , as the solar collectors work only in clear weather . Vultures formerly disposed of a body in minutes , and no other method has proved fully effective . The right to use the Towers of Silence is a much debated issue among the Parsi community ( see Parsi for details ) . The facilities are usually managed by the anjumans , the predominantly conservative local Zoroastrian associations ( usually having five priests on a nine - member board ) . In accordance with Indian statutes , these associations have domestic authority over trust properties and have the right to grant or restrict entry and use , with the result that the associations frequently prohibit the use by the offspring of a `` mixed marriage '' , that is , where one parent is a Parsi and the other is not . See also ( edit ) Sky burial References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Boyce , Mary ( 1979 ) , Zoroastrians : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices , London : Routledge , pp. 156 -- 162 . ^ Jump up to : Stausberg , Michael ( 2004 ) , `` Bestattungsanlagen '' , Die Religion Zarathushtras , 3 , Stuttgart : Kohlhammer , pp. 204 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Brodd , Jefferey ( 2003 ) . World Religions . Winona , MN : Saint Mary 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88489 - 725 - 5 . Jump up ^ Modi , Jivanji Jamshedji Modi ( 1928 ) , The Funeral Ceremonies of the Parsees , Anthropological Society of Bombay Jump up ^ Falk , Harry ( 1989 ) , `` Soma I and II '' , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies ( BSOAS ) , 52 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 90 , doi : 10.1017 / s0041977x00023077 Jump up ^ http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/herodotus-iii Jump up ^ Tait , Malcolm ( January 10 , 2004 ) , India 's vulture population is facing catastrophic collapse and with it the sacrosanct corporeal passing of the Parsi dead , London : The Ecologist , archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 Jump up ^ Swan , Gerry ; et al. ( 2006 ) , `` Removing the threat of diclofenac to critically endangered Asian vultures '' , PLoS Biology , 4 ( 3 ) : e66 , PMC 1351921 , PMID 16435886 , doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0040066 Jump up ^ Srivastava , Sanjeev ( 18 July 2001 ) , `` Parsis turn to solar power '' , BBC News South Asia Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Towers of Silence . Vendidad Fargard 5 , Purity Laws , as translated by James Darmesteter . Extracts from Wadia , Azmi ( 2002 ) , `` Evolution of the Towers of Silence and their Significance '' , in Godrej , Pheroza J. ; Mistree , Firoza Punthakey , A Zoroastrian Tapestry , New York : Mapin Kotwal , Firoze M. ; Mistree , Khojeste P. ( 2002 ) , `` Protecting the Physical World '' , in Godrej , Pheroza J. ; Mistree , Firoza Punthakey , A Zoroastrian Tapestry , New York : Mapin , pp. 337 -- 365 Lucarelli , Fosco `` Towers of Silence : Zoroastrian Architectures for the Ritual of Death '' , `` Socks - Studio '' , Feb 9 , 2012 Harris , Gardiner `` Giving New Life to Vultures to Restore a Human Ritual of Death '' , `` The New York Times '' , Nov 29 , 2012 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tower_of_Silence&oldid=798677730 '' Categories : Zoroastrianism Death customs Towers in India Towers in Iran Iranian architecture Religion and death Persian words and phrases Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 07 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | tower of silence is associated with which religion | [
"A Dakhma (Persian: دخمه ; Avestan: lit. “tower of silence”), also called a Tower of Silence, is a circular, raised structure built by Zoroastrians for excarnation – that is, for dead bodies to be exposed to carrion birds."
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"Zoroastrians"
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-2032571555954949916 | Auspicious wedding dates | Auspicious wedding dates - wikipedia Auspicious wedding dates Jump to : navigation , search Auspicious wedding dates refer to auspicious , or lucky , times to get married , and is a common superstition among many cultures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Verses on Auspicious Wedding Date 2 Common Auspicious Dates 3 Common Inauspicious Dates 4 Hindu culture 5 Chinese culture 6 Roman Catholic 7 Scottish Culture 8 Irish Culture 9 English Culture 10 Ancient Roman Culture 11 Moroccan Culture 12 See also 13 References Verses on auspicious wedding date ( edit ) `` A January bride will be a prudent housekeeper , and very good tempered . A February bride will be an affectionate wife , And a tender mother . A March bride will be a frivolous chatterbox , Somewhat given to quarreling . An April bride will be inconsistent , or forceful , But well - meaning . A May bride will be handsome , agreeable , And practical . A June bride will be impetuous , And generous . A July bride will be handsome , But a trifle quick - tempered . An August bride will be agreeable , And practical as well . A September bride will be discreet , affable , And much liked . An October bride will be pretty , coquettish , Loving but jealous . A November bride will be liberal and kind , But sometimes cold . A December bride will be fond of novelty , Entertaining but extravagant . '' `` Married in January 's hoar and rime , Widowed you 'll be before your prime . Married in February 's sleepy weather , Life you 'll tread in time together . Married when March winds shrill and roar , Your home will lie on a distant shore . Married ' neath April 's changeful skies , A chequered path before you lies . Married when bees o'er May - blossoms flit , Strangers around your board will sit . Married in month of roses - June - Life will be one long honeymoon . Married in July with flowers ablaze , Bitter - sweet memories in after days . Married in August 's heat and drowse , Lover and friend in your chosen spouse . Married in September 's golden glow , Smooth and serene your life will go . Married when leaves in October thin , Toil and hardships for you begin . Married in veils of November mist , Fortune your wedding - ring has kissed . Married in days of December 's cheer , Love 's star shines brighter from year to year . '' `` Married when the year is new , he 'll be loving , kind and true . When February birds do mate , You wed nor dread your fate . If you wed when March winds blow , joy and sorrow both you 'll know . Marry in April when you can , Joy for Maiden and for Man . Marry in the month of May , and you 'll surely rue the day . Marry when June roses grow , over land and sea you 'll go . Those who in July do wed , must labour for their daily bred . Whoever wed in August be , many a change is sure to see Marry in September 's shrine , your living will be rich and fine . If in October you do marry , love will come but riches tarry . If you wed in bleak November , only joys will come , remember . When December snows fall fast , marry and true love will last . '' `` Monday for health Tuesday for wealth Wednesday best of all Thursday for losses Friday for crosses Saturday for no luck at all . '' Although there are a few periods , such as the month of May , which they agree on , a number of cultures , including Hindu , Chinese , Catholic , Scottish , Irish , Old English , Ancient Roman and Moroccan culture , favor and avoid particular months and dates for weddings . A number of cultures , including the Chinese and Hindu cultures , favor particular auspicious dates for weddings . Auspicious days may also be chosen for the dates of betrothals . Dates for a particular couple 's wedding may often be determined with the help of a traditional fortune - teller . Common auspicious dates ( edit ) Lucky days of the week to get married , according to an old popular poem are : `` Monday for wealth / Tuesday for health / Wednesday the best day of all ; '' In many Churches the end of April was a busy time for weddings as couples wanted to avoid being married in May . Common inauspicious dates ( edit ) The month of May is considered the most inauspicious month in which to get married . This is because in Pagan times , the start of summer was when the Festival of Beltane was celebrated with outdoor orgies . This was therefore thought to be an unsuitable time to start married life . In Roman times the Feast of the Dead occurred in May . The advice was taken more seriously in Victorian times than it is today . According to an old poem , the unlucky days of the week to have a wedding are : `` Thursday for crosses , / Friday for losses , / Saturday , no luck at all -- '' Hindu culture ( edit ) In Hindu culture , Akshaya Tritiya is viewed as one of the foremost auspicious wedding dates , of which there are many . In Hindu Vedic astrology , a couple should first determine each other 's zodiac signs . In addition to aiding them in the search for an auspicious wedding date , it will help them to further understand each other , as each sign has its own meaning and character . An aiding astrologer will first determine the groom 's astrological position in relation to the moon , then he will do the same for the bride in relation to the sun . In light of that data , he is able to give the couple lucky times and dates for their wedding . Inauspicious dates are determined in light of certain circumstances , such as getting married in a court . Birthdays can be times of trial , so they are recommended to be avoided . Chinese culture ( edit ) In Chinese culture , auspicious wedding dates are typically found by numerological analysis of the date in the Chinese calendar . Some modern sources also apply numerological analysis to the date as given by the Gregorian calendar . Another way to determine an auspicious wedding date in Chinese culture is to start with the espoused 's Zodiac animal sign , distinguished by their respective years of birth . To start , the couple must not get married in a year of the animal with which theirs conflict . The couple may not be of the same Zodiac animal but will likely be similar enough to distinguish the years in which they can marry . Some couples eliminate months that will clash with their Zodiac animals . The next step is to set a time period in which the couple might like to marry in and eliminate all inauspicious days within this period . These days include Year Breaker days ( the branch of the year clashes with the branch of the day ) , Month Breaker days ( the branch of the month clashes with the branch of the day ) , and Personal Clash Day ( the branch of the couples ' years of birth clash with the branch of the day ) . There are other inauspicious days , such as the `` Four Extinct and Four Departure Days '' , the Impoverish or No Wealth days ; the couple is allowed to decide for themselves if they are to eliminate these days , as well . From that point , the couple may eliminate further dates with the 12 Day Officers method . Advanced couples even eliminate dates by the stars ( or energy ) that influence the day . Roman Catholic ( edit ) Although the Catholic Church does not have particular auspicious dates , because of numerous feast days and penitentiary periods , restrictions on marriage during certain spans of time during the year used to be in place . April was favored because of the prohibition during Lent and the promise of a holiday brought by Easter . It was additionally favored because the following month , May , was because of its continual dedication to the Virgin Mary . A 1678 almanac summarizes the prohibited dates for marriage as such : `` Marriage comes in on the 13th day of January , and at Septuagesima Sunday it is out again until Low Sunday , at which time it comes in again , and goes not out until Rogation Sunday ; from whence it is unforbidden till Advent Sunday , but then it goes out , and comes not in again till the 13th January next following . '' Scottish culture ( edit ) Like nearly all of the other cultures , Scottish culture considers May an unlucky month . May 3rd is a particularly unlucky date for a wedding . January 1 , on the other hand , is the luckiest day of the year for any novel experience because of the introduction of the New Year . Irish culture ( edit ) Unlike Scottish culture , the Irish believe the year 's final day is particularly auspicious for weddings , although the Feast of the Holy Innocents ( December 28 ) is unlucky for any occasion . English culture ( edit ) In addition to their consideration of St. Joseph 's Day 's unluckiness , along with the 17th of December , `` English common law forbids marriages between Rogation Sunday and Trinity Sunday . '' Marriages that were scheduled between those two dates required dispensations . Ancient Roman culture ( edit ) Among the ancient Romans , the month of June was particularly auspicious , due to its affiliation with the goddess Juno ; it was supposedly derived and sacred to the queen of the gods . A full or new moon were lucky during this month , especially . As many cultures agree , the Romans believed May to be an unfavorable and even illegal month to marry because it was during this month that the festival of Bona Dea , the goddess of charity , took place . The Feasts of the Dead , also named lemuralia , where specters called lemures , or larvœ haunted the living , particularly the young . Their affinity towards tormenting weddings caused the delegalization of marriage during that time . Moroccan culture ( edit ) Moroccan culture does not have any specific dates that are lucky . They favor the autumn as the lucky season to get married ; it allows the bride to participate in the augmentation of the abundant crops by blessing them with her baraka , wedding blessing . The lucky days of the week for Moroccan culture are Thursday and Sunday only ; all other days are unlucky . The consummation of the marriage is best done on Thursday evening . However , there are seven days of hesoum - February 24 to March 4 - during which there is a ban on marriage . Besides those dates , marriages may take place any time during the year . See also ( edit ) Fortune - telling References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Urlin , Ethel L. ( 1969 ) . A Short History of Marriage . Singing Tree Press . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Zubair ( 2010 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Indian Hindus wed as drought on auspicious days ends '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Arasa , Veekshitha ( 2010 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Celebrating Akshaya Tritiya '' . Daijiworld . Archived from the original on 21 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( indianbridalsuits.wordpress.com `` Bollywood Shaadis '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ The writing of weddings in middle ... - Google Books . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Absolutely Fengshui '' . Archived from the original on 24 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Legey , Dr. Françoise ( 1935 ) . The Folklore of Morocco . Unwin Brothers , Ltc. , Woking . South Asian wedding By religion Bahá'í Buddhist Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Sikh Zoroastrian By region or culture Arunachal Pradesh ( Panchai baja ) Bengal Bengal ( Hindu ) Kerala ( Kettu Kalyanam ) Orissa Punjabi Rajasthan ( Rajput ) Sikkim ( Limbu ) Tamil ( Iyer ) Telugu By country Bangladesh India ( Hindu ) Nepal ( Ihi ) Pakistan Sri Lanka ( Buddhist ) Types Arranged marriage in India Inter caste marriage Love marriage Traditions Baraat Dahej ( dowry ) Mahr ( dower ) Nikah Sarbala Stealing shoes Rituals Balle Mallarada Puje Bodhu Boron Bou Bhaat Gauna Gaye holud ( Bengali ) Kankana Dharane Mangal Ashtaka Pade Puje Parikrama Saptapadi Saat Phere Shakunamanojaya Upanayana Items Alta Bangles Henna Mangalsutra Nose ring Palki Pheta Sehra Sindoor Thali necklace Tiara Topor Upanayana Varmala Wedding mandap Wedding sari Other Card Photography Songs Websites Superstition Main topics Amulet Evil eye Luck Omen Talismans Myth and ritual Lists List of superstitions List of lucky symbols List of unlucky symbols Sailors ' superstitions Theatrical superstitions Africa Buda Gris - gris Sampy Sleeping child Americas Ascalapha odorata Carranca Curupira Djucu Fortune cookie I'noGo tied White lighter myth Witch window Asia Superstition in India list Superstition in Pakistan Japanese superstitions Bhoot ( ghost ) Chhaupadi Churel Ghosts in Bengali culture Jackal 's horn Muhurta Navaratna Nazar battu Pichal Peri Puppy pregnancy syndrome Akabeko Kanai Anzen Maneki - neko Okiagari - koboshi Omamori Fan death Agimat Albularyo Barang Kulam Lihi Pagtatawas Pasma Usog Kuman Thong Palad khik Takrut Nang Kwak Curse of 39 Jin Chan Numbers in Chinese culture Russian traditions and superstitions Superstitions of Malaysian Chinese Europe Barbary macaques in Gibraltar Blarney Stone Cimaruta Cornicello Goodman 's Croft In bocca al lupo Kitchen witch Nazar Painted pebbles Rabbit rabbit rabbit Ravens of the Tower of London Spilling water for luck Troll cross Tycho Brahe days Witch post Wolfssegen General 11 : 11 4 ( Four - leaf clover , Tetraphobia ) 7 ( Seventh son of a seventh son ) 8 9 13 ( Friday the 13th , The Thirteen Club , Thirteenth floor , Triskaidekaphobia ) 108 111 666 ( Number of the Beast ) Ace of spades Auspicious wedding date Baseball superstition Bayern - luck Beginner 's luck Black cat Bread and butter Break a leg Chain letter Cooties Cramp - ring Curse Davy Jones ' Locker End - of - the - day betting effect Fear of frogs Fear of ghosts First - foot Flying Dutchman Four Eleven Forty Four Gambler 's conceit Good luck charm Groundhog Day Himmelsbrief Human sacrifice Jinx Klabautermann Knocking on wood Law of contagion Literomancy Lock of hair Maternal impression Miasma theory Mooncalf Need - fire Nelson Night air Oscar love curse Penny Powder of sympathy Rabbit 's foot Rainmaking The Scottish Play Ship sponsor Shoes on a table Sign of the horns Something old Spilling salt Susto Three on a match Threshold Toi toi toi Wishing well Witch ball Witching hour Related Apotropaic magic Astrology and science Coincidence Debunker Divination Folk religion Fortune - telling Magic and religion Magical thinking Numerology Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena Post hoc ergo propter hoc Traditional medicine Urban legend Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auspicious_wedding_dates&oldid=818246232 '' Categories : Luck Marriage in Chinese culture Marriage in Hinduism Superstitions of India Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 13 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | luckiest day of the week to get married | [
"Lucky days of the week to get married, according to an old popular poem are: “Monday for wealth / Tuesday for health / Wednesday the best day of all;”"
] | [
"Wednesday"
] |
-1603366021753641418 | Catholic schools in the United States | Catholic schools in the United States - wikipedia Catholic schools in the United States Jump to : navigation , search St. Thomas High School , a Catholic high school , in Houston Catholic schools in the United States constitute the largest number of non-public schools in the county . They are accredited by independent and / or state agencies , and teachers are generally certified . Catholic schools are supported primarily through tuition payments and fundraising , and typically enroll students regardless of religious background . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Operation 3 Entrance requirements 4 Enrollment 5 Public funding debate 6 References 7 Further reading History ( edit ) Main articles : History of Catholic education in the United States and History of Roman Catholicism in the United States By the middle of the 19th century , the Catholics in larger cities started building their own parochial school system . The main impetus was fear that indoctrination by Protestant teachers in the public schools would lead to a loss of faith . Protestants reacted by strong opposition to any public funding of parochial schools . The Catholics nevertheless built their elementary schools , parish by parish , using very low paid and sisters without college educations as teachers . This was not unlike the public school system , where college - educated teachers became the norm only in the 20th century . Operation ( edit ) Most Catholic elementary schools are operated by a local parish community , while secondary schools are usually operated by a diocese or archdiocese , or a religious institute , and often those in major cities are also attached to a Catholic university . In the United States , the term parochial school is commonly used to refer to Catholic schools , to distinguish it from private school ( which can refer to either a nonsectarian school or a church - based school ) . Most elementary schools are owned by a particular parish , while high schools are often owned by a group of parishes ( more common in the South ) , a religious institute ( more common in the Northeast ) , or a diocese . In the West , a mixture of schools operated by dioceses and religious institutes is common , with the older schools generally run by such institutes . Except in the case of independent schools , local priests are invariably members of the school board , and often at secondary schools are found among the teaching staff as well . In some dioceses the bishop holds the title of superintendent , while others have delegated this responsibility to the head of the Office of Catholic Schools . In terms of practicality , it is often the local priests who fulfill this function . Mater Dei High School , a small Catholic high school in New Jersey Most Catholic elementary schools tend to be smaller than their public counterparts , and it is not unusual for such schools to have only one teacher and classroom per grade level . Additionally , grade levels often separated between grammar and middle schools ( in the public schools ) are generally not separated in Catholic schools ; thus a student may attend the same school from kindergarten or first grade through eighth grade . One other major difference is that in most parts of the country , public schools provide bus service to their students , while Catholic schools rarely do . Entrance requirements ( edit ) Catholic schools in the United States accept students of all religions , ethnic backgrounds , and ability . More competitive Catholic secondary schools tend to have tighter academic requirements and / or an entrance exam . It is a common expectation that non-Catholic students take religion classes and attend the spiritual exercises of the school . Many schools have a policy ( sometimes written ) banning proselytizing in any form . Enrollment ( edit ) The United States had 7,498 Catholic schools in 2006 - 07 , including 6,288 elementary schools and 1,210 secondary schools . In total there were 2,320,651 students , including 1,682,412 students in the elementary / middle schools and 638,239 in high schools . Enrollment in the nation 's Catholic schools has steadily dropped to less than half of its peak at five million students 40 years ago , The New York Times reported in early 2009 . At its peak in 1965 , the number of U.S. parochial schools was more than 12,000 , and roughly half of all Catholic children in America attended Catholic elementary schools , according to the National Catholic Educational Association . The same share in 2009 is about 15 percent . Among Latinos , the fastest - growing church group -- soon to comprise a majority of Catholics in the United States -- it is three percent . The article also reported on `` dozens of local efforts '' to turn the tide , including by the Archdiocese of Chicago and Washington , and dioceses in Memphis and Wichita , Kansas , as well as in the New York metro area . Public funding debate ( edit ) Heavily Protestant in the 19th century , most states passed a state constitutional amendment , referred to as the Blaine Amendment , forbidding tax money be used to fund parochial schools , a possible outcome of heavy immigration from Catholic Ireland after the 1840s . In 2002 , the United States Supreme Court partially vitiated these amendments , in theory , when they ruled that vouchers were constitutional if tax dollars followed a child to a school , even if it were religious . However , no state had , by 2009 , changed its laws to allow this . Since 2000 , 1,942 Catholic schools around the country have shut their doors , and enrollment has dropped by 621,583 students , to just over 2 million in 2012 , according to the National Catholic Educational Association . Many Catholic schools were being squeezed out of the education market by publicly funded charter schools . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zech , Charles . `` Reinventing Catholic Schools '' . America Magazine . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Many of these students are not Catholic ( the saying goes , we serve this population not because they are Catholic but because we are ) . Jump up ^ Timothy Walch , Parish School : American Catholic Parochial Education from Colonial Times to the Present ( New York : Crossroad Publishing , 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Thomas E. Buckley , `` A Mandate for Anti-Catholicism : The Blaine Amendment , '' America 27 September 2004 , 18 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Jay P. Dolan , The American Catholic Experience ( 1985 ) pp 262 - 74 Jump up ^ Timothy Walch , Parish School ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Dolan , The American Catholic Experience ( 1985 ) ch 14 Jump up ^ James A. Banks ( 2012 ) . Encyclopedia of Diversity in Education . SAGE Publications . pp. 303 -- 6 . ISBN 9781412981521 . Jump up ^ Annual Data Report - National Catholic Educational Association Archived February 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` For Catholic Schools , Crisis and Catharsis '' by Paul Vitello and Winnie Hu The New York Times January 18 , 2009 p . A29 NY edition . Retrieved 1 - 17 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bush , Jeb ( March 4 , 2009 ) . NO : Choice forces educators to improve . The Atlanta Constitution - Journal . Jump up ^ Sean Cavanagh , `` Catholic Schools Feeling Squeeze From Charters . '' Education Week , 29 August 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Cassidy , Francis P. `` Catholic Education in the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore . I . '' Catholic Historical Review ( 1948 ) : 257 - 305 . in JSTOR Coburn , Carol K. and Martha Smith . Spirited Lives : How Nuns Shaped Catholic Culture and American Life , 1836 - 1920 ( 1999 ) pp 129 -- 58 excerpt and text search Dolan , Jay P . The American Catholic Experience ( 1985 ) ch 10 , 14 Gleason , Philip , et al. `` Baltimore III and education . '' US Catholic Historian ( 1985 ) : 273 - 313 . in JSTOR McGuinness Margaret M. Called to Serve : A History of Nuns in America ( New York University Press , 2013 ) Sanders , James W . The Education of an urban Minority : Catholics in Chicago , 1833 -- 1965 ( Oxford University Press , 1977 ) . Walch , Timothy . Parish School : American Catholic Parochial Education from Colonial Times to the Present ( New York : Crossroad Publishing , 1996 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_schools_in_the_United_States&oldid=803377197 '' Categories : Catholic schools in the United States Roman Catholic elementary schools in the United States Roman Catholic secondary schools in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 04 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | number of catholic high schools in the united states | [
"The United States had 7,498 Catholic schools in 2006-07, including 6,288 elementary schools and 1,210 secondary schools. In total there were 2,320,651 students, including 1,682,412 students in the elementary/middle schools and 638,239 in high schools.[8] Enrollment in the nation's Catholic schools has steadily dropped to less than half of its peak at five million students 40 years ago, The New York Times reported in early 2009. At its peak in 1965, the number of U.S. parochial schools was more than 12,000, and roughly half of all Catholic children in America attended Catholic elementary schools, according to the National Catholic Educational Association. The same share in 2009 is about 15 percent. Among Latinos, the fastest-growing church group — soon to comprise a majority of Catholics in the United States — it is three percent. The article also reported on \"dozens of local efforts\" to turn the tide, including by the Archdiocese of Chicago and Washington, and dioceses in Memphis and Wichita, Kansas, as well as in the New York metro area.[9]"
] | [
"1,210"
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-4550331650525365541 | Corn maze | Corn maze - wikipedia Corn maze Jump to : navigation , search This article is about corn mazes . For the Halloween event , see Haunted attraction ( simulated ) . Hay Close Farm Maize Maze , Cumbria , UK A view from inside a corn maze near Christchurch , New Zealand A corn maze or maize maze is a maze cut out of a corn field . The first corn maze was in Annville , Pennsylvania . Corn mazes have become popular tourist attractions in North America , and are a way for farms to generate tourist income . Many are based on artistic designs such as characters from movies . Corn mazes appear in many different designs . Some mazes are even created to tell stories or to portray a particular theme . Most have a path which goes all around the whole pattern , either to end in the middle or to come back out again , with various false trails diverging from the main path . In the United Kingdom , they are known as maize mazes , and are especially popular with farms in the east of England . These mazes are normally combined with other farm attractions of interest to families and day trippers . Some of these attractions include hay rides , a petting zoo , play areas for children , and picnic areas . Each year a few of the mazes are featured in national newspapers and TV . In the U.S. , corn mazes typically are cut down circa the first week of November ; in the UK typically in September after children return to school . As of 2014 , the Guinness World Record for largest corn maze was 60 acres , created by Cool Patch Pumpkins in Dixon , California . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Creation ( edit ) A corn maze in Delingsdorf , Germany , showing how mazes can be designed to conform to a specific theme Millets ' Maize Maze 2007 , Millets Farm Centre , Oxfordshire , UK In order for farmers to create a corn maze they must carefully plan their production , design , and marketing techniques in advance . Planting the correct variety of corn is important for the success of a corn maze . Farmers must consider stalk strength and height when selecting the right hybrid to plant . Farmers must watch for stalk rot since it is one of the most frequently observed diseases . Key factors for stalk rot include improper fertilization , moisture stress , and disease development . Moderate plant population ( about 20,000 plants per acre ) would be considered ideal . If moderate plant population is not followed crop crowding can occur . Since farmers planting for corn mazes are not growing the crop for maximum yield they should not apply too much nitrogen fertilizer . Rutgers Cooperative Research and Extension recommends the total nitrogen rate for the season should not exceed about 125 pounds per acre ( 140 kg per hectare ) . Corn maze crops should be planted from mid to late May in the northern hemisphere , or mid to late November in the southern hemisphere . This is two to three weeks later than crops being planted for grain . When cutting the walkways farmers must cut the internal growing point of the stalk off to avoid regrowth . Some farmers use herbicides , roto - tillers , or mowers to cut the walkways . See also ( edit ) Agritourism Hedge maze Straw maze Crop circle Halloween Cornfield Maze References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nation 's First Corn Maze Rooted at LVC '' . Jump up ^ `` Largest maze , temporary corn / crop maze '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Heckman , J. , & Sciarappa , W. ( 2004 , June ) . Rutgers NJAES Cooperative Extension : Growing an `` A-maize - ing '' Corn Maze ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corn mazes . Maize Maze Association -- Trade Association for UK Maize Maze owners and operators , lists UK Maize Mazes . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corn_maze&oldid=792590835 '' Categories : Farms Maize Mazes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia עברית 日本 語 Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 July 2017 , at 12 : 12 . About Wikipedia | where is the worlds largest corn maze located | [
"As of 2014, the Guinness World Record for largest corn maze was 60 acres, created by Cool Patch Pumpkins in Dixon, California.[2]"
] | [
"Cool Patch Pumpkins in Dixon, California"
] |
-180680664761219367 | No One Is to Blame | No One is to Blame - wikipedia No One is to Blame Jump to : navigation , search `` No One Is to Blame '' Single by Howard Jones from the album Dream Into Action and One to One Released 15 March 1986 ( UK ) 24 March 1986 ( US ) Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded 1985 Genre Pop , soul Length 3 : 29 ( 1985 version ) 4 : 13 ( 1986 version ) Label WEA ( UK ) Elektra Records ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Howard Jones Producer ( s ) Phil Collins & Hugh Padgham Howard Jones singles chronology `` Life in One Day '' ( 1985 ) `` No One Is to Blame '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Want '' ( 1986 ) `` Life in One Day '' ( 1985 ) `` No One Is to Blame '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Want '' ( 1986 ) `` No One Is to Blame '' is a song by British musician Howard Jones . The song , in its original version , can be found on his second studio album , Dream into Action , which was released in 1985 . Following the success of the previous singles taken from the album , the original track for `` No One Is to Blame '' was re-recorded to give the song a more radio - friendly sound . Phil Collins and Hugh Padgham produced the re-recording , with Collins adding his own backing vocals and drum work . This new version of the song was included on the 1986 US EP Action Replay as well as the CD version of Jones 's 1986 studio album , One to One . `` No One Is to Blame '' was released as a single in March 1986 and became Jones 's biggest hit in the United States , peaking at # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song also became the first of his two # 1 songs on the U.S. adult contemporary chart ( `` Everlasting Love '' would top this chart in 1989 ) . The song was also a top 10 hit in Australia and a # 16 hit in the U.K. . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Track list 3 Other versions 4 Cover versions 5 Chart positions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) The song is about unfulfilled attractions , saying that they 're normal and commonplace ( `` We want everyone -- no one ever is to blame '' ) . It uses a number of metaphors , such as `` You can look at the menu , but you just ca n't eat '' and `` It 's the last piece of the puzzle , but you just ca n't make it fit , '' to describe the frustration of experiencing attraction but being unable to act on it , for whatever reason . On a deeper level it describes the frustration and pain of unfulfilled desires and dreams inherent in the human condition . Track list ( edit ) 7 '' `` No One Is to Blame '' -- 4 : 14 `` The Chase '' -- 2 : 53 12 '' `` No One Is to Blame ( Extended Mix ) '' -- 5 : 16 `` The Chase '' -- 2 : 53 `` No One Is to Blame ( The Long Mix ) '' -- 3 : 07 `` The Long Mix '' is significantly shorter than the single ; it is actually not a remix , but an entirely different piano and vocal - only version of the song recorded in session for the BBC Radio 1 Janice Long show . Other versions ( edit ) Jones performed the song solo on The Old Grey Whistle Test in 1985 . Played by Jones on grand piano accompanied only by a percussionist , the song appeared on the 1996 album Live Acoustic America . An entirely re-recorded version featuring the Munich Philharmonic Orchestra was included on Jones ' 2000 studio album Perform. 00 ( released the following year in the US as Perform. 01 ) . Jones performed the song as part of the All - Starr Band during their 2001 tour , and this version appears on the 2002 album King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Ringo & His New All - Starr Band Cover versions ( edit ) A previously unreleased version of `` No One is to Blame '' by Neilson Hubbard appears on the 2001 Parasol Records compilation , Parasol 's Sweet Sixteen , Volume 4. ( 1 ) In 2007 , American singer - songwriter Katrina Carlson recorded a cover version , on which Jones contributed piano and backing vocals . Carlson 's version , which is taken from her album Here and Now , reached # 20 on the US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . Emile Millar covered the song for the soundtrack of Waitress in 2007 . `` No One Is to Blame '' featured on Cindy Alexander 's 2007 album , Wobble with the World . American indie artist Jules Larson features `` No One Is To Blame '' in her 2010 EP A Lot Like You . On October 19 , 2015 , contestants Braiden Sunshine and Lyndsey Elm performed a duet of the song during the `` Battle Rounds '' on NBC 's television program The Voice . Chart positions ( edit ) Year Chart Position 1986 US Adult Contemporary US Mainstream Rock Tracks 20 Billboard Hot 100 Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 9 Italian Singles Chart 21 UK Singles Chart 16 See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1986 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dean , Maury ( 2003 ) . Rock N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora . pp. 180 , 453 . ISBN 0 - 87586 - 207 - 1 . Jump up ^ One to One track listing Discogs.com . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Adult Contemporary Hits ( Billboard Publications ) , page 307 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart info Chartstats.com . Retrieved 29 April 2009 . Jump up ^ The Old Grey Whistle Test Vol. 3 ( DVD ) . BBC Video . 2006 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St. Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 161 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. the Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988 . External links ( edit ) Billboard.com for US artist chart history Chartstats.com for UK artist chart history at Archive.is ( archived 2012 - 12 - 09 ) Here And Now at cdbaby.com Katrina Carlson at Billboard.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Howard Jones Studio albums Human 's Lib The 12 '' Album Dream into Action Action Replay One to One Cross That Line In the Running Working in the Backroom Angels & Lovers People Perform. 00 Revolution of the Heart Revolution Remixed & Surrounded Ordinary Heroes Engage Live albums Live Acoustic America The Peaceful Tour Live Compilation albums The Best of Howard Jones The Very Best of Howard Jones Singles `` New Song '' `` What Is Love ? '' `` Hide and Seek '' `` Pearl in the Shell '' `` Like to Get to Know You Well '' `` Things Can Only Get Better '' `` Look Mama '' `` Life in One Day '' `` No One Is to Blame '' `` All I Want '' `` You Know I Love You ... Do n't You ? '' `` Little Bit of Snow '' `` Everlasting Love '' `` The Prisoner '' `` Lift Me Up '' Related articles Discography Book : Howard Jones Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No_One_Is_to_Blame&oldid=799290997 '' Categories : 1985 songs 1986 singles Howard Jones ( musician ) songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Songs written by Howard Jones ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Hugh Padgham Song recordings produced by Phil Collins Elektra Records singles Warner Music Group singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Webarchive template archiveis links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 20 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings no one ever is to blame | [
"\"No One Is to Blame\" is a song by British musician Howard Jones. The song, in its original version, can be found on his second studio album, Dream into Action, which was released in 1985. Following the success of the previous singles taken from the album, the original track for \"No One Is to Blame\" was re-recorded to give the song a more radio-friendly sound. Phil Collins and Hugh Padgham produced the re-recording, with Collins adding his own backing vocals and drum work.[1] This new version of the song was included on the 1986 US EP Action Replay as well as the CD version of Jones's 1986 studio album, One to One.[2]"
] | [
"Howard Jones"
] |
-80749354213074160 | Emma Jackson (Home and Away) | Emma Jackson ( Home and Away ) - wikipedia Emma Jackson ( Home and Away ) Emma Jackson Home and Away character Portrayed by Dannii Minogue Duration 1989 -- 1990 First appearance 22 September 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 22 ) Last appearance 22 August 1990 ( 1990 - 08 - 22 ) Introduced by Des Monaghan Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Waitress Flight attendant Home Gold Coast show Family Mother Bridget Jackson Stepfather Barry Jackson Brothers Troy Jackson Justin Jackson Grandfathers Harold O'Rourke Uncles Tony O'Rourke Aunts Ailsa Stewart First cousins Shauna Bradley Duncan Stewart Emma Jackson is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away , played by Dannii Minogue . She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 22 September 1989 . She departed on 22 August 1990 . Emma was described as a teen punk and a tomboy . Contents 1 Development 1.1 Creation and casting 1.2 Characterisation 2 Storylines 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References Development ( edit ) Creation and casting ( edit ) In 1989 , Young Talent Time actress Dannii Minogue was offered an audition for Home and Away . Following her return from New York City , where she was recording her first album , Minogue read for the role of Marilyn Chambers . She believed she was not right for the character and she did not win the role . However , the producers asked Minogue 's manager Terry Blamey if they could write a part especially for her and they came up with Emma Jackson . Minogue wanted to accept the role , as she loved the character 's personality , but she was in the middle of recording her album and was nervous about relocating to Sydney for filming . Blamey decided that she should have a short run on the show and negotiated a thirteen - week contract , with an option to extend once her album was finished . Minogue stayed with the show for a year , before she quit to launch her music career in 1990 . In October 2007 , it was rumoured that Minogue was due to reprise her role as Emma for the show 's 20th anniversary in 2008 . However , she did not appear . In 2018 , Minogue stated that she would love to return for a short stint as part of the show 's 30th anniversary celebrations . She also said she had been contacted by the producers , but added `` If I did it , I 'd want it to be short and sharp , in and out , because those schedules are huge . '' Characterisation ( edit ) Emma was described as a punk , a `` spunky tomboy '' and a `` teen rebel '' . Of her character , Minogue said `` In the beginning , Emma was really arrogant and punk and in every scene she would slam the door when she walked in or out . '' Storylines ( edit ) Emma comes to live with her aunt Ailsa Stewart ( Judy Nunn ) after attacking her stepfather , Barry . She immediately clashes with Ailsa 's husband Alf ( Ray Meagher ) . Emma attempts to buy alcohol from the local store but Alf 's sister Celia ( Fiona Spence ) refuses her the sale as she is underage , which causes Emma to insult Celia . Emma tells Ailsa she thought she would be more fun because she had been in jail and that was why she 'd asked to stay with her . Ailsa refused to admit what she had been jailed for but reminds Emma that the experience was unpleasant . They both agree to stay out of each other 's way . Ailsa gives Emma a job at the Bayside Diner but she constantly winds up Ailsa 's business partner Bobby Simpson ( Nicolle Dickson ) Emma proves to be a lazy employee and is threatened by Bobby with the sack . She continues her feud with Celia and does little to impress principal Donald Fisher ( Norman Coburn ) with her attitude . Adam Cameron ( Mat Stevenson ) invites Emma out on a date but when he tries to get close to her , she feels uncomfortable . Adam tells Emma he only went out with her for a bet , anyway . Upset , Emma takes revenge and drills holes in his raft causing it to sink in a race the next day . Emma confides in Carly Morris ( Sharyn Hodgson ) that Barry abused her after her real father died when she was eight . She takes Viv Newton ( Mouche Phillips ) under her wing , dragging her into trouble which does not sit well with Viv 's guardian , Donald , who bans Emma from seeing Viv . Emma is fired from the diner and begins attending Summer Bay High , where she organises a student rebellion against the uniform . The plan fails when Donald turns up in punk clothing himself . Emma then encourages Viv to skip school and accept a ride from two guys who drive them out to a deserted forest . The guys soon turn on the girls and nearly rape them , luckily Steven Matheson ( Adam Willits ) and Alf rescue them . Emma is grateful to Steven and is attracted to him but he clearly prefers Viv . She then passes her driving test and lets Viv drive Alf 's car but Viv crashes into a car belonging to Maurice `` Revhead '' Gibson ( Gavin Harrison ) and his friend `` Skid '' ( Chris Harding ) . They demand payment otherwise they will tell Alf about the crash . Bobby helps the girls stall Revhead and Skid while Lance Smart ( Peter Vroom ) and Martin Dibble ( Craig Thomson ) fix the car and they avoid payment . Emma begins a relationship with Adam but she has a momentary attraction to Grant Mitchell ( Craig McLachlan ) and asks him out . Grant rejects Emma as he will be starting as her new teacher . Vicki Baxter ( Nana Coburn ) , Emma 's nemesis , herself has a crush on Grant and when he rejects her , she invents a story in which Grant sexually assaulted her resulting in him being suspended . Emma applies pressure to get Vicki to change her story but every attempt backfires . Vicki does eventually confess and Grant is off the hook . Bridget ( Paula Duncan ) , Emma 's mother arrives and she is not pleased to see her and tells her to stay away . However , Bridget manages to convince her she has kicked Barry out and they begin rebuilding their relationship . Ailsa and Bridget constantly fight over Emma 's welfare . Emma agrees to go back to Riverstone with her mother and bids Ailsa an emotional farewell . Several weeks later , she returns in a bad mood and is constantly rude . Emma reveals Bridget has not changed . She breaks up with Adam and begins seeing Paul Jensen ( Craig Black ) , who writes her a song . She encounters more problems with Vicki , who steals an exam paper and frames Emma for it , getting her expelled from school . Emma is forced to attend Yabbie Creek High . She is upset when Alf and Ailsa do not believe her and is even more distraught when Paul begins hanging out with Vicki . It emerges that Paul is only seeing Vicki as part of a plan to clear Emma 's name . The truth is revealed after Vicki 's cousin Anna ( Rebecca George ) arrives at the school and tells Donald all . Vicki is expelled and Emma is reinstated but she refuses to return to school . Donald , Alf and Ailsa apologise . Shortly after Emma ends things with Paul and takes a job on the Gold Coast and leaves to become an air hostess . Reception ( edit ) For her portrayal of Emma , Minogue was nominated for the Logie Award for Most Popular Actress in 1989 . Holy Soap named Minogue as one of Home and Away 's `` Sexiest girls ever '' . See also ( edit ) Dannii Minogue portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Minogue 2010 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Minogue 2010 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Jewell , Lisa ( 18 January 2008 ) . `` You know we belong together ... '' Irish Independent . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Nissim , Mayer ( 19 May 2009 ) . `` Minogue : ' It 's always summer in H&A ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 23 October 2007 ) . `` Dannii back to the Bay ? '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( 5 February 2018 ) . `` Dannii Minogue reveals she 'd return to Home and Away for the 30th anniversary '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mercado 2004 , p. 256 . ^ Jump up to : Nissim , Mayer ( 25 November 2009 ) . `` Ten Things You Never Knew About Dannii Minogue '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chronology '' . Danniimusic.com . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sexiest Home and Away girls ever '' . Holy Soap . Archived from the original on 5 September 2009 . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . Mercado , Andrew ( 2004 ) . Super Aussie Soaps . Pluto Press Australia . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86403 - 191 - 1 . Minogue , Dannii ( 2010 ) . My Story . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85720 - 053 - 2 . hide Home and Away characters Present characters Marilyn Chambers Hunter King Brody Morgan Mason Morgan John Palmer Leah Patterson - Baker Irene Roberts Alf Stewart Roo Stewart hide Past characters Charlotte Adams Tasha Andrews Rachel Armstrong Billie Ashford Martin Ashford Gina Austin Xavier Austin Dan Baker Andy Barrett Josh Barrett Morag Bellingham Saul Bennett Sasha Bezmel Donna Bishop Shauna Bradley Casey Braxton Darryl Braxton Heath Braxton Kyle Braxton Charlie Buckton Ruby Buckton Adam Cameron Annie Campbell Geoff Campbell Kat Chapman Selina Cook Johnny Cooper Nate Cooper Miles Copeland Lucinda Croft Drew Curtis Jazz Curtis Ric Dalby Blake Dean Martin Dibble Donald Fisher Simon Fitzgerald Sally Fletcher Tom Fletcher Nicole Franklin James Fraser Lachlan Fraser Brodie Hanson Chris Harrington Jack Holden Lucas Holden Sam Holden Tony Holden Beth Hunter Kit Hunter Matilda Hunter Robbie Hunter Scott Hunter Kim Hyde Emma Jackson Jett James Peta Janossi Aden Jefferies Elijah Johnson Melody Jones Charlotte King Tamara Kingsley Jude Lawson Noah Lawson Ryan Lee Evelyn MacGuire Oscar MacGuire Zac MacGuire Martha MacKenzie Greg Marshall Sam Marshall Steven Matheson Mitch McColl Jesse McGregor Floss McPhee Denny Miller Roxy Miller Seb Miller Casey Mitchell Grant Mitchell Frank Morgan Carly Morris Liam Murphy Gypsy Nash Joel Nash Natalie Nash Rebecca Nash Tom Nash Travis Nash Viv Newton Tug O'Neale Phoebe Nicholson Maddy Osborne Matt Page Angel Parrish Nick Parrish Shane Parrish Vinnie Patterson VJ Patterson Kane Phillips Alex Poulos Joey Rainbow Curtis Reed Shannon Reed Harry Reynolds Chloe Richards Olivia Fraser Richards Damian Roberts Finlay Roberts Angelo Rosetta Haydn Ross Pippa Ross Angie Russell Josie Russell Flynn Saunders Pippa Saunders April Scott Bianca Scott Ricky Sharpe Bobby Simpson Sophie Simpson Colleen Smart Lance Smart Narelle Smart Hayley Smith Ken Smith Nick Smith Romeo Smith Will Smith Ailsa Stewart Celia Stewart Duncan Stewart Rob Storey Hugh Sullivan Dani Sutherland Jade Sutherland Kirsty Sutherland Rhys Sutherland Shelley Sutherland Belle Taylor Sarah Thompson Cassie Turner Amanda Vale Dexter Walker Indi Walker Sid Walker Kelly Watson Justine Welles Josh West Hannah Wilson Jack Wilson Matt Wilson Characters by year 1998 2005 2006 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Dannii Minogue Discography Studio albums Dannii / Party Jam / Love and Kisses Get into You Girl Neon Nights Club Disco Singles `` Love and Kisses '' `` Success '' `` Jump to the Beat '' `` Baby Love '' `` I Do n't Wanna Take This Pain '' `` Show You the Way to Go '' `` Love 's on Every Corner '' `` This Is It '' `` This is the Way '' `` Get into You '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Boogie Woogie '' `` All I Wanna Do '' `` Everything I Wanted '' `` Disremembrance '' `` Coconut '' `` Everlasting Night '' `` Who Do You Love Now ? '' `` Put the Needle on It '' `` I Begin to Wonder '' `` Do n't Wanna Lose This Feeling '' `` Come and Get It '' `` You Wo n't Forget About Me '' `` Perfection '' `` So Under Pressure '' `` I Ca n't Sleep at Night '' `` He 's the Greatest Dancer '' `` Touch Me Like That '' `` Summer of Love '' `` 100 Degrees '' `` Holding On '' `` Galaxy '' Compilations U.K. Remixes The Singles The Remixes The Hits & Beyond Unleashed The Early Years The 1995 Sessions This Is It : The Very Best Of Video albums Love and Kisses : Video Collection Get into You : Video Collection The Videos Dannii Minogue : The Video Collection Books My Story My Style Related articles Kylie Minogue ( sister ) Terry Ronald Ian Masterson Julian McMahon ( ex-husband ) Project D Style Queen Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emma_Jackson_(Home_and_Away)&oldid=845568957 '' Categories : Home and Away characters Fictional characters introduced in 1989 Dannii Minogue Fictional flight attendants Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 16 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was dannii minogue in home and away | [
"Emma Jackson is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Home and Away, played by Dannii Minogue. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 22 September 1989. She departed on 22 August 1990. Emma was described as a teen punk and a tomboy.\n"
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"Emma Jackson"
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-2157454535515074793 | The Signature at MGM Grand | The Signature at MGM Grand - wikipedia The Signature at MGM Grand Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Signature at MGM Grand Alternative names The Residences at MGM Grand The Residences : A Condo Hotel by Turnberry General information Status Operating Type Condo - Hotel Location Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Address 145 East Harmon Avenue Coordinates 36 ° 06 ′ 24 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 00 '' W / 36.1068 ° N 115.1667 ° W / 36.1068 ; - 115.1667 Coordinates : 36 ° 06 ′ 24 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 00 '' W / 36.1068 ° N 115.1667 ° W / 36.1068 ; - 115.1667 Groundbreaking Construction started Opening May 12 , 2006 ; 12 years ago ( May 12 , 2006 ) Owner MGM Resorts International Turnberry Associates Management MGM Grand Technical details Floor count 38 Other information Number of rooms 1,728 Parking 400 Website signaturemgmgrand.com The Signature at MGM Grand is a condo - hotel at the MGM Grand Las Vegas resort , in Paradise . It was built by a partnership between MGM Mirage and Turnberry Associates on the location of the former MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park , though it officially holds an off - strip address of 145 East Harmon Avenue . It features three identical 38 - story towers , each consisting of 576 fully furnished units . Most of the condo units were to be privately owned . If a unit owner chooses , he or she may join the `` rental program '' , placing their units into the hotel 's room inventory to be offered as luxury suites by The Signature when they are not occupied by the owner . The owner , minus fees for hotel maintenance , marketing , and upkeep , receives a split of the rental rate of the owner 's unit . Developer Turnberry / MGM Grand Towers filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy following the 2008 Great Recession . Owners of 545 condo units in turn sued the developer for fraud , alleging units were rented out at less than luxury rates . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Amenities 3 Access To The MGM Casino 4 Parking 5 Gallery 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) On December 20 , 2003 , MGM Resorts International and Turnberry Associates announced the formation of a partnership to build the luxury condo hotel , stating that they would build up to six towers each rising up to 40 stories . The first phase of this project involved the sales of condo units to individuals and investors . During this phase , the project was referred to as The Residences , The Residences at MGM Grand and / or The Residences : A Condo Hotel by Turnberry . The first tower sold out within 90 days , proving that the concept was well received . The second tower was already 50 % sold by the time construction began in late 2004 . In October 2004 , The Residences celebrated its ground - breaking , making it the first high - rise condo - hotel project overlooking the strip to begin construction . Other ventures of this type have begun since in Las Vegas , with many of them failing to obtain necessary financing and / or support . On May 12 , 2006 , the first tower opened for occupancy . The successful opening of The Signature at MGM Grand appears to be aided by its connection to the resources and amenities of The MGM Grand Hotel & Casino . Amenities ( edit ) Each tower has a private pool with a hot tub . Tower 1 has a cocktail lounge . Towers 1 and 3 have a workout room for the guests of all three towers . Starbucks is available at Tower 1 . Signature guests have full access to all MGM Grand amenities as well . Access to the MGM Casino ( edit ) The Signature is connected to the main MGM Grand Casino via several moving walkways that traverse through two of the 3 towers ( Tower 1 & 2 ) . Tower 3 is accessible via a hallway between tower 2 and 3 . Time to the main casino to the furthest tower ( Tower 3 ) is about 8 minutes for the average walker . Parking ( edit ) There is no self parking on the Signature property , all parking is by valet . Each tower has valet parking on the ground level . Gallery ( edit ) Harmon Ave East The Signature at MGM Grand , Las Vegas File : The Signature at MGM Grand Tower References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.turnberry.com/portfolio/residential/our-properties/residences-at-mgm-grand Jump up ^ http://businesspress.vegas/real-estate/turnberry-s-bankruptcy-merely-ploy-condo-owners-say External links ( edit ) The Signature at MGM Grand official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Signature at MGM Grand . Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage New York - New York Palazzo Paris Park MGM Planet Hollywood SLS Signature Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Artisan Aztec Inn Gold Coast Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Platinum Rio Rumor Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Westin Wild Wild West Other areas Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Grandview Green Valley Ranch JW Marriott Lucky Club Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Tahiti Village Texas Station Proposed Charlie Palmer Hotel Crown Las Vegas Resorts World Las Vegas The Drew Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Former Aladdin Algiers Boardwalk Bourbon Street Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Harmon Key Largo Klondike La Concha Las Vegas Club Landmark Marina Hotel The Meadows Casino & Hotel Mint Moulin Rouge Riviera Sands Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westward Ho Las Vegas area skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Delano Elara Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's Hilton Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage New York - New York Palazzo Paris Park MGM Planet Hollywood Riviera Signature Sky SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Veer Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D The Ogden World Market Center Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Allure Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Palms Place Panorama Rio Stratosphere Turnberry Place Turnberry Towers Westgate Westin Other Aliante JW Marriott Red Rock Santa Fe Station South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Dynasty Flatiron The Drew Grand Central St. Regis Resorts World Las Vegas Unbuilt Alon Las Vegas Ivana Las Vegas Las Ramblas Resort Las Vegas Plaza Majestic / Conrad The Merrill Sandhurst Las Vegas W Las Vegas Former Aladdin Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes Hacienda Las Vegas Club Harmon Landmark Sands Stardust Vegas World MGM Resorts International California Primm Valley Golf Club Illinois Grand Victoria ( 50 % stake ) Maryland MGM National Harbor Mississippi Gold Strike Tunica Beau Rivage Michigan MGM Grand Detroit New Jersey Borgata Las Vegas Bellagio Circus Circus Adventuredome Slots - A-Fun CityCenter Aria Mandarin Oriental Vdara Veer Excalibur Festival Grounds Las Vegas Aces Luxor Mandalay Bay Delano Convention Center Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena Signature Mirage New York - New York Park MGM Shadow Creek T - Mobile Arena ( 50 % stake ) China MGM Macau Former Circus Circus Reno Colorado Belle Crystals Edgewater Gold Strike Jean The Harmon MGM Grand Atlantic City Nevada Landing Primm Valley Resorts Railroad Pass Silver Legacy Treasure Island Under construction MGM Springfield Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Signature_at_MGM_Grand&oldid=807287131 '' Categories : 2006 establishments in Nevada Condo hotels in the United States Hotels established in 2006 Residential buildings completed in 2006 Residential skyscrapers in the Las Vegas Valley Skyscraper hotels in Paradise , Nevada MGM Grand Las Vegas Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 01 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the signature at mgm grand built | [
"In October 2004, The Residences celebrated its ground-breaking, making it the first high-rise condo-hotel project overlooking the strip to begin construction. Other ventures of this type have begun since in Las Vegas, with many of them failing to obtain necessary financing and/or support. On May 12, 2006, the first tower opened for occupancy. The successful opening of The Signature at MGM Grand appears to be aided by its connection to the resources and amenities of The MGM Grand Hotel & Casino."
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"October 2004"
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-2296439884099893587 | Phonetics | Phonetics - wikipedia Phonetics For other uses , see phonetics ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Linguistics Outline History Index Subfields ( hide ) Acquisition Anthropological Applied Computational Discourse analysis Forensic Historical Lexicography Morphology Neurolinguistics Philosophy of language Phonetics Phonology Pragmatics Psycholinguistics Semantics Sociolinguistics Syntax Grammatical Theories ( hide ) Cognitive Constraint - based Dependency Functional Generative Stochastic Topics ( hide ) Descriptivism Etymology Internet linguistics LGBT linguistics Linguistic anthropology Origin of language Origin of speech Orthography Prescriptivism Second - language acquisition Structuralism Linguistics portal Phonetics ( pronounced / fəˈnɛtɪks / ) is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of human speech , or -- in the case of sign languages -- the equivalent aspects of sign . It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds or signs ( phones ) : their physiological production , acoustic properties , auditory perception , and neurophysiological status . Phonology , on the other hand , is concerned with the abstract , grammatical characterization of systems of sounds or signs . In the case of oral languages , phonetics has three basic areas of study : Articulatory phonetics : the study of the organs of speech and their use in producing speech sounds by the speaker . Acoustic phonetics : the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener . Auditory phonetics : the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener . Contents 1 History 2 Anatomy of the vocal system 2.1 Vocal tract 2.1. 1 Labial consonants 2.1. 2 Coronal consonants 2.1. 3 Dorsal consonants 2.2 The larynx 2.3 Pulmonary and subglottal system 3 Voicing and phonation types 4 Articulatory models 5 Subfields 5.1 Relation to phonology 6 Transcription 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The first known phonetic studies were carried out as early as the 6th century BCE by Sanskrit grammarians . The Hindu scholar Pāṇini is among the most well known of these early investigators , whose four part grammar , written around 350 BCE , is influential in modern linguistics and still represents `` the most complete generative grammar of any language yet written '' . His grammar formed the basis of modern linguistics and described a number of important phonetic principles . Pāṇini provided an account of the phonetics of voicing , describing resonance as being produced either by tone , when vocal folds are closed , or noise , when vocal folds are open . The phonetic principles in the grammar are considered `` primitives '' in that they are the basis for his theoretical analysis rather than the objects of theoretical analysis themselves , and the principles can be inferred from his system of phonology . Advancements in phonetics after Pāṇini and his contemporaries were limited until the modern era , save some limited investigations by Greek and Roman grammarians . In the millenia between Indic grammarians and modern phonetics the focus of phonetics shifted from the difference between spoken and written language , which was the driving force behind Pāṇini 's account , and began to focus on the physical properties of speech alone . Sustained interest in phonetics began again around 1800 CE with the term `` phonetics '' being first used in the present sense in 1841 . With new developments in medicine and the development of audio and visual recording devices , phonetic insights were able to use and review new and more detailed data . This early period of modern phonetics included the development of an influential phonetic alphabet based on articulatory positions by Alexander Melville Bell . Known as visible speech , it gained prominency as a tool in the oral education of deaf children . Anatomy of the vocal system ( edit ) Speech sounds are generally produced by the modification of an airstream exhaled from the lungs . The respiratory organs used to create and modify airflow are divided into three regions : the vocal tract ( supralaryngeal ) , the larynx , and the subglottal system . The airstream can be either egressive ( out of the vocal tract ) or ingressive ( into the vocal tract ) . In pulmonic sounds , the airstream is produced by the lungs in the subglottal system and passes through the larynx and vocal tract . Glottalic sounds use an airstream created by movements of the larynx without airflow from the lungs . Clicks or lingual ingressive sounds create an airstream using the tongue . Vocal tract ( edit ) Further information : Place of articulation Passive and active places of articulation : ( 1 ) Exo - labial ; ( 2 ) Endo - labial ; ( 3 ) Dental ; ( 4 ) Alveolar ; ( 5 ) Post-alveolar ; ( 6 ) Pre-palatal ; ( 7 ) Palatal ; ( 8 ) Velar ; ( 9 ) Uvular ; ( 10 ) Pharyngeal ; ( 11 ) Glottal ; ( 12 ) Epiglottal ; ( 13 ) Radical ; ( 14 ) Postero - dorsal ; ( 15 ) Antero - dorsal ; ( 16 ) Laminal ; ( 17 ) Apical ; ( 18 ) Sub-apical or sub-laminal . Articulations take place in particular parts of the mouth . They are described by the part of the mouth that constricts airflow and by what part of the mouth that constriction occurs . In most languages constrictions are made with the lips and tongue . Constrictions made by the lips are called labials . The tongue can make constrictions with many different parts , broadly classified into coronal and dorsal places of articulation . Coronal articulations are made with either the tip or blade of the tongue , while dorsal articulations are made with the back of the tongue . These divisions are not sufficient for distinguishing and describing all speech sounds . For example , in English the sounds ( s ) and ( ʃ ) are both voiceless coronal fricatives , but they are produced in different places of the mouth . Additionally , that difference in place can result in a difference of meaning like in `` sack '' and `` shack '' . To account for this , articulations are further divided based upon the area of the mouth in which the constriction occurs . Labial consonants ( edit ) Main article : Labial consonants Articulations involving the lips can be made in three different ways : with both lips ( bilabial ) , with one lip and the teeth ( labiodental ) , and with the tongue and the upper lip ( linguolabial ) . Depending on the definition used , some or all of these kinds of articulations may be categorized into the class of labial articulations . Ladefoged and Maddieson ( 1996 ) propose that linguolabial articulations be considered coronals rather than labials , but make clear this grouping , like all groupings of articulations , is equivocable and not cleanly divided . Linguolabials are included in this section as labials given their use of the lips as a place of articulation . Bilabial consonants are made with both lips . In producing these sounds the lower lip moves farthest to meet the upper lip , which also moves down slightly , though in some cases the force from air moving through the aperature ( opening between the lips ) may cause the lips to separate faster than they can come together . Unlike most other articulations , both articulators are made from soft tissue , and so bilabial stops are more likely to be produced with incomplete closures than articulations involving hard surfaces like the teeth or palate . Bilabial stops are also unusual in that an articulator in the upper section of the vocal tract actively moves downwards , as the upper lip shows some active downward movement . Labiodental consonants are made by the lower lip rising to the upper teeth . Labiodental consonants are most often fricatives while labiodental nasals are also typologically common . There is debate as to whether true labiodental plosives occur in any natural language , though a number of languages are reported to have labiodental plosives including Zulu , Tonga , and Shubi . Labiodental affricates are reported in Tsonga which would require the stop portion of the affricate to be a labiodental stop , though Ladefoged and Maddieson ( 1996 ) raise the possibility that labiodental affricates involve a bilabial closure like `` pf '' in German . Unlike plosives and affricates , labiodental nasals are common across languages . Linguolabial consonants are made with the blade of the tongue approaching or contacting the upper lip . Like in bilabial articulations , the upper lip moves slightly towards the more active articulator . Articulations in this group do not have their own symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet , rather , they are formed by combining an apical symbol with a diacritic implicitly placing them in the coronal category . They exist in a number of languages indigenous to Vanuatu such as Tangoa , though early descriptions referred to them as apical - labial consonants . The name `` linguolabial '' was suggested by Floyd Lounsbury given that they are produced with the blade rather than the tip of the tongue . Coronal consonants ( edit ) Main article : Coronal consonants Coronal consonants are made with the tip or blade of the tongue and , because of the agility of the front of the tongue , represent a variety not only in place but in the posture of the tongue . The coronal places of articulation represent that areas of the mouth the tongue contacts or makes a constriction , and include dental , alveolar , and post-alveolar locations . Tongue postures using the tip of the tongue can be apical if using the top of the tongue tip or sub-apical if the tongue tip is curled back . A consonant made with the blade of the tongue is a laminal consonant . Coronals are unique as a group in that they can be of any manner of articulation . Australian languages are well known for the large number of coronal contrasts exhibited within and across languages in the region . Dental consonants are made with the tip or blade of the tongue and the upper teeth . They are divided into two groups based upon the part of the tongue used to produce them : apical dental consonants are produced with the tongue tip touching the teeth ; interdental consonants are produced with the blade of the tongue as the tip of the tongue sticks out in front of the teeth . No language is known to use both contrastively though they may exist allophonically . Alveolar consonants are made with the tip or blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge just behind the teeth and can similarly be apical or laminal . Crosslinguistically , dental consonants and alveolar consonants are frequently contrasted leading to a number of generalizations of crosslinguistic patterns . The different places of articulation tend to also be contrasted in the part of the tongue used to produce them : most languages with dental stops have laminal dentals , while languages with apical stops usually have apical stops . Languages rarely have two consonants in the same place with a contrast in laminality , though Taa ( ǃXóõ ) is a counterexample to this pattern . If a language has only one of a dental stop or an alveolar stop , it will usually be laminal if it is a dental stop , and the stop will usually be apical if it is an alveolar stop , though for example Temne and Bulgarian do not follow this pattern . If a language has both an apical and laminal stop , then the laminal stop is more likely to be affricated like in Isoko , though Dahalo show the opposite pattern with alveolar stops being more affricated . Retroflex consonants have a number of different definitions depending on whether the position of the tongue or the position on the roof of the mouth is given prominence , though in general they represent a group of articulations in which the tip of the tongue is curled upwards to some degree . In this way , retroflex articulations can occur in a number of different locations on the roof of the mouth including alveolar , post-alveolar , and palatal regions . If the underside of the tongue tip makes contact with the roof of the mouth , it is sub-apical though apical post-alveolar sounds are also described as retroflex . Typical examples of sub-apical retroflex stops are commonly found in Dravidian languages , and in some languages indigenous to the southwest United States the contrastive difference between dental and alveolar stops is a slight retroflexion of the alveolar stop . Acoustically , retroflexion tends to affect the higher formants . Articulations taking place just behind the alveolar ridge , known as post-alveolar consonants , have been referred to using a number of different terms . Apical post-alveolar consonants are often called retroflex , while laminal articulations are sometimes called palato - alveolar ; in the Australianist literature , these laminal stops are often described as ' palatal ' though they are produced further forward than the palate region typically described as palatal . Because of individual anatomical variation , the precise articulation of palato - alveolar stops ( and coronals in general ) can very widely within a speech community . Dorsal consonants ( edit ) Main article : Dorsal consonants Dorsal consonants are those consonants made using the tongue body rather than the tip or blade . Palatal consonants are made using the tongue body against the hard palate on the roof of the mouth . They are frequently contrasted with velar or uvular consonants , though it is rare for a language to contrast all three simultaneously , with Jaqaru as a possible example of a three way contrast . Velar consonants are made using the tongue body against the velum . They are incredibly common crosslinguistically ; almost all languages have a velar stop . Because both velars and vowels are made using the tongue body , they are highly affected by coarticulation with vowels and can be produced as far forward as the hard palate or as far back as the uvula . These variations are typically divided into front , central , and back velars in parallel with the vowel space . They can be hard to distinguish phonetically from palatal consonants , though are produced slightly behind the area of prototypical palatal consonants . Uvular consonants are made by the tongue body contacting or approaching the uvula . They are rare , occuring in an estimated 19 percent of languages , and large regions of the Americas and Africa have no languages with uvular consonants . In languages with uvular consonants , stops are most frequent followed by continuants ( including nasals ) . The larynx ( edit ) Further information : Larynx The larynx , commonly known as the `` voice box '' is a cartilaginous structure in the trachea responsible for phonation . The vocal folds ( chords ) are held together so that they vibrate , or held apart so that they do not . The positions of the vocal folds are achieved by movement of the arytenoid cartilages . The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are responsible for moving the arytenoid cartilages as well as modulating the tension of the vocal folds . If the vocal folds are not close enough or not tense enough , they will vibrate sporadically ( described as creaky or breathy voice depending on the degree ) or not at all ( voiceless sounds ) . Even if the vocal folds are in the correct position , there must be air flowing across them or they will not vibrate . The difference in pressure across the glottis required for voicing is estimated at 1 -- 2 cm H 0 ( 98.0665 - 196.133 pascals ) . The pressure differential can fall below levels required for phonation either because of an increase in pressure above the glottis ( superglottal pressure ) or a decrease in pressure below the glottis ( subglottal pressure ) . The subglottal pressure is maintained by the respiratory muscles . Supraglottal pressure , with no constrictions or articulations , is about atmospheric pressure . However , because articulations ( especially consonants ) represent constrictions of the airflow , the pressure in the cavity behind those constrictions can increase resulting in a higher supraglottal pressure . Pulmonary and subglottal system ( edit ) Further information : Breathing The lungs are the engine that drives nearly all speech production , and their importance in phonetics is due to their creation of pressure for pulmonic sounds . The most common kinds of sound across languages are pulmonic egress , where air is exhaled from the lungs . The opposite is possible , though no language is known to have pulmonic ingressive sounds as phonemes . Many languages such as Swedish use them for paralinguistic articulations such as affirmations in a number of genetically and geographically diverse languages . Both egressive and ingressive sounds rely on holding the vocal folds in a particular posture and using the lungs to draw air across the vocal folds so that they either vibrate ( voiced ) or do not vibrate ( voiceless ) . Pulmonic articulations are restricted by the volume of air able to be exhaled in a given respiratory cycle , known as the vital capacity . The lungs are used to maintain two kinds of pressure simultaneously in order to produce and modify phonation . In order to produce phonation at all , the lungs must maintain a pressure of 3 -- 5 cm H 0 higher than the pressure above the glottis . However small and fast adjustments are made to the subglottal pressure to modify speech for suprasegmental features like stress . A number of thoracic muscles are used to make these adjustments . Because the lungs and thorax stretch during inhalation , the elastic forces of the lungs alone are able to produce pressure differentials sufficient for phonation at lung volumes above 50 percent of vital capacity . Above 50 percent of vital capacity , the respiratory muscles are used to `` check '' the elastic forces of the thorax to maintain a stable pressure differential . Below that volume , they are used to increase the subglottal pressure by actively exhaling air . During speech the respiratory cycle is modified to accommodate both linguistic and biological needs . Exhalation , usually about 60 percent of the respiratory cycle at rest , is increased to about 90 percent of the respiratory cycle . Because metabolic needs are relatively stable , the total volume of air moved in most cases of speech remains about the same as quiet tidal breathing . Increases in speech intensity of 18 dB ( a loud conversation ) has relatively little impact on the volume of air moved . Because their respiritory systems are not as developed as adults , children tend to use a larger proportion of their vital capacity compared to adults , with more deep inhales . Voicing and phonation types ( edit ) An important factor in describing the production of most speech sounds is the state of the glottis -- the space between the vocal folds . Muscles inside the larynx make adjustments to the vocal folds in order to produce and modify vibration patterns for different sounds . Two canonical examples are modal voiced , where the vocal folds vibrate , and voiceless , where they do not . Modal voiced and voiceless consonants are incredibly common across languages , and all languages use both phonation types to some degree . Consonants can be either voiced or voiceless , though some languages do not make distinctions between them for certain consonants . No language is known to have a phonemic voicing contrast for vowels , though there are languages , like Japanese , where vowels are produced as voiceless in certain contexts . Other positions of the glottis , such as breathy and creaky voice , are used in a number of languages , like Jalapa Mazatec , to contrast phonemes while in other languages , like English , they exist allophonically . Phonation types are modelled on a continuum of glottal states from completely open ( voiceless ) to completely closed ( glottal stop ) . The optimal position for vibration , and the phonation type most used in speech , modal voice , exists in the middle of these two extremes . If the glottis is slightly wider , breathy voice occurs , while bringing the vocal folds closer together results in creaky voice . There are a number of ways to determine if a segment is voiced or not , the simplest being to feel the larynx during speech and note when vibrations are felt . More precise measurements can be obtained through acoustic analysis of a spectrogram or spectral slice . In spectrographic analysis , voiced segments show a voicing bar , a region of high acoustic energy , in the low frequencies of voiced segments . In examining a spectral splice , the acoustic spectrum at a given point in time a model of the vowel pronounced reverses the filtering of the mouth producing the spectrum of the glottis . A computational model of the unfiltered glottal signal is then fitted to the inverse filtered acoustic signal to determine the characteristics of the glottis . Visual analysis is also available using specialized medical equipment such as ultrasound and endoscopy . For the vocal folds to vibrate , they must be in the proper position and there must be air flowing through the glottis . The normal phonation pattern used in typical speach is modal voice , where the vocal folds are held close together with moderate tension . The vocal folds vibrate as a single unit periodically and efficiently with a full glottal closure and no aspiration . If they are pulled farther apart , they do not vibrate and so produce voiceless phones . If they are held firmly together they produce a glottal stop . If the vocal folds are held slightly further apart than in modal voicing , they produce phonation types like breathy voice ( or murmur ) and whispery voice . The tension across the vocal ligaments ( vocal cords ) is less than in modal voicing allowing for air to flow more freely . Both breathy voice and whispery voice exist on a continuum loosly characterized as going from the more periodic waveform of breathy voice to the more noisy waveform of whispery voice . Acoustically , both tend to dampen the first formant with whispery voice being more extreme deviations . Holding the vocal folds more tightly together results in creaky voice . The tension in across the vocal folds is less than in modal voice , but they are held tightly together resulting in only the ligaments of the vocal folds vibrating . The pulses are highly irregular , with low pitch and frequency amplitude . Articulatory models ( edit ) When producing speech , the articulators move through and contact particular locations in space resulting in changes to the acoustic signal . Some models of speech production take this as the basis for modeling articulation in a coordinate system which may be internal to the body ( intrinsic ) or external ( extrinsic ) . Intrinsic coordinate systems model the movement of articulators as positions and angles of joints in the body . Intrinsic coordinate models of the jaw often use two to three degrees of freedom representing translation and rotation . These face issues with modeling the tongue which , unlike joints of the jaw and arms , is a muscular hydrostat like an elephant trunk that lacks joints . Because of the different physiological structures , movement paths of the jaw are relatively straight lines during speech and mastication , while movements of the tongue follow curves . Straight line movements have been used to argue articulations as planned in extrinsic rather than intrinsic space , though extrinsic coordinate systems also include acoustic coordinate spaces , not just physical coordinate spaces . Models which assume movements are planned in extrinsic space run into an inverse problem of explaining the muscle and joint locations which produce the observed path or acoustic signal . The arm , for example , has seven degrees of freedom and 22 muscles , so multiple different joint and muscle configurations can lead to the same final position . For models of planning in extrinsic acoustic space , the same one - to - many mapping problem applies as well , with no unique mapping from physical or acoustic targets to the muscle movements required to achieve them . Concerns about the inverse problem may be exagerated , however , as speech is a highly learned skill using neurological structures which evolved for the purpose . The equilibrium - point model proposes a resolution to the inverse problem by arguing that movement targets be represented as the position of the musle pairs acting on a joint . Importantly , muscles are modeled as springs , and the target is the equilibrium point for the modeled spring - mass system . By using springs , the equilibrium point model is able to easily account for compensation and response when movements are disrupted . They are considered a coordinate model because they assume that these muscle positions are represented as points in space , equilibrium points , where the spring - like action of the muscles converges . Gestural approaches to speech production propose that articulations are represented as movement patterns rather than particular coordinates to hit . The minimal unit is a gesture which represents a group of `` functionally equivalent articulatory movement patterns that are actively controlled with reference to a given speech - relevant goal ( e.g. , a bilabial closure ) . '' These groups represent coordinative structures or `` synergies '' which view movements not as individual muscle movements but as task - dependent groupings of muscles which work together as a single unit . This reduces the degrees of freedom in articulation planning , a problem especially in intrinsic coordinate models , which allows for any movement that achieves the speech goal , rather than encoding the particular movements in the abstract representation . Coarticulation is well described by gestural models as the articulations at faster speech rates can be explained as composites of the independent gestures at slower speech rates . Subfields ( edit ) Phonetics as a research discipline has three main branches : Articulatory phonetics is concerned with the articulation of speech : The position , shape , and movement of articulators or speech organs , such as the lips , tongue , and vocal folds . Acoustic phonetics is concerned with acoustics of speech : The spectro - temporal properties of the sound waves produced by speech , such as their frequency , amplitude , and harmonic structure . Auditory phonetics is concerned with speech perception : the perception , categorization , and recognition of speech sounds and the role of the auditory system and the brain in the same . Phonetic insight is used in a number of applied linguistic fields such as : Forensic phonetics : the use of phonetics ( the science of speech ) for forensic ( legal ) purposes . Speech recognition : the analysis and transcription of recorded speech by a computer system . Speech synthesis : the production of human speech by a computer system . Pronunciation : to learn actual pronunciation of words of various languages . Relation to phonology ( edit ) In contrast to phonetics , phonology is the study of how sounds and gestures pattern in and across languages , relating such concerns with other levels and aspects of language . Phonetics deals with the articulatory and acoustic properties of speech sounds , how they are produced , and how they are perceived . As part of this investigation , phoneticians may concern themselves with the physical properties of meaningful sound contrasts or the social meaning encoded in the speech signal ( socio - phonetics ) ( e.g. gender , sexuality , ethnicity , etc . ) . However , a substantial portion of research in phonetics is not concerned with the meaningful elements in the speech signal . While it is widely agreed that phonology is grounded in phonetics , phonology is a distinct branch of linguistics , concerned with sounds and gestures as abstract units ( e.g. , distinctive features , phonemes , morae , syllables , etc . ) and their conditioned variation ( via , e.g. , allophonic rules , constraints , or derivational rules ) . Phonology has been argued to relate to phonetics via the set of distinctive features , which map the abstract representations of speech units to articulatory gestures , acoustic signals or perceptual representations . Transcription ( edit ) Main article : Phonetic transcription Phonetic transcription is a system for transcribing sounds that occur in a language , whether oral or sign . The most widely known system of phonetic transcription , the International Phonetic Alphabet ( IPA ) , provides a standardized set of symbols for oral phones . The standardized nature of the IPA enables its users to transcribe accurately and consistently the phones of different languages , dialects , and idiolects . The IPA is a useful tool not only for the study of phonetics , but also for language teaching , professional acting , and speech pathology . See also ( edit ) Experimental phonetics Index of phonetics articles International Phonetic Alphabet Speech processing Acoustics Biometric word list X-SAMPA ICAO spelling alphabet Buckeye Corpus SaypU ( Spell As You Pronounce Universally ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hawaiian , for example , does not contrast voiced and voiceless plosives . Jump up ^ See # Articulatory models for further information on acoustic modeling . Jump up ^ See # The larynx for further information on anatomy of phonation . Jump up ^ See Feldman ( 1966 ) for the original proposal . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ O'Grady 2005 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Trask 1996 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Caffrey 2017 . Jump up ^ Kiparsky 1993 , p. 2918 . Jump up ^ Kiparsky 1993 , p. 2922 - 3 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged 2001 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Maddieson 1993 . Jump up ^ Fujimura 1961 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 16 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 17 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Doke 1926 . Jump up ^ Guthrie 1948 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Baumbach 1987 . ^ Jump up to : International Phonetic Association 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 19 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 19 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 20 , 40 - 1 . Jump up ^ Scatton 1984 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 23 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 25 , 27 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 27 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996 , p. 33 - 34 . Jump up ^ Keating & Lahiri 1993 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Maddieson 2013 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged 2001 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Seikel , Drumright & King 2016 , p. 222 . ^ Jump up to : Ohala 1997 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Chomsky & Halle 1968 , p. 300 - 301 . ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged 2001 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Eklund 2008 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Eklund 2008 . Jump up ^ Seikel , Drumright & King 2016 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Seikel , Drumright & King 2016 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Seikel , Drumright & King 2016 , p. 168 - 77 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon & Ladefoged 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Dawson & Phelan 2016 . Jump up ^ Gobl & Ní Chasaide 2010 , p. 388 , et seq . Jump up ^ Gobl & Ní Chasaide 2010 , p. 399 . Jump up ^ Gobl & Ní Chasaide 2010 , p. 400 - 401 . Jump up ^ Gobl & Ní Chasaide 2010 , p. 401 . ^ Jump up to : Löfqvist 2010 , p. 359 . Jump up ^ Munhall , Ostry & Flanagan 1991 , p. 299 , et seq . Jump up ^ Löfqvist 2010 , p. 360 . Jump up ^ Bizzi et al. 1992 . Jump up ^ Löfqvist 2010 , p. 361 . Jump up ^ Saltzman & Munhall 1989 . Jump up ^ Mattingly 1990 . Jump up ^ Löfqvist 2010 , p. 362 - 4 . Jump up ^ Löfqvist 2010 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ O'Connor 1973 . Jump up ^ Kingston 2007 . Jump up ^ Halle 1983 . Jump up ^ Jakobson , Fant , and Halle 1976 . Jump up ^ Hall 2001 . ^ Jump up to : O'Grady 2005 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ International Phonetic Association 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Ladefoged 2005 . Jump up ^ Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996 . References ( edit ) Abercrombie , D. ( 1967 ) . Elements of General Phonetics . Edinburgh . Baumbach , E.J. M ( 1987 ) . Analytical Tsonga Grammar . Pretoria : University of South Africa . Bizzi , E. ; Hogan , N. ; Mussa - Ivaldi , F. ; Giszter , S. ( 1992 ) . `` Does the nervouse system use equilibrium - point control to guie single and multiple joint movements ? '' . Behavioral and Brain Sciences . 15 : 603 -- 13 . Caffrey , Cait ( 2017 ) . `` Phonetics '' . Salem Press Encyclopedia . Salem Press . Catford , J.C. ( 2001 ) . A Practical Introduction to Phonetics ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 924635 - 9 . Chomsky , Noam ; Halle , Morris ( 1968 ) . Sound Pattern of English . Harper and Row . Dawson , Hope ; Phelan , Michael , eds. ( 2016 ) . Language Files : Materials for an Introduction to Linguistics ( 12th ed . ) . The Ohio State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 5270 - 3 . Doke , Clement M ( 1926 ) . The Phonetics of the Zulu Language . Bantu Studies . Johannesburg : Wiwatersrand University Press . Eklund , Robert ( 2008 ) . `` Pulmonic ingressive phonation : Diachronic and synchronic characteristics , distribution and function in animal and human sound production and in human speech '' . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 38 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 324 . doi : 10.1017 / S0025100308003563 . Feldman , Anatol G. ( 1966 ) . `` Functional tuning of the nervous system with control of movement or maintenance of a steady posture , III : Mechanographic analysis of the execution by man of the simplest motor task '' . Biophysics. 11 : 565 -- 578 . Fujimura , Osamu ( 1961 ) . `` Bilabial stop and nasal consonants : A motion picture study and its acoustical implications '' . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research . 4 : 233 -- 47 . PMID 13702471 . Gobl , Christer ; Ní Chasaide , Ailbhe ( 2010 ) . `` Voice source variation and its communicative functions '' . The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences ( 2nd ed . ) . pp. 378 -- 424 . Gordon , Matthew ; Ladefoged , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Phonation types : a cross-linguistic overview '' . Journal of Phonetics. 29 ( 4 ) : 383 -- 406 . Guthrie , Malcolm ( 1948 ) . The classification of the Bantu languages . London : Oxford University Press . Hall , Tracy Alan ( 2001 ) . `` Introduction : Phonological representations and phonetic implementation of distinctive features '' . In Hall , Tracy Alan . Distinctive Feature Theory . de Gruyter . pp. 1 -- 40 . Halle , Morris ( 1983 ) . `` On Distinctive Features and their articulatory implementation '' . Natural Language and Linguistic Theory . 1 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 105 . Hardcastle , William ; Laver , John ; Gibbon , Fiona , eds. ( 2010 ) . The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences ( 2nd ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 405 - 14590 - 9 . International Phonetic Association ( 1999 ) . Handbook of the International Phonetic Association . Cambridge University Press . International Phonetic Association ( 2015 ) . International Phonetic Alphabet . International Phonetic Association . Jakobson , Roman ; Fant , Gunnar ; Halle , Morris ( 1976 ) . Preliminaries to Speech Analysis : The Distinctive Features and their Correlates . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 60001 - 9 . Johnson , Keith ( 2011 ) . Acoustic and Auditory Phonetics ( 3rd ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 444 - 34308 - 3 . Jones , Daniel ( 1948 ) . `` The London school of phonetics '' . Zeitschrift für Phonetik. 11 ( 3 / 4 ) : 127 -- 135 . ( Reprinted in Jones , W.E. ; Laver , J. , eds. ( 1973 ) . Phonetics in Linguistics . Longman . pp. 180 -- 186. ) Keating , Patricia ; Lahiri , Aditi ( 1993 ) . `` Fronted Velars , Palatalized Velars , and Palatals '' . Phonetica. 50 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 101 . doi : 10.1159 / 000261928 . PMID 8316582 . Kingston , John ( 2007 ) . `` The Phonetics - Phonology Interface '' . In DeLacy , Paul . The Cambridge Handbook of Phonology . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84879 - 4 . Kiparsky , Paul ( 1993 ) . `` Pāṇinian linguistics '' . In Asher , R.E. Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics . Oxford : Pergamon . Ladefoged , Peter ( 2001 ) . A Course in Phonetics ( 4th ed . ) . Boston : Thomson / Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 1 - 413 - 00688 - 9 . Ladefoged , Peter ( 2005 ) . A Course in Phonetics ( 5th ed . ) . Boston : Thomson / Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 1 - 413 - 00688 - 9 . Ladefoged , Peter ; Maddieson , Ian ( 1996 ) . The Sounds of the World 's Languages . Oxford : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19815 - 4 . Löfqvist , Anders ( 2010 ) . `` Theories and Models of Speech Production '' . Handbook of Phonetic Sciences ( 2nd ed . ) . pp. 353 -- 78 . Maddieson , Ian ( 1993 ) . `` Investigating Ewe articulations with electromagnetic articulography '' . Forschungberichte des Intituts für Phonetik und Sprachliche Kommunikation der Universität München. 31 : 181 -- 214 . Maddieson , Ian ( 2013 ) . `` Uvular Consonants '' . In Dryer , Matthew S. ; Haspelmath , Martin . The World Atlas of Language Structures Online . Leipzig : Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology . Mattingly , Ignatius ( 1990 ) . `` The global character of phonetic gestures '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Phonetics. 18 : 445 -- 52 . Munhall , K. ; Ostry , D ; Flanagan , J. ( 1991 ) . `` Coordinate spaces in speech planning '' . Journal of Phonetics. 19 : 293 -- 307 . O'Connor , J.D. ( 1973 ) . Phonetics . Pelican . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0140215601 . O'Grady , William ( 2005 ) . Contemporary Linguistics : An Introduction ( 5th ed . ) . Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 41936 - 3 . Ohala , John ( 1997 ) . `` Aerodynamics of phonology '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Seoul Internation Conference on Linguistics. 92 . `` Phonetics , n . '' . Oxford English Dictionary Online . Oxford University Press . 2018 . Saltzman , Elliot ; Munhall , Kevin ( 1989 ) . `` Dynamical Approach to Gestural Patterning in Speech Production '' ( PDF ) . Ecological Psychology . 1 ( 4 ) : 333 -- 82 . Scatton , Ernest ( 1984 ) . A reference grammar of modern Bulgarian . Slavica . ISBN 978 - 0893571238 . Seikel , J. Anthony ; Drumright , David ; King , Douglas ( 2016 ) . Anatomy and Physiology for Speech , Language , and Hearing ( 5th ed . ) . Cengage . ISBN 978 - 1 - 285 - 19824 - 8 . Stearns , Peter ; Adas , Michael ; Schwartz , Stuart ; Gilbert , Marc Jason ( 2001 ) . World Civilizations ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 04479 - 2 . Trask , R.L. ( 1996 ) . A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology . Abingdon : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 11261 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Phonetics . Collection of phonetics resources by the University of North Carolina `` A Little Encyclopedia of Phonetics '' by Peter Roach . Pink Trombone , an interactive articulation simulator by Neil Thapen . GND : 4045830 - 1 NDL : 00568892 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phonetics&oldid=856833376 '' Categories : Phonetics Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiXhosa IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . 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"Articulatory phonetics: the study of the organs of speech and their use in producing speech sounds[2] by the speaker.\nAcoustic phonetics: the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener.\nAuditory phonetics: the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener.",
"Articulatory phonetics: the study of the organs of speech and their use in producing speech sounds[2] by the speaker.\nAcoustic phonetics: the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener.\nAuditory phonetics: the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener.",
"Articulatory phonetics: the study of the organs of speech and their use in producing speech sounds[2] by the speaker.\nAcoustic phonetics: the study of the physical transmission of speech sounds from the speaker to the listener.\nAuditory phonetics: the study of the reception and perception of speech sounds by the listener."
] | [
"Articulatory phonetics",
"Acoustic phonetics",
"Auditory phonetics"
] |
9168970410860602167 | Geography of Europe | Geography of Europe - wikipedia Geography of Europe Jump to : navigation , search For the political geography of Europe , see Politics of Europe , List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe , International organisations in Europe , and Regions of Europe . Geography of Europe Several of the oldest cities of Northwestern Europe are highlighted in this astronaut 's photograph from 00 : 25 GMT on 10 August 2011 Area 10,180,000 km ( 3,930,000 sq mi ) ( 6th ) Population 742,452,000 ( 2013 ; 3rd ) Population density 72.9 / km ( 188 / sq mi ) ( 2nd ) Demonym European Countries 50 sovereign states 5 with limited recognition Dependencies 4 dependencies Europe is traditionally defined as one of seven continents . Physiographically , it is the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia ( or the larger Afro - Eurasia ) ; Asia occupies the eastern bulk of this continuous landmass and all share a common continental shelf . Europe 's eastern frontier is delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia . The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined , but the modern definition is generally the Ural River or , less commonly , the Emba River . The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea , the crest of the Caucasus Mountains ( or , less commonly , the Kura River in the Caucasus ) , and on to the Black Sea . The Bosporus , the Sea of Marmara , and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary . The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa . The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean . Iceland , though on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and nearer to Greenland ( North America ) than mainland Europe , is generally included in Europe for cultural reasons and because it is over twice as close to mainland Europe than to mainland North America . There is ongoing debate on where the geographical centre of Europe falls . Play media This video was taken by the crew of Expedition 30 on board the ISS on a pass over Europe . The two videos were shot simultaneously using different cameras : one pointing toward the northeast , and one pointing toward the east . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Peninsula of peninsulas 2 Geology 3 Population 4 Rivers 5 Lakes and inland seas 6 Major islands 7 Plains and lowlands 8 Mountain ranges 9 Temperature and precipitation 10 Landlocked countries 11 Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands 12 Countries bordering or spanning another continent 13 Countries that share a name with their capital 14 Countries whose capital is not the most populous 15 List of countries by the number of other countries they border 16 See also 17 Notes 18 External links Overview ( edit ) Satellite image of Europe by night Some geographical texts refer to a Eurasian continent given that Europe is not surrounded by sea and its southeastern border has always been variously defined for centuries . In terms of shape , Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas and nearby islands . The two largest peninsulas are mainland Europe and Scandinavia to the north , divided from each other by the Baltic Sea . Three smaller peninsulas -- Iberia , Italy and the Balkans -- emerge from the southern margin of the mainland . The Balkan peninsula is separated from Asia by the Black and Aegean Seas . Italy is separated from the Balkans by the Adriatic Sea , and from Iberia by the Mediterranean Sea , which also separates Europe from Africa . Eastward , mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel , until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains and Ural River , the Caspian Sea and Caucasus Mountains . Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas . The southern regions are mountainous , while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps , Pyrenees and Carpathians , through hilly uplands , into broad , low northern plains , which are vast in the east . An arc of uplands also exists along the northwestern seaboard , beginning in southwestern Ireland , continuing across through western and northern Great Britain , and up along the mountainous , fjord - cut spine of Norway . This description is simplified . Sub-regions such as Iberia and Italy contain their own complex features , as does mainland Europe itself , where the relief contains many plateaus , river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend . Iceland and the British Isles are special cases . The former is of North Atlantic volcanic formation , while the latter consist of upland areas once joined to the mainland until cut off by rising sea levels . Peninsula of peninsulas ( edit ) Europe is sometimes called a `` peninsula of peninsulas '' , to draw attention to the fact that Europe is a relatively small , elongated appendage to Asia , and that a large part of Europe is made up of peninsulas . Partial list of European peninsulas Absheron peninsula Balkan peninsula Cotentin Peninsula Crimea Fennoscandian Peninsula Kola Peninsula Scandinavian Peninsula Iberian Peninsula Italian Peninsula Jutland Kanin Peninsula Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of Europe The coast of Europe is heavily indented with bays and gulfs , as here in Greece . Europe 's most significant geological feature is the dichotomy between the highlands and mountains of Southern Europe and a vast , partially underwater , northern plain ranging from Great Britain in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east . These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and the Alps / Carpathians . The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles . The major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea , the North Sea , the Baltic Sea complex , and the Barents Sea . The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica , and so may be regarded as the `` main continent '' , while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents . The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex , and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent , from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2011 ) Population ( edit ) Figures for the population of Europe vary according to which definition of European boundaries is used . The population within the standard physical geographical boundaries was 701 million in 2005 according to the United Nations . In 2000 the population was 857 million , using a definition which includes the whole of the transcontinental countries of Russia and Turkey . Population growth is comparatively slow , and median age comparatively high in relation to the world 's other continents . Rivers ( edit ) The Volga , the longest river in Europe , near Kazan , Russia . The Danube , Europe 's second - longest river , in Budapest , Hungary . Main article : List of rivers of Europe The longest rivers in Europe with their approximate lengths : Volga - 3,690 km ( 2,290 mi ) Danube - 2,860 km ( 1,780 mi ) Ural - 2,428 km ( 1,509 mi ) Dnieper - 2,290 km ( 1,420 mi ) Don - 1,950 km ( 1,210 mi ) Pechora - 1,809 km ( 1,124 mi ) Kama - 1,805 km ( 1,122 mi ) Oka - 1,500 km ( 930 mi ) Belaya - 1,430 km ( 890 mi ) Tisza - 1,358 km ( 844 mi ) Dniester - 1,352 km ( 840 mi ) Rhine - 1,236 km ( 768 mi ) Elbe - 1,091 km ( 678 mi ) Vistula - 1,047 km ( 651 mi ) Tagus - 1,038 km ( 645 mi ) Daugava - 1,020 km ( 630 mi ) Loire - 1,012 km ( 629 mi ) Ebro - 960 km ( 600 mi ) Neman - 937 km ( 582 mi ) Sava - 933 km ( 580 mi ) Douro - 897 km ( 557 mi ) Oder - 854 km ( 531 mi ) Guadiana - 829 km ( 515 mi ) Rhône - 815 km ( 506 mi ) Seine - 776 km ( 482 mi ) Mureș - 761 km ( 473 mi ) Prut - 742 km ( 461 mi ) Po - 682 km ( 424 mi ) Guadalquivir - 657 km ( 408 mi ) Olt - 615 km ( 382 mi ) Glomma - 604 km ( 375 mi ) Garonne - 602 km ( 374 mi ) Siret - 559 km ( 347 mi ) Neris - 510 km ( 320 mi ) Maritsa - 480 km ( 300 mi ) Gauja - 452 km ( 281 mi ) Vltava - 430 km ( 270 mi ) Ialomița - 417 km ( 259 mi ) Vah - 406 km ( 252 mi ) Vardar - 388 km ( 241 mi ) Shannon - 386 km ( 240 mi ) Someș - 376 km ( 234 mi ) Morava - 353 km ( 219 mi ) Thames - 346 km ( 215 mi ) Drin 335 km - 335 km ( 208 mi ) Torne - 324 km ( 201 mi ) Lakes and inland seas ( edit ) Main article : List of lakes § Europe Major Islands ( edit ) Iceland , Faroe Islands , Great Britain , Ireland , Balearic Islands , Corsica , Sardinia , Sicily , Malta , Cyprus , Ionian Islands , Crete , Aegean Islands , Åland Islands , Gotland , Saaremaa , Svalbard , Hinnøya , Senja , Zealand , Fyn and North Jutlandic Island . See also List of European islands by area and List of European islands by population Plains and lowlands ( edit ) East European Plain , the largest landscape feature of Europe Northern European Lowlands Pannonian Plain Meseta Central is a high plain ( plateau ) in central Spain ( occupies roughly 40 % of the country ) Po Valley , also known as Padan Plain , between Alps and Apennines Mountain ranges ( edit ) Elbrus , the highest mountain in Europe , seen from Georgia . Mount Olympus , legendary abode of the Greek gods . Maja Jezercë in Albania at 2,694 m high is the highest peak of the Dinaric Alps . Main article : List of mountain ranges § Europe Some of Europe 's major mountain ranges are : Ural Mountains , which form the boundary between Europe and Asia Caucasus Mountains , which also separate Europe and Asia , and are the namesake of the Caucasian race Carpathian Mountains , a major mountain range in Central and Southern Europe Alps , in Central Western Europe Apennines , which run through Italy Pyrenees , the natural border between France and Spain Cantabrian Mountains , which run across northern Spain Scandinavian Mountains , a mountain range which runs through the Scandinavian Peninsula , includes the Kjølen mountains Dinaric Alps , a mountain range in the Balkans Balkan Mountains , a mountain range in central Balkans Scottish Highlands ( including the Cairngorms ) in the United Kingdom . Land area in different classes of European mountainous terrain ( classification from UNEP - WCMC ) : Altitude Area ( km ) % Area ≥ 4500m 0.00 % 3500 - 4500m 225 0.00 % 2500 - 3500m 497,886 4.89 % 1500 - 2500m & slope ≥ 2 ° 145,838 1.43 % 1000 - 1500m & slope ≥ 5 ° or local elevation range > 300m 345,255 3.39 % 300 - 1000m and local elevation range > 300m 1,222,104 12.00 % Mountainous TOTAL 2,211,308 21.72 % Europe TOTAL 10,180,000 100.00 % Temperature and precipitation ( edit ) The high mountainous areas of Europe are colder and have higher precipitation than lower areas , as is true of mountainous areas in general . Europe has less precipitation in the east than in central and western Europe . The temperature difference between summer and winter gradually increases from coastal northwest Europe to southeast inland Europe , ranging from Ireland , with a temperature difference of only 10 ° C from the warmest to the coldest month , to the area north of the Caspian Sea , with a temperature difference of 40 ° C. January average range from 13 ° C in southern Spain and southern Greek islands to - 20 ° C in the northeastern part of European Russia . Desert climates are found in the European portion of Kazakhstan and South Eastern Spain . Western Europe and parts of Central Europe generally fall into the temperate maritime climate ( Cfb ) , the southern part is mostly a Mediterranean climate ( mostly Csa , smaller area with Csb ) , the north - central part and east into central Russia is mostly a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) and the northern part of the continent is a subarctic climate ( Dfc ) . In the extreme northern part ( northernmost Russia ; Svalbard ) , bordering the Arctic Ocean , is tundra climate ( Et ) . Mountain ranges , such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains , have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude . Landlocked countries ( edit ) If Nagorno - Karabakh Republic is considered a country ( it is a non-UN member state not recognised by any state ) , it is landlocked by Armenia . Andorra Armenia Austria Belarus Czech Republic Hungary Kazakhstan Kosovo Liechtenstein Luxembourg Republic of Macedonia Moldova San Marino Serbia Slovakia Switzerland Vatican Notes : Liechtenstein is doubly landlocked . Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Austria , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary , Serbia , and Macedonia constitute a contiguous landlocked agglomeration of eight countries in Central Europe and the Balkans , stretching from Geneva all the way to Greece . All other landlocked countries ( Luxembourg , Andorra , Vatican , San Marino , Belarus , Moldova , Azerbaijan , and Kazakhstan ) are `` standalone '' landlocked countries , not bordering any other such European one ( the emphasis is necessary , since Kazakhstan borders Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Kyrgyzstan , thus forming a vast landlocked expanse in Central Asia ) Countries consisting solely of islands or parts of islands ( edit ) Cyprus Iceland Ireland Malta United Kingdom Countries bordering or spanning another continent ( edit ) Eurasia Armenia , Azerbaijan , Republic of Cyprus , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Russia , Turkey , Greece ( some Aegean islands and Kastelorizo island in southeastern Mediterranean ) Europe - Africa Malta , Spain ( Ceuta , Melilla and Canary Islands ) , Italy ( Lampedusa and Lampione ) , Portugal ( Madeira ) , France ( Réunion and Mayotte ) Europe - South America France ( French Guiana ) Europe - North America France ( Guadeloupe , Martinique , and St. Pierre et Miquelon ) , Denmark ( Greenland ) , Netherlands ( Bonaire , Saba , and St. Eustatius ) , Portugal ( Corvo Island , Flores Island ) Countries that share a name with their capital ( edit ) Luxembourg Monaco San Marino Vatican City Andorra Countries whose capital is not the most populous ( edit ) Country Capital Largest city or municipality Liechtenstein Vaduz Schaan Malta Valletta Birkirkara San Marino San Marino Serravalle Switzerland Bern Zurich Turkey Ankara Istanbul Note : Italy 's capital , Rome , is the country 's largest city if only the municipality ( comune ) is considered . Greater Milan is the largest Metropolitan Area in Italy . Brussels is considered to be the largest city of Belgium , according to the population of the Brussels - Capital Region . The population of the City of Brussels is ~ 175,000 . Antwerp is the biggest city of the country . List of countries by the number of other countries they border ( edit ) Map of European countries by number of neighbouring countries . 14 Russia ( Including Kaliningrad ) 11 France ( Including overseas departments and territories ) 9 Germany 8 Austria , Serbia , Turkey 7 Hungary , Poland , Ukraine 6 Italy 5 Azerbaijan , Belarus , Bulgaria , Croatia , Kazakhstan , Romania , Macedonia , Slovakia , Spain ( Including Ceuta and Melilla ) , Switzerland Albania , Armenia , Belgium , the Czech Republic , Georgia , Greece , Kosovo , Latvia , Lithuania , Montenegro , Slovenia Bosnia and Herzegovina , Finland , Netherlands ( Including Sint Maarten ) , Norway , Luxembourg Andorra , Estonia , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Sweden Denmark , Ireland , Monaco , Portugal , San Marino , United Kingdom , Vatican City 0 Iceland , Cyprus , Malta See also ( edit ) European grid European Union Northern Europe Western Europe Central Europe Eastern Europe Southern Europe Extreme points of Europe Intermediate Region Extreme points of the European Union Countries bordering the European Union Extreme points of Eurasia Extreme points of Afro - Eurasia Explorers of Russia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Europe : Physical Geography National Geographic - Education Jump up ^ `` European Rivers '' . worldatlas.com . Jump up ^ `` River Systems of the World '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Peoples of Africa . Marshall Cavendish. 2000 . ISBN 9780761471585 . 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-4998329746125741586 | Expenditures in the United States federal budget | Expenditures in the United States federal budget - Wikipedia Expenditures in the United States federal budget Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Budget and debt in the United States of America Major dimensions ( hide ) Economy Expenditures Federal budget Financial position Military budget Public debt Taxation Unemployment Programs ( show ) Medicare Social programs Social Security Contemporary issues ( show ) Bowles -- Simpson Commission Bush tax cuts Debt ceiling ( history ) Deficit reduction Fiscal cliff Healthcare reform Political debates Social Security debate `` Starve the beast '' Subprime mortgage crisis In specific years Budget sequestration in 2013 Debt - ceiling crisis of 2011 2013 Financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 Government shutdowns : 1980 1995 -- 1996 2013 2018 Terminology ( show ) Cumulative deficit + Interest ≈ Debt Balance of payments Inflation Continuing resolution Main article : United States federal budget U.S. Federal spending and revenue components for fiscal year 2016 The United States federal budget consists of mandatory expenditures ( which include entitlement programs such as Medicare and Social Security ) , discretionary spending for defense , Cabinet Departments ( e.g. , United States Department of Justice ) and agencies ( e.g. , Securities & Exchange Commission ) , and interest payments on debt . During FY2016 , the federal government spent $3.27 trillion on a budget or cash basis , up $18 billion or 1 % vs. FY2015 spending of $3.25 trillion . Major categories of FY 2016 spending included : Healthcare such as Medicare and Medicaid ( $1,060 B or 28 % of spending ) , Social Security ( $910 B or 24 % ) , Non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ( $600 B or 16 % ) , Defense Department ( $585 B or 15 % ) , Interest ( $240 B or 6 % ) . Expenditures are classified as mandatory , with payments required by specific laws , or discretionary , with payment amounts renewed annually as part of the budget process . Expenditures averaged 20.3 % GDP over the 1967 - 2016 period , generally ranging + / - 2 % GDP from that level . The 2016 spend was 20.9 % GDP , versus 2015 spend of 20.6 % GDP and a recent 2009 peak of 24.4 % GDP . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discretionary vs. mandatory spending 1.1 Growth of mandatory spending 2 Mandatory spending and entitlements 2.1 Medicare and Medicaid 2.1. 1 Growth in medical spending 2.2 Social Security 3 Military spending 3.1 Debate about military spending 3.2 Budgetary treatment of Iraq & Afghanistan war expenses 4 Discretionary spending 5 Interest expense 6 Analytical perspectives 6.1 Federal spending per capita 7 References 8 External links Discretionary vs. mandatory spending ( edit ) The share of Federal spending for mandatory programs ( e.g. , Social Security and Medicare ) is increasing over time as the country ages and healthcare costs grow faster than inflation . Discretionary spending requires an annual appropriation bill , which is a piece of legislation . Discretionary spending is typically set by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their various subcommittees . Since the spending is typically for a fixed period ( usually a year ) , it is said to be under the discretion of the Congress . Some appropriations last for more than one year ( see Appropriation bill for details ) . In particular , multi-year appropriations are often used for housing programs and military procurement programs . Direct spending , also known as mandatory spending , refers to spending enacted by law , but not dependent on an annual or periodic appropriation bill . Most mandatory spending consists of entitlement programs such as Social Security benefits , Medicare , and Medicaid . These programs are called `` entitlements '' because individuals satisfying given eligibility requirements set by past legislation are entitled to Federal government benefits or services . Many other expenses , such as salaries of Federal judges , are mandatory , but account for a relatively small share of federal spending . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) reports the costs of mandatory spending programs in a variety of annual and special topic publications . Congress can affect spending on entitlement programs by changing eligibility requirements or the structure of programs . Certain entitlement programs , because the language authorizing them are included in appropriation bills , are termed `` appropriated entitlements . '' This is a convention rather than a substantive distinction , since the programs , such as Food Stamps , would continue to be funded even if the appropriation bill were to be vetoed or otherwise not enacted . The share of Federal spending for mandatory programs has been increasing as the U.S. population ages , while the discretionary spending share has fallen . Growth of mandatory spending ( edit ) CBO projects that spending for Social Security , Healthcare programs and interest costs will rise relative to GDP over the 2017 - 2027 period , while defense and other discretionary spending will decline relative to GDP . Over the past 40 years , mandatory spending for programs such as Medicare and Social Security has grown as a share of the budget and relative to GDP , while other discretionary categories have declined . Medicare , Medicaid and Social Security grew from 4.3 % of GDP in 1971 to 10.7 % of GDP in 2016 . In the long - run , expenditures related to Social Security , Medicare and Medicaid are growing considerably faster than the economy overall as the population matures . The Congressional Budget Office estimates that Social Security spending will rise from 4.8 % of GDP in 2009 to 6.2 % of GDP by 2035 , where it will stabilize . However , CBO expects Medicare and Medicaid to continue growing , rising from 5.3 % GDP in 2009 to 10.0 % in 2035 and 19.0 % by 2082 . CBO has indicated healthcare spending per beneficiary is the primary long - term fiscal challenge . Further , multiple government and private sources have indicated the overall expenditure path is unsustainable . Mandatory spending and entitlements ( edit ) Further information : Social programs in the United States Table compares US federal spending and revenue in 2016 vs. 2015 using CBO historical data . Entitlement Spending Risks . Medicare & Social Security . Social Security and Medicare expenditures are funded by permanent appropriations and so are considered mandatory spending according to the 1997 Budget Enforcement Act ( BEA ) . Social Security and Medicare are sometimes called `` entitlements , '' because people meeting relevant eligibility requirements are legally entitled to benefits , although most pay taxes into these programs throughout their working lives . Some programs , such as Food Stamps , are appropriated entitlements . Some mandatory spending , such as Congressional salaries , is not part of any entitlement program . Funds to make federal interest payments have been automatically appropriated since 1847 . Major categories of FY 2014 mandatory spending included : Social Security ( $845 B or 24 % of spending ) , Healthcare such as Medicare and Medicaid ( $831 B or 24 % ) , other mandatory programs such as food stamps and unemployment compensation ( $420 B or 12 % ) and interest ( $229 B or 6.5 % ) . As a share of federal budget , mandatory spending has increased over time . Mandatory spending accounted for 53 % of total federal outlays in FY2008 , with net interest payments accounting for an additional 8.5 % . In 2011 , mandatory spending had increased to 56 % of federal outlays . From 1991 to 2011 , mandatory spending grew from 10.1 percent to 13.6 percent of GDP , according to figures from the Congressional Budget Office . This spending is expected to continue to increase as a share of GDP . According to the conservative Heritage Foundation , spending on Social Security , Medicare , and Medicaid will rise from 8.7 % of GDP in 2010 , to 11.0 % by 2020 and to 18.1 % by 2050 . Since the federal government has historically collected about 18.4 % of GDP in tax revenues , this means these three mandatory programs may absorb all federal revenues sometime around 2050 . Unless these long - term fiscal imbalances are addressed by reforms to these programs , raising taxes or drastic cuts in discretionary programs , the federal government will at some point be unable to pay its obligations without significant risk to the value of the dollar ( inflation ) . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , in 2011 49.1 % of the U.S. population lived in a household where at least one household member received a government benefit including Social Security and Medicare . This figure represented an increase from 30 % in the early 1980s and 44.4 % in 2008 . While federal outlay for welfare was reduced by half since 1996 , programs such as food stamps have seen increases in spending . In 2012 , 35 % of the U.S. population lived in a household that received government benefits , counting only means - tested programs such as food stamps , housing assistance and Medicaid . Mandatory programs are affected by demographic trends . The number of workers continues declining relative to those receiving benefits . For example , the number of workers per retiree was 5.1 in 1960 ; this declined to 3.3 in 2007 and is projected to decline to 2.1 by 2040 . According to census data for 2011 , 16 % of the population lived in a household where at least one individual received Social Security and 15 % lived in a household where at least one individual received Medicare . From 2012 to 2027 , approximately 78 million individuals will retire and begin receiving Social Security and Medicare . These programs are also affected by per - person costs , which are also expected to increase at a rate significantly higher than the economy . The unfavorable combination of demographics and per - capita rate increases is expected to drive both Social Security and Medicare into large deficits during the 21st century . Multiple government sources have argued these programs are fiscally unsustainable as presently structured due to the extent of future borrowing and related interest required to fund them ; here is a 2009 summary from the Social Security and Medicare Trustees : The financial condition of the Social Security and Medicare programs remains challenging . Projected long run program costs are not sustainable under current program parameters . Social Security 's annual surpluses of tax income over expenditures are expected to fall sharply this year and to stay about constant in 2010 because of the economic recession , and to rise only briefly before declining and turning to cash flow deficits beginning in 2016 that grow as the baby boom generation retires . The deficits will be made up by redeeming trust fund assets until reserves are exhausted in 2037 , at which point tax income would be sufficient to pay about three fourths of scheduled benefits through 2083 . Medicare 's financial status is much worse . As was true in 2008 , Medicare 's Hospital Insurance ( HI ) Trust Fund is expected to pay out more in hospital benefits and other expenditures this year than it receives in taxes and other dedicated revenues . The difference will be made up by redeeming trust fund assets . Growing annual deficits are projected to exhaust HI reserves in 2017 , after which the percentage of scheduled benefits payable from tax income would decline from 81 percent in 2017 to about 50 percent in 2035 and 30 percent in 2080 . In addition , the Medicare Supplementary Medical Insurance ( SMI ) Trust Fund that pays for physician services and the prescription drug benefit will continue to require general revenue financing and charges on beneficiaries that grow substantially faster than the economy and beneficiary incomes over time . Since the government borrowed and spent the trust funds ' assets , there is no `` lockbox '' or marketable investment portfolio of $2.4 trillion for Social Security or $380 billion for Medicare . The trust funds contain non-marketable `` IOU 's '' that the government is legally obligated to pay . In the absence of significant budget surpluses , the government will be required to convert these non-marketable securities to marketable securities by borrowing in the future , as trust fund claims are redeemed . Medicare and Medicaid ( edit ) Main articles : Health care finance in the United States , Medicare ( United States ) , and Medicaid Medicare and Medicaid Spending as % GDP . The Medicare Trustees have reduced their forecast for Medicare costs as % GDP , mainly due to a lower rate of healthcare cost increases . Medicare was established in 1965 and expanded thereafter . In 2009 , the program covered an estimated 45 million persons ( 38 million aged and 7 million disabled ) . It consists of four distinct parts which are funded differently : Part A ( Hospital Insurance , or HI ) covers inpatient hospital services , skilled nursing care , and home health and hospice care . The HI trust fund is mainly funded by a dedicated payroll tax of 2.9 % of earnings , shared equally between employers and workers . Part B ( Supplementary Medical Insurance , or SMI ) covers physician services , outpatient services , and home health and preventive services . The SMI trust fund is funded through beneficiary premiums ( set at 25 % of estimated program costs for the aged ) and general revenues ( the remaining amount , approximately 75 % ) . Part C ( Medicare Advantage , or MA ) is a private plan option for beneficiaries that covers all Part A and B services , except hospice . Individuals choosing to enroll in Part C must also enroll in Part B. Part C is funded through the HI and SMI trust funds . Part D covers prescription drug benefits . Funding is included in the SMI trust fund and is financed through beneficiary premiums ( about 25 % ) and general revenues ( about 75 % ) . Various reform strategies were proposed for healthcare , including Medicare and Medicaid . Examples include : comparative effectiveness research ; independent review panels ; modifying doctor incentives to focus on better care rather than fee for service ; addressing a shortage of doctors and nurses ; taxing healthcare benefits paid for by employers ; addressing tort reform and defensive medicine ; preventing obesity and related expensive conditions ; addressing fraud ; streamlining redundant payment systems ; and improved healthcare technology . Growth in Medical spending ( edit ) Spending on Medicare and Medicaid is projected to grow dramatically in coming decades . The number of persons enrolled in Medicare is expected to increase from 47 million in 2010 to 80 million by 2030 . While the same demographic trends that affect Social Security also affect Medicare , rapidly rising medical prices appear to be a more important cause of projected spending increases . The CBO has indicated that : `` Future growth in spending per beneficiary for Medicare and Medicaid -- the federal government 's major health care programs -- will be the most important determinant of long - term trends in federal spending . Changing those programs in ways that reduce the growth of costs -- which will be difficult , in part because of the complexity of health policy choices -- is ultimately the nation 's central long - term challenge in setting federal fiscal policy . '' Further , the CBO also projects that `` total federal Medicare and Medicaid outlays will rise from 4 percent of GDP in 2007 to 12 percent in 2050 and 19 percent in 2082 -- which , as a share of the economy , is roughly equivalent to the total amount that the federal government spends today . The bulk of that projected increase in health care spending reflects higher costs per beneficiary rather than an increase in the number of beneficiaries associated with an aging population . '' President Obama stated in May 2009 : `` But we know that our families , our economy , and our nation itself will not succeed in the 21st century if we continue to be held down by the weight of rapidly rising health care costs and a broken health care system ... Our businesses will not be able to compete ; our families will not be able to save or spend ; our budgets will remain unsustainable unless we get health care costs under control . '' The present value of unfunded obligations under all parts of Medicare during FY 2007 is approximately $34.1 trillion . In other words , this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the shortfall over the next 75 years . This is over six times as large as the Social Security unfunded obligation of $5.3 trillion , discussed below . Social Security ( edit ) Main article : Social Security ( United States ) OASDI Income and Cost Rates Under Intermediate Assumptions . Source : 2009 OASDI Trustees Report . Note : CBO estimates that policy changes with a 0.6 % of GDP annual impact are sufficient to address the 75 - year program shortfall . Abbreviations are explained in the chart page . Source : CBO Report -- July 2010 . Social Security is a social insurance program officially called `` Old - Age , Survivors , and Disability Insurance '' ( OASDI ) , in reference to its three components . It is primarily funded through a dedicated payroll tax . During 2009 , total benefits of $686 billion were paid out versus income ( taxes and interest ) of $807 billion , a $121 billion annual surplus . An estimated 156 million people paid into the program and 53 million received benefits , roughly 2.94 workers per beneficiary . During 2008 , total benefits of $625 billion were paid out versus income ( taxes and interest ) of $805 billion , a $180 billion annual surplus . An estimated 162 million people paid into the program and 51 million received benefits , roughly 3.2 workers per beneficiary . There is significant confusion about the program , due in part to the accounting for surplus payroll tax receipts and the agendas of various political constituencies . A few key points to understand under current law , if no reforms are implemented : Social Security is funded by a dedicated payroll tax of 12.4 % . This means that Social Security will be paid at least to the extent of payroll tax collections . Program payroll tax collections were roughly equal to payouts in 2010 and are estimated to fall to about 75 % of payouts by the mid-2030s and continue around that level through the early 2080s . Claims that the program is `` bankrupt '' or `` going bankrupt '' can be evaluated in this context . Since the Greenspan Commission in the early 1980s , Social Security has cumulatively collected far more in payroll taxes dedicated to the program than it has paid out to recipients -- nearly $2.4 trillion by 2008 . This surplus amount is commonly referred to as the `` Social Security Trust Fund . '' This surplus amount has not added to the public debt ; rather it is the spending of surplus funds dedicated to the program for other purposes that has added to the debt . The Trust Fund represents a legal claim by Social Security recipients , enabling them to compel the government to borrow or otherwise fund 100 % of program obligations as long as Trust Fund amounts remain . As sources of funds ( other than the dedicated payroll taxes ) are diverted to the program , the Trust Fund balance is reduced . Once the Trust Fund is liquidated in the mid-2030s under various estimates , program payouts will fall to about 75 % of currently scheduled benefits . Social Security then becomes a true `` pay as you go '' program , without Trust Fund amounts to cover shortfalls . Redemption of Trust Fund claims means that the government will have to borrow an additional $2.4 trillion in total ( based on the 2008 Trust Fund balance ) over approximately 20 years , from the time the program payouts begin to exceed tax collections around 2015 to the time the Trust Fund is exhausted in the mid-2030s . This is a funding challenge for the government overall , not just Social Security . Social Security spending will increase sharply over the next decades , largely due to the retirement of the baby boom generation . The number of program recipients is expected to increase from 44 million in 2010 to 73 million in 2030 . Program spending is projected to rise from 4.8 % of GDP in 2010 to 5.9 % of GDP by 2030 , where it will stabilize . The CBO projected in 2010 that an increase in payroll taxes ranging from 1.6 -- 2.1 % of the payroll tax base , equivalent to 0.6 % - 0.8 % of GDP , would be necessary to put the Social Security program in fiscal balance for the next 75 years . In other words , raising the payroll tax rate to about 14.4 % during 2009 ( from the current 12.4 % ) or cutting benefits by 13.3 % would address the program 's budgetary concerns indefinitely ; these amounts increase to around 16 % and 24 % if no changes are made until 2037 . Projections of Social Security 's solvency are sensitive to assumptions about rates of economic growth and demographic changes . Since recommendations of the Greenspan Commission were adopted in the early 1980s , Social Security payroll taxes have exceeded benefit payments . In FY2008 , Social Security received $180 billion more in payroll taxes and accrued interest than it paid out in benefits . This annual surplus is credited to Social Security trust funds that hold special non-marketable Treasury securities . The Social Security surplus reduces the amount of U.S. Treasury borrowing from the public , as the surplus funds may be used for other government purposes . The total balance of the trust funds was $2.4 trillion in 2008 and is estimated to reach $3.7 trillion by 2016 . At that point , payments will exceed payroll tax revenues , resulting in the gradual reduction of the trust funds balance as the securities are redeemed against other types of government revenues . By 2037 , according to some estimates , the trust funds will be exhausted . Under current law , Social Security payouts would be reduced by 24 % at that time , as only payroll taxes are authorized to cover benefits . The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of January 1 , 2009 has been estimated at approximately $5.3 trillion over a 75 - year horizon . In other words , this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the shortfall over the next 75 years . The estimated annual shortfall averages 1.9 % of the payroll tax base or 0.7 % of gross domestic product . For a GDP of approximately $14 trillion in 2009 , this 0.7 % gap is roughly $100 billion per year or 5 % of tax revenue . Over an infinite time horizon , these shortfalls average 3.4 % of the payroll tax base and 1.2 % of GDP . Various reforms have been debated for Social Security . Examples include reducing future annual cost of living adjustments ( COLA ) provided to recipients , raising the retirement age , and raising the income limit subject to the payroll tax ( $106,800 in 2009 ) . The Urban Institute estimated the effects of solution alternatives during May 2010 , including an estimated program deficit reduction for each : Reducing the COLA by one percentage point : 75 % Indexing the COLA to prices rather than wages , except for bottom one - third of income earners : 65 % Raising the payroll tax rate by one percentage point : 50 % . Raising the payroll tax cap ( currently at $106,800 ) to cover 90 % instead of 84 % of earnings : 35 % Increasing the full retirement age to 68 : 30 % The CBO reported in July 2010 the effects of a series of policy options on the `` actuarial balance '' shortfall , which over the 75 year horizon is approximately 0.6 % of GDP . This is slightly different from the 0.7 % estimated by the Social Security Trustees , as indicated above . For example , CBO estimates that raising the payroll tax by two percentage points ( from 12.4 % to 14.4 % ) over 20 years would increase annual program revenues by 0.6 % of GDP , solving the 75 - year shortfall . The various impacts are summarized in the CBO chart at right . CBO estimated in January 2012 that raising the full retirement age for Social Security from 67 to 70 would reduce outlays by about 13 % . Raising the early retirement age from 62 to 64 has little impact , as those who wait longer to begin receiving benefits get a higher amount . Raising the retirement age increases the size of the workforce and the size of the economy by about 1 % . Military spending ( edit ) Main article : Military budget of the United States Defense Spending as % Outlays FY 1950 -- 2007 . Defense Spending 2000 -- 2011 . During FY 2009 , the GAO reported that the U.S. government incurred approximately $683 billion in expenses for the Department of Defense ( DoD ) and $54 billion for Homeland Security , a total of $737 billion . The GAO financial statements present data on an accrual basis , meaning as expenses are incurred rather than actual cash payments . President Obama 's 2010 budget proposal includes a total of $663.8 billion , including $533.8 billion for the DOD and $130 billion for overseas contingencies , primarily the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . The proposed DoD base budget represents an increase of $20.5 billion over the $513.3 billion enacted for fiscal 2009 . This is an increase of 4 % , or 2.1 % percent real growth after adjusting for inflation . The fiscal 2010 budget proposal brought the overseas contingency supplemental requests into the budget process , adding the $130 billion amount to the deficit . The U.S. defense budget ( excluding spending for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan , Homeland Security , and Veteran 's Affairs ) is around 4 % of GDP . Adding these other costs places defense and homeland security spending between 5 % and 6 % of GDP . The DoD baseline budget , excluding supplemental funding for the wars , has grown from $297 billion in FY2001 to a budgeted $534 billion for FY2010 , an 81 % increase . According to the CBO , defense spending grew 9 % annually on average from fiscal year 2000 -- 2009 . Debate about military spending ( edit ) Democratic Congressman Barney Frank called for a significant reduction in the defense budget during February 2009 : `` The math is compelling : if we do not make reductions approximating 25 percent of the military budget starting fairly soon , it will be impossible to continue to fund an adequate level of domestic activity even with a repeal of Bush 's tax cuts for the very wealthy . I am working with a variety of thoughtful analysts to show how we can make very substantial cuts in the military budget without in any way diminishing the security we need ... ( American ) well - being is far more endangered by a proposal for substantial reductions in Medicare , Social Security or other important domestic areas than it would be by canceling weapons systems that have no justification from any threat we are likely to face . '' U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates wrote in January 2009 that the U.S. should adjust its priorities and spending to address the changing nature of threats in the world : `` What all these potential adversaries -- from terrorist cells to rogue nations to rising powers -- have in common is that they have learned that it is unwise to confront the United States directly on conventional military terms . The United States can not take its current dominance for granted and needs to invest in the programs , platforms , and personnel that will ensure that dominance 's persistence . But it is also important to keep some perspective . As much as the U.S. Navy has shrunk since the end of the Cold War , for example , in terms of tonnage , its battle fleet is still larger than the next 13 navies combined -- and 11 of those 13 navies are U.S. allies or partners . '' In 2009 , the US Department of Defense 's annual report to Congress on China 's military strength offered several estimates of actual 2008 Chinese military spending . In terms of the prevailing exchange rate , Pentagon estimates range between US $105 and US $150 billion , the second highest in the world after the US . Budgetary treatment of Iraq & Afghanistan war expenses ( edit ) CBO estimated in January 2010 that approximately $1.1 trillion was authorized for spending on the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars between 2001 and 2010 . Spending peaked in 2008 at $187 billion and declined to $130 billion by 2010 . Much of the costs for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have not been funded through regular appropriations bills , but through emergency supplemental appropriations bills . As such , most of these expenses were not included in the budget deficit calculation prior to FY2010 . Some budget experts argue that emergency supplemental appropriations bills do not receive the same level of legislative care as regular appropriations bills . In addition , emergency supplemental appropriations are not subject to the same budget enforcement mechanisms imposed on regular appropriations . Funding for the first stages of the Vietnam War was provided by supplemental appropriations , although President Johnson eventually acceded to Congressional demands to fund that war through the regular appropriations process . Budget authority is legal authority to obligate the federal government . For many war - related activities there may be a long lag between the time when budget authority is granted and when payments ( outlays ) are made by the U.S. Treasury . In particular , spending on reconstruction activities in Iraq and Afghanistan has lagged behind available budget authority . In other cases , the military uses contracts that are payable upon completion , which can create long lags between appropriations and outlays . In principle , the Department of Defense ( DoD ) separates war funding from base funding . In most cases , however , funds for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan use the same accounts as other DoD accounts . This raises challenges to attempts to achieve a precise separation of expenditures on operations in Iraq and Afghanistan from the base defense operations . Discretionary spending ( edit ) FY 2013 Estimated Federal Spending per 2012 Budget Federal funding of science and technology research by year . The spike in 2009 is due to the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act . Discretionary spending is spending that is not mandated on a multi-year basis by existing legislation , and thus must be determined anew in each year 's budget . Discretionary spending is used to fund the Cabinet Departments ( e.g. , the Department of Education ) and Agencies ( e.g. , the Environmental Protection Agency ) , although these are often the recipients of some mandatory funding as well . Discretionary budget authority is established annually by Congress , as opposed to mandatory spending that is required by laws that span multiple years , such as Social Security or Medicare . The Federal government spent approximately $600 billion during 2016 on the Cabinet Departments and Agencies , excluding the Department of Defense , representing 16 % of budgeted expenditures or about 3.3 % of GDP . The 2011 budget included estimated spending for 2010 , shown in the graph at right for selected Departments and Agencies with over $10 billion in budget authority . Funding for the Department of Defense is mostly discretionary , but is excluded from this total and analyzed separately in this article . However , certain defense - related spending is included in other Departments , such as Homeland Security and Veteran 's Affairs . The U.S. Constitution ( Article I , Section 8 ) grants the Congress the authority to `` To raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years . '' Funding for science research and development is mainly funded through discretionary funding through agencies such as the National Institutes of Health , Department of Energy Office of Science , National Aeronautics and Space Administration , and National Science Foundation . Slightly more than half of federal research and development funds go to the Department of Defense and thus overlaps with military spending . Several politicians and think tanks have proposed freezing non-defense discretionary spending at particular levels and holding this spending constant for various periods of time . President Obama proposed freezing discretionary spending representing approximately 12 % of the budget in his 2011 State of the Union address . Interest expense ( edit ) Components of interest on the debt . Budgeted net interest on the public debt was approximately $245 billion in FY2012 ( 7 % of spending ) . During FY2012 , the government also accrued a non-cash interest expense of $187 billion for intra-governmental debt , primarily the Social Security Trust Fund , for a total interest expense of $432 billion . This accrued interest is added to the Social Security Trust Fund and therefore the national debt each year and will be paid to Social Security recipients in the future . However , since it is a non-cash expense it is excluded from the budget deficit calculation . Net interest costs paid on the public debt declined from $203 billion in 2011 to $187 billion in 2012 because of lower interest rates . Should these rates return to historical averages , the interest cost would increase dramatically . During 2013 , the U.S. Federal Reserve is expected to purchase about $45 billion of U.S. treasury securities per month in addition to the $40 billion in mortgage debt it 's purchasing , effectively absorbing about 90 percent of net new dollar - denominated fixed - income assets . This reduces the supply of bonds available for sale to investors , raising bond prices and lowering interest rates , which helps boost the U.S. economy . During 2012 , global demand for U.S. debt was strong and interest rates were near record lows . U.S. spending per person from 1980 to 2011 . Blue line indicates nominal spending per person , while the cyan line is adjusted for inflation based on the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) excluding food and energy . Analytical perspectives ( edit ) Federal spending per capita ( edit ) Federal spending per capita ( that is , per person in the U.S. ) was approximately $11,551 during 2011 , versus $6,338 in 2000 . Adjusted for inflation , these amounts were $5,133 in 2011 and $3,496 in 2000 . Adjusted for inflation , federal spending per person remained around $3,500 throughout the 1990s . It then began to rise steadily after 2000 , then jumped in 2008 and 2009 due to the subprime mortgage crisis . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : CBO - Budget and Economic Outlook 2017 - 2027 - January 2015 Jump up ^ CBO -- The Budget and Economic Outlook : Fiscal Years 2013 to 2023 -- February 2013 Jump up ^ CBO Historical Tables - Retrieved November 2015 Jump up ^ Charlie Rose Show - Senators Bayh , Gregg and Roger Altman - February 1 , 2010 Archived July 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Center on Budget and Policy Priorities - The Right Target : Stabilize the Federal Debt January 2010 Jump up ^ CBO Long Term Budget Outlook -- June and August 2010 Jump up ^ CBO Testimony -- June 2008 ^ Jump up to : Social Security Trustees Report -- 2009 Summary Jump up ^ GAO Briefing -- January 2008 Jump up ^ Peter G. Peterson Foundation -- Citizen 's Guide 2010 Jump up ^ CBO Historical Data June 2017 ^ Jump up to : D. Andrew Austin ; Mindy R. Levit ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Mandatory Spending Since 1962 '' ( PDF ) . fas.org . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Congressional Budget Office , An Analysis of the President 's Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal Year 2010 , June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Closer Look at Mandatory Spending '' ( PDF ) . cbo.gov . Congressional Budget Office . 2012 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Heritage Foundation -- Book of Charts -- Retrieved March 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ Heritage Foundation -- Book of Charts -- Retrieve March 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ GAO Citizens Guide Jump up ^ Huffington Post-Lynn Parramore - Nine Deficit Myths We Cannot Afford - April 2010 Jump up ^ CNN Wire Staff ( August 30 , 2012 ) . `` CNN Fact Check : Santorum misleads on ' dependence ' '' . CNN . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Phil Izzo ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Number of the Week : Half of U.S. Lives in Household Getting Benefits '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Spalding ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Why the U.S. has a culture of dependency '' . CNN . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Palmer ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` Exactly How Many Americans Are Dependent on the Government ? '' . Slate . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Concord Slides Jump up ^ Sloan - Fortune - Social Security : The Next Great Bailout - July 2009 Jump up ^ Bruce Bartlett - Forbes - The 81 % Tax Increase - May 2009 Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service -- Medicare Primer -- March 2009 Jump up ^ Atul Gawande - The New Yorker - The Cost Conundrum - June 2009 ^ Jump up to : The Economist -- As Boomers Wrinkle -- December 2010 Jump up ^ CBO Testimony Jump up ^ President Obama -- Weekly Radio Address -- May 16 2009 Jump up ^ GAO Fiscal Briefing Page 17 Jump up ^ 2010 Social Security Trustees Report Summary Press Release Jump up ^ 2008 Social Security -- Trustees Report Summary Press Release ^ Jump up to : Congressional Budget Office - Social Security Policy Options - July 2010 Jump up ^ Center on Budget and Policy Priorities - Bowles - Simpson Social Security Proposal Evaluation - February 2011 Jump up ^ Heritage Foundation - Book of Charts - As of November 2010 Jump up ^ CBO Long - Term Outlook - June 2010 - Page 50 Jump up ^ 2009 OASDI Trustees Report Pages 3 and 19 Jump up ^ 2009 OASDI Trustees Report -- Page 9 and 19 Jump up ^ Trustees Report Long Range Estimates -- Section 5a Table IV. B6 Jump up ^ AARP Public Policy Institute - Reform Options for Social Security Jump up ^ U.S. News and World Report - 12 Ways to Fix Social Security - May 2010 Jump up ^ Urban Institute - Distributional Effects of Alternative Social Security Reforms - Details Matter - May 2010 Jump up ^ CBO -- Raising the Ages of Eligibility for Social Security and Medicare - January 2012 Jump up ^ GAO - 2009 Financial Statements of the U.S. Government -- Page 45 Jump up ^ DoD News Release - Fiscal 2010 Budget Proposal - May 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ Eaglen , Mackenzie ; Eric Sayers ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` USA : A 21st Century Maritime Posture for an Uncertain Future '' . Defense Industry Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DOD -- Defense Trend Spending Chart - May 7 , 2009 Archived February 28 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CBO - Monthly Budget Review - Sept 09 Jump up ^ Barney Frank -- The Nation Jump up ^ Gates - A Balanced Strategy Jump up ^ Office of the Secretary of Defense -- Annual Report to Congress : Military Power of the People 's Republic of China 2009 ( PDF ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ CBO ( January 2010 ) . `` The Budget and Economic Outlook : Fiscal Years 2010 to 2020 '' . CBO . Retrieved February 2013 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Anthony Cordesman and Erin Fitzgerald , September , 2009 Resourcing for Defeat , Center for Strategic and International Studies ^ Jump up to : `` Investing in the Building Blocks of American Innovation : Federal R&D , Technology , and STEM Education in the 2011 Budget '' ( PDF ) . Office of Science and Technology Policy . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Constitution of the United States Jump up ^ State of the Union Speech - January 2011 Archived February 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO Audit Report on Treasury Debt -- FY2012 '' ( PDF ) . November 2012 . p. 13 . Retrieved November 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bloomberg - Treasury Scarcity to Grow as Fed Buys 90 % of New Bonds - November 2012 Jump up ^ FRED Database - Spending , Population , and Inflation Index Graph - October 2013 External links ( edit ) Cogan , John F. ( 2002 ) . `` Federal Budget '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 Kotlikoff , Laurence J. ( 2002 ) . `` Federal Deficit '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 The New York Times : Obama 's 2012 Budget Proposal -- A visualization of the Obama administration 's FY2012 budget proposal . CBPP - Policy Basics - Where Do Our Federal Tax Dollars Go ? April 2013 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expenditures_in_the_United_States_federal_budget&oldid=828547686 '' Categories : United States federal budgets Expenditure Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from April 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2013 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 07 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is most of the federal budget spent | [
"\nHealthcare such as Medicare and Medicaid ($1,060B or 28% of spending),\nSocial Security ($910B or 24%),\nNon-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($600B or 16%),\nDefense Department ($585B or 15%),\nInterest ($240B or 6%).[1]\n"
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"Healthcare such as Medicare and Medicaid ($1,060B or 28% of spending)"
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7615054253895123182 | Anatolia | Anatolia - wikipedia Anatolia Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Anatolia ( disambiguation ) and Asia Minor ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 39 ° N 35 ° E / 39 ° N 35 ° E / 39 ; 35 The traditional definition of Anatolia within modern Turkey Anatolia ( Turkish : Anadolu , in Modern Greek : Ανατολία , from Ἀνατολή , Anatolḗ , pronunciation Anatolía -- `` east '' or `` ( sun ) rise '' ) , sometimes known as Asia Minor ( Turkish : Küçük Asya , in Medieval and Modern Greek : Μικρά Ἀσία , Mīkrá Asía , pronunciation Mikrá Asía -- `` small Asia '' ) , Asian Turkey , the Anatolian peninsula , or the Anatolian plateau , is the westernmost protrusion of Asia , which makes up the majority of modern - day Turkey . The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , and the Aegean Sea to the west . The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland . Traditionally , Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Black Sea to the Armenian Highlands ( Armenia Major ) . This region is now named and largely situated in the Eastern Anatolia Region of the far north east of Turkey and converges with the Lesser Caucasus -- an area that was incorporated in the Russian Empire region of Transcaucasia in the 19th century . Thus , traditionally Anatolia is the territory that comprises approximately the western two - thirds of the Asian part of Turkey . Anatolia is often considered to be synonymous with Asian Turkey , which comprises almost the entire country ; its eastern and southeastern borders are widely taken to be the Turkish borders with neighboring Georgia , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Iran , Iraq , and Syria , in clockwise direction . The ancient inhabitants of Anatolia spoke the now - extinct Anatolian languages , which were largely replaced by the Greek language starting from classical antiquity and during the Hellenistic , Roman and Byzantine periods . The Turkification of Anatolia began under the Seljuk Empire in the late 11th century and continued under the Ottoman Empire between the early 14th and early 20th centuries . However , various non-Turkic languages continue to be spoken by minorities in Anatolia today , including Kurdish , Assyrian , Armenian , Arabic , Laz , Georgian , and Greek . Ancient peoples in the region included Galatians , Hurrians , Scythians , Assyrians , Medes , Persians , Hattians , Cimmerians , Ionian Greeks , the Mongols and Arabs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Onomastics and etymology 3 History 3.1 Prehistory 3.2 Ancient Near East ( Bronze and Iron Ages ) 3.2. 1 Hattians and Hurrians 3.2. 2 Assyrian Empire ( 21st -- 18th centuries BC ) 3.2. 3 Hittite Kingdom and Empire ( 17th -- 12th centuries BC ) 3.2. 4 Neo-Hittite kingdoms ( c. 1180 -- 700 BC ) 3.2. 5 Neo-Assyrian Empire ( 10th -- 7th centuries BC ) 3.2. 6 Cimmerian and Scythian invasions ( 8th -- 7th centuries BC ) 3.2. 7 Greek West 3.3 Classical antiquity 3.4 Early Christian period 3.5 Islamic rule replacing Byzantium 3.6 Ottoman Empire 3.7 Modern times 4 Geography 4.1 Geology 4.2 Climate 4.3 Ecoregions 5 Demographics 6 Cuisine 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Definition ( edit ) Further information : Geographical name changes in Turkey The location of Turkey ( within the rectangle ) in reference to the European continent . Anatolia roughly corresponds to the Asian part of Turkey , except the eastern parts historically known as the Armenian Highlands 1907 map of Asia Minor , showing the local ancient kingdoms . The map includes the East Aegean Islands and the island of Cyprus to Anatolia 's continental shelf . The Anatolian peninsula , also called Asia Minor , is bounded by the Black Sea to the north , the Mediterranean Sea to the south , the Aegean Sea to the west , and the Sea of Marmara to the northwest , which separates Anatolia from Thrace in Europe . Traditionally , Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to an indefinite line running from the Gulf of Alexandretta to the Black Sea , coterminous with the Anatolian Plateau . This traditional geographical definition is used , for example , in the latest edition of Merriam - Webster 's Geographical Dictionary , as well as the archeological community . Under this definition , Anatolia is bounded to the east by the Armenian Highlands , and the Euphrates before that river bends to the southeast to enter Mesopotamia . To the southeast , it is bounded by the ranges that separate it from the Orontes valley in Syria ( region ) and the Mesopotamian plain . Following the Armenian Genocide and establishment of the Republic of Turkey , the Armenian Highlands ( or Western Armenia ) were renamed `` Eastern Anatolia '' ( literally The Eastern East ) by the Turkish government , being effectively co-terminous with Asian Turkey . Turkey 's First Geography Congress in 1941 created two regions to the east of the Gulf of Iskenderun - Black Sea line named the Eastern Anatolia Region and the Southeastern Anatolia Region , the former largely corresponding to the western part of the Armenian Highland , the latter to the northern part of the Mesopotamian plain . This wider definition of Anatolia has gained widespread currency outside of Turkey and has , for instance , been adopted by Encyclopædia Britannica and other encyclopedic and general reference publications . Vazken Davidian terms the expanded use of `` Anatolia '' to apply to territory formerly referred to as Armenia as `` an historical imposition '' , and notes that a growing body of literature is uncomfortable with referring to the Ottoman East as `` Eastern Anatolia '' . Onomastics and etymology ( edit ) The oldest known reference to Anatolia -- as `` Land of the Hatti '' -- appears on Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets from the period of the Akkadian Empire ( 2350 -- 2150 BC ) . The first recorded name the Greeks used for the Anatolian peninsula , Ἀσία ( Asía ) , presumably echoed the name of the Assuwa league in western Anatolia . As the name `` Asia '' broadened its scope to apply to other areas east of the Mediterranean , Greeks in Late Antiquity came to use the name Μικρὰ Ἀσία ( Mikrá Asía ) or Asia Minor , meaning `` Lesser Asia '' to refer to present - day Anatolia . The English - language name Anatolia itself derives from the Greek ἀνατολή ( anatolḗ ) meaning `` the East '' or more literally `` sunrise '' ( comparable to the Latin - derived terms `` levant '' and `` orient '' ) . The precise reference of this term has varied over time , perhaps originally referring to the Aeolian , Ionian and Dorian colonies on the west coast of Asia Minor . In the Byzantine Empire , the Anatolic Theme ( Aνατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey 's present - day Central Anatolia Region . The modern Turkish form of Anatolia , Anadolu , derives from the Greek name Aνατολή ( Anatolḗ ) . The Russian male name Anatoly and the French Anatole share the same linguistic origin . In English the name of Turkey for ancient Anatolia first appeared c. 1369 . It derives from the Medieval Latin Turchia ( meaning `` Land of the Turks '' , Turkish Türkiye ) , a name originally used by Europeans to designate those parts of Anatolia controlled by the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum after the Battle of Manzikert ( 1071 ) . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Anatolia Prehistory ( edit ) Main article : Prehistory of Anatolia Mural of aurochs , a deer , and humans in Çatalhöyük , which is the largest and best - preserved Neolithic site found to date . It was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012 . Human habitation in Anatolia dates back to the Paleolithic . Neolithic Anatolia has been proposed as the homeland of the Indo - European language family , although linguists tend to favour a later origin in the steppes north of the Black Sea . However , it is clear that the Anatolian languages , the oldest attested branch of Indo - European , have been spoken in Anatolia since at least the 19th century BC . Ancient near east ( Bronze and iron ages ) ( edit ) Hattians and Hurrians ( edit ) The earliest historical records of Anatolia stem from the southeast of the region and are from the Mesopotamian - based Akkadian Empire during the reign of Sargon of Akkad in the 24th century BC . Scholars generally believe the earliest indigenous populations of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians . The Hattians spoke a language of unclear affiliation , and the Hurrian language belongs to a small family called Hurro - Urartian , all these languages now being extinct ; relationships with indigenous languages of the Caucasus have been proposed but are not generally accepted . The region was famous for exporting raw materials , and areas of Hattian - and Hurrian - populated southeast Anatolia were colonised by the Akkadians . Assyrian Empire ( 21st -- 18th centuries BC ) ( edit ) After the fall of the Akkadian Empire in the mid-21st century BC , the Assyrians , who were the northern branch of the Akkadian people , colonised parts of the region between the 21st and mid-18th centuries BC and claimed its resources , notably silver . One of the numerous cuneiform records dated circa 20th century BC , found in Anatolia at the Assyrian colony of Kanesh , uses an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines . Hittite Kingdom and Empire ( 17th -- 12th centuries BC ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Hittites The Lion Gate at Hattusa , capital of the Hittite Empire . The city 's history dates to before 2000 BC . Unlike the Akkadians and their descendants , the Assyrians , whose Anatolian possessions were peripheral to their core lands in Mesopotamia , the Hittites were centred at Hattusa ( modern Boğazkale ) in north - central Anatolia by the 17th century BC . They were speakers of an Indo - European language , the Hittite language , or nesili ( the language of Nesa ) in Hittite . Attested for the first time in the Assyrian tablets of Nesa around 2000BC , they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BC , imposing themselves over Hattian - and Hurrian - speaking populations . According to the widely accepted Kurgan theory on the Proto - Indo - European homeland , however , the Hittites ( along with the other Indo - European ancient Anatolians ) were themselves relatively recent immigrants to Anatolia from the north . The Hittites adopted the cuneiform script , invented in Mesopotamia . During the Late Bronze Age circa 1650 BC , they created a kingdom , the Hittite New Kingdom , which became an empire in the 14th century BC after the conquest of Kizzuwatna in the south - east and the defeat of the Assuwa league in western Anatolia . The empire reached its height in the 13th century BC , controlling much of Asia Minor , northwestern Syria and northwest upper Mesopotamia . They failed to reach the Anatolian coasts of the Black Sea , however , as a non-Indo - European people , the semi-nomadic pastoralist and tribal Kaskians , had established themselves there , displacing earlier Palaic - speaking Indo - Europeans . Much of the history of the Hittite Empire concerned war with the rival empires of Egypt , Assyria and the Mitanni . The Egyptians eventually withdrew from the region after failing to gain the upper hand over the Hittites and becoming wary of the power of Assyria , which had destroyed the Mitanni Empire . The Assyrians and Hittites were then left to battle over control of eastern and southern Anatolia and colonial territories in Syria . The Assyrians had better success than the Egyptians , annexing much Hittite ( and Hurrian ) territory in these regions . Neo-hittite kingdoms ( c. 1180 -- 700 BC ) ( edit ) After 1180 BC , during the Late Bronze Age collapse , the Hittite empire disintegrated into several independent Syro - Hittite states , subsequent to losing much territory to the Middle Assyrian Empire and being finally overrun by the Phrygians , another Indo - European people who are believed to have migrated from the Balkans . The Phrygian expansion into southeast Anatolia was eventually halted by the Assyrians , who controlled that region . Arameans Arameans encroached over the borders of south central Anatolia in the century or so after the fall of the Hittite empire , and some of the Syro - Hittite states in this region became an amalgam of Hittites and Arameans . These became known as Syro - Hittite states . Luwians Lycian rock cut tombs of Kaunos ( Dalyan ) In central and western Anatolia , another Indo - European people , the Luwians , came to the fore , circa 2000 BC . Their language was closely related to Hittite . The general consensus amongst scholars is that Luwian was spoken -- to a greater or lesser degree -- across a large area of western Anatolia , including ( possibly ) Wilusa ( Troy ) , the Seha River Land ( to be identified with the Hermos and / or Kaikos valley ) , and the kingdom of Mira - Kuwaliya with its core territory of the Maeander valley . From the 9th century BC , Luwian regions coalesced into a number of states such as Lydia , Caria and Lycia , all of which had Hellenic influence . Neo-Assyrian Empire ( 10th -- 7th centuries BC ) ( edit ) From the 10th to late 7th centuries BC , much of Anatolia ( particularly the east , central , and southeastern regions ) fell to the Neo-Assyrian Empire , including all of the Syro - Hittite states , Tabal , Kingdom of Commagene , the Cimmerians and Scythians and swathes of Cappadocia . The Neo-Assyrian empire collapsed due to a bitter series of civil wars followed by a combined attack by Medes , Persians , Scythians and their own Babylonian relations . The last Assyrian city to fall was Harran in southeast Anatolia . This city was the birthplace of the last king of Babylon , the Assyrian Nabonidus and his son and regent Belshazzar . Much of the region then fell to the short - lived Iran - based Median Empire , with the Babylonians and Scythians briefly appropriating some territory . Cimmerian and scythian invasions ( 8th -- 7th centuries BC ) ( edit ) From the late 8th century BC , a new wave of Indo - European - speaking raiders entered northern and northeast Anatolia : the Cimmerians and Scythians . The Cimmerians overran Phrygia and the Scythians threatened to do the same to Urartu and Lydia , before both were finally checked by the Assyrians . Greek west ( edit ) The north - western coast of Anatolia was inhabited by Greeks of the Achaean / Mycenaean culture from the 20th century BC , related to the Greeks of south eastern Europe and the Aegean . Beginning with the Bronze Age collapse at the end of the 2nd millennium BC , the west coast of Anatolia was settled by Ionian Greeks , usurping the area of the related but earlier Mycenaean Greeks . Over several centuries , numerous Ancient Greek city - states were established on the coasts of Anatolia . Greeks started Western philosophy on the western coast of Anatolia ( Pre-Socratic philosophy ) . Classical antiquity ( edit ) Ancient regions of Anatolia ( 500 BC ) Asia Minor in the Greco - Roman period . The classical regions and their main settlements Asia Minor in the early 2nd century AD . The Roman provinces under Trajan . The temple of Athena ( funded by Alexander the Great ) in the ancient Greek city of Priene In classical antiquity , Anatolia was described by Herodotus and later historians as divided into regions named after tribes such as Lydia , Lycia , Caria , Mysia , Bithynia , Phrygia , Galatia , Lycaonia , Pisidia , Paphlagonia , Cilicia , and Cappadocia . By that time , the populations were a mixture of the ancient Anatolian or `` Syro - Hittite '' substrate and post-Bronze - Age - collapse `` Thraco - Phrygian '' and more recent Greco - Macedonian incursions . The Dying Galatian was a famous statue commissioned some time between 230 -- 220 BC by King Attalos I of Pergamon to honor his victory over the Celtic Galatians in Anatolia . Anatolia is known as the birthplace of minted coinage ( as opposed to unminted coinage , which first appears in Mesopotamia at a much earlier date ) as a medium of exchange , some time in the 7th century BC in Lydia . The use of minted coins continued to flourish during the Greek and Roman eras . During the 6th century BC , all of Anatolia was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire , the Persians having usurped the Medes as the dominant dynasty in Iran . In 499 BC , the Ionian city - states on the west coast of Anatolia rebelled against Persian rule . The Ionian Revolt , as it became known , though quelled , initiated the Greco - Persian Wars , which ended in a Greek victory in 449 BC , and the Ionian cities regained their independence , alongside the withdrawal of the Persian forces from their European territories . In 334 BC , the Macedonian Greek king Alexander the Great conquered the peninsula from the Achaemenid Persian Empire . Alexander 's conquest opened up the interior of Asia Minor to Greek settlement and influence . Sanctuary of Commagene Kings on Mount Nemrut ( 1st century BC ) Following the death of Alexander and the breakup of his empire , Anatolia was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms , such as the Attalids of Pergamum and the Seleucids , the latter controlling most of Anatolia . A period of peaceful Hellenization followed , such that the local Anatolian languages had been supplanted by Greek by the 1st century BC . In 133 BC the last Attalid king bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman Republic , and western and central Anatolia came under Roman control , but Hellenistic culture remained predominant . Further annexations by Rome , in particular of the Kingdom of Pontus by Pompey , brought all of Anatolia under Roman control , except for the eastern frontier with the Parthian Empire , which remained unstable for centuries , causing a series of wars , culminating in the Roman - Parthian Wars . Early Christian period ( edit ) After the division of the Roman Empire , Anatolia became part of the East Roman , or Byzantine Empire . Anatolia was one of the first places where Christianity spread , so that by the 4th century AD , western and central Anatolia were overwhelmingly Christian and Greek - speaking . For the next 600 years , while Imperial possessions in Europe were subjected to barbarian invasions , Anatolia would be the center of the Hellenic world . Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the eighth century ( see Arab -- Byzantine wars ) , but in the ninth and tenth century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories , including even long lost territory such as Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ) . Islamic rule replacing Byzantium ( edit ) Byzantine Anatolia and the Byzantine - Arab frontier zone in the mid-9th century Beyliks and other states around Anatolia , c. 1300 . In the 10 years following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 , the Seljuk Turks from Central Asia migrated over large areas of Anatolia , with particular concentrations around the northwestern rim . The Turkish language and the Islamic religion were gradually introduced as a result of the Seljuk conquest , and this period marks the start of Anatolia 's slow transition from predominantly Christian and Greek - speaking , to predominantly Muslim and Turkish - speaking ( although ethnic groups such as Armenians , Greeks , and Assyrians remained numerous and retained Christianity and their native languages ) . In the following century , the Byzantines managed to reassert their control in western and northern Anatolia . Control of Anatolia was then split between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm , with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced . In 1255 , the Mongols swept through eastern and central Anatolia , and would remain until 1335 . The Ilkhanate garrison was stationed near Ankara . After the decline of the Ilkhanate from 1335 -- 1353 , the Mongol Empire 's legacy in the region was the Uyghur Eretna Dynasty that was overthrown by Kadi Burhan al - Din in 1381 . By the end of the 14th century , most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks . Smyrna fell in 1330 , and the last Byzantine stronghold in Anatolia , Philadelphia , fell in 1390 . The Turkmen Beyliks were under the control of the Mongols , at least nominally , through declining Seljuk sultans . The Beyliks did not mint coins in the names of their own leaders while they remained under the suzerainty of the Mongol Ilkhanids . The Osmanli ruler Osman I was the first Turkish ruler who minted coins in his own name in 1320s , for it bears the legend `` Minted by Osman son of Ertugul '' . Since the minting of coins was a prerogative accorded in Islamic practice only to a sovereign , it can be considered that the Osmanli , or Ottoman Turks , became formally independent from the Mongol Khans . Ottoman Empire ( edit ) Among the Turkish leaders , the Ottomans emerged as great power under Osman I and his son Orhan I . The Anatolian beyliks were successively absorbed into the rising Ottoman Empire during the 15th century . It is not well understood how the Osmanlı , or Ottoman Turks , came to dominate their neighbours , as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known . The Ottomans completed the conquest of the peninsula in 1517 with the taking of Halicarnassus ( modern Bodrum ) from the Knights of Saint John . Modern times ( edit ) Ethnographic map of Anatolia from 1911 . With the acceleration of the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the early 19th century , and as a result of the expansionist policies of Czarist Russia in the Caucasus , many Muslim nations and groups in that region , mainly Circassians , Tatars , Azeris , Lezgis , Chechens and several Turkic groups left their homelands and settled in Anatolia . As the Ottoman Empire further shrank in the Balkan regions and then fragmented during the Balkan Wars , much of the non-Christian populations of its former possessions , mainly Balkan Muslims ( Bosnian Muslims , Albanians , Turks , Muslim Bulgarians and Greek Muslims such as the Vallahades from Greek Macedonia ) , were resettled in various parts of Anatolia , mostly in formerly Christian villages throughout Anatolia . A continuous reverse migration occurred since the early 19th century , when Greeks from Anatolia , Constantinople and Pontus area migrated toward the newly independent Kingdom of Greece , and also towards the United States , southern part of the Russian Empire , Latin America and rest of Europe . Following the Russo - Persian Treaty of Turkmenchay ( 1828 ) and the incorporation of the Eastern Armenia into the Russian Empire , another migration involved the large Armenian population of Anatolia , which recorded significant migration rates from Western Armenia ( Eastern Anatolia ) toward the Russian Empire , especially toward its newly established Armenian provinces . Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century ( see the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire ) . During World War I , the Armenian Genocide , the Greek genocide ( especially in Pontus ) , and the Assyrian genocide almost entirely removed the ancient indigenous communities of Armenian , Greek , and Assyrian populations in Anatolia and surrounding regions . Following the Greco - Turkish War of 1919 -- 1922 , most remaining ethnic Anatolian Greeks were forced out during the 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey . Many more have left Turkey since , leaving fewer than 5,000 Greeks in Anatolia today . Since the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923 , Anatolia has been within Turkey , its inhabitants being mainly Turks and Kurds ( see demographics of Turkey and history of Turkey ) . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Turkey Geology ( edit ) Main article : Geology of Turkey Anatolia 's terrain is structurally complex . A central massif composed of uplifted blocks and downfolded troughs , covered by recent deposits and giving the appearance of a plateau with rough terrain , is wedged between two folded mountain ranges that converge in the east . True lowland is confined to a few narrow coastal strips along the Aegean , Mediterranean , and Black Sea coasts . Flat or gently sloping land is rare and largely confined to the deltas of the Kızıl River , the coastal plains of Çukurova and the valley floors of the Gediz River and the Büyük Menderes River as well as some interior high plains in Anatolia , mainly around Lake Tuz ( Salt Lake ) and the Konya Basin ( Konya Ovasi ) . Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of Turkey Temperatures of Anatolia Ankara ( central Anatolia ) Antalya ( southern Anatolia ) Van ( eastern Anatolia ) Anatolia has a varied range of climates . The central plateau is characterized by a continental climate , with hot summers and cold snowy winters . The south and west coasts enjoy a typical Mediterranean climate , with mild rainy winters , and warm dry summers . The Black Sea and Marmara coasts have a temperate oceanic climate , with cool foggy summers and much rainfall throughout the year . Ecoregions ( edit ) There is a diverse number of plant and animal communities . The mountains and coastal plain of northern Anatolia experiences humid and mild climate . There are temperate broadleaf , mixed and coniferous forests . The central and eastern plateau , with its drier continental climate , has deciduous forests and forest steppes . Western and southern Anatolia , which have a Mediterranean climate , contain Mediterranean forests , woodlands , and scrub ecoregions . Euxine - Colchic deciduous forests : These temperate broadleaf and mixed forests extend across northern Anatolia , lying between the mountains of northern Anatolia and the Black Sea . They include the enclaves of temperate rainforest lying along the southeastern coast of the Black Sea in eastern Turkey and Georgia . Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests : These forests occupy the mountains of northern Anatolia , running east and west between the coastal Euxine - Colchic forests and the drier , continental climate forests of central and eastern Anatolia . Central Anatolian deciduous forests : These forests of deciduous oaks and evergreen pines cover the plateau of central Anatolia . Central Anatolian steppe : These dry grasslands cover the drier valleys and surround the saline lakes of central Anatolia , and include halophytic ( salt tolerant ) plant communities . Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests : This ecoregion occupies the plateau of eastern Anatolia . The drier and more continental climate is beneficial for steppe - forests dominated by deciduous oaks , with areas of shrubland , montane forest , and valley forest . Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests : These forests occupy the western , Mediterranean - climate portion of the Anatolian plateau . Pine forests and mixed pine and oak woodlands and shrublands are predominant . Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests : These Mediterranean - climate forests occupy the coastal lowlands and valleys of western Anatolia bordering the Aegean Sea . The ecoregion has forests of Turkish pine ( Pinus brutia ) , oak forests and woodlands , and maquis shrubland of Turkish pine and evergreen sclerophyllous trees and shrubs , including Olive ( Olea europaea ) , Strawberry Tree ( Arbutus unedo ) , Arbutus andrachne , Kermes Oak ( Quercus coccifera ) , and Bay Laurel ( Laurus nobilis ) . Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests : These mountain forests occupy the Mediterranean - climate Taurus Mountains of southern Anatolia . Conifer forests are predominant , chiefly Anatolian black pine ( Pinus nigra ) , Cedar of Lebanon ( Cedrus libani ) , Taurus fir ( Abies cilicica ) , and juniper ( Juniperus foetidissima and J. excelsa ) . Broadleaf trees include oaks , hornbeam , and maples . Eastern Mediterranean conifer - sclerophyllous - broadleaf forests : This ecoregion occupies the coastal strip of southern Anatolia between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea . Plant communities include broadleaf sclerophyllous maquis shrublands , forests of Aleppo Pine ( Pinus halepensis ) and Turkish Pine ( Pinus brutia ) , and dry oak ( Quercus spp . ) woodlands and steppes . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Turkey Almost 80 % of the people currently residing in Anatolia are Turks . Kurds constitute a major community in southeastern Anatolia , and are the largest ethnic minority . Abkhazians , Albanians , Arabs , Arameans , Armenians , Assyrians , Azerbaijanis , Bosnian Muslims , Circassians , Gagauz , Georgians , Serbs , Greeks , Hemshin , Jews , Laz , Levantines , Pomaks , Zazas and a number of other ethnic groups also live in Anatolia in smaller numbers . Cuisine ( edit ) Bamia is a traditional Anatolian - era stew dish prepared using lamb , okra and tomatoes as primary ingredients . See also ( edit ) Aeolis Alacahöyük Anatolian hypothesis Anatolian languages Anatolianism Anatolian leopard Anatolian Plate Anatolian Shepherd Anatolian beyliks Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia Antigonid dynasty Attalid dynasty Bithynia Byzantine Empire Cappadocia Caria Çatalhöyük Cilicia Doris ( Asia Minor ) Empire of Nicaea Empire of Trebizond Ephesus Galatia Gordium Halicarnassus Hattusa History of Anatolia Hittites Ionia Lycaonia Lycia Lydia Midas Miletus Myra Mysia Ottoman Empire Pamphylia Paphlagonia Pentarchy Pergamon Phrygia Pisidia Pontic Greeks Pontus Rumi Saint Anatolia Saint John Saint Nicholas Saint Paul Sardis Seleucid Empire Great Seljuq Empire Seven churches of Asia Seven Sleepers Sultanate of Rum Tarsus Troad Troy Turkey Turkic migration References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Merriam - Webster 's Geographical Dictionary . 2001 . p. 46 . ISBN 0 87779 546 0 . Retrieved 18 May 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Mitchell , Anatolia : Land , Men , and Gods in Asia Minor . The Celts in Anatolia and the impact of Roman rule . Clarendon Press , Aug 24 , 1995 - 296 pages . ISBN 978 - 0198150299 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Adalian , Rouben Paul ( 2010 ) . Historical dictionary of Armenia ( 2nd ed . ) . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . pp. 336 -- 8 . ISBN 0810874504 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Otto Mørkholm ; edited by Philip ; Westermark , Ulla ( 1991 ) . Early Hellenistic coinage : from the accession of Alexander to the Peace of Apamea ( 336 -- 188 B.C. ) ( Repr . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 175 . ISBN 0521395046 . Jump up ^ Hooglund , Eric ( 2004 ) . `` Anatolia '' . Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa . Macmillan / Gale -- via Encyclopedia.com . Anatolia comprises more than 95 percent of Turkey 's total land area . Jump up ^ Sahakyan , Lusine ( 2010 ) . Turkification of the Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey . Montreal : Arod Books . ISBN 978 - 0969987970 . Jump up ^ Hovannisian , Richard ( 2007 ) . The Armenian genocide cultural and ethical legacies . New Brunswick , N.J. : Transaction Publishers . p. 3 . ISBN 1412835925 . Jump up ^ Ali Yiğit , `` Geçmişten Günümüze Türkiye'yi Bölgelere Ayıran Çalışmalar ve Yapılması Gerekenler '' , Ankara Üniversitesi Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi , IV . Ulural Coğrafya Sempozyumu , `` Avrupa Birliği Sürecindeki Türkiye'de Bölgesel Farklılıklar '' , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` Anatolia '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anatolia entries from Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa , The Columbia Encyclopedia , and A Dictionary of World History '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Vazken Khatchig Davidian , `` Imagining Ottoman Armenia : Realism and Allegory in Garabed Nichanian 's Provincial Wedding in Moush and Late Ottoman Art Criticism '' , p7 & footnote 34 , in Études arméniennes contemporaines volume 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , Ἀσία , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell ; Robert Scott . `` A Greek - English Lexicon '' . Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Jump up ^ `` On the First Thema , called Anatolikón . This theme is called Anatolikón or Theme of the Anatolics , not because it is above and in the direction of the east where the sun rises , but because it lies to the East of Byzantium and Europe . '' Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus , De Thematibus , ed . A. Pertusi . Vatican : Vatican Library , 1952 , pp. 59 -- 61 . Jump up ^ John Haldon , Byzantium , a History , 2002 . Page 32 Jump up ^ `` Çatalhöyük added to UNESCO World Heritage List '' . Global Heritage Fund . 3 July 2012 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Stiner , Mary C. ; Kuhn , Steven L. ; Güleç , Erksin ( 2013 ) . `` Early Upper Paleolithic shell beads at Üçağızlı Cave I ( Turkey ) : Technology and the socioeconomic context of ornament life - histories '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 64 ( 5 ) : 380 -- 398 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2013.01. 008 . ISSN 0047 - 2484 . PMID 23481346 . Jump up ^ Bryce 2005 : 12 ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Charles ( 1999 ) . Egypt , Greece and Rome : Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 872194 - 3 . Jump up ^ Carruba , O. Das Palaische . Texte , Grammatik , Lexikon . Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz , 1970 . StBoT 10 ^ Jump up to : Georges Roux - Ancient Iraq ^ Jump up to : Georges Roux , Ancient Iraq . Penguin Books , 1966 . Jump up ^ Melchert 2003 Jump up ^ Watkins 1994 ; id. 1995 : 144 -- 51 ; Starke 1997 ; Melchert 2003 ; for the geography Hawkins 1998 ^ Jump up to : Carl Roebuck , The World of Ancient Times Jump up ^ Howgego , C.J. ( 1995 ) . Ancient History from Coins . ISBN 0 - 415 - 08992 - 1 . Jump up ^ Asia Minor Coins - an index of Greek and Roman coins from Asia Minor ( ancient Anatolia ) Jump up ^ Roisman , Joseph ; Worthington , Ian ( 2010 ) . A Companion to Ancient Macedonia . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 7936 - 8 . Jump up ^ Angold , Michael ( 1997 ) . The Byzantine Empire 1025 -- 1204 . p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 29468 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : H.M. Balyuzi Muḥammad and the course of Islám , p. 342 Jump up ^ John Freely Storm on Horseback : The Seljuk Warriors of Turkey , p. 83 Jump up ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth - The new Islamic dynasties : a chronological and genealogical manual , p. 234 Jump up ^ Mehmet Fuat Köprülü , Gary Leiser - The origins of the Ottoman Empire , p. 33 Jump up ^ Peter Partner God of battles : holy wars of Christianity and Islam , p. 122 Jump up ^ Osman 's Dream : The History of the Ottoman Empire , p. 13 Jump up ^ Artuk - Osmanli Beyliginin Kurucusu , 27f Jump up ^ Pamuk - A Monetary History , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Finkel , Caroline ( 2007 ) . Osman 's Dream : The History of the Ottoman Empire . Basic Books . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 00850 - 6 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Prothero , W.G. ( 1920 ) . Anatolia . London : H.M. Stationery Office . Jump up ^ `` Euxine - Colchic deciduous forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Central Anatolian deciduous forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Central Anatolian steppe '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Mediterranean conifer - sclerophyllous - broadleaf forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Kurdish Majority In Turkey Within One Generation ? '' . May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Webb , L.S. ; Roten , L.G. ( 2009 ) . The Multicultural Cookbook for Students . EBL - Schweitzer . ABC - CLIO . pp. 286 -- 287 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37559 - 0 . Bibliography ( edit ) Steadman , Sharon R. ; McMahon , Gregory ( 2011 ) . McMahon , Gregory ; Steadman , Sharon , eds . The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia : ( 10,000 -- 323 BCE ) . Oxford University Press Inc . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780195376142.001. 0001 . ISBN 9780195376142 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anatolia . 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Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Category Peninsulas of Turkey Main peninsulas Anadolu ( Anatolia ) Trakya ( Thrace ) Peninsulas in Thrace Çatalca Gelibolu Peninsulas in Anatolia Boztepe Kocaeli Armutlu Kapıdağ Biga Karaburun Güvercin Dilek Bodrum Datça Bozburun Çukurbağ Related geographical features Capes of Turkey Bays of Turkey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatolia&oldid=810072372 '' Categories : Anatolia Peninsulas of Asia Geography of Western Asia Near East Geography of Armenia Geography of Turkey Peninsulas of Turkey Regions of Turkey Regions of Asia Ancient Near East Ancient Greek geography Physiographic provinces Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan Asturianu বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Corsu Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Limburgs Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 05 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | ancient area of asia minor including aegean islands | [
"Anatolia (Turkish: Anadolu, in Modern Greek: Ανατολία, from Ἀνατολή, Anatolḗ, pronunciation Anatolía – \"east\" or \"(sun)rise\"), sometimes known as Asia Minor (Turkish: Küçük Asya, in Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία, Mīkrá Asía, pronunciation Mikrá Asía – \"small Asia\"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Aegean Sea to the west. The Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland."
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4190819176341392789 | Hana Mae Lee | Hana Mae Lee - wikipedia Hana Mae Lee Jump to : navigation , search Hana Mae Lee Lee in September 2013 ( 1988 - 09 - 28 ) September 28 , 1988 ( age 29 ) Southern California , U.S. Alma mater Otis College of Art and Design ( BFA , fashion design ) Occupation Actress Years active 2006 -- present Known for Pitch Perfect Hana Mae Lee ( born September 28 , 1988 ) is an American actress , model , comedian , and fashion designer . She is best known for playing Lilly Okanakurama in the 2012 film Pitch Perfect and its sequels , Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) and Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) . She also owns her own fashion line titled Hanamahn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Lee , who is of Korean ancestry , was born in Southern California , and graduated from Otis College of Art and Design . She was 16 when she started modeling. Lee has appeared in campaigns for Honda , Jeep , Apple Inc. , Nokia , Sebastian , American Express , HP , Cherry Coke and Midori . She has appeared in the magazines TIME , SOMA , Elle , and Teen Vogue . Lee attended Otis College of Art and Design in Los Angeles , California , from where she received her BFA . Later she designed for Harley - Davidson , Juicy Couture , and Mossimo . In 2011 , Lee made her TV debut guest starring on Mike & Molly , followed by an appearance on Workaholics . She appeared as Lilly Okanakamura in the musical comedy film Pitch Perfect , for which she was nominated for a `` scene stealer '' award at the Teen Choice Awards in 2013 . Lee reprised her role in the sequels Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2015 ) and Pitch Perfect 3 ( 2017 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Dog Problem Girl in Cafe 2007 Hitler 's Bowl Virginia Short 2007 Eli 's Liquor Store Emma Lee Chung 2009 Johnny Raikou Jaden Adventure 2011 Workaholics Hannah 1 episode 2011 Mike & Molly Soo - Jin 1 episode 2011 It 's a Match Alice Quinn Short 2012 Pitch Perfect Lilly Okanakamura Won -- MTV Movie Award for Best Musical Moment ( Shared with cast ) 2012 -- 2014 Lips Endora 2 episodes 2012 The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson Herself 1 episode 2012 Made in Hollywood Herself 2013 Ryan Lochte 's ' Pool Water ' Unknown Short 2013 Teen Choice Awards Herself Nominated -- Scene Stealer 2013 Entertainment Tonight Herself 2 episodes 2014 Marry Me Fantasia Yang Television Series 2014 Super Fun Night Frankie 3 episodes 2014 Let 's Get Digital Geneva Short 2014 Californication Me Suk Kok 1 episode 2015 Ur in Analysis Mara 2015 Resident Advisors PJ 1 episode 2015 Pitch Perfect 2 Lilly Okanakamura 2015 Jem and the Holograms Roxanne `` Roxy '' Pellegrini 2016 Unleashed Nina 2017 Patriot Numi 8 episodes 2017 The Babysitter Sonya 2017 Love Beats Rhymes Julie 2017 Pitch Perfect 3 Lilly Onakuramara References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hana Mae Lee '' . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Seno , David ( 30 September 2012 ) . `` Q&A with Hana Mae Lee of ' Pitch Perfect ' '' . Archived from the original on 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 28 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hanamahn homepage accessed 5 / 15 / 2015 External links ( edit ) Hana Mae Lee on IMDb VIAF : 307469577 LCCN : no2014039605 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hana_Mae_Lee&oldid=828680691 '' Categories : 21st - century American actresses Actresses from California American actresses American film actresses American make - up artists American models of Korean descent American women of Korean descent Actresses of Korean descent American television actresses American women comedians Living people 1988 births Comedians from California Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Português Edit links This page was last edited on 4 March 2018 , at 02 : 37 . About Wikipedia | who plays the quiet asian girl in pitch perfect | [
"Hana Mae Lee (born September 28, 1988) is an American actress, model, comedian, and fashion designer.[1][2] She is best known for playing Lilly Okanakurama in the 2012 film Pitch Perfect and its sequels, Pitch Perfect 2 (2015) and Pitch Perfect 3 (2017). She also owns her own fashion line titled Hanamahn.[3]"
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-4751191880675078002 | Super Smash Bros. | Super Smash Bros. - wikipedia Super Smash Bros. . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the video game series . For the first game of the series , see Super Smash Bros. ( video game ) . For the wrestlers known as the Super Smash Brothers , see Player Uno and Stupefied . `` Super Smash '' redirects here . For New Zealand 's new domestic T20 tournament , see Georgie Pie Super Smash . Super Smash Bros . The series ' logo as of Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U Genres Fighting Developers HAL Laboratory ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Game Arts ( 2008 ) Sora Ltd. ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Bandai Namco Games ( 2014 ) Publishers Nintendo ( 1999 -- present ) Creators Masahiro Sakurai Platforms Nintendo 64 , GameCube , Wii , Nintendo 3DS , Wii U Platform of origin Nintendo 64 First release Super Smash Bros . January 21 , 1999 Latest release Super Smash Bros. for Wii U November 21 , 2014 Super Smash Bros. is a series of crossover fighting games published by Nintendo , that primarily features characters from franchises established on its systems . All five games have been directed by Masahiro Sakurai . The gameplay objective differs from that of traditional fighters by aiming to knock opponents off of the stage instead of depleting life bars . The original Super Smash Bros. , released in 1999 for the Nintendo 64 , had a small budget and was originally a Japan - only release , but its domestic success led to a worldwide release . The series achieved even greater success with the release of Super Smash Bros. Melee , which was released in 2001 for the GameCube and became the best - selling game on that system . A third installment , Super Smash Bros. Brawl , was released in 2008 for the Wii . Although HAL Laboratory has been the developer of the first two titles , the third game was developed through the collaboration of several companies . The fourth and fifth installments , Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , were released in 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , respectively . The 3DS installment was the first series title to be released on a handheld platform . The series features many characters from Nintendo 's most popular franchises , including Mario , Fox McCloud , Link , Kirby , Samus Aran and Pikachu . The original Super Smash Bros. had 12 playable characters , and the roster count has risen to 26 characters in Melee , 39 in Brawl , and 58 in 3DS / Wii U ( seven of which are downloadable ) . Some characters are able to transform into different forms that have different styles of play and sets of moves . The games also feature non-playable Nintendo characters , like Ridley and Petey Piranha . In Brawl , two third - party characters were added , Solid Snake and Sonic the Hedgehog . Additional third - party characters Mega Man , Pac - Man , Ryu , Cloud Strife and Bayonetta appeared in 3DS and Wii U , while Solid Snake was removed from the line - up . Every title in the series has been well received by critics , with much praise given to the multiplayer mode experience . The Super Smash Bros. games have spawned a large competitive community and have been featured in several high - profile gaming tournaments . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Super Smash Bros. ( 1999 ) 1.2 Super Smash Bros. Melee ( 2001 ) 1.3 Super Smash Bros. Brawl ( 2008 ) 1.4 Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U ( 2014 ) 1.5 Future 2 Gameplay 3 Characters 3.1 Playable characters 3.2 Non-playable characters 3.2. 1 Bosses 3.2. 2 Other characters 4 Music 5 Development 6 Reception 7 Competitive play 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History Timeline of release years 1999 Super Smash Bros . Melee 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 Brawl 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 3DS and Wii U Super Smash Bros. ( 1999 ) Main article : Super Smash Bros. ( video game ) Super Smash Bros. was introduced in 1999 for the Nintendo 64 . It was released worldwide after selling over a million copies in Japan . It featured eight characters from the start ( Mario , Donkey Kong , Link , Samus , Yoshi , Kirby , Fox , and Pikachu ) , with four unlockable characters ( Luigi , Captain Falcon , Ness , and Jigglypuff ) , all of them created by Nintendo or one of its second - party developers . In Super Smash Bros. , up to four players can play in multiplayer ( Versus ) mode , with the specific rules of each match being predetermined by the players . There are two match types that can be chosen : Time , where the person with the most KOs at the end of the set time wins ; and stock , where each player has a set number of lives and are eliminated from play when their lives are depleted . This game 's one - player mode included one adventure mode that always followed the same series of opponents although the player could change the difficulty . Other single player modes exist such as Training and several mini-games , including `` Break the Targets '' and `` Board the Platforms '' . All of these were included in the sequel , with the exception of `` Board the Platforms '' . There are nine playable stages in Versus mode , eight based on each of the starting characters ( such as Princess Peach 's Castle for Mario , Zebes for Samus , and Sector Z for Fox ) and the unlockable Mushroom Kingdom , based around motifs from the original Super Mario Bros. , even containing original sprites and the original version of the Overworld theme from that game . Super Smash Bros. Melee ( 2001 ) Main article : Super Smash Bros. Melee Super Smash Bros. Melee was released November 21 , 2001 , in Japan ; December 3 , 2001 , in North America ; May 24 , 2002 , in Europe ; and May 31 , 2002 , in Australia for the GameCube video game console . It had a larger budget and development team than Super Smash Bros. did and was released to much greater praise and acclaim among critics and consumers . Since its release , Super Smash Bros. Melee has sold more than 7 million copies and was the best - selling game on the GameCube . Super Smash Bros. Melee features 26 characters , of which 15 are available initially , more than doubling the number of characters in its predecessor . There are also 29 stages . It introduced two new single - player modes alongside the Classic mode : Adventure mode and All - Star mode . Adventure mode has platforming segments similar to the original 's `` Race to the Finish '' mini-game , and All - Star is a fight against every playable character in the game , allows the player only one life in which damage is accumulated over each battle and a limited number of heal items in between battles . There are also significantly more multiplayer modes and a tournament mode allowing for 64 different competitors whom can all be controlled by a human player , although only up to four players can participate at the same time . Additionally , the game featured alternative battle modes , called `` Special Melee , '' which allows players to make many different alterations to the battle , along with alternative ways to judge a victory , such as through collecting coins throughout the match . In place of Super Smash Bros . ' character profiles , Melee introduced trophies ( called `` figures '' in the Japanese version ) . The 293 trophies include three different profiles for each playable character , one unlocked in each single - player mode . In addition , unlike its predecessor , Melee contains profiles for many Nintendo characters who are either non-playable or do not appear in the game , as well as Nintendo items , stages , enemies , and elements . Super Smash Bros. Brawl ( 2008 ) Main article : Super Smash Bros. Brawl Mario and Kirby fighting Bowser and King Dedede on Delfino Plaza Although a third Super Smash Bros. game had been announced long before E3 2006 , Nintendo unveiled its first information in the form of a trailer on May 10 , 2006 , and the game was named Super Smash Bros. Brawl . The trailer featured Solid Snake , of Konami 's Metal Gear fame , marking the first time that a third - party character had been introduced as a playable character in a Super Smash Bros. title . A second third - party character , Sonic the Hedgehog , from Nintendo 's former rival Sega was also confirmed as a playable character on October 10 , 2007 . Super Smash Bros. Brawl was released in Japan on January 31 , 2008 , in North America on March 9 , 2008 , in Australia on June 26 , 2008 , and Europe on June 27 , 2008 . Brawl is also the first game in the franchise to support online play , via the Nintendo Wi - Fi Connection , and to offer the ability for players to construct their own original stages . The game features a total of 39 playable characters and 41 stages . Brawl also features compatibility with four kinds of controllers ( the Wii Remote on its side , the Wii Remote and Nunchuk combination , the Classic Controller , and the GameCube controller ) , while its predecessors only used the one controller designed for that system . The player also has the ability to change the configuration of controls and the controller type . Super Smash Bros. Brawl features a new Adventure Mode titled Super Smash Bros. Brawl : The Subspace Emissary . This mode features unique character storylines along with numerous side scrolling levels and multiple bosses to fight , as well as CG cut scenes explaining the storyline . The Subspace Emissary features a new group of antagonists called the Subspace Army , who are led by the Ancient Minister . Some of these enemy characters appeared in previous Nintendo video games , such as Petey Piranha from the Mario series and a squadron of R.O.B.s based on classic Nintendo hardware . The Subspace Emissary also boasts a number of original enemies , such as the Roader , a robotic unicycle ; the Bytan , a one - eyed ball - like creature which can replicate itself if left alone ; and the Primid , enemies that come in many variations . Though primarily a single - player mode , The Subspace Emissary allows for cooperative multiplayer . There are five difficulty levels for each stage , and there is a method of increasing characters ' powers during the game . This is done by placing collected stickers onto the bottom of a character 's trophy between stages to improve various aspects of a fighter . Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U ( 2014 ) Mario fighting newcomers Villager , Wii Fit Trainer , and third - party character Mega Man . Main article : Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U At E3 2011 , it was confirmed that a fourth and fifth Super Smash Bros. game will be coming to the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , with the two games being cross-compatible with each other in some way . Sakurai stated that the announcement was made public in order to attract developers needed for the games , as development for the titles did not start until May 2012 due to production on Kid Icarus : Uprising . On June 21 , 2012 , Nintendo announced that the creation of the games would be a co-production between Sakurai 's Sora Ltd. and Bandai Namco Entertainment . The titles were officially revealed at E3 2013 , with new information being released via trailers , Nintendo Direct presentations , and developer posts on Miiverse . The game features 58 characters ( seven of which are downloadable ) with 19 brand new fighters , including third - party characters Mega Man , Pac - Man , Ryu , Cloud Strife , and Bayonetta . The game was released for Nintendo 3DS in Japan on September 13 , 2014 , and in North America and Europe on October 3 , 2014 , and in Australia on October 4 , 2014 . The Wii U version was released on November 21 , 2014 in North America , in Europe on November 28 , 2014 , in Australia on November 29 , 2014 , and in Japan on December 6 , 2014 . Future In April 2014 , Bandai Namco Entertainment posted a recruitment advertisement on a Japanese career job opportunity website . The recruitment page consisted of a listing for programmers for Super Smash Bros. 6 , which was expected to be released in 2015 for both the Wii U and Nintendo 3DS . The page noted there were 120 game developers working on the project at the time , and that the Bandai Namco expected that number to increase to 200 . However , shortly after its publication , the page was taken down . In January 2015 in his column in Weekly Famitsu , Sakurai alluded to the possibility of retirement , expressing doubt that he would be able to continue making games if his career continued to be as stressful as it was . In December 2015 , Sakurai once again stated that he was n't sure if there will be another Smash Bros. game in the series . In January 2016 , it was rumoured that a new Super Smash Bros. game was being developed by Bandai Namco and that the game was planned as a launch title for the Nintendo Switch . However , the rumour was actually debunked , and it is currently unknown as to whether it will be another installment in the series or an enhanced port of the 3DS and Wii U versions . Gameplay Gameplay in the Super Smash Bros. series differs from many fighting games . Instead of winning by depleting an opponent 's life bar , players seek to launch their opponents off the stage and out of the map . Characters have a damage total which rises as they take damage , represented by a percentage value that measures up to 999 % . As a character 's percentage rises , the character can be knocked progressively farther by an opponent 's attacks . To knock out an opponent , the player must knock that character outside the arena 's boundaries in any direction . When a character is launched off the stage , the character can attempt to `` recover '' by using jumping moves and abilities to return to the stage . Some characters have an easier time recovering onto the stage than others due to their moves and abilities . Additionally , some characters vary in weight , with lighter characters being easier to launch than heavy characters . Smash Bros . ' controls are greatly simplified in comparison to other fighting games , with one button used for standard attacks and another used for special attacks . Players can perform different types of moves by holding the directional controls up , down , to the side , or in a neutral position while pressing the attack or special button . As such , each character has four types of ground attacks , mid-air attacks , and special attacks that can be performed . Quickly pressing or tapping a directional input and the attack button together while on the ground allows players to perform a chargeable `` Smash Attack '' , which is generally more powerful than other attacks . When characters are hit by attacks , they receive hitstun that temporarily disallows any attacks to be made . This allows combos to be performed . A shield button allows players to put up a defensive shield which weakens with repeated use and will leave the player unable to move if broken . Combining the shield button with directional inputs and attack buttons allows the player to also perform dodges , rolls , grabs , and throws . The three basic actions in Super Smash Bros. , attacking , grabbing , and shielding , are often described using a rock -- paper -- scissors analogy : attacking beats grabbing , grabbing beats shielding , and shielding beats attacking . When a player knocks another player off of the main platform , they may perform an action called edge - guarding . At the same time the player that has been knocked off will try to recover by jumping back onto the stage and avoiding the other players ' edge - guarding . Another element in the Super Smash Bros. series is battle items , the abundance of which players can adjust the before matches . There are conventional `` battering items '' , with which a player may hit an opponent , such as a Home run bat or a Beam Sword , throwing items , including Bob - ombs and Koopa shells , and shooting items , either single shot guns or rapid fire blasters . Recovery items allow the user to reduce their damage percentage by varying amounts . Poké Balls are special items that release a random Pokémon onto the battlefield to assist the user . Brawl introduced the Assist Trophy item which serves a similar purpose ; instead of releasing Pokémon , it summons a character from a Nintendo franchise . Brawl also introduces the Smash Ball , which when broken allows fighters to perform a character - specific super attack known as a `` Final Smash '' . The rules that can be used in a match vary depending on the game , but the most commonly used settings across all games are Time and Stock . Time mode uses a point based system in which fighters earn points for knocking out their opponents and lose points for being knocked out or self - destructing ( i.e. falling out of the arena by themselves ) . The player with the highest score at the end of the set time limit wins the match . Survival uses a life - based system in which players are given a set number of lives , known as stock , with each fighter losing a life whenever they are knocked out , becoming eliminated if they run out of lives . The winner is the last fighter standing once all other fighters are eliminated or , if a time - limit is applied to the match , the fighter with the most lives remaining once time runs out . In the event of a tie , such as two or more fighters sharing the highest score / life count at the end of the time limit or remaining fighters losing their last life simultaneously , a Sudden Death match takes place . Here , each of the tied fighters are given a starting damage percentage of 300 % , making them easier to launch off the stage , and the last fighter standing wins the match . In some games this process is repeated if the match ends in another tie . Gameplay using competitive Smash Bros. rules is usually played in stock mode and with a timer . Items are turned off and the only tournament legal stages are those that do not feature hazards and other disruptive elements . Characters Playable characters Each game in the series has a number of playable characters ( referred in the games as `` fighters '' ) taken from various Nintendo franchises . Starting with Brawl , characters from third - party franchises have also made playable appearances . At the start of each game , some of the fighters will be locked from play . To unlock a hidden fighter , players need to clear certain conditions , such as playing a certain number of matches , and defeat that fighter in a match . In Brawl , players can also unlock fighters by encountering them in the Subspace Emissary mode . In Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , players are able to customise existing fighters with altered movesets and statistics , or make their own Mii Fighters that can be given different fighting styles , though these can not be played in online matches with strangers . Fighter 64 Melee Brawl 3DS / Wii U Franchise Bayonetta DLC Bayonetta Bowser Super Mario Bowser Jr . Super Mario Captain Falcon F - Zero Charizard Pokémon Cloud DLC Final Fantasy Corrin DLC Fire Emblem Dark Pit Kid Icarus Diddy Kong Donkey Kong Donkey Kong Donkey Kong Dr. Mario Super Mario Duck Hunt Duck Hunt Falco Star Fox Fox Star Fox Ganondorf The Legend of Zelda Greninja Pokémon Ice Climbers Ice Climber Ike Fire Emblem Ivysaur Pokémon Jigglypuff Pokémon King Dedede Kirby Kirby Kirby Link The Legend of Zelda Little Mac Punch - Out ! ! Lucario Pokémon Lucas DLC EarthBound Lucina Fire Emblem Luigi Super Mario Mario Super Mario Marth Fire Emblem Mega Man Mega Man Meta Knight Kirby Mewtwo DLC Pokémon Mii Brawler Mii Mii Swordfighter Mii Mii Gunner Mii Mr. Game & Watch Game & Watch Ness EarthBound Olimar Pikmin Pac - Man Pac - Man Palutena Kid Icarus Peach Super Mario Pichu Pokémon Pikachu Pokémon Pit Kid Icarus R.O.B. Gyromite / Stack - Up Robin Fire Emblem Rosalina & Luma Super Mario Roy DLC Fire Emblem Ryu DLC Street Fighter Samus Metroid Sheik The Legend of Zelda Shulk Xenoblade Snake Metal Gear Sonic Sonic the Hedgehog Squirtle Pokémon Toon Link The Legend of Zelda Villager Animal Crossing Wario Wario Wii Fit Trainer Wii Fit Wolf Star Fox Yoshi Yoshi Young Link The Legend of Zelda Zelda The Legend of Zelda Zero Suit Samus Metroid Total 12 26 39 51 + 7 ( DLC ) Notes Jump up ^ Bowser Jr. 's seven alternate costumes change the character 's name and appearance to be one of the Koopalings : Larry , Morton , Wendy , Iggy , Roy , Lemmy , or Ludwig . However , they are otherwise identical to Bowser Jr . ^ Jump up to : In Super Smash Bros. Brawl , this Pokémon is listed with two others under the name `` Pokémon Trainer '' on the character select screen . The Pokémon Trainer appears in the background while the player takes direct control of Squirtle , Ivysaur , or Charizard , and can switch between them during the battle . In 3DS / Wii U , only Charizard is available as a standalone character . ^ Jump up to : In 3DS / Wii U , there are slight name variations between NTSC and PAL versions . For the NTSC characters `` Duck Hunt '' and `` Mii Swordfighter , '' PAL versions lists them as `` Duck Hunt Duo '' and `` Mii Sword Fighter . '' Jump up ^ In 3DS / Wii U , Lucas is a bonus downloadable character . Lucas was released alongside Roy and Ryu on June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In 3DS / Wii U , Mewtwo is a bonus downloadable character . Mewtwo was released on April 15 , 2015 for Club Nintendo members who registered both versions of the game , and was available later for purchase on April 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Brawler , Swordfighter , and Gunner are under one slot labeled as Mii Fighters , and can not be used in online matches against strangers . Jump up ^ In 3DS / Wii U , four of Olimar 's alternate costumes change his name and appearance to Alph . However , Alph plays the same as Olimar . Jump up ^ In 3DS / Wii U , Roy is a bonus downloadable character . Roy was released alongside Lucas and Ryu on June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In Super Smash Bros. Melee , Zelda can transform into Sheik using her down - B attack and vice versa . This can also be done in Super Smash Bros. Brawl , though players are also able to select Sheik within Zelda 's character icon on the character select screen . In 3DS / Wii U , they are both standalone characters . Jump up ^ In Super Smash Bros. Brawl , Samus and Zero Suit Samus can be selected individually on the character select screen , or can alternate between each other by performing their respective Final Smash attacks . In 3DS / Wii U , they are both standalone characters . Non-playable characters The following characters are non-playable characters unless using glitches or cheat cartridges , that appear only in the various Single Player modes throughout the series , controlled by the computer , as hazards in specific stages , or in Smash Run . Most of the non-playable characters were created for use in the Super Smash Bros. series although some of them , such as Goombas , come from other game franchises . Bosses ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( November 2016 ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Throughout the Super Smash Bros. series , most single - player modes have included several non-playable boss characters . These bosses generally have a number of advantageous characteristics , such as extreme resistance to being knocked off the screen . Most of these bosses were created specifically for the Super Smash Bros. franchise , though some have made appearances in other games . Master Hand ( マスター ハンド , Masutā Hando ) is a glove - like being that appears in all games to date , serving as the final boss of Classic Mode and , in Super Smash Bros. Melee , the 50th Event Match `` Final Destination Match '' . In Melee , Master Hand is playable via a system glitch . Super Smash Bros. Melee introduced a left - hand counterpart to Master Hand named Crazy Hand ( クレイジー ハンド , Kureijī Hando ) , which appears alongside Master Hand in some scenarios . Master Hand makes several appearances in Kirby & the Amazing Mirror as a miniboss , and partnered with Crazy Hand as the bosses of Candy Constellation . Master Hand and Crazy Hand look identical aside from their chirality , but Crazy Hand 's fingers act in a more impulsive and destructive way . While Master Hand is more relaxed and mature , Crazy Hand evokes the bizarre and his fingers move differently when he 's preparing for an attack . His attacks are also wilder and faster than those of Master Hand . UGO.com listed Master Hand first on their list of `` The 25 Awesomest Hidden Characters '' citing the glitch which allows him to be playable . In Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U , fighting against Master Hand and Crazy Hand on a high intensity will lead to a battle against Master Core , a shape - shifting being of dark energy that can take various forms , including that of the player 's fighter . After defeating these forms , the Master Core shows its true form . Super Smash Bros. also features Metal Mario ( originally from Super Mario 64 ) and Giant Donkey Kong , who are simply enhanced versions of their respective characters . Metal Mario is simply Mario with increased resistance to being knocked out of the stage as well as a faster falling speed and more attack power , while Giant Donkey Kong is simply a larger and more powerful version of Donkey Kong . Both characters reappear in Super Smash Bros. Melee 's Adventure Mode along with Giant Kirby , Metal Luigi and two Tiny Donkey Kongs . However , due to items introduced in Melee ( the Metal Box , Super Mushroom , and Poison Mushroom , specifically ) , all of these seemingly non-playable characters ( including the enhanced characters that were unplayable bosses in the first game ) are indeed playable for short amounts of time . Dark Link , a completely black form of Link , appears in Melee and Brawl as an opponent in an Event Match , and in Brawl and 3DS and Wii U is also a playable costume for Link . Giga Bowser is a gigantic , enhanced version of Bowser introduced in Melee . He is the secret final boss of Melee 's Adventure mode , only appearing if certain conditions are met . Giga Bowser becomes playable for short periods of time in Brawl and 3DS and Wii U when Bowser performs his `` Final Smash '' attack . Bowser transforms into Giga Bowser , and is near invincible until the effect of the Final Smash wears off . Tabuu ( タブー , Tabū ) is the villain of Super Smash Bros. Brawl 's story mode , The Subspace Emissary . He is a human - shaped apparition composed of pure energy , with a single eye - shaped object located where a person 's stomach would be . He is able to conjure several weapons for use in battle , including a rapier and large chakram . His other powers include the ability to change his size at will and teleportation . Towards the end of The Subspace Emissary , it is revealed that Tabuu is the entity that controlled Master Hand and the true antagonist behind the events of the story . The Subspace Emissary also features other boss characters . Some of these characters , such as Petey Piranha , Ridley , Porky , and Rayquaza , are from other franchises . Three original bosses are also featured : the aforementioned Tabuu , Galleom ( ガレオム , Gareomu ) and Duon ( デュオン , Dyuon ) . Galleom is a giant cyborg that is fought two times in The Subspace Emissary . It usually attacks with its fists and body , but can also shoot missiles and transform into a tank - like form . It also has a built in Subspace bomb that it uses to self - destruct in the story mode . Duon is a giant robot that has two upper bodies positioned on top of a wheel . Its pink side uses projectile attacks , while the blue side uses blades on its arms and head . It is created when multiple Mr. Game and Watch clones fuse together . Other characters In each of the games , there is a group of characters that resemble the designs for the initial characters . In the Japanese versions of the games , these characters have always been called the `` Mysterious Small Fry Enemy Corps '' ( 謎 の ザコ 敵 軍団 , Nazo no Zako Teki Gundan ) . In the English regionalized versions of the games , they are given names that describe their physical form . These include the Fighting Polygon Team , the Fighting Wire Frames , the Fighting Alloy Team and the Fighting Mii Team . Along with Melee 's Adventure Mode came the inclusion of minor , generic enemies , such as Goombas from the Super Mario series and Octoroks from The Legend of Zelda series . This trend continues into Super Smash Bros. Brawl , which also includes an assortment of original characters to serve as non-playable generic enemies led by the Subspace Army . The Subspace Army ( 亜 空軍 , Akūgun ) are the antagonists of Super Smash Bros. Brawl , appearing in The Subspace Emissary and led by the Ancient Minister ( エイン シャント 卿 , Einshanto Kyō ) . Their goal is to bring the entire world to Subspace piece by piece with devices called Subspace bombs ( detonated with the aid of two R.O.B.s , requires 3 minutes of waiting time ) . The Sandbag ( サンド バッグ くん , Sandobaggu - kun ) appears in the `` Home - Run Contest '' minigame since Super Smash Bros. Melee . The object is to strike it as far as possible with either a Home - Run Bat or a fighting move . Sandbag also appears randomly as an item that drops other items when hit in various other modes in Brawl . Each Super Smash Bros. game has an announcer who blasts the player character names upon selection and victory . The announcer 's voice is used in many of the promotional materials of the games . The role has been taken on by Jeff Manning in the original game , Dean Harrington in Melee , Pat Cashman in Brawl , and Xander Mobus in the Wii U and 3DS games . The announcer voice actor traditionally voices Master Hand and Crazy Hand as well . Music Super Smash Bros. features music from some of Nintendo 's popular gaming franchises . While many are newly arranged for the game , some pieces are taken directly from their sources . The music for the Nintendo 64 game was composed by Hirokazu Ando , who later returned as sound and music director in Melee . Melee also features tracks composed by Tadashi Ikegami , Shougo Sakai , and Takuto Kitsuta . Brawl features the collaboration of 38 composers , including Final Fantasy series composer Nobuo Uematsu , who composed the main theme . Like the previous game in the series , Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U features many original and re-arranged tracks from various different gaming franchises . Both versions have multiple musical tracks that can be selected and listened to using the returning `` My Music '' feature , including pieces taken directly from earlier Super Smash Bros. titles . The 3DS version features less music altogether than the Wii U version however , and only has two songs per stage because of size limitations . The 3DS version also has a `` Play in Sleep Mode '' option , allowing players to listen to the game 's music from the sound menu whilst the system is in sleep mode . On August 22 , 2014 , the Super Smash Bros. website revealed the list of composers and arrangers for the game . Various well known musicians such as Masashi Hamauzu , Yuzo Koshiro , Yasunori Mitsuda , Motoi Sakuraba , Yoko Shimomura , Mahito Yokota , along with many others , provided new arrangements for both versions of the game . The original music was created by Bandai Namco 's in - house sound team . The Wii U specific musicians were revealed on October 23 , 2014 , and feature contributions from Akari Kaida , Michiru Yamane , Koji Kondo , Kazumi Totaka , and Hiroshi Okubo , among others . Three soundtrack albums for the series have been released . An album with the original music for Super Smash Bros. was released in Japan by Teichiku Records in 2000 . In 2003 , Nintendo released Smashing ... Live ! , a live orchestrated performance of various pieces featured in Melee by the New Japan Philharmonic . A two - disc promotional soundtrack was available for Club Nintendo members who registered both the 3DS and Wii U games between November 21 , 2014 and January 13 , 2015 . Development The Super Smash Bros. symbol . Super Smash Bros. was developed by HAL Laboratory , a Nintendo first - party developer , during 1998 . It began as a prototype created by Masahiro Sakurai and Satoru Iwata in their spare time titled `` Dragon King : The Fighting Game '' , and originally featured no Nintendo characters . However , Sakurai hit on the idea of including fighters from different Nintendo franchises in order to provide `` atmosphere '' which he felt was necessary for a home console fighting game , and his idea was approved . The game had a small budget and little promotion , and was originally a Japan - only release , but its huge success saw the game released worldwide . HAL Laboratory developed Super Smash Bros. Melee , with Masahiro Sakurai as the head of production . The game was one of the first games released on the GameCube and highlighted the advancement in graphics from the Nintendo 64 . The developers wanted to pay homage to the debut of the GameCube by making an opening full motion video sequence that would attract people 's attention to the graphics . HAL worked with three separate graphic houses in Tokyo to make the opening sequence . On their official website , the developers posted screenshots and information highlighting and explaining the attention to physics and detail in the game , with references to changes from its predecessor . At a pre-E3 2005 press conference , the president of Nintendo , Satoru Iwata , announced the next installment of Super Smash Bros. was not only already in development for their next gaming console , but hoped it would be a launch title with Wi -- Fi compatibility for online play . The announcement was unexpected to the creator of the Super Smash Bros. series , Masahiro Sakurai . Back in 2003 , he had left HAL Laboratory , the company that was in charge with the franchises ' development and was never informed of this announcement despite the fact shortly after resigning from the company , Iwata said if a new game was to be made , he would be in charge . It was not until after the conference Sakurai was called to Satoru Iwata 's room on the top floor of a Los Angeles hotel , where he was told by Iwata `` We 'd like you to be involved in the production of the new Smash Bros. , if possible near the level of director '' . Although Iwata had said he was hoping for it to be a launch title , Sakurai stated `` I decided to become director . And as of May 2005 , I was the only member of the new Smash Bros. development team '' . Development of the game never actually started until October 2005 , when Nintendo opened a new office in Tokyo just for its production . Nintendo also enlisted outside help from various developer studios , mainly Game Arts . Sakurai also stated that these people had spent excessive amounts of time playing Super Smash Bros. Melee . This team was given access to all the original material and tools from the development of Melee , courtesy of HAL Laboratory . Also , several Smash Bros. staff members that reside around the area of the new office joined the project 's development . On the game 's official Japanese website , the developers explain reasons for making particular characters playable and explain why some characters were not available as playable characters upon release . Initially , the development team wanted to replace Ness with Lucas , the main character of Mother 3 for the Game Boy Advance , but they retained Ness in consideration of delays . The game 's creators have included Lucas in the game 's sequel , Super Smash Bros. Brawl . Video game developer Hideo Kojima originally requested Solid Snake , the protagonist of the Metal Gear series , to be a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Melee , but the game was too far in development for him to be included . As with Lucas , development time allowed for his inclusion in Brawl . Roy and Marth were initially intended to be playable exclusively in the Japanese version of Super Smash Bros. Melee . However , they received favorable attention during the game 's North American localization , leading to the decision for the developers to include them in the Western version . Comparisons have been formed by the developers between characters which have very similar moves to each other on the website . Such characters have been referred to as `` clones '' in the media . At the Nintendo Media Conference at E3 2007 , it was announced by Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils - Aimé that Super Smash Bros. Brawl would be released on December 3 , 2007 in the Americas . However , just 2 months before its anticipated December release , the development team asked for more time to work on the game . During the Nintendo Conference on October 10 , 2007 , Nintendo Co. , Ltd. president Iwata announced the delay . On October 11 , 2007 , George Harrison of Nintendo of America announced that Super Smash Bros. Brawl would be released on February 10 , 2008 in North America . On January 15 , 2008 , the game 's release was pushed back one week in Japan to January 31 and nearly a month in the Americas to March 9 . On April 24 , 2008 , it was confirmed by Nintendo of Europe that Brawl will be released in Europe on June 27 . Director Masahiro Sakurai first announced that a new Super Smash Bros. game was planned for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U at E3 2011 in June 2011 , but development only officially began following the completion of Sakurai 's other project , Kid Icarus : Uprising , in March 2012 . The game was later revealed to be a joint - project between Sora Ltd. and Bandai Namco Games , with various staff members from Bandai Namco 's Soulcalibur and Tekken series assisting Sakurai in development . Sakurai , who was previously the sole person responsible for balance in the series ' multiple fighters , has involved more staff to further improve the game 's competitive balance . The game was officially revealed at E3 2013 on June 11 , 2013 during a Nintendo Direct presentation . Along with screenshots being posted each weekday on the game 's official website and Miiverse community , various cinematic trailers were released , introducing each of the brand new fighters . Sakurai chose to use these trailers , which benefit from Internet sharing , as opposed to including a story campaign similar to the Subspace Emissary mode featured in Brawl , as he believed the impact of seeing the mode 's cinematic cutscenes for the first time was ruined by people uploading said scenes to video sharing websites . At E3 2013 , Sakurai stated that the tripping mechanic introduced in Brawl was removed , with him also stating that the gameplay was between the fast - paced and competitive style of Melee and the slower and more casual style of Brawl . While the games did n't feature cross-platform play between the Wii U and 3DS , due to each version featuring certain exclusive stages and gamemodes , there is an option to transfer customized characters and items between the two versions . The game builds upon the previous game 's third - party involvement with the addition of third - party characters such as Capcom 's Mega Man and Bandai Namco 's Pac - Man , as well as the return of Sega 's Sonic the Hedgehog . This involvement expands beyond playable characters , as other third - party characters , such as Ubisoft 's Rayman , are also included in the game as trophies . The addition of Mii characters was made in response to the growing number of requests from fans to have their dream characters included in the game . To prevent potential bullying , as well as to maintain game balance online , Mii Fighters can not be used in online matches against strangers . The decision to release the Wii U version at a later date from the 3DS version was made to allow each version to receive a dedicated debugging period . Hardware limitations on the Nintendo 3DS led to various design choices , such as the removal of mid-match transformations , the absence of the Ice Climbers , and the lack of Circle Pad Pro support . Reception Aggregate review scores As of February 6 , 2015 . Game Metacritic Super Smash Bros . 79 Super Smash Bros. Melee 92 Super Smash Bros. Brawl 93 Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS 85 Super Smash Bros. for Wii U 92 Reviews for the Super Smash Bros. series are usually positive . The multiplayer mode in every title has been highly praised . However , single player modes have not been viewed as highly . Super Smash Bros. has received praise for its multiplayer mode . Nintendo Power listed the series as being one of the greatest multiplayer experiences in Nintendo history , describing it as infinitely replayable due to its special moves and close - quarters combat . There were criticisms , however , such as the game 's scoring being difficult to follow . In addition , the single - player mode was criticized for its perceived difficulty and lack of features . Super Smash Bros. Melee generally received a positive reception from reviewers , most of whom credited Melee 's expansion of gameplay features from Super Smash Bros. Focusing on the additional features , GameSpy commented that `` Melee really scores big in the ' we 've added tons of great extra stuff ' department . '' Reviewers compared the game favorably to Super Smash Bros. -- IGN 's Fran Mirabella III stated that it was `` in an entirely different league than the N64 version '' ; GameSpot 's Miguel Lopez praised the game for offering an advanced `` classic - mode '' compared to its predecessor , while detailing the Adventure Mode as `` really a hit - or - miss experience . '' Despite a mixed response to the single - player modes , most reviewers expressed the game 's multiplayer mode as a strong component of the game . In their review of the game , GameSpy stated that `` you 'll have a pretty hard time finding a more enjoyable multiplayer experience on any other console . '' Brawl received a perfect score from the Japanese magazine Famitsu . The reviewers praised the variety and depth of the single - player content , the unpredictability of Final Smashes , and the dynamic fighting styles of the characters . Thunderbolt Games gave the game 10 out of 10 , calling it `` a vastly improved entry into the venerable series '' . Chris Slate of Nintendo Power also awarded Brawl a perfect score in its March 2008 issue , calling it `` one of the very best games that Nintendo has ever produced '' . IGN critic Matt Casamassina , in his February 11 Wii - k in Review podcast , noted that although Brawl is a `` solid fighter , '' it does have `` some issues that need to be acknowledged , '' including `` long loading times '' and repetition in The Subspace Emissary . Super Smash Bros. for 3DS and Super Smash Bros. for Wii U both garnered critical praise and were commercially successful , holding current ratings of 85 / 100 and 92 / 100 on Metacritic and 86.10 % and 92.39 % on GameRankings . Reviewers have particularly noted the large , diverse character roster , the improvements to game mechanics , and the variety of multiplayer options . Some criticisms in the 3DS version include a lack of single player modes and issues concerning the 3DS hardware , such as the size of characters on the smaller screen when zoomed out and latency issues during both local and online multiplayer . There were also reports of players damaging their 3DS Circle Pads while playing the game excessively . The Wii U version 's online play quality was mildly criticized for some inconsistency , but has overall been critically acclaimed . Daniel Dischoff of Game Revolution stated `` It 's true that Super Smash Bros. evolves every time with regard to new features , items , and characters to choose from . While your favorite character may not return or a few annoying pickups may force you to turn off items altogether , this represents the biggest leap forward Smashers have seen yet . '' Daniel Starky at GameSpot criticized the inconsistent online performance in the game , but still called it an `` incredible game '' , noting `` With the Wii U release , Smash Bros. has fully realized its goals . '' Jose Otero from IGN , praising the replayability of the game , states `` Nearly every aspect of Smash Wii U seems fine - tuned not only to appeal to the nostalgia of long - time Nintendo fans , but also to be accessible to new players . '' Super Smash Bros sold 1.4 million copies in Japan , and 2.3 million in the U.S. Melee sold over 7 million units worldwide , becoming the best - selling GameCube title . Brawl sold 1.524 million units in Japan as of March 30 , 2008 , and sold 1.4 million units in its first week in the United States , becoming Nintendo of America 's fastest selling title . The 3DS version sold over a million copies in its first weekend on sale in Japan , and has sold more than 3.22 million copies worldwide as of October 2014 . Super Smash Bros. for Wii U became the fastest - selling Wii U game to date , selling 3.39 million units worldwide within just two months of availability , beating the record previously held by Mario Kart 8 . Competitive play Main article : Professional Super Smash Bros. competition The Super Smash Bros. series has been widely played as competitive video games and has been featured in several high - profile tournaments . The first publicized Super Smash Bros. Melee tournaments were held in early 2002 . From 2004 to 2007 , Melee was on Major League Gaming 's tournament roster . In 2010 MLG picked up Brawl for its pro circuit for a year . During this time , Nintendo prohibited MLG from live streaming Brawl matches . At 2014 MLG Anaheim Melee was once again hosted at an MLG event . Melee was also included at the Evolution Championship Series ( Evo ) in 2007 , a fighting game tournament held in Las Vegas . Melee was again hosted at Evo 2013 after it won a charity drive to decide the final game to be featured in its tournament lineup . Due to the large turnout and popularity that year , Evo again included a Melee at their 2014 event and plans to do so in 2015 . New Jersey based Apex is another prominent Super Smash Bros. tournament , and has a series of qualifying events that are a prerequisite to playing at Apex . In 2015 Apex announced that they were officially sponsored by Nintendo of America . EVO 2015 was the largest Smash tournament in history and featured Super Smash Bros. for Wii U and Super Smash Bros. Melee with the former having 1,926 entrants and the latter having 1,869 . See also The Outfoxies Jump Super Stars PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale Notes Jump up ^ Known in Japan as 大 乱闘 スマッシュ ブラザーズ ( Dai rantō sumasshu burazāzu ) References Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason . `` An In - Depth Chat With The Genius Behind Super Smash Bros . '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ `` Smashing Success : Nintendo 's Super Smash Bros. continues to top the charts in Japan '' . IGN . October 28 , 1999 . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Super Smash Bros. Melee '' . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` At Long Last , Nintendo Proclaims : Let the Brawls Begin on Wii ! '' . Nintendo . March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Super Smash Bros. Melee Instruction Booklet. 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Wi - Fi Play '' . Smash Bros. DOJO ! ! . Smashbros.com . September 18 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stage Builder '' . Smash Bros. DOJO ! ! . Smashbros.com . February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Four Kinds of Control '' . Smash Bros. DOJO ! ! . Smashbros.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Names '' . Smash Bros. DOJO ! ! . Smashbros.com . Jump up ^ `` The Enemies From Subspace '' . Smash Bros. DOJO ! ! . Smashbros.com . September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Team '' . Smash Bros. DOJO ! ! . Smashbros.com . October 5 , 2007 . Retrieved October 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sticker Power - ups '' . Smash Bros. DOJO ! ! . Smashbros.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Nicole . `` E3 2011 : Smash Bros. Coming to 3DS and Wii U '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Heart , Adam ( June 9 , 2011 ) . `` Smash Brothers Next and Guest Characters '' . Shoryuken . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . This game will be for both the Wii U and the 3DS , and will have some connectivity between the two versions . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian . `` Cold Water Thrown on Smash Bros. for Wii U and 3DS '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ `` Smash Bros. Wii U / 3DS very early in development , said it should n't have been announced '' . GoNintendo . Jump up ^ Drake , Audrey . `` Namco Bandai Developing Next Smash Bros . '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Smash Bros , Mario , Mario Kart Confirmed for E3 2013 '' . IGN . Retrieved January 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U - Final Video Presentation '' . Nintendo . December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke . `` Super Smash Bros. on Wii U Gets Release Date '' . IGN . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 『 大 乱闘 スマッシュ ブラザーズ 』 '' Mii ファイター `` 参戦 決定 、 『 for Nintendo 3DS 』 発売 日 も 決定 ! ( E3 2014 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Famitsu . June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Super Smash Bros. for 3DS Delayed '' . IGN . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Bandai Namco Recruiting For A Smash Bros. Game Coming In 2015 '' . www.siliconera.com . Siliconera . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , Toshi ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Smash Bros. Could be its Creator 's Last Game '' . Kotaku . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie . `` Super Smash Bros. Wii U / 3DS DLC Ending Soon Director Says '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Life , Nintendo ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rumour : Super Smash Bros. Planned as NX Launch Title , Bandai Namco Working on `` Several '' Games `` . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Peer ( April 27 , 1999 ) . `` Super Smash Bros. N64 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Basic Rules '' . Smash Bros. DOJO ! ! . Smashbros.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` You Must Recover ! '' . Smash Bros. DOJO ! ! . Smashbros.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Peer Schneider ( April 27 , 1999 ) . `` Super Smash Bros. review '' . IGN . Retrieved April 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ LeJacq , Yannick ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` What Pros Have To Think About In Every Smash Bros. Match '' . Kotaku . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Smash Bros. Will Change The Way Edge - Guarding Works '' . IGN . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Super Smash Bros. Brawl Instruction Booklet ( PDF ) . Nintendo. 2008 . Jump up ^ `` EVO 2013 Rules '' . IGN . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Bryan . `` How to get into Competitive Super Smash Bros . '' . Prima Games . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Master Hand '' . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ puffteam . `` Play as Master Hand Glitch ( Melee ) '' . IGN Entertainment . Jump up ^ Super Smash Bros. Melee Trophies Crazy Hand Jump up ^ Super Smash Bros. Brawl Trophies Crazy Hand Jump up ^ K. Thor Jensen ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` The 25 Awesomest Hidden Characters - UGO.com '' . UGO.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2010 . 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Nintendo. April 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Sakurai : No Progress on New Smash Bros. Until Kid Icarus is Complete '' . Andriasang . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gantayat , Anoop ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` Smash Bros. U & 3DS development appears to be very early '' . Andriasang . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Lucy ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Kid Icarus : Uprising Developer Closes '' . IGN . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Patrick . `` Sakurai and Kobayashi Release Messages Regarding Smash Bros . '' . nintendoworldreport.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Drake , Audrey ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Namco Bandai Developing Next Smash Bros . '' . IGN . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ George , Richard ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` E3 2011 : Early Super Smash Bros Details Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . 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October 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Smash Bros. for Wii U for Wii U Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Nintendo Power 250th issue ! . South San Francisco , California : Future US . 2010 . p. 47 . Jump up ^ `` Game Critics Review '' . gamecritics.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect Score for Smash Bros . '' . IGN . January 16 , 2008 . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS for 3DS '' . GameRankings . CBS Interactive . October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Super Smash Bros. for Wii U for Wii U '' . GameRankings . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ `` Super Smash Bros. 3DS review '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Super Smash Bros. for 3DS review ( JP version ) '' . September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia . `` 24 Hours in , Playing Smash Bros. on My 3DS is Wrecking My Circlepad '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian . `` Super Smash Bros. is Wrecking Some People 's 3DS Handhelds '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Platinum Game Chart '' . MagicBox.com . Jump up ^ `` US Platinum Game Chart '' . MagicBox.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael McWhertor ( April 3 , 2008 ) . `` Simple 2000 : The Japanese Software Chart '' . Kotaku . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Super Smash Bros. Brawl Smashes Nintendo Sales Records '' ( Press release ) . Nintendo . March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Super Smash Bros. 3DS Sells A Million Copies Opening Weekend In Japan '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated Financial Highlights '' ( PDF ) . Nintendo . October 28 , 2014 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Ivan ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Super Smash Bros becomes fastest - selling Wii U game in the US '' . Computer and Video Games . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Smash Brothers Jump up ^ `` 2004 Events '' . Major League Gaming . September 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Magee , Kyle ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` League Speak with Sundance : Super Smash Bros. Brawl Stream '' . Major League Gaming . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EVO 2008 Championship series -- SSBM '' . EVO 2008 . March 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fighting Game Fans Raise over $225,000 for Breast Cancer Research . Smash Wins ! '' . Shoryuken . Jump up ^ Steve Watts ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` Nintendo Sponsoring Smash Bros. Tournament '' . IGN . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EVO 2015 Entrants '' . siliconera.com . Siliconera . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . External links Official website `` SmashWiki , the Super Smash Bros. wiki '' . www.ssbwiki.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Super Smash Bros. series Games Super Smash Bros . Melee Brawl 3DS and Wii U Developers HAL Laboratory Sora Ltd . Masahiro Sakurai Game Arts Bandai Namco Entertainment Fan games Project M Super Smash Flash Super Smash Bros. Crusade Super Smash Land Community Professional competition Evolution Championship Series Apex The Smash Brothers Professional Super Smash Bros. competition Super Smash Bros. series Super Smash Bros . 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"Super Smash Bros. was introduced in 1999 for the Nintendo 64. It was released worldwide after selling over a million copies in Japan.[2] It featured eight characters from the start (Mario, Donkey Kong, Link, Samus, Yoshi, Kirby, Fox, and Pikachu), with four unlockable characters (Luigi, Captain Falcon, Ness, and Jigglypuff), all of them created by Nintendo or one of its second-party developers."
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"four"
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-3147833904959351759 | Bark at the Moon (song) | Bark at the Moon ( song ) - wikipedia Bark at the Moon ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Bark at the Moon '' Single by Ozzy Osbourne from the album Bark at the Moon B - side `` One Up the `` B '' Side '' Released November 1983 Format 7 - inch 45 rpm Recorded Genre Heavy metal Length 4 : 17 Label Jet Songwriter ( s ) Ozzy Osbourne Jake E. Lee Bob Daisley Producer ( s ) Max Norman Ozzy Osbourne singles chronology `` Iron Man / Children of the Grave '' ( 1983 ) `` Bark at the Moon '' ( 1983 ) `` So Tired '' ( 1983 ) `` Iron Man / Children of the Grave '' ( 1983 ) `` Bark at the Moon '' ( 1983 ) `` So Tired '' ( 1983 ) `` Bark at the Moon '' is a song by heavy metal vocalist Ozzy Osbourne . It was the first single released from his 1983 album of the same name . The music video produced for the song was Osbourne 's first . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Writing 1.2 Music video 2 Cover versions 3 Personnel 4 Charts 5 References Overview ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) Though officially credited solely to Osbourne , `` Bark at the Moon '' was co-written with guitarist Jake E. Lee and bassist / lyricist Bob Daisley. Lee claims he was threatened with firing by Osbourne 's wife and manager Sharon if he refused to sign a 1983 contract stating that he would relinquish his claims to writing and publishing . In 2003 , Daisley filed a lawsuit against the Osbournes , claiming lost royalties for his significant songwriting contributions . Music video ( edit ) Lyrically , the song deals with a creature of some sort who once terrorized a town , was killed , and later mysteriously returned to once again wreak havoc upon the villagers . The music video , however , borrows heavily from Robert Louis Stevenson 's classic Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde story , depicting Osbourne as a `` mad scientist '' who ingests a substance in his laboratory which causes him to transform into the werewolf depicted on the Bark at the Moon album cover . Thought to be insane , he is subsequently committed to a mental institution . The music video for the song was partially filmed at the Holloway Sanatorium , outside London , England . In the early 1980s infancy of the music video medium , the video , which was the first Osbourne had made , was highly anticipated due to his outrageous image . Drummer Tommy Aldridge played on the studio recording of the track , but the video features his replacement in the band , Carmine Appice . Cover versions ( edit ) American punk rock band Strung Out recorded a version for the 2000 Punk Goes Metal compilation album . The Deluxe Edition of the 2009 album Retribution by American thrash metal band Shadows Fall includes a cover of the song , which was released as a single in 2010 . Horror punk band Frankenstein Drag Queens from Planet 13 released a version of the song on their 2001 album Viva Las Violence . The song appeared on the 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto : Vice City on the radio station `` V - Rock '' . A cover of the song appeared as the final song in the music video game Guitar Hero , while a master recording was later featured in Guitar Hero Smash Hits . Personnel ( edit ) Ozzy Osbourne -- vocals Jake E. Lee -- guitar Bob Daisley -- bass Tommy Aldridge -- drums Don Airey -- keyboards Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 21 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 109 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jake E. Lee : Why I Gave Up Songwriting Credit for Ozzy Osbourne 's ' Bark at the Moon ' '' . Blabbermouth.net. 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ http://simonfowlersarchive.com/ozzy-osbourne-bark-at-the-moon/ Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ozzy Osbourne -- Chart History : Bubbling Under Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Ozzy Osbourne Ozzy Osbourne Zakk Wylde Rob `` Blasko '' Nicholson Adam Wakeman Tommy Clufetos Studio albums Blizzard of Ozz Diary of a Madman Bark at the Moon The Ultimate Sin No Rest for the Wicked No More Tears Ozzmosis Down to Earth Under Cover Black Rain Scream Live albums Speak of the Devil Tribute Live & Loud Live at Budokan Extended plays Mr. Crowley Live EP Just Say Ozzy Compilations / box sets Best of Ozz Ten Commandments The Ozzman Cometh The Essential Ozzy Osbourne Prince of Darkness Memoirs of a Madman Singles `` Crazy Train '' `` Mr. Crowley '' `` Flying High Again '' `` Over the Mountain '' `` Symptom of the Universe '' ( live ) `` Iron Man / Children of the Grave '' ( live ) `` Bark at the Moon '' `` So Tired '' `` Shot in the Dark '' `` No More Tears '' `` I Do n't Want to Change the World '' `` Time After Time '' `` Road to Nowhere '' `` Mama , I 'm Coming Home '' `` Mr. Tinkertrain '' `` Changes '' ( live ) `` Walk on Water '' `` Back on Earth '' `` Gets Me Through '' `` Dreamer '' `` Mississippi Queen '' `` In My Life '' `` I Do n't Wanna Stop '' `` Not Going Away '' `` Black Rain '' `` How ? '' Featured singles `` Close My Eyes Forever '' `` Therapy '' `` Changes '' `` Crucify the Dead '' Other songs `` The Almighty Dollar '' `` Dee '' `` Diary of a Madman '' `` Hellraiser '' `` My Little Man '' `` S.A.T.O. '' `` Suicide Solution '' Concert tours Blizzard of Ozz Tour Diary of a Madman Tour Speak of the Devil Tour Bark at the Moon Tour The Ultimate Sin Tour No Rest for the Wicked Tour Theatre of Madness Tour No More Tours Tour Retirement Sucks Tour The Ozzman Cometh Tour Ozzfest Ozzfest lineups by year Scream World Tour Ozzy and Friends Tour Former band members Guitarists Randy Rhoads Bernie Tormé Brad Gillis Jake E. Lee Steve Vai Alex Skolnick Joe Holmes Jerry Cantrell Gus G Bassists Bob Daisley Rudy Sarzo Pete Way Phil Soussan Geezer Butler Mike Inez James LoMenzo Robert Trujillo Jason Newsted Chris Wyse Drummers Lee Kerslake Tommy Aldridge Carmine Appice Jimmy DeGrasso Randy Castillo Deen Castronovo Mike Bordin Brian Tichy Roy Mayorga Tommy Lee Keyboardists Don Airey Mike Moran John Sinclair Rick Wakeman Michael Beinhorn Books I Am Ozzy Trust Me , I 'm Dr. Ozzy Related articles Band members Discography Black Sabbath Ozzfest Jack Osbourne Sharon Osbourne Kelly Osbourne Slash Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bark_at_the_Moon_(song)&oldid=782684923 '' Categories : 1983 singles Ozzy Osbourne songs Songs written by Bob Daisley Songs written by Ozzy Osbourne Werewolves in music Songs written by Jake E. Lee Jet Records singles 1983 songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2017 , at 14 : 39 . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song bark at the moon | [
"\n\n\"Bark at the Moon\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Ozzy Osbourne\n\n\nfrom the album Bark at the Moon\n\n\nB-side\n\"One Up the \"B\" Side\"\n\n\nReleased\nNovember 1983\n\n\nFormat\n7-inch 45 rpm\n\n\nRecorded\n1983\n\n\nGenre\nHeavy metal\n\n\nLength\n4:17\n\n\nLabel\nJet\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nOzzy Osbourne\nJake E. Lee\nBob Daisley\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nMax Norman\n\n\nOzzy Osbourne singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Iron Man/Children of the Grave\"\n(1983)\n\"Bark at the Moon\"\n(1983)\n\"So Tired\"\n(1983)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Iron Man/Children of the Grave\"\n(1983)\n\"Bark at the Moon\"\n(1983)\n\"So Tired\"\n(1983)\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"Bark at the Moon\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Ozzy Osbourne\n\n\nfrom the album Bark at the Moon\n\n\nB-side\n\"One Up the \"B\" Side\"\n\n\nReleased\nNovember 1983\n\n\nFormat\n7-inch 45 rpm\n\n\nRecorded\n1983\n\n\nGenre\nHeavy metal\n\n\nLength\n4:17\n\n\nLabel\nJet\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nOzzy Osbourne\nJake E. Lee\nBob Daisley\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nMax Norman\n\n\nOzzy Osbourne singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Iron Man/Children of the Grave\"\n(1983)\n\"Bark at the Moon\"\n(1983)\n\"So Tired\"\n(1983)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Iron Man/Children of the Grave\"\n(1983)\n\"Bark at the Moon\"\n(1983)\n\"So Tired\"\n(1983)\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\n\"Bark at the Moon\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Ozzy Osbourne\n\n\nfrom the album Bark at the Moon\n\n\nB-side\n\"One Up the \"B\" Side\"\n\n\nReleased\nNovember 1983\n\n\nFormat\n7-inch 45 rpm\n\n\nRecorded\n1983\n\n\nGenre\nHeavy metal\n\n\nLength\n4:17\n\n\nLabel\nJet\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nOzzy Osbourne\nJake E. Lee\nBob Daisley\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nMax Norman\n\n\nOzzy Osbourne singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Iron Man/Children of the Grave\"\n(1983)\n\"Bark at the Moon\"\n(1983)\n\"So Tired\"\n(1983)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Iron Man/Children of the Grave\"\n(1983)\n\"Bark at the Moon\"\n(1983)\n\"So Tired\"\n(1983)\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Ozzy Osbourne",
"Jake E. Lee",
"Bob Daisley"
] |
2178021686499485215 | World Series | World Series - Wikipedia World Series Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the annual championship series of Major League Baseball . For the ongoing MLB championship , see 2017 World Series . For other uses , see World Series ( disambiguation ) . World Series The Commissioner 's Trophy is awarded to the team that wins the World Series . First played 1903 Most recently played 2017 Current champions Chicago Cubs ( 2016 ) ( 3rd title ) Current runners - up Cleveland Indians Most titles New York Yankees ( 27 ) Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Tie Breakers Tie Breaker Games Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in North America , contested since 1903 between the American League ( AL ) champion team and the National League ( NL ) champion team . The winner of the World Series championship is determined through a best - of - seven playoff , and the winning team is awarded the Commissioner 's Trophy . As the series is played in October ( and occasionally November ) , during the fall season in North America , it is sometimes referred to as the Fall Classic . Prior to 1969 , the team with the best regular season win - loss record in each league automatically advanced to the World Series ; since then each league has conducted a championship series ( ALCS and NLCS ) preceding the World Series to determine which teams will advance . As of 2016 , the World Series has been contested 112 times , with the AL winning 64 and the NL winning 48 . The 2016 World Series took place between the Cleveland Indians and the Chicago Cubs . Seven games were played , with the Cubs victorious after game seven , played in Cleveland . The final score was 8 -- 7 ; the game went into extra innings after a tied score of 6 -- 6 . This was the third World Series won by the Cubs but only their first since 1908 , a period of 108 years . With the Cubs ' record - length title drought finally ended , the Indians ' championship dry spell of 68 years and counting -- the Indians last won the Series in 1948 -- is currently the longest - running Series title absence . In the American League , the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27 , the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9 , and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8 , including the first World Series . In the National League , the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11 , the New York / San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8 , the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 19 and won 6 , and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5 . As of 2017 , no team has won consecutive World Series championships since the New York Yankees in 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 -- the longest such drought in Major League Baseball history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors to the modern World Series ( 1857 -- 1902 ) 1.1 The original World Series 1.2 1892 -- 1900 : `` The Monopoly Years '' 2 Modern World Series ( 1903 -- present ) 2.1 First attempt 2.2 Boycott of 1904 2.3 1919 Black Sox Scandal 2.4 New York Yankees dynasty ( 1920 -- 1964 ) 2.4. 1 1947 -- 1964 : New York City teams dominate World Series play 2.5 The World Series in California 2.6 1969 : League Championship Series 2.7 1970s 2.7. 1 1971 : World Series at night 2.7. 2 1972 -- 1978 : Threepeat , repeats , and Fisk 's home run 2.7. 3 1976 : The designated hitter comes to the World Series 2.8 1980s 2.8. 1 1984 : Anderson becomes first to win in both leagues 2.8. 2 1988 : Kirk Gibson 's home run 2.8. 3 1989 : Earthquake 2.9 1990s 2.9. 1 1992 -- 1993 : The World Series enters Canada 2.9. 2 1994 : League Division Series 2.9. 3 1994 -- 1995 strike 2.10 2000s 2.10. 1 All - Star Game and home - field advantage ( 2003 -- 2016 ) 2.11 2010s 3 Modern World Series appearances by franchise 3.1 World Series record by team or franchise , 1903 -- 2016 3.2 Team patterns in the World Series 3.2. 1 Streaks and droughts 3.2. 2 Game - by - game 3.2. 3 Local rivalries 3.2. 3.1 Cross-town Series 3.2. 3.2 Cross-state rivalries 3.2. 4 Pennants won in different cities 3.2. 5 The original sixteen teams 3.2. 6 Expansion teams ( after 1960 ) 3.2. 7 Other notes 4 Television coverage and ratings 5 International participation 6 Image gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Precursors to the modern World Series ( 1857 -- 1902 ) ( edit ) Further information : List of pre-World Series baseball champions The original World Series ( edit ) Until the formation of the American Association in 1882 as a second major league , the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( 1871 -- 1875 ) and then the National League ( founded 1876 ) represented the top level of organized baseball in the United States . All championships were awarded to the team with the best record at the end of the season , without a postseason series being played . From 1884 to 1890 , the National League and the American Association faced each other in a series of games at the end of the season to determine an overall champion . These series were disorganized in comparison to the modern World Series , with the terms arranged through negotiation of the owners of the championship teams beforehand . The number of games played ranged from as few as three in 1884 ( Providence defeated New York three games to zero ) , to a high of fifteen in 1887 ( Detroit beat St. Louis ten games to five ) . Both the 1885 and 1890 Series ended in ties , each team having won three games with one tie game . The series was promoted and referred to as `` The Championship of the United States '' , `` World 's Championship Series '' , or `` World 's Series '' for short . In his book Krakatoa : The Day the World Exploded : August 27 , 1883 , Simon Winchester mentions in passing that the World Series was named for the New York World newspaper , but this view is disputed . The 19th - century competitions are , however , not officially recognized as part of World Series history by Major League Baseball , as it considers 19th - century baseball to be a prologue to the modern baseball era . Until about 1960 , some sources treated the 19th - century Series on an equal basis with the post-19th - century series . After about 1930 , however , many authorities list the start of the World Series in 1903 and discuss the earlier contests separately . ( For example , the 1929 World Almanac and Book of Facts lists `` Baseball World 's Championships 1884 -- 1928 '' in a single table , but the 1943 edition lists `` Baseball World Championships 1903 -- 1942 '' . ) 1892 -- 1900 : `` the monopoly years '' ( edit ) Following the collapse of the American Association after the 1891 season , the National League was again the only major league . The league championship was awarded in 1892 by a playoff between half - season champions . This scheme was abandoned after one season . Beginning in 1893 -- and continuing until divisional play was introduced in 1969 -- the pennant was awarded to the first - place club in the standings at the end of the season . For four seasons , 1894 -- 1897 , the league champions played the runners - up in the post season championship series called the Temple Cup . A second attempt at this format was the Chronicle - Telegraph Cup series , which was played only once , in 1900 . In 1901 , the American League was formed as a second major league . No championship series were played in 1901 or 1902 as the National and American Leagues fought each other for business supremacy ( in 1902 , the top teams instead opted to compete in a football championship ) . Modern World Series ( 1903 -- present ) ( edit ) Further information : List of World Series champions First attempt ( edit ) After two years of bitter competition and player raiding ( in 1902 , the AL and NL champions even went so far as to challenge each other to a tournament in football after the end of the baseball season ) , the National and American Leagues made peace and , as part of the accord , several pairs of teams squared off for interleague exhibition games after the 1903 season . These series were arranged by the participating clubs , as the 1880s World 's Series matches had been . One of them matched the two pennant winners , Pittsburg Pirates of the NL and Boston Americans ( later known as the Red Sox ) of the AL ; that one is known as the 1903 World Series . It had been arranged well in advance by the two owners , as both teams were league leaders by large margins . Boston upset Pittsburg by five games to three , winning with pitching depth behind Cy Young and Bill Dinneen and with the support of the band of Royal Rooters . The Series brought much civic pride to Boston and proved the new American League could beat the Nationals . Boycott of 1904 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1904 Series , if it had been held , would have been between the AL 's Boston Americans ( Boston Red Sox ) and the NL 's New York Giants ( now the San Francisco Giants ) . At that point there was no governing body for the World Series nor any requirement that a Series be played . Thus the Giants ' owner , John T. Brush , refused to allow his team to participate in such an event , citing the `` inferiority '' of the upstart American League . John McGraw , the Giants ' manager , even went so far as to say that his Giants were already `` world champions '' since they were the champions of the `` only real major league '' . At the time of the announcement , their new cross-town rivals , the New York Highlanders ( now the New York Yankees ) , were leading the AL , and the prospect of facing the Highlanders did not please Giants management . Boston won on the last day of the season , and the leagues had previously agreed to hold a World 's Championship Series in 1904 , but it was not binding , and Brush stuck to his original decision . In addition to political reasons , Brush also factually cited the lack of rules under which money would be split , where games would be played , and how they would be operated and staffed . During the winter of 1904 -- 1905 , however , feeling the sting of press criticism , Brush had a change of heart and proposed what came to be known as the `` Brush Rules '' , under which the series were played subsequently . One rule was that player shares would come from a portion of the gate receipts for the first four games only . This was to discourage teams from `` fixing '' early games in order to prolong the series and make more money . Receipts for later games would be split among the two clubs and the National Commission , the governing body for the sport , which was able to cover much of its annual operating expense from World Series revenue . Most importantly , the now - official and compulsory World 's Series matches were operated strictly by the National Commission itself , not by the participating clubs . With the new rules in place and the National Commission in control , McGraw 's Giants made it to the 1905 Series , and beat the Philadelphia A 's four games to one . The Series was subsequently held annually , until 1994 , when it was canceled due to a players ' strike . The list of postseason rules evolved over time . In 1925 , Brooklyn owner Charles Ebbets persuaded others to adopt as a permanent rule the 2 -- 3 -- 2 pattern used in 1924 . Prior to 1924 , the pattern had been to alternate by game or to make another arrangement convenient to both clubs . The 2 -- 3 -- 2 pattern has been used ever since save for the 1943 and 1945 World Series , which followed a 3 -- 4 pattern due to World War II travel restrictions ; in 1944 , the normal pattern was followed because both teams were based in the same home stadium . 1919 Black Sox scandal ( edit ) Main article : Black Sox Scandal This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gambling and game - fixing had been a problem in professional baseball from the beginning ; star pitcher Jim Devlin was banned for life in 1877 , when the National League was just two years old . Baseball 's gambling problems came to a head in 1919 , when eight players of the Chicago White Sox were alleged to have conspired to throw the 1919 World Series . The Sox had won the Series in 1917 and were heavy favorites to beat the Cincinnati Reds in 1919 , but first baseman Chick Gandil had other plans . Gandil , in collaboration with gambler Joseph `` Sport '' Sullivan , approached his teammates and got six of them to agree to throw the Series : starting pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Lefty Williams , shortstop Swede Risberg , left fielder Shoeless Joe Jackson , center fielder Happy Felsch , and utility infielder Fred McMullin . Third baseman Buck Weaver knew of the fix but declined to participate , hitting . 324 for the series from 11 hits and committing no errors in the field . The Sox , who were promised $100,000 for cooperating , proceeded to lose the Series in eight games , pitching poorly , hitting poorly and making many errors . Though he took the money , Jackson insisted to his death that he played to the best of his ability in the series ( he was the best hitter in the series , including having hit the series ' only home run , but had markedly worse numbers in the games the White Sox lost ) . During the Series , writer and humorist Ring Lardner had facetiously called the event the `` World 's Serious '' . The Series turned out to indeed have serious consequences for the sport . After rumors circulated for nearly a year , the players were suspended in September 1920 . The `` Black Sox '' were acquitted in a criminal conspiracy trial . However , baseball in the meantime had established the office of Commissioner in an effort to protect the game 's integrity , and the first commissioner , Kenesaw Mountain Landis , banned all of the players involved , including Weaver , for life . The White Sox would not win a World Series again until 2005 . The events of the 1919 Series , segueing into the `` live ball '' era , marked a point in time of change of the fortunes of several teams . The two most prolific World Series winners to date , the New York Yankees and the St. Louis Cardinals , did not win their first championship until the 1920s ; and three of the teams that were highly successful prior to 1920 ( the Boston Red Sox , Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs ) went the rest of the 20th century without another World Series win . The Red Sox and White Sox finally won again in 2004 and 2005 , respectively . The Cubs had to wait over a century ( until the 2016 season ) for their next trophy . They did not appear in the Fall Classic from 1945 until 2016 , the longest drought of any MLB club . New York Yankees dynasty ( 1920 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) The New York Yankees purchased Babe Ruth from the Boston Red Sox after the 1919 season , appeared in their first World Series two years later in 1921 , and became frequent participants thereafter . Over a period of 45 years from 1920 to 1964 , the Yankees played in 29 World Series championships , winning 20 . The team 's dynasty reached its apex between 1947 and 1964 , when the Yankees reached the World Series 15 times in eighteen years , helped by an agreement with the Kansas City Athletics ( after that team moved from Philadelphia during 1954 -- 1955 offseason ) whereby the teams made several deals advantageous to the Yankees ( until ended by new Athletics ' owner Charles O. Finley ) . During that span , the Yankees played in all World Series except 1948 , 1954 , and 1959 , winning ten . From 1949 to 1953 , the Yankees won the World Series five years in a row ; from 1936 -- 1939 the Yankees won four World Series Championships in a row . There are only two other occasions when a team has won at least three consecutive World Series : 1972 to 1974 by the Oakland Athletics , and 1998 to 2000 by the New York Yankees . 1947 -- 1964 : New York City teams dominate World Series play ( edit ) In an 18 - year span from 1947 to 1964 , except for 1948 and 1959 , the World Series was played in New York City , featuring at least one of the three teams located in New York at the time . The Dodgers and Giants moved to California after the 1957 season , leaving the Yankees as the lone team in the city until the Mets were enfranchised in 1962 . During this period , other than 1948 , 1954 , and 1959 , the Yankees represented the American League in the World Series . In the years 1947 , 1949 , 1951 -- 1953 , and 1955 -- 1956 , both teams in the World Series were from New York , with the Yankees playing against either the Dodgers or Giants . The World Series in California ( edit ) In 1958 , the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants took their long - time rivalry to the west coast , moving to Los Angeles and San Francisco , respectively , bringing Major League Baseball west of St. Louis and Kansas City . The Dodgers were the first of the two clubs to contest a World Series on the west coast , defeating the Chicago White Sox in 1959 . The 1962 Giants made the first California World Series appearance of that franchise , losing to the Yankees . The Dodgers made three World Series appearances in the 1960s : a 1963 win over the Yankees , a 1965 win over the Minnesota Twins and a 1966 loss to the Baltimore Orioles . In 1968 , the Kansas City Athletics relocated to Oakland and the following year 1969 , the National League granted a franchise to San Diego as the San Diego Padres . The A 's became a powerful dynasty , winning three consecutive World Series from 1972 -- 1974 . In 1974 , the A 's played the Dodgers in the first all - California World Series . The Padres have two World Series appearances ( a 1984 loss to the Detroit Tigers , and a 1998 loss to the New York Yankees ) . The Dodgers won two more World Series in the 1980s ( 1981 , 1988 ) . The A 's again went to three straight world series , from 1988 -- 1990 , winning once . 1988 and 1989 were all - California series as the A 's lost to the Dodgers and beat the Giants , respectively . The Giants have been in four World Series ' in the new millennium , losing in 2002 to the Anaheim Angels ( the most - recent all - California series ) , and winning in 2010 ( Rangers ) , 2012 ( Tigers ) , and 2014 ( Royals ) . 1969 : League championship Series ( edit ) Prior to 1969 , the National League and the American League each crowned its champion ( the `` pennant winner '' ) based on the best win - loss record at the end of the regular season . A structured playoff series began in 1969 , when both the National and American Leagues were reorganized into two divisions each , East and West . The two division winners within each league played each other in a best - of - five League Championship Series to determine who would advance to the World Series . In 1985 , the format changed to best - of - seven . The National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) and American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) , since the expansion to best - of - seven , are always played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format : Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 are played in the stadium of the team that has home - field advantage , and Games 3 , 4 and 5 are played in the stadium of the team that does not . 1970s ( edit ) 1971 : World Series at night ( edit ) MLB night games started being held in 1935 by the Cincinnati Reds , but the World Series remained a strictly daytime event for years thereafter . In the final game of the 1949 World Series , a Series game was finished under lights for the first time . The first scheduled night World Series game was Game 4 of the 1971 World Series at Three Rivers Stadium . Afterward , World Series games were frequently scheduled at night , when television audiences were larger . Game 6 of the 1987 World Series was the last World Series game played in the daytime , indoors at the Metrodome in Minnesota . ( The last World Series played outdoors during the day was the final game of the 1984 series in Detroit 's Tiger Stadium . ) 1972 -- 1978 : threepeat , repeats , and Fisk 's home run ( edit ) During this seven - year period , only three teams won the World Series : the Oakland Athletics from 1972 to 1974 , Cincinnati Reds in 1975 and 1976 , and New York Yankees in 1977 and 1978 . This is the only time in World Series history in which three teams have won consecutive series in succession . This period was book - ended by World Championships for the Pittsburgh Pirates , in 1971 and 1979 . However , the Baltimore Orioles made three consecutive World Series appearances : 1969 ( losing to the `` amazing '' eight - year - old franchise New York Mets ) , 1970 ( beating the Reds in their first World Series appearance of the decade ) , and 1971 ( losing to the Pittsburgh Pirates , as well their 1979 appearance , when they again lost to the Pirates ) , and the Los Angeles Dodgers ' back - to - back World Series appearances in 1977 and 1978 ( both losses to the New York Yankees ) , as well in 1974 losing against the cross-state rival Oakland Athletics . Game 6 of the 1975 World Series is regarded by most as one of the greatest World Series games ever played . It found the Boston Red Sox winning in the 12th inning in Fenway Park , defeating the Cincinnati Reds to force a seventh and deciding game . The game is best remembered for its exciting lead changes , nail - biting turns of events , and a game - winning walk - off home run by Carlton Fisk , resulting in a 7 -- 6 Red Sox victory . 1976 : the designated hitter comes to the World Series ( edit ) The National and American Leagues operated under essentially identical rules until 1973 , when the American League adopted the designated hitter ( DH ) rule , allowing its teams to use another hitter to bat in place of the ( usually ) weak - hitting pitcher . The National League did not adopt the DH rule . This presented a problem for the World Series , whose two contestants would now be playing their regular - season games under different rules . From 1973 to 1975 , the World Series did not include a DH . Starting in 1976 , the World Series allowed for the use of a DH in even - numbered years only . ( The Cincinnati Reds swept the 1976 Series in four games , using the same nine - man lineup in each contest . Dan Driessen was the Reds ' DH during the series , thereby becoming the National League 's first designated hitter . ) Finally , in 1986 , baseball adopted the current rule in which the DH is used for World Series games played in the AL champion 's park but not the NL champion 's . Thus , the DH rule 's use or non-use can affect the performance of the home team . 1980s ( edit ) 1984 : Anderson becomes first to win in both leagues ( edit ) The 1984 Detroit Tigers gained distinction as just the third team in major league history ( after the 1927 New York Yankees and 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers ) to lead a season wire - to - wire , from opening day through their World Series victory . In the process , Tigers skipper Sparky Anderson became the first manager to win a World Series title in both leagues , having previously won in 1975 and 1976 with the Cincinnati Reds . 1988 : Kirk Gibson 's home run ( edit ) The 1988 World Series is remembered for the iconic home run by the Los Angeles Dodgers ' Kirk Gibson with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning . The Dodgers were huge underdogs against the 104 - win Oakland Athletics , who had swept the Boston Red Sox in the ALCS . Baseball 's top relief pitcher , Dennis Eckersley , closed out all four games in the ALCS , and he appeared ready to do the same in Game 1 against a Dodgers team trailing 4 - 3 in the ninth . After getting the first two outs , Eckersley walked Mike Davis of the Dodgers , who were playing without Gibson , their best position player and the NL MVP . Gibson had injured himself in the NLCS and was expected to miss the entire World Series . Yet , despite not being able to walk without a noticeable limp , Gibson surprised all in attendance at Dodger Stadium ( and all watching on TV ) by pinch - hitting . After two quick strikes and then working the count full , Gibson hit a home run to right , inspiring iconic pronouncements by two legendary broadcasters calling the game , Vin Scully ( on TV ) and Jack Buck ( on radio ) . On NBC , as Gibson limped around the bases , Scully famously exclaimed , `` the impossible has happened ! '' and on radio , Buck equally famously exclaimed , `` I do n't believe what I just saw ! '' Gibson 's home run set the tone for the series , as the Dodgers went on to beat the A 's 4 games to 1 . The severity of Gibson 's injury prevented him from playing in any of the remaining games . 1989 : earthquake ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the 1989 World Series began , it was notable chiefly for being the first ever World Series matchup between the two San Francisco Bay Area teams , the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics . Oakland won the first two games at home , and the two teams crossed the bridge to San Francisco to play Game 3 on Tuesday , October 17 . ABC 's broadcast of Game 3 began at 5 pm local time , approximately 30 minutes before the first pitch was scheduled . At 5 : 04 , while broadcasters Al Michaels and Tim McCarver were narrating highlights and the teams were warming up , the Loma Prieta earthquake occurred ( having a surface - wave magnitude of 7.1 with an epicenter ten miles ( 16 km ) northeast of Santa Cruz , California ) . The earthquake caused substantial property and economic damage in the Bay Area and killed 63 people . Television viewers saw the video signal deteriorate and heard Michaels say `` I 'll tell you what , we 're having an earth -- '' before the feed from Candlestick Park was lost . Fans filing into the stadium saw Candlestick sway visibly during the quake . Television coverage later resumed , using backup generators , with Michaels becoming a news reporter on the unfolding disaster . Approximately 30 minutes after the earthquake , Commissioner Fay Vincent ordered the game to be postponed . Fans , workers , and the teams evacuated a blacked out ( although still sunlit ) Candlestick . Game 3 was finally played on October 27 , and Oakland won that day and the next to complete a four - game sweep . 1990s ( edit ) 1992 -- 1993 : the World Series enters Canada ( edit ) World Series games were contested outside of the United States for the first time in 1992 , with the Toronto Blue Jays defeating the Atlanta Braves in six games . The World Series returned to Canada in 1993 , with the Blue Jays victorious again , this time against the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . No other Series has featured a team from outside of the United States . Toronto is the only expansion team to win successive World Series titles . The 1993 World Series was also notable for being only the second championship concluded by a home run and the first concluded by a come - from - behind homer , after Joe Carter 's three - run shot in the bottom of the ninth inning sealed an 8 -- 6 Toronto win in Game 6 . The first Series to end with a homer was the 1960 World Series , when Bill Mazeroski hit a ninth - inning solo shot in Game 7 to win the championship for the Pittsburgh Pirates . 1994 : League division Series ( edit ) In 1994 , each league was restructured into three divisions , with the three division winners and the newly introduced wild card winner advancing to a best - of - five playoff round ( the `` division series '' ) , the National League Division Series ( NLDS ) and American League Division Series ( ALDS ) . The team with the best league record is matched against the wild card team , unless they are in the same division , in which case , the team with the second - best record plays against the wild card winner . The remaining two division winners are pitted against each other . The winners of the series in the first round advance to the best - of - seven NLCS and ALCS . Due to a players ' strike , however , the NLDS and ALDS were not played until 1995 . Beginning in 1998 , home field advantage was given to the team with the better regular season record , with the exception that the Wild Card team can not get home - field advantage . 1994 -- 1995 strike ( edit ) Main article : 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike After the boycott of 1904 , the World Series was played every year until 1994 despite World War I , the global influenza pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 , the Great Depression of the 1930s , America 's involvement in World War II , and even an earthquake in the host cities of the 1989 World Series . A breakdown in collective bargaining led to a strike in August 1994 and the eventual cancellation of the rest of the season , including the playoffs . As the labor talks began , baseball franchise owners demanded a salary cap in order to limit payrolls , the elimination of salary arbitration , and the right to retain free agent players by matching a competitor 's best offer . The Major League Baseball Players Association ( MLBPA ) refused to agree to limit payrolls , noting that the responsibility for high payrolls lay with those owners who were voluntarily offering contracts . One difficulty in reaching a settlement was the absence of a commissioner . When Fay Vincent was forced to resign in 1992 , owners did not replace him , electing instead to make Milwaukee Brewers owner Bud Selig acting commissioner . Thus the commissioner , responsible for ensuring the integrity and protecting the welfare of the game , was an interested party rather than a neutral arbiter , and baseball headed into the 1994 work stoppage without an independent commissioner for the first time since the office was founded in 1920 . The previous collective bargaining agreement expired on December 31 , 1993 , and baseball began the 1994 season without a new agreement . Owners and players negotiated as the season progressed , but owners refused to give up the idea of a salary cap and players refused to accept one . On August 12 , 1994 , the players went on strike . After a month passed with no progress in the labor talks , Selig canceled the rest of the 1994 season and the postseason on September 14 . The World Series was not played for the first time in 90 years . The Montreal Expos , now the Washington Nationals , were the best team in baseball at the time of the stoppage , with a record of 74 -- 40 ( since their founding in 1969 , the Expos / Nationals have never played in a World Series . ) The labor dispute lasted into the spring of 1995 , with owners beginning spring training with replacement players . However , the MLBPA returned to work on April 2 , 1995 after a federal judge , future U.S. Supreme Court justice Sonia Sotomayor , ruled that the owners had engaged in unfair labor practices . The season started on April 25 and the 1995 World Series was played as scheduled , with Atlanta beating Cleveland four games to two . 2000s ( edit ) The 2001 World Series was the first World Series to end in November , due to the week - long delay in the regular season after the September 11 attacks . Game 4 had begun on Oct. 31 but went into extra innings and ended early on the morning of Nov. 1 , the first time the Series had been played in November . Yankee shortstop Derek Jeter won the game with a 12th inning walk - off home run and was dubbed `` Mr. November '' by elements of the media -- echoing the media 's designation of Reggie Jackson as `` Mr. October '' for his slugging achievements during the 1977 World Series . With the 2006 World Series victory by the St. Louis Cardinals , Tony La Russa became the second manager to a win a World Series in both the American and National Leagues . All - Star game and home - field advantage ( 2003 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Prior to 2003 , home - field advantage in the World Series alternated from year to year between the NL and AL . After the 2002 Major League Baseball All - Star Game ended in a tie , MLB decided to award home - field advantage in the World Series to the winner of the All - Star Game . Originally implemented as a two - year trial from 2003 to 2004 , the practice was extended . The American League had won every All - Star Game since this change until 2010 and thus enjoyed home - field advantage from 2002 , when it also had home - field advantage based on the alternating schedule , through 2009 . From 2003 to 2010 , the AL and NL had each won the World Series four times , but none of them had gone the full seven games . Since then , the 2011 , 2014 , and 2016 World Series have gone the full seven games . This rule is subject to debate , with various writers feeling that home - field advantage should be decided based on the regular season records of the participants , not on an exhibition game played several months earlier . Some writers especially questioned the integrity of this rule after the 2014 All - Star Game , when St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Adam Wainwright suggested that he intentionally gave Derek Jeter some easy pitches to hit in the New York Yankees ' shortstop 's final All - Star appearance before he retired at the end of that season . As Bob Ryan of The Boston Globe wrote in July 2015 about the rule : `` So now we have a game that 's not real baseball determining which league hosts Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 in the World Series . It 's not a game if pitchers throw one inning . It 's not a game if managers try to get everyone on a bloated roster into the game . It 's not a game if every franchise , no matter how wretched , has to put a player on the team ... If the game is going to count , tell the managers to channel their inner Connie Mack and go for it . '' However , within the last seven seasons , home - field advantage , in terms of deciding World Series games , has not necessarily worked for teams of said games . Since 2014 , the home team has not won the deciding game of a World Series . 2010s ( edit ) The San Francisco Giants won the World Series in 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 while failing to qualify to play in the postseason in the intervening seasons . The Texas Rangers were twice only one strike away from winning their first World Series title in 2011 , but the St. Louis Cardinals scored late twice in Game 6 to force a Game 7 . The Kansas City Royals reached the World Series in 2014 , which was their first appearance in the postseason since winning the series in 1985 . At the time , it was the longest postseason drought in baseball . They lost in 7 games to the Giants . The following season , the Royals finished with the American League 's best record , and won a second consecutive American League pennant . They defeated the New York Mets in the World Series 4 - 1 , capturing their first title in 30 years . The 2015 contest was the first time that two expansion clubs met for the Fall Classic . In 2016 , the Chicago Cubs ended their 108 - year long drought without a World Series title by defeating the Cleveland Indians , rallying from a 3 -- 1 Series deficit in the process . That extended Cleveland 's World Series title drought to 68 years and counting -- the Indians last won the Series in 1948 -- now the longest title drought in the majors . Beginning in 2017 , home field advantage in the World Series will be awarded to the league champion team with the better regular season win - loss record . If both league champions have the same record , the second tie - breaker would be head - to - head record , and if that does not resolve it , the third tie - breaker would be best divisional record . Modern World Series appearances by franchise ( edit ) Further information : List of World Series champions World Series record by team or franchise , 1903 -- 2016 ( edit ) Teams † Series Wins Series Played Last Won Last Played New York Yankees ( AL ) ( previously New York Highlanders / Baltimore Orioles ) 27 40 2009 2009 St. Louis Cardinals ( NL ) 11 19 2011 2013 Oakland Athletics ( AL ) ( previously Philadelphia / Kansas City ) 9 14 1989 1990 San Francisco Giants ( NL ) ( previously New York ) 8 20 2014 2014 Boston Red Sox ( AL ) ( previously Americans ) 8 12 2013 2013 Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) ( previously Brooklyn ) 6 19 1988 2017 Cincinnati Reds ( NL ) ( previously Redlegs , Red Stockings ) 5 9 1990 1990 Pittsburgh Pirates ( NL ) 5 7 1979 1979 Detroit Tigers ( AL ) 11 1984 2012 Chicago Cubs ( NL ) 11 2016 2016 Atlanta Braves ( NL ) ( previously Boston Red Stockings , Beaneaters , Doves , Rustlers , Braves / Milwaukee ) 9 1995 1999 Baltimore Orioles ( AL ) ( previously Milwaukee Brewers / St. Louis Browns ) 7 Minnesota Twins ( AL ) ( previously 1st Washington Senators ) 6 1991 1991 Chicago White Sox ( AL ) 5 2005 2005 Philadelphia Phillies ( NL ) 7 2008 2009 Cleveland Indians ( AL ) 6 1948 2016 New York Mets ( NL , 1962 ) * 5 1986 2015 Kansas City Royals ( AL , 1969 ) * 2015 2015 Miami Marlins ( NL , 1993 ) * ( previously Florida ) 2003 2003 Toronto Blue Jays ( AL , 1977 ) * 1993 1993 Los Angeles Angels ( AL , 1961 ) * ( previously California / Anaheim Angels and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) 2002 2002 Arizona Diamondbacks ( NL , 1998 ) * 2001 2001 Texas Rangers ( AL , 1961 ) * ( previously 2nd Washington Senators ) 0 0 ! -- 2011 San Diego Padres ( NL , 1969 ) * 0 0 ! -- 1998 Houston Astros ( NL , 1962 ; AL , 2013 ) * ( previously Colt . 45 's , NL ) 0 0 ! -- 2017 Milwaukee Brewers ( AL , 1969 ; NL , 1998 ) * ( previously Seattle Pilots , AL ) 0 0 ! -- 1982 Tampa Bay Rays ( AL , 1998 ) * ( previously Devil Rays ) 0 0 ! -- 2008 Colorado Rockies ( NL , 1993 ) * 0 0 ! -- 2007 Seattle Mariners ( AL , 1977 ) * 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Washington Nationals ( NL , 1969 ) * ( previously Montreal Expos ) 0 0 0 ! -- 0 ! -- Key to table AL = American League NL = National League * Joined the AL or NL after 1960 † Totals include a team 's record with another nickname or in a previous city ( bracketed in small type below its current name ) . For further details , see individual team articles or Major League franchises . See also : List of World Series champions Source : MLB.com Notes American League ( AL ) teams have won 64 of the 112 World Series played ( 57 % ) . The New York Yankees have won 27 titles , accounting for 24 % of all series played and 42 % of the wins by American League teams . The St. Louis Cardinals have won 11 World Series , accounting for 10 % of all series played and 23 % of the 48 National League victories . At least one New York team has been in 54 World Series ( 48 % ) of Series played . When the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , there were eight teams in each league . These 16 franchises , all of which are still in existence , have each won at least two World Series titles . The number of teams was unchanged until 1961 , with fourteen `` expansion teams '' joining MLB since then . Twelve have played in a World Series ( the Mariners and Expos / Nationals being the two exceptions ) . The expansion teams have won ten of the 22 Series ( 45 % ) in which they have played , which is 9 % of all 112 series played since 1903 . In 2015 , the first World Series featuring only expansion teams was played between the Kansas City Royals and New York Mets . Team patterns in the World Series ( edit ) This information is up to date through the present time : This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Streaks and droughts ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks and List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts Since their first championship in 1923 , the New York Yankees have won two or more World Series titles in every decade except the 1980s , when they won none . Additionally , they have won at least one American League pennant in every decade since the 1920s . ( They have yet to win a pennant or Series in the 2010s . ) The Yankees are the only team in either League to win more than three series in a row , winning in four consecutive seasons from 1936 to 1939 , and a still MLB record five consecutive seasons from 1949 to 1953 . The New York Giants ' four World Series appearances from 1921 to 1924 are the most consecutive appearances for any National League franchise . The Yankees are the only American League franchise to appear in four or more consecutive World Series . The 1907 -- 1908 Cubs , 1921 -- 1922 Giants and the 1975 -- 1976 Reds are the only National League teams to win back - to - back World Series . The 1907 -- 1909 Detroit Tigers and the 1911 -- 1913 New York Giants are the only teams to lose three consecutive World Series . The Chicago Cubs hold the record for the longest World Series championship drought of all time , with no titles between 1908 and 2016 ( 108 years ) . They also hold the longest ever pennant drought of all time , which stretched from 1945 to 2016 . Their pennant drought ended with a 4 - 2 series victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2016 NLCS . With the Cubs ' subsequent victory in the 2016 World Series , the longest World Series championship drought belongs to the Cleveland Indians , who have not won a World Series since 1948 . The Indians ' drought is the second longest championship drought among all four major professional sports leagues in North America ( MLB , NBA , NFL , and NHL ) ; only the NFL 's Arizona Cardinals , who last won a league championship in 1947 , when the team still operated as the Chicago Cardinals , have a longer championship drought . The team with the longest active pennant drought among AL teams that have played in a World Series at least once is the Baltimore Orioles , who have not reached a World Series since winning their last title in 1983 . The team with the longest active pennant drought among NL teams that have played in a World Series at least once is the Pittsburgh Pirates , who have not reached a World Series since winning their last title in 1979 . This also means that the Pirates hold the second longest active World Series title drought among all teams that have at least one Series and longest championship drought among NL teams that have won a Series . Twenty - two of the 28 teams to play in the World Series have won it at least once . The only exceptions are : Houston Astros ( formerly Colt . 45s , enfranchised in 1962 ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots , 1969 ) , San Diego Padres ( 1969 ) , Colorado Rockies ( 1993 ) , Tampa Bay Rays ( formerly Devil Rays , 1998 ) , and Texas Rangers ( formerly Washington Senators , 1961 ) . The Padres and Rangers have both lost two World Series ; the remaining teams have all lost their only Series appearance . As of the present , all teams with three or more World Series appearances have won the World Series at least once . Two teams have never played in the World Series : the National League 's Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos , established in 1969 ) , and the American League 's Seattle Mariners ( established in 1977 ) . Both franchises have participated in post-season play and competed in a League Championship Series at least once , but neither team has any League Championship Series victories . The Red Sox have the most World Series titles before their first World Series loss , winning the championship in their first five appearances -- 1903 , 1912 , 1915 , 1916 , and 1918 -- before losing in the next series they played , in 1946 . The only other teams who have more than one Series victory before their first Series loss are the Chicago White Sox ( in 1906 and 1917 ) , the Cleveland Indians ( in 1920 and 1948 ) , the Toronto Blue Jays ( in 1992 and 1993 ) , and the Miami Marlins ( in 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) . The Blue Jays and the Marlins have never lost a World Series . The American League 's Toronto Blue Jays ( 1992 and 1993 ) and National League 's Miami Marlins ( 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) hold the record for most appearances in a Series without ever losing a Series . Two other franchises have won their lone appearance : the National League 's Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2001 ) and American League 's Los Angeles Angels ( 2002 ) . The Pirates , Reds , Red Sox , and Giants are tied with the longest active streak of World Series victories ( three ) since the last time they lost a series . After losing the 1927 series to the Yankees , the Pirates have emerged victorious in the next three series in which they played ( 1960 , 1971 , and 1979 ) . The Reds last series loss prior to their current active streak of three titles ( 1975 , 1976 , and 1990 ) was in 1972 . The Red Sox are the American League leaders in this category with three consecutive titles ( 2004 , 2007 , and 2013 ) since their last series loss ( 1986 ) . The Giants lost in 2002 before winning the next three they appeared in ( 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 ) . The Yankees have the most World Series victories ( eight ) between World Series losses . After losing the 1926 World Series to the Cardinals , the Yankees won their next eight appearances in the series ( 1927 , 1928 , 1932 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , and 1941 ) before losing in 1942 to the Cardinals again . After this loss , the Yankees went on to win their next seven Series appearances ( 1943 , 1947 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , and 1953 ) before their next Series loss in 1955 to the Brooklyn Dodgers . The Cardinals are the National League leader in this category , with four titles ( 1944 , 1946 , 1964 , and 1967 ) between series losses in 1943 and 1968 . The Cubs and Dodgers are tied at seven apiece for most World Series losses between World Series victories . The Dodgers lost their first seven appearances in the Fall Classics ( 1916 , 1920 , 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , and 1953 ) before winning their first title in 1955 . The Cubs ' situation was the opposite : between winning their last two titles ( in 1908 and 2016 ) , they lost the World Series in 1910 , 1918 , 1929 , 1932 , 1935 , 1938 , and 1945 . The Cleveland Indians have four World Series losses ( 1954 , 1995 , 1997 , and 2016 ) since their last crown in 1948 , more than any other team in the American League . The longest duration without repeat World Series champions is sixteen years , dating back to the 2000 New York Yankees . The previous record of fourteen years ( in between the 1978 New York Yankees ' win and the 1993 Toronto Blue Jays ' win ) was broken when the San Francisco Giants , who won the 2014 World Series , did not qualify for the postseason in 2015 . The longest sequence of World Series in which each Series was won by a different franchise is 10 , from 1978 ( Yankees ) through 1987 ( Minnesota Twins ) . This streak was broken when the Dodgers , which had won in 1981 , won in 1988 . Game - by - game ( edit ) Game 7 was won by the home team in the 9 World Series between 1980 and 2013 that went to seven games ( the 1982 St. Louis Cardinals , 1985 Kansas City Royals , 1986 New York Mets , 1987 and 1991 Minnesota Twins , 1997 Florida Marlins , 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2002 Anaheim Angels , and 2011 St. Louis Cardinals ) before the Giants won game 7 on the road in 2014 . This trend reverses the previous historical trend in which Game 7 had been most often won by the road team , in 1979 , 1975 , 1972 , 1971 , 1968 , 1967 , 1965 , and 1962 . During the 1960s and 1970s , the home team had won Game 7 only in 1960 , 1964 , and 1973 . Since 2003 , when home field advantage started to be awarded to the team representing the league that won the All - Star game , the first Series that reached Game 7 was in 2011 . The greatest comebacks in World Series history were in 1968 , when the Detroit Tigers came back from a 3 -- 1 game disadvantage to win Game 5 after being behind by 3 runs , before winning games 6 and 7 on the road at St. Louis , and 2016 , when the Chicago Cubs scored three runs to win Game 5 and won the last two games in Cleveland . The 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers are the last team to win a World Series after losing the first two games on the road ( against New York ) . The recent tendency of a team winning the first two games at home and then winning the Series suggests the theoretical advantage to gaining home - field advantage ( and the first two games at home ) . The Pittsburgh Pirates won all five of their World Series championships in seven games . The Minnesota Twins / Washington Senators won all three of their World Series championships in seven games . There have been 19 World Series four - game ( 4 -- 0 ) sweeps , the most recent of which occurred in 2012 . Nine different teams have swept a World Series at least once , the Yankees having done so most often ( 8 times ) . The Red Sox , Reds , and Giants have all done it twice . The Braves , Orioles , White Sox , Dodgers , and Athletics have each swept one Series . Six of these teams ( all but the Orioles , Red Sox and White Sox ) have also been swept 0 -- 4 in at least one World Series . The Red Sox ' two World Series sweeps are the most of any team that has never been swept in one . The Reds and Yankees are the only teams to have swept each other ( The Yankees swept the Reds in 1939 , while the Reds swept the Yankees in 1976 ) . The Giants are the only team to record World Series sweeps in two different cities : New York ( 1954 ) and San Francisco ( 2012 ) . The 1999 Yankees are the last team to date , and the only one since 1966 , to sweep a World Series it began on the road ( as well as the last American League champion to date to win a World Series it began on the road ) . The 1963 Dodgers are the last National League team to date to sweep a World Series it began on the road . The Athletics , Cardinals , Cubs , and Yankees are the only teams to be swept in two World Series . The Athletics and Yankees are the only two of these with at least one World Series sweep to their credit , the other two being among nine teams overall that have never swept a World Series , but have been swept in one ( the Tigers , Astros , Indians , Padres , Phillies , Pirates , and Rockies being the others ) . The Cubs in 1907 and the Giants in 1922 won 4 games to 0 , but each of those Series ' included a tied game and are not considered to be true sweeps . In 1907 , the first game was the tie and the Cubs won four straight after that . In 1922 , Game 2 was the tie . The Cincinnati Reds were the only National League team to sweep any World Series between 1963 and 2012 , sweeping their last two series appearances to date in 1976 and 1990 . When added to their Game 7 victory in 1975 , this means that the Reds have won their last 9 consecutive World Series games , making this the current longest winning streak in terms of consecutive World Series games won . Nine World Series have ended with `` walk - off '' hits , i.e. , that game and the Series ended when the home team won with a base hit in the bottom of the ninth or in extra innings : 1924 * , 1929 , 1935 , 1953 , 1960 * , 1991 * , 1993 , 1997 * , and 2001 * . Five of these ( marked with a * ) were in a deciding Game 7 . In addition , the deciding Game 8 ( one game had ended in a tie ) of the 1912 World Series ended in a walk - off sacrifice fly . Two men have ended a World Series with a walk - off home run : Bill Mazeroski in 1960 and Joe Carter in 1993 . Mazeroski 's was a solo shot in the bottom of the ninth of Game 7 to win a championship for the Pittsburgh Pirates , while Carter 's was a three - run shot in Game 6 that won a championship for the Toronto Blue Jays . There has been one World Series that ended on a runner caught stealing , on a play that involved three future Hall of Famers . In the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 of the 1926 World Series , Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees tried to steal second base with two outs and his team trailing the St. Louis Cardinals 3 - 2 . Ruth was thrown out by Cardinals catcher Bob O'Farrell after Bob Meusel swung at and missed a pitch from Grover Cleveland Alexander . St. Louis second baseman Rogers Hornsby applied the tag on Ruth , who in his career was successful on 51 % of his stolen base attempts . Ruth , Alexander and Hornsby were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . One World Series game has ended with a pick - off of a runner . Kolten Wong of the St. Louis Cardinals was picked off of first base in Game 4 of the 2013 World Series by Boston Red Sox closer Koji Uehara . The score was 4 - 2 and rookie Wong was a pinch runner . The Philadelphia Phillies and the Tampa Bay Rays are the first teams to have an elimination game ( or any game ) be suspended because of weather , and not have it cancelled . Game 5 ( in Philadelphia ) was suspended on Monday , October 27 , 2008 with a 2 -- 2 score , and resumed in the bottom of the sixth on Wednesday , October 29 . The Phillies went on to win the game and clinch the series . Both of the Minnesota Twins ' World Series titles since relocating to the Twin Cities from Washington , D.C. ( where they were the first Washington Senators ) were in 7 game series where all games were won by the home team . The Twins accomplished this in 1987 , when the Twins defeated the St. Louis Cardinals , then 4 years later in 1991 , when the Twins defeated the Atlanta Braves . The Twins victories in both series were in games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 , while their National League opponents won games 3 , 4 , and 5 . This same scenario also occurred in 2001 , when the Arizona Diamondbacks defeated the New York Yankees . Also of note when it comes to the three series where every game was won by the home team , a pitcher was MVP . In the 1987 World Series , Frank Viola was the MVP having pitched games 1 , 4 , and 7 , and finishing with a 2 -- 1 record . In 1991 , Jack Morris achieved the same feat pitching games 1 , 4 , and 7 with a 2 -- 0 record and a no decision in game 4 , and winning MVP honors . However , Morris 's MVP came on the heels of pitching 10 shutout innings in game 7 . Finally , in 2001 , Curt Schilling and Randy Johnson took MVP honors by being the reason the Arizona Diamondbacks were in position to win the series . The Boston Red Sox have lost 4 World Series , all in 7 games . ( 1946 , 1967 , 1975 , & 1986 ) Four World Series ended with teams clinching the championship in the final game of the series which was not a game 7 and went into extra innings . The title was won this way in 1939 , 1992 , 2012 , and 2015 , with the road team winning each time . The home team has not won a deciding game of a World Series since 2013 , and has not done so in four of the last six seasons . Local rivalries ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball rivalries When two teams share the same state or metropolitan area , fans often develop strong loyalties to one and antipathies towards the other , sometimes building on already - existing rivalries between cities or neighborhoods . Before the introduction of interleague play in 1997 , the only opportunity for two teams playing in the same area but in different leagues to face each other in official competition would have been in a World Series . Cross-town Series ( edit ) The first city to host an entire World Series was Chicago in 1906 , when the Chicago White Sox beat the Chicago Cubs in six games . Fourteen `` Subway Series '' have been played entirely within New York City , all including the American League 's New York Yankees . Thirteen of them matched the Yankees with either the New York Giants or the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League . The initial instances occurred in 1921 and 1922 , when the Giants beat the Yankees in consecutive World Series that were not technically `` subway series '' since the teams shared the Polo Grounds as their home ballpark . The Yankees finally beat the Giants the following year , their first in their brand - new Yankee Stadium , and won the two teams ' three subsequent Fall Classic match - ups in 1936 , 1937 and 1951 . The Yankees faced Brooklyn seven times in October , winning their first five meetings in 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 and 1953 , before losing to the Dodgers in 1955 , Brooklyn 's sole World Championship . The last Subway Series involving the original New York ballclubs came in 1956 , when the Yankees again beat the Dodgers . The trio was separated in 1958 when the Dodgers and Giants moved to California ( although the Yankees subsequently met and beat the now - San Francisco Giants in 1962 , and played the now - Los Angeles Dodgers four times , losing to them in a four - game sweep in 1963 , beating them back - to - back in 1977 and 1978 and losing to them in 1981 ) . An all - New York Series did not recur until 2000 , when the Yankees defeated the New York Mets in five games . The last World Series played entirely in one ballpark was the 1944 `` Streetcar Series '' between the St. Louis Cardinals and the St. Louis Browns . The Cardinals won in six games , all held in their shared home , Sportsman 's Park . The 1989 World Series , sometimes called the `` Bay Bridge Series '' or the `` BART Series '' ( after the connecting transit line ) , featured the Oakland Athletics and the San Francisco Giants , teams that play just across San Francisco Bay from each other . The series is most remembered for the major earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay Area just before game 3 was scheduled to begin . The quake caused significant damage to both communities and severed the Bay Bridge that connects them , forcing the postponement of the series . Play resumed ten days later , and the A 's swept the Giants in four games ( the earthquake disruption of the Series almost completely overshadowed the fact that the 1989 Series represented a resumption after many decades of the October rivalry between the Giants and the A 's dating back to the early years of the 20th Century , when the then - New York Giants had defeated the then - Philadelphia Athletics in 1905 , and had lost to them in 1911 and again in 1913 ) . Currently there are four metropolitan areas that have two Major League Baseball teams -- New York , Chicago , San Francisco , and Los Angeles . Of the four , only Los Angeles has not hosted a cross-town World Series . Such a contest would pit the Dodgers against the Angels . Two cross-town World Series match - ups were formerly possible but did not occur -- the Boston Red Sox vs. the Boston Braves , and the Philadelphia Phillies vs. the Philadelphia Athletics . ( The Braves moved to Milwaukee in 1953 , and the Athletics moved to Kansas City in 1955 . ) Below is a chronological list of World Series played between teams from the same metropolitan area , with the winning teams listed in boldface . Year American League National League 1906 Chicago White Sox Chicago Cubs 1921 New York Yankees New York Giants 1922 New York Yankees New York Giants 1923 New York Yankees New York Giants 1936 New York Yankees New York Giants 1937 New York Yankees New York Giants 1941 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1944 St. Louis Browns St. Louis Cardinals 1947 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1949 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1951 New York Yankees New York Giants 1952 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1953 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1956 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1989 Oakland Athletics San Francisco Giants 2000 New York Yankees New York Mets Cross-state rivalries ( edit ) The historic rivalry between Northern and Southern California added to the interest in the Oakland Athletics - Los Angeles Dodgers series in 1974 and 1988 and in the San Francisco Giants ' series against the then - Anaheim Angels in 2002 . Other than the St. Louis World Series of 1944 , the only postseason tournament held entirely within Missouri was the I - 70 Series in 1985 ( named for the Interstate Highway connecting the two cities ) between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Kansas City Royals , who won at home in the seventh game . Going into the 2017 season , there has never been an in - state World Series between the teams in Ohio ( Cleveland Indians and Cincinnati Reds ) , Florida ( Tampa Bay Rays and Miami Marlins ) , Texas ( Texas Rangers and Houston Astros -- who now both play in the American League since the Astros changed leagues in 2013 , making any future joint World Series appearance an impossibility unless one of the teams switches leagues ) , or Pennsylvania ( the Philadelphia Phillies and the Pittsburgh Pirates have been traditional National League rivals going back to the late 19th Century ) . Neither the Phillies nor the Pirates ever faced the Athletics in October during the latter team 's tenure in Philadelphia , through 1954 . The Boston Red Sox never similarly faced the Braves while the latter team played in Boston through 1952 . There also was never an all - Canada World Series between the Toronto Blue Jays and the former Montreal Expos , who never won a National League pennant when they played in that Canadian city from 1969 through 2004 . The Expos became the Washington Nationals in 2005 -- raising the possibility of a potential future `` I - 95 World Series '' between the National League team and the AL 's Baltimore Orioles , who play just 50 miles to the north of Washington . Finally , the Los Angeles and / or Anaheim Angels have never faced off in October against either the Dodgers or against the San Diego Padres for bragging rights in Southern California , although all three of those teams have appeared in the World Series at various times . Pennants won in different cities ( edit ) The Braves are the only team to have both won and lost a World Series in three different home cities ( Boston , Milwaukee , and Atlanta ) . The Athletics have had three different home cities ( Philadelphia , Kansas City , and Oakland ) , but have appeared in the World Series ( both winning and losing ) while based in only two of them ( Philadelphia and Oakland ) . Three other teams have both won and lost the Fall Classic in two different home cities : The Dodgers ( Brooklyn and Los Angeles ) , the Giants ( New York and San Francisco ) , and the Twins ( the Twin Cities and Washington , D.C. , as the first Senators ) . The Orioles are the only other team to have played in the World Series in two different home cities ( Baltimore and St. Louis , as the Browns ) , but all three of their titles ( and three of their four losses ) have come while based in Baltimore . The original sixteen teams ( edit ) At the time the first modern World Series began in 1903 , each league had eight clubs , all of which survive today ( although sometimes in a different city or with a new nickname ) , comprising the `` original sixteen '' . Every original team has won at least two World Series titles . The Philadelphia Phillies ( National League ) were the last of the original teams to win their first Series , in 1980 . They were also the last to win at least two , with their second Series victory in 2008 . The Cubs were the first team to win the series twice , in 1907 and 1908 . The last original American League team to win its first World Series was the Baltimore Orioles ( former St. Louis Browns , originally the Milwaukee Brewers ) , winning in 1966 . The Orioles were also the last original team in the majors to make their first World Series appearance , as the St. Louis Browns in 1944 . Although they never won another American League pennant while in St. Louis , they have won three World Series in six appearances since moving to Baltimore . The St. Louis Cardinals were the last original National League team to appear in or win a modern World Series , doing both in 1926 . They have subsequently won more World Series than any other National League club : 11 championships through 2016 . The New York Yankees have defeated all eight original NL teams in a World Series . Conversely , they have lost at least one World Series to six of the original NL teams , never losing to the Chicago Cubs or the Philadelphia Phillies . The Boston Red Sox have played at least one Series against every original National League team except the ( Boston , Milwaukee and Atlanta ) Braves , with whom they shared a home city through 1952 . The St. Louis Cardinals are currently the only club of the National League 's original eight that holds an overall Series lead over the Yankees , 3 to 2 , taking that lead in 1964 . The Giants won their first two Series over the Yankees ( 1921 and 1922 ) , but the Yankees have faced the Giants five times since then and have won all five , taking the overall lead over the Giants in 1937 . The Pittsburgh Pirates and Yankees have faced each other twice ( 1927 and 1960 ) , with the Yankees winning in 1927 and the Pirates winning in 1960 , making the two teams . 500 against each other . Since the two leagues expanded beyond eight teams apiece in 1961 , the American League 's Cleveland Indians are the only original team that has not won a World Series against the larger field of competitors . The 2015 World Series was the first ever World Series to not feature any of the original sixteen teams . Expansion teams ( after 1960 ) ( edit ) The 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks won their first pennant and World Series in fewer seasons than any other expansion team ( both attained in their 4th season ) . The 1997 World Series Champion Florida Marlins achieved these milestones in the second - fewest number of seasons ( fifth season ) . The fastest AL expansion franchise to win a pennant was the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ( 11th season ) and the fastest AL expansion franchise to win a World Series was the Toronto Blue Jays in 1992 ( 16th season ) . While the New York Mets ( NL ) were the first expansion team to win or appear in the World Series ( doing both in 1969 ) , the American League would have to wait until 1980 for its first expansion - team World Series appearance , and until 1985 for its first expansion - team win . Both were by the Kansas City Royals . The AL also had two expansion teams appear in the World Series ( the Milwaukee Brewers being the second , in 1982 ) before the National League 's second expansion team to appear -- the San Diego Padres in 1984 . 12 expansion teams have now played in at least one Series . Until 2015 , all World Series matchups featured at least one of the 16 teams established by 1903 . As of the end of the 2014 edition , expansion teams were 9 -- 12 in the World Series , with three teams ( the New York Mets , Toronto Blue Jays and Miami Marlins ) each winning two . The Kansas City Royals , the then - Anaheim Angels and the Arizona Diamondbacks had each won one Series by the end of the 2014 season . With the New York Mets defeating the Chicago Cubs in a four - game sweep in the 2015 National League Championship Series and the Kansas City Royals defeating the Toronto Blue Jays in six games in the 2015 American League Championship Series , the 2015 World Series became the first ever World Series matchup in which both teams were expansion teams , where the Mets ( whose first season occurred in 1962 ) faced off against the Kansas City Royals ( whose first season occurred in 1969 ) , with the Royals winning in five games . Had the 2015 American League Championship Series ended differently , the 2015 World Series would have still been an all - expansion - team Series , as Toronto is also an expansion franchise , having started play in the 1977 season . Six expansion teams have appeared in the World Series without ever winning a championship : twice for the Texas Rangers ( formerly the second Washington Senators ) and San Diego Padres , and once each for the Houston Astros ( formerly Colt . 45s ) , Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots ) , Colorado Rockies , and Tampa Bay Rays ( formerly Devil Rays ) . Two expansion teams have not yet won a league pennant ( and therefore also have not appeared in a World Series ) : the American League 's Seattle Mariners and the National League 's Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos ) . Both teams have competed in postseason play and appeared in their respective League Championship Series at least once , but have no League Championship Series victories . The Toronto Blue Jays ( 1992 and 1993 ) , Miami Marlins ( 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) , Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2001 ) and Los Angeles Angels ( 2002 ) have never lost a World Series appearance . Other notes ( edit ) The team with the better regular season winning percentage has won the World Series 53 times , or 48.62 % ( 53 of 109 ) of the time . Three World Series have featured teams with identical regular season records ( 1949 , 1958 , 2013 ) . The Toronto Blue Jays are the only Canadian team ever to win a pennant or a World Series , doing both twice , in 1992 and 1993 . The Chicago Cubs are the only team with a World Series title that have never clinched one at home . Three series have matched up the previous two World Champions , with the New York Yankees winning all three . The 1928 World Series was contested by the 1926 champion Cardinals and 1927 champion Yankees ; the Yankees won the series 4 - 0 . In 1943 , the 1941 champion Yankees met the 1942 champion Cardinals , which the Yankees won 4 - 1 . In the 1958 World Series , the 1956 champion Yankees faced the 1957 champion Milwaukee Braves ; the Yankees won this series 4 - 3 . The 2012 National League Championship Series also matched up the previous two World Champions : the 2010 champion Giants and the 2011 champion Cardinals ; the Giants won this series 4 - 3 . As of the present , there are two World Series that can not have a rematch , the 1982 World Series between the NL champion St. Louis Cardinals and AL champion Milwaukee Brewers and the 2005 World Series between the AL champion Chicago White Sox and NL champion Houston Astros . The Brewers , who were inaugurated by the American League as the Seattle Pilots in 1969 and relocated to Milwaukee in 1970 , were moved to the NL starting in 1998 . The Astros , who were inaugurated by the National League in 1962 as the Houston Colt . 45s and adopted their current name in 1965 , were moved to the AL starting in 2013 . Therefore , the latest postseason round where the Brewers could face the Cardinals today would be in the National League Championship Series ( which has occurred once , in 2011 ) while the latest postseason round where the Astros could face the White Sox today would be in the American League Championship Series ( has never occurred ) . The Milwaukee Brewers and Houston Astros are the only two teams in MLB to have played in both the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) and National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) . The Brewers have won their lone ALCS appearance in 1982 against the then - California Angels and have lost in their only NLCS appearance in 2011 against the St. Louis Cardinals , making them 1 - 1 all time between both League Championship Series . The Astros , meanwhile , have a 2 - 3 record between both League Championship Series , having gone 1 - 3 in four NLCS appearances ( lost in 1980 to the Philadelphia Phillies , lost in 1986 to the New York Mets , lost in 2004 to the Cardinals , and won in 2005 versus the Cardinals ) and having won their only ALCS appearance in 2017 against the New York Yankees . With their victories in both the 2005 National League Championship Series and the 2017 American League Championship Series , the Astros are the only team in MLB to have represented both the National League and the American League in the World Series . The 2015 World Series game 1 between the New York Mets and the Kansas City Royals was the longest game 1 in history at 5 hours and 9 minutes . Yogi Berra of the New York Yankees holds the record for most World Series championships by a player with 10 . Joe DiMaggio of the Yankees is second with 9 . Joe McCarthy and Casey Stengel are tied for the most World Series titles by a manager with 7 apiece , all 14 of them with the Yankees . Connie Mack managed the Philadelphia Athletics to 5 World Series crowns . The all - time World Series single - game attendance record is 92,706 , set in Game 5 of the 1959 World Series at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the temporary home of the Los Angeles Dodgers until Dodger Stadium opened in 1962 . The Chicago White Sox defeated the Dodgers 1 - 0 in the record - setting game . Games 3 and 4 of that series also drew crowds in excess of 92,000 . Television coverage and ratings ( edit ) See also : List of World Series broadcasters and World Series television ratings When the World Series was first broadcast on television in 1947 , it was only televised to a few surrounding areas via coaxial inter-connected stations : New York City ; Philadelphia ; Schenectady / Albany , New York ; Washington , D.C. and surrounding suburbs / environs . In 1948 , games in Boston were only seen in the Northeast . Meanwhile , games in Cleveland were only seen in the Midwest and Pittsburgh . The games were open to all channels with a network affiliation . In all , the 1948 World Series was televised to fans in seven Midwestern cities : Cleveland , Chicago , Detroit , Milwaukee , St. Louis , and Toledo . By 1949 , World Series games could now be seen east of the Mississippi River . The games were open to all channels with a network affiliation . By 1950 , World Series games could be seen in most of the country , but not all . 1951 marked the first time that the World Series was televised coast to coast . Meanwhile , 1955 marked the first time that the World Series was televised in color . Network Number broadcast Years broadcast Future scheduled telecasts ABC 11 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1983 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 1995 ( Games 1 , 4 -- 5 ) CBS 8 1947 ( Games 3 -- 4 ) , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 DuMont 1947 ( Games 2 , 6 -- 7 ) , 1948 , 1949 Fox 19 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 2018 2019 , 2020 , 2021 NBC 39 1947 ( Games 1 , 5 ) , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 , 1995 ( Games 2 -- 3 , 6 ) , 1997 , 1999 ^ * : Not currently broadcasting Major League Baseball . ^ * * : Per the current broadcast agreement , the World Series will be televised by Fox through 2021 . ^ * * * : Gillette , which sponsored World Series telecasts exclusively from roughly 1947 to 1965 ( prior to 1966 , the Series announcers were chosen by the Gillette Company along with the Commissioner of Baseball and NBC ) , paid for airtime on DuMont 's owned - and - operated Pittsburgh affiliate , WDTV ( now KDKA - TV ) to air the World Series . In the meantime , Gillette also bought airtime on ABC , CBS , and NBC . More to the point , in some cities , the World Series was broadcast on three different stations at once . ^ * * * * : NBC was originally scheduled to televise the entire 1995 World Series ; however , due to the cancellation of the 1994 Series ( which had been slated for ABC , who last televised a World Series in 1989 ) , coverage ended up being split between the two networks . Game 5 is , to date , the last Major League Baseball game to be telecast by ABC ( had there been a Game 7 , ABC would 've televised it ) . This was the only World Series to be produced under the `` Baseball Network '' umbrella ( a revenue sharing joint venture between Major League Baseball , ABC , and NBC ) . In July 1995 , both networks announced that they would be pulling out of what was supposed to be a six - year - long venture . NBC would next cover the 1997 ( NBC 's first entirely since 1988 ) and 1999 World Series over the course of a five - year - long contract , in which Fox would cover the World Series in even numbered years ( 1996 , 1998 , and 2000 ) . International participation ( edit ) See also : Baseball § Around - the - world , and History of baseball outside the United States Despite its name , the World Series remains solely the championship of the major - league baseball teams in the United States and Canada , although MLB , its players , and North American media sometimes informally refer to World Series winners as `` world champions of baseball '' . The United States , Canada , and Mexico ( Liga Méxicana de Béisbol , established 1925 ) were the only professional baseball countries until a few decades into the 20th century . The first Japanese professional baseball efforts began in 1920 . The current Japanese leagues date from the late 1940s ( after World War II ) . Various Latin American leagues also formed around that time . By the 1990s , baseball was played at a highly skilled level in many countries . Reaching North America 's high - salary major leagues is the goal of many of the best players around the world , which gives a strong international flavor to the Series . Many talented players from Latin America , the Caribbean , the Pacific Rim , and elsewhere now play in the majors . One notable exception is Cuban citizens , because of the political tensions between the US and Cuba since 1959 ( yet a number of Cuba 's finest ballplayers have still managed to defect to the United States over the past half - century to play in the American professional leagues ) . Japanese professional players also have a difficult time coming to the North American leagues . They become free agents only after nine years playing service in the NPB , although their Japanese teams may at any time `` post '' them for bids from MLB teams , which commonly happens at the player 's request . Several tournaments feature teams composed only of players from one country , similar to national teams in other sports . The World Baseball Classic , sponsored by Major League Baseball and sanctioned by the sport 's world governing body , the World Baseball Softball Confederation ( WBSC ) , uses a format similar to the FIFA World Cup to promote competition between nations every four years . The WBSC has since added the Premier12 , a tournament also involving national teams ; the first event was held in 2015 , and is planned to be held every four years ( in the middle of the World Baseball Classic cycle ) . The World Baseball Classic is held in March and the Premier12 is held in November , allowing both events to feature top - level players from all nations . The predecessor to the WBSC as the sport 's international governing body , the International Baseball Federation , also sponsored a Baseball World Cup to crown a world champion . However , because the World Cup was held during the Northern Hemisphere summer , during the playing season of almost all top - level leagues , its teams did not feature the best talent from each nation . As a result , baseball fans paid little or no attention to the World Cup and generally disregarded its results . The Caribbean Series features competition among the league champions from Mexico , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , and Venezuela but unlike the FIFA Club World Cup , there is no club competition that features champions from all professional leagues across the world . Image gallery ( edit ) Rooftop view of a 1903 World Series game in Boston Game action in the 1906 Series in Chicago ( the only all - Chicago World Series to date ) Bill Wambsganss completes his unassisted triple play in 1920 Washington 's Bucky Harris scores his home run in the fourth inning of Game 7 ( October 10 , 1924 ) The Chicago Cubs celebrate winning the 2016 World Series , which ended the club 's 108 - year championship drought . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal AL pennant winners ( 1901 -- 1968 ) AL Wild Card winners ( since 1994 ) Americas Baseball Cup Asia Series Asian Baseball Championship Baseball at the Asian Games Baseball at the Central American and Caribbean Games Baseball at the Pan American Games Baseball at the Summer Olympics Baseball World Cup Caribbean Series Chronicle - Telegraph Cup College World Series European Baseball Championship European Champion Cup Final Four European Cup ( baseball ) Home advantage Intercontinental Cup ( International Baseball Federation ( IBAF ) ) Japan Series Korean Series Little League World Series MLB division winners MLB franchise postseason droughts MLB postseason MLB postseason teams MLB rivalries Negro World Series NL pennant winners ( 1876 -- 1968 ) NL Wild Card winners ( since 1994 ) Temple Cup Women 's Baseball World Cup World Baseball Classic World Series broadcasters World Series champions World Series starting pitchers World Series television ratings Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Series trophy profile '' . mlb.mlb.com . December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Enders , Eric ( 2007 ) . The Fall Classic : The Definitive History of the World Series . Sterling Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4770 - 0 . , et al . Jump up ^ `` List of World Series at Baseball Reference '' . Baseball Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` World Series : A Comprehensive History of the World Series '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved October 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Roger ( 2003 ) . The First World Series and the Baseball Fanatics of 1903 . Northeastern . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 561 - 2 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Simon ( 2005 ) . Krakatoa : The Day the World Exploded August 27 , 1883 . New York City : HarperCollins . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 083859 - 1 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barak , Tal ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` World Series ? Wait a Minute ... '' . NPR . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Summary '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ for example , Ernest Lanigan 's Baseball Cyclopedia from 1922 , and Turkin and Thompson 's Encyclopedia of Baseball series throughout the 1950s . Jump up ^ The Sporting News Record Book , which began publishing in the 1930s , listed only the modern Series , but also included regular - season achievements for all the 19th century leagues . Also , a paperback from 1961 called World Series Encyclopedia , edited by Don Schiffer , mentioned the 1880s and 1890s Series in the introduction but otherwise left them out of the discussion . Jump up ^ page 776 of the facsimile edition , published by the American Heritage Press and Workman Publishing , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 071881 - 4 Jump up ^ page 677 . The World Almanac has also long since modified that list 's heading to read simply `` World Series Results '' . Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Temple Cup at Baseball Library Jump up ^ `` BASEBALL LEGISLATION . -- The National League Abolishes the Temple Cup Series -- New Rule as to Drafting Players '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . November 13 , 1897 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 51 Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 52 -- 54 Jump up ^ `` FIVE GREAT MOMENTS AT THREE RIVERS STADIUM '' . The Sporting News . 2000 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . The first night game in World Series history was a thrilling one for Pittsburgh fans . Jump up ^ Tramel , Berry ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` World Series : Turn back clock on baseball '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Bless You Boys : A Celebration of the ' 84 Tigers '' at mlb.com `` . Detroit.tigers.mlb.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Nate ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` When will we end the charade of the All - Star game deciding World Series home - field advantage ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Should the All - Star Game ' count ' ? '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Did Wainwright let up on Jeter ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Machir , Troy ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Adam Wainwright admits , then denies he served fat pitch to Jeter '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Whatever happened to the All - Star Game ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Peace & glove : Owners , players reach CBA deal '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Most of the changes were regarding issues that had been discussed for weeks , but one surprising twist is that home - field advantage in the World Series will no longer be tied to the All - Star Game , as first reported by The Associated Press . Instead , the pennant winner with the better regular - season record will get home - field advantage in the Fall Classic . Jump up ^ `` Mets - Royals World Series is the first between 2 expansion teams '' . Newsday . October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series ended with walk - off hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Game 8 play by play , 1912 World Series Jump up ^ Barra , Allen ( October 2006 ) . `` The Greatest Series ? '' . American Heritage Magazine . 57 ( 5 ) . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil . `` Mets - Royals World Series is the first between 2 expansion teams -- Newsday '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Mike ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` TV signals limited viewing of 1948 World Series '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Will Carry Series on 5 Networks '' . Schenectady Gazette . Associated Press . September 24 , 1948 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 24 , 1948 ) . `` All Chains Get Offer on Series TV '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C4 . Jump up ^ Buttefield , C.E. ( September 19 , 1949 ) . `` World Series Via Video Destined for 45 Stations '' . The St. Petersburg Independent . Associated Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( October 5 , 1949 ) . `` Reynolds to Face Newcombe ( Maybe ) in Opener of Series Today '' . New York Times . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 16 , 1950 ) . `` TELEVISION ALL SET TO HIT LINE FOR GRID FANS '' . Chicago Tribune . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Wolters , Larry ( October 1 , 1950 ) . `` TELEVISION COMES OF AGE AND STARS FLOCK TO SIGN UP '' . Chicago Tribune . p . NW_B1 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( October 5 , 1950 ) . `` TV STRIKES OUT ON TWO INNINGS OF WORLD SERIES '' . Chicago Tribune . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Coast - to - Coast TV Lights Up For San Francisco Parley '' . Christian Science Monitor . Associated Press . September 4 , 1951 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 16 , 1951 ) . `` TELEVISION SET FOR A BOMBING SEASON '' . Chicago Tribune . p . N_D1 . Jump up ^ `` COAST - TO - COAST TV CARRIES PLAY - OFF '' . New York Times . October 2 , 1951 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Adams , Val ( September 27 , 1955 ) . `` DUROCHER MEETS WITH NBC ON JOB '' . New York Times . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Crosby , John ( October 5 , 1955 ) . `` Series In Color Lacked Black And White 's Clarity '' . Hartford Courant . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Baseball Scores $12 Billion In Television Deals '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallant , Joseph . `` Channel 12 : Feedback '' . DuMont Television Network Historical Website . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frank Thomas in the Chicago White Sox victory celebration in 2005 exclaimed `` We 're world 's champions , baby ! '' At the close of the 2006 Series , Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig called the St. Louis Cardinals `` champions of the world '' . Likewise , the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine for November 6 , 2006 , featured Series MVP David Eckstein and was subtitled `` World Champions '' . Immediately after the final putout of the 2008 World Series , Philadelphia Phillies broadcaster Harry Kalas commented that `` the Philadelphia Phillies are 2008 World Champions of baseball ! '' References ( edit ) Ernest Lanigan , Baseball Cyclopedia , 1922 , originally published by Baseball Magazine , available as a reprint from McFarland . Turkin , Hy ; S.C. Thompson ( 1951 ) . The Official Encyclopedia of Baseball . A.S. Barnes and Company . Buchanan , Lamont ( 1951 ) . The World Series and Highlights of Baseball . E.P. Dutton & Company . Jordan A. Deutsch , Richard M. Cohen , David Neft , Roland T. Johnson , The Scrapbook History of Baseball , 1975 , Bobbs - Merrill Company . Cohen , Richard M. ; David Neft ; Roland T. Johnson ; Jordan A. Deutsch ( 1976 ) . The World Series . Dial Press . The New York Times ( 1980 ) . The Complete Book of Baseball : A Scrapbook History . Sporting News , Baseball Record Book and Baseball Guide , published annually since ca . 1941 . Lansch , Jerry ( 1991 ) . Glory Fades Away : The Nineteenth Century World Series Rediscovered . Taylor Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 726 - 1 . 100 Years of the World Series ( DVD ) . Major League Baseball . 2002 . Further reading ( edit ) Auf Der Mar , Nick . `` World Series Fever Offers No Relief from Agony of Stadium Envy . '' The ( Montreal ) Gazette . October 30 , 1991 ( p . A2 ) . Dickey , Glenn . The History of the World Series Since 1903 . New York : Stein and Day , 1984 . Seymour , Harold . Baseball : The Early Years . New York : Oxford University Press , 1960 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505912 - 3 . Sutherland , Norman . `` Unhappy Start for Yankees . '' The ( Glasgow ) Herald . March 20 , 1999 ( p. 9 ) . Thorn , John et al. Total Baseball . Kingston , New York : Total Sports Publishing , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 930844 - 01 - 8 ( pp. 265 -- 280 ) . Minneapolis Star Tribune . `` Q & A on the News . '' October 29 , 1999 ( p . A2 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Series . Official website Baseball Reference `` postseason '' page , listing every World Series , with links to play - by - play summaries of every game Sporting News : History of the World Series Baseball Almanac : World Series List of World Series Winning Rosters Coolest World Series teams ever ESPN Classic -- Who 's # 1 ? : Best World Series World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - Star Game World Baseball Classic International games Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Executive Management Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions MLB drafts First year player Rule 5 Players Association TV contracts Highest paid players Luxury tax Instant replay MLB logo MLB team uniforms Minor League Baseball History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Rivalries Interleague play Schedule Stadiums Civil Rights Game Jackie Robinson Day Spring training Opening Day Lockouts / strikes Mascots MLB.com Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents NL AL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Series&oldid=807932104 '' Categories : World Series Annual sporting events in the United States October sporting events Recurring sporting events established in 1903 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 22 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has played in the most world series | [
"In the American League, the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27, the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9, and the Boston Red Sox have played in 12 and won 8, including the first World Series. In the National League, the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11, the New York/San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8, the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 19 and won 6, and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5."
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"New York Yankees"
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-9167280719695255128 | Yankee Doodle | Yankee Doodle - wikipedia Yankee Doodle Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Yankee Doodle ( disambiguation ) . `` Yankee Doodle '' The first verse and refrain of Yankee Doodle , engraved on the footpath in a park . Song Published 1780s 1 . Yankee Doodle Variations Performed by Carrie Rehkopf 1 . Yankee Doodle Choral version by United States Army Chorus Problems playing these files ? See media help . `` Yankee Doodle '' is a well - known British - American song , the early versions of which date back to before the Seven Years ' War and the American Revolution ( 1775 -- 83 ) . It is often sung patriotically in the United States today and is the state anthem of Connecticut . Its Roud Folk Song Index number is 4501 . The melody is thought to be much older than both the lyrics and the subject , going back to folk songs of Medieval Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 Early versions 2 Full version 3 Popular culture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External links 7.1 Writings 7.2 Historical Audio Origin ( edit ) The tune of Yankee Doodle is thought to be much older than the lyrics , being well known across western Europe , including England , France , Holland ( modern Netherlands ) , Hungary , and Spain . The earliest words of `` Yankee Doodle '' came from a Middle Dutch harvest song ( which is thought to have followed the same tune ) , possibly dating back as far as 15th - century Holland . It contained mostly nonsensical and out - of - place words , both in English and Dutch : `` Yanker , didel , doodle down , Diddle , dudel , lanther , Yanke viver , voover vown , Botermilk und tanther . '' Farm laborers in Holland at the time received as their wages `` as much buttermilk ( Botermilk ) as they could drink , and a tenth ( tanther ) of the grain '' . The term Doodle first appeared in English in the early seventeenth century and is thought to be derived from the Low German ( a language close to Dutch ) dudel , meaning `` playing music badly '' or Dödel , meaning `` fool '' or `` simpleton '' . The Macaroni wig was an extreme fashion in the 1770s and became contemporary slang for foppishness . Dandies were men who placed particular importance upon physical appearance , refined language , and leisure hobbies . A self - made `` Dandy '' was a British middle - class man from the late 18th to early 19th century who impersonated an aristocratic lifestyle . They notably wore silk strip cloth , stuck feathers in their hats , and bore two fob watch accessories simultaneously ( two pocket watches with chains ) -- `` one to tell what time it was and the other to tell what time it was not '' . This era was the height of `` dandyism '' in London , when men wore striped silks upon their return from the Grand Tour , along with a feather in the hat . `` The Macaroni . A real Character at the late Masquerade '' , mezzotint by Philip Dawe , 1773 The macaroni wig was an example of such Rococo dandy fashion , popular in elite circles in Western Europe and much mocked in the London press of the time . The term macaroni was used to describe a fashionable man who dressed and spoke in an outlandishly affected and effeminate manner . The term pejoratively referred to a man who `` exceeded the ordinary bounds of fashion '' in terms of clothes , fastidious eating , and gambling . In British conversation , the term `` Yankee Doodle Dandy '' implied unsophisticated misappropriation of high - class fashion , as though simply sticking a feather in one 's cap would make one to be noble . Peter McNeil , professor of fashion studies , claims that the British were insinuating that the colonists were low - class men lacking masculinity , emphasizing that the American men were womanly . Early versions ( edit ) Traditions place its origin in a pre-Revolutionary War song originally sung by British military officers to mock the disheveled , disorganized colonial `` Yankees '' with whom they served in the French and Indian War , apparently written c. 1755 by British Army surgeon Dr. Richard Shuckburgh while campaigning in upper New York . The British troops sang it to make fun of their stereotype of the American soldier as a Yankee simpleton who thought that he was stylish if he simply stuck a feather in his cap . It was also popular among the Americans as a song of defiance . As per the American Library of Congress , the Americans added additional verses to the song , mocking the British troops and hailing the Commander of the Continental army George Washington . By 1781 , Yankee Doodle had turned from being an insult to being a song of national pride . One version of the Yankee Doodle lyrics is generally attributed to Dr. Shuckburgh . According to one story , Dr. Shuckburgh wrote the song after seeing the appearance of Colonial troops under Colonel Thomas Fitch , the son of Connecticut Governor Thomas Fitch . According to Etymology Online , `` The current version seems to have been written in 1776 by Edward Bangs , a Harvard sophomore who also was a Minuteman . '' A bill was introduced to the House of Representatives on July 25 , 1999 ( as referenced as H. CON . RES. 143 ) recognizing Billerica , Massachusetts as `` America 's Yankee Doodle Town '' . After the Battle of Lexington and Concord , a Boston newspaper reported : `` Upon their return to Boston ( pursued by the Minutemen ) , one ( Briton ) asked his brother officer how he liked the tune now , -- ' Dang them ' , returned he , ' they made us dance it till we were tired ' -- since which Yankee Doodle sounds less sweet to their ears . '' The earliest known version of the lyrics comes from 1755 or 1758 , as the date of origin is disputed : Brother Ephraim sold his Cow And bought him a Commission ; And then he went to Canada To fight for the Nation ; But when Ephraim he came home He proved an arrant Coward , He would n't fight the Frenchmen there For fear of being devoured . ( Note that the sheet music which accompanies these lyrics reads , `` The Words to be Sung through the Nose , & in the West Country drawl & dialect . '' ) The Ephraim referred to here was Ephraim Williams , a popularly known colonel in the Massachusetts militia who was killed in the Battle of Lake George . He left his land and property to the founding of a school in Western Massachusetts , now known as Williams College . The tune also appeared in 1762 in one of America 's first comic operas The Disappointment , with bawdy lyrics about the search for Blackbeard 's buried treasure by a team from Philadelphia . It has been reported that the British often marched to a version believed to be about a man named Thomas Ditson of Billerica , Massachusetts . Ditson was tarred and feathered for attempting to buy a musket in Boston in March 1775 , although he later fought at Concord : Yankee Doodle came to town , For to buy a firelock , We will tar and feather him , And so we will John Hancock . For this reason , the town of Billerica is the `` home '' of Yankee Doodle , Another pro-British set of lyrics believed to have used the tune was published in June 1775 following the Battle of Bunker Hill : The seventeen of June , at Break of Day , The Rebels they supriz 'd us , With their strong Works , which they 'd thrown up , To burn the Town and drive us . There is another version attributed to Edward Bangs , a student at Harvard College , who wrote a ballad with fifteen verses which circulated in Boston and surrounding towns in 1775 or 1776 . Yankee Doodle was also played at the British surrender at Saratoga in 1777 . On February 6 , 1788 , Massachusetts ratified the Constitution by a vote of 186 to 168 . To the ringing of bells and the booming of cannon , the delegates trooped out of Brattle Street Church . Before many days had passed , the citizens sang their convention song to the tune of `` Yankee Doodle . '' Here are the lyrics to their song : The vention did in Boston meet , The State House could not hold ' em So then they went to Fed'ral Street , And there the truth was told ' em ... And ev'ry morning went to prayer , And then began disputing , Till oppositions silenced were , By arguments refuting . Now politicians of all kinds , Who are not yet decided , May see how Yankees speak their minds , And yet are not divided . So here I end my Fed'ral song , Composed of sixteen verses ; May agriculture flourish long And commerce fill our purses ! Full version ( edit ) The Spirit of ' 76 ( aka Yankee Doodle ) Artist Archibald MacNeal Willard Year circa 1875 Type oil 61 cm × 45 cm ( 24 in × 18 in ) Location United States Department of State The full version of the song , as it is known today , goes : Yankee Doodle went to town A-riding on a pony , Stuck a feather in his cap And called it macaroni . ( Chorus ) Yankee Doodle keep it up , Yankee Doodle dandy , Mind the music and the step , And with the girls be handy . Father and I went down to camp , Along with Captain Gooding , And there we saw the men and boys As thick as hasty pudding . ( Chorus ) And there we saw a thousand men As rich as Squire David , And what they wasted every day , I wish it could be savèd . ( Chorus ) The ' lasses they eat every day , Would keep a house a winter ; They have so much , that I 'll be bound , They eat it when they 've a mind to . ( Chorus ) And there I see a swamping gun Large as a log of maple , Upon a deuced little cart , A load for father 's cattle . ( Chorus ) And every time they shoot it off , It takes a horn of powder , And makes a noise like father 's gun , Only a nation louder . ( Chorus ) I went as nigh to one myself As ' Siah 's underpinning ; And father went as nigh again , I thought the deuce was in him . ( Chorus ) Cousin Simon grew so bold , I thought he would have cocked it ; It scared me so I shrinked it off And hung by father 's pocket . ( Chorus ) And Cap'n Davis had a gun , He kind of clapt his hand o n't And stuck a crooked stabbing iron Upon the little end o n't ( Chorus ) And there I see a pumpkin shell As big as mother 's basin , And every time they touched it off They scampered like the nation . ( Chorus ) I see a little barrel too , The heads were made of leather ; They knocked on it with little clubs And called the folks together . ( Chorus ) And there was Cap'n Washington , And gentle folks about him ; They say he 's grown so ' tarnal proud He will not ride without ' em . ( Chorus ) He got him on his meeting clothes , Upon a slapping stallion ; He sat the world along in rows , In hundreds and in millions . ( Chorus ) The flaming ribbons in his hat , They looked so tearing fine , ah , I wanted dreadfully to get To give to my Jemima . ( Chorus ) I see another snarl of men A-digging graves , they told me , So ' tarnal long , so ' tarnal deep , They ' tended they should hold me . ( Chorus ) It scared me so , I hooked it off , Nor stopped , as I remember , Nor turned about till I got home , Locked up in mother 's chamber . ( Chorus ) Popular culture ( edit ) President John F. Kennedy from Massachusetts bought a pony for his daughter Caroline while he was in the White House . The family named it `` Macaroni '' after the song `` Yankee Doodle , '' although the song applies the name to the feathered cap rather than the pony . Dueling Banjos , composed by Arthur `` Guitar Boogie '' Smith in 1955 , contains riffs from Yankee Doodle . The Voice of America begins and ends all broadcasts with the interval signal of `` Yankee Doodle '' . TV commentator Bud Collins took note of the July 4th holiday and John McEnroe 's red - white - and - blue attire at the conclusion of the 1981 Wimbledon Championships , in which American tennis star McEnroe had defeated his long - time rival Björn Borg : `` Stick a feather in his cap and call him ' McEnroe - ni ' ! '' In Turn : Washington 's Spies season 3 episode 8 `` Mended , '' the song is sung in parody by English Tories using alternate lyrics . See also ( edit ) Yankee Doodle Dandy The Yankee Doodle Boy Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mooney , Mark ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` ' Yankee Doodle Dandy ' Explained and Other Revolutionary Facts '' . ABC News . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ STATE OF CONNECTICUT , Sites o Seals o Symbols ; Connecticut State Register & Manual ; retrieved on May 23 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Helen Kendrick . `` The Meaning of Song '' in The North American Review vol. 138 , no. 330 ( 1884 ) : p. 491 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 from www.jstor.org/stable/25118383 ^ Jump up to : Banks , Louis Albert ( 1898 ) . Immortal Songs of Camp and Field : The Story of Their Inspiration , Together with Striking Anecdotes Connected with Their History . Burrows Brothers Company . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Yankee Doodle Dandy , The New York Times ^ Jump up to : Elson , Louis Charles ( 1912 ) . University Musical Encyclopedia : A history of music . 2 . p. 82 . Jump up ^ `` doodle '' , n , Oxford English Dictionary ; accessed April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ J. Woodforde , The Strange Story of False Hair ( London : Taylor & Francis , 1971 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Grose , Francis ; Egan , Pierce ( 1823 ) . Grose 's Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue : Revised and Corrected with the Addition of Numerous Slang Phrases Collected from Tried Authorities . London . Jump up ^ The Macaroni and Theatrical Magazine , inaugural issue , 1772 , quoted in Amelia Rauser , `` Hair , Authenticity , and the Self - Made Macaroni '' , Eighteenth - Century Studies 38. 1 ( 2004 : 101 - 117 ) ( on - line abstract ) . Jump up ^ R. Ross , Clothing : a global history : or , The Imperialists ' new clothes ( Polity , 2008 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Peter McNeil , That Doubtful Gender : Macaroni Dress and Male Sexualities ( Fashion Theory , 1998 ) , pp. 411 - 48 . Jump up ^ See www.etymonline.com , `` Yankee Doodle '' . Jump up ^ `` Historical Period : The American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 - Lyrical legacy - Yankee doodle song '' . http://www.loc.gov/teachers/lyrical/songs/yankee_doodle.html . Library of Congress . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ A. Lomax , John ; Lomax , Alan . American ballads and f - 28276 - 3 . p. 521 . Jump up ^ Sonneck , Oscar George Theodore . Report on The Star - spangled Banner , Hail Columbia , America , Yankee Doodle . New York , Dover Publications ( 1972 ) . ISBN 0 - 486 - 22237 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://www.etymonline.com , `` Yankee Doodle '' Jump up ^ Carola , Chris ( July 5 , 2008 ) . `` Wish ' Yankee Doodle ' a happy 250th birthday . Maybe '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bobrick , 148 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Ditson '' . Billerica Public Library . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Billerica Colonial Minute Men ; The Thomas Ditson story ; retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Town History and Genealogy ; retrieved October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` What 's the song `` Yankee Doodle '' all about ? `` . The Straight Dope. 2001 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Yankee Doodle Ballad - `` Father And I Went Down To Camp '' `` . www.americanmusicpreservation.com . Jump up ^ Luzader , John F. ( 2008 ) . Saratoga : A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution . New York : Savas Beatie . p. 335 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 44 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gen. George P. Morris - `` Original Yankee Words '' , The Patriotic Anthology , Doubleday , Doran & Company , Inc. publishers , 1941 . Introduction by Carl Van Doren . Literary Guild of America , Inc. , New York , NY . Jump up ^ Penrhyn Wingfield Coussens , editor . Poems Children Love : A Collection of Poems Arranged for Children and Young People of Various Ages . Dodge Publishing Company , New York , 1908 . pp. 183 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee doodle '' . Jump up ^ Berg , Jerome S. ( 1999 ) . On the Short Waves , 1923 - 1945 : Broadcast Listening in the Pioneer Days of Radio . McFarland . p. 104 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0506 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic -- McEnroe was McNasty on and off the court '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Further reading ( edit ) Bobrick , Benson ( 1997 ) . Angel in the Whirlwind . Simon & Schuster , New York . ISBN 0 - 684 - 81060 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Yankee Doodle . Library of Congress Yankee Doodle music website The Boston Yankee Doodle Ballad The free score on www.traditional-songs.com Writings ( edit ) Report on `` The Star - Spangled Banner , '' `` Hail Columbia , '' `` America , '' `` Yankee Doodle '' by Oscar George Theodore Sonneck ( 1909 ) 2 3 4 Famous American songs ( 1906 ) Historical audio ( edit ) Yankee Doodle ( archive.org ) John H. Hewitt wrote the song The Fall of Mexico in 1847 , which quotes from Yankee Doodle in measure 237 . 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"The term Doodle first appeared in English in the early seventeenth century[7] and is thought to be derived from the Low German (a language close to Dutch) dudel, meaning \"playing music badly\" or Dödel, meaning \"fool\" or \"simpleton\". The Macaroni wig was an extreme fashion in the 1770s and became contemporary slang for foppishness.[8] Dandies were men who placed particular importance upon physical appearance, refined language, and leisure hobbies. A self-made \"Dandy\" was a British middle-class man from the late 18th to early 19th century who impersonated an aristocratic lifestyle. They notably wore silk strip cloth, stuck feathers in their hats, and bore two fob watch accessories simultaneously (two pocket watches with chains)—\"one to tell what time it was and the other to tell what time it was not\".[9] This era was the height of \"dandyism\" in London, when men wore striped silks upon their return from the Grand Tour[citation needed], along with a feather in the hat."
] | [
"foppishness"
] |
1738187387988122443 | The Heart Wants What It Wants | The Heart Wants What It Wants - wikipedia The Heart Wants What It Wants Jump to : navigation , search `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' Single by Selena Gomez from the album For You Released November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2013 Studio Rock Mafia Studios ( Santa Monica , CA ) Genre Pop R&B Length 3 : 47 Label Hollywood Songwriter ( s ) Selena Gomez Antonina Armato Tim James David Jost Producer ( s ) Rock Mafia Selena Gomez singles chronology `` Slow Down '' ( 2013 ) `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( 2014 ) `` I Want You to Know '' ( 2015 ) `` Slow Down '' ( 2013 ) `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( 2014 ) `` I Want You to Know '' ( 2015 ) Music video `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' on YouTube `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' is a song by American singer Selena Gomez from her 2014 compilation album For You . It was released on November 6 , 2014 , through Hollywood Records . The song was written by Gomez , Antonina Armato and Tim James . Additional songwriting was provided by David Jost . Armato and James , who collectively form the production duo Rock Mafia , also produced the song . A mid-tempo pop and R&B track with a minimal electropop beat , its accompanying music video was premiered on November 6 , 2014 , alongside the premiere of the song itself . It is Gomez 's last release under the label . Music critics mostly commended the song 's lyrical content , production , vocals , and Gomez 's new direction . The song reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also reached number six in Canada , and peaked in the top 40 in sixteen countries , including Australia , Belgium , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrical interpretation 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Live performance 7 Track listings 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 10 Certifications 11 References 12 External links Background and release ( edit ) Gomez said about the song , `` And it 's also a step for me knowing like , ' Ok , this is what I 'm about to say , and I need to say it when I 'm ready ' ( ... ) And I think after this year , it 's the perfect way to end the year , it 's the perfect way to end a chapter in a way . It 's like , this is what I 'll say about every single person that has judged me for every decision that I 've made , for every person , ( and ) heart that is being judged for something they 've done , and now I just want to release it , '' Gomez stated in an interview with Ryan Seacrest on 102.7 KIIS FM during the world premiere of `` The Heart Wants What It Wants . '' In its first day on radio , the song had a listening audience of 10.061 million . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' A 22 - second sample of `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' by Selena Gomez , where the chorus is heard . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' is a midtempo pop and R&B song , that contains a minimal electropop beat complete with finger snaps , ominous synths and haunting groans . Several critics noted the reminiscence of the song to the works by singers Lorde and Lana Del Rey . Lyrically , Gomez details being in love with a bad boy despite knowing he may not be a stand - up guy . She sings , `` The bed 's getting cold and you 're not here / The future that we hold is so unclear / But I 'm not alive until you call / And I 'll bet the odds against it all ... / There 's a million reasons why I should give you up / But the heart wants what it wants . '' The title is from a letter by Emily Dickinson . The saying was popularized in 2001 when it was quoted by Woody Allen in an interview about his relationship with Soon - Yi Previn . Critical reception ( edit ) Lucas Villa of AXS favorably compared `` The Heart Wants What it Wants '' to the music of Lana Del Rey for Gomez 's use of `` trip hop beats , guitar and distorted Emile Haynie - styled yelps '' alongside her `` darkest '' lyrics yet . He further wrote that the song `` stands as a heartbreaking revelation in her five - year - old songbook , one that 's vulnerably beautiful and unapologetically honest . '' Tim Sendra of AllMusic highlighted the song and praised it by calling it `` very adult and real - sounding '' and adding that `` she acquits herself well here too . '' Popology Now called this song `` emotionally charged . '' The Huffington Post 's Christopher Rosen deemed the song `` a fairly good anthem for those going through heartbreak . '' Idolator praised the song : `` The Rock Mafia - produced gem shows the former teen queen in an entirely new light . There 's a vulnerability we have n't seen before as Selena sings about the dark side of her very own fairytale with palpable honesty and conviction '' and the editor called it the selling point of an album and added that if Selena follows this direction , many hits will be coming for her . '' The Times of India editor Kasmin Fernandes added that this song shows her in an `` entirely new light . '' Renowned for Sound was also positive : `` smooth dose of pop with a second - guessing love storyline . '' When reviewing single , Music Times concluded : `` Emotional song channels Justin Bieber drama but is still stunning on its own . '' Accolades ( edit ) `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' won the award for Best Breakup Song at the 2015 Radio Disney Music Awards . It also received a nomination for Choice Break - Up Song at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards . Chart performance ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The same day of its release , `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' reached number two on the US iTunes . Mediabase reported that on its first day the single received a radio audience of over 10 million , making the means to compare its radio debut with the `` Wrecking Ball '' by Miley Cyrus , who debuted with four million less . Also in its debut it reached number one on the Billboard Twitter Real - Time list , which tracks the most mentioned and shared on Twitter songs . During its first week , `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' sold 103,000 digital copies in the United States , which allowed it to debut at number six in the list Digital Songs . These sales gave Gomez her second best debut on the list , after `` Who Says '' with her band Selena Gomez & the Scene , which debuted with 116,000 copies . The Billboard Hot 100 list , which combines the single 's digital sales , plus its performance on the radio and streaming , debuted at number twenty - five ; the best entry of the week . In Streaming Songs it debuted at number thirty - seven because it received 3.1 million streams . After performing the song at the American Music Awards on November 23 , 2014 , Gomez received her second top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and it reached number six , the same position obtained by `` Come & Get It '' in May 2013 . The week after its introduction , the song sold 136,000 copies and reached number five on Digital Songs , since it had a 98 % increase in downloads compared to the previous week . Simultaneously , it reached the fifth position in Streaming Songs and debuted at number forty - two on Radio Songs . In the latter , managed to position itself as her second top ten , again behind `` Come & Get It '' . In the counting of Pop Songs , based on the level of airplay that songs receive on pop radio stations in the United States , `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' became Gomez 's third top 10 single in her solo career and her third consecutive single that make it to the first ten . On the other hand , in late January 2015 , the song debuted on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , marking the most popular songs in the dance clubs of the United States . As of May 2017 , the single has sold 1.4 million copies in the United States . In Canada it also achieved the best debut in its first week , at number nine . This automatically turned `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' Gomez 's third top 10 in the country and her second best positioned single after `` Come & Get It '' which peaked at number six followed by `` Love You like a Love Song '' , which reached the tenth position . Weeks later `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' equaled the position of `` Come & Get It '' in the Canadian territory . Music video ( edit ) The music video was filmed in black and white in California and directed by Dawn Shadforth over a year before its release . The video received over 9 million views in its first 24 hours . Actor Shiloh Fernandez appears in the music video as Gomez 's love interest . The UK edition of the International Business Times called the video `` emotionally charged '' . Artist Direct wrote that the video contained `` a painful , powerful and emotional visual opening . '' Live performance ( edit ) Gomez performed the single for the first time at the 2014 American Music Awards . In her presentation , Gomez wore a skin - colored dress , and the background consisted of images as dark lights , thorns , roses , broken glass and wings appeared behind her on the screen . At the end of her performance , the singer added the phrase `` I thought you were the one ... '' . Caitlin White from MTV described the visuals as `` amazing '' and said : `` It is a more mature song for Selena , but one that almost everyone in the audience could relate , given the intense and emotional response public . '' The Wrap 's Matt Donnelly wrote that it was `` a considerable growth moment '' for the singer . Casey Rackham of Zap2it called the performance `` beautifully and emotionally intense . '' She commented that the use of wings was `` pretty empowering . '' After her presentation at the American Music Awards , the song went to number one on the Billboard Twitter Real - Time , position it had occupied in its release . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' -- 3 : 47 Digital download -- remixes `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( DJ Laszlo Club Mix ) -- 5 : 59 `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( Dave Audé Extended ) -- 5 : 25 `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( Cosmic Dawn Club Mix ) -- 6 : 57 `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( Kue Remix ) -- 4 : 32 `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( Ruff Loaderz Remix ) -- 5 : 18 `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( Ultimix by Mark Roberts ) -- 5 : 49 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Recording and management Recorded , Engineered and Mixed at Rock Mafia Studios ( Santa Monica , California ) Mastered at Sterling Sound ( New York City ) Good Fellowship Publishing ( ASCAP ) administered by Seven Peaks Music ( ASCAP ) ; Downtown DLJ Songs obo Antonina Songs ( ASCAP ) ; David Jost Music Publishing ( GEMA ) ; Downtown DMP Songs obo Akashic Field Music ( BMI ) Personnel Selena Gomez -- vocals , songwriting Antonina Armato -- songwriting ; production , mixing ( as part of Rock Mafia ) David Jost -- songwriting Tim James -- songwriting ; production , mixing ( as part of Rock Mafia ) Devrim Karaoglu -- additional production Steve Hammons -- additional production , engineering , mix engineering Dubkiller -- additional production Jon Vella -- additional production Xander Singh -- additional production Ace Ha -- additional production Adam Comstock -- engineering Rami Jaffee -- vibraphone , mellotron Chris Gehringer -- mastering Credits adapted from For You liner notes . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 33 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 48 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 23 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 10 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 21 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 39 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 15 France ( SNEP ) 30 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 53 Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) 60 Italy ( FIMI ) 80 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 58 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 19 Norway ( VG - lista ) 13 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 22 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 40 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 7 South Africa ( EMA ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 23 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 53 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 52 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 30 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 18 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 35 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 63 US Billboard Hot 100 62 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 43 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,400,000 shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rockmafia , Page ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants ( MUSIC VIDEO ) '' . rockmafia . Jump up ^ Mackinley , Page ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's ' For You ' Album Tracklist Leaks : ' Stars Dance ' Gets Dubkiller Remix '' . Inquisitr . Jump up ^ `` The Heart Wants What it Wants '' -- Selena Gomez -- Sheet Music . Downtown Music Publishing , Good Fellowship Publishing , Downtown DLJ Songs , Antonina Songs , Downtown DMP Songs , Mafia Della Roccia and Akashic Field Music . 2014 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4950 - 0875 - 7 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez Cries in Emotional `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' Video `` . Us Weekly . Jump up ^ Byrne , Suzy ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez Debuts ' The Heart Wants What It Wants , ' an Apparent Ode to Justin Bieber '' . Yahoo Music . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' Gets A Batch Of Official Dance Remixes : Listen To Them All `` . Idolator . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Inocencio , Marc ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez Talks New Single and Justin Bieber : ' I 'm Upset When He 's Upset ' '' . RyanSeacrest.com . ^ Jump up to : Mackinley , Page ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's ' The Heart Wants What It Wants ' Impacts Big At Radio & YouTube '' . Inquisitir . ^ Jump up to : Review by Renowned for Sound Retrieved 29 December 2014 Jump up ^ Bill Lamb . `` Selena Gomez -- `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' `` . About.com . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Heart Wants What It Wants `` : Is Selena Gomez Singing , Crying About Justin Bieber in New Single ? -- Fuse '' . Fuse . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Villa , Lucas ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Selena Gomez has a Lana Del Rey moment on ' Heart Wants What it Wants ' '' . AXS . Jump up ^ `` Dickinson / M. Bowles Correspondence spring 1862 ( letter 262 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' . Jump up ^ Review by AllMusic Retrieved 20 December 2014 Jump up ^ Review by Popology Now Retrieved 29 December 2014 Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's Emotional New Video Addresses Justin Bieber Relationship '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Review by Idolator Retrieved 29 December 2014 Jump up ^ Review by The Times Of India Retrieved 29 December 2014 Jump up ^ Review by Music Times Retrieved 29 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` 2015 Radio Disney Music Awards : See the Winners List ! '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Selena Gomez 's ' Heart ' Starts at No. 25 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Taylor Swift No. 1 on Hot 100 , Selena Gomez , Mark Ronson Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Selena Gomez 's Career Album & Song Sales '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selena Gomez Cries In New Video for `` The Heart Wants What It Wants , '' About Justin Bieber `` . Artist Direct . November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Selena Gomez Break Down in New ' Heart Wants What It Wants ' Music Video '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Maharana , Kabita ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's New Song ' The Heart Wants What it Wants ' About Justin Bieber ? Fans Tweet Emotionally for the Songstress '' . International Business Times ( UK Edition ) . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American Music Awards : Selena Gomez , Garth Brooks , Imagine Dragons to Perform '' . Hollywood Reporter . November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Caitlin ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Selena Gomez 's Tearful , Emotional Performance Of ' The Heart Wants What It Wants ' Will Leave You Sobbing '' . MTV . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matt ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` Selena Gomez Delivers Emotional AMA Performance With ' The Heart Wants What It Wants ' ( Video ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rackham , Casey ( November 23 , 2014 ) . `` elena Gomez takes AMAs to an emotional place with ' The Heart Wants What It Wants ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- For You by Selena Gomez '' . United States : iTunes Store . November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ For You liner notes ( CD ) Hollywood Records ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Selena Gomez . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Selena Gomez . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Selena Gomez . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201449 into search . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201449 into search . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez : The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez Album & Chart History '' . Billboard Greece Digital Songs for Selena Gomez . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 49 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital -- Classifica settimanale WK 48 ( dal 2014 - 11 - 24 al 2014 - 11 - 30 ) '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Selena Gomez '' . The official lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Selana Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2015 - 02 - 07 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201449 into search . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201449 into search . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2015 - 02 - 10 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved November 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2015 - 02 - 07 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Selena Gomez . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Selena Gomez . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Selena Gomez . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Selena Gomez . Retrieved January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Pop Songs for Selena Gomez . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Selena Gomez . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Selena Gomez -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Selena Gomez . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Media Group . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' . Music Canada . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Type Selena Gomez in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select The Heart Wants What It Wants and see certification . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Selena Gomez -- The Heart Wants What It Wants '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 14 May 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Selena Gomez 's Career Album & Song Sales '' . Billboard . Billboard . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Selena Gomez songs Discography Stars Dance `` Birthday '' `` Slow Down '' `` Stars Dance '' `` Like a Champion '' `` Come & Get It '' `` Forget Forever '' For You `` The Heart Wants What It Wants '' Revival `` Revival '' `` Kill Em with Kindness '' `` Hands to Myself '' `` Same Old Love '' `` Sober '' `` Good for You '' `` Me & the Rhythm '' `` Me & My Girls '' Collaborations `` Whoa Oh ! '' ( remix ) `` One and the Same '' `` Send It On '' `` I Want You to Know '' `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' `` Hands '' `` Trust Nobody '' `` It Ai n't Me '' Other songs `` Bad Liar '' `` Fetish '' `` Magic '' `` Only You '' `` Shake It Up '' `` Tell Me Something I Do n't Know '' Template WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Heart_Wants_What_It_Wants&oldid=801122580 '' Categories : 2014 singles Selena Gomez songs Pop ballads Rhythm and blues ballads Song recordings produced by Rock Mafia Songs written by David Jost Songs written by Tim James ( record producer ) Hollywood Records singles Black - and - white music videos Songs written by Antonina Armato 2014 songs Songs written by Selena Gomez Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 20 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | whos the guy in the heart wants what it wants | [
"The music video was filmed in black and white in California and directed by Dawn Shadforth over a year before its release.[26][27] The video received over 9 million views in its first 24 hours. Actor Shiloh Fernandez appears in the music video as Gomez's love interest.[8]"
] | [
"Actor Shiloh Fernandez"
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8901572050500586490 | List of Psych characters | List of Psych characters - wikipedia List of Psych characters The cast of Psych . left to right : Maggie Lawson as Juliet O'Hara , Corbin Bernsen as Henry Spencer , James Roday as Shawn Spencer , Kirsten Nelson as Chief Vick , Dulé Hill as Burton Guster , and Timothy Omundson as Carlton Lassiter This is a list of characters in the USA Network original comedy - drama TV series , Psych . The principal cast of the series has remained the same throughout the series . However , various recurring characters have appeared over the course of the show 's run . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Young Shawn 2.2 Young Gus 2.3 Buzz McNab 2.4 Woody the Coroner 2.5 Madeleine Spencer 2.6 Abigail Lytar 2.7 Winnie Guster 2.8 Bill Guster 2.9 Mr. Yang 2.10 Mr. Yin 2.11 Mary Lightly 2.12 Pierre Despereaux 2.13 Declan Rand 2.14 Marlowe Viccellio Lassiter 3 Minor characters 4 Notable guest stars 5 References Main characters ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Occupation / Status Seasons TV movie 5 6 7 8 Psych : The Movie Shawn Spencer James Roday Fake psychic ; private consultant to the SBPD Main Starring Burton `` Gus '' Guster Dulé Hill Former pharmaceutical salesman ; private consultant to the SBPD ; Shawn 's best friend Main Starring Carlton `` Lassie '' Lassiter Timothy Omundson SBPD Head Detective ( 2006 - 2014 ) ; SBPD Chief ( 2014 - present ) Main Starring Juliet `` Jules '' O'Hara Maggie Lawson SBPD Junior Detective and Lassiter 's partner ( 2006 - 2014 ) ; Shawn 's love interest Main Starring Henry Spencer Corbin Bernsen Shawn 's father ; former SBPD sergeant / detective ; SBPD Head of Consultants ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Main Starring Chief Karen Vick Kirsten Nelson SBPD Interim Chief ( 2006 -- 2008 ) ; SBPD Chief ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Recurring Main Starring Recurring characters ( edit ) Name Portrayed by Occupation / Status Seasons TV movie 5 6 7 8 Psych : The Movie Young Shawn Liam James & Skyler Gisondo Young version of Shawn Spencer Recurring Young Gus Carlos Mcgullers Young version of Burton Guster Recurring Guest Buzz McNab Sage Brocklebank Junior Detective for the SBPD Recurring Starring Winifred `` Winnie '' Guster Phylicia Rashad Gus 's mother Guest Guest Madeleine Spencer Cybill Shepherd Police Psychiatrist / Shawn 's mother Guest Recurring Guest Guest Abigail Lytar Rachael Leigh Cook Shawn 's ex-girlfriend Guest Recurring Mary Lightly Jimmi Simpson Criminal Psychologist Guest Guest Starring Mr. Yang Ally Sheedy Serial Killer Guest Guest Woodrow `` Woody '' Strode Kurt Fuller Coroner for the SBPD Recurring Starring Pierre Desperaux Cary Elwes Art Thief Guest Guest Ewan O'Hara John Cena Juliet O'Hara's brother Guest Starring Curt Smith Curt Smith British Singer Guest Guest Marlowe Vicellio Kristy Swanson Lassiter 's wife Guest Rachael Parminder Nagra Gus 's former girlfriend Recurring Maximus Mateen Devji Rachael 's son Recurring Harris Trout Anthony Michael Hall Former Special Consultant for the SBPD Guest Betsy Brannigan Mira Sorvino SBPD Head Detective Recurring Young Shawn ( edit ) Young Shawn ( portrayed by Liam James and Skyler Gisondo in the majority of appearances ) is the younger version of Shawn Spencer . He is almost always shown learning life lessons from his father , usually tying into the main events of the episode . The character usually appears in flashbacks to the late 80s or early 90s . Young Shawn first appeared in the pilot episode , and has appeared in nearly every episode since . In `` The Polarizing Express '' ( 5.14 ) , Young Shawn appears in adult Shawn 's dream in 2010 . The character makes light of the rotating actors in the role when Tony Cox comments that Shawn and his younger self look nothing alike . Young Shawn ( portrayed by Skyler Gisondo ) replies , `` Well , we changed ! '' Then , looking at adult Shawn he says , `` Sometimes from week to week , huh ? , '' which adult Shawn confirms . In `` And Down the Stretch Comes Murder '' ( 2.05 ) , Young Shawn occurs in multiple flashbacks in which Shawn tries to find the culprit that shot a spit ball at the teachers head , ending in getting Jimmy ( Bully ) kicked out of school . Jimmy , now a horse jockey , returns in the beginning of the episode , to hire Psych to talk to his horse . Young Gus ( edit ) Young Gus ( portrayed by Carlos McCullers II in the majority of appearances ) is the younger version of Gus . He almost always appears with Young Shawn , occasionally learning life lessons from Henry as well . The character always appears in flashbacks to the late 80s or early 90s . Young Gus first appeared in `` Spellingg Bee '' ( 1.02 ) and has appeared in many episodes since . Buzz McNab ( edit ) Officer ( Junior Detective ( season 8 ) ) Buzz McNab ( Sage Brocklebank ) is a member of the SBPD , who occasionally works with Detectives Lassiter and O'Hara , as well as Shawn and Gus . McNab is a naive , lovable cop who is always eager to please Lassiter , even though Lassiter does n't always treat him well . He first appeared in the pilot episode , and has been shown occasionally . He has a wife , Francine , whom he marries in the first season , and a pet cat . In the first - season episode `` 9 Lives '' ( 1.05 ) , McNab , in preparation for his wedding , calls a 1 - 800 stress - line , leading to almost be a victim in a murder . By the fourth season , he has already had two more brushes with death , including being wounded by an exploding mailbox in `` Shawn Gets the Yips '' ( 4.05 ) and knocked unconscious by a serial killer in `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' ( 4.16 ) . In the seventh season episode `` Deez Nups '' , It is revealed that McNab has been moonlighting as a stripper . At the end of Season 7 he is fired by interim Chief Harris Trout . After Lassiter is promoted to SBPD Chief , McNab is rehired in the seventh episode of Season 8 . In the series finale McNab is promoted to junior Detective . Woody the coroner ( edit ) Dr. Woodrow `` Woody '' Strode ( Kurt Fuller ) is the quirky coroner for Santa Barbara . He shares many character traits with Shawn . He first appeared in `` High Top Fade Out '' ( 4.07 ) and then became a frequently recurring character . In `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) , he reveals that he had a wife . Shawn soon points out that she was cheating on him with her personal trainer , and Woody responds that he had approved . When Shawn points out other men in her life , Woody states that he had n't approved those particular men . He is apparently wanted in the Philippines , as made evident in `` Dead Bear Walking '' ' ( 5.15 ) . While being filmed for a documentary by Lassiter 's sister , he attempts to alter his voice for `` legal purposes . '' Madeleine Spencer ( edit ) Dr. Madeleine Spencer ( Cybill Shepherd ) is Shawn 's mother and Henry 's ex-wife . She has an eidetic memory , which she passed on to her son . She first appeared in a cameo appearance in `` Shawn ( and Gus ) of the Dead '' ( 2.16 ) , and made her first major appearance in `` Ghosts '' ( 3.01 ) . In her first main appearance , `` Ghosts '' ( 3.01 ) , she returns to Santa Barbara as a police psychologist . She explains to Shawn that she left his father in 1992 to pursue a job opportunity , a surprise to Shawn , who had always believed Henry left her . By her second appearance , in `` Murder ? ... Anyone ? ... Anyone ? ... Bueller ? '' ( 3.02 ) , she has begun to spend more time with Henry ; they even attend their son 's high school reunion together . In the third season finale , `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) , she is kidnapped by Yang and almost killed by a car bomb . However , she is saved when Shawn identifies Yang and has her arrested . After the ordeal , she shares a brief kiss with Henry . In the sequel to `` An Evening with Mr. Yang , '' `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' ( 4.16 ) , she is revealed to be at a conference in New York , where she is safe from Yin 's murderous rampage . However , she does not appear in the episode . She appears in `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) , where it is revealed that Yang lived three blocks down from the Spencers , and that she had taken a picture of Shawn with Yang . Abigail Lytar ( edit ) Abigail Lytar ( Rachael Leigh Cook ) is Shawn 's ex-girlfriend . She is an elementary school teacher . She first appeared in `` Murder ? ... Anyone ? ... Anyone ? ... Bueller ? '' ( 3.02 ) and most recently in `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' ( 4.16 ) . She first appears in `` Murder ? ... Anyone ? ... Anyone ? ... Bueller ? '' ( 3.02 ) at Shawn and Gus 's high school reunion . It is revealed that she had been stood - up by Shawn at a high school dance , when he left her standing alone on a pier . Together , they solve the murder of one of their former classmates . In `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) , Gus accuses Shawn of not being able to keep a steady relationship . He then proceeds to call Abigail , immediately asking her on a date . Over the course of the episode , however , he is forced to keep pushing the time back as he struggles to capture Yang . Finally , the two share their first real date at a drive - in theater in Gus 's car ( though Gus stays in the backseat the entire time ) . Abigail returns in the fourth season in the episode `` He Dead '' ( 4.02 ) , wanting to meet Henry for the first time . However , Shawn attempts to prevent it , claiming that his relationship with his father is already strained . Despite his attempts , the two finally meet , and get along very well , much to Shawn 's surprise . Abigail returned again in `` Bollywood Homicide '' ( 4.06 ) , in which Shawn invites her to a crime scene . When Lassiter embarrasses Shawn in front of Abigail , Shawn becomes determined to solve the case , and eventually does . In the summer finale , `` You Ca n't Handle This Episode '' ( 4.10 ) , Abigail reveals to Shawn that she is moving to Uganda for six months , and that she wants to put their relationship on hold until she visits in February . When Abigail returns from Uganda in `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' ( 4.16 ) , she is met with an unwelcome surprise . Upon her arrival at the airport , Officer McNab picks her up , due to Shawn 's preoccupation with catching Yin . Immediately , McNab is drugged , and Abigail is kidnapped by Yin . After Yin ties her to the bottom of the pier ( where Shawn stood her up in high school ) , Shawn is issued an ultimatum : rescue Juliet or rescue Abigail . He chooses Abigail , and barely succeeds in saving her life . However , immediately afterward , she tells Shawn she ca n't take the stress of his job any longer , and breaks up with him . However , she did tell Shawn to call her if he ever gave up `` chasing psychos . '' Winnie Guster ( edit ) Winnifred `` Winnie '' Guster ( Phylicia Rashad ) is the mother of Gus and Joy Guster , and the wife of Bill Guster . She first appeared in `` Gus 's Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) followed by `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) and most recently , `` A Nightmare on State Street '' ( 8.09 ) . She first appeared in `` Gus 's Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) , in which Shawn and Henry visit the Gusters for Christmas . She , along with her husband , was arrested for the murder of their neighbor . It was believed that they murdered him after it was revealed that she was being blackmailed for insurance fraud , and that Mr. Guster had been having an ongoing feud with the deceased . Shawn is determined to solve the case , due to their dislike of him . They blame him for being a negative influence on Gus . However , he solves the murder , revealing that it was not in any way connected to them . They are grateful , and finally accept Shawn . Mrs. Guster returns in `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) . Shawn , Gus , and her daughter Joy all stay with the Gusters for the holidays . It is made known that she had used a bookie to place one bet , and had lost most of her savings . However , her family forgives her , and she forgives her family for all the mistakes that they had made as well . Bill Guster ( edit ) William `` Bill '' Guster ( Ernie Hudson and Keith David ) is the father of Gus and Joy Guster , and the husband of Winnie Guster . He first appeared in `` Gus 's Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) and most recently in `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) . He first appears in `` Gus 's Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy '' ( 2.10 ) , in which Shawn and Henry visit the Gusters for Christmas . He , along with his wife , is arrested for the murder of their neighbor . It is believed that they had murdered him after it was revealed that he was having an ongoing feud with the deceased . Shawn is determined to solve the case , due to their dislike of him . They blame him for being a negative influence on Gus . However , he solves the murder , revealing that it was not in any way connected to them . They are grateful , and finally accept Shawn . Mr. Guster returns in `` Christmas Joy '' ( 3.09 ) . Shawn , Gus , and his daughter Joy all stay with the Gusters for the holidays . It is made known that he had lost his job months earlier , and had been looking for a job during the days ever since . However , his family forgives him , and he forgives his family for all the mistakes that they had made as well . Mr. Yang ( edit ) Mr. Yang ( Ally Sheedy ) was a serial killer who murdered her first victim in 1995 . That year , she killed six people after a game of cat - and - mouse with each of them . Over the next 14 years , she killed two others , and was still not caught , nor her identity revealed . She first appeared in `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) and most recently in Psych : The Musical ( 7.15 ) . In `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) , she returns , this time , to play her game with Shawn Spencer . After Henry 's adamant protests to the contrary , Shawn accepts her proposition , vowing to bring her to justice . She first kidnaps Shawn and Gus 's waitress and holds her hostage . After leaving several cryptic clues for Shawn , the hostage is finally returned , but replaced with Shawn 's mother , Madeleine . After strapping a bomb to Madeleine , Yang sits and watches as the SBPD swarms a drive - in theater looking for her . Shawn finds her car , and she finally comes face - to - face with her target . She reveals to Shawn that she is going to write a book about them , and is finally arrested . When Shawn and Gus speak to Mary ( a psychologist who helped bring Yang to justice ) a year later , in `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' ( 4.16 ) , he reveals that it would be impossible for Yang to work alone , and proposed that she was working with a Yin . He discerns this from Yang 's book , entitled From Serial Dater to Serial Killer : How Murder Kept Me Skinny . Mary 's theory proves to be true , and Shawn , Gus , and Mary proceed to visit Yang in her tiny cell at an asylum . She is being held in a completely white and grey cell , due to her tendencies toward violence when exposed to color ( to which Gus responds , `` What about my face ? ! '' ) . While there , Yang admits to working with a Yin . She says , `` If you think I 'm sick , you ai n't seen nothing yet . '' This proves to be true , as Yin ( representing chaos ) has no rules . In `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) , it is revealed that Yang had lived only three blocks from the Spencers . It was there that she had her picture taken with Shawn by Madeleine . After briefly letting Yang out of the asylum to help capture Yin , Shawn and Gus discover that Yang is actually Yin 's daughter , and that Yin had actually committed each of the murders attributed to Yang ( including the attempted murders of `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ) . They watch helplessly as she murders her father for trying to harm Shawn . She is subsequently taken back into custody . Yang 's sexuality is questionable , as Yin , her father , says that she `` developed an unhealthy crush '' for Shawn in `` Yang 3 in 2D . '' However , Yang says in Mr. Yin Presents ... '' that she `` has the googly eyes '' for her `` lady guard friend , '' a woman in charge of escorting visitors to Yang 's cell during her incarceration . The guard , however , is `` playing hard to get . '' Yang also says in `` Yang 3 in 2D '' that `` hosting The View and making out with Elisabeth Hasselbeck is impossible , '' indicating that this might have been a fantasy of some sort of hers . Yang appears in Psych : The Musical ( 7.15 ) , in which she becomes the main informant for information on an escaped murderer being chased by the SBPD . She is later stabbed to death by the actual murderer ( Ben ) after saving Shawn 's life . This is followed by an after - death duet between her and Mary , in which the latter reveals that she probably wo n't get into heaven . Mr. Yin ( edit ) Mr. Yin ( Christopher Turner and Peter Weller ) was Yang 's counterpart and former partner and was even more murderous than she . He was evidently obsessed with the films of Alfred Hitchcock , as his murders were almost always taken right out of a Hitchcock film . Yin first appeared in `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' ( 4.16 ) and last in `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) . Yin 's existence is unknown until `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' ( 4.16 ) , when Mary Lightly proposes that Yang had a partner during the events of `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) . He begins murdering people , starting with the waitress who served Shawn , Gus , and Mary pie . He arranges the body ( with two rocks ) into a Yin / Yang symbol . Mary warns that , while Yang followed a set of rules , Yin would not . He said that once a person discovered the rules of Yin , the rules would change . This proves to be true very soon , when Yin murders Mary , just as `` Mother '' kills Detective Arbogast in Psycho . Yin flees , and then `` casts '' Shawn , Gus , Lassiter , Juliet , and Henry as `` archetypal characters from Hitchcock 's canon . '' While there , he kidnaps Juliet . He then travels to the airport , where McNab is picking up Abigail . Yin drugs McNab and kidnaps Abigail , forcing Shawn to choose which one he wants to save . Yin ties Abigail to the bottom of a pier and forces Shawn to make another decision : catch Yin or save Abigail . Shawn picks Abigail and Henry helps him while Gus and Lassiter save Juliet , but Yin flees once again . The episode ends with Yin stroking a picture of Yang with a young Shawn Spencer . In `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) , it is revealed that he is actually Yang 's father and had committed all of the murders attributed to her . His true identity is revealed as Professor Karl Rotmensen . He has also taken on a new apprentice ( Allison Cowley ) , replacing Yang . After a brief reconciliation with Yang , he is killed by her . Mary Lightly ( edit ) Dr. Mary Lightly III ( Jimmi Simpson ) was a criminal psychologist who was obsessed with the Yin / Yang cases . He also had a disdain for racquetball because he `` would not wear short pants '' . He first appeared in `` An Evening with Mr. Yang '' ( 3.16 ) and last in `` Psych : The Musical '' ( 7.15 ) . In his very first scene , he is forced to explain his name , saying that his `` father was named Mary , his father before him was named Mary , and his father before him was named Craig '' . He has very odd quirks , including a `` creepy handshake . '' After studying the Yang case for 13 years , he returned to Santa Barbara when Yang resurfaced . He provided several insights that were invaluable in catching Yang and bringing her to justice . In `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' ( 4.16 ) , he visits Shawn and Gus , revealing that he never left Santa Barbara , and reveals his theory that Yang was not working alone . He believes that a Yin exists , and that he is even more murderous than Yang . After following Yin 's clues , Shawn and Gus are led to believe that Mary is , in fact , Yin . However , after following him to ( what appears to be ) an abandoned building , they see him stabbed , just as Martin Balsam in Alfred Hitchcock 's Psycho . He dies in Shawn 's arms . In the final scenes of the episode , Shawn , Gus , and Mary 's mother are shown attending his racquetball - themed funeral . In `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ( 5.16 ) , the team discovers a videotape made by Mary days before his murder . It mostly consisted of random poetry and thoughts ( including questioning the popularity of One Tree Hill ) , but eventually included valuable insight to the Yin / Yang relationship . Mary stated that he believed Yin would be jealous of Yang 's popularity , and that Yin would attempt to take `` revenge of the highest malevolence '' . During the video he refers to himself as `` Marion '' , which is probably his full name . Mary makes a brief appearance in `` Psych : The Musical '' ( 7.15 ) in an after - death sequence . In a duet between himself and Yang , he implies that Yang will probably not go to heaven . Yang suggests he might advocate on her behalf , and he says he knows someone who knows someone who might be able to help . Mary also makes another brief appearance in `` Psych : The Movie '' in Shawn 's dream , during which he performs an acoustic version of ' Allison Road ' by Gin Blossoms . Shawn joins in , and they are later joined by Juliet ( as Holographic Leia ) and Gus ( as Prince ) . It is n't until near the end of the episode that Shawn realizes Mary was trying to give him a hint about who the villain of the movie is : Allison Cowley . Pierre Despereaux ( edit ) Pierre Despereaux ( Cary Elwes ) is an extremely elusive Canadian art thief . He first appeared in `` Extradition : British Columbia '' ( 4.01 ) , when Shawn and Gus travel to Canada on vacation and recognized him . Shawn called Lassiter and confirmed his identity . However , it is revealed that he , in fact , is simply an insurance fraudster . Lassiter had boasted of being in a long cat - and - mouse game with Despereaux for years and gloated over the arrest ... only to discover Despereaux had no idea who Lassiter was . Despereaux returns in `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) , in which he is accused of multiple murders after his escape from prison . He is later cleared of the murder charges and finally extradited to the United States . He returns again in the episode `` Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy , Rusty Old Dagger '' ( 6.10 ) , in which he races with Shawn and Gus against a gang of art thieves to find an old dagger that opens a secret stash of paintings . Over the course of the investigation , he is forced to fake his own death in order to avoid prison . Despereaux , along with Shawn and Gus , uncovers the art , revealing many seemingly worthless paintings . He later steals one of these and removes the paint , revealing a Rembrandt underneath . He is now believed by the SBPD to be deceased , though Shawn and Gus know that this is false . Elwes reprised his role in the episode `` Lock , Stock , Some Smoking Barrels and Burton Guster 's Goblet of Fire '' ( 8.01 ) which was a British themed episode . Declan Rand ( edit ) Declan Rand ( Nestor Carbonell ) is a fake criminal profiler who briefly dated Juliet . With the exception of Gus , Madeleine and Henry , he is the only character who knows Shawn is not psychic at the time of his appearance . He first appeared in `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) and last in `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ( 5.09 ) . Declan first appears in `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) , in which he was hired by the SBPD to a case Shawn and Gus were already working . He quickly surpassed them , and was given all the credit for the case . Later , however , they discover that he is not really a criminal profiler ; he is just extremely rich and is working `` for fun . '' Declan is aware that Shawn is not really a psychic , while Shawn is aware that Declan is not really a criminal profiler . Declan , like Shawn , soon falls for Juliet . Just as Shawn goes to confess to Juliet that he is not really a psychic and ask her out , Declan confesses that he is not really a criminal profiler . Juliet appreciates his honesty , and begins to date him . In `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ( 5.09 ) , Shawn and Gus need Declan 's assistance in another case . He agrees , but must confess to Juliet every time he helps , to Shawn and Gus 's vehement protests . After discovering that Declan is taking Juliet on a two - week vacation , Shawn tells Gus how he feels about Juliet . Juliet overhears everything he says . While visiting Declan , Shawn ends up alone with Juliet , and she kisses him . Declan reenters the room , and Shawn leaves . By the next episode , `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) , it is revealed that Juliet has broken up with Declan . Marlowe Viccellio Lassiter ( edit ) Marlowe Viccellio Lassiter ( Kristy Swanson ) is introduced as a murder suspect in `` This Episode Sucks '' ( 6.03 ) , in which the SBPD discovers that she has been stealing blood in order to help her dying brother . She is then sent to prison , but not before creating a connection with Lassie . Their relationship grows throughout the sixth season and she appears later in `` Let 's Doo - Wop It Again '' ( 6.13 ) . She and Lassiter were engaged ( 7.06 ) and were married in `` Deez Nups '' ( 7.07 ) . In `` S.E.I.Z.E The Day '' ( 8.02 ) , she revealed to Lassiter that she was pregnant . In `` Shawn and Gus Truck Things Up '' ( 8.07 ) , Marlowe gives birth to her daughter Lily , in the back of Shawn and Gus 's `` Smash & Grab '' food truck . In the series finale , `` The Break Up '' ( 8.10 ) , Lassiter tells Marlowe put the baby on the phone and says `` Hi , Lily . This is your daddy . '' Minor characters ( edit ) The following are characters appearing in multiple episodes in small roles . Det . Lucinda Barry ( Anne Dudek ) is a detective who worked in the SBPD until it was revealed ( by Shawn ) that she was having a relationship with Lassiter . Barry appeared in the Pilot episode . Dudek did not return to the show for a main role , and the character was written out ( without her presence ) in the second episode , `` Spellingg Bee '' . She was replaced by Juliet O'Hara , but was later mentioned by Lassiter in `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader '' ( 6.01 ) . In `` Santabarbaratown 2 '' ( 7.01 ) , there is a plaque at the firing range Shawn visits and it says Carlton Lassiter won first place in the second event of the Lucinda Barry Memorial Tournament confirming that sometime between leaving and Season 7 , she supposedly died . Corporal Robert Mackintosh ( Peter Oldring ) is a Canadian police officer who first appeared in `` Extradition : British Columbia '' ( 4.01 ) . Due to events that transpired in the episode , he was demoted to traffic duty . He returned in `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) , in which it is revealed that he has been re-promoted . Deputy Commissioner Ed Dykstra ( Ed Lauter ) is a Canadian law - enforcement officer , and Mackintosh 's superior . He first appeared in `` Extradition : British Columbia '' ( 4.01 ) and returned in `` Extradition II : The Actual Extradition Part '' ( 5.10 ) . Father Peter Westley ( Ray Wise ) is a priest at a Catholic church . He first appeared in `` The Devil is in the Details ... and the Upstairs Bedroom '' ( 4.04 ) when he was suspected of the murder of a young college girl . However , he is not the killer . He returned in `` Dual Spires '' ( 5.12 ) , a homage to Wise 's previous television series Twin Peaks , in which he saves the lIves of Shawn and Gus . He is also said to have blessed a bottle of holy water over the phone for Gus in `` This Episode Sucks '' ( 6.03 ) . Gina Repach ( Sarah Edmondson ) is a former girlfriend of Shawn . She appeared in `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' ( 4.09 ) , in which he called her in an attempt to save his own life . However , she hung up on him , angry that he would call after dumping her . She later appeared in `` Shawn 2.0 '' ( 5.08 ) when Shawn can not find a date to a friend 's wedding . Ken Wong ( Jerry Shea ) is Psych 's former assistant . He appeared in `` Romeo and Juliet and Juliet '' ( 5.01 ) , in which he was immediately fired due to monetary problems . He later appeared again in `` In Plain Fright '' ( 5.11 ) when he is again coerced to work for Psych for free . Officer Martha Allen ( Patricia Idlette ) is a desk sergeant with the SBPD . She believes Shawn can speak to her dead grandmother . She appeared in the pilot episode and `` Woman Seeking Dead Husband : Smokers Okay , No Pets '' ( 1.04 ) . Notable Guest Stars ( edit ) Kevin Alejandro ( `` Ferry Tale '' ) Mädchen Amick ( `` Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy , Rusty Old Dagger '' ) John Amos ( `` Meat Is Murder , But Murder Is Also Murder '' ) Anthony Anderson ( `` True Grits '' ) Curtis Armstrong ( `` The Old and the Restless '' ) Dana Ashbrook ( `` Dual Spires '' ) Mackenzie Astin ( `` Tuesday the 17th '' ) Diedrich Bader ( `` The Tao of Gus '' ) Diora Baird ( `` The Tao of Gus '' ) Christine Baranski ( `` He Dead '' ) Malcolm Barrett ( `` Zero to Murder in Sixty Seconds '' ) Justine Bateman ( `` Tuesday the 17th '' ) Garcelle Beauvais ( `` Dead Air '' ) Jim Beaver ( `` High Noon - ish '' ) Doron Bell Jr . ( `` We 'd Like to Thank the Academy '' ) Rob Benedict ( `` True Grits '' ) The Big Show ( `` Lassie Jerky '' ) Bre Blair ( `` Shawn vs. the Red Phantom '' ) Wade Boggs ( `` Dead Man 's Curve Ball '' ) Katrina Bowden ( `` Scary Sherry : Bianca 's Toast '' ) John Ross Bowie ( `` Weekend Warriors '' ) April Bowlby ( `` Dead Bear Walking '' ) Wayne Brady ( `` Shawn and the Real Girl '' ) James Brolin ( `` High Noon - ish '' ) Jere Burns ( `` Disco Did n't Die . It Was Murdered ! '' ) John Cena ( `` You Ca n't Handle This Episode '' '' Psych : The Movie '' ) Faune Chambers ( `` Christmas Joy '' ) Jay Chandrasekhar ( `` Bollywood Homicide '' ) Claire Coffee ( `` Weekend Warriors '' ) Gary Cole ( `` Gus Walks Into a Bank '' ) Catherine E. Coulson ( `` Dual Spires '' ) Tony Cox ( `` The Polarizing Express '' ) Tim Curry ( `` American Duos '' ) Don S. Davis ( `` Pilot '' ) Lolita Davidovich ( `` Santabarbaratown '' ) Cristián de la Fuente ( `` American Duos '' ) Amanda Detmer ( `` Black and Tan : A Crime of Fashion '' ) William Devane ( `` Viagra Falls '' ) Brooke D'Orsay ( `` Six Feet Under the Sea '' ) Brad Dourif ( `` Shawn , Interrupted '' ) Nora Dunn ( `` In Plain Fright '' ) Rob Estes ( `` Santabarbaratown '' ) Jeff Fahey ( `` Daredevils ! '' ) Corey Feldman ( `` This Episode Sucks '' ) Sherilyn Fenn ( `` Dual Spires '' ) Jennifer Finnigan ( `` Neil Simon 's Lover 's Retreat '' ) Sutton Foster ( `` A Nightmare on State Street '' ) Lee Garlington ( `` Chivalry Is Not Dead ... But Someone Is '' ) Gina Gershon ( `` American Duos '' ) Danny Glover ( `` Dead Man 's Curve Ball '' ) Louis Gossett Jr . ( `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' ) Milena Govich ( `` Earth , Wind and ... Wait for It '' ) Jon Gries ( `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ) Greg Grunberg ( `` Shawn and the Real Girl '' ) Ernie Grunwald ( `` Death Is in the Air '' ) Tony Hale ( `` Neil Simon 's Lover 's Retreat '' ) Anthony Michael Hall Philip Baker Hall ( `` Dis - Lodged '' ) Van Hansis ( `` This Episode Sucks '' ) John Hawkes ( `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' ) Glenne Headly ( `` Autopsy Turvy '' ) Howard Hesseman ( `` And Down the Stretch Comes Murder '' ) John Michael Higgins ( `` Chivalry Is Not Dead ... But Someone Is '' ) Michael Hogan ( `` The Head , the Tail , the Whole Damn Episode '' ) Scott Holroyd ( `` He Dead '' ) C. Thomas Howell ( `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ) Steve Howey ( `` Thrill Seekers and Hell - Raisers '' ) Pascale Hutton ( `` Pilot '' ) Stoney Jackson ( `` True Grits '' ) Mickie James ( `` Talk Derby to Me '' ) Vinnie Jones ( `` Lock , Stock , Some Smoking Barrels and Burton Guster 's Goblets of Fire '' ) Stacy Keibler ( `` Thrill Seekers and Hell - Raisers '' ) Val Kilmer ( `` The Break - Up '' ) Richard Kind ( `` From the Earth to the Starbucks '' ) Suzanne Krull ( `` The Tao of Gus '' ) Rob LaBelle ( `` In Plain Fright '' ) Stephen Lang ( `` Shawn Gets the Yips '' ) Ted Lange ( `` Disco Did n't Die . It Was Murdered ! '' ) Dan Lauria ( `` Poker ? I Barely Know Her '' ) Sheryl Lee ( `` Dual Spires '' ) Robyn Lively ( `` Dual Spires '' ) Christopher Lloyd ( `` 100 Clues '' ) Ed Lover ( `` Last Night Gus '' ) Jessica Lucas ( `` Last Night Gus '' ) Jane Lynch ( `` There Might Be Blood '' ) Ralph Macchio ( `` We 'd Like to Thank the Academy '' ) Joshua Malina ( `` Let 's Get Hairy '' ) Cheech Marin ( `` Let 's Doo - Wop It Again '' ) Chi McBride ( `` Ferry Tale '' ) Christopher McDonald ( `` Ghosts '' ) Ryan McDonald ( `` Dual Spires '' ) Malcolm McDowell ( `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader '' ) Bruce McGill ( `` Earth , Wind and ... Wait for It '' ) Ted McGinley ( `` Six Feet Under the Sea '' ) Joey McIntyre ( `` The Amazing Psych - Man and Tap Man , Issue # 2 '' ) Kate Micucci ( `` Autopsy Turvy '' ) Ivana Miličević ( `` Autopsy Turvy '' ) The Miz ( `` Shawn and the Real Girl '' ) Meredith Monroe ( `` Shawn 2.0 '' ) Garrett Morris ( `` 100 Clues '' ) Oliver Muirhead ( `` Santabarbaratown 2 '' ) Martin Mull ( `` 100 Clues '' ) Brian Doyle Murray ( `` The Old and the Restless '' ) David Naughton ( `` Let 's Get Hairy '' ) Judd Nelson ( `` Death Is in the Air '' ) Larisa Oleynik ( `` Let 's Get Hairy '' ) Meghan Ory ( `` Viagra Falls '' ) Kelly Overton ( `` There Might Be Blood '' ) Robert Patrick ( `` You Ca n't Handle This Episode '' ) Amanda Pays ( `` Black and Tan : A Crime of Fashion '' ) Mekhi Phifer ( `` Let 's Doo - Wop It Again '' ) Lou Diamond Phillips ( `` Psy vs. Psy '' ) Tony Plana ( `` No Country for Two Old Men '' ) Franka Potente ( `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' ) Jason Priestley ( `` Neil Simon 's Lover 's Retreat '' ) Freddie Prinze Jr . ( `` Not Even Close ... Encounters '' ) Keshia Knight Pulliam ( `` The Polarizing Express '' ) Sendhil Ramamurthy ( `` Bollywood Homicide '' ) John Rhys - Davies ( `` Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy , Rusty Old Dagger '' ) Deon Richmond ( `` The Break - Up '' ) Molly Ringwald ( `` Shawn , Interrupted '' ) Adam Rodriguez ( `` Shawn and Gus in Drag ( Racing ) '' ) Michael Rooker ( `` Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark '' ) Saul Rubinek ( `` Lights , Camera ... Homicidio '' ) Alan Ruck ( `` Gus Walks Into a Bank '' ) Sara Rue ( `` Heeeeere 's Lassie '' ) Mercedes Ruehl ( `` Scary Sherry : Bianca 's Toast '' ) Jeri Ryan ( `` The Head , the Tail , the Whole Damn Episode '' ) Amanda Schull ( `` Santabarbaratown '' ) Brent Sexton ( `` High Noon - ish '' ) Sarah Shahi ( `` Thrill Seekers and Hell - Raisers '' ) Jonathan Silverman ( `` Truer Lies '' ) Jean Smart ( `` Chivalry Is Not Dead ... But Someone Is '' ) Kurtwood Smith ( `` Forget Me Not '' ) Kevin Sorbo ( `` Bounty Hunters ! '' ) Todd Stashwick ( `` Ghosts '' ) French Stewart ( `` Autopsy Turvy '' ) Peter Stormare ( `` Someone 's Got a Woody '' ) Mena Suvari ( `` Yang 3 in 2D '' ) George Takei ( `` Shawn vs. the Red Phantom '' ) Jeffrey Tambor ( `` No Country for Two Old Men '' ) Kenan Thompson ( `` High Top Fade - Out '' ) Tony Todd ( `` High Top Fade - Out '' ) Keegan Connor Tracy ( `` Cloudy ... Chance of Murder '' ) Michael Trucco ( `` Dead Man 's Curve Ball '' ) Beverley Turner ( `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' ) Steve Valentine ( `` 100 Clues '' ) Jacob Vargas ( `` The Polarizing Express '' ) Lenny Von Dohlen ( `` Dual Spires '' ) Arnold Vosloo ( `` A Very Juliet Episode '' ) Polly Walker ( `` Shawn Rescues Darth Vader '' ) Lesley Ann Warren ( `` 100 Clues '' ) Kerry Washington ( `` There 's Something About Mira '' ) Carl Weathers ( `` Viagra Falls '' ) Steven Weber ( `` The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable '' ) Michael Weston ( `` Cloudy ... Chance of Murder '' , `` Remake A.K.A. Cloudy ... With a Chance of Improvement '' ) Frank Whaley ( `` Who Ya Gonna Call ? '' ) Jaleel White ( `` High Top Fade - Out , '' `` Let 's Doo - Wop It Again '' ) Christopher Wiehl ( `` Any Given Friday Night at 10pm , 9pm Central '' ) Mykelti Williamson ( `` Any Given Friday Night at 10pm , 9pm Central '' ) Shannon Woodward ( `` Scary Sherry : Bianca 's Toast '' ) Calum Worthy ( `` If You 're So Smart , Then Why Are You Dead ? '' ) Billy Zane ( `` The Break Up '' ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Psych : The Movie : Timothy Omundson Will Appear in `` One of the Best Scenes '' `` . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Psych ' Season 7 Premiere : Shawn Reacts To Dad 's Crisis In Exclusive Sneak Peek ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffpost TV . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Psych Exclusive : Anthony Michael Hall Is Latest Brat Packer to Visit USA Series '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Moorhouse , Drusilla ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Clue Stars Christopher Lloyd , Lesley Ann Warren and Martin Mull to Guest in Psych Tribute to Cult Fave '' . E ! Online . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : ' Psych ' Cast and Producers Preview Season 7 , Including Two - Hour Musical Episode '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . hide Psych Seasons 5 6 7 8 Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Spellingg Bee '' `` Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece '' `` Woman Seeking Dead Husband : Smokers Okay , No Pets '' `` Who Ya Gonna Call ? '' `` American Duos '' `` Mr. Yin Presents ... '' `` Dual Spires '' `` Yang 3 in 2D '' `` Psych : The Musical '' Television movie Psych : The Movie Characters Shawn Spencer Burton `` Gus '' Guster Carlton Lassiter Juliet O'Hara Karen Vick Henry Spencer Other Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Psych_characters&oldid=847388108 '' Categories : Psych characters Lists of comedy television characters Lists of drama television characters Lists of American television series characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018 , at 00 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays young shawn in season 5 of psych | [
"\n\nName\nPortrayed by\nOccupation/Status\nSeasons\nTV movie\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\nPsych: The Movie\n\n\nYoung Shawn\nLiam James & Skyler Gisondo\nYoung version of Shawn Spencer\nRecurring\n\n\n\nYoung Gus\nCarlos Mcgullers\nYoung version of Burton Guster\nRecurring\nGuest\n\n\n\nBuzz McNab\nSage Brocklebank\nJunior Detective for the SBPD\nRecurring\nStarring\n\n\nWinifred \"Winnie\" Guster\nPhylicia Rashad\nGus's mother\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nMadeleine Spencer\nCybill Shepherd\nPolice Psychiatrist / Shawn's mother\n\nGuest\nRecurring\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nAbigail Lytar\nRachael Leigh Cook\nShawn's ex-girlfriend\n\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\n\nMary Lightly\nJimmi Simpson\nCriminal Psychologist\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\nStarring\n\n\nMr. Yang\nAlly Sheedy\nSerial Killer\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nWoodrow \"Woody\" Strode\nKurt Fuller\nCoroner for the SBPD\n\nRecurring\nStarring\n\n\nPierre Desperaux\nCary Elwes\nArt Thief\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nEwan O'Hara\nJohn Cena\nJuliet O'Hara's brother\n\nGuest\n\nStarring\n\n\nCurt Smith\nCurt Smith\nBritish Singer\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nMarlowe Vicellio\nKristy Swanson\nLassiter's wife\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nRachael\nParminder Nagra\nGus's former girlfriend\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nMaximus\nMateen Devji\nRachael's son\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nHarris Trout\nAnthony Michael Hall\nFormer Special Consultant for the SBPD\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nBetsy Brannigan\nMira Sorvino\nSBPD Head Detective\n\nRecurring\n\n\n",
"\n\nName\nPortrayed by\nOccupation/Status\nSeasons\nTV movie\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\nPsych: The Movie\n\n\nYoung Shawn\nLiam James & Skyler Gisondo\nYoung version of Shawn Spencer\nRecurring\n\n\n\nYoung Gus\nCarlos Mcgullers\nYoung version of Burton Guster\nRecurring\nGuest\n\n\n\nBuzz McNab\nSage Brocklebank\nJunior Detective for the SBPD\nRecurring\nStarring\n\n\nWinifred \"Winnie\" Guster\nPhylicia Rashad\nGus's mother\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nMadeleine Spencer\nCybill Shepherd\nPolice Psychiatrist / Shawn's mother\n\nGuest\nRecurring\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nAbigail Lytar\nRachael Leigh Cook\nShawn's ex-girlfriend\n\nGuest\nRecurring\n\n\n\nMary Lightly\nJimmi Simpson\nCriminal Psychologist\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\nStarring\n\n\nMr. Yang\nAlly Sheedy\nSerial Killer\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nWoodrow \"Woody\" Strode\nKurt Fuller\nCoroner for the SBPD\n\nRecurring\nStarring\n\n\nPierre Desperaux\nCary Elwes\nArt Thief\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nEwan O'Hara\nJohn Cena\nJuliet O'Hara's brother\n\nGuest\n\nStarring\n\n\nCurt Smith\nCurt Smith\nBritish Singer\n\nGuest\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nMarlowe Vicellio\nKristy Swanson\nLassiter's wife\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nRachael\nParminder Nagra\nGus's former girlfriend\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nMaximus\nMateen Devji\nRachael's son\n\nRecurring\n\n\n\nHarris Trout\nAnthony Michael Hall\nFormer Special Consultant for the SBPD\n\nGuest\n\n\n\nBetsy Brannigan\nMira Sorvino\nSBPD Head Detective\n\nRecurring\n\n\n"
] | [
"Liam James",
"Skyler Gisondo"
] |
5898544223582450869 | Lymphatic vessel | Lymphatic vessel - wikipedia Lymphatic vessel Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lymphatic vessel Lymph capillaries in the tissue spaces . The thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct . Details System Lymphatic system Identifiers Latin vas lymphaticum TA A12. 0.00. 038 TH H3. 09.02. 0.05001 FMA 30315 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The lymphatic vessels ( or lymph vessels or lymphatics ) are thin - walled vessels structured like blood vessels , that carry lymph . As part of the lymphatic system , lymph vessels are complementary to the cardiovascular system . Lymph vessels are lined by endothelial cells , and have a thin layer of smooth muscle , and adventitia that bind the lymph vessels to the surrounding tissue . Lymph vessels are devoted to the propulsion of the lymph from the lymph capillaries , which are mainly concerned with absorption of interstitial fluid from the tissues . Lymph capillaries are slightly larger than their counterpart capillaries of the vascular system . Lymph vessels that carry lymph to a lymph node are called afferent lymph vessels , and those that carry it from a lymph node are called efferent lymph vessels , from where the lymph may travel to another lymph node , may be returned to a vein , or may travel to a larger lymph duct . Lymph ducts drain the lymph into one of the subclavian veins and thus return it to general circulation . Generally , lymph flows away from the tissues to lymph nodes and eventually to either the right lymphatic duct or the largest lymph vessel in the body , the thoracic duct . These vessels drain into the right and left subclavian veins respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Lymph capillaries 1.2 Lymph vessels 2 Function 2.1 Afferent vessels 2.2 Efferent vessels 3 Clinical significance 4 See also 5 Additional images 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) The general structure of lymphatics is based on that of blood vessels . There is an inner lining of single flattened epithelial cells ( simple squamous epithelium ) composed of a type of epithelium that is called endothelium , and the cells are called endothelial cells . This layer functions to mechanically transport fluid and since the basement membrane on which it rests is discontinuous ; it leaks easily . The next layer is that of smooth muscles that are arranged in a circular fashion around the endothelium , which by shortening ( contracting ) or relaxing alter the diameter ( caliber ) of the lumen . The outermost layer is the adventitia that consists of fibrous tissue . The general structure described here is seen only in larger lymphatics ; smaller lymphatics have fewer layers . The smallest vessels ( lymphatic or lymph capillaries ) lack both the muscular layer and the outer adventitia . As they proceed forward and in their course are joined by other capillaries , they grow larger and first take on an adventitia , and then smooth muscles . The lymphatic conducting system broadly consists of two types of channels -- the initial lymphatics , the prelymphatics or lymph capillaries that specialize in collection of the lymph from the ISF , and the larger lymph vessels that propel the lymph forward . Unlike the cardiovascular system , the lymphatic system is not closed and has no central pump . Lymph movement occurs despite low pressure due to peristalsis ( propulsion of the lymph due to alternate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle ) , valves , and compression during contraction of adjacent skeletal muscle and arterial pulsation . Propulsion of lymph through lymph vessel Lymph capillaries ( edit ) The lymphatic circulation begins with blind ending ( closed at one end ) highly permeable superficial lymph capillaries , formed by endothelial cells with button - like junctions between them that allow fluid to pass through them when the interstitial pressure is sufficiently high . These button - like junctions consist of protein filaments like platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule - 1 , or PECAM - 1 . A valve system in place here prevents the absorbed lymph from leaking back into the ISF . There is another system of semilunar ( semi = half ; lunar = related to the Moon ) valves that prevents back - flow of lymph along the lumen of the vessel . Lymph capillaries have many interconnections ( anastomoses ) between them and form a very fine network . Rhythmic contraction of the vessel walls through movements may also help draw fluid into the smallest lymphatic vessels , capillaries . If tissue fluid builds up the tissue will swell ; this is called edema . As the circular path through the body 's system continues , the fluid is then transported to progressively larger lymphatic vessels culminating in the right lymphatic duct ( for lymph from the right upper body ) and the thoracic duct ( for the rest of the body ) ; both ducts drain into the circulatory system at the right and left subclavian veins . The system collaborates with white blood cells in lymph nodes to protect the body from being infected by cancer cells , fungi , viruses or bacteria . This is known as a secondary circulatory system . Lymph vessels ( edit ) The lymph capillaries drain the lymph to larger contractile lymphatics , which have valves as well as smooth muscle walls . These are called the collecting lymphatics . As the collecting lymph vessel accumulates lymph from more and more lymph capillaries in its course , it becomes larger and is called the afferent lymph vessel as it enters a lymph node . Here the lymph percolates through the lymph node tissue and is removed by the efferent lymph vessel . An efferent lymph vessel may directly drain into one of the ( right or thoracic ) lymph ducts , or may empty into another lymph node as its afferent lymph vessel . Both the lymph ducts return the lymph to the blood stream by emptying into the subclavian veins The functional unit of a lymph vessel is known as a lymphangion , which is the segment between two valves . Since it is contractile , depending upon the ratio of its length to its radius , it can act either like a contractile chamber propelling the fluid ahead , or as a resistance vessel tending to stop the lymph in its place . Function ( edit ) See also : Lymphatic system Lymph vessels act as reservoirs for plasma and other substances including cells that have leaked from the vascular system and transport lymph fluid back from the tissues to the circulatory system . Without functioning lymph vessels , lymph can not be effectively drained and edema typically results . Afferent vessels ( edit ) The afferent lymph vessels enter at all parts of the periphery of the lymph node , and after branching and forming a dense plexus in the substance of the capsule , open into the lymph sinuses of the cortical part . It carries unfiltered lymph into the node . In doing this they lose all their coats except their endothelial lining , which is continuous with a layer of similar cells lining the lymph paths . Afferent lymphatic vessels are only found in lymph nodes . This is in contrast to efferent lymphatic vessel which are also found in the thymus and spleen . Efferent vessels ( edit ) The efferent lymphatic vessel commences from the lymph sinuses of the medullary portion of the lymph nodes and leave the lymph nodes at the hilum , either to veins or greater nodes . It carries filtered lymph out of the node . Efferent lymphatic vessels are also found in the thymus and spleen . This is in contrast to afferent lymphatic vessels , which are found only in lymph nodes . Clinical significance ( edit ) Lymphangiomatosis is a disease involving multiple cysts or lesions formed from lymphatic vessels . See also ( edit ) Meningeal lymphatic vessels Additional images ( edit ) Lymphatic system Section across portal canal of pig . X 250 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pepper , Michael S. ; Michaela Skobe ( 2003 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Lymphatic endothelium : morphological , molecular and functional properties '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 163 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 213 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 200308082 . PMC 2173536 . PMID 14581448 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Shayan , Ramin ; Achen , Marc G. ; Stacker , Steven A. ( 2006 ) . `` Lymphatic vessels in cancer metastasis : bridging the gaps '' . Carcinogenesis. 27 ( 9 ) : 1729 -- 38 . doi : 10.1093 / carcin / bgl031 . PMID 16597644 . ^ Jump up to : Baluk , Peter ; Jonas Fuxe ; Hiroya Hashizume ; Talia Romano ; Erin Lashnits ; Stefan Butz ; Dietmar Vestweber ; Monica Corad ; Cinzia Molendini ; Elisabetta Dejana ; Donald M. McDonald ( 2007 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Functionally specialized junctions between endothelial cells of lymphatic vessels '' . Journal of Experimental Medicine . 204 ( 10 ) : 2349 -- 2362 . doi : 10.1084 / jem. 20062596 . PMC 2118470 . PMID 17846148 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Rosse , Cornelius ; Penelope Gaddum - Rosse . `` The Cardiovascular System ( Chapter 8 ) '' . Hollinshead 's Textbook of Anatomy ( Fifth ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott - Raven . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 0 - 397 - 51256 - 2 . Jump up ^ Venugopal , A.M. ; Stewart , R.H. ; Laine , G.A. ; Quick , C.M. ( 2004 ) . `` 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE '' . 2 . Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society : 3700 -- 3703 . contribution = ignored ( help ) External links ( edit ) Lymphatic Vessels at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Efferent lymph vessel - BioWeb at University of Wisconsin System Physiology : 3 / 3ch9 / s3ch9_5 - Essentials of Human Physiology Human systems and organs Musculoskeletal Skeletal system Bone Carpus Collar bone ( clavicle ) Thigh bone ( femur ) Fibula Humerus Mandible Metacarpus Metatarsus Ossicles Patella Phalanges Radius Skull Tarsus Tibia Ulna Rib Vertebra Pelvis Sternum Cartilage Joints Fibrous joint Cartilaginous joint Synovial joint Muscular system Muscle Tendon Diaphragm Circulatory system Cardiovascular system peripheral Artery Vein Lymphatic vessel Heart Lymphatic system primary Bone marrow Thymus secondary Spleen Lymph node CNS equivalent Glymphatic system Nervous system Brain Spinal cord Nerve Sensory system Ear Eye Integumentary system Skin Subcutaneous tissue Breast Mammary gland Immune system Myeloid Myeloid immune system Lymphoid Lymphoid immune system Respiratory system Upper Nose Nasopharynx Larynx Lower Trachea Bronchus Lung Digestive system Mouth Salivary gland Tongue upper GI Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Esophagus Stomach lower GI Small intestine Appendix Colon Rectum Anus accessory Liver Biliary tract Pancreas Urinary system Genitourinary system Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra Reproductive system Female Uterus Vagina Vulva Ovary Placenta Male Scrotum Penis Prostate Testicle Seminal vesicle Endocrine system Pituitary Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Islets of Langerhans Arteries and veins Vessels Arteries Nutrient artery Arteriole Metarteriole Elastic artery Capillaries Types Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal Precapillary sphincter Precapillary resistance Veins Vena comitans Superficial vein Deep vein Emissary veins Venous plexus Venule Lymph Lymphatic vessel Lymph Lymph capillary Circulatory system Systemic Left heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → ( Right heart ) Pulmonary Right heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left heart Microanatomy Microvessel Microcirculation Tunica intima Endothelium Internal elastic lamina Tunica media Tunica externa Vasa vasorum Vasa nervorum Vascular nerves Rete mirabile Circulatory anastomosis Lymphatic vessels Nodal Lymph capillary Lymphatic vessel Other Lymph trunk Lymph Lymphangion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lymphatic_vessel&oldid=831261613 '' Categories : Lymphatic system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 errors : chapter ignored Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Türkçe 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 17 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | structure that prevents backflow of fluid in lymphatic vessels | [
"The lymphatic circulation begins with blind ending (closed at one end) highly permeable superficial lymph capillaries, formed by endothelial cells with button-like junctions between them that allow fluid to pass through them when the interstitial pressure is sufficiently high.[3] These button-like junctions consist of protein filaments like platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, or PECAM-1. A valve system in place here prevents the absorbed lymph from leaking back into the ISF. There is another system of semilunar (semi=half; lunar=related to the Moon) valves that prevents back-flow of lymph along the lumen of the vessel.[3] Lymph capillaries have many interconnections (anastomoses) between them and form a very fine network.[4]"
] | [
"A valve system"
] |
-3482054042705324543 | Mandy Harvey | Mandy Harvey - wikipedia Mandy Harvey Jump to : navigation , search Mandy Harvey ( 1988 - 01 - 02 ) January 2 , 1988 ( age 29 ) Cincinnati , Ohio , USA Genres Jazz , Pop Occupation ( s ) Singer , songwriter Instruments Vocals , Ukulele Mandy Harvey ( born January 2 , 1988 ) is an American jazz and pop singer and songwriter . Biography ( edit ) Harvey was born in Cincinnati , Ohio . She had hearing problems and underwent several surgeries as a child to try to correct them . Her family moved to Colorado when she was a young child . She sang throughout her childhood and her talent was recognized at Longmont High School , where she graduated in 2006 . Harvey gradually lost her hearing as a result of the connective tissues disorder Ehlers - Danlos syndrome . She lost her remaining hearing when she was nineteen , while she was majoring in vocal music education at Colorado State University ; as a result she left the university . In 2008 she met jazz pianist Mark Sloniker at Jay 's Bistro in Fort Collins , where she began performing regularly . She later performed at Dazzle Jazz Lounge in Denver and recorded several jazz albums . JazzTimes wrote of her debut album , Smile , `` The vocals are rich and captivating . '' In 2011 Harvey won VSA 's International Young Soloist Award . She later returned to perform at the Kennedy Center . She is an Ambassador for the nonprofit organization No Barriers to help people with disabilities overcome obstacles . Harvey uses `` visual tuners '' to help her find pitches . In 2017 , Harvey appeared on America 's Got Talent , season 12 , where she took 4th place , using her ukulele while performing original songs during the competition . The same year , she published a memoir with co-author Mark Atteberry , Sensing the Rhythm : Finding My Voice in a World Without Sound . In a 15 November 2017 interview for the BBC , Harvey described how she was accused of promoting oralism when she first took to the stage and has received death threats from within the Deaf community for promoting a `` hearing '' activity . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mandy Harvey '' , JazzTimes , 2009 , accessed September 15 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Winners of the VSA International Young Soloists Competition : 2011 Award Recipients '' , www.kennedy-center.org , accessed September 15 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Rose , Beth ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` The singer sent death threats from the ' deaf community ' '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mandy Harvey '' , NoBarriersUSA.com , accessed September 15 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Shea , Christopher D. `` Mandy Harvey , Deaf Singer , Finds an Audience . And Leaves It Weeping . '' The New York Times , June 8 , 2017 , accessed September 15 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Moniuszko , Sara M. `` Watch this deaf singer win Simon Cowell 's heart on America 's Got Talent '' , USA Today , June 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` America 's Got Talent : Mandy Harvey makes finals '' , Orlando Sentinel , September 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ Bear , John ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` Deaf Longmont High grad takes fourth place on `` America 's Got Talent '' `` . The Denver Post . Digital First Media . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Megan . `` Angelica Hale , Kechi and Mandy Harvey Shine in America 's Got Talent Semifinal '' , Billboard , September 13 , 2017 Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz . `` America 's Got Talent : Deaf Singer Mandy Harvey Gets Compared to Adele in Flawless , Emotional Performance '' , ETOnline.com , September 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Harvey , Mandy and Mark Atteberry . Sensing the Rhythm : Finding My Voice in a World Without Sound , Howard Books ( 2017 ) . ISBN 1501172255 External links ( edit ) Mandy Harvey 's Website NBC video profile , 2015 BBC video profile , 2017 America 's Got Talent Seasons 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Miguel Dakota Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Merrick Hanna Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandy_Harvey&oldid=814278517 '' Categories : Deaf musicians Singers from Ohio Musicians from Cincinnati 1988 births Living people 21st - century American singers People from Longmont , Colorado Singers from Colorado American female jazz singers Jazz musicians from Ohio Jazz musicians from Colorado Reality television participants Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 21 : 16 . About Wikipedia | how did the girl on americas got talent lose her hearing | [
"Harvey was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She had hearing problems and underwent several surgeries as a child to try to correct them.[1] Her family moved to Colorado when she was a young child. She sang throughout her childhood and her talent was recognized at Longmont High School, where she graduated in 2006.[1][2] Harvey gradually lost her hearing as a result of the connective tissues disorder Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.[3] She lost her remaining hearing when she was nineteen, while she was majoring in vocal music education at Colorado State University; as a result she left the university.[2]"
] | [
"as a result of the connective tissues disorder Ehlers-Danlos syndrome"
] |
-8047922129011772195 | Gun laws in Texas | Gun laws in Texas - wikipedia Gun laws in Texas Jump to : navigation , search Location of Texas in the United States Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary table 2 Firearms possession 3 Firearms carry 3.1 License to Carry 3.2 College Carry Laws 3.3 Restrictions on licensed carry 3.3. 1 30.06 signage 3.4 Open Carry 3.4. 1 30.07 signage 4 Castle Doctrine 4.1 Stand Your Ground 4.2 Civil Immunity 5 Motorists Protection Act 6 National Firearms Act 7 See also 8 References Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Carry license required ? No Yes GC Ch . 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support . Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law . Concealed carry on college campus ? No Yes May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . Background checks required for private sales ? No No A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin , Texas prohibits concealed handguns . This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required , and is no longer enforceable under current law . Firearms possession ( edit ) Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age , without felony convictions ; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law . A person of any age , except certain Felons , can possess a firearm such as at a firing range . Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older , and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers . However , a private citizen may sell , gift , lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon . NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions ; no State regulations exist . Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden ( preempted ) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution , which gives the Texas Legislature ( and it alone ) the power to `` regulate the wearing of arms , with a view to prevent crime '' . Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute . Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof , but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force . In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole , whichever is later . Under Texas Penal Code § § 12.33 , 46.04 , the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001 . Firearms carry ( edit ) There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun ( pre-1899 black powder weapons , and replicas of such , are not legally firearms in Texas ) . However , if the firearm is displayed in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm , '' then it is `` disorderly conduct '' . Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas , except when the carrier was on property he / she owned or had lawful control over , was legally hunting , or was participating in some gun - related public event such as a gun show . However , the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly . The bill was signed into law on June 13 , 2015 , and took effect on January 1 , 2016 . A License to Carry ( LTC ) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public . License to carry ( edit ) The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a `` Concealed Handgun License '' or CHL . This has changed on Jan 1 . 2016 to LTC `` License To Carry '' and at the same time the laws changed to include `` Open Carry '' . Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ( `` shall - issue '' ) basis to all eligible , qualified applicants . Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states , not including Vermont ( which is an `` unrestricted '' state and neither issues nor requires permits ) , most of these having some residency restrictions ( the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state ) . Texas recognizes an additional 11 states ' concealed - carry permits unilaterally ; those states do not recognize Texas ' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction , usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own . The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met . For example , an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws ( including an age restriction of 21 ) , however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over . Additionally , a number of factors may make a person ineligible ( temporarily or permanently ) to obtain a license , including : felony convictions ( permanent ) and Class A or B misdemeanors ( 5 years , permanent in cases of domestic violence ) , including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication ; pending criminal charges ( indefinite until resolved ) ; chemical or alcohol dependency ( defined as 2 convictions for substance - related offenses in a 10 - year period ; 10 - year ban from the date of the first conviction ) ; certain types of psychological diagnoses ( indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission ) ; protective or restraining orders ( indefinite until rescinded ) ; or defaults on taxes , student loans , child support and / or other governmental fees ( indefinite until resolved ) . This last category , though having little to do with a person 's ability to own a firearm , is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing ; those who are delinquent or in default on State - regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State - issued license ( including driver licenses ) , as an incentive to settle those debts . `` Information regarding any psychiatric , drug , alcohol , or criminal history '' is required only from new users . Renewals are required every five years , but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information . An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC ( formerly CHL ) must take a State - set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours , covering topics such as applicable laws , conflict resolution , criminal / civil liability , and handgun safety , and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun . The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1 , 2017 . Such courses vary in cost , but are typically around $100 -- $125 for new applicants ( usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies ; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition ) . They may then apply , providing a picture , fingerprints , other documentation , and a $40 application fee ( as of September 1 , 2017 ; previously $140 and $70 for renewals ) , -- active and discharged military are eligible for discounts -- to the DPS , which processes the application , runs a federal background check , and if all is well , issues the permit . Permits are valid for five years , and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states ( nonresidents may carry in all but four of those ) , due to reciprocity agreements . Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military ( through one year after discharge ) , to $25 for military veterans . College carry laws ( edit ) Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . Restrictions on licensed carry ( edit ) While a permitted resident of Texas ( or a nonresident holding a recognized permit ) is generally authorized to carry in most public places , there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations . These include : Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law . It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location , and possession of a State - issued concealed firearms permit is no defense . Such places commonly encountered include post offices , Federal courts , and offices of the IRS , FBI , Justice Department , Department of Energy , USDA , FDA , etc . A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management ; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas . However , Army Corps of Engineers properties ( including all reservoir lakes and included park areas ) are still off - limits . Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03 : `` A person commits an offense if the person intentionally , knowingly , or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm , illegal knife , club , or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05 ( a ) : ... on the physical premises of a school or educational institution , any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted , or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution , whether the school or educational institution is public or private , unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution ( emphasis added ) . '' The age / grade level , funding type or for - profit status of the school does not matter . Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted ; as defined by TPC 46.035 ( f ) ( 3 ) , `` premises '' refers only to a building or part of a building , and does not refer to driveways , streets , sidewalks , parking lots , parking garages , or privately owned vehicles . Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1 , 2017 . Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event , unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm ( i.e. a target shooting competition ) . Businesses posting a compliant `` 51 % sign '' - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51 % of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on - premises consumption ( colloquially `` bars '' , `` nightclubs '' , `` taverns '' , `` saloons '' , etc . ) . A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage , as required by the Government Code section 411.204 . The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders , but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry , and a background containing a red `` 51 % '' to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders . Correctional facilities - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building generally termed a `` jail '' or `` prison '' . Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19 , Code of Criminal Procedure , on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that : ( A ) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited ; or ( B ) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited . Courts or court offices - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal , state or federal court for official business . Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices , such as judges , attorneys , baliffs , and law enforcement officials . Election polling places - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal , state and / or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway . This is significant , as a local business or other generally public building , which would normally not prohibit concealed carry , may offer their facilities for use as a polling place . A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs , even if the polls are not open at the time , and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote . Racetracks - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack ( horse or dog ) . While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated ( Penal Code 46.035 . ) , defined as : ( a ) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol , a controlled substance , a drug , a dangerous drug , a combination of two or more of those substances , or any other substance into the body ; or ( B ) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more ( Penal Code 49.01 . ) 30.06 signage ( edit ) TPC section 30.06 covers `` Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun '' . It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed . It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage . As of January 1 , 2016 , the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor , unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor . This is a significant difference , in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years , this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor . Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called `` 30.06 signs '' or `` 30.06 signage '' . The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06 , but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec . 30.06 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( B ) is not binding . The law states a compliant sign must be : In contrasting colors ; With block letters ; Having text 1 '' or greater in height ; Containing `` identical '' text to the following : `` Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun '' In both English and Spanish ; Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' . Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility : License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) . An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition . But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) . It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry . All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder . Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing , inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property . Open carry ( edit ) As of January 1 , 2016 , holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions . Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster . Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license . New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns . Exceptions to Open Carry Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway , street , sidewalk or walkway , parking lot , parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform 30.07 signage ( edit ) This law took effect January 1 , 2016 , and covers the new Open Carry law . Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry . TPC section 30.07 covers `` Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun '' This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun . An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor , unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor . The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property . ( In both cases the sign must be `` clearly visible to the public '' . ) The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property , or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner , or by written communication . Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below , or a sign posted on the property . Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following ( 30.07 notice ) : `` Pursuant to section 30.07 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly '' Additionally , signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations : Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish Must appear in contrasting colors Must be in block letters at least one inch in height Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property '' Castle Doctrine ( edit ) On March 27 , 2007 , Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law , making Texas a `` Castle Doctrine '' state which came into effect September 1 , 2007 . Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who `` unlawfully , and with force , enters or attempts to enter the dwelling '' , or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling , or who commits or attempts to commit a `` qualifying '' felony such as `` aggravated kidnapping , murder , sexual assault , aggravated sexual assault , robbery , or aggravated robbery '' ( TPC 9.32 ( b ) ) . Stand your Ground ( edit ) Senate Bill 378 also contains a `` Stand Your Ground '' clause ; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he / she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no `` duty to retreat '' before being justified in shooting . The `` trier of fact '' ( the jury in a jury trial , otherwise the judge ) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting ( TPC 9.32 ( c , d ) ) . Civil immunity ( edit ) In addition , two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force . Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person , including the firing of a weapon . Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used . This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified , such as a bystander hit by an errant shot . This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force . The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code . Motorists protection act ( edit ) Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature , a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident 's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit . The bill revised Chapter 46 , Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not `` Unlawful Carry of a Weapon '' , as defined by the statute , for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control , or to carry while heading directly from the person 's home to that car . However , lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers : ( 1 ) the weapon must not be in plain sight ( in Texas law , `` plain sight '' and `` concealed '' are mutually exclusive opposing terms ) ; ( 2 ) the carrier can not be involved in criminal activities , other than Class C traffic misdemeanors ; ( 3 ) the carrier can not be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm ; and ( 4 ) the carrier can not be a member of a criminal gang . Previous legislation ( H.B. 823 ) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ( `` Non-Applicability '' ) to include the `` traveller assumption '' ; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was `` travelling '' under a pre-existing provision of 46.15 , and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply , absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity , a member of a gang , or prohibited from possessing a firearm . However , attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption , leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815 . National firearms act ( edit ) Possession of destructive devices , automatic firearms ( machine guns ) , short - barrel shotguns ( SBS ) , short - barrel rifles ( SBR ) , suppressors , smoothbore pistols and other such NFA - restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item ( s ) into the NFA registry . This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms , processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE . See also ( edit ) Gun violence and gun control in Texas Law of Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Government Code - Section 411.172 '' . Texas Constitution and Statutes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas '' . ammoland.com. 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NRA / ILA Firearms Laws for Texas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws '' ( PDF ) . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23. ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome License To Carry A Handgun Texas.gov '' . Txapps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Texas : Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16 , Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Texas CCW information '' ( PDF ) . Handgunlaw.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS -- Agreements with other states '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` TEX PE . CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06 : TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing '' . www.dps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30 . BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Legislature Online -- History of Senate Bill 378 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86 . LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83 . USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Texas H.B. 1815 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on '' . Usacarry.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DA warns handgun law wo n't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2005 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas '' . Texasgunlaws.org. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Texas&oldid=829348067 '' Categories : Texas law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018 , at 02 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what age do you have to be to own a gun in texas | [
"Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. A person of any age, except certain Felons, can possess a firearm such as at a firing range. Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older, and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers. However, a private citizen may sell, gift, lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to \"regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime\".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force."
] | [
"18 years of age or older"
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4612768077246219212 | Keeping Up with the Joneses (film) | Keeping up with the Joneses ( film ) - wikipedia Keeping up with the Joneses ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2017 ) Keeping Up with the Joneses Theatrical release poster Directed by Greg Mottola Produced by Laurie MacDonald Walter F. Parkes Written by Michael LeSieur Starring Zach Galifianakis Jon Hamm Isla Fisher Gal Gadot Matt Walsh Maribeth Monroe Patton Oswalt Kevin Dunn Music by Jake Monaco Cinematography Andrew Dunn Edited by David Rennie Production companies Fox 2000 Pictures Parkes + MacDonald Image Nation Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 08 ) ( Los Angeles ) October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $29.9 million Keeping Up with the Joneses is a 2016 American action comedy film directed by Greg Mottola and written by Michael LeSieur . Starring Zach Galifianakis , Jon Hamm , Isla Fisher and Gal Gadot , the film follows a suburban couple ( Galifianakis and Fisher ) who begin to suspect their new neighbors ( Hamm and Gadot ) are secret agents . The film was released on October 21 , 2016 by 20th Century Fox , received generally negative reviews and was a box office bomb , grossing $29 million against its $40 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Jeff Gaffney ( Zach Galifianakis ) works as a Human Resources professional at a Defense contractor company called MBI , based in Atlanta . He and his wife Karen ( Isla Fisher ) live in a nice cul - de-sac with their two children , who are away at summer camp . They make the acquaintance of their two new neighbors , Tim ( Jon Hamm ) and Natalie Jones ( Gal Gadot ) . Tim is a travel writer whose hobbies include glassblowing , and Natalie is a social media consultant , cooking blogger and philantropist . They are both impossibly good - looking , accomplished and stylish , yet overly friendly with the Gaffneys . Karen starts having suspicions about the Joneses when she catches Tim poking around Jeff 's den during a neighborhood block party , then witnesses Natalie doing what looks like a dead drop in a café . Karen follows Natalie to the mall , but Natalie confronts her in a dressing room , defusing the situation with some female bonding . Meanwhile , Tim invites Jeff to an underground Chinese restaurant , where Jeff drinks snake wine and is bitten by a severed snake head , forcing Tim to save his life . In exchange , Jeff takes Tim to indoor skydiving , a passion of his that none of his friends share . All the way through , Tim tries to have Jeff talk about his coworkers at the office . One night , with the help of Natalie , Tim sneaks into the MBI building and look over Jeff 's emails . Back at their house , Jeff accidentally breaks the glass sculpture made by Tim that was given to them , revealing a bug among the shards . Realizing the Joneses are spies , Karen decides to sneak into their house to find more evidence . They discover files on Jeff and the other MBI employees and Jeff accidentally stuns Karen with a pen gun . They narrowly escape as the Joneses arrive . Natalie is worried Tim might be getting too close to Jeff , but they reveal to be in love with each other , which is also against the rules . Natalie notices the used pen gun on the floor , and they realize the Gaffneys have broken into their house . The Gaffneys arrange a private meeting with MBI security officer Carl Pronger ( Kevin Dunn ) to expose the Joneses , but before Carl can disclose classified details , he is killed by a sniper who also attacks the Gaffneys . They are rescued by the Joneses and a high - speed chase and shootout ensue . The Gaffneys learn that the Joneses are actually trying to discover a treason within MBI . Back in the cul - de-sac , Jeff gives Tim and Natalie some relationship advices , and the two couples bond . After they reentered their house , the Joneses trigger a bomb that blows it up . Later , after lying to the police about the Joneses , the Gaffneys are frantically preparing to go on the run when the Joneses reappear alive and well in their basement . They kidnapped Jeff 's colleague Dan Craverston ( Matt Walsh ) and his wife Meg ( Maribeth Monroe ) , who are revealed to be trying to sell MBI 's experimental microchips to an international arms dealer called `` The Scorpion '' ( Patton Oswalt ) . When the Scorpion calls on Dan 's phone , Jeff answers posing as Dan and arranges a meeting to deliver the microchips . Jeff and Karen go to the hotel where the meeting takes place , while the Joneses back them up from the roof . The Scorpion turns out to be a former MBI employee named Bruce Springstine , who recognizes Jeff . With their cover blown , Tim radios for back - up , but the operation is aborted and the Gaffneys are declared collateral damage . The Joneses disobey orders and surrender to the Scorpion , but before the latter gets around to kill them , Karen is able to pass a knife to Natalie , giving the Joneses the opportunity to eliminate the Scorpion 's henchmen . They escape by jumping off the window into a pool , just before the Scorpion opens the briefcase containing the chips , detonating a bomb that kills him . Proud of their new friends , the Joneses say goodbye and go back to their life of espionage . The next summer , the Gaffneys visit the café in Marrakesh where the Joneses used to date and happen upon the Joneses who are the middle of a new mission , accidentally blowing their cover and triggering yet another gunfight . Cast ( edit ) Zach Galifianakis as Jeff Gaffney , Karen 's husband and Patrick and Mikey 's father Jon Hamm as Tim Jones , Natalie 's husband and the friend of Jeff . Isla Fisher as Karen Gaffney , Jeff 's wife and Patrick and Mikey 's mother Gal Gadot as Natalie Jones , Tim 's wife , Karen 's friend and a secret agent . Matt Walsh as Dan Craverston , Meg 's husband Maribeth Monroe as Meg Craverston , Dan 's wife Michael Liu as Yang Ari Shaffir as Oren Patton Oswalt as Bruce Springstine / Scorpion Kevin Dunn as Carl Pronger Jona Xiao as Stacey Chung Henry Boston as Patrick Gaffney , one of two Jeff and Karen 's sons and Mikey 's brother Jack McQuaid as Mikey Gaffney , one of two Jeff and Karen 's sons and Patrick 's brother Production ( edit ) In March 2014 , it was announced that Greg Mottola would direct the film , from a screenplay by Michael LeSieur , with Fox 2000 Pictures having their eyes set on Jon Hamm and Zach Galifianakis to star , Walter Parkes and Laurie MacDonald producing under their Parkes + MacDonald Image Nation banner , and Marc Resteghini serving as an executive producer . In October 2014 , Isla Fisher joined the cast of the film , and the casting of Hamm and Galifianakis was confirmed . In February 2015 , Gal Gadot was in negotiations to star in the film . In April 2015 , Maribeth Monroe and Matt Walsh also joined the cast . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on April 20 , 2015 in Atlanta , Georgia . Release ( edit ) The film was originally scheduled to be released on April 1 , 2016 but was pushed back to October 21 , 2016 . Box office ( edit ) Keeping Up with the Joneses grossed $14.9 million in North America and $15 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $29.9 million , against a budget of $40 million . The film was expected to gross $7 -- 9 million from about 3,022 theaters in its opening weekend . However , it only grossed $2 million on its first day and $5.6 million in its opening weekend , finishing 7th at the box office , and making $1 million less than Galifianakis ' Masterminds , which debuted to $6.6 million the month before . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 19 % based on 109 reviews and an average rating of 4.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Keeping Up with the Joneses squanders a decent premise -- and a talented cast full of funny people -- on a witless and largely laugh - free suburban spy adventure . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score 34 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B -- '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Joneses ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Jack Reacher : Never Go Back ' Dominates ' Ouija 2 , ' ' Madea Halloween ' on Thursday Night '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Keeping Up with the Joneses ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Fox 2000 Sets Greg Mottola To Helm ' Keeping Up With The Joneses ' With Cast Circling '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Isla Fisher Joins Jon Hamm , Zach Galifianakis in ' Keeping Up With the Joneses ' '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Gal Gadot Circling ' Keeping Up With The Joneses ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Workaholics , ' ' Veep ' Actors Join ' Keeping Up With the Joneses ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Extras needed for ' Keeping Up With The Joneses ' , starring Jon Hamm and Zach Galifianakis '' . onlocationvacations.com. April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 4 / 20 / 15 : Michael Bay Starts TMNT Sequel , Gal Gadot Begins Keeping Up With the Joneses , Natalie Dormer Wraps Shooting on Patient Zero '' . ssninsider.com. April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Penderson , Erik ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Eddie The Eagle ' Has Landed At Fox ; Biopic Starring Taron Egerton , Hugh Jackman Set For 2016 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A Lincoln , Ross ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Release Moved To 2018 As Dylan O'Brien Recovers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jack Reacher : Never Go Back ' to battle ' Ouija ' sequel and ' Boo ! A Madea Halloween ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Madea ' To Push Well Past $27 M As ' Jack Reacher ' Takes $22 M to $23 M ; ' Joneses ' Ca n't Keep Up -- Sun . AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Joneses ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping Up with the Joneses '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . External links ( edit ) Official website Keeping Up with the Joneses on IMDb Keeping Up with the Joneses at Rotten Tomatoes Keeping Up with the Joneses at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by Greg Mottola The Daytrippers ( 1996 ) Superbad ( 2007 ) Adventureland ( 2009 ) Paul ( 2011 ) Clear History ( 2013 ) Keeping Up with the Joneses ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keeping_Up_with_the_Joneses_(film)&oldid=801814709 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s comedy films 20th Century Fox films American films American comedy films Films shot in Atlanta Films directed by Greg Mottola TSG Entertainment films American action films 2010s action films American action comedy films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 01 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did keeping up with the joneses come out | [
"Keeping Up with the Joneses is a 2016 American action comedy film directed by Greg Mottola and written by Michael LeSieur. Starring Zach Galifianakis, Jon Hamm, Isla Fisher and Gal Gadot, the film follows a suburban couple (Galifianakis and Fisher) who begin to suspect their new neighbors (Hamm and Gadot) are secret agents. The film was released on October 21, 2016 by 20th Century Fox, received generally negative reviews and was a box office bomb, grossing $29 million against its $40 million budget."
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"October 21, 2016"
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72366808268977987 | Criminal Minds (season 13) | Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) - wikipedia Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search Criminal Minds ( season 13 ) Promotional poster Starring Joe Mantegna Matthew Gray Gubler A.J. Cook Kirsten Vangsness Aisha Tyler Daniel Henney Adam Rodriguez Paget Brewster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 19 Release Original network CBS Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 12 List of Criminal Minds episodes The thirteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on April 7 , 2017 , by CBS with an order of 22 episodes . The season premiered on September 27 , 2017 in a new time slot at 10 : 00PM on Wednesday when it had previously been at 9 : 00PM on Wednesday since its inception . The season will conclude on April 18 , 2018 with a two - hour season finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Special guest star 1.3 Recurring cast 1.4 Guest cast 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . His character was killed off in the season premiere off - screen . Following the cancellation of Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders , it was announced that Daniel Henney ( Matt Simmons ) would join the cast this season as a series regular . Main cast ( edit ) Joe Mantegna as David Rossi Matthew Gray Gubler as Dr. Spencer Reid A.J. Cook as Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau Kirsten Vangsness as Penelope Garcia Aisha Tyler as Dr. Tara Lewis Daniel Henney as Matt Simmons Adam Rodriguez as Luke Alvez Paget Brewster as Emily Prentiss Special guest star ( edit ) Shemar Moore as Derek Morgan Recurring cast ( edit ) Josh Stewart as William LaMontagne Jr . Kelly Frye as Kristy Simmons Declan Whaley as David Simmons Kim Rhodes as Assistant Director Linda Barnes Guest cast ( edit ) Bodhi Elfman as Peter Lewis / Mr. Scratch Tracie Thoms as Monica Walker Jamie Kennedy as Floyd Feylinn Ferell Zelda Williams as Melissa Miller Lou Diamond Phillips as Sheriff Clifford Gail O'Grady as Krystall Richards Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Criminal Minds was renewed for a thirteenth season with an episode order of 22 episodes on April 7 , 2017 . The entire main cast from the previous season returned for the season , except Damon Gupton ( Stephen Walker ) , who was fired from the show . Matthew Gray Gubler will be directing the seventeenth episode of the season and it is said to be `` the spookiest episode of Season 13 '' and will involve clowns . On August 10 , 2017 , it was revealed that Aisha Tyler will make her television directing debut and direct the sixth episode of the season . On August 12 , 2017 it was revealed that Erica Messer and Kirsten Vangsness will be co-writing the eleventh episode of the season , which will be the fourth episode they have co-written together . On October 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Adam Rodriguez will make his Criminal Minds directing debut and direct the sixteenth episode of the season . Casting ( edit ) Shemar Moore reprised his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode . On June 11 , 2017 , it was announced that Damon Gupton had been let go from the show after one season . CBS said his departure was `` part of a creative change on the show '' . His character Stephen Walker was killed off - screen in the season premiere . On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced that Daniel Henney , who was a series regular on Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders as Matt Simmons , would join the main show as a series regular for the thirteenth season . On October 12 , 2017 , it was announced that Shemar Moore would reprise his role as Derek Morgan in the fifth episode of the season ( `` Lucky Strikes '' ) as his character returns to help Penelope Garcia get through a tough time . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Criminal Minds episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 278 `` Wheels Up '' Glenn Kershaw Breen Frazier September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1301 7.00 When escaped serial killer Peter Lewis ( Bodhi Elfman ) launches a devastating final assault on the BAU and takes one of their own as a hostage , Garcia brings in former International Response Team member Matt Simmons ( Daniel Henney ) to help apprehend Lewis before more lives are lost . 279 `` To A Better Place '' Diana C. Valentine Bruce Zimmerman October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1302 6.17 When suitcases containing human remains are found throughout Naples , Florida , the BAU returns from their bureau - dictated vacation to find a connection between the victims before the killer takes another life . Meanwhile , Reid learns about a condition to his reinstatement and the team officially welcomes Simmons into the fold . 280 `` Blue Angel '' Sharat Raju Christopher Barbour October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1304 5.87 When two businessmen are emasculated in Detroit , Michigan , the BAU investigates a connection between the victims only to discover a family secret that changes the course of the investigation . Meanwhile , Simmons finds himself bonding with an escort involved in the case . 281 `` Killer App '' Alec Smight Stephanie SenGupta October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1303 5.94 When a workplace shooting in Silicon Valley claims the lives of three employees , the BAU works with the Department of Homeland Security to determine if the shooting was personal and why the victims were targeted . Meanwhile , Prentiss confronts Alvez about the events surrounding his final confrontation with Peter Lewis . 282 5 `` Lucky Strikes '' Tawnia McKiernan Jim Clemente October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1306 5.91 When a Florida prostitute is found dead with both legs and several fingers missing , the BAU sets out to determine if cannibalistic serial killer Floyd Feylinn Ferell ( Jamie Kennedy ) has embarked on another spree or if a copycat killer is responsible . Meanwhile , former SSA Derek Morgan ( Shemar Moore ) helps Garcia when she becomes overwhelmed by memories of a ten - year - old trauma . 283 6 `` The Bunker '' Aisha Tyler Karen Maser November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1305 5.50 When a missing persons case is connected to a series of abductions throughout Virginia , the BAU sets out to find a connection between the victims only to unearth an unusual motive . Meanwhile , JJ connects with a woman who believes her sister 's disappearance may be connected to the investigation and Garcia searches for a new apartment . 284 7 `` Dust and Bones '' Marcus Stokes Erica Meredith November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1307 5.64 When two women are abducted and permanently disfigured in Austin , Texas , the BAU determines that the attacker has a dangerous obsession with a vicious creature . Meanwhile , Alvez struggles to find a way to help his former Fugitive Task Force partner come to terms with his paralysis . 285 8 `` Neon Terror '' Bethany Rooney Erik Stiller November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) 1308 6.31 When the latest in a series of robbery - homicides occurs in Miami , Florida , the BAU investigates only to suspect that they are dealing with an unsub who seeks attention by releasing footage of his crimes to the media . 286 9 `` False Flag '' Joe Mantegna Breen Frazier December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 1309 5.34 When two members of a Roswell , New Mexico conspiracy theory group die in quick succession , the BAU suspects that the crimes were committed by a serial killer only to find themselves reexamining the evidence following a catastrophic encounter . Meanwhile , Lewis struggles to keep her emotions in check as she interrogates a young podcaster ( Zelda Williams ) with ties to the group . 287 10 `` Submerged '' Rob Bailey Bruce Zimmerman January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 1310 5.41 When the latest in a series of perplexing robbery - homicides occurs in Ramona , California , the BAU works with a frustrated sheriff ( Lou Diamond Phillips ) to track down a serial killer with mysterious motives and an even more mysterious past . 288 11 `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' Simon Mirren Erica Messer & Kirsten Vangsness January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1311 5.70 When the wife of a Virginia police chief survives a brutal home invasion - homicide , the BAU coordinates with her husband and the local authorities to catch her attempted killer only to uncover a multitude of secrets being kept by the town 's inhabitants . 289 12 `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' Christoph Schrewe Karen Maser January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1312 5.63 When the gruesome murder of a New York City jogger is connected to a series of equally gruesome murder - mutilations , the BAU searches Central Park for a killer who may be suffering from a syndrome that makes him believe he is a gruesome monster . Meanwhile , Alvez deals with the fallout of a blind date gone wrong . 290 13 `` Cure '' Glenn Kershaw Christopher Barbour January 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) 1313 5.30 When a cryptic message is found inside the mouth of a Washington , D.C. financier , the BAU sets out to catch a serial killer determined to eradicate institutions of power . Meanwhile , JJ grows increasingly concerned after receiving an email asking her to sit down with Assistant Director Linda Barnes ( Kim Rhodes ) . 291 14 `` Miasma '' Leon Ichaso Erica Meredith January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1314 5.42 When a mass grave is uncovered in a New Orleans cemetery , the BAU searches for a killer who sees himself as a modern - day plague doctor . Meanwhile , Prentiss finds herself forced to endure a hostile interrogation after Barnes suspends her from active duty and summons her for an internal audit . 292 15 `` Annihilator '' Rob Bailey Erik Stiller March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1315 5.04 With Prentiss still suspended from active duty and Reid refusing to work without her , Barnes takes the lead and joins the remaining members of the BAU as they search St. Louis for the perpetrator of a quadruple homicide . 293 16 `` Last Gasp '' Adam Rodriguez Stephanie SenGupta March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 1316 5.69 In the wake of Barnes ' attempt to restructure the BAU , the divided team works behind her back to identify a serial abductor who photographs Washington , D.C. call girls before killing them and incinerating their bodies . 294 17 `` The Capilanos '' Matthew Gray Gubler Erica Messer March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 1317 5.26 When a seven - year - old child residing in Guymon , Oklahoma claims a man dressed as a clown killed his father , the BAU attempts to determine whether or not the child 's statement is true . 295 18 `` The Dance of Love '' Joe Mantegna Bruce Zimmerman March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) 1318 6.59 When two women residing in Chicago , Illinois are stabbed to death on consecutive nights and found with a single red rose in their mouths , the BAU searches for a serial killer with unexpected motives . Meanwhile , Rossi takes personal time off after receiving a phone call from his third ex-wife Krystall ( Gail O'Grady ) . 296 19 `` Ex Parte '' Lily Mariye Christopher Barbour April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 1319 5.90 When a hostage situation takes place at the Washington , D.C. law firm where Simmons ' wife Kristy ( Kelly Frye ) works , the BAU juggles resolving the unfolding crisis and determining the perpetrators ' motives . 297 20 `` All You Can Eat '' Diana Valentine Karen Maser April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 1320 TBD 298 21 `` Mixed Signals '' Alec Smight Erica Meredith & Erik Stiller April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1321 TBD 299 22 `` Believer '' Glenn Kershaw Breen Frazier April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1322 TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wheels Up '' September 27 , 2017 1.3 / 5 7.00 1.1 4.15 2.4 11.15 `` To a Better Place '' October 4 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.17 1.1 3.98 2.2 10.15 `` Blue Angel '' October 11 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.87 1.0 3.82 2.1 9.68 `` Killer App '' October 18 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.94 1.1 3.87 2.1 9.81 5 `` Lucky Strikes '' October 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.91 1.0 3.81 2.0 9.72 6 `` The Bunker '' November 8 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.50 1.0 3.53 1.9 9.03 7 `` Dust and Bones '' November 15 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.64 1.0 3.76 2.0 9.40 8 `` Neon Terror '' November 22 , 2017 1.0 / 4 6.31 1.0 3.70 2.0 10.00 9 `` False Flag '' December 6 , 2017 0.9 / 4 5.34 1.1 4.04 2.0 9.38 10 `` Submerged '' January 3 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.41 1.1 3.93 2.0 9.37 11 `` Full - Tilt Boogie '' January 10 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.70 1.1 4.13 2.1 9.83 12 `` Bad Moon on the Rise '' January 17 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.63 1.1 4.02 2.1 9.65 13 `` Cure '' January 24 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.30 1.1 4.12 2.0 9.42 14 `` Miasma '' January 31 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.42 1.0 3.90 2.0 9.32 15 `` Annihilator '' March 7 , 2018 0.9 / 3 5.05 1.0 4.06 1.9 9.11 16 `` Last Gasp '' March 14 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.69 1.2 4.16 2.1 9.85 17 `` The Capilanos '' March 21 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.26 1.1 3.94 2.0 9.20 18 `` The Dance of Love '' March 28 , 2018 1.1 / 5 6.59 TBD TBD TBD TBD 19 `` Ex Parte '' April 4 , 2018 1.0 / 4 5.90 TBD TBD TBD TBD 20 `` All You Can Eat '' April 11 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 21 `` Mixed Signals '' April 18 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 22 `` Believer '' April 18 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' Renewed For Season 13 By CBS '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Angelica , Patricia ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` The Replicator , season 13 , writers ' strike , USC : an exclusive interview with Harry Bring , the LLPOS of Criminal Minds '' . Criminal Minds Brasil . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CRIMINAL MINDS Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Damon Gupton Leaving CBS Series After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gupton , Damon ( @ DamonGupton ) ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` wanted to let you know I appreciate this as I just lost my job . You throwing out the 1st pitch is pure class and a monumental image '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Criminal Minds ' : Daniel Henney Of ' Beyond Borders ' Joins Mothership Series '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on X-Files , Riverdale , Supergirl , Supernatural , Chuck , NCIS , Elementary and More '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Today starts 1305 prep . Director : Aisha Tyler Writer : Karen Maser `` The Bunker '' '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Then you will be happy to watch Ep 1311 to be written by the fabulous @ ecmess & @ Vangsness '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Maser , Karen ( @ KarenMaser ) ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` # 1316 . It will be written by Stephanie Sengupta '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Minds Adds Beyond Borders ' Daniel Henney as Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Criminal Minds : Shemar Moore Set for Encore , to Help Garcia With ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Wall ' and ' SNL Thanksgiving ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Match Game ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' & ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Me and Diana Valentine @ Ladydi2000 on Valentine 's Day . Prep day 1 on episode 1320 `` All You Can Eat '' written by @ KarenMaser '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Location scouting 1321 . `` Mixed Signals '' Written by @ e4meredith and @ erikstiller Directed by Alec Smight '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Bring , Harry ( @ LLPOS ) ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Today we are pre-scouting locations for 1322 . `` Believer '' Written by Breen Frazier and Directed by Glenn Kershaw '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Criminal Minds on IMDb Criminal Minds at TV.com ( hide ) Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Characters Jason Gideon Aaron Hotchner Elle Greenaway Derek Morgan Spencer Reid Jennifer Jareau Penelope Garcia Emily Prentiss David Rossi Alex Blake Video game Suspect Behavior Sam Cooper Beyond Borders Episodes Season 1 Characters Jack Garrett Clara Seger Russ Montgomery Matt Simmons Mae Jarvis International South Korean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_Minds_(season_13)&oldid=835142628 '' Categories : Criminal Minds 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Français Italiano Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do new episodes of criminal minds come on | [
"The thirteenth season of Criminal Minds was ordered on April 7, 2017, by CBS with an order of 22 episodes.[1][2] The season premiered on September 27, 2017 in a new time slot at 10:00PM on Wednesday when it had previously been at 9:00PM on Wednesday since its inception. The season will conclude on April 18, 2018 with a two-hour season finale.[3]"
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"April 18, 2018"
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-8801792228457322068 | Have You Seen Her | Have You Seen Her - wikipedia Have You Seen Her Jump to : navigation , search `` Have You Seen Her '' Single by The Chi - Lites from the album ( For God 's Sake ) Give More Power to the People B - side `` Yes I 'm Ready ( If I Do n't Get To Go ) '' Released October 1971 Format 7 '' Recorded 1971 Genre R&B , soul Length 5 : 08 Label Brunswick B 55462 Songwriter ( s ) Barbara Acklin , Eugene Record Producer ( s ) Eugene Record The Chi - Lites singles chronology `` I Want to Pay You Back ( For Loving Me ) '' ( 1971 ) `` Have You Seen Her '' ( 1971 ) `` Oh Girl '' ( 1971 ) `` I Want to Pay You Back ( For Loving Me ) '' ( 1971 ) `` Have You Seen Her '' ( 1971 ) `` Oh Girl '' ( 1971 ) `` Have You Seen Her '' Single by MC Hammer from the album Please Hammer Do n't Hurt ' Em Released March 16 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 16 ) Format CD single Recorded Genre Hip hop Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Eugene Record Barbara Acklin Producer ( s ) MC Hammer MC Hammer singles chronology `` U Ca n't Touch This '' ( 1989 ) `` Have You Seen Her '' ( 1990 ) `` Pray '' ( 1990 ) `` U Ca n't Touch This '' ( 1989 ) `` Have You Seen Her '' ( 1990 ) `` Pray '' ( 1990 ) `` Have You Seen Her '' is a song recorded by the soul vocal group , The Chi - Lites , and released on Brunswick Records in 1971 . Composed by the lead singer Eugene Record and Barbara Acklin , the song was included on the group 's 1971 album ( For God 's Sake ) Give More Power to the People . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 References 4 External links Song ( edit ) The Chi - Lites recorded `` Have You Seen Her '' in a style owing much to the doo - wop traditions of the late 1950s , after the success of another such song earlier in the year , The Temptations ' `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) . '' The song begins and ends with a narrator remarking on how he was once happy with a woman ; however , she left him , so he passes the days by partaking in leisurely activities . However , much to the dismay of the narrator , the woman does not return , or attempt to communicate with him as he had hoped . The narrator ends the song by musing on how foolish he was for believing the woman of his dreams would always be around . Some radio edits have omitted the spoken dialogue for just the singing portions . The song peaked at # 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and reached the top of the Billboard R&B Singles chart in November 1971 . It also reached # 3 on the UK Singles Chart in February 1972 . The most significant cover of `` Have You Seen Her '' was recorded by MC Hammer , for his successful 1990 LP , Please Hammer , Do n't Hurt ' Em , which reached # 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 8 on the UK Singles Chart . The Barron Knights produced a parody version . Patrick Simmons ( of The Doobie Brothers ) recorded a cover version on his 1983 solo album Arcade . X Factor series 2 contestant Maria Lawson used a sample of the song for her 2006 debut single `` Sleepwalking '' . In 2013 , voice actors Rob Paulsen and John DiMaggio performed a short parody version mocking the Anthony Weiner Scandal . They incorrectly attributed the song to The Stylistics . The song in its original recording by The Chi - Lites was included in the 2001 Clear Channel memorandum list released by Clear Channel Communications after the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , probably because at the light of the attacks the song lyrics could sound sensitive to the family of the victims , implying the girl could have died . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) The Chi - Lites version ( 1971 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs UK Singles Chart MC Hammer version ( 1990 ) Peak position Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 10 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 UK Singles Chart 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 47 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 117 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 103 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 357 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo ( 2006 ) . Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 ( in Finnish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Helsinki : Tammi . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 21053 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- MC Hammer Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1990 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Allmusic Preceded by `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' by Marvin Gaye Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number - one single November 20 -- 27 , 1971 Succeeded by `` Family Affair '' by Sly & the Family Stone The Chi - Lites Marshall Thompson Tara Thompson Fred Simon Robert `` Squirrel '' Lester Eugene Record Creadel `` Red '' Jones Clarence Johnson Stanley Anderson Willie Kensey Doc Roberson David Scott Danny Johnson Vandy Hampton Frank Reed Anthony Watson Studio albums Give It Away I Like Your Lovin ' ( Do You Like Mine ? ) ( For God 's Sake ) Give More Power to the People A Lonely Man A Letter to Myself Chi - Lites Toby Half a Love Happy Being Lonely Help Wanted Compilation albums Greatest Hits Singles `` The Twelfth of Never '' `` Have You Seen Her '' `` Oh Girl '' Related topics Discography Book : The Chi - Lites MC Hammer Studio albums `` Feel My Power '' ( 1987 ) `` Let 's Get It Started '' ( 1988 ) `` Please Hammer , Do n't Hurt ' Em '' ( 1990 ) `` Too Legit to Quit '' ( 1991 ) `` The Funky Headhunter '' ( 1994 ) `` Inside Out '' ( 1995 ) `` Active Duty '' ( 2001 ) `` Full Blast '' ( 2004 ) `` Look Look Look '' ( 2006 ) Compilations `` Greatest Hits '' ( 1996 ) `` Back 2 Back Hits '' ( 1997 ) `` The Hits '' ( 2000 ) Singles `` Let 's Get It Started '' ( 1987 ) `` Pump It Up '' ( 1988 ) `` Turn This Mutha Out '' ( 1988 ) `` They Put Me in the Mix '' ( 1988 ) `` U Ca n't Touch This '' ( 1990 ) `` Have You Seen Her '' ( 1990 ) `` Pray '' ( 1990 ) `` Here Comes the Hammer '' ( 1990 ) `` Yo ! ! Sweetness '' ( 1991 ) `` 2 Legit 2 Quit '' ( 1991 ) `` Addams Groove '' ( 1991 ) `` Do Not Pass Me By '' ( 1991 ) `` This Is the Way We Roll '' ( 1991 ) `` Pumps and a Bump '' ( 1993 ) `` It 's All Good '' ( 1993 ) `` Do n't Stop '' ( 1994 ) `` Straight to My Feet '' ( 1994 ) Related articles Discography Hammerman Hammertime The Surreal Life ( season 1 ) Capitol Death Row Records Giant Records EMI Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Have_You_Seen_Her&oldid=790566786 '' Categories : 1971 singles 1990 singles The Chi - Lites songs MC Hammer songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Eugene Record Songs written by Barbara Acklin Rhythm and blues ballads Brunswick Records singles 1971 songs Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Singlechart usages for Germany Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2017 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings tell me have you seen her | [
"\"Have You Seen Her\" is a song recorded by the soul vocal group, The Chi-Lites, and released on Brunswick Records in 1971. Composed by the lead singer Eugene Record and Barbara Acklin, the song was included on the group's 1971 album (For God's Sake) Give More Power to the People."
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"The Chi-Lites"
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-1066369253883002344 | Meristem | Meristem - wikipedia Meristem Jump to : navigation , search Tunica - Corpus model of the apical meristem ( growing tip ) . The epidermal ( L1 ) and subepidermal ( L2 ) layers form the outer layers called the tunica . The inner L3 layer is called the corpus . Cells in the L1 and L2 layers divide in a sideways fashion , which keeps these layers distinct , whereas the L3 layer divides in a more random fashion . A meristem is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells ( meristematic cells ) , found in zones of the plant where growth can take place . Meristematic cells give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing . There are three types of meristematic tissues : apical ( at the tips ) , intercalary ( at middle ) and lateral ( at the sides ) . There are two types of apical meristem tissue : shoot apical meristem ( SAM ) , which gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers , and root apical meristem ( RAM ) , which provides the meristematic cells for future root growth . SAM and RAM cells divide rapidly and are considered indeterminate , in that they do not possess any defined end status . In that sense , the meristematic cells are frequently compared to the stem cells in animals , which have an analogous behavior and function . The term meristem was first used in 1858 by Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli ( 1817 -- 1891 ) in his book Beiträge zur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik ( `` Contributions to Scientific Botany '' ) . It is derived from the Greek word merizein ( μερίζειν ) , meaning to divide , in recognition of its inherent function . In general , differentiated plant cells can not divide or produce cells of a different type . Therefore , cell division in the meristem is required to provide new cells for expansion and differentiation of tissues and initiation of new organs , providing the basic structure of the plant body . Meristematic cells are incompletely or not at all differentiated , and are capable of continued cellular division ( youthful ) . Furthermore , the cells are small and protoplasm fills the cell completely . The vacuoles are extremely small . The cytoplasm does not contain differentiated plastids ( chloroplasts or chromoplasts ) , although they are present in rudimentary form ( proplastids ) . Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular cavities . The cell wall is a very thin primary cell wall . Maintenance of the cells requires a balance between two antagonistic processes : organ initiation and stem cell population renewal . Apical meristems are the completely undifferentiated ( indeterminate ) meristems in a plant . These differentiate into three kinds of primary meristems . The primary meristems in turn produce the two secondary meristem types . These secondary meristems are also known as lateral meristems because they are involved in lateral growth . At the meristem summit , there is a small group of slowly dividing cells , which is commonly called the central zone . Cells of this zone have a stem cell function and are essential for meristem maintenance . The proliferation and growth rates at the meristem summit usually differ considerably from those at the periphery.It is also helps In the growth of the plant . Meristems also are induced in the roots of legumes such as soybean , Lotus japonicus , pea , and Medicago truncatula after infection with soil bacteria commonly called Rhizobium . Cells of the inner or outer cortex in the so - called `` window of nodulation '' just behind the developing root tip are induced to divide . The critical signal substance is the lipo - oligosaccharide Nod - factor , decorated with side groups to allow specificity of interaction . The Nod factor receptor proteins NFR1 and NFR5 were cloned from several legumes including Lotus japonicus , Medicago truncatula and soybean ( Glycine max ) . Regulation of nodule meristems utilizes long distance regulation commonly called `` Autoregulation of Nodulation '' ( AON ) . This process involves a leaf - vascular tissue located LRR receptor kinases ( LjHAR1 , GmNARK and MtSUNN ) , CLE peptide signalling , and KAPP interaction , similar to that seen in the CLV1 , 2 , 3 system . LjKLAVIER also exhibits a nodule regulation phenotype though it is not yet known how this relates to the other AON receptor kinases . Contents ( hide ) 1 Apical meristems 1.1 Shoot apical meristems 1.2 Root apical meristem 1.3 Intercalary meristem 1.4 Floral meristem 1.5 Apical dominance 1.6 Diversity in meristem architectures 1.7 Role of the KNOX - family genes 2 Primary meristems 3 Secondary meristems 4 Indeterminate growth of meristems 5 Cloning 6 See also 7 References 8 Footnotes Apical meristems ( edit ) Organisation of an apical meristem ( growing tip ) 1 - Central zone 2 - Peripheral zone 3 - Medullary ( i.e. central ) meristem 4 - Medullary tissue The number of layers varies according to plant type . In general the outermost layer is called the tunica while the innermost layers are the corpus . In monocots , the tunica determine the physical characteristics of the leaf edge and margin . In dicots , layer two of the corpus determine the characteristics of the edge of the leaf . The corpus and tunica play a critical part of the plant physical appearance as all plant cells are formed from the meristems . Apical meristems are found in two locations : the root and the stem . Some Arctic plants have an apical meristem in the lower / middle parts of the plant . It is thought that this kind of meristem evolved because it is advantageous in Arctic conditions . Shoot apical meristems ( edit ) Shoot apical meristems of Crassula ovata ( left ) . Fourteen days later , leaves have developed ( right ) . The source of all above - ground organs . Cells at the shoot apical meristem summit serve as stem cells to the surrounding peripheral region , where they proliferate rapidly and are incorporated into differentiating leaf or flower primordia . The shoot apical meristem is the site of most of the embryogenesis in flowering plants . Primordia of leaves , sepals , petals , stamens and ovaries are initiated here at the rate of one every time interval , called a plastochron . It is where the first indications that flower development has been evoked are manifested . One of these indications might be the loss of apical dominance and the release of otherwise dormant cells to develop as auxiliary shoot meristems , in some species in axils of primordia as close as two or three away from the apical dome . The shoot apical meristem consists of 4 distinct cell groups : Stem cells The immediate daughter cells of the stem cells A subjacent organising centre Founder cells for organ initiation in surrounding regions The four distinct zones mentioned above are maintained by a complex signalling pathway . In Arabidopsis thaliana , 3 interacting CLAVATA genes are required to regulate the size of the stem cell reservoir in the shoot apical meristem by controlling the rate of cell division . CLV1 and CLV2 are predicted to form a receptor complex ( of the LRR receptor - like kinase family ) to which CLV3 is a ligand . CLV3 shares some homology with the ESR proteins of maize , with a short 14 amino acid region being conserved between the proteins . Proteins that contain these conserved regions have been grouped into the CLE family of proteins . CLV1 has been shown to interact with several cytoplasmic proteins that are most likely involved in downstream signalling . For example , the CLV complex has been found to be associated with Rho / Rac small GTPase - related proteins . These proteins may act as an intermediate between the CLV complex and a mitogen - activated protein kinase ( MAPK ) , which is often involved in signalling cascades . KAPP is a kinase - associated protein phosphatase that has been shown to interact with CLV1 . KAPP is thought to act as a negative regulator of CLV1 by dephosphorylating it . Another important gene in plant meristem maintenance is WUSCHEL ( shortened to WUS ) , which is a target of CLV signalling . WUS is expressed in the cells below the stem cells of the meristem and its presence prevents the differentiation of the stem cells . CLV1 acts to promote cellular differentiation by repressing WUS activity outside of the central zone containing the stem cells . SHOOT MERISTEMLESS ( STM ) also acts to prevent the differentiation of stem cells by repressing the expression of MYB genes that are involved in cellular differentiation . Root apical meristem ( edit ) 10x microscope image of root tip with meristem 1 - quiescent center 2 - calyptrogen ( live rootcap cells ) 3 - rootcap 4 - sloughed off dead rootcap cells 5 - procambium Unlike the shoot apical meristem , the root apical meristem produces cells in two dimensions . It harbors two pools of stem cells around an organizing center called the quiescent center ( QC ) cells and together produce most of the cells in an adult root . At its apex , the root meristem is covered by the root cap , which protects and guides its growth trajectory . Cells are continuously sloughed off the outer surface of the root cap . The QC cells are characterized by their low mitotic activity . Evidence suggests that the QC maintains the surrounding stem cells by preventing their differentiation , via signal ( s ) that are yet to be discovered . This allows a constant supply of new cells in the meristem required for continuous root growth . Recent findings indicate that QC can also act as a reservoir of stem cells to replenish whatever is lost or damaged . Root apical meristem and tissue patterns become established in the embryo in the case of the primary root , and in the new lateral root primordium in the case of secondary roots . Intercalary meristem ( edit ) In angiosperms , intercalary meristems occur only in monocot ( in particular , grass ) stems at the base of nodes and leaf blades . Horsetails also exhibit intercalary growth . Intercalary meristems are capable of cell division , and they allow for rapid growth and regrowth of many monocots . Intercalary meristems at the nodes of bamboo allow for rapid stem elongation , while those at the base of most grass leaf blades allow damaged leaves to rapidly regrow . This leaf regrowth in grasses evolved in response to damage by grazing herbivores . Floral meristem ( edit ) Further information : ABC model of flower development When plants begin the developmental process known as flowering , the shoot apical meristem is transformed into an inflorescence meristem , which goes on to produce the floral meristem , which produces the sepals , petals , stamens , and carpels of the flower . In contrast to vegetative apical meristems and some exflorescence meristems , floral meristems can not continue to grow indefinitely . Their future growth is limited to the flower with a particular size and form . The transition from shoot meristem to floral meristem requires floral meristem identity genes , that both specify the floral organs and cause the termination of the production of stem cells . AGAMOUS ( AG ) is a floral homeotic gene required for floral meristem termination and necessary for proper development of the stamens and carpels . AG is necessary to prevent the conversion of floral meristems to inflorescence shoot meristems , but is not involved in the transition from shoot to floral meristem . AG is turned on by the floral meristem identity gene LEAFY ( LFY ) and WUS and is restricted to the centre of the floral meristem or the inner two whorls . This way floral identity and region specificity is achieved . WUS activates AG by binding to a consensus sequence in the AG 's second intron and LFY binds to adjacent recognition sites . Once AG is activated it represses expression of WUS leading to the termination of the meristem . Through the years , scientists have manipulated floral meristems for economic reasons . An example is the mutant tobacco plant `` Maryland Mammoth . '' In 1936 , the department of agriculture of Switzerland performed several scientific tests with this plant . `` Maryland Mammoth '' is peculiar in that it grows much faster than other tobacco plants . Apical dominance ( edit ) Apical dominance is phenomenon where one meristem prevents or inhibits the growth of other meristems . As a result , the plant will have one clearly defined main trunk . For example , in trees , the tip of the main trunk bears the dominant meristem . Therefore , the tip of the trunk grows rapidly and is not shadowed by branches . If the dominant meristem is cut off , one or more branch tips will assume dominance . The branch will start growing faster and the new growth will be vertical . Over the years , the branch may begin to look more and more like an extension of the main trunk . Often several branches will exhibit this behaviour after the removal of apical meristem , leading to a bushy growth . The mechanism of apical dominance is based on the plant hormone auxin . It is produced in the apical meristem and transported towards the roots in the cambium . If apical dominance is complete , it prevents any branches from forming as long as the apical meristem is active . If the dominance is incomplete , side branches will develop . Recent investigations into apical dominance and the control of branching have revealed a new plant hormone family termed strigolactones . These compounds were previously known to be involved in seed germination and communication with mycorrhizal fungi and are now shown to be involved in inhibition of branching . Diversity in meristem architectures ( edit ) Is the mechanism of being indeterminate conserved in the SAMs of the plant world ? The SAM contains a population of stem cells that also produce the lateral meristems while the stem elongates . It turns out that the mechanism of regulation of the stem cell number might indeed be evolutionarily conserved . The CLAVATA gene CLV2 responsible for maintaining the stem cell population in Arabidopsis thaliana is very closely related to the Maize gene FASCIATED EAR 2 ( FEA2 ) also involved in the same function . Similarly , in Rice , the FON1 - FON2 system seems to bear a close relationship with the CLV signaling system in Arabidopsis thaliana . These studies suggest that the regulation of stem cell number , identity and differentiation might be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in monocots , if not in angiosperms . Rice also contains another genetic system distinct from FON1 - FON2 , that is involved in regulating stem cell number . This example underlines the innovation that goes about in the living world all the time . Role of the KNOX - family genes ( edit ) Note the long spur of the above flower . Spurs attract pollinators and confer pollinator specificity . ( Flower : Linaria dalmatica ) Complex leaves of C. hirsuta are a result of KNOX gene expression Genetic screens have identified genes belonging to the KNOX family in this function . These genes essentially maintain the stem cells in an undifferentiated state . The KNOX family has undergone quite a bit of evolutionary diversification , while keeping the overall mechanism more or less similar . Members of the KNOX family have been found in plants as diverse as Arabidopsis thaliana , rice , barley and tomato . KNOX - like genes are also present in some algae , mosses , ferns and gymnosperms . Misexpression of these genes leads to formation of interesting morphological features . For example , among members of Antirrhinae , only the species of genus Antirrhinum lack a structure called spur in the floral region . A spur is considered an evolutionary innovation because it defines pollinator specificity and attraction . Researchers carried out transposon mutagenesis in Antirrhinum majus , and saw that some insertions led to formation of spurs that were very similar to the other members of Antirrhinae , indicating that the loss of spur in wild Antirrhinum majus populations could probably be an evolutionary innovation . The KNOX family has also been implicated in leaf shape evolution ( See below for a more detailed discussion ) . One study looked at the pattern of KNOX gene expression in A. thaliana , that has simple leaves and Cardamine hirsuta , a plant having complex leaves . In A. thaliana , the KNOX genes are completely turned off in leaves , but in C. hirsuta , the expression continued , generating complex leaves . Also , it has been proposed that the mechanism of KNOX gene action is conserved across all vascular plants , because there is a tight correlation between KNOX expression and a complex leaf morphology . Primary meristems ( edit ) Apical meristems may differentiate into three kinds of primary meristem : Protoderm : lies around the outside of the stem and develops into the epidermis . Procambium : lies just inside of the protoderm and develops into primary xylem and primary phloem . It also produces the vascular cambium , and cork cambium , secondary meristems . The cork cambium further differentiates into the phelloderm ( to the inside ) and the phellem , or cork ( to the outside ) . All three of these layers ( cork cambium , phellem and phelloderm ) constitute the periderm . In roots , the procambium can also give rise to the pericycle , which produces lateral roots in eudicots . Ground meristem : develops into the cortex and the pith . Composed of parenchyma , collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells . These meristems are responsible for primary growth , or an increase in length or height , which were discovered by scientist Joseph D. Carr of North Carolina in 1943 . Secondary meristems ( edit ) There are two types of secondary meristems , these are also called the lateral meristems because they surround the established stem of a plant and cause it to grow laterally ( i.e. , larger in diameter ) . Vascular cambium , which produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem . This is a process that may continue throughout the life of the plant . This is what gives rise to wood in plants . Such plants are called arborescent . This does not occur in plants that do not go through secondary growth ( known as herbaceous plants ) . Cork cambium , which gives rise to the periderm , which replaces the epidermis . Indeterminate growth of meristems ( edit ) Though each plant grows according to a certain set of rules , each new root and shoot meristem can go on growing for as long as it is alive . In many plants , meristematic growth is potentially indeterminate , making the overall shape of the plant not determinate in advance . This is the primary growth . Primary growth leads to lengthening of the plant body and organ formation . All plant organs arise ultimately from cell divisions in the apical meristems , followed by cell expansion and differentiation . Primary growth gives rise to the apical part of many plants . The growth of nitrogen fixing nodules on legume plants such as soybean and pea is either determinate or indeterminate . Thus , soybean ( or bean and Lotus japonicus ) produce determinate nodules ( spherical ) , with a branched vascular system surrounding the central infected zone . Often , Rhizobium infected cells have only small vacuoles . In contrast , nodules on pea , clovers , and Medicago truncatula are indeterminate , to maintain ( at least for some time ) an active meristem that yields new cells for Rhizobium infection . Thus zones of maturity exist in the nodule . Infected cells usually possess a large vacuole . The plant vascular system is branched and peripheral . Cloning ( edit ) Under appropriate conditions , each shoot meristem can develop into a complete new plant or clone . Such new plants can be grown from shoot cuttings that contain an apical meristem . Root apical meristems are not readily cloned , however . This cloning is called asexual reproduction or vegetative reproduction and is widely practiced in horticulture to mass - produce plants of a desirable genotype . This process is also known as mericloning . Propagating through cuttings is another form of vegetative propagation that initiates root or shoot production from secondary meristematic cambial cells . This explains why basal ' wounding ' of shoot - borne cuttings often aids root formation . See also ( edit ) Secondary growth Stem cell Thallus Tissues References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Galun , Esra ( 2007 ) . Plant Patterning : Structural and Molecular Genetic Aspects . World Scientific Publishing Company . p. 333 . ISBN 9789812704085 ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , J.C. ( 2002 ) . `` Shoot and Floral Meristem Maintenance in Arabidopsis '' . Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 53 : 45 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Clark SE , Williams RW , Meyerowitz E ( 1997 ) . `` The CLAVATA1 gene encodes a putative receptor kinase that controls shoot and floral meristem size in Arabidopsis '' . Cell. 89 ( 4 ) : 575 -- 85 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 80239 - 1 . PMID 9160749 . Jump up ^ Jeong S , Trotochaud AE , Clark S ( 1999 ) . `` The Arabidopsis CLAVATA2 gene encodes a receptor - like protein required for the stability of the CLAVATA1 receptor - like kinase '' . Plant Cell. 11 ( 10 ) : 1925 -- 33 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 11.10. 1925 . Jump up ^ Fletcher JC , Brand U , Running MP , Simon R , Meyerowitz EM ( 1999 ) . `` Signaling of cell fate decisions by CLAVATA3 in Arabidopsis shoot meristems '' . Science . 283 ( 5409 ) : 1911 -- 14 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 283.5409. 1911 . ^ Jump up to : J. Mark Cock ; Sheila McCormick ( July 2001 ) . `` A Large Family of Genes That Share Homology with CLAVATA3 '' . Plant Physiology. 126 : 939 -- 942 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 126.3. 939 . PMC 1540125 . PMID 11457943 . ^ Jump up to : Karsten Oelkers , Nicolas Goffard , Georg F Weiller , Peter M Gresshoff , Ulrike Mathesius and Tancred Frickey ( 3 January 2008 ) . `` Bioinformatic Analysis of the CLE signalling peptide family '' . BMC Plant Biology . 8 : 1 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2229 - 8 - 1 . PMC 2254619 . PMID 18171480 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Valster , A.H. ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Plant GTPases : the Rhos in bloom '' . Trends in Cell Biology . 10 ( 4 ) : 141 -- 146 . doi : 10.1016 / s0962 - 8924 ( 00 ) 01728 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Stone , J.M. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Control of meristem development by CLAVATA1 receptor kinase and kinase - associated protein phosphatase interactions '' . Plant Physiology. 117 : 1217 -- 1225 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 117.4. 1217 . PMC 34886 . PMID 9701578 . ^ Jump up to : Mayer , K.F. X ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Role of WUSCHEL in Regulating Stem Cell Fate in the Arabidopsis Shoot Meristem '' . Cell. 95 : 805 -- 815 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 81703 - 1 . PMID 9865698 . Jump up ^ Jose Sebastian and Ji - Young Lee ( 2013 ) . Root Apical Meristems . In : eLS . John Wiley & Sons Ltd , Chichester . http://www.els.net ( doi : 10.1002 / 9780470015902. a0020121. pub2 ) Jump up ^ Tom Bennett and Ben Scheres ( 2010 ) . Root development - two meristems for the price of one ? Current Topics in Developmental Biology . doi : 10.1016 / S0070 - 2153 ( 10 ) 91003 - X Jump up ^ Renze Heidstra and Sabrina Sabatini ( 2014 ) . Plant and animal stem cells : similar yet different . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 15 ( 5 ) : 301 - 12 doi : 10.1038 / nrm3790 Jump up ^ Mizukami , Y and Ma , H ( 1997 ) Determination of Arabidopsis Floral Meristem identity by Agamous The Plant Cell , Vol. 9 , 393 - 408 ^ Jump up to : Lohmann , J.U. et al. ( 2001 ) A Molecular Link between Stem Cell Regulation and Floral Patterning in Arabidopsis Cell 105 : 793 - 803 Jump up ^ `` Branching out : new class of plant hormones inhibits branch formation '' . Nature . 455 ( 7210 ) . 2008 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Taguchi - Shiobara ; Yuan , Z ; Hake , S ; Jackson , D ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The fasciated ear2 gene encodes a leucine - rich repeat receptor - like protein that regulates shoot meristem proliferation in maize '' . Genes & Development . 15 ( 20 ) : 2755 -- 2766 . doi : 10.1101 / gad. 208501 . PMC 312812 . PMID 11641280 . ^ Jump up to : Suzaki T. ; Toriba , T ; Fujimoto , M ; Tsutsumi , N ; Kitano , H ; Hirano , HY ( 2006 ) . `` Conservation and Diversification of Meristem Maintenance Mechanism in Oryza sativa : Function of the FLORAL ORGAN NUMBER2 Gene '' . Plant and Cell Physiol. 47 ( 12 ) : 1591 -- 1602 . doi : 10.1093 / pcp / pcl025 . PMID 17056620 . Jump up ^ Golz J.F. ; Keck , Emma J. ; Hudson , Andrew ( 2002 ) . `` Spontaneous Mutations in KNOX Genes Give Rise to a Novel Floral Structure in Antirrhinum '' . Curr. Biol. 12 ( 7 ) : 515 -- 522 . doi : 10.1016 / S0960 - 9822 ( 02 ) 00721 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hay and Tsiantis ; Tsiantis , M ( 2006 ) . `` The genetic basis for differences in leaf form between Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relative Cardamine hirsuta '' . Nat . Genet. 38 ( 8 ) : 942 -- 947 . doi : 10.1038 / ng1835 . PMID 16823378 . Jump up ^ Bharathan G , et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Homologies in Leaf Form Inferred from KNOXI Gene Expression During Development '' . Science . 296 ( 5574 ) : 1858 -- 1860 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1070343 . PMID 12052958 . ^ Jump up to : Evert , Ray , and Susan Eichhorn . Raven Biology of Plants . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company , 2013 . Print . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , K.A.D ; Howard , B.H ( 1986 ) . `` The Anatomical Relationship Between Cambial Regeneration and Root Initiation in Wounded Winter Cuttings of the Apple Rootstock M. 26 '' . Annals of Botany. 58 : 649 -- 661 . Footnotes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Méristème . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Meristem . Plant Anatomy Laboratory from University of Texas ; the lab of JD Mauseth . Micrographs of plant cells and tissues , with explanatory text . Schoof , Heiko ; Lenhard , M ; Haecker , A ; Mayer , KF ; Jürgens , G ; Laux , T ( 2000 ) . `` Arabidopsis shoot meristems is maintained by a regulatory loop between Clavata and Wuschel genes '' . Cell. 100 ( 6 ) : 635 -- 644 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 80700 - X . PMID 10761929 . Scofield and Murray ( 2006 ) . The evolving concept of the meristem . Plant Molecular Biology 60 : v -- vii Meristemania.org Research on meristems ( hide ) Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meristem&oldid=823364008 '' Categories : Plant anatomy Plant physiology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 20 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of animal cell is similar to plant meristematic | [
"There are two types of apical meristem tissue: shoot apical meristem (SAM), which gives rise to organs like the leaves and flowers, and root apical meristem (RAM), which provides the meristematic cells for future root growth. SAM and RAM cells divide rapidly and are considered indeterminate, in that they do not possess any defined end status. In that sense, the meristematic cells are frequently compared to the stem cells in animals, which have an analogous behavior and function."
] | [
"stem cells"
] |
-9043229752070236832 | Centi- | Centi - - wikipedia Centi - Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Look up centi - in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Centi - ( symbol c ) is a unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one hundredth . Proposed in 1793 and adopted in 1795 , the prefix comes from the Latin centum , meaning `` hundred '' . Since 1960 , the prefix is part of the International System of Units ( SI ) . It is mainly used in combination with metre to form centimetre , a common unit of length . Example : A honey bee is about 1.3 centimetres long . SI prefixes Prefix Base 1000 Base 10 Decimal English word Adoption Name Symbol Short scale Long scale yotta Y 1000 10 1000000000000000000000000 septillion quadrillion 1991 zetta Z 1000 10 1000000000000000000000 sextillion trilliard 1991 exa 1000 10 1000000000000000000 quintillion trillion peta 1000 10 1000000000000000 quadrillion billiard tera 1000 10 1000000000000 trillion billion 1960 giga 1000 10 1000000000 billion milliard 1960 mega 1000 10 1000000 million 1873 kilo k 1000 10 1000 thousand 1795 hecto h 1000 10 100 hundred 1795 deca da 1000 10 10 ten 1795 1000 10 one -- deci d 1000 10 0.1 tenth 1795 centi 1000 10 0.01 hundredth 1795 milli m 1000 10 0.001 thousandth 1795 micro μ 1000 10 0.000 001 millionth 1873 nano n 1000 10 0.000 000 001 billionth milliardth 1960 pico p 1000 10 0.000 000 000 001 trillionth billionth 1960 femto f 1000 10 0.000 000 000 000 001 quadrillionth billiardth 1964 atto 1000 10 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 quintillionth trillionth 1964 zepto z 1000 10 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 sextillionth trilliardth 1991 yocto y 1000 10 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 septillionth quadrillionth 1991 Jump up ^ Prefixes adopted before 1960 already existed before SI. 1873 was the introduction of the CGS system . See also ( edit ) Percent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Commission temporaire de Poids & Mesures rêpublicaines , En exécution des Décrets de la Convention Nationale ( 1793 ) . Instruction abrégée sur les mesures déduites de la grandeur de la Terre ; uniformes pour toute la Rêpublique , et sur les Calculs relatifs à leur division décimale ( in French ) ( Edition originale ed . ) . Paris , France : De l _́ imprimerie nationale exécutive du Louvre . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Universcale : From the nanoworld to the universe -- The worlds we measure using our infinite yardstick '' . Nikon . 2013 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centi-&oldid=764425294 '' Categories : SI prefixes Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Latin - language text Talk About Wikipedia Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lietuvių മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2017 , at 21 : 29 . About Wikipedia | in the metric system the prefix centi- means | [
"Centi- (symbol c) is a unit prefix in the metric system denoting a factor of one hundredth. Proposed in 1793[1] and adopted in 1795, the prefix comes from the Latin centum, meaning \"hundred\". Since 1960, the prefix is part of the International System of Units (SI). It is mainly used in combination with metre to form centimetre, a common unit of length."
] | [
"a factor of one hundredth"
] |
-5015887666443047497 | List of solar eclipses in the 21st century | List of Solar Eclipses in the 21st century - wikipedia List of Solar Eclipses in the 21st century Jump to : navigation , search Lists of solar eclipses Geometry of a total solar eclipse ( not to scale ) Centuries BC ( show ) 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Eclipses seen from Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States See also Lists of lunar eclipses Total solar eclipse of July 22 , 2009 , from Bangladesh . During the 21st century , there will be 224 solar eclipses of which 77 will be partial , 72 will be annular , 68 will be total and 7 will be hybrids between total and annular eclipses . Of these , two annular and one total eclipse will be non-central , in the sense that the very center ( axis ) of the moon 's shadow will miss the earth ( for more information see gamma ) . In the 21st century the greatest number of eclipses in one year is four , in 2011 , 2029 , 2047 , 2065 , 2076 , and 2094 . The predictions given here are by Fred Espenak of NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center . At this point , the longest duration in which the moon completely covered the sun , known as totality , was during the solar eclipse of July 22 , 2009 . This total solar eclipse had a maximum duration of 6 minutes and 39 seconds . The longest possible duration of a total solar eclipse is 7 minutes and 32 seconds . The longest annular solar eclipse of the 21st century took place on January 15 , 2010 , with a duration of 11 minutes and 8 seconds . The maximum possible duration is 12 minutes and 29 seconds . The eclipse of May 20 , 2050 , will be the second hybrid eclipse in the span of less than one year , the first one being on November 25 , 2049 . The next solar eclipse ( Partial ) will occur on February 15 , 2018 ; the last solar eclipse ( Total ) occurred on August 21 , 2017 . The table contains the date and time of the greatest eclipse ( in dynamical time , which in this case is the time when the axis of the Moon 's shadow cone passes closest to the centre of Earth ; this is in Universal Time ) . The number of the saros series that the eclipse belongs to is given , followed by the magnitude of the eclipse ( the fraction of the Sun 's diameter obscured by the Moon ) and the type of the eclipse ( either total , annular , partial or hybrid ) . For total and annular eclipses , the duration of the eclipse is given , as well as the location of the greatest eclipse ( the point of maximum eclipse ) and the path width of the total or annular eclipse . The geographical areas from which the eclipse can be seen are listed . Date Time of greatest eclipse ( UTC ) Saros Type Magnitude Central duration ( min : s ) Location Path width Geographical area Ref ( s ) km mi 2001 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2001 12 : 04 : 46 127 Total 1.050 4 : 57 - 11.3 11 ° 18 ′ S 2 ° 42 ′ E / 11.3 ° S 2.7 ° E / - 11.3 ; 2.7 200 120 Total : Angola , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Mozambique and Madagascar Partial : South America , Africa 2001 - 12 - 14 December 14 , 2001 20 : 53 : 01 132 Annular 0.968 3 : 53 00.6 0 ° 36 ′ N 130 ° 42 ′ W / 0.6 ° N 130.7 ° W / 0.6 ; - 130.7 126 78 Annular : Nicaragua and Costa Rica Partial : North and Central America , northwestern South America , Hawaii 2002 - 06 - 10 June 10 , 2002 23 : 45 : 22 137 Annular 0.996 0 : 23 34.5 34 ° 30 ′ N 178 ° 36 ′ W / 34.5 ° N 178.6 ° W / 34.5 ; - 178.6 13 8.1 Annular : Manado , Indonesia , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and Puerto Vallarta , Mexico Partial : eastern Asia , northeastern Australia , North America , Hawaii 2002 - 12 - 04 December 4 , 2002 07 : 32 : 16 142 Total 1.024 2 : 04 - 39.5 39 ° 30 ′ S 59 ° 36 ′ E / 39.5 ° S 59.6 ° E / - 39.5 ; 59.6 87 54 Total : Angola , Botswana , Zimbabwe , South Africa , Mozambique and South Australia Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Indonesia , Australia 2003 - 05 - 31 May 31 , 2003 04 : 09 : 22 147 Annular 0.938 3 : 37 66.6 66 ° 36 ′ N 24 ° 30 ′ W / 66.6 ° N 24.5 ° W / 66.6 ; - 24.5 -- Annular : Greenland , Iceland , northeastern Scotland , Faroe Islands , Shetland Islands Partial : Eastern Europe , northern and western Asia , Middle East , Alaska , Greenland and northwestern Canada 2003 - 11 - 23 November 23 , 2003 22 : 50 : 22 152 Total 1.038 1 : 57 - 72.7 72 ° 42 ′ S 88 ° 24 ′ E / 72.7 ° S 88.4 ° E / - 72.7 ; 88.4 495 308 Total : East Antarctica Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica , southern Chile and Argentina 2004 - 04 - 19 April 19 , 2004 13 : 35 : 05 119 Partial 0.737 -- - 61.6 61 ° 36 ′ S 44 ° 18 ′ E / 61.6 ° S 44.3 ° E / - 61.6 ; 44.3 -- Partial : Antarctic Peninsula , east Antarctica , southern Africa 2004 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2004 03 : 00 : 23 124 Partial 0.928 -- 61.2 61 ° 12 ′ N 153 ° 42 ′ W / 61.2 ° N 153.7 ° W / 61.2 ; - 153.7 -- Partial : eastern Russia , Mongolia , Northeastern China , Korea , Japan , Hawaii , western Alaska 2005 - 04 - 08 April 8 , 2005 20 : 36 : 51 129 Hybrid 1.007 0 : 42 - 10.6 10 ° 36 ′ S 119 ° 00 ′ W / 10.6 ° S 119.0 ° W / - 10.6 ; - 119.0 27 17 Hybrid : Venezuela , Colombia , Panama , southeastern French Polynesia , Bounty Islands Partial : Pacific , Mexico , Central America , Caribbean , western South America , New Zealand , West Antarctica 2005 - 10 - 03 October 3 , 2005 10 : 32 : 47 134 Annular 0.958 4 : 32 12.9 12 ° 54 ′ N 28 ° 42 ′ E / 12.9 ° N 28.7 ° E / 12.9 ; 28.7 162 101 Annular : Portugal , Spain , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Chad , Sudan , Kenya and Somalia Partial : Africa , Europe , Western Asia , Middle East and India Pakistan 2006 - 03 - 29 March 29 , 2006 10 : 12 : 23 139 Total 1.052 4 : 07 23.2 23 ° 12 ′ N 16 ° 42 ′ E / 23.2 ° N 16.7 ° E / 23.2 ; 16.7 104 65 Total : Brazil , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Niger , Libya , northwest Egypt , Turkey , Georgia , southwestern Russia and Kazakhstan Partial : North Africa , Central Africa , eastern Brazil , Central Asia , Middle East , India Pakistan and Europe 2006 - 09 - 22 September 22 , 2006 11 : 41 : 16 144 Annular 0.935 7 : 09 - 20.6 20 ° 36 ′ S 9 ° 06 ′ W / 20.6 ° S 9.1 ° W / - 20.6 ; - 9.1 261 162 Annular : Guyana , Suriname and French Guiana Partial : South America , West Africa , Southern Africa , Antarctic Peninsula , east Antarctica 2007 - 03 - 19 March 19 , 2007 02 : 32 : 57 149 Partial 0.876 -- 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ N 55 ° 30 ′ E / 61.0 ° N 55.5 ° E / 61.0 ; 55.5 -- Partial : Asia , western Alaska 2007 - 09 - 11 September 11 , 2007 12 : 32 : 24 154 Partial 0.751 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 90 ° 12 ′ W / 61.0 ° S 90.2 ° W / - 61.0 ; - 90.2 -- Partial : Central and Southern South America , Antarctic Peninsula , east Antarctica , south Atlantic 2008 - 02 - 07 February 7 , 2008 03 : 56 : 10 121 Annular 0.965 2 : 12 - 67.6 67 ° 36 ′ S 150 ° 30 ′ W / 67.6 ° S 150.5 ° W / - 67.6 ; - 150.5 444 276 Annular : West Antarctica Partial : Antarctica , southeastern Australia , New Zealand , southeastern Melanesia , southeastern Micronesia , southeastern Polynesia 2008 - 08 - 01 August 1 , 2008 10 : 22 : 12 126 Total 1.039 2 : 27 65.7 65 ° 42 ′ N 72 ° 18 ′ E / 65.7 ° N 72.3 ° E / 65.7 ; 72.3 237 147 Total : Nunavut , northern Greenland , central Russia , western Mongolia , western China Partial : Nova Scotia , PEI , New Brunswick , Quebec , Nunavut , Greenland , northern Europe , Asia 2009 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 2009 07 : 59 : 45 131 Annular 0.928 7 : 54 - 34.1 34 ° 06 ′ S 70 ° 12 ′ E / 34.1 ° S 70.2 ° E / - 34.1 ; 70.2 280 170 Annular : southeast Sumatra , Jakarta and Borneo Partial : Southern Africa , east Antarctica , South East Asia , Philippines , Australia 2009 - 07 - 22 July 22 , 2009 02 : 36 : 25 136 Total 1.080 6 : 39 24.2 24 ° 12 ′ N 144 ° 06 ′ E / 24.2 ° N 144.1 ° E / 24.2 ; 144.1 258 160 Total : central and northeastern Pakistan India , Bhutan , Bangladesh , Myanmar , China , northern part of the Ryukyu Islands ( Satsunan ) Partial : Southeast Asia , Japan , South Korea , the Philippines , Indonesia , Central Pacific Ocean area and its islands 2010 - 01 - 15 January 15 , 2010 07 : 07 : 39 141 Annular 0.919 11 : 08 01.6 1 ° 36 ′ N 69 ° 18 ′ E / 1.6 ° N 69.3 ° E / 1.6 ; 69.3 333 207 Annular : Central African Republic , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Maldives , southeastern India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Myanmar , central China Partial : Africa , Southeastern Europe , Middle East , Asia 2010 - 07 - 11 July 11 , 2010 19 : 34 : 38 146 Total 1.058 5 : 20 - 19.7 19 ° 42 ′ S 121 ° 54 ′ W / 19.7 ° S 121.9 ° W / - 19.7 ; - 121.9 259 161 Total : Southern Chile and Argentina , Southeastern Polynesia Partial : southwestern South America , French Polynesia , Hawaii 2011 - 01 - 04 January 4 , 2011 08 : 51 : 42 151 Partial 0.858 -- 64.7 64 ° 42 ′ N 20 ° 48 ′ E / 64.7 ° N 20.8 ° E / 64.7 ; 20.8 -- Partial : Europe , Northern Africa , Central Asia , Middle East 2011 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2011 21 : 17 : 18 118 Partial 0.601 -- 67.8 67 ° 48 ′ N 46 ° 48 ′ E / 67.8 ° N 46.8 ° E / 67.8 ; 46.8 -- Partial : Iceland , northern Canada , Alaska , northeastern Asia , Greenland , northern Scandinavia 2011 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2011 08 : 39 : 30 156 Partial 0.097 -- - 65.2 65 ° 12 ′ S 28 ° 36 ′ E / 65.2 ° S 28.6 ° E / - 65.2 ; 28.6 -- Partial : Southern Indian Ocean near Antarctica 2011 - 11 - 25 November 25 , 2011 06 : 21 : 24 123 Partial 0.905 -- - 68.6 68 ° 36 ′ S 82 ° 24 ′ W / 68.6 ° S 82.4 ° W / - 68.6 ; - 82.4 -- Partial : Southwestern South Africa , Antarctica , Tasmania , New Zealand 2012 - 05 - 20 May 20 , 2012 23 : 53 : 54 128 Annular 0.944 5 : 46 49.1 49 ° 06 ′ N 176 ° 18 ′ E / 49.1 ° N 176.3 ° E / 49.1 ; 176.3 237 147 Annular : Southern China , Hong Kong , Macau , Kyushu , Shikoku , southern Honshu , Tokyo , Oregon , California , Nevada , Utah , Arizona , New Mexico , Texas Partial : Pacific , eastern Asia , North America , Hawaii 2012 - 11 - 13 November 13 , 2012 22 : 12 : 55 133 Total 1.050 4 : 02 - 40.0 40 ° 00 ′ S 161 ° 18 ′ W / 40.0 ° S 161.3 ° W / - 40.0 ; - 161.3 179 111 Total : Arnhem Land and central Cape York Peninsula , Australia , Kermadec Islands , New Zealand Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Melanesia , Southeastern South America , Southern Pacific , Polynesia , Antarctic Peninsula , West Antarctica , Talos Dome 2013 - 05 - 10 May 10 , 2013 00 : 26 : 20 138 Annular 0.954 6 : 03 02.2 2 ° 12 ′ N 175 ° 30 ′ E / 2.2 ° N 175.5 ° E / 2.2 ; 175.5 173 107 Annular : Western Australia , Northern Territory and Queensland , Australia , Louisiade Archipelago , Solomon Islands , Kiribati Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Central Pacific , Hawaii , Indonesia 2013 - 11 - 03 November 3 , 2013 12 : 47 : 36 143 Hybrid 1.016 1 : 40 03.5 3 ° 30 ′ N 11 ° 42 ′ W / 3.5 ° N 11.7 ° W / 3.5 ; - 11.7 58 36 Hybrid : Gabon , Republic of the Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Kenya , Ethiopia Partial : Eastern America , Eastern Canada , Caribbean , Eastern South America , South Europe , Africa 2014 - 04 - 29 April 29 , 2014 06 : 04 : 33 148 Annular ( non-central ) 0.987 -- - 70.6 70 ° 36 ′ S 131 ° 18 ′ E / 70.6 ° S 131.3 ° E / - 70.6 ; 131.3 -- Annular : western Wilkes Land Partial : South Indian Ocean , Australia , east Antarctica 2014 - 10 - 23 October 23 , 2014 21 : 45 : 39 153 Partial 0.811 -- 71.2 71 ° 12 ′ N 97 ° 12 ′ W / 71.2 ° N 97.2 ° W / 71.2 ; - 97.2 -- Partial : Northern Pacific , North America , Mexico , Eastern Russia 2015 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2015 09 : 46 : 47 120 Total 1.045 2 : 47 64.4 64 ° 24 ′ N 6 ° 36 ′ W / 64.4 ° N 6.6 ° W / 64.4 ; - 6.6 463 288 Total : Faroe Islands , Svalbard , North Atlantic , North Pole Partial : Greenland , Europe , Central Asia , Western Russia 2015 - 09 - 13 September 13 , 2015 06 : 55 : 19 125 Partial 0.788 -- - 72.1 72 ° 06 ′ S 2 ° 18 ′ W / 72.1 ° S 2.3 ° W / - 72.1 ; - 2.3 -- Partial : Southern Africa , South Indian Ocean , east Antarctica 2016 - 03 - 09 March 9 , 2016 01 : 58 : 19 130 Total 1.045 4 : 09 10.1 10 ° 06 ′ N 148 ° 48 ′ E / 10.1 ° N 148.8 ° E / 10.1 ; 148.8 155 96 Total : Indonesia , Micronesia , Marshall Islands Partial : Southeastern Asia , Korea , Japan , Eastern Russia , Alaska , northwestern Australia , Hawaii , Pacific 2016 - 09 - 01 September 1 , 2016 09 : 08 : 02 135 Annular 0.974 3 : 06 - 10.7 10 ° 42 ′ S 37 ° 48 ′ E / 10.7 ° S 37.8 ° E / - 10.7 ; 37.8 100 62 Annular : Atlantic , Central Africa , Madagascar , Indian Partial : Africa , Indian Ocean 2017 - 02 - 26 February 26 , 2017 14 : 54 : 33 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 44 - 34.7 34 ° 42 ′ S 31 ° 12 ′ W / 34.7 ° S 31.2 ° W / - 34.7 ; - 31.2 31 19 Annular : southern Chile and Argentina , Angola , southwestern Katanga Partial : Southern and Western Africa , Southern South America , Antarctica 2017 - 08 - 21 August 21 , 2017 18 : 26 : 40 145 Total 1.031 2 : 40 37.0 37 ° 00 ′ N 87 ° 42 ′ W / 37.0 ° N 87.7 ° W / 37.0 ; - 87.7 115 71 Total : Oregon , Idaho , Wyoming , Nebraska , northeastern Kansas , Missouri , Southern Illinois , Western Kentucky , Tennessee , Southwestern North Carolina , northeastern Georgia , South Carolina Partial : North America , Hawaii , Greenland , Iceland , British Isles , Portugal , Central America , Caribbean , northern South America , Chukchi Peninsula 2018 - 02 - 15 February 15 , 2018 20 : 52 : 33 150 Partial 0.599 -- - 71.0 71 ° 00 ′ S 0 ° 36 ′ E / 71.0 ° S 0.6 ° E / - 71.0 ; 0.6 -- Partial : Antarctica , Southern South America 2018 - 07 - 13 July 13 , 2018 03 : 02 : 16 117 Partial 0.336 -- - 67.9 67 ° 54 ′ S 127 ° 24 ′ E / 67.9 ° S 127.4 ° E / - 67.9 ; 127.4 -- Partial : South Australia , Victoria , Tasmania , Indian Ocean , Budd Coast 2018 - 08 - 11 August 11 , 2018 09 : 47 : 28 155 Partial 0.737 -- 70.4 70 ° 24 ′ N 174 ° 30 ′ E / 70.4 ° N 174.5 ° E / 70.4 ; 174.5 -- Partial : Northeastern Canada , Greenland , Iceland , Arctic Ocean , Scandinavia , northern British Isles , Russia , northern Asia 2019 - 01 - 06 January 6 , 2019 01 : 42 : 38 122 Partial 0.715 -- 67.4 67 ° 24 ′ N 153 ° 36 ′ E / 67.4 ° N 153.6 ° E / 67.4 ; 153.6 -- Partial : Northeastern Asia , Southwestern Alaska , Aleutian Islands 2019 - 07 - 02 July 2 , 2019 19 : 24 : 08 127 Total 1.046 4 : 33 - 17.4 17 ° 24 ′ S 109 ° 00 ′ W / 17.4 ° S 109.0 ° W / - 17.4 ; - 109.0 201 125 Total : Pitcairn Islands , central Argentina and Chile , Tuamotu Archipelago Partial : South America , Easter Island , Galapagos Islands , Southern Central America , Polynesia 2019 - 12 - 26 December 26 , 2019 05 : 18 : 53 132 Annular 0.970 3 : 40 01.0 1 ° 00 ′ N 102 ° 18 ′ E / 1.0 ° N 102.3 ° E / 1.0 ; 102.3 118 73 Annular : northeastern Pakistan Saudi Arabia , Bahrain , Qatar , United Arab Emirates , Oman , Lakshadweep , Southern India , Sri Lanka , northern Sumatra , southern Malaysia , Singapore , Borneo , central Indonesia , Palau , Micronesia , Guam Partial : Asia , Western Melanesia , northwestern Australia , Middle East , East Africa 2020 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2020 06 : 41 : 15 137 Annular 0.994 0 : 38 30.5 30 ° 30 ′ N 79 ° 42 ′ E / 30.5 ° N 79.7 ° E / 30.5 ; 79.7 21 13 Annular : Democratic Republic of the Congo , Sudan , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Yemen , Empty Quarter , Oman , southern Pakistan , northern India , New Delhi , Tibet , southern China , Chongqing , Taiwan Partial : Asia , Southeastern Europe , Africa , Middle East , West Melanesia , Western Australia , Northern Territory , Cape York Peninsula 2020 - 12 - 14 December 14 , 2020 16 : 14 : 39 142 Total 1.025 2 : 10 - 40.3 40 ° 18 ′ S 67 ° 54 ′ W / 40.3 ° S 67.9 ° W / - 40.3 ; - 67.9 90 56 Total : Southern Chile and Argentina , Kiribati , Polynesia Partial : Central and Southern South America , Southwest Africa , Antarctic Peninsula , Ellsworth Land , Western Queen Maud Land 2021 - 06 - 10 June 10 , 2021 10 : 43 : 07 147 Annular 0.943 3 : 51 80.8 80 ° 48 ′ N 66 ° 48 ′ W / 80.8 ° N 66.8 ° W / 80.8 ; - 66.8 527 327 Annular : Northern Canada , Greenland , Russia Partial : Northern North America , Europe , Asia 2021 - 12 - 04 December 4 , 2021 07 : 34 : 38 152 Total 1.037 1 : 54 - 76.8 76 ° 48 ′ S 46 ° 12 ′ W / 76.8 ° S 46.2 ° W / - 76.8 ; - 46.2 419 260 Total : Antarctica Partial : South Africa , South Atlantic 2022 - 04 - 30 April 30 , 2022 20 : 42 : 36 119 Partial 0.640 -- - 62.1 62 ° 06 ′ S 71 ° 30 ′ W / 62.1 ° S 71.5 ° W / - 62.1 ; - 71.5 -- Partial : Southeast Pacific , Southern South America 2022 - 10 - 25 October 25 , 2022 11 : 01 : 20 124 Partial 0.862 -- 61.6 61 ° 36 ′ N 77 ° 24 ′ E / 61.6 ° N 77.4 ° E / 61.6 ; 77.4 -- Partial : Europe , northeast Africa , Mid East , West Asia 2023 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2023 04 : 17 : 56 129 Hybrid 1.013 1 : 16 - 09.6 9 ° 36 ′ S 125 ° 48 ′ E / 9.6 ° S 125.8 ° E / - 9.6 ; 125.8 49 30 Hybrid : Indonesia , Australia , Papua New Guinea Partial : Southeast Asia , East Indies , Philippines , New Zealand 2023 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2023 18 : 00 : 41 134 Annular 0.952 5 : 17 11.4 11 ° 24 ′ N 83 ° 06 ′ W / 11.4 ° N 83.1 ° W / 11.4 ; - 83.1 187 116 Annular : Western United States , Central America , Colombia , Brazil Partial : North America , Central America , South America 2024 - 04 - 08 April 8 , 2024 18 : 18 : 29 139 Total 1.057 4 : 28 25.3 25 ° 18 ′ N 104 ° 06 ′ W / 25.3 ° N 104.1 ° W / 25.3 ; - 104.1 198 123 Total : Mexico , central and northeastern United States , East Canada Partial : North America , Central America 2024 - 10 - 02 October 2 , 2024 18 : 46 : 13 144 Annular 0.933 7 : 25 - 22.0 22 ° 00 ′ S 114 ° 30 ′ W / 22.0 ° S 114.5 ° W / - 22.0 ; - 114.5 266 165 Annular : Southern Chile , Southern Argentina Partial : Pacific , Southern South America 2025 - 03 - 29 March 29 , 2025 10 : 48 : 36 149 Partial 0.938 -- 61.1 61 ° 06 ′ N 77 ° 06 ′ W / 61.1 ° N 77.1 ° W / 61.1 ; - 77.1 -- Partial : Northwest Africa , Europe , northern Russia 2025 - 09 - 21 September 21 , 2025 19 : 43 : 04 154 Partial 0.855 -- - 60.9 60 ° 54 ′ S 153 ° 30 ′ E / 60.9 ° S 153.5 ° E / - 60.9 ; 153.5 -- Partial : South Pacific , New Zealand , Antarctica 2026 - 02 - 17 February 17 , 2026 12 : 13 : 06 121 Annular 0.963 2 : 20 - 64.7 64 ° 42 ′ S 86 ° 48 ′ E / 64.7 ° S 86.8 ° E / - 64.7 ; 86.8 616 383 Annular : Antarctica Partial : South Argentina , Chile , South Africa , Antarctica 2026 - 08 - 12 August 12 , 2026 17 : 47 : 06 126 Total 1.039 2 : 18 65.2 65 ° 12 ′ N 25 ° 12 ′ W / 65.2 ° N 25.2 ° W / 65.2 ; - 25.2 294 183 Total : Arctic , Greenland , Iceland , Spain , Northeastern Portugal Partial : Northern North America , Western Africa , Europe 2027 - 02 - 06 February 6 , 2027 16 : 00 : 48 131 Annular 0.928 7 : 51 - 31.3 31 ° 18 ′ S 48 ° 30 ′ W / 31.3 ° S 48.5 ° W / - 31.3 ; - 48.5 282 175 Annular : Chile , Argentina , Atlantic Partial : South America , Antarctica , West and South Africa 2027 - 08 - 02 August 2 , 2027 10 : 07 : 50 136 Total 1.079 6 : 23 25.5 25 ° 30 ′ N 33 ° 12 ′ E / 25.5 ° N 33.2 ° E / 25.5 ; 33.2 258 160 Total : Morocco , Spain , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Yemen , Somalia Partial : Africa , Europe , Mid East , West and South Asia 2028 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 2028 15 : 08 : 59 141 Annular 0.921 10 : 27 03.0 3 ° 00 ′ N 51 ° 30 ′ W / 3.0 ° N 51.5 ° W / 3.0 ; - 51.5 323 201 Annular : Ecuador , Peru , Brazil , Suriname , Spain , Portugal Partial : Eastern North America , Central and South America , Western Europe , northwest Africa 2028 - 07 - 22 July 22 , 2028 02 : 56 : 40 146 Total 1.056 5 : 10 - 15.6 15 ° 36 ′ S 126 ° 42 ′ E / 15.6 ° S 126.7 ° E / - 15.6 ; 126.7 230 140 Total : Australia , New Zealand Partial : Southeast Asia , East Indies 2029 - 01 - 14 January 14 , 2029 17 : 13 : 48 151 Partial 0.871 -- 63.7 63 ° 42 ′ N 114 ° 12 ′ W / 63.7 ° N 114.2 ° W / 63.7 ; - 114.2 -- Partial : North America , Central America 2029 - 06 - 12 June 12 , 2029 04 : 06 : 13 118 Partial 0.458 -- 66.8 66 ° 48 ′ N 66 ° 12 ′ W / 66.8 ° N 66.2 ° W / 66.8 ; - 66.2 -- Partial : Arctic , Scandinavia , Alaska , northern Asia , northern Canada 2029 - 07 - 11 July 11 , 2029 15 : 37 : 19 156 Partial 0.230 -- - 64.3 64 ° 18 ′ S 85 ° 36 ′ W / 64.3 ° S 85.6 ° W / - 64.3 ; - 85.6 -- Partial : Southern Chile , Southern Argentina 2029 - 12 - 05 December 5 , 2029 15 : 03 : 58 123 Partial 0.891 -- - 67.5 67 ° 30 ′ S 135 ° 42 ′ E / 67.5 ° S 135.7 ° E / - 67.5 ; 135.7 -- Partial : Southern Argentina , Southern Chile , Antarctica 2030 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2030 06 : 29 : 13 128 Annular 0.944 5 : 21 56.5 56 ° 30 ′ N 80 ° 06 ′ E / 56.5 ° N 80.1 ° E / 56.5 ; 80.1 250 160 Annular : Algeria , Tunisia , Greece , Turkey , Russia , northern China , Japan Partial : Europe , Northern Africa , Mid East , Asia , Arctic , Alaska 2030 - 11 - 25 November 25 , 2030 06 : 51 : 37 133 Total 1.047 3 : 44 - 43.6 43 ° 36 ′ S 71 ° 12 ′ E / 43.6 ° S 71.2 ° E / - 43.6 ; 71.2 169 105 Total : Botswana , South Africa , Australia Partial : South Africa , Southern Indian Ocean , East Indies , Australia , Antarctica 2031 - 05 - 21 May 21 , 2031 07 : 16 : 04 138 Annular 0.959 5 : 26 08.9 8 ° 54 ′ N 71 ° 42 ′ E / 8.9 ° N 71.7 ° E / 8.9 ; 71.7 152 94 Annular : Angola , Republic of the Congo , Zambia , Tanzania , south Indian Ocean , Malaysia , Indonesia Partial : Africa , south Asia , East Indies , Australia 2031 - 11 - 14 November 14 , 2031 21 : 07 : 31 143 Hybrid 1.011 1 : 08 - 00.6 0 ° 36 ′ S 137 ° 36 ′ W / 0.6 ° S 137.6 ° W / - 0.6 ; - 137.6 38 24 Hybrid : Pacific , Panama Partial : south United States , Central America , northwest South America 2032 - 05 - 09 May 9 , 2032 13 : 26 : 42 148 Annular 0.996 0 : 22 - 51.3 51 ° 18 ′ S 7 ° 06 ′ W / 51.3 ° S 7.1 ° W / - 51.3 ; - 7.1 44 27 Annular : south Atlantic Partial : south South America , South Africa 2032 - 11 - 03 November 3 , 2032 05 : 34 : 13 153 Partial 0.855 -- 70.4 70 ° 24 ′ N 132 ° 36 ′ E / 70.4 ° N 132.6 ° E / 70.4 ; 132.6 -- Partial : Asia 2033 - 03 - 30 March 30 , 2033 18 : 02 : 36 120 Total 1.046 2 : 37 71.3 71 ° 18 ′ N 155 ° 48 ′ W / 71.3 ° N 155.8 ° W / 71.3 ; - 155.8 781 485 Total : east Russia , Alaska Partial : North America 2033 - 09 - 23 September 23 , 2033 13 : 54 : 31 125 Partial 0.689 -- - 72.2 72 ° 12 ′ S 121 ° 12 ′ W / 72.2 ° S 121.2 ° W / - 72.2 ; - 121.2 -- Partial : south South America , Antarctica 2034 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2034 10 : 18 : 45 130 Total 1.046 4 : 09 16 ° 06 ′ N 22 ° 12 ′ E / 16.1 ° N 22.2 ° E / 16.1 ; 22.2 159 99 Total : Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Sudan , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , China Partial : Africa , Europe , west Asia 2034 - 09 - 12 September 12 , 2034 16 : 19 : 28 135 Annular 0.974 2 : 58 - 18.2 18 ° 12 ′ S 72 ° 36 ′ W / 18.2 ° S 72.6 ° W / - 18.2 ; - 72.6 102 63 Annular : Chile , Bolivia , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil Partial : Central America , South America 2035 - 03 - 09 March 9 , 2035 23 : 05 : 54 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 48 - 29.0 29 ° 00 ′ S 154 ° 54 ′ W / 29.0 ° S 154.9 ° W / - 29.0 ; - 154.9 31 19 Annular : New Zealand , Pacific Partial : Australia , Mexico , Antarctica 2035 - 09 - 02 September 2 , 2035 01 : 56 : 46 145 Total 1.032 2 : 54 29.1 29 ° 06 ′ N 158 ° 00 ′ E / 29.1 ° N 158.0 ° E / 29.1 ; 158.0 116 72 Total : China , Korea , Japan , Pacific Partial : east Asia , Pacific 2036 - 02 - 27 February 27 , 2036 04 : 46 : 49 150 Partial 0.629 -- - 71.6 71 ° 36 ′ S 131 ° 24 ′ W / 71.6 ° S 131.4 ° W / - 71.6 ; - 131.4 -- Partial : Antarctica , south Australia , New Zealand 2036 - 07 - 23 July 23 , 2036 10 : 32 : 06 117 Partial 0.199 -- - 68.9 68 ° 54 ′ S 3 ° 36 ′ E / 68.9 ° S 3.6 ° E / - 68.9 ; 3.6 -- Partial : south Atlantic 2036 - 08 - 21 August 21 , 2036 17 : 25 : 45 155 Partial 0.862 -- 71.1 71 ° 06 ′ N 47 ° 00 ′ E / 71.1 ° N 47.0 ° E / 71.1 ; 47.0 -- Partial : Alaska , Canada , Arctic , west Europe , northwest Africa 2037 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2037 09 : 48 : 55 122 Partial 0.705 -- 68.5 68 ° 30 ′ N 20 ° 48 ′ E / 68.5 ° N 20.8 ° E / 68.5 ; 20.8 -- Partial : north Africa , Europe , Mid East , west Asia 2037 - 07 - 13 July 13 , 2037 02 : 40 : 36 127 Total 1.041 3 : 58 - 24.8 24 ° 48 ′ S 139 ° 06 ′ E / 24.8 ° S 139.1 ° E / - 24.8 ; 139.1 201 125 Total : Australia , New Zealand Partial : East Indies , Australia , Pacific 2038 - 01 - 05 January 5 , 2038 13 : 47 : 11 132 Annular 0.973 3 : 18 02.1 2 ° 06 ′ N 25 ° 24 ′ W / 2.1 ° N 25.4 ° W / 2.1 ; - 25.4 107 66 Annular : Cuba , Dominican Republic , Cote d'Ivoire , Ghana , Niger , Chad , Egypt Partial : east North America , north South America , Atlantic , Africa , Europe 2038 - 07 - 02 July 2 , 2038 13 : 32 : 55 137 Annular 0.991 1 : 00 25.4 25 ° 24 ′ N 21 ° 54 ′ W / 25.4 ° N 21.9 ° W / 25.4 ; - 21.9 31 19 Annular : Colombia , Venezuela , Mauritania , Morocco , Mali , Niger , Chad , Sudan , Ethiopia , Kenya Partial : North and Central America , South America , Africa , Europe , Mid East 2038 - 12 - 26 December 26 , 2038 01 : 00 : 10 142 Total 1.027 2 : 18 - 40.3 40 ° 18 ′ S 164 ° 00 ′ E / 40.3 ° S 164.0 ° E / - 40.3 ; 164.0 95 59 Total : Australia , New Zealand , south Pacific Partial : southeast Asia , East Indies , Australia , New Zealand , south Pacific , Antarctica 2039 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2039 17 : 12 : 54 147 Annular 0.945 4 : 05 78.9 78 ° 54 ′ N 102 ° 06 ′ W / 78.9 ° N 102.1 ° W / 78.9 ; - 102.1 365 227 Annular : Alaska , north Canada , Norway , Sweden , Finland , Estonia , Russia Partial : North America , west Europe 2039 - 12 - 15 December 15 , 2039 16 : 23 : 46 152 Total 1.036 1 : 51 - 80.9 80 ° 54 ′ S 172 ° 48 ′ E / 80.9 ° S 172.8 ° E / - 80.9 ; 172.8 380 240 Total : Antarctica Partial : south South America 2040 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2040 03 : 43 : 02 119 Partial 0.531 -- - 62.8 62 ° 48 ′ S 174 ° 24 ′ E / 62.8 ° S 174.4 ° E / - 62.8 ; 174.4 -- Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica 2040 - 11 - 04 November 4 , 2040 19 : 09 : 02 124 Partial 0.807 -- 62.2 62 ° 12 ′ N 53 ° 24 ′ W / 62.2 ° N 53.4 ° W / 62.2 ; - 53.4 -- Partial : North and Central America 2041 - 04 - 30 April 30 , 2041 11 : 52 : 21 129 Total 1.019 1 : 51 - 09.6 9 ° 36 ′ S 12 ° 12 ′ E / 9.6 ° S 12.2 ° E / - 9.6 ; 12.2 72 45 Total : Angola , Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Kenya , Somalia Partial : Brazil , Africa , Mid East 2041 - 10 - 25 October 25 , 2041 01 : 36 : 22 134 Annular 0.947 6 : 07 09.9 9 ° 54 ′ N 162 ° 54 ′ E / 9.9 ° N 162.9 ° E / 9.9 ; 162.9 213 132 Annular : Mongolia , China , Korea , Japan , Pacific Partial : east Asia , Pacific 2042 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2042 02 : 17 : 30 139 Total 1.061 4 : 51 27.0 27 ° 00 ′ N 137 ° 18 ′ E / 27.0 ° N 137.3 ° E / 27.0 ; 137.3 210 130 Total : Malaysia , Indonesia , Philippines , north Pacific Partial : east and southeast Asia , Australia , Pacific 2042 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2042 02 : 00 : 42 144 Annular 0.930 7 : 44 - 23.7 23 ° 42 ′ S 137 ° 48 ′ E / 23.7 ° S 137.8 ° E / - 23.7 ; 137.8 273 170 Annular : Thailand , Malaysia , Indonesia , Australia , New Zealand Partial : south - east Asia , East Indies , south Pacific , Antarctica 2043 - 04 - 09 April 9 , 2043 18 : 57 : 49 149 Total ( non-central ) 1.010 -- 61.3 61 ° 18 ′ N 152 ° 00 ′ E / 61.3 ° N 152.0 ° E / 61.3 ; 152.0 -- Total : northeast Russia Partial : north North America , northeast Asia 2043 - 10 - 03 October 3 , 2043 03 : 01 : 49 154 Annular ( non-central ) 0.950 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 35 ° 18 ′ E / 61.0 ° S 35.3 ° E / - 61.0 ; 35.3 -- Annular : south Indian Ocean Partial : Antarctica , southwest Australia , Indian Ocean 2044 - 02 - 28 February 28 , 2044 20 : 24 : 40 121 Annular 0.960 2 : 27 - 62.2 62 ° 12 ′ S 25 ° 36 ′ W / 62.2 ° S 25.6 ° W / - 62.2 ; - 25.6 -- Annular : south Atlantic Partial : Antarctica , South America 2044 - 08 - 23 August 23 , 2044 01 : 17 : 02 126 Total 1.036 2 : 04 64.3 64 ° 18 ′ N 120 ° 24 ′ W / 64.3 ° N 120.4 ° W / 64.3 ; - 120.4 453 281 Total : Greenland ; Canada 's Northwest Territories and Nunavut , Alberta , southwestern Saskatchewan ; Montana , North Dakota Partial : north Asia , western North America , Greenland 2045 - 02 - 16 February 16 , 2045 23 : 56 : 07 131 Annular 0.928 7 : 47 - 28.3 28 ° 18 ′ S 166 ° 12 ′ W / 28.3 ° S 166.2 ° W / - 28.3 ; - 166.2 281 175 Annular : New Zealand , Pacific Partial : Australia , Hawaii 2045 - 08 - 12 August 12 , 2045 17 : 42 : 39 136 Total 1.077 6 : 06 25.9 25 ° 54 ′ N 78 ° 30 ′ W / 25.9 ° N 78.5 ° W / 25.9 ; - 78.5 256 159 Total : south United States , Haiti , Dominican Republic , Venezuela , Guyana , French Guyana , Suriname , Brazil Partial : North , Central and South America , western Africa 2046 - 02 - 05 February 5 , 2046 23 : 06 : 26 141 Annular 0.923 9 : 42 04.8 4 ° 48 ′ N 171 ° 24 ′ W / 4.8 ° N 171.4 ° W / 4.8 ; - 171.4 310 190 Annular : Papua New Guinea , Hawaii , California , Oregon , Idaho Partial : Australia , western United States 2046 - 08 - 02 August 2 , 2046 10 : 21 : 13 146 Total 1.053 4 : 51 - 12.7 12 ° 42 ′ S 15 ° 12 ′ E / 12.7 ° S 15.2 ° E / - 12.7 ; 15.2 206 128 Total : Brazil , Angola , east Namibia , Botswana , South Africa , Swaziland , south Mozambique Partial : Africa 2047 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 2047 01 : 33 : 18 151 Partial 0.891 -- 62.9 62 ° 54 ′ N 111 ° 42 ′ E / 62.9 ° N 111.7 ° E / 62.9 ; 111.7 -- Partial : east Asia , Alaska 2047 - 06 - 23 June 23 , 2047 10 : 52 : 31 118 Partial 0.313 -- 65.8 65 ° 48 ′ N 178 ° 00 ′ W / 65.8 ° N 178.0 ° W / 65.8 ; - 178.0 -- Partial : north Canada , Greenland , northeast Asia 2047 - 07 - 22 July 22 , 2047 22 : 36 : 17 156 Partial 0.361 -- - 63.4 63 ° 24 ′ S 160 ° 12 ′ E / 63.4 ° S 160.2 ° E / - 63.4 ; 160.2 -- Partial : southeast Australia , New Zealand 2047 - 12 - 16 December 16 , 2047 23 : 50 : 12 123 Partial 0.882 -- - 66.4 66 ° 24 ′ S 6 ° 36 ′ W / 66.4 ° S 6.6 ° W / - 66.4 ; - 6.6 -- Partial : Antarctica , south Chile , south Argentina 2048 - 06 - 11 June 11 , 2048 12 : 58 : 53 128 Annular 0.944 4 : 58 63.7 63 ° 42 ′ N 11 ° 30 ′ W / 63.7 ° N 11.5 ° W / 63.7 ; - 11.5 272 169 Annular : midwest United States , Quebec , Ontario , Greenland , Iceland , Norway , Sweden , Russia , Afghanistan Partial : North America , Caribbean , north Africa , Europe , west Asia 2048 - 12 - 05 December 5 , 2048 15 : 35 : 27 133 Total 1.044 3 : 28 - 46.1 46 ° 06 ′ S 56 ° 24 ′ W / 46.1 ° S 56.4 ° W / - 46.1 ; - 56.4 160 99 Total : Chile , Argentina , Namibia , Botswana Partial : south South America , southwest Africa 2049 - 05 - 31 May 31 , 2049 13 : 59 : 59 138 Annular 0.963 4 : 45 15.3 15 ° 18 ′ N 29 ° 54 ′ W / 15.3 ° N 29.9 ° W / 15.3 ; - 29.9 134 83 Annular : Peru , Ecuador , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Senegal , Mali , Burkina Faso , Ghana , Nigeria Partial : southeast United States , Central America , South America , Africa , south Europe 2049 - 11 - 25 November 25 , 2049 05 : 33 : 48 143 Hybrid 1.006 0 : 38 - 03.8 3 ° 48 ′ S 95 ° 12 ′ E / 3.8 ° S 95.2 ° E / - 3.8 ; 95.2 21 13 Hybrid : Saudi Arabia , Yemen , Malaysia , Indonesia Partial : east Africa , south Asia , East Indies , Australia 2050 - 05 - 20 May 20 , 2050 20 : 42 : 50 148 Hybrid 1.004 0 : 21 - 40.1 40 ° 06 ′ S 123 ° 42 ′ W / 40.1 ° S 123.7 ° W / - 40.1 ; - 123.7 27 17 Hybrid : south Pacific Partial : New Zealand , southwest South America 2050 - 11 - 14 November 14 , 2050 13 : 30 : 53 153 Partial 0.887 -- 69.5 69 ° 30 ′ N 1 ° 00 ′ E / 69.5 ° N 1.0 ° E / 69.5 ; 1.0 -- Partial : northeast United States , east Canada , north Africa , Europe 2051 - 04 - 11 April 11 , 2051 02 : 10 : 39 120 Partial 0.985 -- 71.6 71 ° 36 ′ N 32 ° 12 ′ E / 71.6 ° N 32.2 ° E / 71.6 ; 32.2 -- Partial : Asia , Alaska , Canada , Greenland 2051 - 10 - 04 October 4 , 2051 21 : 02 : 14 125 Partial 0.602 -- - 72.0 72 ° 00 ′ S 117 ° 42 ′ E / 72.0 ° S 117.7 ° E / - 72.0 ; 117.7 -- Partial : Antarctica , Australia , New Zealand 2052 - 03 - 30 March 30 , 2052 18 : 31 : 53 130 Total 1.047 4 : 08 22.4 22 ° 24 ′ N 102 ° 30 ′ W / 22.4 ° N 102.5 ° W / 22.4 ; - 102.5 164 102 Total : central Pacific , Mexico , United States , central Atlantic Partial : Central and North America , north South America 2052 - 09 - 22 September 22 , 2052 23 : 39 : 10 135 Annular 0.973 2 : 51 - 25.7 25 ° 42 ′ S 175 ° 00 ′ E / 25.7 ° S 175.0 ° E / - 25.7 ; 175.0 106 66 Annular : Australia , south Pacific Partial : New Zealand , Antarctica , West Indies 2053 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2053 07 : 08 : 19 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 50 - 23.0 23 ° 00 ′ S 83 ° 00 ′ E / 23.0 ° S 83.0 ° E / - 23.0 ; 83.0 31 19 Annular : central Indian Ocean , Indonesia Partial : Africa , Indies , Australia , Antarctica 2053 - 09 - 12 September 12 , 2053 09 : 34 : 09 145 Total 1.033 3 : 04 21.5 21 ° 30 ′ N 41 ° 42 ′ E / 21.5 ° N 41.7 ° E / 21.5 ; 41.7 116 72 Total : Spain , Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Egypt , Saudi Arabia , Maldives , Indonesia Partial : Greenland , Africa , Europe , Asia 2054 - 03 - 09 March 9 , 2054 12 : 33 : 40 150 Partial 0.668 -- - 72.0 72 ° 00 ′ S 97 ° 54 ′ E / 72.0 ° S 97.9 ° E / - 72.0 ; 97.9 -- Partial : Antarctica , South Africa , Madagascar , Chile 2054 - 08 - 03 August 3 , 2054 18 : 04 : 02 117 Partial 0.066 -- - 69.8 69 ° 48 ′ S 121 ° 18 ′ W / 69.8 ° S 121.3 ° W / - 69.8 ; - 121.3 -- Partial : Antarctica 2054 - 09 - 02 September 2 , 2054 01 : 09 : 34 155 Partial 0.979 -- 71.7 71 ° 42 ′ N 82 ° 18 ′ W / 71.7 ° N 82.3 ° W / 71.7 ; - 82.3 -- Partial : Asia , United States , Canada , Greenland 2055 - 01 - 27 January 27 , 2055 17 : 54 : 05 122 Partial 0.693 -- 69.5 69 ° 30 ′ N 112 ° 12 ′ W / 69.5 ° N 112.2 ° W / 69.5 ; - 112.2 -- Partial : Canada , United States , Mexico , Cuba 2055 - 07 - 24 July 24 , 2055 09 : 57 : 50 127 Total 1.036 3 : 17 - 33.3 33 ° 18 ′ S 25 ° 48 ′ E / 33.3 ° S 25.8 ° E / - 33.3 ; 25.8 202 126 Total : South Africa Partial : Africa , Antarctica 2056 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2056 22 : 16 : 45 132 Annular 0.976 2 : 52 03.9 3 ° 54 ′ N 153 ° 30 ′ W / 3.9 ° N 153.5 ° W / 3.9 ; - 153.5 95 59 Annular : central Pacific , Mexico Partial : New Zealand , western North America 2056 - 07 - 12 July 12 , 2056 20 : 21 : 59 137 Annular 0.988 1 : 26 19.4 19 ° 24 ′ N 123 ° 42 ′ W / 19.4 ° N 123.7 ° W / 19.4 ; - 123.7 43 27 Annular : central Pacific , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Brazil Partial : south North America , Central America , north South America 2057 - 01 - 05 January 5 , 2057 09 : 47 : 52 142 Total 1.029 2 : 29 - 39.2 39 ° 12 ′ S 35 ° 12 ′ E / 39.2 ° S 35.2 ° E / - 39.2 ; 35.2 102 63 Total : southern Atlantic , southern Indian Ocean Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Australia 2057 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2057 23 : 40 : 15 147 Annular 0.946 4 : 23 71.5 71 ° 30 ′ N 176 ° 12 ′ W / 71.5 ° N 176.2 ° W / 71.5 ; - 176.2 298 185 Annular : China , Mongolia , Russia , Canada , United States Partial : Asia , North America 2057 - 12 - 26 December 26 , 2057 01 : 14 : 35 152 Total 1.035 1 : 50 - 84.9 84 ° 54 ′ S 21 ° 48 ′ E / 84.9 ° S 21.8 ° E / - 84.9 ; 21.8 355 221 Total : Antarctica Partial : Australia 2058 - 05 - 22 May 22 , 2058 10 : 39 : 25 119 Partial 0.414 -- - 63.5 63 ° 30 ′ S 61 ° 06 ′ E / 63.5 ° S 61.1 ° E / - 63.5 ; 61.1 -- Partial : South Africa , Madagascar 2058 - 06 - 21 June 21 , 2058 00 : 19 : 35 157 Partial 0.126 -- 65.9 65 ° 54 ′ N 9 ° 54 ′ E / 65.9 ° N 9.9 ° E / 65.9 ; 9.9 -- Partial : Russia , Greenland , Norway , Sweden , Finland 2058 - 11 - 16 November 16 , 2058 03 : 23 : 07 124 Partial 0.764 -- 62.9 62 ° 54 ′ N 174 ° 12 ′ E / 62.9 ° N 174.2 ° E / 62.9 ; 174.2 -- Partial : Russia , China , Mongolia , Japan 2059 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2059 19 : 22 : 16 129 Total 1.024 2 : 23 - 10.7 10 ° 42 ′ S 100 ° 24 ′ W / 10.7 ° S 100.4 ° W / - 10.7 ; - 100.4 95 59 Total : central Pacific , Ecuador , Peru , Brazil Partial : North , Central and South America 2059 - 11 - 05 November 5 , 2059 09 : 18 : 15 134 Annular 0.942 7 : 00 08.7 8 ° 42 ′ N 47 ° 06 ′ E / 8.7 ° N 47.1 ° E / 8.7 ; 47.1 238 148 Annular : France , Libya , Egypt , Sudan , Ethiopia , Eritrea , Somalia , Indonesia Partial : Africa , Europe , Asia 2060 - 03 - 30 April 30 , 2060 10 : 10 : 00 139 Total 1.066 5 : 15 28.0 28 ° 00 ′ N 20 ° 54 ′ E / 28.0 ° N 20.9 ° E / 28.0 ; 20.9 222 138 Total : Ivory Coast , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Niger , Chad , Libya , Egypt , Turkey , Kazakhstan , Russia Partial : Africa , Asia 2060 - 10 - 24 October 24 , 2060 09 : 24 : 10 144 Annular 0.928 8 : 06 - 25.8 25 ° 48 ′ S 28 ° 06 ′ E / 25.8 ° S 28.1 ° E / - 25.8 ; 28.1 281 175 Annular : Guinea , Sierra Leone , Liberia , Ivory Coast , Angola , Namibia , Botswana , South Africa Partial : Africa , Antarctica , South America 2061 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2061 02 : 56 : 49 149 Total 1.048 2 : 37 64.5 64 ° 30 ′ N 59 ° 12 ′ E / 64.5 ° N 59.2 ° E / 64.5 ; 59.2 559 347 Total : Kazakhstan , Russia Partial : Asia , Middle East , North America 2061 - 10 - 13 October 13 , 2061 10 : 32 : 10 154 Annular 0.947 3 : 41 - 62.1 62 ° 06 ′ S 54 ° 24 ′ W / 62.1 ° S 54.4 ° W / - 62.1 ; - 54.4 743 462 Annular : Antarctica , Argentina , Chile Partial : South America 2062 - 03 - 11 March 11 , 2062 04 : 26 : 16 121 Partial 0.933 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 147 ° 06 ′ W / 61.0 ° S 147.1 ° W / - 61.0 ; - 147.1 -- Partial : Antarctica , Australia , New Zealand 2062 - 09 - 03 September 3 , 2062 08 : 54 : 27 126 Partial 0.975 -- 61.3 61 ° 18 ′ N 150 ° 18 ′ E / 61.3 ° N 150.3 ° E / 61.3 ; 150.3 -- Partial : Greenland , Europe , Asia 2063 - 02 - 28 February 28 , 2063 07 : 43 : 30 131 Annular 0.929 7 : 41 - 25.2 25 ° 12 ′ S 77 ° 42 ′ E / 25.2 ° S 77.7 ° E / - 25.2 ; 77.7 280 170 Annular : Indian Ocean , Indonesia , Malaysia , Mindanao , Philippines Partial : Africa , Indies , southeast Asia , the rest of Philippines , Antarctica , Australia 2063 - 08 - 24 August 24 , 2063 01 : 22 : 11 136 Total 1.075 5 : 49 25.6 25 ° 36 ′ N 168 ° 24 ′ E / 25.6 ° N 168.4 ° E / 25.6 ; 168.4 252 157 Total : China , Mongolia , Japan , central Pacific Partial : Asia , central Pacific 2064 - 02 - 17 February 17 , 2064 07 : 00 : 23 141 Annular 0.926 8 : 56 07.0 7 ° 00 ′ N 69 ° 42 ′ E / 7.0 ° N 69.7 ° E / 7.0 ; 69.7 295 183 Annular : Zaire , Zambia , Tanzania , India , Nepal , Bangladesh , Bhutan , China Partial : Africa , Asia 2064 - 08 - 12 August 12 , 2064 17 : 46 : 06 146 Total 1.049 4 : 28 - 10.9 10 ° 54 ′ S 96 ° 00 ′ W / 10.9 ° S 96.0 ° W / - 10.9 ; - 96.0 184 114 Total : Central Pacific , Chile , Argentina Partial : Americas , Antarctica 2065 - 02 - 05 February 5 , 2065 09 : 52 : 26 151 Partial 0.912 -- 62.2 62 ° 12 ′ N 21 ° 54 ′ W / 62.2 ° N 21.9 ° W / 62.2 ; - 21.9 -- Partial : North America , Europe , West Asia 2065 - 07 - 03 July 3 , 2065 17 : 33 : 52 118 Partial 0.164 -- 64.8 64 ° 48 ′ N 71 ° 54 ′ E / 64.8 ° N 71.9 ° E / 64.8 ; 71.9 -- Partial : northern Europe , Russia 2065 - 08 - 02 August 2 , 2065 05 : 34 : 17 156 Partial 0.490 -- - 62.7 62 ° 42 ′ S 46 ° 30 ′ E / 62.7 ° S 46.5 ° E / - 62.7 ; 46.5 -- Partial : Antarctica , South Africa , Madagascar 2065 - 12 - 27 December 27 , 2065 08 : 39 : 56 123 Partial 0.877 -- - 65.4 65 ° 24 ′ S 149 ° 12 ′ W / 65.4 ° S 149.2 ° W / - 65.4 ; - 149.2 -- Partial : Chile , Argentina , Antarctica , Australia 2066 - 06 - 22 June 22 , 2066 19 : 25 : 48 128 Annular 0.943 4 : 40 70.1 70 ° 06 ′ N 96 ° 24 ′ W / 70.1 ° N 96.4 ° W / 70.1 ; - 96.4 309 192 Annular : Russia , Alaska , Canada Partial : North America , northern Europe , north Asia 2066 - 12 - 17 December 17 , 2066 00 : 23 : 40 133 Total 1.042 3 : 14 - 47.4 47 ° 24 ′ S 175 ° 48 ′ E / 47.4 ° S 175.8 ° E / - 47.4 ; 175.8 152 94 Total : Australia , New Zealand , south Pacific Partial : Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2067 - 06 - 11 June 11 , 2067 20 : 42 : 26 138 Annular 0.967 4 : 05 21.0 21 ° 00 ′ N 130 ° 12 ′ W / 21.0 ° N 130.2 ° W / 21.0 ; - 130.2 119 74 Annular : central Pacific , Ecuador , Peru Partial : Americas 2067 - 12 - 06 December 6 , 2067 14 : 03 : 43 143 Hybrid 1.001 0 : 08 - 06.0 6 ° 00 ′ S 32 ° 24 ′ W / 6.0 ° S 32.4 ° W / - 6.0 ; - 32.4 2.5 Hybrid : Honduras , Nicaragua , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Brazil , Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Sudan Partial : Americas , Africa , south Europe 2068 - 05 - 31 May 31 , 2068 03 : 56 : 39 148 Total 1.011 1 : 06 - 31.0 31 ° 00 ′ S 123 ° 12 ′ E / 31.0 ° S 123.2 ° E / - 31.0 ; 123.2 63 39 Total : Australia , New Zealand Partial : Indies , Australia , Antarctica 2068 - 11 - 24 November 24 , 2068 21 : 32 : 30 153 Partial 0.911 -- 68.5 68 ° 30 ′ N 131 ° 06 ′ W / 68.5 ° N 131.1 ° W / 68.5 ; - 131.1 -- Partial : North America , Russia 2069 - 04 - 21 April 21 , 2069 10 : 11 : 09 120 Partial 0.899 -- 71.0 71 ° 00 ′ N 101 ° 18 ′ W / 71.0 ° N 101.3 ° W / 71.0 ; - 101.3 -- Partial : Europe , Asia , north Africa , North America 2069 - 05 - 20 May 20 , 2069 17 : 53 : 18 158 Partial 0.088 -- - 68.8 68 ° 48 ′ S 69 ° 54 ′ W / 68.8 ° S 69.9 ° W / - 68.8 ; - 69.9 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2069 - 10 - 15 October 15 , 2069 04 : 19 : 56 125 Partial 0.530 -- - 71.6 71 ° 36 ′ S 5 ° 30 ′ W / 71.6 ° S 5.5 ° W / - 71.6 ; - 5.5 -- Partial : Antarctica 2070 - 04 - 11 April 11 , 2070 02 : 36 : 09 130 Total 1.047 4 : 04 29.1 29 ° 06 ′ N 135 ° 06 ′ E / 29.1 ° N 135.1 ° E / 29.1 ; 135.1 168 104 Total : Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Vietnam , Philippines Partial : Asia , Indies , Alaska , Canada 2070 - 10 - 04 October 4 , 2070 07 : 08 : 57 135 Annular 0.973 2 : 44 - 32.8 32 ° 48 ′ S 60 ° 24 ′ E / 32.8 ° S 60.4 ° E / - 32.8 ; 60.4 110 68 Annular : Angola , Zambia , Zimbabwe , Mozambique , Madagascar Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Australia 2071 - 03 - 31 March 31 , 2071 15 : 01 : 06 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 52 - 16.7 16 ° 42 ′ S 37 ° 00 ′ W / 16.7 ° S 37.0 ° W / - 16.7 ; - 37.0 31 19 Annular : Chile , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil , Republic of the Congo , Zaire Partial : South America , Africa , Antarctica 2071 - 09 - 23 September 23 , 2071 17 : 20 : 28 145 Total 1.033 3 : 11 14.2 14 ° 12 ′ N 76 ° 42 ′ W / 14.2 ° N 76.7 ° W / 14.2 ; - 76.7 116 72 Total : Mexico , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , Brazil Partial : Americas , Africa 2072 - 03 - 19 March 19 , 2072 20 : 10 : 31 150 Partial 0.720 -- - 72.2 72 ° 12 ′ S 30 ° 24 ′ W / 72.2 ° S 30.4 ° W / - 72.2 ; - 30.4 -- Partial : Antarctica , South America 2072 - 09 - 12 September 12 , 2072 08 : 59 : 20 155 Total 1.056 3 : 13 69.8 69 ° 48 ′ N 102 ° 00 ′ E / 69.8 ° N 102.0 ° E / 69.8 ; 102.0 732 455 Total : Russia Partial : Greenland , Europe , Asia 2073 - 02 - 07 February 7 , 2073 01 : 55 : 59 122 Partial 0.677 -- 70.5 70 ° 30 ′ N 114 ° 54 ′ E / 70.5 ° N 114.9 ° E / 70.5 ; 114.9 -- Partial : Asia , Alaska 2073 - 08 - 03 August 3 , 2073 17 : 15 : 23 127 Total 1.029 2 : 29 - 43.2 43 ° 12 ′ S 89 ° 24 ′ W / 43.2 ° S 89.4 ° W / - 43.2 ; - 89.4 206 128 Total : Chile , Argentina Partial : South America , Antarctica 2074 - 01 - 27 January 27 , 2074 06 : 44 : 15 132 Annular 0.980 2 : 21 06.6 6 ° 36 ′ N 78 ° 48 ′ E / 6.6 ° N 78.8 ° E / 6.6 ; 78.8 79 49 Annular : Sudan , Ethiopia , Somalia , Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Thailand , Laos , Vietnam , China , Japan Partial : Africa , Asia , Indies 2074 - 07 - 24 July 24 , 2074 03 : 10 : 32 137 Annular 0.984 1 : 57 12.8 12 ° 48 ′ N 133 ° 42 ′ E / 12.8 ° N 133.7 ° E / 12.8 ; 133.7 58 36 Annular : Thailand , Cambodia , Vietnam , Philippines Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia , New Zealand 2075 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2075 18 : 36 : 04 142 Total 1.031 2 : 42 - 37.2 37 ° 12 ′ S 94 ° 06 ′ W / 37.2 ° S 94.1 ° W / - 37.2 ; - 94.1 110 68 Total : Chile , Argentina , Paraguay , Brazil Partial : New Zealand , South America , Antarctica 2075 - 07 - 13 July 13 , 2075 06 : 05 : 44 147 Annular 0.947 4 : 45 63.1 63 ° 06 ′ N 95 ° 12 ′ E / 63.1 ° N 95.2 ° E / 63.1 ; 95.2 262 163 Annular : south Europe , Russia Partial : Europe , Asia , Africa , north North America 2076 - 01 - 06 January 6 , 2076 10 : 07 : 27 152 Total 1.034 1 : 49 - 87.2 87 ° 12 ′ S 173 ° 42 ′ W / 87.2 ° S 173.7 ° W / - 87.2 ; - 173.7 340 210 Total : Antarctica Partial : Australia , South America 2076 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2076 17 : 31 : 22 119 Partial 0.290 -- - 64.4 64 ° 24 ′ S 51 ° 12 ′ W / 64.4 ° S 51.2 ° W / - 64.4 ; - 51.2 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2076 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2076 06 : 50 : 43 157 Partial 0.275 -- 67.0 67 ° 00 ′ N 98 ° 06 ′ W / 67.0 ° N 98.1 ° W / 67.0 ; - 98.1 -- Partial : Russia , North America 2076 - 11 - 26 November 26 , 2076 11 : 43 : 01 124 Partial 0.731 -- 63.7 63 ° 42 ′ N 40 ° 06 ′ E / 63.7 ° N 40.1 ° E / 63.7 ; 40.1 -- Partial : Africa , Europe , west Asia 2077 - 05 - 22 May 22 , 2077 02 : 46 : 05 129 Total 1.029 2 : 54 - 13.1 13 ° 06 ′ S 148 ° 18 ′ E / 13.1 ° S 148.3 ° E / - 13.1 ; 148.3 119 74 Total : Australia Partial : Indies , Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica 2077 - 11 - 15 November 15 , 2077 17 : 07 : 56 134 Annular 0.937 7 : 54 07.8 7 ° 48 ′ N 70 ° 48 ′ W / 7.8 ° N 70.8 ° W / 7.8 ; - 70.8 262 163 Annular : United States , Caribbean , Colombia , Venezuela , Brazil , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana Partial : Americas 2078 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2078 17 : 56 : 55 139 Total 1.070 5 : 40 28.1 28 ° 06 ′ N 93 ° 42 ′ W / 28.1 ° N 93.7 ° W / 28.1 ; - 93.7 232 144 Total : Mexico , United States Partial : Americas 2078 - 11 - 04 November 4 , 2078 16 : 55 : 44 144 Annular 0.926 8 : 29 - 27.8 27 ° 48 ′ S 83 ° 18 ′ W / 27.8 ° S 83.3 ° W / - 27.8 ; - 83.3 287 178 Annular : Chile , Argentina Partial : Americas , Antarctica 2079 - 05 - 01 May 1 , 2079 10 : 50 : 13 149 Total 1.051 2 : 55 66.2 66 ° 12 ′ N 46 ° 18 ′ W / 66.2 ° N 46.3 ° W / 66.2 ; - 46.3 406 252 Total : United States , Canada , Greenland Partial : west Americas , Europe , Africa , Asia 2079 - 10 - 24 October 24 , 2079 18 : 11 : 21 154 Annular 0.948 3 : 39 - 63.4 63 ° 24 ′ S 160 ° 36 ′ W / 63.4 ° S 160.6 ° W / - 63.4 ; - 160.6 495 308 Annular : Antarctica , New Zealand Partial : South America 2080 - 03 - 21 March 21 , 2080 12 : 20 : 15 121 Partial 0.873 -- - 60.9 60 ° 54 ′ S 85 ° 54 ′ E / 60.9 ° S 85.9 ° E / - 60.9 ; 85.9 -- Partial : Antarctica , Africa 2080 - 09 - 13 September 13 , 2080 16 : 38 : 09 126 Partial 0.874 -- 61.1 61 ° 06 ′ N 25 ° 48 ′ E / 61.1 ° N 25.8 ° E / 61.1 ; 25.8 -- Partial : North America , Europe , Africa 2081 - 03 - 10 March 10 , 2081 15 : 23 : 31 131 Annular 0.930 7 : 36 - 22.4 22 ° 24 ′ S 36 ° 42 ′ W / 22.4 ° S 36.7 ° W / - 22.4 ; - 36.7 277 172 Annular : Chile , Argentina , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Cameroon Partial : South America , Africa , Antarctica 2081 - 09 - 03 September 3 , 2081 09 : 07 : 31 136 Total 1.072 5 : 33 24.6 24 ° 36 ′ N 53 ° 36 ′ E / 24.6 ° N 53.6 ° E / 24.6 ; 53.6 247 153 Total : Central Europe , France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , Hungary , Croatia , Serbia , Romania , Greece , Bulgaria , Turkey , Syria , Iraq , Kuwait , Qatar , UAE , Saudi Arabia , Oman Partial : Africa , Europe , Asia 2082 - 02 - 27 February 27 , 2082 14 : 47 : 00 141 Annular 0.930 8 : 12 09.4 9 ° 24 ′ N 47 ° 06 ′ W / 9.4 ° N 47.1 ° W / 9.4 ; - 47.1 277 172 Annular : Peru , Brazil , Suriname , French Guiana , Portugal , Spain , France , Italy , Germany , Austria Partial : Americas , Europe , Africa 2082 - 08 - 24 August 24 , 2082 01 : 16 : 21 146 Total 1.045 4 : 01 - 10.3 10 ° 18 ′ S 151 ° 48 ′ E / 10.3 ° S 151.8 ° E / - 10.3 ; 151.8 163 101 Total : Indonesia , New Guinea , South Pacific Partial : Indies , Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2083 - 02 - 16 February 16 , 2083 18 : 06 : 36 151 Partial 0.943 -- 61.6 61 ° 36 ′ N 154 ° 06 ′ W / 61.6 ° N 154.1 ° W / 61.6 ; - 154.1 -- Partial : Mexico , United States , Canada 2083 - 07 - 15 July 15 , 2083 00 : 14 : 23 118 Partial 0.017 -- 64.0 64 ° 00 ′ N 37 ° 42 ′ W / 64.0 ° N 37.7 ° W / 64.0 ; - 37.7 -- Partial : Greenland 2083 - 08 - 13 August 13 , 2083 12 : 34 : 41 156 Partial 0.615 -- - 62.1 62 ° 06 ′ S 67 ° 30 ′ W / 62.1 ° S 67.5 ° W / - 62.1 ; - 67.5 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2084 - 01 - 07 January 7 , 2084 17 : 30 : 23 123 Partial 0.872 -- - 64.4 64 ° 24 ′ S 68 ° 30 ′ E / 64.4 ° S 68.5 ° E / - 64.4 ; 68.5 -- Partial : Antarctica , South America 2084 - 07 - 03 July 3 , 2084 01 : 50 : 26 128 Annular 0.942 4 : 25 75.0 75 ° 00 ′ N 169 ° 06 ′ W / 75.0 ° N 169.1 ° W / 75.0 ; - 169.1 377 234 Annular : Russia , United States , Canada Partial : northern Europe , Asia , North America 2084 - 12 - 27 December 27 , 2084 09 : 13 : 48 133 Total 1.040 3 : 04 - 47.3 47 ° 18 ′ S 47 ° 42 ′ E / 47.3 ° S 47.7 ° E / - 47.3 ; 47.7 146 91 Total : South Atlantic , Indian Ocean Partial : Africa , Antarctica , Australia 2085 - 06 - 22 June 22 , 2085 03 : 21 : 16 138 Annular 0.970 3 : 29 26.2 26 ° 12 ′ N 131 ° 18 ′ E / 26.2 ° N 131.3 ° E / 26.2 ; 131.3 106 66 Annular : India , Myanmar , China , central Pacific Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia 2085 - 12 - 16 December 16 , 2085 22 : 37 : 48 143 Annular 0.997 0 : 19 - 07.3 7 ° 18 ′ S 160 ° 48 ′ W / 7.3 ° S 160.8 ° W / - 7.3 ; - 160.8 10 6.2 Annular : central Pacific Partial : Australia , North America 2086 - 06 - 11 June 11 , 2086 11 : 07 : 14 148 Total 1.017 1 : 48 - 23.2 23 ° 12 ′ S 12 ° 30 ′ E / 23.2 ° S 12.5 ° E / - 23.2 ; 12.5 86 53 Total : Namibia , Botswana , South Africa Partial : South America , Africa 2086 - 12 - 06 December 6 , 2086 05 : 38 : 55 153 Partial 0.927 -- 67.4 67 ° 24 ′ N 96 ° 12 ′ E / 67.4 ° N 96.2 ° E / 67.4 ; 96.2 -- Partial : Asia 2087 - 05 - 02 May 2 , 2087 18 : 04 : 42 120 Partial 0.801 -- 70.3 70 ° 18 ′ N 127 ° 36 ′ E / 70.3 ° N 127.6 ° E / 70.3 ; 127.6 -- Partial : north Europe , north Asia , North America 2087 - 06 - 01 June 1 , 2087 01 : 27 : 14 158 Partial 0.215 -- - 67.8 67 ° 48 ′ S 165 ° 24 ′ E / 67.8 ° S 165.4 ° E / - 67.8 ; 165.4 -- Partial : New Zealand 2087 - 10 - 26 October 26 , 2087 11 : 46 : 57 125 Partial 0.470 -- - 71.0 71 ° 00 ′ S 130 ° 30 ′ W / 71.0 ° S 130.5 ° W / - 71.0 ; - 130.5 -- Partial : South America , Antarctica 2088 - 04 - 21 April 21 , 2088 10 : 31 : 49 130 Total 1.047 3 : 58 36.0 36 ° 00 ′ N 15 ° 06 ′ E / 36.0 ° N 15.1 ° E / 36.0 ; 15.1 173 107 Total : Mauritania , western Sahara , Mali , Algeria , Tunisia , Greece , Turkey , Russia , Kazakhstan , China Partial : North America , Africa , Europe , Asia 2088 - 10 - 14 October 14 , 2088 14 : 48 : 05 135 Annular 0.973 2 : 38 - 39.7 39 ° 42 ′ S 56 ° 00 ′ W / 39.7 ° S 56.0 ° W / - 39.7 ; - 56.0 115 71 Annular : Chile , Argentina Partial : South America , Antarctica , Africa 2089 - 04 - 10 April 10 , 2089 22 : 44 : 42 140 Annular 0.992 0 : 53 - 10.2 10 ° 12 ′ S 154 ° 48 ′ W / 10.2 ° S 154.8 ° W / - 10.2 ; - 154.8 30 19 Annular : Australia , central Pacific Partial : Antarctica , North America 2089 - 10 - 04 October 4 , 2089 01 : 15 : 23 145 Total 1.033 3 : 14 07.4 7 ° 24 ′ N 162 ° 48 ′ E / 7.4 ° N 162.8 ° E / 7.4 ; 162.8 115 71 Total : China , Central Pacific Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia 2090 - 03 - 31 March 31 , 2090 03 : 38 : 08 150 Partial 0.784 -- - 72.1 72 ° 06 ′ S 156 ° 18 ′ W / 72.1 ° S 156.3 ° W / - 72.1 ; - 156.3 -- Partial : Antarctica , Australia , New Zealand 2090 - 09 - 23 September 23 , 2090 16 : 56 : 36 155 Total 1.056 3 : 36 60.7 60 ° 42 ′ N 40 ° 30 ′ W / 60.7 ° N 40.5 ° W / 60.7 ; - 40.5 463 288 Total : Canada , Greenland , United Kingdom , France Partial : North America , Europe , Africa , north Asia 2091 - 02 - 18 February 18 , 2091 09 : 54 : 40 122 Partial 0.656 -- 71.2 71 ° 12 ′ N 17 ° 48 ′ W / 71.2 ° N 17.8 ° W / 71.2 ; - 17.8 -- Partial : North Africa , Europe , Asia 2091 - 08 - 15 August 15 , 2091 00 : 34 : 43 127 Total 1.022 1 : 38 - 55.6 55 ° 36 ′ S 150 ° 30 ′ E / 55.6 ° S 150.5 ° E / - 55.6 ; 150.5 236 147 Total : southern Antarctic Ocean , near Antarctica Partial : Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2092 - 02 - 07 February 7 , 2092 15 : 10 : 20 132 Annular 0.984 1 : 48 09.9 9 ° 54 ′ N 48 ° 42 ′ W / 9.9 ° N 48.7 ° W / 9.9 ; - 48.7 62 39 Annular : Panama , Colombia , Venezuela , Guyana , Morocco , Algeria Partial : Americas , Europe , Africa 2092 - 08 - 03 August 3 , 2092 09 : 59 : 33 137 Annular 0.979 2 : 31 05.6 5 ° 36 ′ N 30 ° 18 ′ E / 5.6 ° N 30.3 ° E / 5.6 ; 30.3 75 47 Annular : Liberia , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Nigeria , Cameroon , Chad , Central African Republic , Sudan , Kenya , Somalia Partial : Africa 2093 - 01 - 27 January 27 , 2093 03 : 22 : 16 142 Total 1.034 2 : 58 - 34.1 34 ° 06 ′ S 136 ° 24 ′ E / 34.1 ° S 136.4 ° E / - 34.1 ; 136.4 119 74 Total : Australia Partial : Indies , Australia , Antarctica , New Zealand 2093 - 07 - 23 July 23 , 2093 12 : 32 : 04 147 Annular 0.946 5 : 11 54.6 54 ° 36 ′ N 1 ° 18 ′ E / 54.6 ° N 1.3 ° E / 54.6 ; 1.3 241 150 Annular : United States , Canada , Central Europe , Turkey , Iraq , Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan Partial : Americas , Europe , Africa , Asia 2094 - 01 - 16 January 16 , 2094 18 : 59 : 03 152 Total 1.034 1 : 51 - 84.8 84 ° 48 ′ S 10 ° 36 ′ W / 84.8 ° S 10.6 ° W / - 84.8 ; - 10.6 329 204 Total : Antarctica Partial : South America , Antarctica , New Zealand 2094 - 06 - 13 June 13 , 2094 00 : 22 : 11 119 Partial 0.162 -- - 65.3 65 ° 18 ′ S 163 ° 36 ′ W / 65.3 ° S 163.6 ° W / - 65.3 ; - 163.6 -- Partial : southern Antarctic Ocean , near Antarctica 2094 - 07 - 12 July 12 , 2094 13 : 24 : 35 157 Partial 0.422 -- 68.0 68 ° 00 ′ N 152 ° 48 ′ E / 68.0 ° N 152.8 ° E / 68.0 ; 152.8 -- Partial : North America , Asia 2094 - 12 - 07 December 7 , 2094 20 : 05 : 56 124 Partial 0.705 -- 64.7 64 ° 42 ′ N 95 ° 00 ′ W / 64.7 ° N 95.0 ° W / 64.7 ; - 95.0 -- Partial : North America 2095 - 06 - 02 June 2 , 2095 10 : 07 : 40 129 Total 1.033 3 : 18 - 16.7 16 ° 42 ′ S 37 ° 12 ′ E / 16.7 ° S 37.2 ° E / - 16.7 ; 37.2 145 90 Total : Namibia , South Africa , Botswana , Zambia , Mozambique , Madagascar Partial : Africa 2095 - 11 - 27 November 27 , 2095 01 : 02 : 57 134 Annular 0.933 8 : 47 07.2 7 ° 12 ′ N 169 ° 48 ′ E / 7.2 ° N 169.8 ° E / 7.2 ; 169.8 285 177 Annular : China , Korea , Japan , central Pacific Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia 2096 - 05 - 22 May 22 , 2096 01 : 37 : 14 139 Total 1.074 6 : 07 27.3 27 ° 18 ′ N 153 ° 24 ′ E / 27.3 ° N 153.4 ° E / 27.3 ; 153.4 241 150 Total : Indonesia , Central Pacific , Philippines Partial : Asia , Indies , Australia , North America 2096 - 11 - 15 November 15 , 2096 00 : 36 : 15 144 Annular 0.924 8 : 53 - 29.7 29 ° 42 ′ S 163 ° 18 ′ E / 29.7 ° S 163.3 ° E / - 29.7 ; 163.3 294 183 Annular : Malaysia , Indonesia , New Guinea , Australia , New Zealand Partial : Indies , Antarctica 2097 - 05 - 11 May 11 , 2097 18 : 34 : 31 149 Total 1.054 3 : 10 67.4 67 ° 24 ′ N 149 ° 30 ′ W / 67.4 ° N 149.5 ° W / 67.4 ; - 149.5 339 211 Total : Alaska , Russia Partial : Asia , North America , northern Europe 2097 - 11 - 04 November 4 , 2097 02 : 01 : 25 154 Annular 0.949 3 : 36 - 65.8 65 ° 48 ′ S 86 ° 48 ′ E / 65.8 ° S 86.8 ° E / - 65.8 ; 86.8 411 255 Annular : Antarctica Partial : Australia 2098 - 04 - 01 April 1 , 2098 20 : 02 : 31 121 Partial 0.798 -- - 61.0 61 ° 00 ′ S 38 ° 06 ′ W / 61.0 ° S 38.1 ° W / - 61.0 ; - 38.1 -- Partial : Antarctica , South America 2098 - 09 - 25 September 25 , 2098 00 : 31 : 16 126 Partial 0.787 -- 61.1 61 ° 06 ′ N 101 ° 00 ′ W / 61.1 ° N 101.0 ° W / 61.1 ; - 101.0 -- Partial : Asia , North America 2098 - 10 - 24 October 24 , 2098 10 : 36 : 11 164 Partial 0.006 -- - 61.8 61 ° 48 ′ S 95 ° 30 ′ W / 61.8 ° S 95.5 ° W / - 61.8 ; - 95.5 -- Partial : southern Antarctic Ocean , near Antarctica 2099 - 03 - 21 March 21 , 2099 22 : 54 : 32 131 Annular 0.932 7 : 32 - 20.0 20 ° 00 ′ S 149 ° 00 ′ W / 20.0 ° S 149.0 ° W / - 20.0 ; - 149.0 275 171 Annular : central Pacific Partial : Australia , New Zealand , Antarctica , North America 2099 - 09 - 14 September 14 , 2099 16 : 57 : 53 136 Total 1.068 5 : 18 23.4 23 ° 24 ′ N 62 ° 48 ′ W / 23.4 ° N 62.8 ° W / 23.4 ; - 62.8 241 150 Total : Canada , United States , central Atlantic Partial : Americas , Africa 2100 - 03 - 10 March 10 , 2100 22 : 28 : 11 141 Annular 0.934 7 : 29 12.0 12 ° 00 ′ N 162 ° 24 ′ W / 12.0 ° N 162.4 ° W / 12.0 ; - 162.4 257 160 Annular : central Pacific , Hawaii , Northwestern United States Partial : Australia , North America 2100 - 09 - 04 September 4 , 2100 08 : 49 : 20 146 Total 1.040 3 : 32 - 10.5 10 ° 30 ′ S 39 ° 00 ′ E / 10.5 ° S 39.0 ° E / - 10.5 ; 39.0 142 88 Total : central Africa , Madagascar Partial : Africa , Antarctica References ( edit ) Acknowledgement : Eclipse Predictions by Fred Espenak , NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center ^ Jump up to : `` Five Million Catalog of Solar Eclipses '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Solar Eclipse Terms '' . NASA . March 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- Key to Catalog of Solar Eclipses '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Littmann , Mark ; Willcox , Ken ; Espenak , Fred . Totality : Eclipses of the Sun ( Second ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513179 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Solar eclipses : 2011 -- 2020 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The day the sun disappears is coming '' . CNN . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2021 -- 2030 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2031 -- 2040 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2041 -- 2050 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2051 -- 2060 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2061 -- 2070 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2071 -- 2080 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2081 -- 2090 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar Eclipses : 2091 -- 2100 '' . NASA . March 27 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . Bibliography ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF `` Catalog of Solar Eclipses : 2001 to 2100 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14 2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 Apr 8 1902 May 7 1902 Oct 31 1906 Feb 23 1906 Jul 21 1906 Aug 20 1909 Dec 12 1910 Nov 2 1913 Apr 6 1913 Aug 31 1913 Sep 30 1916 Dec 24 1917 Jan 23 1917 Jun 19 1917 Jul 19 1920 May 18 1920 Nov 10 1924 Mar 5 1924 Jul 31 1924 Aug 30 1927 Dec 24 1928 Jun 17 1928 Nov 12 1931 Apr 18 1931 Sep 12 1931 Oct 11 1935 Jan 5 1935 Feb 3 1935 Jun 30 1935 Jul 30 1938 Nov 21 1942 Mar 16 1942 Aug 12 1942 Sep 10 1946 Jan 3 1946 May 30 1946 Jun 29 1946 Nov 23 1949 Apr 28 1949 Oct 21 1953 Feb 14 1953 Jul 11 1953 Aug 9 1956 Dec 2 1960 Mar 27 1960 Sep 20 1964 Jan 14 1964 Jun 10 1964 Jul 9 1964 Dec 4 1967 May 9 1968 Mar 28 1971 Feb 25 1971 Jul 22 1971 Aug 20 1974 Dec 13 1975 May 11 1975 Nov 3 1978 Apr 7 1978 Oct 2 1982 Jan 25 1982 Jun 21 1982 Jul 20 1982 Dec 15 1985 May 19 1986 Apr 9 1989 Mar 7 1989 Aug 31 1992 Dec 24 1993 May 21 1993 Nov 13 1996 Apr 17 1996 Oct 12 1997 Sep 2 2000 Feb 5 2000 Jul 1 2000 Jul 31 2000 Dec 25 2004 Apr 19 2004 Oct 14 2007 Mar 19 2011 Jan 4 2011 Jun 1 2011 Jul 1 2011 Nov 25 2014 Oct 23 2015 Sep 13 → 2018 Feb 15 2018 Jul 13 2018 Aug 11 2019 Jan 6 2022 Apr 30 2022 Oct 25 2025 Mar 29 2025 Sep 21 2029 Jan 14 2029 Jun 12 2029 Jul 11 2032 Nov 3 2033 Sep 23 2036 Feb 27 2036 Jul 23 2036 Aug 21 2037 Jan 16 2040 May 11 2040 Nov 4 2047 Jan 26 2047 Jun 23 2047 Jul 22 2047 Dec 16 2050 Nov 14 2051 Apr 11 2051 Oct 4 2054 Mar 9 2054 Aug 3 2054 Sep 2 2055 Jan 27 2058 May 22 2058 Jun 21 2058 Nov 16 2062 Mar 11 2062 Sep 3 2065 Feb 5 2065 Jul 3 2065 Aug 2 2065 Dec 27 2068 Nov 24 2069 Apr 21 2069 May 20 2069 Oct 15 2072 Mar 19 2073 Feb 7 2076 Jun 1 2076 Jul 1 2076 Nov 26 2083 Feb 16 2083 Jul 15 2083 Aug 13 2084 Jan 7 2086 Dec 6 2087 May 2 2087 Jun 1 2087 Oct 26 2090 Mar 31 2091 Feb 18 2094 Jun 13 2094 Jul 12 2094 Dec 7 2098 Apr 1 2098 Sep 25 2098 Oct 24 Other bodies Mars Moon Jupiter Neptune Pluto Saturn Uranus Related topics Eclipse chasing Solar viewer Solar eclipses in fiction Book Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_solar_eclipses_in_the_21st_century&oldid=798650800 '' Categories : 21st - century solar eclipses 21st century - related lists Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Featured lists Talk About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Română Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 03 : 27 . 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"\n\nDate\nTime of\ngreatest eclipse\n(UTC)\nSaros\nType\nMagnitude\nCentral\nduration\n(min:s)\nLocation\nPath width\nGeographical area\nRef(s)\n\nkm\nmi\n\n\n\n2001-06-21 June 21, 2001\n12:04:46\n127\nTotal\n1.050\n4:57\n-11.3 11°18′S 2°42′E / 11.3°S 2.7°E / -11.3; 2.7\n200\n120\nTotal: Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Madagascar\nPartial: South America, Africa\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2001-12-14 December 14, 2001\n20:53:01\n132\nAnnular\n0.968\n3:53\n00.6 0°36′N 130°42′W / 0.6°N 130.7°W / 0.6; -130.7\n126\n78\nAnnular: Nicaragua and Costa Rica\nPartial: North and Central America, northwestern South America, Hawaii\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2002-06-10 June 10, 2002\n23:45:22\n137\nAnnular\n0.996\n0:23\n34.5 34°30′N 178°36′W / 34.5°N 178.6°W / 34.5; -178.6\n13\n8.1\nAnnular: Manado, Indonesia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Puerto Vallarta, Mexico\nPartial: eastern Asia, northeastern Australia, North America, Hawaii\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2002-12-04 December 4, 2002\n07:32:16\n142\nTotal\n1.024\n2:04\n-39.5 39°30′S 59°36′E / 39.5°S 59.6°E / -39.5; 59.6\n87\n54\nTotal: Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Mozambique and South Australia\nPartial: Africa, Antarctica, Indonesia, Australia\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2003-05-31 May 31, 2003\n04:09:22\n147\nAnnular\n0.938\n3:37\n66.6 66°36′N 24°30′W / 66.6°N 24.5°W / 66.6; -24.5\n—\nAnnular: Greenland, Iceland, northeastern Scotland, Faroe Islands, Shetland Islands\nPartial: Eastern Europe, northern and western Asia, Middle East, Alaska, Greenland and northwestern Canada\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2003-11-23 November 23, 2003\n22:50:22\n152\nTotal\n1.038\n1:57\n-72.7 72°42′S 88°24′E / 72.7°S 88.4°E / -72.7; 88.4\n495\n308\nTotal: East Antarctica\nPartial: Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, southern Chile and Argentina\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2004-04-19 April 19, 2004\n13:35:05\n119\nPartial\n0.737\n—\n-61.6 61°36′S 44°18′E / 61.6°S 44.3°E / -61.6; 44.3\n—\nPartial: Antarctic Peninsula, east Antarctica, southern Africa\n[a][4]\n\n\n2004-10-14 October 14, 2004\n03:00:23\n124\nPartial\n0.928\n—\n61.2 61°12′N 153°42′W / 61.2°N 153.7°W / 61.2; -153.7\n—\nPartial: eastern Russia, Mongolia, Northeastern China, Korea, Japan, Hawaii, western Alaska\n[a][4]\n\n\n2005-04-08 April 8, 2005\n20:36:51\n129\nHybrid\n1.007\n0:42\n-10.6 10°36′S 119°00′W / 10.6°S 119.0°W / -10.6; -119.0\n27\n17\nHybrid: Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, southeastern French Polynesia, Bounty Islands\nPartial: Pacific, Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, western South America, New Zealand, West Antarctica\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2005-10-03 October 3, 2005\n10:32:47\n134\nAnnular\n0.958\n4:32\n12.9 12°54′N 28°42′E / 12.9°N 28.7°E / 12.9; 28.7\n162\n101\nAnnular: Portugal, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Chad, Sudan, Kenya and Somalia\nPartial: Africa, Europe, Western Asia, Middle East and India Pakistan\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2006-03-29 March 29, 2006\n10:12:23\n139\nTotal\n1.052\n4:07\n23.2 23°12′N 16°42′E / 23.2°N 16.7°E / 23.2; 16.7\n104\n65\nTotal: Brazil, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Libya, northwest Egypt, Turkey, Georgia, southwestern Russia and Kazakhstan\nPartial: North Africa, Central Africa, eastern Brazil, Central Asia, Middle East, India Pakistan and Europe\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2006-09-22 September 22, 2006\n11:41:16\n144\nAnnular\n0.935\n7:09\n-20.6 20°36′S 9°06′W / 20.6°S 9.1°W / -20.6; -9.1\n261\n162\nAnnular: Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana\nPartial: South America, West Africa, Southern Africa, Antarctic Peninsula, east Antarctica\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2007-03-19 March 19, 2007\n02:32:57\n149\nPartial\n0.876\n—\n61.0 61°00′N 55°30′E / 61.0°N 55.5°E / 61.0; 55.5\n—\nPartial: Asia, western Alaska\n[a][4]\n\n\n2007-09-11 September 11, 2007\n12:32:24\n154\nPartial\n0.751\n—\n-61.0 61°00′S 90°12′W / 61.0°S 90.2°W / -61.0; -90.2\n—\nPartial: Central and Southern South America, Antarctic Peninsula, east Antarctica, south Atlantic\n[a][4]\n\n\n2008-02-07 February 7, 2008\n03:56:10\n121\nAnnular\n0.965\n2:12\n-67.6 67°36′S 150°30′W / 67.6°S 150.5°W / -67.6; -150.5\n444\n276\nAnnular: West Antarctica\nPartial: Antarctica, southeastern Australia, New Zealand, southeastern Melanesia, southeastern Micronesia, southeastern Polynesia\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2008-08-01 August 1, 2008\n10:22:12\n126\nTotal\n1.039\n2:27\n65.7 65°42′N 72°18′E / 65.7°N 72.3°E / 65.7; 72.3\n237\n147\nTotal: Nunavut, northern Greenland, central Russia, western Mongolia, western China\nPartial: Nova Scotia, PEI, New Brunswick, Quebec, Nunavut, Greenland, northern Europe, Asia\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2009-01-26 January 26, 2009\n07:59:45\n131\nAnnular\n0.928\n7:54\n-34.1 34°06′S 70°12′E / 34.1°S 70.2°E / -34.1; 70.2\n280\n170\nAnnular: southeast Sumatra, Jakarta and Borneo\nPartial: Southern Africa, east Antarctica, South East Asia, Philippines, Australia\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2009-07-22 July 22, 2009\n02:36:25\n136\nTotal\n1.080\n6:39\n24.2 24°12′N 144°06′E / 24.2°N 144.1°E / 24.2; 144.1\n258\n160\nTotal: central and northeastern Pakistan India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, northern part of the Ryukyu Islands (Satsunan)\nPartial: Southeast Asia, Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Central Pacific Ocean area and its islands\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2010-01-15 January 15, 2010\n07:07:39\n141\nAnnular\n0.919\n11:08\n01.6 1°36′N 69°18′E / 1.6°N 69.3°E / 1.6; 69.3\n333\n207\nAnnular: Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Maldives, southeastern India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, central China\nPartial: Africa, Southeastern Europe, Middle East, Asia\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2010-07-11 July 11, 2010\n19:34:38\n146\nTotal\n1.058\n5:20\n-19.7 19°42′S 121°54′W / 19.7°S 121.9°W / -19.7; -121.9\n259\n161\nTotal: Southern Chile and Argentina, Southeastern Polynesia\nPartial: southwestern South America, French Polynesia, Hawaii\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2011-01-04 January 4, 2011\n08:51:42\n151\nPartial\n0.858\n—\n64.7 64°42′N 20°48′E / 64.7°N 20.8°E / 64.7; 20.8\n—\nPartial: Europe, Northern Africa, Central Asia, Middle East\n[a][4]\n\n\n2011-06-01 June 1, 2011\n21:17:18\n118\nPartial\n0.601\n—\n67.8 67°48′N 46°48′E / 67.8°N 46.8°E / 67.8; 46.8\n—\nPartial: Iceland, northern Canada, Alaska, northeastern Asia, Greenland, northern Scandinavia\n[a][4]\n\n\n2011-07-01 July 1, 2011\n08:39:30\n156\nPartial\n0.097\n—\n-65.2 65°12′S 28°36′E / 65.2°S 28.6°E / -65.2; 28.6\n—\nPartial: Southern Indian Ocean near Antarctica\n[a][4]\n\n\n2011-11-25 November 25, 2011\n06:21:24\n123\nPartial\n0.905\n—\n-68.6 68°36′S 82°24′W / 68.6°S 82.4°W / -68.6; -82.4\n—\nPartial: Southwestern South Africa, Antarctica, Tasmania, New Zealand\n[a][4]\n\n\n2012-05-20 May 20, 2012\n23:53:54\n128\nAnnular\n0.944\n5:46\n49.1 49°06′N 176°18′E / 49.1°N 176.3°E / 49.1; 176.3\n237\n147\nAnnular: Southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, Kyushu, Shikoku, southern Honshu, Tokyo, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas\nPartial: Pacific, eastern Asia, North America, Hawaii\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2012-11-13 November 13, 2012\n22:12:55\n133\nTotal\n1.050\n4:02\n-40.0 40°00′S 161°18′W / 40.0°S 161.3°W / -40.0; -161.3\n179\n111\nTotal: Arnhem Land and central Cape York Peninsula, Australia, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand\nPartial: Australia, New Zealand, Melanesia, Southeastern South America, Southern Pacific, Polynesia, Antarctic Peninsula, West Antarctica, Talos Dome\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2013-05-10 May 10, 2013\n00:26:20\n138\nAnnular\n0.954\n6:03\n02.2 2°12′N 175°30′E / 2.2°N 175.5°E / 2.2; 175.5\n173\n107\nAnnular: Western Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia, Louisiade Archipelago, Solomon Islands, Kiribati\nPartial: Australia, New Zealand, Central Pacific, Hawaii, Indonesia\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2013-11-03 November 3, 2013\n12:47:36\n143\nHybrid\n1.016\n1:40\n03.5 3°30′N 11°42′W / 3.5°N 11.7°W / 3.5; -11.7\n58\n36\nHybrid: Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia\nPartial: Eastern America, Eastern Canada, Caribbean, Eastern South America, South Europe, Africa\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2014-04-29 April 29, 2014\n06:04:33\n148\nAnnular (non-central)\n0.987\n—\n-70.6 70°36′S 131°18′E / 70.6°S 131.3°E / -70.6; 131.3\n—\nAnnular: western Wilkes Land\n\nPartial: South Indian Ocean, Australia, east Antarctica\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2014-10-23 October 23, 2014\n21:45:39\n153\nPartial\n0.811\n—\n71.2 71°12′N 97°12′W / 71.2°N 97.2°W / 71.2; -97.2\n—\nPartial: Northern Pacific, North America, Mexico, Eastern Russia\n[a][4]\n\n\n2015-03-20 March 20, 2015\n09:46:47\n120\nTotal\n1.045\n2:47\n64.4 64°24′N 6°36′W / 64.4°N 6.6°W / 64.4; -6.6\n463\n288\nTotal: Faroe Islands, Svalbard, North Atlantic, North Pole\nPartial: Greenland, Europe, Central Asia, Western Russia\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2015-09-13 September 13, 2015\n06:55:19\n125\nPartial\n0.788\n—\n-72.1 72°06′S 2°18′W / 72.1°S 2.3°W / -72.1; -2.3\n—\nPartial: Southern Africa, South Indian Ocean, east Antarctica\n[a][4]\n\n\n2016-03-09 March 9, 2016\n01:58:19\n130\nTotal\n1.045\n4:09\n10.1 10°06′N 148°48′E / 10.1°N 148.8°E / 10.1; 148.8\n155\n96\nTotal: Indonesia, Micronesia, Marshall Islands\nPartial: Southeastern Asia, Korea, Japan, Eastern Russia, Alaska, northwestern Australia, Hawaii, Pacific\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2016-09-01 September 1, 2016\n09:08:02\n135\nAnnular\n0.974\n3:06\n-10.7 10°42′S 37°48′E / 10.7°S 37.8°E / -10.7; 37.8\n100\n62\nAnnular: Atlantic, Central Africa, Madagascar, Indian\nPartial: Africa, Indian Ocean\n\n[a][5]\n\n\n2017-02-26 February 26, 2017 \n14:54:33\n140\nAnnular\n0.992\n0:44\n-34.7 34°42′S 31°12′W / 34.7°S 31.2°W / -34.7; -31.2\n31\n19\nAnnular: southern Chile and Argentina, Angola, southwestern Katanga\nPartial: Southern and Western Africa, Southern South America, Antarctica\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2017-08-21 August 21, 2017\n18:26:40\n145\nTotal\n1.031\n2:40\n37.0 37°00′N 87°42′W / 37.0°N 87.7°W / 37.0; -87.7\n115\n71\nTotal: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, Nebraska, northeastern Kansas, Missouri, Southern Illinois, Western Kentucky, Tennessee, Southwestern North Carolina, northeastern Georgia, South Carolina\nPartial: North America, Hawaii, Greenland, Iceland, British Isles, Portugal, Central America, Caribbean, northern South America, Chukchi Peninsula\n\n[a][4] [6]\n\n\n2018-02-15 February 15, 2018\n20:52:33\n150\nPartial\n0.599\n—\n-71.0 71°00′S 0°36′E / 71.0°S 0.6°E / -71.0; 0.6\n—\nPartial: Antarctica, Southern South America\n[a][4]\n\n\n2018-07-13 July 13, 2018\n03:02:16\n117\nPartial\n0.336\n—\n-67.9 67°54′S 127°24′E / 67.9°S 127.4°E / -67.9; 127.4\n—\nPartial: South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, Indian Ocean, Budd Coast\n[a][4]\n\n\n2018-08-11 August 11, 2018\n09:47:28\n155\nPartial\n0.737\n—\n70.4 70°24′N 174°30′E / 70.4°N 174.5°E / 70.4; 174.5\n—\nPartial: Northeastern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Arctic Ocean, Scandinavia, northern British Isles, Russia, northern Asia\n[a][4]\n\n\n2019-01-06 January 6, 2019\n01:42:38\n122\nPartial\n0.715\n—\n67.4 67°24′N 153°36′E / 67.4°N 153.6°E / 67.4; 153.6\n—\nPartial: Northeastern Asia, Southwestern Alaska, Aleutian Islands\n[a][4]\n\n\n2019-07-02 July 2, 2019\n19:24:08\n127\nTotal\n1.046\n4:33\n-17.4 17°24′S 109°00′W / 17.4°S 109.0°W / -17.4; -109.0\n201\n125\nTotal: Pitcairn Islands, central Argentina and Chile, Tuamotu Archipelago\nPartial: South America, Easter Island, Galapagos Islands, Southern Central America, Polynesia\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2019-12-26 December 26, 2019\n05:18:53\n132\nAnnular\n0.970\n3:40\n01.0 1°00′N 102°18′E / 1.0°N 102.3°E / 1.0; 102.3\n118\n73\nAnnular: northeastern Pakistan Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Lakshadweep, Southern India, Sri Lanka, northern Sumatra, southern Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, central Indonesia, Palau, Micronesia, Guam\nPartial: Asia, Western Melanesia, northwestern Australia, Middle East, East Africa\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2020-06-21 June 21, 2020\n06:41:15\n137\nAnnular\n0.994\n0:38\n30.5 30°30′N 79°42′E / 30.5°N 79.7°E / 30.5; 79.7\n21\n13\nAnnular: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Yemen, Empty Quarter, Oman, southern Pakistan, northern India, New Delhi, Tibet, southern China, Chongqing, Taiwan\nPartial: Asia, Southeastern Europe, Africa, Middle East, West Melanesia, Western Australia, Northern Territory, Cape York Peninsula\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2020-12-14 December 14, 2020\n16:14:39\n142\nTotal\n1.025\n2:10\n-40.3 40°18′S 67°54′W / 40.3°S 67.9°W / -40.3; -67.9\n90\n56\nTotal: Southern Chile and Argentina, Kiribati, Polynesia\nPartial: Central and Southern South America, Southwest Africa, Antarctic Peninsula, Ellsworth Land, Western Queen Maud Land\n\n[a][4]\n\n\n2021-06-10 June 10, 2021\n10:43:07\n147\nAnnular\n0.943\n3:51\n80.8 80°48′N 66°48′W / 80.8°N 66.8°W / 80.8; -66.8\n527\n327\nAnnular: Northern Canada, Greenland, Russia\nPartial: Northern North America, Europe, Asia\n\n[a][7]\n\n\n2021-12-04 December 4, 2021\n07:34:38\n152\nTotal\n1.037\n1:54\n-76.8 76°48′S 46°12′W / 76.8°S 46.2°W / -76.8; -46.2\n419\n260\nTotal: Antarctica\nPartial: South Africa, South Atlantic\n[a][7]\n\n\n2022-04-30 April 30, 2022\n20:42:36\n119\nPartial\n0.640\n—\n-62.1 62°06′S 71°30′W / 62.1°S 71.5°W / -62.1; -71.5\n—\nPartial: Southeast Pacific, Southern South America\n[a][7]\n\n\n2022-10-25 October 25, 2022\n11:01:20\n124\nPartial\n0.862\n—\n61.6 61°36′N 77°24′E / 61.6°N 77.4°E / 61.6; 77.4\n—\nPartial: Europe, northeast Africa, Mid East, West Asia\n[a][7]\n\n\n2023-04-20 April 20, 2023\n04:17:56\n129\nHybrid\n1.013\n1:16\n-09.6 9°36′S 125°48′E / 9.6°S 125.8°E / -9.6; 125.8\n49\n30\nHybrid: Indonesia, Australia, Papua New Guinea\nPartial: Southeast Asia, East Indies, Philippines, New Zealand\n[a][7]\n\n\n2023-10-14 October 14, 2023\n18:00:41\n134\nAnnular\n0.952\n5:17\n11.4 11°24′N 83°06′W / 11.4°N 83.1°W / 11.4; -83.1\n187\n116\nAnnular: Western United States, Central America, Colombia, Brazil\nPartial: North America, Central America, South America\n[a][7]\n\n\n2024-04-08 April 8, 2024\n18:18:29\n139\nTotal\n1.057\n4:28\n25.3 25°18′N 104°06′W / 25.3°N 104.1°W / 25.3; -104.1\n198\n123\nTotal: Mexico, central and northeastern United States, East Canada\nPartial: North America, Central America\n[a][7]\n\n\n2024-10-02 October 2, 2024\n18:46:13\n144\nAnnular\n0.933\n7:25\n-22.0 22°00′S 114°30′W / 22.0°S 114.5°W / -22.0; -114.5\n266\n165\nAnnular: Southern Chile, Southern Argentina\nPartial: Pacific, Southern South America\n[a][7]\n\n\n2025-03-29 March 29, 2025\n10:48:36\n149\nPartial\n0.938\n—\n61.1 61°06′N 77°06′W / 61.1°N 77.1°W / 61.1; -77.1\n—\nPartial: Northwest Africa, Europe, northern Russia\n[a][7]\n\n\n2025-09-21 September 21, 2025\n19:43:04\n154\nPartial\n0.855\n—\n-60.9 60°54′S 153°30′E / 60.9°S 153.5°E / -60.9; 153.5\n—\nPartial: South Pacific, New Zealand, Antarctica\n[a][7]\n\n\n2026-02-17 February 17, 2026\n12:13:06\n121\nAnnular\n0.963\n2:20\n-64.7 64°42′S 86°48′E / 64.7°S 86.8°E / -64.7; 86.8\n616\n383\nAnnular: Antarctica\nPartial: South Argentina, Chile, South Africa, Antarctica\n[a][7]\n\n\n2026-08-12 August 12, 2026\n17:47:06\n126\nTotal\n1.039\n2:18\n65.2 65°12′N 25°12′W / 65.2°N 25.2°W / 65.2; -25.2\n294\n183\nTotal: Arctic, Greenland, Iceland, Spain, Northeastern Portugal\nPartial: Northern North America, Western Africa, Europe\n[a][7]\n\n\n2027-02-06 February 6, 2027\n16:00:48\n131\nAnnular\n0.928\n7:51\n-31.3 31°18′S 48°30′W / 31.3°S 48.5°W / -31.3; -48.5\n282\n175\nAnnular: Chile, Argentina, Atlantic\nPartial: South America, Antarctica, West and South Africa\n[a][7]\n\n\n2027-08-02 August 2, 2027\n10:07:50\n136\nTotal\n1.079\n6:23\n25.5 25°30′N 33°12′E / 25.5°N 33.2°E / 25.5; 33.2\n258\n160\nTotal: Morocco, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Somalia\nPartial: Africa, Europe, Mid East, West and South Asia\n[a][7]\n\n\n2028-01-26 January 26, 2028\n15:08:59\n141\nAnnular\n0.921\n10:27\n03.0 3°00′N 51°30′W / 3.0°N 51.5°W / 3.0; -51.5\n323\n201\nAnnular: Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Suriname, Spain, Portugal\nPartial: Eastern North America, Central and South America, Western Europe, northwest Africa\n[a][7]\n\n\n2028-07-22 July 22, 2028\n02:56:40\n146\nTotal\n1.056\n5:10\n-15.6 15°36′S 126°42′E / 15.6°S 126.7°E / -15.6; 126.7\n230\n140\nTotal: Australia, New Zealand\nPartial: Southeast Asia, East Indies\n[a][7]\n\n\n2029-01-14 January 14, 2029\n17:13:48\n151\nPartial\n0.871\n—\n63.7 63°42′N 114°12′W / 63.7°N 114.2°W / 63.7; -114.2\n—\nPartial: North America, Central America\n[a][7]\n\n\n2029-06-12 June 12, 2029\n04:06:13\n118\nPartial\n0.458\n—\n66.8 66°48′N 66°12′W / 66.8°N 66.2°W / 66.8; -66.2\n—\nPartial: Arctic, Scandinavia, Alaska, northern Asia, northern Canada\n[a][7]\n\n\n2029-07-11 July 11, 2029\n15:37:19\n156\nPartial\n0.230\n—\n-64.3 64°18′S 85°36′W / 64.3°S 85.6°W / -64.3; -85.6\n—\nPartial: Southern Chile, Southern Argentina\n[a][7]\n\n\n2029-12-05 December 5, 2029\n15:03:58\n123\nPartial\n0.891\n—\n-67.5 67°30′S 135°42′E / 67.5°S 135.7°E / -67.5; 135.7\n—\nPartial: Southern Argentina, Southern Chile, Antarctica\n[a][7]\n\n\n2030-06-01 June 1, 2030\n06:29:13\n128\nAnnular\n0.944\n5:21\n56.5 56°30′N 80°06′E / 56.5°N 80.1°E / 56.5; 80.1\n250\n160\nAnnular: Algeria, Tunisia, Greece, Turkey, Russia, northern China, Japan\nPartial: Europe, Northern Africa, Mid East, Asia, Arctic, Alaska\n[a][7]\n\n\n2030-11-25 November 25, 2030\n06:51:37\n133\nTotal\n1.047\n3:44\n-43.6 43°36′S 71°12′E / 43.6°S 71.2°E / -43.6; 71.2\n169\n105\nTotal: Botswana, South Africa, Australia\nPartial: South Africa, Southern Indian Ocean, East Indies, Australia, Antarctica\n[a][7]\n\n\n2031-05-21 May 21, 2031\n07:16:04\n138\nAnnular\n0.959\n5:26\n08.9 8°54′N 71°42′E / 8.9°N 71.7°E / 8.9; 71.7\n152\n94\nAnnular: Angola, Republic of the Congo, Zambia, Tanzania, south Indian Ocean, Malaysia, Indonesia\nPartial: Africa, south Asia, East Indies, Australia\n[a][8]\n\n\n2031-11-14 November 14, 2031\n21:07:31\n143\nHybrid\n1.011\n1:08\n-00.6 0°36′S 137°36′W / 0.6°S 137.6°W / -0.6; -137.6\n38\n24\nHybrid: Pacific, Panama\nPartial: south United States, Central America, northwest South America\n[a][8]\n\n\n2032-05-09 May 9, 2032\n13:26:42\n148\nAnnular\n0.996\n0:22\n-51.3 51°18′S 7°06′W / 51.3°S 7.1°W / -51.3; -7.1\n44\n27\nAnnular: south Atlantic\nPartial: south South America, South Africa\n[a][8]\n\n\n2032-11-03 November 3, 2032\n05:34:13\n153\nPartial\n0.855\n—\n70.4 70°24′N 132°36′E / 70.4°N 132.6°E / 70.4; 132.6\n—\nPartial: Asia\n[a][8]\n\n\n2033-03-30 March 30, 2033\n18:02:36\n120\nTotal\n1.046\n2:37\n71.3 71°18′N 155°48′W / 71.3°N 155.8°W / 71.3; -155.8\n781\n485\nTotal: east Russia, Alaska\nPartial: North America\n[a][8]\n\n\n2033-09-23 September 23, 2033\n13:54:31\n125\nPartial\n0.689\n—\n-72.2 72°12′S 121°12′W / 72.2°S 121.2°W / -72.2; -121.2\n—\nPartial: south South America, Antarctica\n[a][8]\n\n\n2034-03-20 March 20, 2034\n10:18:45\n130\nTotal\n1.046\n4:09\n16°06′N 22°12′E / 16.1°N 22.2°E / 16.1; 22.2\n159\n99\nTotal: Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, China\nPartial: Africa, Europe, west Asia\n[a][8]\n\n\n2034-09-12 September 12, 2034\n16:19:28\n135\nAnnular\n0.974\n2:58\n-18.2 18°12′S 72°36′W / 18.2°S 72.6°W / -18.2; -72.6\n102\n63\nAnnular: Chile, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil\nPartial: Central America, South America\n[a][8]\n\n\n2035-03-09 March 9, 2035\n23:05:54\n140\nAnnular\n0.992\n0:48\n-29.0 29°00′S 154°54′W / 29.0°S 154.9°W / -29.0; -154.9\n31\n19\nAnnular: New Zealand, Pacific\nPartial: Australia, Mexico, Antarctica\n[a][8]\n\n\n2035-09-02 September 2, 2035\n01:56:46\n145\nTotal\n1.032\n2:54\n29.1 29°06′N 158°00′E / 29.1°N 158.0°E / 29.1; 158.0\n116\n72\nTotal: China, Korea, Japan, Pacific\nPartial: east Asia, Pacific\n[a][8]\n\n\n2036-02-27 February 27, 2036\n04:46:49\n150\nPartial\n0.629\n—\n-71.6 71°36′S 131°24′W / 71.6°S 131.4°W / -71.6; -131.4\n—\nPartial: Antarctica, south Australia, New Zealand\n[a][8]\n\n\n2036-07-23 July 23, 2036\n10:32:06\n117\nPartial\n0.199\n—\n-68.9 68°54′S 3°36′E / 68.9°S 3.6°E / -68.9; 3.6\n—\nPartial: south Atlantic\n[a][8]\n\n\n2036-08-21 August 21, 2036\n17:25:45\n155\nPartial\n0.862\n—\n71.1 71°06′N 47°00′E / 71.1°N 47.0°E / 71.1; 47.0\n—\nPartial: Alaska, Canada, Arctic, west Europe, northwest Africa\n[a][8]\n\n\n2037-01-16 January 16, 2037\n09:48:55\n122\nPartial\n0.705\n—\n68.5 68°30′N 20°48′E / 68.5°N 20.8°E / 68.5; 20.8\n—\nPartial: north Africa, Europe, Mid East, west Asia\n[a][8]\n\n\n2037-07-13 July 13, 2037\n02:40:36\n127\nTotal\n1.041\n3:58\n-24.8 24°48′S 139°06′E / 24.8°S 139.1°E / -24.8; 139.1\n201\n125\nTotal: Australia, New Zealand\nPartial: East Indies, Australia, Pacific\n[a][8]\n\n\n2038-01-05 January 5, 2038\n13:47:11\n132\nAnnular\n0.973\n3:18\n02.1 2°06′N 25°24′W / 2.1°N 25.4°W / 2.1; -25.4\n107\n66\nAnnular: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Niger, Chad, Egypt\nPartial: east North America, north South America, Atlantic, Africa, Europe\n[a][8]\n\n\n2038-07-02 July 2, 2038\n13:32:55\n137\nAnnular\n0.991\n1:00\n25.4 25°24′N 21°54′W / 25.4°N 21.9°W / 25.4; -21.9\n31\n19\nAnnular: Colombia, Venezuela, Mauritania, Morocco, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya\nPartial: North and Central America, South America, Africa, Europe, Mid East\n[a][8]\n\n\n2038-12-26 December 26, 2038\n01:00:10\n142\nTotal\n1.027\n2:18\n-40.3 40°18′S 164°00′E / 40.3°S 164.0°E / -40.3; 164.0\n95\n59\nTotal: Australia, New Zealand, south Pacific\nPartial: southeast Asia, East Indies, Australia, New Zealand, south Pacific, Antarctica\n[a][8]\n\n\n2039-06-21 June 21, 2039\n17:12:54\n147\nAnnular\n0.945\n4:05\n78.9 78°54′N 102°06′W / 78.9°N 102.1°W / 78.9; -102.1\n365\n227\nAnnular: Alaska, north Canada, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Russia\nPartial: North America, west Europe\n[a][8]\n\n\n2039-12-15 December 15, 2039\n16:23:46\n152\nTotal\n1.036\n1:51\n-80.9 80°54′S 172°48′E / 80.9°S 172.8°E / -80.9; 172.8\n380\n240\nTotal: Antarctica\nPartial: south South America\n[a][8]\n\n\n2040-05-11 May 11, 2040\n03:43:02\n119\nPartial\n0.531\n—\n-62.8 62°48′S 174°24′E / 62.8°S 174.4°E / -62.8; 174.4\n—\nPartial: Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica\n[a][8]\n\n\n2040-11-04 November 4, 2040\n19:09:02\n124\nPartial\n0.807\n—\n62.2 62°12′N 53°24′W / 62.2°N 53.4°W / 62.2; -53.4\n—\nPartial: North and Central America\n[a][8]\n\n\n2041-04-30 April 30, 2041\n11:52:21\n129\nTotal\n1.019\n1:51\n-09.6 9°36′S 12°12′E / 9.6°S 12.2°E / -9.6; 12.2\n72\n45\nTotal: Angola, Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia\nPartial: Brazil, Africa, Mid East\n[a][9]\n\n\n2041-10-25 October 25, 2041\n01:36:22\n134\nAnnular\n0.947\n6:07\n09.9 9°54′N 162°54′E / 9.9°N 162.9°E / 9.9; 162.9\n213\n132\nAnnular: Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan, Pacific\nPartial: east Asia, Pacific\n[a][9]\n\n\n2042-04-20 April 20, 2042\n02:17:30\n139\nTotal\n1.061\n4:51\n27.0 27°00′N 137°18′E / 27.0°N 137.3°E / 27.0; 137.3\n210\n130\nTotal: Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, north Pacific\nPartial: east and southeast Asia, Australia, Pacific\n\n[a][9]\n\n\n2042-10-14 October 14, 2042\n02:00:42\n144\nAnnular\n0.930\n7:44\n-23.7 23°42′S 137°48′E / 23.7°S 137.8°E / -23.7; 137.8\n273\n170\nAnnular: Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand\nPartial: south-east Asia, East Indies, south Pacific, Antarctica\n\n[a][9]\n\n\n2043-04-09 April 9, 2043\n18:57:49\n149\nTotal (non-central)\n1.010\n—\n61.3 61°18′N 152°00′E / 61.3°N 152.0°E / 61.3; 152.0\n—\nTotal: northeast Russia\nPartial: north North America, northeast Asia\n[a][9]\n\n\n2043-10-03 October 3, 2043\n03:01:49\n154\nAnnular (non-central)\n0.950\n—\n-61.0 61°00′S 35°18′E / 61.0°S 35.3°E / -61.0; 35.3\n—\nAnnular: south Indian Ocean\nPartial: Antarctica, southwest Australia, Indian Ocean\n[a][9]\n\n\n2044-02-28 February 28, 2044\n20:24:40\n121\nAnnular\n0.960\n2:27\n-62.2 62°12′S 25°36′W / 62.2°S 25.6°W / -62.2; -25.6\n—\nAnnular: south Atlantic\nPartial: Antarctica, South America\n[a][9]\n\n\n2044-08-23 August 23, 2044\n01:17:02\n126\nTotal\n1.036\n2:04\n64.3 64°18′N 120°24′W / 64.3°N 120.4°W / 64.3; -120.4\n453\n281\nTotal: Greenland; Canada's Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Alberta, southwestern Saskatchewan; Montana, North Dakota\nPartial: north Asia, western North America, Greenland\n\n[a][9]\n\n\n2045-02-16 February 16, 2045\n23:56:07\n131\nAnnular\n0.928\n7:47\n-28.3 28°18′S 166°12′W / 28.3°S 166.2°W / -28.3; -166.2\n281\n175\nAnnular: New Zealand, Pacific\nPartial: Australia, Hawaii\n\n[a][9]\n\n\n2045-08-12 August 12, 2045\n17:42:39\n136\nTotal\n1.077\n6:06\n25.9 25°54′N 78°30′W / 25.9°N 78.5°W / 25.9; -78.5\n256\n159\nTotal: south United States, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guyana, Suriname, Brazil\nPartial: North, Central and South America, western Africa\n\n[a][9]\n\n\n2046-02-05 February 5, 2046\n23:06:26\n141\nAnnular\n0.923\n9:42\n04.8 4°48′N 171°24′W / 4.8°N 171.4°W / 4.8; -171.4\n310\n190\nAnnular: Papua New Guinea, Hawaii, California, Oregon, Idaho\nPartial: Australia, western United States\n[a][9]\n\n\n2046-08-02 August 2, 2046\n10:21:13\n146\nTotal\n1.053\n4:51\n-12.7 12°42′S 15°12′E / 12.7°S 15.2°E / -12.7; 15.2\n206\n128\nTotal: Brazil, Angola, east Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland, south Mozambique\nPartial: Africa\n\n[a][9]\n\n\n2047-01-26 January 26, 2047\n01:33:18\n151\nPartial\n0.891\n—\n62.9 62°54′N 111°42′E / 62.9°N 111.7°E / 62.9; 111.7\n—\nPartial: east Asia, Alaska\n[a][9]\n\n\n2047-06-23 June 23, 2047\n10:52:31\n118\nPartial\n0.313\n—\n65.8 65°48′N 178°00′W / 65.8°N 178.0°W / 65.8; -178.0\n—\nPartial: north Canada, Greenland, northeast Asia\n[a][9]\n\n\n2047-07-22 July 22, 2047\n22:36:17\n156\nPartial\n0.361\n—\n-63.4 63°24′S 160°12′E / 63.4°S 160.2°E / -63.4; 160.2\n—\nPartial: southeast Australia, New Zealand\n[a][9]\n\n\n2047-12-16 December 16, 2047\n23:50:12\n123\nPartial\n0.882\n—\n-66.4 66°24′S 6°36′W / 66.4°S 6.6°W / -66.4; -6.6\n—\nPartial: Antarctica, south Chile, south Argentina\n[a][9]\n\n\n2048-06-11 June 11, 2048\n12:58:53\n128\nAnnular\n0.944\n4:58\n63.7 63°42′N 11°30′W / 63.7°N 11.5°W / 63.7; -11.5\n272\n169\nAnnular: midwest United States, Quebec, Ontario, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Afghanistan\nPartial: North America, Caribbean, north Africa, Europe, west Asia\n\n[a][9]\n\n\n2048-12-05 December 5, 2048\n15:35:27\n133\nTotal\n1.044\n3:28\n-46.1 46°06′S 56°24′W / 46.1°S 56.4°W / -46.1; -56.4\n160\n99\nTotal: Chile, Argentina, Namibia, Botswana\nPartial: south South America, southwest Africa\n\n[a][9]\n\n\n2049-05-31 May 31, 2049\n13:59:59\n138\nAnnular\n0.963\n4:45\n15.3 15°18′N 29°54′W / 15.3°N 29.9°W / 15.3; -29.9\n134\n83\nAnnular: Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria\nPartial: southeast United States, Central America, South America, Africa, south Europe\n\n[a][9]\n\n\n2049-11-25 November 25, 2049\n05:33:48\n143\nHybrid\n1.006\n0:38\n-03.8 3°48′S 95°12′E / 3.8°S 95.2°E / -3.8; 95.2\n21\n13\nHybrid: Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Malaysia, Indonesia\nPartial: east Africa, south Asia, East Indies, Australia\n\n[a][9]\n\n\n2050-05-20 May 20, 2050\n20:42:50\n148\nHybrid\n1.004\n0:21\n-40.1 40°06′S 123°42′W / 40.1°S 123.7°W / -40.1; -123.7\n27\n17\nHybrid: south Pacific\nPartial: New Zealand, southwest South America\n\n[a][9]\n\n\n2050-11-14 November 14, 2050\n13:30:53\n153\nPartial\n0.887\n—\n69.5 69°30′N 1°00′E / 69.5°N 1.0°E / 69.5; 1.0\n—\nPartial: northeast United States, east Canada, north Africa, Europe\n[a][9]\n\n\n2051-04-11 April 11, 2051\n02:10:39\n120\nPartial\n0.985\n—\n71.6 71°36′N 32°12′E / 71.6°N 32.2°E / 71.6; 32.2\n—\nPartial: Asia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland\n[a][10]\n\n\n2051-10-04 October 4, 2051\n21:02:14\n125\nPartial\n0.602\n—\n-72.0 72°00′S 117°42′E / 72.0°S 117.7°E / -72.0; 117.7\n—\nPartial: Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand\n[a][10]\n\n\n2052-03-30 March 30, 2052\n18:31:53\n130\nTotal\n1.047\n4:08\n22.4 22°24′N 102°30′W / 22.4°N 102.5°W / 22.4; -102.5\n164\n102\nTotal: central Pacific, Mexico, United States, central Atlantic\nPartial: Central and North America, north South America\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2052-09-22 September 22, 2052\n23:39:10\n135\nAnnular\n0.973\n2:51\n-25.7 25°42′S 175°00′E / 25.7°S 175.0°E / -25.7; 175.0\n106\n66\nAnnular: Australia, south Pacific\nPartial: New Zealand, Antarctica, West Indies\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2053-03-20 March 20, 2053\n07:08:19\n140\nAnnular\n0.992\n0:50\n-23.0 23°00′S 83°00′E / 23.0°S 83.0°E / -23.0; 83.0\n31\n19\nAnnular: central Indian Ocean, Indonesia\nPartial: Africa, Indies, Australia, Antarctica\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2053-09-12 September 12, 2053\n09:34:09\n145\nTotal\n1.033\n3:04\n21.5 21°30′N 41°42′E / 21.5°N 41.7°E / 21.5; 41.7\n116\n72\nTotal: Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Maldives, Indonesia\nPartial: Greenland, Africa, Europe, Asia\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2054-03-09 March 9, 2054\n12:33:40\n150\nPartial\n0.668\n—\n-72.0 72°00′S 97°54′E / 72.0°S 97.9°E / -72.0; 97.9\n—\nPartial: Antarctica, South Africa, Madagascar, Chile\n[a][10]\n\n\n2054-08-03 August 3, 2054\n18:04:02\n117\nPartial\n0.066\n—\n-69.8 69°48′S 121°18′W / 69.8°S 121.3°W / -69.8; -121.3\n—\nPartial: Antarctica\n[a][10]\n\n\n2054-09-02 September 2, 2054\n01:09:34\n155\nPartial\n0.979\n—\n71.7 71°42′N 82°18′W / 71.7°N 82.3°W / 71.7; -82.3\n—\nPartial: Asia, United States, Canada, Greenland\n[a][10]\n\n\n2055-01-27 January 27, 2055\n17:54:05\n122\nPartial\n0.693\n—\n69.5 69°30′N 112°12′W / 69.5°N 112.2°W / 69.5; -112.2\n—\nPartial: Canada, United States, Mexico, Cuba\n[a][10]\n\n\n2055-07-24 July 24, 2055\n09:57:50\n127\nTotal\n1.036\n3:17\n-33.3 33°18′S 25°48′E / 33.3°S 25.8°E / -33.3; 25.8\n202\n126\nTotal: South Africa\nPartial: Africa, Antarctica\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2056-01-16 January 16, 2056\n22:16:45\n132\nAnnular\n0.976\n2:52\n03.9 3°54′N 153°30′W / 3.9°N 153.5°W / 3.9; -153.5\n95\n59\nAnnular: central Pacific, Mexico\nPartial: New Zealand, western North America\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2056-07-12 July 12, 2056\n20:21:59\n137\nAnnular\n0.988\n1:26\n19.4 19°24′N 123°42′W / 19.4°N 123.7°W / 19.4; -123.7\n43\n27\nAnnular: central Pacific, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil\nPartial: south North America, Central America, north South America\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2057-01-05 January 5, 2057\n09:47:52\n142\nTotal\n1.029\n2:29\n-39.2 39°12′S 35°12′E / 39.2°S 35.2°E / -39.2; 35.2\n102\n63\nTotal: southern Atlantic, southern Indian Ocean\nPartial: Africa, Antarctica, Australia\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2057-07-01 July 1, 2057\n23:40:15\n147\nAnnular\n0.946\n4:23\n71.5 71°30′N 176°12′W / 71.5°N 176.2°W / 71.5; -176.2\n298\n185\nAnnular: China, Mongolia, Russia, Canada, United States\nPartial: Asia, North America\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2057-12-26 December 26, 2057\n01:14:35\n152\nTotal\n1.035\n1:50\n-84.9 84°54′S 21°48′E / 84.9°S 21.8°E / -84.9; 21.8\n355\n221\nTotal: Antarctica\nPartial: Australia\n[a][10]\n\n\n2058-05-22 May 22, 2058\n10:39:25\n119\nPartial\n0.414\n—\n-63.5 63°30′S 61°06′E / 63.5°S 61.1°E / -63.5; 61.1\n—\nPartial: South Africa, Madagascar\n[a][10]\n\n\n2058-06-21 June 21, 2058\n00:19:35\n157\nPartial\n0.126\n—\n65.9 65°54′N 9°54′E / 65.9°N 9.9°E / 65.9; 9.9\n—\nPartial: Russia, Greenland, Norway, Sweden, Finland\n[a][10]\n\n\n2058-11-16 November 16, 2058\n03:23:07\n124\nPartial\n0.764\n—\n62.9 62°54′N 174°12′E / 62.9°N 174.2°E / 62.9; 174.2\n—\nPartial: Russia, China, Mongolia, Japan\n[a][10]\n\n\n2059-05-11 May 11, 2059\n19:22:16\n129\nTotal\n1.024\n2:23\n-10.7 10°42′S 100°24′W / 10.7°S 100.4°W / -10.7; -100.4\n95\n59\nTotal: central Pacific, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil\nPartial: North, Central and South America\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2059-11-05 November 5, 2059\n09:18:15\n134\nAnnular\n0.942\n7:00\n08.7 8°42′N 47°06′E / 8.7°N 47.1°E / 8.7; 47.1\n238\n148\nAnnular: France, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Indonesia\nPartial: Africa, Europe, Asia\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2060-03-30 April 30, 2060\n10:10:00\n139\nTotal\n1.066\n5:15\n28.0 28°00′N 20°54′E / 28.0°N 20.9°E / 28.0; 20.9\n222\n138\nTotal: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Libya, Egypt, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Russia\nPartial: Africa, Asia\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2060-10-24 October 24, 2060\n09:24:10\n144\nAnnular\n0.928\n8:06\n-25.8 25°48′S 28°06′E / 25.8°S 28.1°E / -25.8; 28.1\n281\n175\nAnnular: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, South Africa\nPartial: Africa, Antarctica, South America\n\n[a][10]\n\n\n2061-04-20 April 20, 2061\n02:56:49\n149\nTotal\n1.048\n2:37\n64.5 64°30′N 59°12′E / 64.5°N 59.2°E / 64.5; 59.2\n559\n347\nTotal: Kazakhstan, Russia\nPartial: Asia, Middle East, North America\n\n[a][11]\n\n\n2061-10-13 October 13, 2061\n10:32:10\n154\nAnnular\n0.947\n3:41\n-62.1 62°06′S 54°24′W / 62.1°S 54.4°W / -62.1; -54.4\n743\n462\nAnnular: Antarctica, Argentina, Chile\nPartial: South America\n[a][11]\n\n\n2062-03-11 March 11, 2062\n04:26:16\n121\nPartial\n0.933\n—\n-61.0 61°00′S 147°06′W / 61.0°S 147.1°W / -61.0; -147.1\n—\nPartial: Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand\n[a][11]\n\n\n2062-09-03 September 3, 2062\n08:54:27\n126\nPartial\n0.975\n—\n61.3 61°18′N 150°18′E / 61.3°N 150.3°E / 61.3; 150.3\n—\nPartial: Greenland, Europe, Asia\n[a][11]\n\n\n2063-02-28 February 28, 2063\n07:43:30\n131\nAnnular\n0.929\n7:41\n-25.2 25°12′S 77°42′E / 25.2°S 77.7°E / -25.2; 77.7\n280\n170\nAnnular: Indian Ocean, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mindanao, Philippines\nPartial: Africa, Indies, southeast Asia, the rest of Philippines, Antarctica, Australia\n\n[a][11]\n\n\n2063-08-24 August 24, 2063\n01:22:11\n136\nTotal\n1.075\n5:49\n25.6 25°36′N 168°24′E / 25.6°N 168.4°E / 25.6; 168.4\n252\n157\nTotal: China, Mongolia, Japan, central Pacific\nPartial: Asia, central Pacific\n\n[a][11]\n\n\n2064-02-17 February 17, 2064\n07:00:23\n141\nAnnular\n0.926\n8:56\n07.0 7°00′N 69°42′E / 7.0°N 69.7°E / 7.0; 69.7\n295\n183\nAnnular: Zaire, Zambia, Tanzania, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China\nPartial: Africa, Asia\n[a][11]\n\n\n2064-08-12 August 12, 2064\n17:46:06\n146\nTotal\n1.049\n4:28\n-10.9 10°54′S 96°00′W / 10.9°S 96.0°W / -10.9; -96.0\n184\n114\nTotal: Central Pacific, Chile, Argentina\nPartial: Americas, Antarctica\n\n[a][11]\n\n\n2065-02-05 February 5, 2065\n09:52:26\n151\nPartial\n0.912\n—\n62.2 62°12′N 21°54′W / 62.2°N 21.9°W / 62.2; -21.9\n—\nPartial: North America, Europe, West Asia\n[a][11]\n\n\n2065-07-03 July 3, 2065\n17:33:52\n118\nPartial\n0.164\n—\n64.8 64°48′N 71°54′E / 64.8°N 71.9°E / 64.8; 71.9\n—\nPartial: northern Europe, Russia\n[a][11]\n\n\n2065-08-02 August 2, 2065\n05:34:17\n156\nPartial\n0.490\n—\n-62.7 62°42′S 46°30′E / 62.7°S 46.5°E / -62.7; 46.5\n—\nPartial: Antarctica, South Africa, Madagascar\n[a][11]\n\n\n2065-12-27 December 27, 2065\n08:39:56\n123\nPartial\n0.877\n—\n-65.4 65°24′S 149°12′W / 65.4°S 149.2°W / -65.4; -149.2\n—\nPartial: Chile, Argentina, Antarctica, Australia\n[a][11]\n\n\n2066-06-22 June 22, 2066\n19:25:48\n128\nAnnular\n0.943\n4:40\n70.1 70°06′N 96°24′W / 70.1°N 96.4°W / 70.1; -96.4\n309\n192\nAnnular: Russia, Alaska, Canada\nPartial: North America, northern Europe, north Asia\n[a][11]\n\n\n2066-12-17 December 17, 2066\n00:23:40\n133\nTotal\n1.042\n3:14\n-47.4 47°24′S 175°48′E / 47.4°S 175.8°E / -47.4; 175.8\n152\n94\nTotal: Australia, New Zealand, south Pacific\nPartial: Australia, Antarctica, New Zealand\n[a][11]\n\n\n2067-06-11 June 11, 2067\n20:42:26\n138\nAnnular\n0.967\n4:05\n21.0 21°00′N 130°12′W / 21.0°N 130.2°W / 21.0; -130.2\n119\n74\nAnnular: central Pacific, Ecuador, Peru\nPartial: Americas\n[a][11]\n\n\n2067-12-06 December 6, 2067\n14:03:43\n143\nHybrid\n1.001\n0:08\n-06.0 6°00′S 32°24′W / 6.0°S 32.4°W / -6.0; -32.4\n4\n2.5\nHybrid: Honduras, Nicaragua, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Sudan\nPartial: Americas, Africa, south Europe\n\n[a][11]\n\n\n2068-05-31 May 31, 2068\n03:56:39\n148\nTotal\n1.011\n1:06\n-31.0 31°00′S 123°12′E / 31.0°S 123.2°E / -31.0; 123.2\n63\n39\nTotal: Australia, New Zealand\nPartial: Indies, Australia, Antarctica\n[a][11]\n\n\n2068-11-24 November 24, 2068\n21:32:30\n153\nPartial\n0.911\n—\n68.5 68°30′N 131°06′W / 68.5°N 131.1°W / 68.5; -131.1\n—\nPartial: North America, Russia\n[a][11]\n\n\n2069-04-21 April 21, 2069\n10:11:09\n120\nPartial\n0.899\n—\n71.0 71°00′N 101°18′W / 71.0°N 101.3°W / 71.0; -101.3\n—\nPartial: Europe, Asia, north Africa, North America\n[a][11]\n\n\n2069-05-20 May 20, 2069\n17:53:18\n158\nPartial\n0.088\n—\n-68.8 68°48′S 69°54′W / 68.8°S 69.9°W / -68.8; -69.9\n—\nPartial: South America, Antarctica\n[a][11]\n\n\n2069-10-15 October 15, 2069\n04:19:56\n125\nPartial\n0.530\n—\n-71.6 71°36′S 5°30′W / 71.6°S 5.5°W / -71.6; -5.5\n—\nPartial: Antarctica\n[a][11]\n\n\n2070-04-11 April 11, 2070\n02:36:09\n130\nTotal\n1.047\n4:04\n29.1 29°06′N 135°06′E / 29.1°N 135.1°E / 29.1; 135.1\n168\n104\nTotal: Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Philippines\nPartial: Asia, Indies, Alaska, Canada\n[a][11]\n\n\n2070-10-04 October 4, 2070\n07:08:57\n135\nAnnular\n0.973\n2:44\n-32.8 32°48′S 60°24′E / 32.8°S 60.4°E / -32.8; 60.4\n110\n68\nAnnular: Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Madagascar\nPartial: Africa, Antarctica, Australia\n\n[a][11]\n\n\n2071-03-31 March 31, 2071\n15:01:06\n140\nAnnular\n0.992\n0:52\n-16.7 16°42′S 37°00′W / 16.7°S 37.0°W / -16.7; -37.0\n31\n19\nAnnular: Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Republic of the Congo, Zaire\nPartial: South America, Africa, Antarctica\n\n[a][12]\n\n\n2071-09-23 September 23, 2071\n17:20:28\n145\nTotal\n1.033\n3:11\n14.2 14°12′N 76°42′W / 14.2°N 76.7°W / 14.2; -76.7\n116\n72\nTotal: Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil\nPartial: Americas, Africa\n\n[a][12]\n\n\n2072-03-19 March 19, 2072\n20:10:31\n150\nPartial\n0.720\n—\n-72.2 72°12′S 30°24′W / 72.2°S 30.4°W / -72.2; -30.4\n—\nPartial: Antarctica, South America\n[a][12]\n\n\n2072-09-12 September 12, 2072\n08:59:20\n155\nTotal\n1.056\n3:13\n69.8 69°48′N 102°00′E / 69.8°N 102.0°E / 69.8; 102.0\n732\n455\nTotal: Russia\nPartial: Greenland, Europe, Asia\n[a][12]\n\n\n2073-02-07 February 7, 2073\n01:55:59\n122\nPartial\n0.677\n—\n70.5 70°30′N 114°54′E / 70.5°N 114.9°E / 70.5; 114.9\n—\nPartial: Asia, Alaska\n[a][12]\n\n\n2073-08-03 August 3, 2073\n17:15:23\n127\nTotal\n1.029\n2:29\n-43.2 43°12′S 89°24′W / 43.2°S 89.4°W / -43.2; -89.4\n206\n128\nTotal: Chile, Argentina\nPartial: South America, Antarctica\n[a][12]\n\n\n2074-01-27 January 27, 2074\n06:44:15\n132\nAnnular\n0.980\n2:21\n06.6 6°36′N 78°48′E / 6.6°N 78.8°E / 6.6; 78.8\n79\n49\nAnnular: Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China, Japan\nPartial: Africa, Asia, Indies\n[a][12]\n\n\n2074-07-24 July 24, 2074\n03:10:32\n137\nAnnular\n0.984\n1:57\n12.8 12°48′N 133°42′E / 12.8°N 133.7°E / 12.8; 133.7\n58\n36\nAnnular: Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Philippines\nPartial: Asia, Indies, Australia, New Zealand\n[a][12]\n\n\n2075-01-16 January 16, 2075\n18:36:04\n142\nTotal\n1.031\n2:42\n-37.2 37°12′S 94°06′W / 37.2°S 94.1°W / -37.2; -94.1\n110\n68\nTotal: Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil\nPartial: New Zealand, South America, Antarctica\n[a][12]\n\n\n2075-07-13 July 13, 2075\n06:05:44\n147\nAnnular\n0.947\n4:45\n63.1 63°06′N 95°12′E / 63.1°N 95.2°E / 63.1; 95.2\n262\n163\nAnnular: south Europe, Russia\nPartial: Europe, Asia, Africa, north North America\n[a][12]\n\n\n2076-01-06 January 6, 2076\n10:07:27\n152\nTotal\n1.034\n1:49\n-87.2 87°12′S 173°42′W / 87.2°S 173.7°W / -87.2; -173.7\n340\n210\nTotal: Antarctica\nPartial: Australia, South America\n[a][12]\n\n\n2076-06-01 June 1, 2076\n17:31:22\n119\nPartial\n0.290\n—\n-64.4 64°24′S 51°12′W / 64.4°S 51.2°W / -64.4; -51.2\n—\nPartial: South America, Antarctica\n[a][12]\n\n\n2076-07-01 July 1, 2076\n06:50:43\n157\nPartial\n0.275\n—\n67.0 67°00′N 98°06′W / 67.0°N 98.1°W / 67.0; -98.1\n—\nPartial: Russia, North America\n[a][12]\n\n\n2076-11-26 November 26, 2076\n11:43:01\n124\nPartial\n0.731\n—\n63.7 63°42′N 40°06′E / 63.7°N 40.1°E / 63.7; 40.1\n—\nPartial: Africa, Europe, west Asia\n[a][12]\n\n\n2077-05-22 May 22, 2077\n02:46:05\n129\nTotal\n1.029\n2:54\n-13.1 13°06′S 148°18′E / 13.1°S 148.3°E / -13.1; 148.3\n119\n74\nTotal: Australia\nPartial: Indies, Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica\n[a][12]\n\n\n2077-11-15 November 15, 2077\n17:07:56\n134\nAnnular\n0.937\n7:54\n07.8 7°48′N 70°48′W / 7.8°N 70.8°W / 7.8; -70.8\n262\n163\nAnnular: United States, Caribbean, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana\nPartial: Americas\n\n[a][12]\n\n\n2078-05-11 May 11, 2078\n17:56:55\n139\nTotal\n1.070\n5:40\n28.1 28°06′N 93°42′W / 28.1°N 93.7°W / 28.1; -93.7\n232\n144\nTotal: Mexico, United States\nPartial: Americas\n[a][12]\n\n\n2078-11-04 November 4, 2078\n16:55:44\n144\nAnnular\n0.926\n8:29\n-27.8 27°48′S 83°18′W / 27.8°S 83.3°W / -27.8; -83.3\n287\n178\nAnnular: Chile, Argentina\nPartial: Americas, Antarctica\n[a][12]\n\n\n2079-05-01 May 1, 2079\n10:50:13\n149\nTotal\n1.051\n2:55\n66.2 66°12′N 46°18′W / 66.2°N 46.3°W / 66.2; -46.3\n406\n252\nTotal: United States, Canada, Greenland\nPartial: west Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia\n[a][12]\n\n\n2079-10-24 October 24, 2079\n18:11:21\n154\nAnnular\n0.948\n3:39\n-63.4 63°24′S 160°36′W / 63.4°S 160.6°W / -63.4; -160.6\n495\n308\nAnnular: Antarctica, New Zealand\nPartial: South America\n[a][12]\n\n\n2080-03-21 March 21, 2080\n12:20:15\n121\nPartial\n0.873\n—\n-60.9 60°54′S 85°54′E / 60.9°S 85.9°E / -60.9; 85.9\n—\nPartial: Antarctica, Africa\n[a][12]\n\n\n2080-09-13 September 13, 2080\n16:38:09\n126\nPartial\n0.874\n—\n61.1 61°06′N 25°48′E / 61.1°N 25.8°E / 61.1; 25.8\n—\nPartial: North America, Europe, Africa\n[a][12]\n\n\n2081-03-10 March 10, 2081\n15:23:31\n131\nAnnular\n0.930\n7:36\n-22.4 22°24′S 36°42′W / 22.4°S 36.7°W / -22.4; -36.7\n277\n172\nAnnular: Chile, Argentina, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon\nPartial: South America, Africa, Antarctica\n[a][13]\n\n\n2081-09-03 September 3, 2081\n09:07:31\n136\nTotal\n1.072\n5:33\n24.6 24°36′N 53°36′E / 24.6°N 53.6°E / 24.6; 53.6\n247\n153\nTotal: Central Europe, France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman\nPartial: Africa, Europe, Asia\n[a][13]\n\n\n2082-02-27 February 27, 2082\n14:47:00\n141\nAnnular\n0.930\n8:12\n09.4 9°24′N 47°06′W / 9.4°N 47.1°W / 9.4; -47.1\n277\n172\nAnnular: Peru, Brazil, Suriname, French Guiana, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Germany, Austria\nPartial: Americas, Europe, Africa\n[a][13]\n\n\n2082-08-24 August 24, 2082\n01:16:21\n146\nTotal\n1.045\n4:01\n-10.3 10°18′S 151°48′E / 10.3°S 151.8°E / -10.3; 151.8\n163\n101\nTotal: Indonesia, New Guinea, South Pacific\nPartial: Indies, Australia, Antarctica, New Zealand\n[a][13]\n\n\n2083-02-16 February 16, 2083\n18:06:36\n151\nPartial\n0.943\n—\n61.6 61°36′N 154°06′W / 61.6°N 154.1°W / 61.6; -154.1\n—\nPartial: Mexico, United States, Canada\n[a][13]\n\n\n2083-07-15 July 15, 2083\n00:14:23\n118\nPartial\n0.017\n—\n64.0 64°00′N 37°42′W / 64.0°N 37.7°W / 64.0; -37.7\n—\nPartial: Greenland\n[a][13]\n\n\n2083-08-13 August 13, 2083\n12:34:41\n156\nPartial\n0.615\n—\n-62.1 62°06′S 67°30′W / 62.1°S 67.5°W / -62.1; -67.5\n—\nPartial: South America, Antarctica\n[a][13]\n\n\n2084-01-07 January 7, 2084\n17:30:23\n123\nPartial\n0.872\n—\n-64.4 64°24′S 68°30′E / 64.4°S 68.5°E / -64.4; 68.5\n—\nPartial: Antarctica, South America\n[a][13]\n\n\n2084-07-03 July 3, 2084\n01:50:26\n128\nAnnular\n0.942\n4:25\n75.0 75°00′N 169°06′W / 75.0°N 169.1°W / 75.0; -169.1\n377\n234\nAnnular: Russia, United States, Canada\nPartial: northern Europe, Asia, North America\n[a][13]\n\n\n2084-12-27 December 27, 2084\n09:13:48\n133\nTotal\n1.040\n3:04\n-47.3 47°18′S 47°42′E / 47.3°S 47.7°E / -47.3; 47.7\n146\n91\nTotal: South Atlantic, Indian Ocean\nPartial: Africa, Antarctica, Australia\n[a][13]\n\n\n2085-06-22 June 22, 2085\n03:21:16\n138\nAnnular\n0.970\n3:29\n26.2 26°12′N 131°18′E / 26.2°N 131.3°E / 26.2; 131.3\n106\n66\nAnnular: India, Myanmar, China, central Pacific\nPartial: Asia, Indies, Australia\n[a][13]\n\n\n2085-12-16 December 16, 2085\n22:37:48\n143\nAnnular\n0.997\n0:19\n-07.3 7°18′S 160°48′W / 7.3°S 160.8°W / -7.3; -160.8\n10\n6.2\nAnnular: central Pacific\nPartial: Australia, North America\n[a][13]\n\n\n2086-06-11 June 11, 2086\n11:07:14\n148\nTotal\n1.017\n1:48\n-23.2 23°12′S 12°30′E / 23.2°S 12.5°E / -23.2; 12.5\n86\n53\nTotal: Namibia, Botswana, South Africa\nPartial: South America, Africa\n[a][13]\n\n\n2086-12-06 December 6, 2086\n05:38:55\n153\nPartial\n0.927\n—\n67.4 67°24′N 96°12′E / 67.4°N 96.2°E / 67.4; 96.2\n—\nPartial: Asia\n[a][13]\n\n\n2087-05-02 May 2, 2087\n18:04:42\n120\nPartial\n0.801\n—\n70.3 70°18′N 127°36′E / 70.3°N 127.6°E / 70.3; 127.6\n—\nPartial: north Europe, north Asia, North America\n[a][13]\n\n\n2087-06-01 June 1, 2087\n01:27:14\n158\nPartial\n0.215\n—\n-67.8 67°48′S 165°24′E / 67.8°S 165.4°E / -67.8; 165.4\n—\nPartial: New Zealand\n[a][13]\n\n\n2087-10-26 October 26, 2087\n11:46:57\n125\nPartial\n0.470\n—\n-71.0 71°00′S 130°30′W / 71.0°S 130.5°W / -71.0; -130.5\n—\nPartial: South America, Antarctica\n[a][13]\n\n\n2088-04-21 April 21, 2088\n10:31:49\n130\nTotal\n1.047\n3:58\n36.0 36°00′N 15°06′E / 36.0°N 15.1°E / 36.0; 15.1\n173\n107\nTotal: Mauritania, western Sahara, Mali, Algeria, Tunisia, Greece, Turkey, Russia, Kazakhstan, China\nPartial: North America, Africa, Europe, Asia\n[a][13]\n\n\n2088-10-14 October 14, 2088\n14:48:05\n135\nAnnular\n0.973\n2:38\n-39.7 39°42′S 56°00′W / 39.7°S 56.0°W / -39.7; -56.0\n115\n71\nAnnular: Chile, Argentina\nPartial: South America, Antarctica, Africa\n[a][13]\n\n\n2089-04-10 April 10, 2089\n22:44:42\n140\nAnnular\n0.992\n0:53\n-10.2 10°12′S 154°48′W / 10.2°S 154.8°W / -10.2; -154.8\n30\n19\nAnnular: Australia, central Pacific\nPartial: Antarctica, North America\n[a][13]\n\n\n2089-10-04 October 4, 2089\n01:15:23\n145\nTotal\n1.033\n3:14\n07.4 7°24′N 162°48′E / 7.4°N 162.8°E / 7.4; 162.8\n115\n71\nTotal: China, Central Pacific\nPartial: Asia, Indies, Australia\n[a][13]\n\n\n2090-03-31 March 31, 2090\n03:38:08\n150\nPartial\n0.784\n—\n-72.1 72°06′S 156°18′W / 72.1°S 156.3°W / -72.1; -156.3\n—\nPartial: Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand\n[a][13]\n\n\n2090-09-23 September 23, 2090\n16:56:36\n155\nTotal\n1.056\n3:36\n60.7 60°42′N 40°30′W / 60.7°N 40.5°W / 60.7; -40.5\n463\n288\nTotal: Canada, Greenland, United Kingdom, France\nPartial: North America, Europe, Africa, north Asia\n[a][13]\n\n\n2091-02-18 February 18, 2091\n09:54:40\n122\nPartial\n0.656\n—\n71.2 71°12′N 17°48′W / 71.2°N 17.8°W / 71.2; -17.8\n—\nPartial: North Africa, Europe, Asia\n[a][14]\n\n\n2091-08-15 August 15, 2091\n00:34:43\n127\nTotal\n1.022\n1:38\n-55.6 55°36′S 150°30′E / 55.6°S 150.5°E / -55.6; 150.5\n236\n147\nTotal: southern Antarctic Ocean, near Antarctica\nPartial: Australia, Antarctica, New Zealand\n\n[a][14]\n\n\n2092-02-07 February 7, 2092\n15:10:20\n132\nAnnular\n0.984\n1:48\n09.9 9°54′N 48°42′W / 9.9°N 48.7°W / 9.9; -48.7\n62\n39\nAnnular: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Morocco, Algeria\nPartial: Americas, Europe, Africa\n[a][14]\n\n\n2092-08-03 August 3, 2092\n09:59:33\n137\nAnnular\n0.979\n2:31\n05.6 5°36′N 30°18′E / 5.6°N 30.3°E / 5.6; 30.3\n75\n47\nAnnular: Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic, Sudan, Kenya, Somalia\nPartial: Africa\n[a][14]\n\n\n2093-01-27 January 27, 2093\n03:22:16\n142\nTotal\n1.034\n2:58\n-34.1 34°06′S 136°24′E / 34.1°S 136.4°E / -34.1; 136.4\n119\n74\nTotal: Australia\nPartial: Indies, Australia, Antarctica, New Zealand\n[a][14]\n\n\n2093-07-23 July 23, 2093\n12:32:04\n147\nAnnular\n0.946\n5:11\n54.6 54°36′N 1°18′E / 54.6°N 1.3°E / 54.6; 1.3\n241\n150\nAnnular: United States, Canada, Central Europe, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan\nPartial: Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia\n\n[a][14]\n\n\n2094-01-16 January 16, 2094\n18:59:03\n152\nTotal\n1.034\n1:51\n-84.8 84°48′S 10°36′W / 84.8°S 10.6°W / -84.8; -10.6\n329\n204\nTotal: Antarctica\nPartial: South America, Antarctica, New Zealand\n[a][14]\n\n\n2094-06-13 June 13, 2094\n00:22:11\n119\nPartial\n0.162\n—\n-65.3 65°18′S 163°36′W / 65.3°S 163.6°W / -65.3; -163.6\n—\nPartial: southern Antarctic Ocean, near Antarctica\n[a][14]\n\n\n2094-07-12 July 12, 2094\n13:24:35\n157\nPartial\n0.422\n—\n68.0 68°00′N 152°48′E / 68.0°N 152.8°E / 68.0; 152.8\n—\nPartial: North America, Asia\n[a][14]\n\n\n2094-12-07 December 7, 2094\n20:05:56\n124\nPartial\n0.705\n—\n64.7 64°42′N 95°00′W / 64.7°N 95.0°W / 64.7; -95.0\n—\nPartial: North America\n[a][14]\n\n\n2095-06-02 June 2, 2095\n10:07:40\n129\nTotal\n1.033\n3:18\n-16.7 16°42′S 37°12′E / 16.7°S 37.2°E / -16.7; 37.2\n145\n90\nTotal: Namibia, South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique, Madagascar\nPartial: Africa\n\n[a][14]\n\n\n2095-11-27 November 27, 2095\n01:02:57\n134\nAnnular\n0.933\n8:47\n07.2 7°12′N 169°48′E / 7.2°N 169.8°E / 7.2; 169.8\n285\n177\nAnnular: China, Korea, Japan, central Pacific\nPartial: Asia, Indies, Australia\n\n[a][14]\n\n\n2096-05-22 May 22, 2096\n01:37:14\n139\nTotal\n1.074\n6:07\n27.3 27°18′N 153°24′E / 27.3°N 153.4°E / 27.3; 153.4\n241\n150\nTotal: Indonesia, Central Pacific, Philippines\nPartial: Asia, Indies, Australia, North America\n[a][14]\n\n\n2096-11-15 November 15, 2096\n00:36:15\n144\nAnnular\n0.924\n8:53\n-29.7 29°42′S 163°18′E / 29.7°S 163.3°E / -29.7; 163.3\n294\n183\nAnnular: Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand\nPartial: Indies, Antarctica\n[a][14]\n\n\n2097-05-11 May 11, 2097\n18:34:31\n149\nTotal\n1.054\n3:10\n67.4 67°24′N 149°30′W / 67.4°N 149.5°W / 67.4; -149.5\n339\n211\nTotal: Alaska, Russia\nPartial: Asia, North America, northern Europe\n[a][14]\n\n\n2097-11-04 November 4, 2097\n02:01:25\n154\nAnnular\n0.949\n3:36\n-65.8 65°48′S 86°48′E / 65.8°S 86.8°E / -65.8; 86.8\n411\n255\nAnnular: Antarctica\nPartial: Australia\n[a][14]\n\n\n2098-04-01 April 1, 2098\n20:02:31\n121\nPartial\n0.798\n—\n-61.0 61°00′S 38°06′W / 61.0°S 38.1°W / -61.0; -38.1\n—\nPartial: Antarctica, South America\n[a][14]\n\n\n2098-09-25 September 25, 2098\n00:31:16\n126\nPartial\n0.787\n—\n61.1 61°06′N 101°00′W / 61.1°N 101.0°W / 61.1; -101.0\n—\nPartial: Asia, North America\n[a][14]\n\n\n2098-10-24 October 24, 2098\n10:36:11\n164\nPartial\n0.006\n—\n-61.8 61°48′S 95°30′W / 61.8°S 95.5°W / -61.8; -95.5\n—\nPartial: southern Antarctic Ocean, near Antarctica\n[a][14]\n\n\n2099-03-21 March 21, 2099\n22:54:32\n131\nAnnular\n0.932\n7:32\n-20.0 20°00′S 149°00′W / 20.0°S 149.0°W / -20.0; -149.0\n275\n171\nAnnular: central Pacific\nPartial: Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica, North America\n[a][14]\n\n\n2099-09-14 September 14, 2099\n16:57:53\n136\nTotal\n1.068\n5:18\n23.4 23°24′N 62°48′W / 23.4°N 62.8°W / 23.4; -62.8\n241\n150\nTotal: Canada, United States, central Atlantic\nPartial: Americas, Africa\n\n[a][14]\n\n\n2100-03-10 March 10, 2100\n22:28:11\n141\nAnnular\n0.934\n7:29\n12.0 12°00′N 162°24′W / 12.0°N 162.4°W / 12.0; -162.4\n257\n160\nAnnular: central Pacific, Hawaii, Northwestern United States\nPartial: Australia, North America\n[a][14]\n\n\n2100-09-04 September 4, 2100\n08:49:20\n146\nTotal\n1.040\n3:32\n-10.5 10°30′S 39°00′E / 10.5°S 39.0°E / -10.5; 39.0\n142\n88\nTotal: central Africa, Madagascar\nPartial: Africa, Antarctica\n[a][14]\n\n"
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"August 21, 2017"
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-4955141017888062170 | Noise pollution | Noise pollution - wikipedia Noise pollution Jump to : navigation , search Traffic is the main source of noise pollution in cities . A Qantas Airways Boeing 747 - 400 passes close to houses shortly before landing at London Heathrow Airport . Noise pollution is the disturbing noise with harmful impact on the activity of human or animal life . The source of outdoor noise worldwide is mainly caused by machines , transportation systems , motor vehicles engines and trains . Outdoor noise is summarized by the word environmental noise . Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution , side - by - side industrial and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential areas . Documented problems associated with urban environment noise go back as far as Ancient Rome . Noise from roadways and other urban factors can be mitigated by urban planning and better design of roads . Outdoor noise can be caused by machines , construction activities , and music performances , especially in some workplaces . Noise - induced hearing loss can be caused by outside ( e.g. trains ) or inside ( e.g. music ) noise . High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects in humans and an increased incidence of coronary artery disease . In animals , noise can increase the risk of death by altering predator or prey detection and avoidance , interfere with reproduction and navigation , and contribute to permanent hearing loss . Contents ( hide ) 1 Health 1.1 Humans 1.2 Wildlife 2 Noise mitigation 3 Legal status 3.1 India 3.2 United Kingdom 3.3 United States 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Health ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) A sound level meter , a basic tool in measuring sound . Main article : Health effects from noise Noise pollution affects both health and behavior . Unwanted sound ( noise ) can damage psychological and physiological health . Noise pollution can cause hypertension , high stress levels , tinnitus , noise induced hearing loss , sleep disturbances , and other harmful effects . Reaction to noise Sound becomes unwanted when it either interferes with normal activities such as irritation from vehicles horns , sleep , conversation , or disrupts or diminishes one 's quality of life . Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise - induced hearing loss . Older males exposed to significant occupational noise demonstrate more significantly reduced hearing sensitivity than their non-exposed peers , though differences in hearing sensitivity decrease with time and the two groups are indistinguishable by age 79 . A comparison of Maaban tribesmen , who were insignificantly exposed to transportation or industrial noise , to a typical U.S. population showed that chronic exposure to moderately high levels of environmental noise contributes to hearing loss . High noise levels can result in cardiovascular effects and exposure to moderately high levels during a single eight - hour period causes a statistical rise in blood pressure of five to ten points and an increase in stress , and vasoconstriction leading to the increased blood pressure noted above , as well as to increased incidence of coronary artery disease . Less addressed is how humans adapt to noise subjectively . Indeed , tolerance for noise is frequently independent of decibel levels . However , Murray Schafer 's soundscape research was groundbreaking in this regard . In his eponymous work , he makes compelling arguments about how humans relate to noise on a subjective level , and how such subjectivity is conditioned by culture . He also notes that sound is an expression of power , and as such , material culture ( e.g. , fast cars or Harley Davidson motorcycles with aftermarket pipes ) tend to have louder engines not only for safety reasons , but for expressions of power by dominating the soundscape with a particular sound . Other key research in this area can be seen in Fong 's comparative analysis of soundscape differences between Bangkok , Thailand and Los Angeles , California , US . Fong 's research methodology was modeled after Schafer , and the research findings show how not only do soundscapes differ , but they also rather explicitly point to the level of urban development in the area ; that is , cities in the periphery - in Immanuel Wallerstein - speak - will have different soundscapes than that of cities in the core . Fong 's important findings tie not only soundscape appreciation to our subjective views of sound , but also demonstrates how different sounds of the soundscape are indicative of class differences in urban environments . Wildlife ( edit ) Noise acute and continuous Leaq 8 hours can have a detrimental effect on wild animals , increasing the risk of death by changing the delicate balance in predator or prey detection and avoidance , and interfering the use of the sounds in communication , especially in relation to reproduction and in navigation . Acoustic overexposure can lead to temporary or permanent loss of hearing . Ambient noise from aircraft and jet fighter had observed significant relation between birds and marine life . An impact of noise on wild animal life is the reduction of usable habitat that noisy areas may cause , which in the case of endangered species may be part of the path to extinction . Noise pollution may have caused the death of certain species of whales that beached themselves after being exposed to the loud sound of military sonar . ( see also Marine mammals and sonar ) Noise also makes species communicate more loudly , which is called Lombard vocal response . Scientists and researchers have conducted experiments that show whales ' song length is longer when submarine - detectors are on . If creatures do not `` speak '' loudly enough , their voice will be masked by anthropogenic sounds . These unheard voices might be warnings , finding of prey , or preparations of net - bubbling . When one species begins speaking more loudly , it will mask other species ' voice , causing the whole ecosystem eventually to speak more loudly . Marine invertebrates , such as crabs ( Carcinus maenas ) , have also been shown to be negatively affected by ship noise . Larger crabs were noted to be negatively affected more by the sounds than smaller crabs . Repeated exposure to the sounds did lead to acclimatization . European robins living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places with high levels of noise pollution during the day , suggesting that they sing at night because it is quieter , and their message can propagate through the environment more clearly . The same study showed that daytime noise was a stronger predictor of nocturnal singing than night - time light pollution , to which the phenomenon often is attributed . Anthropogenic noise reduced the species richness of birds found in Neoptropical urban parks . Zebra finches become less faithful to their partners when exposed to traffic noise . This could alter a population 's evolutionary trajectory by selecting traits , sapping resources normally devoted to other activities and thus leading to profound genetic and evolutionary consequences . Noise have significant effects on marine , other vertebrates , invertebrates , birds and reptiles . When a noise is louder then different species of snakes are seen to be effected with noise due to different point and non point sources . Noise mitigation ( edit ) The sound tube in Melbourne , Australia is designed to reduce roadway noise without detracting from the area 's aesthetics A man wears ear defenders for protection against noise pollution , 1973 . Main article : Noise mitigation Roadway noise can be reduced by the use of noise barriers , limitation of vehicle speeds , alteration of roadway surface texture , limitation of heavy vehicles , use of traffic controls that smooth vehicle flow to reduce braking and acceleration , and tire design . An important factor in applying these strategies is a computer model for roadway noise , that is capable of addressing local topography , meteorology , traffic operations , and hypothetical mitigation . Costs of building - in mitigation can be modest , provided these solutions are sought in the planning stage of a roadway project . Aircraft noise can be reduced by using quieter jet engines . Altering flight paths and time of day runway has benefitted residents near airports . Industrial noise has been addressed since the 1930s via redesign of industrial equipment , shock mounted assemblies and physical barriers in the workplace . In recent years , Buy Quiet programs and initiatives have arisen in an effort to combat occupational noise exposures . These programs promote the purchase of quieter tools and equipment and encourage manufacturers to design quieter equipment . The US National Institute for Occupational Health has created a database of industrial equipment with decibel levels noted . Legal status ( edit ) Main article : Noise regulation Up until the 1970s governments tended to view noise as a `` nuisance '' rather than an environmental problem . Many conflicts over noise pollution are handled by negotiation between the emitter and the receiver . Escalation procedures vary by country , and may include action in conjunction with local authorities , in particular the police . India ( edit ) Noise pollution is a major problem in India . The government of India has rules & regulations against firecrackers and loudspeakers , but enforcement is extremely lax . Awaaz Foundation is an Indian NGO working to control noise pollution from various sources through advocacy , public interest litigation , awareness , and educational campaigns since 2003 . Despite increased enforcement and stringency of laws now being practised in urban areas , rural areas are still affected . United kingdom ( edit ) Figures compiled by rockwool , the mineral wool insulation manufacturer , based on responses from local authorities to a Freedom of Information Act ( FOI ) request reveal in the period April 2008 -- 2009 UK councils received 315,838 complaints about noise pollution from private residences . This resulted in environmental health officers across the UK serving 8,069 noise abatement notices or citations under the terms of the Anti-Social Behaviour ( Scotland ) Act . In the last 12 months , 524 confiscations of equipment have been authorized involving the removal of powerful speakers , stereos and televisions . Westminster City Council has received more complaints per head of population than any other district in the UK with 9,814 grievances about noise , which equates to 42.32 complaints per thousand residents . Eight of the top 10 councils ranked by complaints per 1,000 residents are located in London . United states ( edit ) There are federal standards for highway and aircraft noise ; states and local governments typically have very specific statutes on building codes , urban planning , and roadway development . Noise laws and ordinances vary widely among municipalities and indeed do not even exist in some cities . An ordinance may contain a general prohibition against making noise that is a nuisance , or it may set out specific guidelines for the level of noise allowable at certain times of the day and for certain activities . The Environmental Protection Agency retains authority to investigate and study noise and its effect , disseminate information to the public regarding noise pollution and its adverse health effects , respond to inquiries on matters related to noise , and evaluate the effectiveness of existing regulations for protecting the public health and welfare , pursuant to the Noise Control Act of 1972 and the Quiet Communities Act of 1978 . New York City instituted the first comprehensive noise code in 1985 . The Portland Noise Code includes potential fines of up to $5000 per infraction and is the basis for other major U.S. and Canadian city noise ordinances . See also ( edit ) Acoustical engineering Environmental noise Industrial noise Buy Quiet International Noise Awareness Day Noise Abatement Society Noise calculation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Senate Public Works Committee , Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972 , S. Rep. No. 1160 , 92nd Cong . 2nd session Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan and Gary L. Latshaw , `` The relationship between highway planning and urban noise '' , The Proceedings of the ASCE , Urban Transportation , May 21 -- 23 , 1973 , Chicago , Illinois . By American Society of Civil Engineers . Urban Transportation Division Jump up ^ `` Medscape Log In '' . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Barbara ; Moebus , Susanne ; Stang , Andreas ; Beck , Eva - Maria ; Dragano , Nico ; Möhlenkamp , Stephan ; Schmermund , Axel ; Memmesheimer , Michael ; Mann , Klaus ( 2006 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Residence close to high traffic and prevalence of coronary heart disease '' . European Heart Journal . 27 ( 22 ) : 2696 -- 2702 . doi : 10.1093 / eurheartj / ehl278 . ISSN 0195 - 668X . PMID 17003049 . Jump up ^ `` Results and Discussion - Effects - Noise Effect On Wildlife - Noise - Environment - FHWA '' . www.fhwa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : S. Rosen and P. Olin , Hearing Loss and Coronary Heart Disease , Archives of Otolaryngology , 82 : 236 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ J.M. Field , Effect of personal and situational variables upon noise annoyance in residential areas , Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 93 : 2753 - 2763 ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ `` Noise Pollution '' . World Health Organisation . Jump up ^ `` Road noise link to blood pressure '' . BBC News . 2009 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Catrice . `` Noise Pollution '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Rosenhall U , Pedersen K , Svanborg A ( 1990 ) . `` Presbycusis and noise - induced hearing loss '' . Ear Hear . 11 ( 4 ) : 257 -- 63 . doi : 10.1097 / 00003446 - 199008000 - 00002 . PMID 2210099 . Jump up ^ Schafer , Murray ( 1977 ) . The Soundscape . Destiny Books . Jump up ^ Fong , Jack ( 2016 ) . `` Making Operative Concepts from Murray Schafer 's Soundscapes Typology : A Qualitative and Comparative Analysis of Noise Pollution in Bangkok , Thailand and Los Angeles , California '' . Urban Studies . 53 ( 1 ) : 173 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Bahamas Marine Mammal Stranding Event of 15 -- 16 March 2000 Jump up ^ ( NULL ) . `` DOSITS : Page Not Found '' . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Variation in humpback whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) song length in relation to '' . Bibcode : 2003ASAJ ... 113.3411 F. Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ McClain , Craig . `` Loud Noise Makes Crabs Even More Crabby '' . Deep Sea News . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Wale , M.A. ; Simpson , S.D. ; Radford , A.N. ( 2013 ) . `` Size - dependent physiological responses of shore crabs to single and repeated playback of ship noise '' . Biology Letters. 9 ( 2 ) : 20121194 -- 20121194 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2012.1194 . ISSN 1744 - 9561 . PMC 3639773 . PMID 23445945 . Jump up ^ Fuller RA , Warren PH , Gaston KJ ( 2007 ) . `` Daytime noise predicts nocturnal singing in urban robins '' . Biology Letters. 3 ( 4 ) : 368 -- 70 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0134 . PMC 2390663 . PMID 17456449 . Jump up ^ Perillo , A. ; Mazzoni , L.G. ; Passos , L.F. ; Goulart , V.D.L.R. ; Duca , C. ; Young , R.J. ( 2017 ) . `` Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity in urban parks '' . Ibis. 159 ( 3 ) : 638 -- 646 . doi : 10.1111 / ibi. 12481 . Jump up ^ Milius , S. ( 2007 ) . High Volume , Low Fidelity : Birds are less faithful as sounds blare , Science News vol. 172 , p. 116 . ( references ) Jump up ^ `` CDC - Buy Quiet - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics '' . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CDC - Buy Quiet : Efforts - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics '' . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ IANS ( 29 August 2016 ) . `` Freedom from noise pollution will be true independence ( Comment : Special to IANS ) '' -- via Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Central Pollution Control Board : FAQs '' . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rising festival noise undoing past efforts ' Jump up ^ `` London is home to the noisiest neighbours '' . London Evening Standard . Jump up ^ EPA . `` Noise pollution '' . Environmental protection agency . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ City of Portland , Oregon . Auditor 's Office . Chapter 18.02 Title Noise Control . Retrieved on April 20 , 2009 . Bibliography ( edit ) Robert Bartholomew ( 1974 ) , Sonic environment and human behavior , Exchange Bibliography ( 565 ) , US : Council of Planning Librarians , ISSN 0010 - 9959 -- via Internet Archive External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Noise pollution . Noise effects . Beyond annoyance Noise Pollution in U.S. National Parks ASBHelp.co.uk - Report Noise Pollution in the UK Noise pollution at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) World Health Organization - Guidelines for Community Noise The effects of noisy urban environment may cause the loss of memory to elderly person ( abstract published in 1st World Congress of Health and Urban Environment book . ) Clive Thompson on How Man - Made Noise May Be Altering Earth 's Ecology EEA draws the first map of Europe 's noise exposure - All press releases -- EEA Scientific American : How does background noise affect our concentration ? ( 2010 - 01 - 04 ) ( 2010 - 03 - 08 ) Pollution Air pollution Acid rain Air quality index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Indoor air quality Global dimming Global distillation Global warming Ozone depletion Atmospheric particulate matter Smog Water pollution Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products Environmental impact of shipping Environmental monitoring Eutrophication Freshwater environmental quality parameters Groundwater pollution Hypoxia Marine debris Marine pollution Ocean acidification Oil spill Septic tank Surface runoff Thermal pollution Turbidity Urban runoff Wastewater Water quality Water stagnation Waterborne diseases Soil contamination Bioremediation Electrical resistance heating Herbicide Open defecation Pesticide Phytoremediation Soil Guideline Values ( SGVs ) Radioactive contamination Actinides in the environment Bioremediation of radioactive waste Environmental radioactivity Fission product Nuclear fallout Plutonium in the environment Radiation poisoning Radium in the environment Uranium in the environment Other types of pollution Land degradation Light pollution Pollution from nanomaterials Noise pollution Radio spectrum pollution Urban heat island Visual pollution Inter-government treaties Basel Convention CLRTAP Kyoto Protocol MARPOL Convention Montreal Protocol OSPAR Rotterdam Convention Stockholm Convention Major organizations Basel Action Network Central Pollution Control Board ( India ) DEFRA Environment Agency ( England and Wales ) Scottish Environment Protection Agency U.S. EPA European Environment Agency Greenpeace ( hide ) Noise ( physics and telecommunications ) General Acoustic quieting Distortion Noise cancellation Noise control Noise measurement Noise power Noise reduction Noise temperature Phase distortion Noise in ... Audio Buildings Electronics Environment Government regulation Human health Images Radio Rooms Ships Sound masking Transportation Video Class of noise Additive white Gaussian noise ( AWGN ) Atmospheric noise Background noise Brownian noise Burst noise Cosmic noise Flicker noise Gaussian noise Grey noise Jitter Johnson -- Nyquist noise ( thermal noise ) Pink noise Quantization error ( or q . noise ) Shot noise White noise Coherent noise Value noise Gradient noise Worley noise Engineering terms Channel noise level Circuit noise level Effective input noise temperature Equivalent noise resistance Equivalent pulse code modulation noise Impulse noise ( audio ) Noise figure Noise floor Noise shaping Noise spectral density Noise , vibration , and harshness ( NVH ) Phase noise Pseudorandom noise Statistical noise Ratios Carrier - to - noise ratio ( C / N ) Carrier - to - receiver noise density ( C / kT ) dBrnC E / N ( energy per bit to noise density ) E / N ( energy per symbol to noise density ) Modulation error ratio ( MER ) Signal , noise and distortion ( SINAD ) Signal - to - interference ratio ( S / I ) Signal - to - noise ratio ( S / N , SNR ) Signal - to - noise ratio ( imaging ) Signal to noise plus interference ( SNIR ) Signal - to - quantization - noise ratio ( SQNR ) Contrast - to - noise ratio ( CNR ) Related topics List of noise topics Acoustics Colors of noise Interference ( communication ) Noise generator Radio noise source Spectrum analyzer Thermal radiation GND : 4034046 - 6 NDL : 00571422 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noise_pollution&oldid=816011485 '' Categories : Noise pollution Audiology Sounds by type Hidden categories : Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Shqip සිංහල Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 17 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was noise pollution added to pollution list | [
"The Environmental Protection Agency retains authority to investigate and study noise and its effect, disseminate information to the public regarding noise pollution and its adverse health effects, respond to inquiries on matters related to noise, and evaluate the effectiveness of existing regulations for protecting the public health and welfare, pursuant to the Noise Control Act of 1972 and the Quiet Communities Act of 1978.[28]"
] | [
"1972"
] |
2747309908897828713 | I Was Jack (You Were Diane) | I Was Jack ( You Were Diane ) - wikipedia I Was Jack ( You Were Diane ) `` I Was Jack ( You Were Diane ) '' Single by Jake Owen from the EP Jake Owen Released March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) Format Digital download Length 3 : 08 Label Big Loud Songwriter ( s ) Tommy Cecil David Ray Jody Stevens Craig Wiseman John Mellencamp Producer ( s ) Joey Moi Jake Owen singles chronology `` Good Company '' ( 2017 ) `` I Was Jack ( You Were Diane ) '' ( 2018 ) `` I Was Jack ( You Were Diane ) '' is a song by American country music singer Jake Owen . It was written by David Ray , Tommy Cecil , Jody Stevens , Craig Wiseman , and John Mellencamp , with production handled by Joey Moi . It is Owen 's first single released by Big Loud Records . Contents 1 Content 2 Commercial performance 3 Charts 4 References Content ( edit ) The song is a tribute to John Mellencamp 's 1982 single `` Jack & Diane '' , and credits Mellencamp as a co-writer for incorporating that song 's guitar riff . Rolling Stone writer Chris Parton described the song : `` Owen 's updated version highlights the original 's impact on present - day America , while a regular Joe reminisces about falling in love to the tune years before . '' Owen said that he asked Mellencamp personally for permission to incorporate portions of `` Jack & Diane '' into the song , and recorded it after receiving Mellencamp 's permission . Owen said that he wanted to record it because of the feelings of nostalgia that the lyrics evoked in him . The song is Owen 's first release on Big Loud Records , following a decade on RCA Records Nashville . Commercial performance ( edit ) The song has sold 110,000 copies in the United States as of August 2018 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 78 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 43 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Parton , Chris . `` Hear Jake Owen Update John Mellencamp in ' I Was Jack ( You Were Diane ) ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Sterling . `` Jake Owen Got John Mellencamp 's Blessing for ' I Was Jack ( You Were Diane ) ' '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stefano , Angela . `` Hear Jake Owen 's Brand - New Single , ' I Was Jack ( You Were Diane ) ' '' . The Boot . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` The Top 30 Digital Country Tracks : August 14 , 2018 '' . RoughStock . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Owen Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Lane Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Owen Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Owen Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jake Owen Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jake Owen Discography Studio albums Startin ' with Me ( 2006 ) Easy Does It ( 2009 ) Barefoot Blue Jean Night ( 2011 ) Days of Gold ( 2013 ) American Love ( 2016 ) Singles `` Yee Haw '' `` Startin ' with Me '' `` Something About a Woman '' `` Do n't Think I Ca n't Love You '' `` Eight Second Ride '' `` Tell Me '' `` Barefoot Blue Jean Night '' `` Alone with You '' `` The One That Got Away '' `` Anywhere with You '' `` Days of Gold '' `` Beachin ' '' `` What We Ai n't Got '' `` Real Life '' `` American Country Love Song '' `` If He Ai n't Gonna Love You '' `` Good Company '' `` I Was Jack ( You Were Diane ) '' Other songs `` Back '' `` Life in a Northern Town '' Tours Days of Gold Tour Related topics `` One Little Kiss '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Was_Jack_(You_Were_Diane)&oldid=858789023 '' Categories : 2018 singles 2018 songs Jake Owen songs Songs written by Craig Wiseman Songs written by John Mellencamp Song recordings produced by Joey Moi Big Loud Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 September 2018 , at 16 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | i was jack and you were diane meaning | [
"The song is a tribute to John Mellencamp's 1982 single \"Jack & Diane\", and credits Mellencamp as a co-writer for incorporating that song's guitar riff. Rolling Stone writer Chris Parton described the song: \"Owen's updated version highlights the original's impact on present-day America, while a regular Joe reminisces about falling in love to the tune years before.\"[1] Owen said that he asked Mellencamp personally for permission to incorporate portions of \"Jack & Diane\" into the song, and recorded it after receiving Mellencamp's permission. Owen said that he wanted to record it because of the feelings of nostalgia that the lyrics evoked in him.[2]\n",
"The song is a tribute to John Mellencamp's 1982 single \"Jack & Diane\", and credits Mellencamp as a co-writer for incorporating that song's guitar riff. Rolling Stone writer Chris Parton described the song: \"Owen's updated version highlights the original's impact on present-day America, while a regular Joe reminisces about falling in love to the tune years before.\"[1] Owen said that he asked Mellencamp personally for permission to incorporate portions of \"Jack & Diane\" into the song, and recorded it after receiving Mellencamp's permission. Owen said that he wanted to record it because of the feelings of nostalgia that the lyrics evoked in him.[2]\n",
"The song is a tribute to John Mellencamp's 1982 single \"Jack & Diane\", and credits Mellencamp as a co-writer for incorporating that song's guitar riff. Rolling Stone writer Chris Parton described the song: \"Owen's updated version highlights the original's impact on present-day America, while a regular Joe reminisces about falling in love to the tune years before.\"[1] Owen said that he asked Mellencamp personally for permission to incorporate portions of \"Jack & Diane\" into the song, and recorded it after receiving Mellencamp's permission. Owen said that he wanted to record it because of the feelings of nostalgia that the lyrics evoked in him.[2]\n"
] | [
"a tribute to John Mellencamp's 1982 single \"Jack & Diane\"",
"highlights the original's impact on present-day America",
"a regular Joe reminisces about falling in love to the tune years before."
] |
-4975565858739493469 | List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals | List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals - wikipedia List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search See also : List of footballers in England and Scotland by number of league goals Alan Shearer was the first player to score 200 Premier League goals , and only player to score 100 goals for two clubs . Wayne Rooney is the second Premier League player to score 200 goals or more , behind only Shearer and the only active player as of 2017 to do so . Frank Lampard is the Premier League 's highest scoring midfielder of all time . Thierry Henry scored 175 Premier League goals , the most by a foreign player . Ryan Giggs is the only player to have scored in each of the first 21 Premier League seasons . Didier Drogba is the only African player to score 100 Premier League goals . Since the Premier League 's formation at the start of the 1992 -- 93 season , 26 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition . During the 1995 -- 96 season , Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals , and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100 , doing so in 124 appearances . He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League . After Shearer , Sergio Agüero is the second - fastest to 100 goals , doing so in 147 games . Players ( edit ) As of 26 September 2017 List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals Rank Player Position Premier League club ( s ) Goals Shearer , Alan Alan Shearer Blackburn Rovers , Newcastle United 260 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Everton , Manchester United 200 Cole , Andy Andy Cole Newcastle United , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Fulham , Manchester City , Portsmouth 187 Lampard , Frank Frank Lampard MF West Ham United , Chelsea , Manchester City 177 Henry , Thierry Thierry Henry Arsenal 175 6 Fowler , Robbie Robbie Fowler Liverpool , Leeds United , Manchester City 163 7 Defoe , Jermain Jermain Defoe West Ham United , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Bournemouth 159 8 Owen , Michael Michael Owen Liverpool , Newcastle United , Manchester United , Stoke City 150 9 Ferdinand , Les Les Ferdinand Queens Park Rangers , Newcastle United , Tottenham Hotspur , West Ham United , Leicester City , Bolton Wanderers 149 10 Sheringham , Teddy Teddy Sheringham Nottingham Forest , Tottenham Hotspur , Manchester United , Portsmouth , West Ham United 146 11 van Persie , Robin Robin van Persie Arsenal , Manchester United 144 12 Agüero , Sergio Sergio Agüero Manchester City 128 13 Hasselbaink , Jimmy Floyd Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink Leeds United , Chelsea , Middlesbrough , Charlton Athletic 127 14 Keane , Robbie Robbie Keane Coventry City , Leeds United , Tottenham Hotspur , Liverpool , West Ham United , Aston Villa 126 15 Anelka , Nicolas Nicolas Anelka Arsenal , Liverpool , Manchester City , Bolton Wanderers , Chelsea , West Bromwich Albion 125 16 Yorke , Dwight Dwight Yorke Aston Villa , Manchester United , Blackburn Rovers , Birmingham City , Sunderland 123 17 Gerrard , Steven Steven Gerrard MF Liverpool 120 18 Wright , Ian Ian Wright Arsenal , West Ham United 113 19 Dublin , Dion Dion Dublin Manchester United , Coventry City , Aston Villa 111 20 Heskey , Emile Emile Heskey Leicester City , Liverpool , Birmingham City , Wigan Athletic , Aston Villa 110 21 Giggs , Ryan Ryan Giggs MF Manchester United 109 22 Scholes , Paul Paul Scholes MF Manchester United 107 23 Bent , Darren Darren Bent Ipswich Town , Charlton Athletic , Tottenham Hotspur , Sunderland , Aston Villa , Fulham 106 24 Crouch , Peter Peter Crouch Aston Villa , Southampton , Liverpool , Portsmouth , Tottenham Hotspur , Stoke City 104 Drogba , Didier Didier Drogba Chelsea 104 26 Le Tissier , Matt Matt Le Tissier MF Southampton 100 ( Italics show players still playing professional football ; Bold show players still playing in the Premier League ) See also ( edit ) English football first tier top scorers List of top Premier League goal scorers by season List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bent poised to join 100 club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 30 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bent delighted to join 100 goals club '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Chick , Alex ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` Sergio Aguero second - fastest to 100 PL goals , but was he offside ? '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Players Index '' . PremierLeague.com . Premier League . Premier League Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Clubs 2017 -- 18 AFC Bournemouth Arsenal Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Chelsea Crystal Palace Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Stoke City Swansea City Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Former Aston Villa Barnsley Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bradford City Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Coventry City Derby County Fulham Hull City Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Norwich City Nottingham Forest Oldham Athletic Portsmouth Queens Park Rangers Reading Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Wigan Athletic Wimbledon Wolverhampton Wanderers Competition Teams winners Players foreign foreign scorers winners Managers Stadia Founding Broadcasting foundation Broadcasters Referees Statistics and awards Records All - time table Hat - tricks Highest scores Golden Boot Golden Glove Manager of the Season Player of the Season Manager of the Month Player of the Month Goal of the Month Players with 500 + appearances Players with 100 + goals Top scorers by season Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets 10 Seasons Awards 20 Seasons Awards Finances Richest clubs : Deloitte list Forbes ' list Team owners Transfer records Game 39 Premier League -- Football League gulf Associated competitions Asia Trophy FA Community Shield FA Cup EFL Cup UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Premier League 2 U18 Premier League Premier League International Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Premier_League_players_with_100_or_more_goals&oldid=802420402 '' Categories : Lists of Premier League players Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Bosanski Dansk Italiano Shqip Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 01 : 55 . About Wikipedia | who has scored the most premier league goals | [
"During the 1995–96 season, Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.[1][2] After Shearer, Sergio Agüero is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 147 games.[3]"
] | [
"Alan Shearer"
] |
-995390536558998617 | Constituent Assembly of India | Constituent Assembly of India - Wikipedia Constituent Assembly of India This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Constituent Assembly of India Seal of the Constituent Assembly . Type Type Unicameral History Founded 6 December 1946 ( 1946 - 12 - 06 ) Disbanded 24 January 1950 ( 1950 - 01 - 24 ) Preceded by Imperial Legislative Council Succeeded by Parliament of India Leadership Temporary Chairman Sachchidananda Sinha , INC President Dr. Rajendra Prasad , INC Chairman of the drafting committee Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , SCF Vice Presidents Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V.T. Krishnamachari Structure Seats 389 ( Dec. 1946 - June 1947 ) 299 ( June 1947 - Jan. 1950 ) Political groups INC : 208 seats AIML : 73 seats Others : 15 seats Princely States : 93 seats Elections Voting system First past the post Meeting place House of Parliament , New Delhi An idea for a Constituent Assembly of India was proposed in 1934 by M.N. Roy , a pioneer of the Communist movement in India and an advocate of radical democracy . It became an official demand of the Indian National Congress in 1935 , C. Rajagopalachari voiced the demand for a constituent Assembly on 15 November 1939 based on adult franchise , and was accepted by the British in August 1940 . On 8 August 1940 , a statement was made by Viceroy Lord Linlithgow about the expansion of the Governor - General 's Executive Council and the establishment of a War Advisory Council . This offer , known as the August Offer , included giving full weight to minority opinions and allowing Indians to draft their own constitution . Under the Cabinet Mission Plan of 1946 , elections were held for the first time for the Constituent Assembly . The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly , and it was implemented under the Cabinet Mission Plan on 16 May 1946 . The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the provincial assemblies by a single , transferable - vote system of proportional representation . The total membership of the Constituent Assembly was 389 : 292 were representatives of the states , 93 represented the princely states and four were from the chief commissioner provinces of Delhi , Ajmer - Merwara , Coorg ( Near Madikeri ) and British Baluchistan . The elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946 . Congress won 208 seats , and the Muslim League 73 . After this election , the Muslim League refused to cooperate with the Congress , and the political situation deteriorated . Hindu - Muslim riots began , and the Muslim League demanded a separate constituent assembly for Muslims in India . On 3 June 1947 Lord Mountbatten , the last British Governor - General of India , announced his intention to scrap the Cabinet Mission Plan ; this culminated in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and the separate nations of India and Pakistan . The Indian Independence Act was passed on 18 July 1947 and , although it was earlier declared that India would become independent in June 1948 , this event led to independence on 15 August 1947 . The Constituent Assembly ( elected for an undivided India ) met for the first time on 9 December 1946 , reassembling on 14 August 1947 as a sovereign body and successor to the British parliament 's authority in India . As a result of the partition , under the Mountbatten plan a separate constituent assembly was established in Pakistan on 3 June 1947 . The representatives of the areas incorporated into Pakistan ceased to be members of the Constituent Assembly of India . New elections were held for the West Punjab and East Bengal ( which became part of Pakistan , although East Bengal later seceded to become Bangladesh ) ; the membership of the Constituent Assembly was 299 after the reorganization , and it met on 31 December 1947 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Background and election 3 Constitution and elections 4 Organization 4.1 Timeline 5 Committees of the Constituent Assembly 6 Prominent members 7 Members ( by province / state ) 7.1 Members who later withdrew after partition 8 Gallery 9 References 10 Further reading Description ( edit ) The Constituent Assembly , consisting of indirectly elected representatives , was established to draft a constitution for India ( including the now - separate countries of Pakistan and Bangladesh ) . It existed for almost three years , the first parliament of India after independence in 1947 . The Assembly was not elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage , and Muslims and Sikhs received special representation as minorities . The Muslim League boycotted the Assembly after failing to prevent its creation . Although a large part of the Constituent Assembly was drawn from the Congress Party in a one - party environment , the Congress Party included a wide diversity of opinions -- from conservative industrialists and radical Marxists to Hindu revivalists -- all of whom participated in the process . The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946 , and its last session was held on 24 January 1950 . During this period ( two years , eleven months and eighteen days ) the Assembly held eleven sessions , sitting for a total of 166 days . The hope of the Assembly was expressed by Jawaharlal Nehru : The first task of this Assembly is to free India through a new constitution , to feed the starving people , and to clothe the naked masses , and to give every Indian the fullest opportunity to develop himself according to his capacity . This is certainly a great task . Look at India today . We , are sitting here and there in despair in many places , and unrest in many cities . The atmosphere is surcharged with these quarrels and feuds which are called communal disturbances , and unfortunately we sometimes can not avoid them . But at present the greatest and most important question in India is how to solve the problem of the poor and the starving . Wherever we turn , we are confronted with this problem . If we can not solve this problem soon , all our paper constitutions will become useless and purposeless . Keeping this aspect in view , who could suggest to us to postpone and wait ? -- Jawaharlal Nehru , Constituent Assembly Debates ( Proceedings ) , Vol. II Background and election ( edit ) The Constituent Assembly was established while India was still under British rule , following negotiations between Indian leaders and members of the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India from the United Kingdom . Provincial assembly elections were held early in 1946 . Constituent Assembly members were elected indirectly by members of the newly elected provincial assemblies , and initially included representatives for those provinces which formed part of Pakistan ( some of which are now in Bangladesh ) . The Constituent Assembly had 299 representatives , including nine women . The Interim Government of India was formed on 2 September 1946 from the newly elected Constituent Assembly . The Congress held a large majority in the Assembly ( 69 percent of the seats ) , and the Muslim League held nearly all the seats reserved in the Assembly for Muslims . There were also members of smaller parties , such as the Scheduled Caste Federation , the Communist Party of India and the Unionist Party . In June 1947 delegations from Sindh , East Bengal , Baluchistan , West Punjab and the North West Frontier Province withdrew to form the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan , meeting in Karachi . On 15 August 1947 the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan became independent nations , and members of the Constituent Assembly who had not withdrawn to Karachi became India 's Parliament . Twenty - eight members of the Muslim League joined the Indian Assembly , and 93 members were later nominated from the princely states ; the Congress Party secured a majority of 82 percent . Constitution and elections ( edit ) See also : Constitution of India At 11 am on 9 December 1946 the Assembly began its first session , with 208 members attending . By early 1947 , representatives of the Muslim League and princely states joined , and the Assembly approved the draft constitution on 26 November 1949 . On 26 January 1950 the constitution took effect ( commemorated as Republic Day ) , and the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India ( continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in 1952 ) . Organization ( edit ) Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was the first chairman ( temporary ) of Constituent Assembly . Later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , a Christian from Bengal and former vice-chancellor of Calcutta University . Also chairing the assembly 's Minorities Committee , Mookerjee was appointed governor of West Bengal after India became a republic . Jurist B.N. Rau was appointed constitutional adviser to the assembly ; Rau prepared the original draft of the constitution , and was later appointed a judge in the Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague . The assembly 's work had five stages : Committees presented reports on issues . B.N. Rau prepared an initial draft based on the reports and his research into the constitutions of other nations . The drafting committee , chaired by B.R. Ambedkar , presented a detailed draft constitution which was published for public discussion . The draft constitution was discussed , and amendments proposed and enacted . The constitution was adopted , with a committee of experts led by the Congress Party ( known as the Congress Assembly Party ) played a pivotal role . Timeline ( edit ) 9 December 1946 : The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held in the constitution hall ( now the Central Hall of Parliament House ) . Demanding a separate state , the Muslim League boycotted the meeting . Sachchidananda Sinha was elected temporary president of the assembly , in accordance with French practice . 11 December 1946 : Rajendra Prasad was elected as president and H.C. Mukherjee was elected as vice-president of the constituent assembly . B.N. Rau was appointed as its constitutional adviser . 13 December 1946 : An ' Objective Resolution ' was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in the assembly , laying down the underlying principles of the constitution . It finally became the Preamble of the constitution . 22 January 1947 : Objective resolution unanimously adopted . 22 July 1947 : National flag adopted . 15 August 1947 : Indian independence achieved as the Dominion of India . 29 August 1947 : Drafting Committee appointed with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the Chairman . 16 July 1948 : Along with Harendra Coomar Mookerjee V.T. Krishnamachari was also elected as second vice-president of Constituent Assembly . 26 November 1949 : Constitution passed and accepted by the assembly . 24 January 1950 : `` Jana Gana Mana '' adopted as the national anthem , with the first two verses of `` Vande Mataram '' the national song . Rajendra Prasad elected the first president of India . The assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad when it met as a constituent body , and by G.V. Mavlankar when it met as a legislative body . It completed the task of drafting a constitution in two years , eleven months and eighteen days , at a total expenditure of ₹ 6.4 million . Committees of the Constituent Assembly ( edit ) The Constituent Assembly appointed a total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution - making . Out of these , eight were major committees and the others were minor committees . Major Committees Drafting Committee -- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Union Powers Committee -- Jawaharlal Nehru Union Constitution Committee -- Jawaharlal Nehru Provincial Constitution Committee -- Sardar Patel Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights , Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas -- Sardar Patel . This committee had the following subcommittees : Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee -- J.B. Kripalani Minorities Sub-Committee -- Harendra Coomar Mookerjee , North - East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee -- Gopinath Bardoloi Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas ( Other than those in Assam ) Sub-Committee -- AV Thakkar Rules of Procedure Committee -- Dr. Rajendra Prasad States Committee ( Committee for Negotiating with States ) -- Jawaharlal Nehru Steering Committee -- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Prominent members ( edit ) B.R. Ambedkar , Minister for Law ; Chairman of Drafting Committee B.N. Rau , Constitutional Advisor Jawaharlal Nehru , first Prime Minister of India Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Minister for Education Rajendra Prasad , President of Constituent Assembly C. Rajagopalachari , Governor - General of India Sarat Chandra Bose , Barrister and Indian independence activist Krishna Sinha , first Chief Minister , Bihar Binodanand Jha , Minister , Bihar Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra Anugrah Narayan Sinha , Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister , Bihar Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Asaf Ali Syama Prasad Mookerjee , Industries Minister , President , Hindu Mahasabha Moturi Satyanarayana , Freedom Fighter Rajkumari Amrit Kaur , Health Minister Hansa Mehta , President , All India Women 's Conference N.G. Ranga Deep Narayan Singh , Minister , Bihar Gopinath Bordoloi , Prime Minister of Assam Sir Syed Muhammad Saadulla , Assam P. Subbarayan Kailashnath Katju N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar T.T. Krishnamachari Rameshwar Prasad Sinha Durgabai Deshmukh K.M. Munshi Krishana Ballabh Sahay Frank Anthony , Anglo - Indian representative Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan John Mathai , first railway minister of India Pratap Singh Kairon L. Krishnaswamy Bharati - Madras Province Chidambaram Subramaniam Jaipal Singh Munda , Former Indian Hockey captain , and Tribal leader Members ( by province / state ) ( edit ) Madras : Annie Mascarene , O.V. Alagesan , Mrs. Ammu Swaminathan , M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar , Moturi Satyanarayana , Mrs. Dakshayani Velayudhan , Mrs. G. Durgabai , Kala Venkatarao , N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar , D. Govinda Das , Revd . Jerome D'Souza , P. Kakkan , T.M. Kaliyannan Gounder , K. Kamaraj , V.C. Kesava Rao , T.T. Krishnamachari , Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer L. Krishnaswami Bharathi , P. Kunhiraman , Mosalikanti Thirumala Rao , V.I. Munuswamy Pillai , M.A. Muthiah Chettiar , V. Nadimuthu Pillai , S. Nagappa , P.L. Narasimha Raju , B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya , C. Perumalswamy Reddy , T. Prakasam , S.H. Prater , Raja Swetachalapati Ramakrishna Renga Roa of Bobbili , R.K. Shanmukham Chetty , T.A. Ramalingam Chettiar , Ramnath Goenka , O.P. Ramaswamy Reddiar , N.G. Ranga , Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy , Sheik Galib Sahib , K. Santhanam , B. Shiva Rao , Kallur Subba Rao , U. Srinivasa Mallya , P. Subbarayan , C. Subramaniam , V Subramaniam , M.C. Veerabahu Pillai , P.M. Velayudapani , A.K. Menon , T.J.M. Wilson , Mohamed Ismail Sahib , K.T.M. Ahmed Ibrahim , Mahboob Ali Baig Sahib Bahadur , B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur , pattam Tanupillai Bombay : Balchandra Maheshwar Gupte , Hansa Mehta , Hari Vinayak Pataskar , Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , Joseph Alban D'Souza , Kanayalal Nanabhai Desai , Keshavrao Marutirao Jedhe , Khandubhai Kasanji Desai , Bal Gangadhar Kher , M.R. Masani , K.M. Munshi , Narahar Vishnu Gadgil , S. Nijalingappa , S.K. Patil , Ramchandra Manohar Nalavade , R.R. Diwakar , Shankarrao Deo , G.V. Mavalankar , Vallabhbhai Patel , Abdul Kadar Mohammad Shaikh , A.A. Khan West Bengal : Monomohan Das , Arun Chandra Guha , Lakshmi Kanta Maitra , Mihir Lal Chattopadhyay , Satis Chandra Samanta , Suresh Chandra Majumdar , Upendranath Barman , Prabhudayal Himatsingka , Basanta Kumar Das , Renuka Ray , H.C. Mukherjee , Surendra Mohan Ghose , Syama Prasad Mookerjee , Ari Bahadur Gurung , R.E. Platel , K.C. Neogy , Raghib Ahsan , Somnath Lahiri , Jasimuddin Ahmad , Naziruddin Ahmad , Abdul Hamid , Abdul Halim Ghuznavi United Provinces : Ajit Prasad Jain , Algu Rai Shastri , Balkrishna Sharma , Banshi Dhar Misra , Bhagwan Din , Damodar Swarup Seth , Dayal Das Bhagat , Dharam Prakash , A. Dharam Dass , R.V. Dhulekar , Feroz Gandhi , Gopal Narain , Krishna Chandra Sharma , Govind Ballabh Pant , Govind Malviya , Har Govind Pant , Harihar Nath Shastri , Hriday Nath Kunzru , Jaspat Roy Kapoor , Jagannath Baksh Singh , Jawaharlal Nehru , Jogendra Singh , Jugal Kishore , Jwala Prasad Srivastava , B.V. Keskar , Kamala Chaudhry , Kamalapati Tripathi , J.B. Kripalani , Mahavir Tyagi , Khurshed Lal , Masurya Din , Mohan Lal Saksena , Padampat Singhania , Phool Singh , Paragi Lal , Purnima Banerjee , Purushottam Das Tandon , Hira Vallabha Tripathi , Ram Chandra Gupta , Shibban Lal Saxena , Satish Chandra , John Matthai , Sucheta Kripalani , Sunder Lall , Venkatesh Narayan Tiwari , Mohanlal Gautam , Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi , Vishnu Sharan Dublish , Begum Aizaz Rasul , Hyder Hussain , Hasrat Mohani , Abul Kalam Azad , Muhammad Ismail Khan , Rafi Ahmad Kidwai , Mohd . Hifzur Rahman , ZH Lari East Punjab : Bakshi Tek Chand , Jairamdas Daulatram , Thakurdas Bhargava , Bikramlal Sondhi , Yashwant Rai , Ranbir Singh Hooda , Lala Achint Ram , Nand Lal , Baldev Singh , Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir , Sardar Hukam Singh , Sardar Bhopinder Singh Mann , Sardar Rattan Singh Lohgarh Chaudhry Suraj Mal Bihar : Nasif Arafat , Amiyo Kumar Ghosh , Anugrah Narayan Sinha , Banarsi Prasad Jhunjhunwala , Bhagwat Prasad , Boniface Lakra , Brajeshwar Prasad , Chandika Ram , K.T. Shah , Devendra Nath Samanta , Dip Narain Sinha , Guptanath Singh , Jadubans Sahay , Jagat Narain Lal , Jagjivan Ram , Jaipal Singh Munda , Kameshwar Singh of Darbhanga , Kamaleshwari Prasad Yadav , Mahesh Prasad Sinha , Krishna Ballabh Sahay , Raghunandan Prasad , Rajendra Prasad , Rameshwar Prasad Sinha , Ramnarayan Singh , Sachchidananda Sinha , Sarangdhar Sinha , Satyanarayan Sinha , Binodanand Jha , P.K. Sen , Sri Krishna Sinha , Sri Narayan Mahtha , Syamanandan Mishra , Hussain Imam , Syed Jafar Imam , Latifur Rahman , Mohammad Tahir , Tajamul Hussain , Choudhry Abid Hussain . Hargovind Mishra Central Provinces and Berar : Ambica Charan Shukla , Raghu Vira , Rajkumari Amrit Kaur , B.A. Mandloi , Brijlal Nandlal Biyani , Thakur Cheedilal , Seth Govind Das , Hari Singh Gour , Hari Vishnu Kamath , Hemchandra Jagobaji Khandekar , Ghanshyam Singh Gupta , Lakshman Shrawan Bhatkar , Panjabrao Shamrao Deshmukh , Ravi Shankar Shukla , R.K. Sidhva , Shankar Trimbak Dharmadhikari , Frank Anthony , Kazi Syed Karimuddin , Ganpatrao Dani Assam : Nibaran Chandra Laskar , Dharanidhar Basu - Matari , Gopinath Bardoloi , J.J.M. Nichols - Roy , Kuladhar Chaliha , Rohini Kumar Chaudhury , Muhammad Saadulla , Abdur Rouf Orissa : Biswanath Das , Krishna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev , Harekrushna Mahatab , Laxminarayan Sahu Lokanath Mishra , Nandkishore Das , Rajkrishna Bose , Santanu Kumar Das , Yudhishir Mishra Delhi : Deshbhandhu Gupta Ajmer - Merwara : Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava Coorg : C.M. Poonacha Mysore : K.C. Reddy , T. Siddalingaiya , H.R. Guruv Reddy , S.V. Krishnamurthy Rao , K. Hanumanthaiya , H. Siddaveerappa , T. Channiah Jammu and Kashmir : Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah , Motiram Baigra , Mirza Mohammad Afzal Beg , Maulana Mohammad Sayeed Masoodi Travancore - Cochin : Pattom A. Thanu Pillai , R. Sankar , P.T. Chacko , Panampilly Govinda Menon , Annie Mascarene , P.S. Nataraja Pillai , K.A. Mohamed Madhya Bharat : Vinayak Sitaram Sarwate , Brijraj Narain , Gopikrishna Vijayavargiya , Ram Sahai , Kusum Kant Jain , Radhavallabh Vijayavargiya , Sitaram S. Jajoo Saurashtra : Balwant Rai Gopalji Mehta , Jaisukhlal Hathi , Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar , Chimanlal Chakubhai Shah , Samaldas Laxmidas Gandhi Rajasthan : V.T. Krishnamachari , Hiralal Shastri , Sardar Singhjhi of Khetri , Jaswant Singhji , Raj Bhadur , Manikya Lal Varma , Gokul Lal Asava , Ramchandra Upadhyaya , Balwant Sinha Mehta , Dalel Singh , Jainarain Vyas Patiala and East Punjab States Union : Ranjit Singh , Sochet Singh , Bhagwant Roy Bombay States : Vinayakrao Balshankar Vaidya , B.N. Munavalli , Gokulbhai Daulatram Bhatt , Jivraj Narayan Mehta , Gopaldas A. Desai , Paranlal Thakurlal Munshi , B.H. Khardekar , Ratnappa Bharamappa Kumbhar Orissa States : Lal Mohan Pati , N. Madhava Rau , Raj Kunwar , Sarangadhar Das , Yudhishthir Mishra Central Provinces States : R.L. Malaviya , Kishorimohan Tripathi , Ramprasad Potai United Provinces States : B.H. Zaidi , Krishna Singh Madras States : V. Ramaiah , Ramakrishna Ranga Rao Vindhya Pradesh : Avdesh Pratap Singh , Shambu Nath Shukla , Ram Sahai Tiwari , Mannulalji Dwidedi Cooch Behar : Himmat Singh K. Maheshwari Tripura and Manipur : Girja Shankar Guha Bhopal : Lal Singh Kutch : Bhawani Arjun Khimji Himachal Pradesh : Yashwant Singh Parmar Members who later withdrew after partition ( edit ) East Bengal : Abdullah al Mahmood , Maulana Mohd Abdullah el Baqui , Abdul Hamid , Abdul Kasem Khan , Mohammad Akram Khan , A. Hamid , Azizuddin Ahmad , Muhammad Habibullah Bahar , Prem Hari Barma , Raj Kumar Chakraverty , Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya , Abdul Matin Chaudhary , Murtaza Raza Choudhry , Hamidul Haq Chowdhury , Akhay Kumar Das , Dhirendra Nath Datta , Bhupendra Kumar Datta , Ebrahim Khan , Fazlul Huq , Fazlur Rahman , Ghayasuddin Pathan , Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah , Liaquat Ali Khan , Mafizuddin Ahmad , Mahmud Hussain , Jnanendra Chandra Majumdar , A.M. Malik , Birat Chandra Mandal , Jogendra Nath Mandal , Mohammed Ali , Khwaja Nazimuddin , M.A.B.L. Nur Ahmed , Nurul Amin , Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi , Sri Dhananjoy M.A.B.L. Roy , Maudi Bhakesh Chanda , B.L. Serajul Islam , Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Osmani , Shahabudin Khwaja , H.S. Suhrawardy , Harendra Kumar Sur , Tamizuddin Khan , Kawivi Kerwar Datta , Ghulam Mohammed West Punjab : Mian Mumtaz Mohammad Khan Daultana , Ganga Saran , Zafarullah Khan , Iftikhar Hussain Khan , Mian Muhammad Iftikharuddin , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Sheikh Karamat Ali , Nazir Ahmad Khan , Sardar Abdur Rab Nistar , Feroz Khan Noon , Omar Hayat Malik , Shah Nawaz Begum Jahan Ara , Sardar Shaukat Hyat Khan , Northwest Frontier Province : Khan Abdul Ghafar Khan , Khan Sardar Bahadur Khan , Sardar Asad Ullah Jan Khan Sindh : Abdus Sattar Abdur Rahman , Alhajj Muhammad Hashim Gazder , M.A. Khuhro Balochistan : S.B. Nawab Mohammad Khan Jogezai Gallery ( edit ) Jawaharlal Nehru and other members taking pledge during the midnight session of the Constituent Assembly of India held on 14 and 15 August 1947 . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Chairman , Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution with other members on Aug. 29 , 1947 . Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar , chairman of the Drafting Committee , presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Dr. Rajendra Prasad on 25 November , 1949 . B.R. Ambedkar in Constituent Assembly of India . Jawaharlal Nehru addressing the constituent assembly in 1946 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ M. Lakshmikanth , Indian Polity for Civil Services Examinations , 3rd ed. , ( New Delhi : Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited , 2011 ) , p. 2.3 Jump up ^ Parliament , Indian . `` Some facts about the Constitutive Assembly '' . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Baruah , L.M. ( 1992 ) . Lokopriya Gopinath Bordoloi , an Architect of Modern India . Gyan Publishing House . ISBN 81 - 212 - 0404 - 6 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Austin , Granville . The Indian Constitution , Cornerstone of a Nation . New Delhi : OUP India , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 564959 - 1 . Bipan Chandra , Mridula Mukherjee and Aditya Mukherjee . India Since Independence : Revised Edition . New Delhi : Penguin Books India , 2008 . An Indian 10 - episode TV series made by Rajya sabha TV called `` SAMVIDHAN '' described in detail how the Indian Constitution was made . 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Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference hide Legislatures of India British Raj Council of India Imperial Legislative Council Council of State Central Legislative Assembly Chamber of Princes Constituent Assembly of India Sansad Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Vidhan Sabha Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh National Capital Territory of Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Puducherry Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal Vidhan Parishad Andhra Pradesh Bihar Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Maharashtra Telangana Uttar Pradesh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constituent_Assembly_of_India&oldid=845841201 '' Categories : Constitutional history of India Central Legislative Assembly of India Political history of India Constituent Assembly of India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Use Indian English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 14 : 15 . 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"\n\nConstituent Assembly of India\n\n\n\nSeal of the Constituent Assembly.\n\n\n\nType\n\n\nType\n\nUnicameral\n\n\n\nHistory\n\n\nFounded\n6 December 1946 (1946-12-06)\n\n\nDisbanded\n24 January 1950 (1950-01-24)\n\n\nPreceded by\nImperial Legislative Council\n\n\nSucceeded by\nParliament of India\n\n\nLeadership\n\n\n\nTemporary Chairman\n\n\nSachchidananda Sinha, INC\n\n\n\n\nPresident\n\n\nDr. Rajendra Prasad, INC\n\n\n\n\nChairman of the drafting committee\n\n\nDr. B. R. Ambedkar, SCF\n\n\n\n\nVice Presidents\n\n\nHarendra Coomar Mookerjee\nV. T. Krishnamachari\n\n\n\nStructure\n\n\nSeats\n389 (Dec. 1946-June 1947)\n299 (June 1947-Jan. 1950)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPolitical groups\n\n\n INC: 208 seats\n AIML: 73 seats\n Others: 15 seats\n Princely States: 93 seats\n\n\n\nElections\n\n\n\nVoting system\n\nFirst past the post\n\n\nMeeting place\n\n\n\n\n\nHouse of Parliament, New Delhi\n\n"
] | [
"6 December 1946"
] |
-1740520334182696196 | Aviation in World War I | Aviation in World war I - wikipedia Aviation in World war I Jump to : navigation , search Colour Autochrome Lumière of a Nieuport Fighter in Aisne , France 1917 World War I was the first major conflict involving the large - scale use of aircraft . Tethered observation balloons had already been employed in several wars , and would be used extensively for artillery spotting . Germany employed Zeppelins for reconnaissance over the North Sea and Baltic and also for strategic bombing raids over Britain and the Eastern Front . Aeroplanes were just coming into military use at the outset of the war . Initially , they were used mostly for reconnaissance . Pilots and engineers learned from experience , leading to the development of many specialized types , including fighters , bombers , and trench strafers . Ace fighter pilots were portrayed as modern knights , and many became popular heroes . The war also saw the appointment of high - ranking officers to direct the belligerent nations ' air war efforts . While the impact of aircraft on the course of the war was mainly tactical rather than strategic , most important being direct cooperation with ground forces ( especially ranging and correcting artillery fire ) , the first steps in the strategic roles of aircraft in future wars was also foreshadowed . Contents ( hide ) 1 The early years of war 1.1 Early Western Front reconnaissance duties 1.2 Early bombing efforts 2 The dawn of air combat 2.1 Evolution of fighter aircraft 2.1. 1 The pusher solution 2.1. 2 Machine gun synchronisation 2.1. 3 Other methods 3 1915 : The Fokker Scourge 4 1916 : Verdun and the Somme 5 1917 : Bloody April 6 1918 -- the Spring Offensive 7 Impact 8 Anti-aircraft weaponry 8.1 First shooting - down of an aeroplane by anti-aircraft artillery 9 Bombing and reconnaissance 10 Strategic bombing 11 Observation balloons 12 Leading aces 13 Pioneers of aerial warfare 14 Aircraft 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links The early years of war ( edit ) Front page of the New York Times Mid-Week Pictorial , January 1st 1917 . Caption reads : `` A German Fighting Monoplane Flying Very Near the Ground Photographed from Directly Underneath . '' The aircraft is of the Taube type , either a Rumpler Taube or a copy from one of the other manufacturers involved in Taube production . At the 1911 meeting of the Institute of International Law in Madrid , legislation was proposed to limit the use of airplanes to reconnaissance missions and banning them from being used as platforms for weapons . This legislation was rooted in a fear that airplanes would be used to attack undefended cities , violating Article 69 of the Den Hague Reglement ( the set of international laws governing warfare ) . At the start of the war , there was some debate over the usefulness of aircraft in warfare . Many senior officers , in particular , remained sceptical . However the initial campaigns of 1914 proved that cavalry could no longer provide the reconnaissance expected by their generals , in the face of the greatly increased firepower of twentieth century armies , and it was quickly realised that aircraft could at least locate the enemy , even if early air reconnaissance was hampered by the newness of the techniques involved . Early skepticism and low expectations quickly turned to unrealistic demands beyond the capabilities of the primitive aircraft available . Even so , air reconnaissance played a critical role in the `` war of movement '' of 1914 , especially in helping the Allies halt the German invasion of France . On 22 August 1914 , British Captain L.E.O. Charlton and Lieutenant V.H.N. Wadham reported German General Alexander von Kluck 's army was preparing to surround the BEF , contradicting all other intelligence . The British High Command took note of the report and started to withdraw toward Mons , saving the lives of 100,000 soldiers . Later , during the First Battle of the Marne , observation aircraft discovered weak points and exposed flanks in the German lines , allowing the allies to take advantage of them . In Germany the great successes of the early Zeppelin airships had largely overshadowed the importance of heavier - than - air aircraft . Out of a paper strength of about 230 aircraft belonging to the army in August 1914 only 180 or so were of any use . The French military aviation exercises of 1911 , 1912 , and 1913 had pioneered cooperation with the cavalry ( reconnaissance ) and artillery ( spotting ) , but the momentum was if anything slacking . Great Britain had `` started late '' and initially relied largely on the French aircraft industry , especially for aircraft engines . The initial British contribution to the total allied airwar effort in August 1914 ( of about 184 aircraft ) was three squadrons with about 30 serviceable machines . By the end of the war , Great Britain had formed the world 's first air force to be independent of either army or naval control , the Royal Air Force . The American army and navy air services were far behind ; even in 1917 , when the United States entered the war , they were to be almost totally dependent on the French and British aircraft industries for combat aircraft . The Germans ' great air `` coup '' of 1914 ( at least according to contemporary propaganda ) was at the Battle of Tannenberg in East Prussia , where an unexpected Russian attack was reported by Leutnants Canter and Mertens , resulting in the Russians ' being forced to withdraw . Early Western front reconnaissance duties ( edit ) Further information : Aerial reconnaissance in World War I By the end of 1914 the line between the Germans and the Allies stretched from the North Sea to the Alps . The initial `` war of movement '' largely ceased , and the front became static . Three main functions of short range reconnaissance squadrons had emerged by March 1901 . The first was photographic reconnaissance : building up a complete mosaic map of the enemy trench system . The first air cameras used glass plates . ( Kodak cellulose film had been invented , but did not at this stage have sufficient resolution ) . Artillery `` spotting '' enabled the ranging of artillery on targets invisible to the gunners . Radio telephony was not yet practical from an aircraft , so communication was a problem . By March 1915 , a two - seater on `` artillery observation '' duties was typically equipped with a primitive radio transmitter transmitting using Morse code , but had no receiver . The artillery battery signalled to the aircraft by laying strips of white cloth on the ground in prearranged patterns . Observation duties were shared with the tethered balloons , which could communicate directly with their batteries by field telephone , but were far less flexible in locating targets and reporting the fall of shot . `` Contact patrol '' work attempted to follow the course of a battle by communicating with advancing infantry while flying over the battlefield . The technology of the period did not permit radio contact , while methods of signalling were necessarily crude , including dropping messages from the aircraft . Soldiers were initially reluctant to reveal their positions to aircraft , as they ( the soldiers ) found distinguishing between friend and foe problematic . Reconnaissance flying , like all kinds , was a hazardous business . In April 1917 , the worst month for the entire war for the RFC , the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 69 flying hours . Early bombing efforts ( edit ) Typical 1914 aircraft could carry only very small bomb loads -- the bombs themselves , and their stowage , were still very elementary , and effective bomb sights were still to be developed . Nonetheless the beginnings of strategic and tactical bombing date from the earliest days of the war . Notable are the raids by the RNAS on the German airship sheds at Düsseldorf , Cologne and Friedrichshafen in September , October and November 1914 , as well as the formation of the Brieftauben Abteilung Ostende ( or `` Ostend carrier pigeon detachment '' , cover name for the first German strategic bombing unit ) , which mounted the first token raid over the English Channel in December . The dawn of air combat ( edit ) As Dickson had predicted , initially air combat was extremely rare , and definitely subordinate to reconnaissance . There are even stories of the crew of rival reconnaissance aircraft exchanging nothing more belligerent than smiles and waves . This soon progressed to throwing grenades , and other objects -- even grappling hooks . The first aircraft brought down by another was an Austrian reconnaissance aircraft rammed on 8 September 1914 by Russian pilot Pyotr Nesterov in Galicia in the Eastern Front . Both planes crashed as the result of the attack killing all occupants . Eventually pilots began firing handheld firearms at enemy aircraft , however pistols were too inaccurate and the single shot rifles too unlikely to score a hit . On October 5 , 1914 , French pilot Louis Quenault opened fire on a German aircraft with a machine gun for the first time and the era of air combat was under way as more and more aircraft were fitted with machine guns . Evolution of fighter aircraft ( edit ) Early attempt on a French Morane - Saulnier L to mount a forward - firing gun The pusher solution ( edit ) As early as 1912 , designers at the British firm Vickers were experimenting with machine gun carrying aircraft . The first concrete result was the Vickers Experimental Fighting Biplane 1 , which featured at the 1913 Aero Show in London . and appeared in developed form as the FB. 5 in February 1915 . This pioneering fighter , like the Royal Aircraft Factory F.E. 2b and the Airco DH. 1 , was a pusher type . These had the engine and propeller behind the pilot , facing backward , rather than at the front of the aircraft , as in a tractor configuration design . This provided an optimal machine gun position , from which the gun could be fired directly forward without an obstructing propeller , and reloaded and cleared in flight . An important drawback was that pusher designs tended to have an inferior performance to tractor types with the same engine power because of the extra drag created by the struts and rigging necessary to carry the tail unit . The F.E. 2d , a more powerful version of the F.E. 2b , remained a formidable opponent well into 1917 , when pusher fighters were already obsolete . They were simply too slow to catch their quarry . Machine gun synchronisation ( edit ) Main article : Synchronization gear Diagram of Fokker 's `` Stangensteuerung '' synchronisation mechanism . Pulling the green handle drops the red cam follower onto the propeller shaft cam wheel . Twice during each rotation of the propeller the cam lifts the follower which depresses the blue rod against the spring , connecting the yellow trigger plate to the purple firing button allowing a round to be fired . The forward firing gun of a pusher `` gun carrier '' provided some offensive capability -- the mounting of a machine gun firing to the rear from a two - seater tractor aircraft gave defensive capability . There was an obvious need for some means to fire a machine gun forward from a tractor aircraft , especially from one of the small , light , `` scout '' aircraft , adapted from pre-war racers , that were to perform most air combat duties for the rest of the war . It would seem most natural to place the gun between the pilot and the propeller , firing in the direct line of flight , so that the gun could be aimed by `` aiming the aircraft '' . It was also important that the breech of the weapon be readily accessible to the pilot , so that he could clear the jams and stoppages to which early machine guns were prone . However , this presented an obvious problem : a percentage of bullets fired `` free '' through a revolving propeller will strike the blades , with predictable results . Early experiments with synchronised machine guns had been carried out in several countries before the war . Franz Schneider , then working for Nieuport in France but later working for L.V.G. in Germany , patented a synchronisation gear on 15 July 1913 . An early Russian gear was designed by a Lieutenant Poplavko : the Edwards brothers in England designed the first British example , and the Morane - Saulnier company were also working on the problem in 1914 . All these early experiments failed to attract official attention , partly due to official inertia and partly due to the terrifying results of failures of these early synchronising gears , which included dangerously ricocheting bullets as well as disintegrating propellers . The Lewis gun , used on many early Allied aircraft , proved next to impossible to successfully synchronise due to its open bolt firing cycle . In an open bolt firing cycle , it is impossible to predict the exact time any given round will fire , a problematic characteristic in a weapon one is attempting to fire between the spinning blades of a propeller . Photographs of fuselage - mounted Lewis guns aimed directly ahead on RNAS aircraft , and looking as if they `` should '' be synchronised -- as with some of their Bristol Scouts -- were probably in fact free firing , hardly a satisfactory solution . A Morane - Saulnier 's propeller with the `` wedges '' fitted . The Maxim guns used by both the Allies ( as the Vickers ) and Germany ( as the Parabellum MG 14 and Spandau lMG 08 ) had a closed bolt firing cycle that started with a bullet already in the breech and the breech closed , so the firing of the bullet was the next step in the cycle . This meant that the exact instant the round would be fired could be predicted , making these weapons considerably easier to synchronise . The standard French light machine gun , the Hotchkiss , was also most unamenable to synchronisation due to rounds `` hanging fire '' . The Morane - Saulnier company designed a `` safety backup '' in the form of `` deflector blades '' ( metal wedges ) , complete with metal tiebars extending outwards from the propeller hub for bracing , fitted to the rear surfaces of a propeller at the radial point where they would be struck by a bullet . Roland Garros tried out this system in a Morane - Saulnier L in April 1915 . He managed to score several kills , although it proved to be an inadequate and dangerous solution . Garros eventually was forced by engine failure ( possibly caused by the repeated strain on his aircraft 's crankshaft of the `` deflected '' bullets striking his propeller ) to land behind enemy lines , and he and his secret weapon were captured by the Germans . Famously , the German High Command passed Garros ' captured Morane to the Fokker company -- who already produced Morane type monoplanes for the German Air Service -- with orders to copy the design . The deflector system was totally unsuitable for the steel - jacketed German ammunition so that the Fokker engineers were forced to revisit the synchronisation idea ( perhaps infringing Schneider 's patent ) , crafting the Stangensteuerung system by the spring of 1915 , used on the examples of their pioneering Eindecker fighter . Crude as these little monoplanes were , they produced a period of German air superiority , known as the `` Fokker Scourge '' by the Allies . The psychological effect exceeded the material -- the Allies had up to now been more or less unchallenged in the air , and the vulnerability of their older reconnaissance aircraft , especially the British B.E. 2 and French Farman pushers , came as a very nasty shock . Other methods ( edit ) The actual Scout C , RFC serial no . 1611 , flown by Lanoe Hawker on 25 July 1915 in his Victoria Cross-earning engagement . Another method used at this time to fire a machine gun forward from a tractor design was to mount the gun to fire above the propeller arc . This required the gun to be mounted on the top wing of biplanes and be mounted on complicated drag - inducing structures in monoplanes . Reaching the gun so that drums or belts could be changed , or jams cleared , presented problems even when the gun could be mounted relatively close to the pilot . Eventually the excellent Foster mounting became more or less the standard way of mounting a Lewis gun in this position in the R.F.C. : this allowed the gun to slide backward for drum changing , and also to be fired at an upward angle , a very effective way of attacking an enemy from the `` blind spot '' under its tail . This type of mounting was still only possible for a biplane with a top wing positioned near the apex of the propeller 's arc -- it put considerable strain on the fragile wing structures of the period , and it was less rigid than a gun mounting on the fuselage , producing a greater `` scatter '' of bullets , especially at anything but very short range . The earliest versions of the Bristol Scout to see aerial combat duty in 1915 , the Scout C , had Lewis gun mounts in RNAS service that sometimes were elevated above the propeller arc , and sometimes ( in an apparently reckless manner ) firing directly through the propeller arc without synchronisation . During the spring and summer of 1915 , Captain Lanoe Hawker of the Royal Flying Corps , however , had mounted his Lewis gun just forward of the cockpit to fire forwards and outwards , on the left side of his aircraft 's fuselage at about a 30 ° horizontal angle . On 25 July 1915 Captain Hawker flew his Scout C , bearing RFC serial number 1611 against several two - seat German observation aircraft of the Fliegertruppe , and managed to defeat three of them in aerial engagements to earn the first Victoria Cross awarded to a British fighter pilot , while engaged against enemy fixed - wing aircraft . 1915 : the Fokker Scourge ( edit ) Main article : Fokker Scourge The actual aircraft that started the `` Fokker Scourge '' , Leutnant Kurt Wintgens ' Fokker M. 5K / MG with IdFlieg military serial number `` E. 5 / 15 '' , as it appeared at the time of Wintgens ' pioneering engagement on 1 July 1915 . Max Immelmann of Feldflieger Abteilung 62 in the cockpit of his early production Fokker E.I. ( s / n E. 13 / 15 ) . The first purpose - designed fighter aircraft included the British Vickers F.B. 5 , and machine guns were also fitted to several French types , such as the Morane - Saulnier L and N. Initially the German Air Service lagged behind the Allies in this respect , but this was soon to change dramatically . In July 1915 the Fokker E.I , the first aircraft to enter service with a `` synchronisation gear '' which enabled a machine gun to fire through the arc of the propeller without striking its blades , became operational . This gave an important advantage over other contemporary fighter aircraft . This aircraft and its immediate successors , collectively known as the Eindecker ( German for `` monoplane '' ) -- for the first time supplied an effective equivalent to Allied fighters . Two German military aviators , Leutnants Otto Parschau and Kurt Wintgens , worked for the Fokker firm during the spring of 1915 , demonstrating the revolutionary feature of the forward - firing synchronised machine gun to the embryonic force of Fliegertruppe pilots of the German Empire . The first successful engagement involving a synchronised - gun - armed aircraft occurred on the afternoon of July 1 , 1915 , to the east of Lunéville , France when Leutnant Kurt Wintgens , one of the pilots selected by Fokker to demonstrate the small series of five Eindecker prototype aircraft , forced down a French Morane - Saulnier `` Parasol '' two seat observation monoplane behind Allied lines with his Fokker M. 5K / MG Eindecker production prototype aircraft , carrying the IdFlieg military serial number `` E. 5 / 15 '' . Some 200 shots from the synchronised Parabellum MG14 machine gun on Wintgens ' aircraft had hit the Gnome Lambda rotary engine of the Morane Parasol , forcing it to land safely in Allied territory . By late 1915 the Germans had achieved air superiority , rendering Allied access to the vital intelligence derived from continual aerial reconnaissance more dangerous to acquire . In particular the defencelessness of Allied reconnaissance types was exposed . The first German `` ace '' pilots , notably Max Immelmann , had begun their careers . The number of actual Allied casualties involved was for various reasons very small compared with the intensive air fighting of 1917 -- 18 . The deployment of the Eindeckers was less than overwhelming : the new type was issued in ones and twos to existing reconnaissance squadrons , and it was to be nearly a year before the Germans were to follow the British in establishing specialist fighter squadrons . The Eindecker was also , in spite of its advanced armament , by no means an outstanding aircraft , being closely based on the pre-war Morane - Saulnier H , although it did feature a steel tubing fuselage framework ( a characteristic of all Fokker wartime aircraft designs ) instead of the wooden fuselage components of the French aircraft . Nonetheless , the impact on morale of the fact that the Germans were effectively fighting back in the air created a major scandal in the British parliament and press . The ascendancy of the Eindecker also contributed to the surprise the Germans were able to achieve at the start of the Battle of Verdun because the French reconnaissance aircraft failed to provide their usual cover of the German positions . Fortunately for the Allies , two new British fighters that were a match for the Fokker , the two - seat F.E. 2b and the single - seat D.H. 2 , were already in production . These were both pushers , and could fire forwards without gun synchronisation . The F.E. 2b reached the front in September 1915 , and the D.H. 2 in the following February . On the French front , the tiny Nieuport 11 , a tractor biplane with a forward firing gun mounted on the top wing outside the arc of the propeller , also proved more than a match for the German fighter when it entered service in January 1916 . With these new types the Allies re-established air superiority in time for the Battle of the Somme , and the `` Fokker Scourge '' was over . The Fokker E. III , Airco DH - 2 and Nieuport 11 were the very first in a long line of single seat fighter aircraft used by both sides during the war . Very quickly it became clear the primary role of fighters would be attacking enemy two - seaters , which were becoming increasingly important as sources of reconnaissance and artillery observation , while also escorting and defending friendly two - seaters from enemy fighters . Fighters were also used to attack enemy observation balloons , strafe enemy ground targets , and defend friendly airspace from enemy bombers . Almost all the fighters in service with both sides , with the exception of the Fokkers ' steel - tube fuselaged airframes , continued to use wood as the basic structural material , with fabric - covered wings relying on external wire bracing . However , the first practical all - metal aircraft was produced by Hugo Junkers , who also used a cantilever wing structure with a metal covering . The first flight tests of the initial flight demonstrator of this technology , the Junkers J 1 monoplane , took place at the end of 1915 heralding the future of aircraft structural design . 1916 : Verdun and the Somme ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Verdun and Battle of the Somme The slow , all - too - stable B.E. 2c was still in service in 1916 , literally a `` flying target '' for German pilots . When the battle of Verdun began on 21 February 1916 , air superiority initially enabled the Germans to establish a blockade ( luftsperre ) on the French air squadrons . However the French were already arming their specialist fighter squadrons , the Escadrilles de chasse , with the Nieuport 11 , and with a new offensive strategy they quickly overcame the luftsperre , establishing air superiority over the battle by April . In the meantime , in the aftermath of the Fokker Scourge , the need for a larger , better equipped RFC became obvious , and the process of raising many new British squadrons was started . In the short term , creating new units was easier than producing aircraft to equip them , and training pilots to man them . When the Battle of the Somme started in July 1916 , most ordinary RFC squadrons were still equipped with the BE. 2c , which had already proved an easy target for the Fokker Eindecker . New types such as the Sopwith 11⁄2 Strutter had to be transferred from production intended for the RNAS . Even more seriously , replacement pilots were being sent to France with pitifully few flying hours . Nonetheless , air superiority and an `` offensive '' strategy facilitated the greatly increased involvement of the RFC in the battle itself , in what was known at the time as `` trench strafing '' -- in modern terms , close support . For the rest of the war , this became a regular routine , with both attacking and defending infantry in a land battle being constantly liable to attack by machine guns and light bombs from the air . At this time , counter fire from the ground was far less effective than it became later , when the necessary techniques of deflection shooting had been mastered . The first step towards specialist fighter - only aviation units within the German military was the establishment of the so - called Kampfeinsitzer Kommando ( single - seat battle unit , abbreviated as `` KEK '' ) formations by Inspektor - Major Friedrich Stempel in February 1916 . These were based around Eindeckers and other new fighter designs emerging , like the Pfalz E-series monoplanes , that were being detached from their former Feldflieger Abteilung units during the winter of 1915 -- 16 and brought together in pairs and quartets at particularly strategic locations , as `` KEK '' units were formed at Habsheim , Vaux , Avillers , Jametz , and Cunel , as well as other strategic locations along the Western Front to act as Luftwachtdienst ( aerial guard force ) units , consisting only of fighters . In a pioneering move in March 1916 , German master aerial tactician Oswald Boelcke came up with the idea of having `` forward observers '' located close to the front lines to spot Allied aircraft approaching the front , to avoid wear and tear on the trio of Fokker Eindecker scout aircraft he had based with his own `` KEK '' unit based at Sivry - sur - Meuse , just north of Verdun . By April 1916 , the air superiority established by the Eindecker pilots and maintained by their use within the KEK formations had long evaporated as the Halberstadt D. II began to be phased in as Germany 's first biplane fighter design , with the first Fokker D - series biplane fighters joining the Halberstadts , and a target was set to establish 37 new squadrons in the next 12 months -- entirely equipped with single seat fighters , and manned by specially selected and trained pilots , to counter the Allied fighter squadrons already experiencing considerable success , as operated by the Royal Flying Corps and the French Aéronautique Militaire . The small numbers of questionably built Fokker D. IIIs posted to the Front pioneered the mounting of twin lMG 08s before 1916 's end , as the building numbers of the similarly armed , and much more formidable new twin - gun Albatros D.Is were well on the way to establishing the German air superiority marking the first half of 1917 . Allied air superiority was maintained during the height of both battles , and the increased effectiveness of Allied air activity proved disturbing to the German Army 's top - level Oberste Heeresleitung command staff . A complete reorganisation of the Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches into what became officially known as the Luftstreitkräfte followed and had generally been completed by October 1916 . This reorganisation eventually produced the German strategic bombing squadrons that were to produce such consternation in England in 1917 and 1918 , and the specialist close support squadrons ( Schlachtstaffeln ) that gave the British infantry such trouble at Cambrai and during the German Spring offensive of 1918 . Its most famous and dramatic effect , however , involved the raising of specialist fighter squadrons or Jagdstaffeln -- a full year after similar units had become part of the RFC and the French Aéronautique Militaire . Initially these units were equipped with the Halberstadt D. II ( Germany 's first biplane fighter ) , the Fokker D.I and D. II , along with the last few surviving Eindeckers , all three biplane design types using a single lMG 08 , before the Fokker D. III and Albatros D.I twin - gun types arrived at the Front . 1917 : Bloody April ( edit ) Main article : Bloody April A lineup of Albatros D. IIIs of Jasta 11 in early 1917 -- the second aircraft in this lineup belonged to Manfred von Richthofen . The first half of 1917 was a successful period for the jagdstaffeln and the much larger RFC suffered significantly higher casualties than their opponents . While new Allied fighters such as the Sopwith Pup , Sopwith Triplane , and SPAD S. VII were coming into service , at this stage their numbers were small , and suffered from inferior firepower : all three were armed with just a single synchronised Vickers machine gun . On the other hand , the jagdstaffeln were in the process of replacing their early motley array of equipment with Albatros D - series aircraft , armed with twin synchronised MG08s . The D.I and D. II of late 1916 were succeeded by the new Albatros D. III , which was , in spite of structural difficulties , `` the best fighting scout on the Western Front '' at the time . Meanwhile , most RFC two - seater squadrons still flew the BE. 2e , a very minor improvement on the BE. 2c , and still fundamentally unsuited to air - to - air combat . This culminated in the rout of April 1917 , known as `` Bloody April '' . The RFC ( Royal Flying Corps ) suffered particularly severe losses , although Trenchard 's policy of `` offensive patrol '' , which placed most combat flying on the German side of the lines , was maintained . During the last half of 1917 , the British Sopwith Camel and S.E. 5a and the French SPAD S. XIII , all fitted with two forward firing machine guns , became available in numbers . The ordinary two seater squadrons in the RFC received the R.E. 8 or the F.K. 8 , not outstanding warplanes , but far less vulnerable than the BE. 2e they replaced . The F.E. 2d at last received a worthy replacement in the Bristol F. 2b . On the other hand , the latest Albatros , the D.V , proved to be a disappointment , as was the Pfalz D. III . The exotic Fokker Dr. I was plagued , like the Albatros , with structural problems . By the end of the year the air superiority pendulum had swung once more in the Allies ' favour . 1918 -- the spring offensive ( edit ) The surrender of the Russians and the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk in March 1918 , and the resulting release of troops from the Eastern Front gave the Germans a `` last chance '' of winning the war before the Americans could become effectively involved . This resulted in the last great German offensive of the war , the `` Spring Offensive '' , which opened on 21 March . The main attack fell on the British front on the assumption that defeat of the British army would result in the surrender of the mutiny - weakened French . In the air , the battle was marked by the carefully coordinated use of the Schlachtstaffeln or `` battle flights '' , equipped with the light CL class two seaters built by the Halberstadt and Hannover firms , that had proved so effective in the German counter-attack in early October 's Battle of Cambrai . The new German fighter aircraft , notably the Fokker D. VII , that might have revived German air superiority in time for this battle had not however reached the Jagdstaffeln in sufficient numbers , despite its own premier on the Western Front in the mid-Spring of 1918 . As with several offensives on both sides , thorough planning and preparation led to initial success , and in fact to deeper penetration than had been achieved by either side since 1914 . Many British airfields had to be abandoned to the advancing Germans in a new war of movement . Losses of aircraft and their crew were very heavy on both sides -- especially to light anti-aircraft fire . However , by the time of the death of Manfred von Richthofen , the famed Red Baron , on 21 April , the great offensive had largely stalled . The new German fighters had still not arrived , and the British still held general air superiority . The month of April 1918 began with the consolidation of the separate British RFC and RNAS air services into the Royal Air Force , the first independent air arm not subordinate to its national army or navy . By the end of April the new Fokker , Pfalz and Roland fighters had finally begun to replace the obsolescent equipment of the Jagdstaffeln , but this did not proceed with as much dispatch as it might have , due to increasing shortages of supplies on the side of the Central Powers , and many of the Jastas still flew Albatros D types at the time of the armistice . The rotary engined Fokker D. VIII and Siemens - Schuckert D. IV , as well as surviving Fokker Triplanes , suffered from poor reliability and shortened engine life due to the Voltol - based oil that was used to replace scarce castor oil -- captured and salvaged Allied aircraft ( especially Sopwith Camels ) were scrounged , not only for engines and equipment , but even for their lubricants . Nonetheless , by September casualties in the RFC had reached the highest level since `` Bloody April '' -- and the Allies were maintaining air superiority by weight of numbers rather than technical superiority . 1918 , especially the second half of the year , also saw the United States increasingly involved . While American volunteers had been flying in Allied squadrons since the early years of the war , not until 1918 did all - American squadrons begin active operations . Technically America had fallen well behind the European powers in aviation , and no American designed types saw action , with the exception of the Curtiss flying boats . At first , the Americans were largely supplied with second - rate and obsolete aircraft , such as the Nieuport 28 , Sopwith 11⁄2 Strutter , and Dorand AR. 2 types , and inexperienced American airmen stood little chance against their seasoned opponents . As numbers grew and equipment improved with the introduction of the twin - gun SPAD XIII as well as the Sopwith Camel and even the S.E. 5a into American service near the war 's end , the Americans came to hold their own in the air ; although casualties were heavy , as indeed were those of the French and British , in the last desperate fighting of the war . One of the French twin - seat reconnaissance aircraft used by the French and the USAAS , the Salmson 2. A2 , was among the World War I - era aircraft to pioneer the use of `` fixed '' radial engines in military aircraft -- the liquid - cooled radials designed by Georges Canton and Pierre Unné powered the 2. A2 aircraft , and were among the first `` fixed '' radial aircraft powerplants ever designed , and manufactured by the parent Société des Moteurs Salmson aircraft and automobile manufacturing firm , from 1908 to 1920 . Impact ( edit ) `` The day has passed when armies on the ground or navies on the sea can be the arbiter of a nation 's destiny in war . The main power of defense and the power of initiative against an enemy has passed to the air . '' -- Brigadier General Billy Mitchell , November 1918 By the war 's end , the impact of air missions on the ground war was in retrospect mainly tactical -- strategic bombing , in particular , was still very rudimentary indeed . This was partly due to its restricted funding and use , as it was , after all , a new technology . On the other hand , the artillery , which had perhaps the greatest effect of any military arm in this war , was in very large part as devastating as it was due to the availability of aerial photography and aerial `` spotting '' by balloon and aircraft . By 1917 weather was bad enough to restrict flying and was considered as effective as `` putting the gunner 's eyes out '' . Some , such as then - Brigadier General Billy Mitchell , commander of all American air combat units in France , claimed `` the only damage that has come to ( Germany ) has been through the air '' . Mitchell was famously controversial in his view that the future of war was not on the ground or at sea , but in the air . During the course of the War , German Aircraft Losses accounted to 27,637 by all causes , while the Entente Losses numered over 88,613 lost ( 52,640 France & 35,973 Great Britain ) Anti-aircraft weaponry ( edit ) Main article : Anti-aircraft warfare A German Hannover CL III shot down on 4 October 1918 by American machine gunners in the Argonne . Though aircraft still functioned as vehicles of observation , increasingly they were used as a weapon in themselves . Dog fights erupted in the skies over the front lines , and aircraft went down in flames . From this air - to - air combat , the need grew for better aircraft and gun armament . Aside from machine guns , air - to - air rockets were also used , such as the Le Prieur rocket against balloons and airships . Recoilless rifles and autocannons were also attempted , but they pushed early fighters to unsafe limits while bringing negligible returns , with the German Becker 20mm autocannon being fitted to a few twin - engined Luftstreitkräfte G - series medium bombers for offensive needs , and at least one late - war Kaiserliche Marine zeppelin for defense -- the uniquely armed SPAD S. XII single - seat fighter carried one Vickers machine gun and a special , hand - operated semi-automatic 37mm gun firing through a hollow propeller shaft . Another innovation was air - to - air bombing if a fighter had been fortunate enough to climb higher than an airship . The Ranken dart was designed just for this opportunity . This need for improvement was not limited to air - to - air combat . On the ground , methods developed before the war were being used to deter enemy aircraft from observation and bombing . Anti-aircraft artillery rounds were fired into the air and exploded into clouds of smoke and fragmentation , called archie by the British . Anti-aircraft artillery defenses were increasingly used around observation balloons , which became frequent targets of enemy fighters equipped with special incendiary bullets . Because balloons were so flammable , due to the hydrogen used to inflate them , observers were given parachutes , enabling them to jump to safety . Ironically , only a few aircrew had this option , due in part to a mistaken belief they inhibited aggressiveness , and in part to their significant weight . First shooting - down of an aeroplane by anti-aircraft artillery ( edit ) During a bombing raid over Kragujevac on 30 September 1915 , private Radoje Ljutovac of the Serbian Army successfully shot down one of the three aircraft . Ljutovac used a slightly modified Turkish cannon captured some years previously . This was the first time that a military aeroplane was shot down with ground - to - air artillery fire , and thus a crucial moment in anti-aircraft warfare . Bombing and reconnaissance ( edit ) Play media Video clip of allied bombing runs over German lines Gotha G.V German bomber , 1917 As the stalemate developed on the ground , with both sides unable to advance even a few hundred yards without a major battle and thousands of casualties , aircraft became greatly valued for their role gathering intelligence on enemy positions and bombing the enemy 's supplies behind the trench lines . Large aircraft with a pilot and an observer were used to scout enemy positions and bomb their supply bases . Because they were large and slow , these aircraft made easy targets for enemy fighter aircraft . As a result , both sides used fighter aircraft to both attack the enemy 's two - seat aircraft and protect their own while carrying out their missions . While the two - seat bombers and reconnaissance aircraft were slow and vulnerable , they were not defenseless . Two - seaters had the advantage of both forward - and rearward - firing guns . Typically , the pilot controlled fixed guns behind the propeller , similar to guns in a fighter aircraft , while the observer controlled one with which he could cover the arc behind the aircraft . A tactic used by enemy fighter aircraft to avoid fire from the rear gunner was to attack from slightly below the rear of two - seaters , as the tail gunner was unable to fire below the aircraft . However , two - seaters could counter this tactic by going into a dive at high speeds . Pursuing a diving two - seater was hazardous for a fighter pilot , as it would place the fighter directly in the rear gunner 's line of fire ; several high scoring aces of the war were shot down by `` lowly '' two - seaters , including Raoul Lufbery , Erwin Böhme , and Robert Little . Strategic bombing ( edit ) Main article : Strategic bombing during World War I British recruiting poster capitalizing on the scare created by the bombing raids on London The first aerial bombardment of civilians occurred during World War I. In the opening weeks of the war Zeppelins bombed Liege , Antwerp and Warsaw , and other cities including Paris and Bucharest were targeted . And in January 1915 the Germans began a bombing campaign against England that was to last until 1918 , initially using airships . There were 19 raids in 1915 , in which 37 tons of bombs were dropped , killing 181 people and injuring 455 . Raids continued in 1916 . London was accidentally bombed in May , and in July , the Kaiser allowed directed raids against urban centres . There were 23 airship raids in 1916 in which 125 tons of ordnance were dropped , killing 293 people and injuring 691 . Gradually British air defenses improved . In 1917 and 1918 there were only eleven Zeppelin raids against England , and the final raid occurred on 5 August 1918 , resulting in the death of Peter Strasser , commander of the German Naval Airship Department . By the end of the war , 54 airship raids had been undertaken , in which 557 people were killed and 1,358 injured . The Zeppelin raids were complemented by the Gotha G bombers from 1917 , which were the first heavier than air bombers to be used for strategic bombing , and by a small force of five Zeppelin - Staaken R.VI `` giant '' four engined bombers from late September 1917 through to mid-May 1918 . Twenty - eight Gotha twin - engined bombers were lost on the raids over England , with no losses for the Zeppelin - Staaken giants . It has been argued that the raids were effective far beyond material damage in diverting and hampering wartime production , and diverting twelve squadrons and over 17,000 men to air defenses . Calculations performed on the number of dead to the weight of bombs dropped had a profound effect on attitudes of the British government and population in the interwar years , who believed that `` The bomber will always get through '' . Observation balloons ( edit ) Main article : Observation balloon A German observation balloon being shot down by an Allied aircraft . Manned observation balloons floating high above the trenches were used as stationary reconnaissance points on the front lines , reporting enemy troop positions and directing artillery fire . Balloons commonly had a crew of two equipped with parachutes : upon an enemy air attack on the flammable balloon , the crew would parachute to safety . Recognized for their value as observer platforms , observation balloons were important targets of enemy aircraft . To defend against air attack , they were heavily protected by large concentrations of antiaircraft guns and patrolled by friendly aircraft . Blimps and balloons helped contribute to the stalemate of the trench warfare of World War I , and contributed to air - to - air combat for air superiority because of their significant reconnaissance value . To encourage pilots to attack enemy balloons , both sides counted downing an enemy balloon as an `` air - to - air '' kill , with the same value as shooting down an enemy aircraft . Some pilots , known as balloon busters , became particularly distinguished by their prowess at shooting down enemy balloons . The premier balloon busting ace was Willy Coppens : 35 of his 37 victories were enemy balloons . Leading aces ( edit ) Main articles : List of World War I flying aces and Aerial victory standards of World War I As pioneer aviators invented air - to - air combat , the contending sides developed various methods of tracking aerial casualties and victories . Aviators with five or more aerial victories confirmed by their parent air service were dubbed `` aces '' . Their numbers would burgeon , until by war 's end , there were over 1,800 aces . The following aces scored the most victories for their respective air services . Name Air service Confirmed victories Baracca , Francesco Corpo Aeronautico Militare 34 Bishop , William Avery Royal Air Force 72 Brumowski , Godwin Luftfahrtruppen 35 Cobby , Arthur Henry Australian Flying Corps 29 Coppens de Houthulst , Willy Omer Belgian Military Aviation 37 Fonck , René Aéronautique Militaire 75 Kazakov , Alexander Imperial Russian Air Force 20 Richthofen , Manfred von Luftstreitkräfte 80 Rickenbacker , Edward Vernon US Army Air Service 26 Pioneers of aerial warfare ( edit ) Main articles : Aerial victory standards of World War I and Flying ace The following aviators were the first to reach important milestones in the development of aerial combat during World War I : Name Date Country Event Pyotr Nesterov 7 September 1914 Russia First air - to - air kill , by ramming an Austrian aeroplane Louis Quénault and Joseph Frantz 5 October 1914 France Pilot Frantz and Observer Quénault were the first fliers to successfully use a machine gun in air - to - air combat to shoot down another aircraft . Roland Garros 1 April 1915 France First aerial victory with forward pointing fixed gun achieved while aiming gun with aircraft Adolphe Pégoud 3 April 1915 France First flying `` ace '' and first French ace . Kurt Wintgens 1 July 1915 Germany First aerial victory using a sychronised machine gun firing through the propeller arc Lanoe Hawker 11 August 1915 Britain First British ace . Oswald Boelcke 16 October 1915 Germany First German ace . Otto Jindra 9 April 1916 Austro - Hungary First Austro - Hungarian ace . Redford Henry Mulock 21 May 1916 Canada First Canadian ace , as well as first Royal Naval Air Service ace . Eduard Pulpe 1 July 1916 Russia First Imperial Russian Air Force ace . Roderic Dallas 9 July 1916 Australia First Australian ace . Frederick Libby 25 August 1916 United States of America First American ace . Etienne Tsu 26 September 1916 France First Chinese ace ; French Foreign Legion , Escadrille SPA. 37 . Mario Stoppani 31 October 1916 Italy First Italian ace . Fernand Jacquet 1 February 1917 Belgium First Belgian ace . Maurice Benjamin 27 April 1917 South Africa First South African ace . Thomas Culling 19 May 1917 New Zealand First New Zealand ace . Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield 31 May 1917 Austro - Hungary First night victory and first Austro - Hungarian night victory . Richard Burnard Munday 29 September 1917 Britain First British night victory , over an observation balloon . Fritz Anders 20 August 1918 Germany First German night victory . Anders was first night fighter ace . Aircraft ( edit ) Aircraft of the Entente Powers Aircraft of the Central Powers See also ( edit ) World War I portal Biggles a fictional WWI aviator Dogfight Flying ace § World War I History of aviation List of American Aero Squadrons List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons List of Royal Flying Corps squadrons Lists of World War I flying aces Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spaight , James ( 1914 ) . Aircraft In War . London : MacMilian and Co. p. 3 . Jump up ^ Spaight , James ( 1914 ) . Aircraft in War . London : MacMilian and Co. p. 14 . Jump up ^ Terraine , John . P. 30 Jump up ^ `` Aerial Reconnaissance in World War I '' . U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Terraine , 1982 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Terraine , 1982 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Terraine , 1982 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Treadwell , Terry C. America 's First Air War ( London : Airlife Publishing , 2000 ) Jump up ^ Cheesman , E.F. ( ed . ) Reconnaissance & Bomber Aircraft of the 1914 -- 1918 War ( Letchworth , UK : Harleyford , 1962 ) , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : An Illustrated History of World War I , at http://www.wwiaviation.com/earlywar.html Jump up ^ Eric Lawson , Jane Lawson . The First Air Campaign : August 1914 -- November 1918 ( Da Capo Press , 2002 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Great Battles of World War I by Major - General Sir Jeremy Moore , p. 136 Jump up ^ Cheesman ( 1960 ) , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Cheesman ( 1960 ) , p 177 Jump up ^ Cheesman ( 1960 ) , p 178 Jump up ^ Cheesman ( 1960 ) , p 180 Jump up ^ Sands , Jeffrey , `` The Forgotten Ace , Ltn . Kurt Wintgens and his War Letters '' , Cross & Cockade USA , Summer 1985 . Jump up ^ Herris and Pearson , Aircraft of World War I , 1914 -- 1918 ( London , Amber , 2010 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Guttman , Jon ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Verdun : The First Air Battle for the Fighter : Part I -- Prelude and Opening '' ( PDF ) . worldwar1.com . The Great War Society . p. 9 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ vanWyngarden , Greg ( 2006 ) . Osprey Aircraft of the Aces # 73 : Early German Aces of World War 1 . Botley , Oxford UK & New York City , USA : Osprey Publishing . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 997 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cheesman ( 1960 ) p. 12 Jump up ^ Fitzsimons , Bernard , ed . The Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Weapons and Warfare ( London : Phoebus , 1978 ) , Volume 1 , `` Albatros D '' , p. 65 Jump up ^ Johnson in History of Air Fighting blames Trenchard for not changing his approach despite the prohibitive casualties . Jump up ^ Terraine , 1982 p. 277 Jump up ^ Gray & Theyford , 1970 pp. xv -- xxvii Jump up ^ Terraine , 1982 p. 282 Jump up ^ Terraine , 1982 p. 287 Jump up ^ Harris & Pearson , 2010 p. 180 Jump up ^ This quote was also mentioned in Time magazine , 22 June 1942 ( 1 ) , some seven months after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor , which Mitchell accurately predicted in 1924 . Jump up ^ Terraine , 1982 : p. 215 Jump up ^ `` Mitchell '' > `` Leaves From My War Diary '' by General William Mitchell , in Great Battles of World War I : In The Air ( Signet , 1966 ) , pp. 192 -- 193 ( November 1918 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Aircraft of World War I -- Statistics '' . Theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Guttman , Jon ( 2002 ) . SPAD XII / XIII aces of World War I. Osprey Publishing . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 1841763160 . Jump up ^ `` How was the first military airplane shot down '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ljutovac , Radoje '' . Amanet Society . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Radoje Raka Ljutovac -- first person in the world to shoot down an airplane with a cannon '' . Pečat . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Cole , Christopher ; Cheesman , E.F. ( 1984 ) . The Air Defence of Great Britain 1914 -- 1918 . London : Putnam . pp. 448 -- 9 . ISBN 0 370 30538 8 . Jump up ^ Ben Walsh AQA GCSE Modern World History p296 Jump up ^ Franks , 2000 . p. 76 Jump up ^ Shores , 2001 . p. 89 Jump up ^ Chant , 2002 . p. 90 Jump up ^ Franks , 2000 . p. 71 Jump up ^ Guttman , 2002 . p. 20 Jump up ^ Franks , 2000 . pp. 83 -- 84 Jump up ^ Franks , Bailey , Guest , 1993 . pp. 241 -- 242 Jump up ^ Franks , 2000 . p. 74 Jump up ^ Franks , 2001 . p. 86 Jump up ^ Guttman , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1993 , p. 24 Jump up ^ van Wyngarden , pp. 7 , 8 , 11 . Jump up ^ `` Adolphe Pégoud '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Wintgens '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lanoe Hawker '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oswald Boelcke '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Otto Jindra '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Redford Mulock '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eduard Pulpe '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roderic Dallas '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick Libby '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` L'escadrille_37 '' . Albindenis.free.fr . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Need more info about Etienne Tsu '' . Theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Laurent BROCARD ( 1914 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Flying Pioneers : Vieilles Tiges '' . Past-to-present.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mario Stoppani '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fernand Jacquet '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Maurice Benjamin '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Culling '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gottfried von Banfield '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Munday '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fritz Anders '' . theaerodrome.com . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . References ( edit ) Editors of American Heritage . History of WW1 . Simon & Schuster , 1964 . Cheesman , E.F. ( ed . ) Fighter Aircraft of the 1914 -- 1918 War . Letchworth , UK : Harleyford , 1960 The Great War , television documentary by the BBC . Gray , Peter & Thetford , Owen German Aircraft of the First World War . London , Putnam , 1962 . Guttman , Jon . Pusher Aces of World War 1 : Volume 88 of Osprey Aircraft of the Aces : Volume 88 of Aircraft of the Aces . Osprey Publishing , 2009 . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 417 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 417 - 6 Herris , Jack & Pearson , Bob Aircraft of World War I. London , Amber Books , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 906626 - 65 - 5 . Jackson , Peter The Guinness Book of Air Warfare . London , Guinness Publishing , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 701 - 0 Morrow , John . German Air Power in World War I. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1982 . Contains design and production figures , as well as economic influences . Pearson , George , Aces : A Story of the First Air War , historical advice by Brereton Greenhous and Philip Markham , NFB , 1993 . Contains assertion aircraft created trench stalemate . Terraine , John White Heat : the new warfare 1914 -- 18 . London , Guild Publishing , 1982 VanWyngarden , Greg . Early German Aces of World War I : Volume 73 of Aircraft of the Aces . Osprey Publishing , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 997 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 997 - 4 . Winter , Denis . First of the Few . London : Allen Lane / Penguin , 1982 . Coverage of the British air war , with extensive bibliographical notes . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aviation in World War I . Wells , Mark : Aircraft , Fighter and Pursuit , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Morris , Craig : Aircraft , Reconnaissance and Bomber , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Bombing during World War I at centennialofflight.gov Boris Rustam - Bek - Tageev . Aerial Russia : The Romance of the Giant Aeroplane . Рипол Классик . ISBN 978 - 5 - 87787 - 214 - 1 . The United States Air Service in World War I -- usaww1.com The League of World War I Aviation Historians and Over the Front Magazine -- overthefront.com 1989 WWI aviation documentary featuring interviews with the last three surviving American aces -- YouTube Aviation in World War I People and aircraft Commanders Aces Aircraft of the Entente Powers Aircraft of the Central Powers Zeppelins Campaigns and battles Strategic bombing German Cuxhaven Bombing of cities Aerial reconnaissance Fokker Scourge Flight over Vienna Bloody April Battles Entente Powers air services British air services Royal Flying Corps Royal Naval Air Service Royal Air Force Australian Flying Corps Canadian Air Force ( 1918 -- 20 ) French Air Service Imperial Russian Air Service Royal Italian Air Corps United States Army Air Service Greek air services Army Air Service Naval Air Service Central Powers air services Imperial German Air Service Austro - Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops Ottoman Aviation Squadrons Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section World War I aircraft of the Central Powers Fighters AEG D.I AEG Dr. I Albatros D.I Albatros D. II Albatros D. III Albatros D.V Aviatik D.I Aviatik C.VI Daimler L. 6 Euler D.I Euler D. II Fokker D.I Fokker D. II Fokker D. III Fokker D. IV Fokker D.V Fokker D.VI Fokker D. VII Fokker D. VIII Fokker Dr. I Fokker E.I Fokker E. II Fokker E. III Fokker E. IV Fokker E.V Halberstadt D. II Hannover CL. II Hannover CL. III Hannover CL. IV Hannover CL. V Hansa - Brandenburg W. 12 Hansa - Brandenburg W. 29 Junkers D.I Kondor D. 6 Kondor E. III Naglo D. II Pfalz D. III Pfalz D. XII Pfalz Dr. I Pfalz E.I Pfalz E. II Phönix D.I LFG Roland D. II LFG Roland D.VI Siemens - Schuckert D.I Siemens - Schuckert D. II Siemens - Schuckert D. III Siemens - Schuckert D. IV Siemens - Schuckert L.I Zeppelin - Lindau D.I Bombers and ground attack AEG DJ. I AEG G.I AEG G. II AEG G. III AEG G. IV AEG G.V AEG J.I AEG J. II AEG R.I Friedrichshafen G. II Friedrichshafen G. III Gotha G.I Gotha G. II Gotha G. III Gotha G. IV Gotha G.V Gotha GL. VII Gotha G. IX Hannover CL. II Junkers CL. I Junkers J.I Rumpler G.I Rumpler G. II Rumpler G. III Zeppelin - Lindau Rs. II Zeppelin - Lindau Rs. III Zeppelin - Lindau Rs. IV Zeppelin - Staaken R.VI Reconnaissance AEG B.I AEG B. II AEG B. III AEG C.I AEG C. II AEG C. III AEG C. IV AEG C.V AEG C.VI AEG C. VII AEG C. VIII AGO C.I AGO C. II AGO C. III AGO C. IV AGO C. VII AGO C. VIII Albatros B.I Albatros B. II Albatros C.I Albatros C. III Albatros C.V Albatros C. VII Albatros C. IX Albatros C.X Albatros C. XII Aviatik B.I Aviatik B. II Aviatik C.I Aviatik C.VI DFW C.V LFG Roland C. II LVG B.I LVG C. II Rumpler C.I Rumpler C. IV Rumpler Taube Trainers Euler D.I Prototypes Albatros C. II Fokker V. 1 Fokker V. 2 Junkers J 1 Junkers J 2 Zeppelin - Lindau Rs. I World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal History of aviation Chronological Early flying machines Pioneer era World War I Between the World Wars World War II Post-World War II Digital Age Topic histories Aerodynamics Ballooning ( military ) Unmanned aerial vehicles ( UAVs ) ( combat ( UCAVs ) ) Other topics Claims to the first powered flight Air warfare of World War II Jet Age Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aviation_in_World_War_I&oldid=824823527 '' Categories : Aviation in World War I 20th - century aviation Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Ελληνικά Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 18 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when were planes first used in world war 1 | [
"At the start of the war, there was some debate over the usefulness of aircraft in warfare. Many senior officers, in particular, remained sceptical. However the initial campaigns of 1914 proved that cavalry could no longer provide the reconnaissance expected by their generals, in the face of the greatly increased firepower of twentieth century armies, and it was quickly realised that aircraft could at least locate the enemy, even if early air reconnaissance was hampered by the newness of the techniques involved. Early skepticism and low expectations quickly turned to unrealistic demands beyond the capabilities of the primitive aircraft available.[3]"
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"1914"
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2990548378671261760 | Footloose (musical) | Footloose ( musical ) - wikipedia Footloose ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Footloose the musical Playbill cover Music Tom Snow Lyrics Dean Pitchford Book Dean Pitchford Walter Bobbie Basis Footloose Productions 1998 Broadway 2000 US Tour 2003 US Tour 2003 Australia 2004 UK National Tour 2006 UK National Tour 2006 West End 2007 UK Tour 2007 West End 2008 West End 2016 UK tour 2017 UK Tour 2017 West End Revival Footloose is a 1998 musical based on the 1984 film of the same name . The music is by Tom Snow ( among others ) , the lyrics by Dean Pitchford ( with additional lyrics by Kenny Loggins ) , and the book by Pitchford and Walter Bobbie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Act 1 1.2 Act 2 2 Characters 3 Songs 4 Instrumentation 5 Productions 5.1 Broadway production 5.2 Original London production 5.3 British national tours 5.3. 1 British national tour cast 5.4 2016 British National Tour Cast 5.5 American 10th Anniversary national tour 5.5. 1 American 10th Anniversary National Tour cast 5.6 Regional productions 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Act 1 ( edit ) Ren McCormack , an ordinary city teenager , is in a dance club in Chicago , dancing off his stresses born of his long and arduous eight - hour work day ( `` Footloose '' ) . But this is his last visit ; he tells his friends that due to financial pressures brought on by his father 's abandonment , he and his mother Ethel are moving to a small town in the middle of nowhere named Bomont ( much to the chagrin of his friends , who gripe , `` Bomont ? ! Where the hell is Bomont ? ! '' ) , where his aunt and uncle have offered them a place to stay . Once there , Ren and Ethel attend church and get their first glimpse of the minister Shaw Moore ( `` On Any Sunday '' ) a conservative minister who is a big authority figure in the town . After a long sermon lambasting the evils of `` rock and roll '' music and its `` endless chant of pornography '' , Moore 's daughter Ariel runs off to a gas station to meet her boyfriend Chuck Cranston , who is `` trailer trash '' ; he and Ariel are only together for the sex ( `` The Girl Gets Around '' ) . While they embrace , Moore shows up and catches Chuck with his hands around his daughter , much to his displeasure . The next day , Ren shows up for school and Willard Hewitt , a slow - witted cowboy with a bad attitude and a strong loyalty to his mother , decides to beat him up but Ren goes along with it and does n't mind . So , they become friends . Ren tells Willard about the dancing he used to do in Chicago ( `` I Ca n't Stand Still '' ) . Willard tries to stop him from dancing in the middle of the school , but Ren ignores him and puts on a show in front of the school principal , who angrily explains that dancing is illegal in the town of Bomont . Willard defends Ren , saying that he is new in town and does not know the rules . After the principal leaves , Rusty , who is madly in love with Willard , tells him how brave he is to have stood up to the principal on Ren 's behalf . Rusty and her friends , Wendy Jo and Urleen , then explain to a bemused Ren that dancing is illegal after Moore passed a law forbidding dancing after a horrifying car accident involving four kids returning from a dance -- one of whom was his son , though this is unknown to Ren or to the audience at the time . They then warn him to lie low unless he wants to get into even more trouble than he already is . ( `` Somebody 's Eyes '' ) . Ariel returns home to a disgruntled Shaw , who stubbornly ignores her despite her repeated attempts to engage conversation with him . Exasperated , she leaves the room in a huff , leaving Moore and Vi , his wife , alone to bicker over her . Shaw expresses his concern over Ariel 's relationship with Chuck Cranston , but when Vi attempts to assure him their fling will soon cool down , he silences her and storms off to finish writing his sermon . Ethel , fed up with the groundless suspicion that Ren is forced to suffer as the `` new kid '' , commiserates alongside Vi . They are joined by Ariel , and lament how no one ever listens to them , everyone being so set in their own ways that they are seldom allowed to get a word in edgewise ( `` Learning to be Silent '' ) . After school that day , several of the students go to the Burger Blast , a burger restaurant . Ariel , Rusty and their friends are doing homework at a table while Willard talks to Ren , who is dressed up in a waiter 's uniform and roller skates , as he has just been hired to work at the restaurant . When Ren takes Ariel 's order , she flirts with him . Willard warns Ren that Chuck Cranston would not be happy if Ren were to become involved with Ariel . Ren then proceeds to question Willard about his relationship with Rusty , to which Willard proclaims that he thinks she is very good - looking , but is confused by her non-stop talking . Ariel is talking with her friends about how she wants to find a decent guy ( `` Holding Out for a Hero '' ) . Chuck shows up in a fury and starts to yell at Ariel . Ren and Willard come to her defense , but it is Betty Blast , the owner of the restaurant , who breaks up the fight . After Ren gets off work , Ariel takes him to her secret place beneath the train tracks where she discusses her hatred of Bomont . Unbeknownst to them , Chuck witnesses the pair together . Afterwards , Ren walks her home , catching Moore and Vi by surprise , as they had believed that Ariel was at home in her room all the while . On top of Shaw 's displeasure at his daughter 's disobedience , a nervous Ren unintentionally insults him in an attempt to ease his worries , making the situation more awkward and causing all of Shaw 's friends ( who were over playing a game of bridge ) to dash off . An irritated Shaw then sternly orders Ariel to cease her visits with him , but Ariel retaliates , claiming that he is doing no more than make her feel like a prisoner . After a fed up daughter and wife storm off in a rage , Shaw begins to feel a pang of guilt , pondering whether or not he is being fair with his daughter while considering the problematic task of being both a preacher and a father ( `` Heaven Help Me '' ) . At school the next day , Ren shows up late to gym class with Ariel and Willard and explains to the teacher that he was jumped by Chuck , but the teacher wo n't listen . Ren laments that the citizens of Bomont are so `` wound up '' , muttering that at least in Chicago , he had the clubs to turn to in times of stress . After a quip by Willard suggesting that they `` should take the coach dancing '' , Ren realizes that throwing a dance would be the perfect way to alleviate the teenagers ' pressures , while at the same time making a statement to Moore and the town council . Willard tells Ren that he is insane , but Ren wo n't listen and reveals his plan to all of the students , eventually winning them over . Word catches on to Moore , who , as the one responsible for banning it to begin with , is determined to do anything within his power to ensure that it does not happen ( `` I 'm Free / Heaven Help Me '' ) . Act 2 ( edit ) Ren , Ariel , Willard and Rusty are in a town neighboring Bomont , where there is a big dance hall , complete with a country band ( `` Still Rockin ' '' ) . Rusty repeatedly attempts to dance with Willard , but he weasels his way out , dragging Ren off to the bar to get drinks . There , he explains to Ren that he does n't know how to dance . Rusty overhears them , as do several cowboys , who begin to mock Willard . Rusty comes to his defense , saying that he might not be perfect , but she loves him anyway ( `` Let 's Hear it for the Boy '' ) . During Rusty 's song , Ren tries to teach Willard to dance , who after much initial stumbling and apprehension whips off an amazing dance combination , much to Rusty 's surprise . Chuck Cranston then shows up at the Moores ' home . When he tells them that Ariel is not where they think she is , Vi and Shaw becomes very worried . Chuck leaves , and shortly after Ariel then shows up pretending she was at her friend 's house studying , but her parents reveal that they know she was n't there . After an argument between Shaw and Ariel , Vi intervenes . Vi then tries to console him while telling him that his reprimanding is not all that logical ( `` Can You Find it in Your Heart ? '' ) . Meanwhile , Ren , Willard and their friends are trying to find a way to present their idea to the town council . Ren is extremely discouraged and considers forgetting the whole idea . Willard gives Ren some advice that his beloved mother told him and explains that he ca n't give up ( `` Mama Says '' ) / ( `` Mama Says ( Reprise ) '' ) . Just as Ren 's confidence has built up , Ariel shows up with a black eye and tells Ren that Chuck beat her up . Ariel tells everyone to leave her alone , but Ren comforts Ariel instead . The two go out to the train station Ariel took Ren to in Act 1 . Ariel reveals that her brother was in the car accident that led to the dancing ban . She gives Ren a Bible marked with various passages he can use for his motion . It is then they both realize they 've fallen in love with each other ( `` Almost Paradise '' ) . At the town council meeting , Ren stands up and explains to the council , including the principal , coach , and Moore , that dancing is written about in the Bible and should not be illegal . Ren is favorably supported , but the members do n't listen and the motion is dismissed . After the meeting , Ethel explains that Shaw had those votes locked no matter what , and she suggests that Ren go talk to him face to face . Ren goes to the pastor 's house and explains to him that he should not take his anguish about his son 's death out on the entire town . They argue , but when Ren points out that they 're both dealing with loss -- Moore 's loss of his son , Ren 's loss of his father -- they realize a common bond . Ren leaves , but struck by Ren 's insight , Moore struggles with what to do ( `` I Confess '' ) . At the next service , Shaw tells the whole congregation that he is going to allow the teenagers to hold a dance . They are overjoyed . Ren asks Ariel to the dance and Willard invites Rusty , telling her that he is even willing to dance with her . After the crowd leaves , Vi and Shaw are left alone , where Shaw tells Vi how much he loves her and how he has made many mistakes in the past ( `` Can You Find it in Your Heart ? '' ( Reprise ) `` ) . At the end , Moore , his wife , and all the townsfolk attend the huge dance ( '' Footloose ( Finale ) `` ) . Characters ( edit ) Ren McCormack -- A teenage boy from Chicago ( tenor ) Willard Hewitt -- Ren 's friend , a country boy ( baritone / tenor ) Ethel McCormack -- His mother ( mezzo ) Shaw Moore -- The minister of Beaumont ( baritone ) Vi Moore -- His wife ( mezzo ) Ariel Moore -- Their daughter ( mezzo ) Lulu Warnicker -- Ren 's aunt ( Alto ) Wes Warnicker -- Her husband Coach Roger Dunbar -- The high school physical education teacher Eleanor Dunbar -- His wife Rusty -- Ariel 's best friend ( soprano ) Urleen -- Ariel 's friend ( mezzo ) Wendy Jo -- Ariel 's friend ( mezzo ) Chuck Cranston -- Ariel 's boyfriend ( tenor ) Lyle -- Chuck 's buddy ( tenor ) Travis -- Chuck 's buddy ( baritone ) A Cop Betty Blast -- owner of the Burger Blast Principal Harry Clark -- Principal of the high school Jeter -- Ren 's friend ( tenor ) Bickle -- Ren 's friend ( tenor ) Garvin -- Ren 's friend ( baritone ) Irene -- Lead singer for her band , the Country Kickers ( mezzo ) Cowboy Bob -- A cowboy in a country western dance hall Cowboy # 1 -- A cowboy in a country western dance hall Cowboy # 2 -- A cowboy in a country western dance hall Choir , Parishioners , Townspeople , High School Students , and Country Western Couples Songs ( edit ) Act I `` Footloose '' -- Ren McCormack and Company `` On Any Sunday '' -- Shaw Moore and Company `` The Girl Gets Around '' -- Chuck , Travis , Lyle , Ariel `` I Ca n't Stand Still '' -- Ren `` Somebody 's Eyes '' -- Rusty , Urleen , Wendy Jo & Company `` Learning to Be Silent '' -- Vi , Ethel `` Holding Out for a Hero '' -- Ariel , Rusty , Urleen , Wendy Jo `` Somebody 's Eyes ( Reprise ) '' -- Rusty , Urleen , Wendy Jo , Chuck , Lyle , Travis `` Heaven Help Me '' -- Shaw `` I 'm Free / Heaven Help Me '' -- Ren , Shaw , and Company Act II `` Entr'acte '' `` Still Rockin ' '' -- Cowboy Bob & Band `` Let 's Make Believe We 're In Love '' -- Irene `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' -- Rusty , Girls `` Can You Find it in Your Heart '' -- Vi `` Mama Says '' -- Willard , Bickle , Garvin , Jeter , Ren `` Almost Paradise '' -- Ren , Ariel `` Dancing Is Not A Crime '' -- Ren `` I Confess '' -- Shaw `` Can You Find it in Your Heart ? ( Reprise ) '' -- Shaw `` Footloose ( Finale ) '' -- Company In April 2005 , the show was revised slightly . Aside from numerous tweakings to the script , there are slight differences in the revised version 's musical numbers . Chief among these is a brand new song opening Act II called `` Still Rockin . ' '' Other changes include the removal of the ' rap ' `` Dancing is not a Crime '' . Only the very first section of the rap is used and right before `` Mama Says '' instead of during the Town Council meeting . Ren gives a speech instead during the meeting . Also , the Reverend 's song `` I Confess '' has also been removed and replaced with a much longer and more emotional scene with Ren after the Town Council meeting and a short reprise of `` Heaven Help Me '' sung by Reverend Moore alone . Furthermore , the show now begins with Rusty , Wendy Jo , and Urleen singing the opening of `` Footloose '' instead of Ren and the boys , and during `` Learning to be Silent '' Ariel sings with Vi and Ethel during the song . Instrumentation ( edit ) Footloose requires a pit orchestra in a rock combo style . The instrumentation calls for two keyboards , two guitars , bass guitar , drums , percussion , and a woodwind player . The woodwind player doubles on clarinet , flute , tenor sax , and baritone sax . The first keyboard part is played by the conductor . In the original Broadway production , there was also music for solo violin and cello . Productions ( edit ) Broadway production ( edit ) The musical Footloose opened at Broadway 's Richard Rodgers Theatre on October 22 , 1998 and ran for 709 performances until July 2 , 2000 . It was directed by Walter Bobbie with choreography by AC Ciulla . Footloose received mixed critical reception . General consensus was that the show was in and of itself poor , but the music and talented cast made it entertaining . It was nominated for four Tony Awards . The wardrobe is on display at the Costume World Broadway Collection in Pompano Beach , Florida . Original Broadway cast Jeremy Kushnier as Ren McCormack Jennifer Laura Thompson as Ariel Moore Stephen Lee Anderson as Shaw Moore Dee Hoty as Vi Moore Tom Plotkin as Willard Hewitt Stacy Francis as Rusty Kathy Deitch as Urleen Rosalind Brown as Wendy Jo Catherine Cox as Ethel McCormack Billy Hartung as Chuck Cranston Adam Lefevre as Wes Warnicker Catherine Campbell as Lulu Warnicker Robin Baxter as Betty Blast / Irene Bryant Carroll as Travis Jim Ambler as Lyle Artie Harris as Jeter / Cowboy Bob Hunter Foster as Bickle Paul Castree as Garvin John Deyle as Principal Clark John Hillner as Coach Dunbar Donna Lee Marshall as Eleanor Dunbar Original London production ( edit ) A London production , billed as both Footloose : The Musical and simply Footloose in different press accounts , opened at the Novello Theatre on the Strand , following a United Kingdom touring version . It premiered on April 18 , 2006 , and closed November 11 , 2006 . Directed by Karen Bruce , the creative team included Morgan Large designing sets and costumes , James Whiteside as lighting designer , and Mike Dixon and Chris Egan as musical supervisors . Original London cast Derek Hough as Ren McCormack Stephen McGann as Shaw Moore Lorna Want as Ariel Moore Giovanni Spaño as Willard Hewitt Cheryl Baker as Vi Moore Caroline Deverill as Ethel McCormack Stevie Tate - Bauer as Rusty Johnny Shentall as Chuck Cranston Lisa Gorgin as Wendy - Jo Natasha McDonald as Urleen British national tours ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Footloose , directed by Paul Kerryson , premiered in the UK at the Theatre Royal , Plymouth in February 2004 , where it played for three weeks before embarking on a 24 - week national tour . A second UK national tour opened on January 4 , 2006 , at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff Bay . This time directed by Karen Bruce , it starred Cheryl Baker and Stephen McGann and went on to tour another 11 venues mainly in the south of England and Scotland . The production transferred into London 's West End , starring David Essex and Cheryl Baker in April 2006 , before closing in November of the same year -- due to the limited availability of the Novello Theatre . The production then embarked its third national tour , which opened in Salford in January 2007 , and continued until July 2007 , starring Lyn Paul . Then the cast returned to London at the Playhouse Theatre from August 17 , 2007 through December 6 , 2007 ; Lyn Paul continued her role . The musical will return to the West End in September 2017 at the Peacock Theatre with Gareth Gates and Maureen Nolan confirmed to take on the roles of Willard and Vi Moore . British national tour cast ( edit ) Stephen Webb as Ren McCormack Twinnie Lee Moore as Ariel Moore Maureen Nolan as Vi Moore Richard Grieve as Shaw Moore Jodie Jacobs as Rusty Claire - Louise Mealor as Wendy - Jo Tarisha Rommick as Urleen Simon Lipkin as Willard Hewitt Robbie Sotcher as Chuck Cranston Lisa Peace as Ethel McCormack Ricky Morrell as Lyle Martin Johnston as Principal Clark 2016 British National Tour Cast ( edit ) Luke Baker as Ren McCormack Hannah Price as Ariel Moore Maureen Nolan as Vi Moore Nigel Lister as Shaw Moore Joanna Sawyer as Rusty Natasha Brown as Wendy - Jo Miracle Chance as Urleen Gareth Gates as Willard Hewitt Matthew Tomlinson as Chuck Cranston Nicky Swift as Ethel McCormack Scott Haining as Cowboy Bob Thomas Cotran as Jeter Luke Thornton as Garvin Alex Marshall as Wes Warnicker Lauren Storer as Lulu Warnicker Natalie Graham - Morton as Eleanor American 10th Anniversary national tour ( edit ) Prather Entertainment Group produced a `` 10th Anniversary '' U.S. tour of Footloose . American 10th Anniversary National Tour cast ( edit ) Erik Keiser as Ren McCormack Lindsay Luppino as Ariel Moore Glenn Wall as Shaw Moore Jennie Hollander as Ethel McCormack Michael Kennan Miller as Willard Hewitt Kara Guy as Rusty Mary - Elizabeth Milton as Urleen Sara Catherine Barnes as Wendy Jo Katherine Proctor as Vi Moore Jeff Blim as Chuck Cranston Regional productions ( edit ) Comtra Theatre , Cranberry Township , Pennsylvania , ( July 9 through July 18 , 2015 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Footloose was nominated for four Tony Awards : Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical -- Stage adaptation by Dean Pitchford , Walter Bobbie Tony Award for Best Original Score -- Music by Tom Snow ; Lyrics by Dean Pitchford ; Additional numbers by Eric Carmen , Sammy Hagar , Kenny Loggins , Jim Steinman Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical -- Dee Hoty Tony Award for Best Choreography -- A.C. Ciulla References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( October 23 , 1998 ) . `` Theater Review : A Little Town Goes A Little Footloose '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Additional ( October 3 , 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Footloose : The Musical -- Novello Theatre ( Review ) '' . IndieLondon.co.uk . n.d. Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Footloose '' . GuideToMusicalTheatre.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Footloose '' . UKTW.co.uk . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.boxoffice.co.uk/news/joshua-dowen-in-footloose-the-musical-at-the-peacock-theatre-1355.aspx Jump up ^ Lariviere , John ( n.d. ) . `` Footloose '' . ( review ) TalkinBroadway.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FOOTLOOSE The Musical Tickets in Cranberry Twp , PA , United States . Comtratheatre.ticketleap.com ( 2015 - 05 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Footloose at the Internet Broadway Database Footloose at guidetomusicaltheatre.com ( hide ) Footloose Adaptations 1998 musical 2011 film Music Soundtracks `` Footloose '' `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' `` Almost Paradise '' `` Holding Out for a Hero '' `` Dancing in the Sheets '' `` I 'm Free ( Heaven Helps the Man ) '' `` Somebody 's Eyes '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Footloose_(musical)&oldid=811567842 '' Categories : 1998 musicals Broadway musicals Musicals based on films Teen musicals Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles needing additional references from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 13 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings learning to be silent in footloose | [
"In April 2005, the show was revised slightly. Aside from numerous tweakings to the script, there are slight differences in the revised version's musical numbers. Chief among these is a brand new song opening Act II called \"Still Rockin.'\" Other changes include the removal of the 'rap' \"Dancing is not a Crime\". Only the very first section of the rap is used and right before \"Mama Says\" instead of during the Town Council meeting. Ren gives a speech instead during the meeting. Also, the Reverend's song \"I Confess\" has also been removed and replaced with a much longer and more emotional scene with Ren after the Town Council meeting and a short reprise of \"Heaven Help Me\" sung by Reverend Moore alone. Furthermore, the show now begins with Rusty, Wendy Jo, and Urleen singing the opening of \"Footloose\" instead of Ren and the boys, and during \"Learning to be Silent\" Ariel sings with Vi and Ethel during the song.",
"In April 2005, the show was revised slightly. Aside from numerous tweakings to the script, there are slight differences in the revised version's musical numbers. Chief among these is a brand new song opening Act II called \"Still Rockin.'\" Other changes include the removal of the 'rap' \"Dancing is not a Crime\". Only the very first section of the rap is used and right before \"Mama Says\" instead of during the Town Council meeting. Ren gives a speech instead during the meeting. Also, the Reverend's song \"I Confess\" has also been removed and replaced with a much longer and more emotional scene with Ren after the Town Council meeting and a short reprise of \"Heaven Help Me\" sung by Reverend Moore alone. Furthermore, the show now begins with Rusty, Wendy Jo, and Urleen singing the opening of \"Footloose\" instead of Ren and the boys, and during \"Learning to be Silent\" Ariel sings with Vi and Ethel during the song.",
"In April 2005, the show was revised slightly. Aside from numerous tweakings to the script, there are slight differences in the revised version's musical numbers. Chief among these is a brand new song opening Act II called \"Still Rockin.'\" Other changes include the removal of the 'rap' \"Dancing is not a Crime\". Only the very first section of the rap is used and right before \"Mama Says\" instead of during the Town Council meeting. Ren gives a speech instead during the meeting. Also, the Reverend's song \"I Confess\" has also been removed and replaced with a much longer and more emotional scene with Ren after the Town Council meeting and a short reprise of \"Heaven Help Me\" sung by Reverend Moore alone. Furthermore, the show now begins with Rusty, Wendy Jo, and Urleen singing the opening of \"Footloose\" instead of Ren and the boys, and during \"Learning to be Silent\" Ariel sings with Vi and Ethel during the song."
] | [
"Ariel",
"Vi",
"Ethel"
] |
410484917355062148 | Central processing unit | Central processing unit - wikipedia Central processing unit `` CPU '' redirects here . For other uses , see CPU ( disambiguation ) . `` Computer processor '' redirects here . For other uses , see Processor . An Intel 80486DX2 CPU , as seen from above Bottom side of an Intel 80486DX2 , showing its pins A central processing unit ( CPU ) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic , logical , control and input / output ( I / O ) operations specified by the instructions . The computer industry has used the term `` central processing unit '' at least since the early 1960s . Traditionally , the term `` CPU '' refers to a processor , more specifically to its processing unit and control unit ( CU ) , distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I / O circuitry . The form , design , and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history , but their fundamental operation remains almost unchanged . Principal components of a CPU include the arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) that performs arithmetic and logic operations , processor registers that supply operands to the ALU and store the results of ALU operations and a control unit that orchestrates the fetching ( from memory ) and execution of instructions by directing the coordinated operations of the ALU , registers and other components . Most modern CPUs are microprocessors , meaning they are contained on a single integrated circuit ( IC ) chip . An IC that contains a CPU may also contain memory , peripheral interfaces , and other components of a computer ; such integrated devices are variously called microcontrollers or systems on a chip ( SoC ) . Some computers employ a multi-core processor , which is a single chip containing two or more CPUs called `` cores '' ; in that context , one can speak of such single chips as `` sockets '' . Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that operate in parallel , with no unit considered central . There also exists the concept of virtual CPUs which are an abstraction of dynamical aggregated computational resources . Contents 1 History 1.1 Transistor CPUs 1.2 Small - scale integration CPUs 1.3 Large - scale integration CPUs 1.4 Microprocessors 2 Operation 2.1 Fetch 2.2 Decode 2.3 Execute 3 Structure and implementation 3.1 Control unit 3.2 Arithmetic logic unit 3.3 Memory management unit ( MMU ) 3.4 Clock rate 3.5 Integer range 3.6 Parallelism 3.6. 1 Instruction - level parallelism 3.6. 2 Task - level parallelism 3.6. 3 Data parallelism 3.7 Virtual CPUs 4 Performance 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of general - purpose CPUs EDVAC , one of the first stored - program computers Early computers such as the ENIAC had to be physically rewired to perform different tasks , which caused these machines to be called `` fixed - program computers '' . Since the term `` CPU '' is generally defined as a device for software ( computer program ) execution , the earliest devices that could rightly be called CPUs came with the advent of the stored - program computer . The idea of a stored - program computer had been already present in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly 's ENIAC , but was initially omitted so that it could be finished sooner . On June 30 , 1945 , before ENIAC was made , mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper entitled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC . It was the outline of a stored - program computer that would eventually be completed in August 1949 . EDVAC was designed to perform a certain number of instructions ( or operations ) of various types . Significantly , the programs written for EDVAC were to be stored in high - speed computer memory rather than specified by the physical wiring of the computer . This overcame a severe limitation of ENIAC , which was the considerable time and effort required to reconfigure the computer to perform a new task . With von Neumann 's design , the program that EDVAC ran could be changed simply by changing the contents of the memory . EDVAC , however , was not the first stored - program computer ; the Manchester Baby , a small - scale experimental stored - program computer , ran its first program on 21 June 1948 and the Manchester Mark 1 ran its first program during the night of 16 -- 17 June 1949 . Early CPUs were custom designs used as part of a larger and sometimes distinctive computer . However , this method of designing custom CPUs for a particular application has largely given way to the development of multi-purpose processors produced in large quantities . This standardization began in the era of discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the integrated circuit ( IC ) . The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of nanometers . Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have increased the presence of digital devices in modern life far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing machines . Modern microprocessors appear in electronic devices ranging from automobiles to cellphones , and sometimes even in toys . While von Neumann is most often credited with the design of the stored - program computer because of his design of EDVAC , and the design became known as the von Neumann architecture , others before him , such as Konrad Zuse , had suggested and implemented similar ideas . The so - called Harvard architecture of the Harvard Mark I , which was completed before EDVAC , also used a stored - program design using punched paper tape rather than electronic memory . The key difference between the von Neumann and Harvard architectures is that the latter separates the storage and treatment of CPU instructions and data , while the former uses the same memory space for both . Most modern CPUs are primarily von Neumann in design , but CPUs with the Harvard architecture are seen as well , especially in embedded applications ; for instance , the Atmel AVR microcontrollers are Harvard architecture processors . Relays and vacuum tubes ( thermionic tubes ) were commonly used as switching elements ; a useful computer requires thousands or tens of thousands of switching devices . The overall speed of a system is dependent on the speed of the switches . Tube computers like EDVAC tended to average eight hours between failures , whereas relay computers like the ( slower , but earlier ) Harvard Mark I failed very rarely . In the end , tube - based CPUs became dominant because the significant speed advantages afforded generally outweighed the reliability problems . Most of these early synchronous CPUs ran at low clock rates compared to modern microelectronic designs . Clock signal frequencies ranging from 100 kHz to 4 MHz were very common at this time , limited largely by the speed of the switching devices they were built with . Transistor CPUs ( edit ) IBM PowerPC 604e processor Main article : Transistor computer The design complexity of CPUs increased as various technologies facilitated building smaller and more reliable electronic devices . The first such improvement came with the advent of the transistor . Transistorized CPUs during the 1950s and 1960s no longer had to be built out of bulky , unreliable and fragile switching elements like vacuum tubes and relays . With this improvement more complex and reliable CPUs were built onto one or several printed circuit boards containing discrete ( individual ) components . In 1964 , IBM introduced its IBM System / 360 computer architecture that was used in a series of computers capable of running the same programs with different speed and performance . This was significant at a time when most electronic computers were incompatible with one another , even those made by the same manufacturer . To facilitate this improvement , IBM used the concept of a microprogram ( often called `` microcode '' ) , which still sees widespread usage in modern CPUs . The System / 360 architecture was so popular that it dominated the mainframe computer market for decades and left a legacy that is still continued by similar modern computers like the IBM zSeries . In 1965 , Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) introduced another influential computer aimed at the scientific and research markets , the PDP - 8 . Fujitsu board with SPARC64 VIIIfx processors Transistor - based computers had several distinct advantages over their predecessors . Aside from facilitating increased reliability and lower power consumption , transistors also allowed CPUs to operate at much higher speeds because of the short switching time of a transistor in comparison to a tube or relay . The increased reliability and dramatically increased speed of the switching elements ( which were almost exclusively transistors by this time ) , CPU clock rates in the tens of megahertz were easily obtained during this period . Additionally while discrete transistor and IC CPUs were in heavy usage , new high - performance designs like SIMD ( Single Instruction Multiple Data ) vector processors began to appear . These early experimental designs later gave rise to the era of specialized supercomputers like those made by Cray Inc and Fujitsu Ltd . Small - scale integration CPUs ( edit ) CPU , core memory and external bus interface of a DEC PDP - 8 / I , made of medium - scale integrated circuits During this period , a method of manufacturing many interconnected transistors in a compact space was developed . The integrated circuit ( IC ) allowed a large number of transistors to be manufactured on a single semiconductor - based die , or `` chip '' . At first , only very basic non-specialized digital circuits such as NOR gates were miniaturized into ICs . CPUs based on these `` building block '' ICs are generally referred to as `` small - scale integration '' ( SSI ) devices . SSI ICs , such as the ones used in the Apollo Guidance Computer , usually contained up to a few dozen transistors . To build an entire CPU out of SSI ICs required thousands of individual chips , but still consumed much less space and power than earlier discrete transistor designs . IBM 's System / 370 , follow - on to the System / 360 , used SSI ICs rather than Solid Logic Technology discrete - transistor modules . DEC 's PDP - 8 / I and KI10 PDP - 10 also switched from the individual transistors used by the PDP - 8 and PDP - 10 to SSI ICs , and their extremely popular PDP - 11 line was originally built with SSI ICs but was eventually implemented with LSI components once these became practical . Large - scale integration CPUs ( edit ) Lee Boysel published influential articles , including a 1967 `` manifesto '' , which described how to build the equivalent of a 32 - bit mainframe computer from a relatively small number of large - scale integration circuits ( LSI ) . At the time , the only way to build LSI chips , which are chips with a hundred or more gates , was to build them using a MOS process ( i.e. , PMOS logic , NMOS logic , or CMOS logic ) . However , some companies continued to build processors out of bipolar chips because bipolar junction transistors were so much faster than MOS chips ; for example , Datapoint built processors out of transistor -- transistor logic ( TTL ) chips until the early 1980s . At the time , MOS ICs were so slow that they were considered useful only in a few niche applications that required low power . As the microelectronic technology advanced , an increasing number of transistors were placed on ICs , decreasing the number of individual ICs needed for a complete CPU . MSI and LSI ICs increased transistor counts to hundreds , and then thousands . By 1968 , the number of ICs required to build a complete CPU had been reduced to 24 ICs of eight different types , with each IC containing roughly 1000 MOSFETs . In stark contrast with its SSI and MSI predecessors , the first LSI implementation of the PDP - 11 contained a CPU composed of only four LSI integrated circuits . Microprocessors ( edit ) Main article : Microprocessor Die of an Intel 80486DX2 microprocessor ( actual size : 12 × 6.75 mm ) in its packaging Intel Core i5 CPU on a Vaio E series laptop motherboard ( on the right , beneath the heat pipe ) Since the introduction of the first commercially available microprocessor , the Intel 4004 in 1970 , and the first widely used microprocessor , the Intel 8080 in 1974 , this class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other central processing unit implementation methods . Mainframe and minicomputer manufacturers of the time launched proprietary IC development programs to upgrade their older computer architectures , and eventually produced instruction set compatible microprocessors that were backward - compatible with their older hardware and software . Combined with the advent and eventual success of the ubiquitous personal computer , the term CPU is now applied almost exclusively to microprocessors . Several CPUs ( denoted cores ) can be combined in a single processing chip . Previous generations of CPUs were implemented as discrete components and numerous small integrated circuits ( ICs ) on one or more circuit boards . Microprocessors , on the other hand , are CPUs manufactured on a very small number of ICs ; usually just one . The overall smaller CPU size , as a result of being implemented on a single die , means faster switching time because of physical factors like decreased gate parasitic capacitance . This has allowed synchronous microprocessors to have clock rates ranging from tens of megahertz to several gigahertz . Additionally , the ability to construct exceedingly small transistors on an IC has increased the complexity and number of transistors in a single CPU many fold . This widely observed trend is described by Moore 's law , which had proven to be a fairly accurate predictor of the growth of CPU ( and other IC ) complexity until 2016 . While the complexity , size , construction and general form of CPUs have changed enormously since 1950 , the basic design and function has not changed much at all . Almost all common CPUs today can be very accurately described as von Neumann stored - program machines . As Moore 's law no longer holds , concerns have arisen about the limits of integrated circuit transistor technology . Extreme miniaturization of electronic gates is causing the effects of phenomena like electromigration and subthreshold leakage to become much more significant . These newer concerns are among the many factors causing researchers to investigate new methods of computing such as the quantum computer , as well as to expand the usage of parallelism and other methods that extend the usefulness of the classical von Neumann model . Operation ( edit ) The fundamental operation of most CPUs , regardless of the physical form they take , is to execute a sequence of stored instructions that is called a program . The instructions to be executed are kept in some kind of computer memory . Nearly all CPUs follow the fetch , decode and execute steps in their operation , which are collectively known as the instruction cycle . After the execution of an instruction , the entire process repeats , with the next instruction cycle normally fetching the next - in - sequence instruction because of the incremented value in the program counter . If a jump instruction was executed , the program counter will be modified to contain the address of the instruction that was jumped to and program execution continues normally . In more complex CPUs , multiple instructions can be fetched , decoded and executed simultaneously . This section describes what is generally referred to as the `` classic RISC pipeline '' , which is quite common among the simple CPUs used in many electronic devices ( often called microcontroller ) . It largely ignores the important role of CPU cache , and therefore the access stage of the pipeline . Some instructions manipulate the program counter rather than producing result data directly ; such instructions are generally called `` jumps '' and facilitate program behavior like loops , conditional program execution ( through the use of a conditional jump ) , and existence of functions . In some processors , some other instructions change the state of bits in a `` flags '' register . These flags can be used to influence how a program behaves , since they often indicate the outcome of various operations . For example , in such processors a `` compare '' instruction evaluates two values and sets or clears bits in the flags register to indicate which one is greater or whether they are equal ; one of these flags could then be used by a later jump instruction to determine program flow . Fetch ( edit ) The first step , fetch , involves retrieving an instruction ( which is represented by a number or sequence of numbers ) from program memory . The instruction 's location ( address ) in program memory is determined by a program counter ( PC ) , which stores a number that identifies the address of the next instruction to be fetched . After an instruction is fetched , the PC is incremented by the length of the instruction so that it will contain the address of the next instruction in the sequence . Often , the instruction to be fetched must be retrieved from relatively slow memory , causing the CPU to stall while waiting for the instruction to be returned . This issue is largely addressed in modern processors by caches and pipeline architectures ( see below ) . Decode ( edit ) The instruction that the CPU fetches from memory determines what the CPU will do . In the decode step , performed by the circuitry known as the instruction decoder , the instruction is converted into signals that control other parts of the CPU . The way in which the instruction is interpreted is defined by the CPU 's instruction set architecture ( ISA ) . Often , one group of bits ( that is , a `` field '' ) within the instruction , called the opcode , indicates which operation is to be performed , while the remaining fields usually provide supplemental information required for the operation , such as the operands . Those operands may be specified as a constant value ( called an immediate value ) , or as the location of a value that may be a processor register or a memory address , as determined by some addressing mode . In some CPU designs the instruction decoder is implemented as a hardwired , unchangeable circuit . In others , a microprogram is used to translate instructions into sets of CPU configuration signals that are applied sequentially over multiple clock pulses . In some cases the memory that stores the microprogram is rewritable , making it possible to change the way in which the CPU decodes instructions . Execute ( edit ) After the fetch and decode steps , the execute step is performed . Depending on the CPU architecture , this may consist of a single action or a sequence of actions . During each action , various parts of the CPU are electrically connected so they can perform all or part of the desired operation and then the action is completed , typically in response to a clock pulse . Very often the results are written to an internal CPU register for quick access by subsequent instructions . In other cases results may be written to slower , but less expensive and higher capacity main memory . For example , if an addition instruction is to be executed , the arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) inputs are connected to a pair of operand sources ( numbers to be summed ) , the ALU is configured to perform an addition operation so that the sum of its operand inputs will appear at its output , and the ALU output is connected to storage ( e.g. , a register or memory ) that will receive the sum . When the clock pulse occurs , the sum will be transferred to storage and , if the resulting sum is too large ( i.e. , it is larger than the ALU 's output word size ) , an arithmetic overflow flag will be set . Structure and implementation ( edit ) See also : Processor design Block diagram of a basic uniprocessor - CPU computer . Black lines indicate data flow , whereas red lines indicate control flow ; arrows indicate flow directions . Hardwired into a CPU 's circuitry is a set of basic operations it can perform , called an instruction set . Such operations may involve , for example , adding or subtracting two numbers , comparing two numbers , or jumping to a different part of a program . Each basic operation is represented by a particular combination of bits , known as the machine language opcode ; while executing instructions in a machine language program , the CPU decides which operation to perform by `` decoding '' the opcode . A complete machine language instruction consists of an opcode and , in many cases , additional bits that specify arguments for the operation ( for example , the numbers to be summed in the case of an addition operation ) . Going up the complexity scale , a machine language program is a collection of machine language instructions that the CPU executes . The actual mathematical operation for each instruction is performed by a combinational logic circuit within the CPU 's processor known as the arithmetic logic unit or ALU . In general , a CPU executes an instruction by fetching it from memory , using its ALU to perform an operation , and then storing the result to memory . Beside the instructions for integer mathematics and logic operations , various other machine instructions exist , such as those for loading data from memory and storing it back , branching operations , and mathematical operations on floating - point numbers performed by the CPU 's floating - point unit ( FPU ) . Control unit ( edit ) Main article : Control unit The control unit of the CPU contains circuitry that uses electrical signals to direct the entire computer system to carry out stored program instructions . The control unit does not execute program instructions ; rather , it directs other parts of the system to do so . The control unit communicates with both the ALU and memory . Arithmetic logic unit ( edit ) Main article : Arithmetic logic unit Symbolic representation of an ALU and its input and output signals The arithmetic logic unit ( ALU ) is a digital circuit within the processor that performs integer arithmetic and bitwise logic operations . The inputs to the ALU are the data words to be operated on ( called operands ) , status information from previous operations , and a code from the control unit indicating which operation to perform . Depending on the instruction being executed , the operands may come from internal CPU registers or external memory , or they may be constants generated by the ALU itself . When all input signals have settled and propagated through the ALU circuitry , the result of the performed operation appears at the ALU 's outputs . The result consists of both a data word , which may be stored in a register or memory , and status information that is typically stored in a special , internal CPU register reserved for this purpose . Memory management unit ( MMU ) ( edit ) Main article : Memory management unit Most high - end microprocessors ( in desktop , laptop , server computers ) have a memory management unit , translating logical addresses into physical RAM addresses , providing memory protection and paging abilities , useful for virtual memory . Simpler processors , especially microcontrollers , usually do n't include an MMU . Clock rate ( edit ) Main article : Clock rate Most CPUs are synchronous circuits , which means they employ a clock signal to pace their sequential operations . The clock signal is produced by an external oscillator circuit that generates a consistent number of pulses each second in the form of a periodic square wave . The frequency of the clock pulses determines the rate at which a CPU executes instructions and , consequently , the faster the clock , the more instructions the CPU will execute each second . To ensure proper operation of the CPU , the clock period is longer than the maximum time needed for all signals to propagate ( move ) through the CPU . In setting the clock period to a value well above the worst - case propagation delay , it is possible to design the entire CPU and the way it moves data around the `` edges '' of the rising and falling clock signal . This has the advantage of simplifying the CPU significantly , both from a design perspective and a component - count perspective . However , it also carries the disadvantage that the entire CPU must wait on its slowest elements , even though some portions of it are much faster . This limitation has largely been compensated for by various methods of increasing CPU parallelism ( see below ) . However , architectural improvements alone do not solve all of the drawbacks of globally synchronous CPUs . For example , a clock signal is subject to the delays of any other electrical signal . Higher clock rates in increasingly complex CPUs make it more difficult to keep the clock signal in phase ( synchronized ) throughout the entire unit . This has led many modern CPUs to require multiple identical clock signals to be provided to avoid delaying a single signal significantly enough to cause the CPU to malfunction . Another major issue , as clock rates increase dramatically , is the amount of heat that is dissipated by the CPU . The constantly changing clock causes many components to switch regardless of whether they are being used at that time . In general , a component that is switching uses more energy than an element in a static state . Therefore , as clock rate increases , so does energy consumption , causing the CPU to require more heat dissipation in the form of CPU cooling solutions . One method of dealing with the switching of unneeded components is called clock gating , which involves turning off the clock signal to unneeded components ( effectively disabling them ) . However , this is often regarded as difficult to implement and therefore does not see common usage outside of very low - power designs . One notable recent CPU design that uses extensive clock gating is the IBM PowerPC - based Xenon used in the Xbox 360 ; that way , power requirements of the Xbox 360 are greatly reduced . Another method of addressing some of the problems with a global clock signal is the removal of the clock signal altogether . While removing the global clock signal makes the design process considerably more complex in many ways , asynchronous ( or clockless ) designs carry marked advantages in power consumption and heat dissipation in comparison with similar synchronous designs . While somewhat uncommon , entire asynchronous CPUs have been built without using a global clock signal . Two notable examples of this are the ARM compliant AMULET and the MIPS R3000 compatible MiniMIPS . Rather than totally removing the clock signal , some CPU designs allow certain portions of the device to be asynchronous , such as using asynchronous ALUs in conjunction with superscalar pipelining to achieve some arithmetic performance gains . While it is not altogether clear whether totally asynchronous designs can perform at a comparable or better level than their synchronous counterparts , it is evident that they do at least excel in simpler math operations . This , combined with their excellent power consumption and heat dissipation properties , makes them very suitable for embedded computers . Integer range ( edit ) Every CPU represents numerical values in a specific way . For example , some early digital computers represented numbers as familiar decimal ( base 10 ) numeral system values , and others have employed more unusual representations such as ternary ( base three ) . Nearly all modern CPUs represent numbers in binary form , with each digit being represented by some two - valued physical quantity such as a `` high '' or `` low '' voltage . A six - bit word containing the binary encoded representation of decimal value 40 . Most modern CPUs employ word sizes that are a power of two , for example 8 , 16 , 32 or 64 bits . Related to numeric representation is the size and precision of integer numbers that a CPU can represent . In the case of a binary CPU , this is measured by the number of bits ( significant digits of a binary encoded integer ) that the CPU can process in one operation , which is commonly called word size , bit width , data path width , integer precision , or integer size . A CPU 's integer size determines the range of integer values it can directly operate on . For example , an 8 - bit CPU can directly manipulate integers represented by eight bits , which have a range of 256 ( 2 ) discrete integer values . Integer range can also affect the number of memory locations the CPU can directly address ( an address is an integer value representing a specific memory location ) . For example , if a binary CPU uses 32 bits to represent a memory address then it can directly address 2 memory locations . To circumvent this limitation and for various other reasons , some CPUs use mechanisms ( such as bank switching ) that allow additional memory to be addressed . CPUs with larger word sizes require more circuitry and consequently are physically larger , cost more and consume more power ( and therefore generate more heat ) . As a result , smaller 4 - or 8 - bit microcontrollers are commonly used in modern applications even though CPUs with much larger word sizes ( such as 16 , 32 , 64 , even 128 - bit ) are available . When higher performance is required , however , the benefits of a larger word size ( larger data ranges and address spaces ) may outweigh the disadvantages . A CPU can have internal data paths shorter than the word size to reduce size and cost . For example , even though the IBM System / 360 instruction set was a 32 - bit instruction set , the System / 360 Model 30 and Model 40 had 8 - bit data paths in the arithmetic logical unit , so that a 32 - bit add required four cycles , one for each 8 bits of the operands , and , even though the Motorola 68000 series instruction set was a 32 - bit instruction set , the Motorola 68000 and Motorola 68010 had 16 - bit data paths in the arithmetic logical unit , so that a 32 - bit add required two cycles . To gain some of the advantages afforded by both lower and higher bit lengths , many instruction sets have different bit widths for integer and floating - point data , allowing CPUs implementing that instruction set to have different bit widths for different portions of the device . For example , the IBM System / 360 instruction set was primarily 32 bit , but supported 64 - bit floating point values to facilitate greater accuracy and range in floating point numbers . The System / 360 Model 65 had an 8 - bit adder for decimal and fixed - point binary arithmetic and a 60 - bit adder for floating - point arithmetic . Many later CPU designs use similar mixed bit width , especially when the processor is meant for general - purpose usage where a reasonable balance of integer and floating point capability is required . Parallelism ( edit ) Main article : Parallel computing Model of a subscalar CPU , in which it takes fifteen clock cycles to complete three instructions The description of the basic operation of a CPU offered in the previous section describes the simplest form that a CPU can take . This type of CPU , usually referred to as subscalar , operates on and executes one instruction on one or two pieces of data at a time , that is less than one instruction per clock cycle ( IPC < 1 ) . This process gives rise to an inherent inefficiency in subscalar CPUs . Since only one instruction is executed at a time , the entire CPU must wait for that instruction to complete before proceeding to the next instruction . As a result , the subscalar CPU gets `` hung up '' on instructions which take more than one clock cycle to complete execution . Even adding a second execution unit ( see below ) does not improve performance much ; rather than one pathway being hung up , now two pathways are hung up and the number of unused transistors is increased . This design , wherein the CPU 's execution resources can operate on only one instruction at a time , can only possibly reach scalar performance ( one instruction per clock cycle , IPC = 1 ) . However , the performance is nearly always subscalar ( less than one instruction per clock cycle , IPC < 1 ) . Attempts to achieve scalar and better performance have resulted in a variety of design methodologies that cause the CPU to behave less linearly and more in parallel . When referring to parallelism in CPUs , two terms are generally used to classify these design techniques : instruction - level parallelism ( ILP ) , which seeks to increase the rate at which instructions are executed within a CPU ( that is , to increase the use of on - die execution resources ) ; task - level parallelism ( TLP ) , which purposes to increase the number of threads or processes that a CPU can execute simultaneously . Each methodology differs both in the ways in which they are implemented , as well as the relative effectiveness they afford in increasing the CPU 's performance for an application . Instruction - level parallelism ( edit ) Main articles : Instruction pipelining and Superscalar processor Basic five - stage pipeline . In the best case scenario , this pipeline can sustain a completion rate of one instruction per clock cycle . One of the simplest methods used to accomplish increased parallelism is to begin the first steps of instruction fetching and decoding before the prior instruction finishes executing . This is the simplest form of a technique known as instruction pipelining , and is utilized in almost all modern general - purpose CPUs . Pipelining allows more than one instruction to be executed at any given time by breaking down the execution pathway into discrete stages . This separation can be compared to an assembly line , in which an instruction is made more complete at each stage until it exits the execution pipeline and is retired . Pipelining does , however , introduce the possibility for a situation where the result of the previous operation is needed to complete the next operation ; a condition often termed data dependency conflict . To cope with this , additional care must be taken to check for these sorts of conditions and delay a portion of the instruction pipeline if this occurs . Naturally , accomplishing this requires additional circuitry , so pipelined processors are more complex than subscalar ones ( though not very significantly so ) . A pipelined processor can become very nearly scalar , inhibited only by pipeline stalls ( an instruction spending more than one clock cycle in a stage ) . A simple superscalar pipeline . By fetching and dispatching two instructions at a time , a maximum of two instructions per clock cycle can be completed . Further improvement upon the idea of instruction pipelining led to the development of a method that decreases the idle time of CPU components even further . Designs that are said to be superscalar include a long instruction pipeline and multiple identical execution units , such as load - store units , arithmetic - logic units , floating - point units and address generation units . In a superscalar pipeline , multiple instructions are read and passed to a dispatcher , which decides whether or not the instructions can be executed in parallel ( simultaneously ) . If so they are dispatched to available execution units , resulting in the ability for several instructions to be executed simultaneously . In general , the more instructions a superscalar CPU is able to dispatch simultaneously to waiting execution units , the more instructions will be completed in a given cycle . Most of the difficulty in the design of a superscalar CPU architecture lies in creating an effective dispatcher . The dispatcher needs to be able to quickly and correctly determine whether instructions can be executed in parallel , as well as dispatch them in such a way as to keep as many execution units busy as possible . This requires that the instruction pipeline is filled as often as possible and gives rise to the need in superscalar architectures for significant amounts of CPU cache . It also makes hazard - avoiding techniques like branch prediction , speculative execution , register renaming , out - of - order execution and transactional memory crucial to maintaining high levels of performance . By attempting to predict which branch ( or path ) a conditional instruction will take , the CPU can minimize the number of times that the entire pipeline must wait until a conditional instruction is completed . Speculative execution often provides modest performance increases by executing portions of code that may not be needed after a conditional operation completes . Out - of - order execution somewhat rearranges the order in which instructions are executed to reduce delays due to data dependencies . Also in case of single instruction stream , multiple data stream -- a case when a lot of data from the same type has to be processed -- , modern processors can disable parts of the pipeline so that when a single instruction is executed many times , the CPU skips the fetch and decode phases and thus greatly increases performance on certain occasions , especially in highly monotonous program engines such as video creation software and photo processing . In the case where a portion of the CPU is superscalar and part is not , the part which is not suffers a performance penalty due to scheduling stalls . The Intel P5 Pentium had two superscalar ALUs which could accept one instruction per clock cycle each , but its FPU could not accept one instruction per clock cycle . Thus the P5 was integer superscalar but not floating point superscalar . Intel 's successor to the P5 architecture , P6 , added superscalar capabilities to its floating point features , and therefore afforded a significant increase in floating point instruction performance . Both simple pipelining and superscalar design increase a CPU 's ILP by allowing a single processor to complete execution of instructions at rates surpassing one instruction per clock cycle . Most modern CPU designs are at least somewhat superscalar , and nearly all general purpose CPUs designed in the last decade are superscalar . In later years some of the emphasis in designing high - ILP computers has been moved out of the CPU 's hardware and into its software interface , or ISA . The strategy of the very long instruction word ( VLIW ) causes some ILP to become implied directly by the software , reducing the amount of work the CPU must perform to boost ILP and thereby reducing the design 's complexity . Task - level parallelism ( edit ) Main articles : Multithreading and Multi-core processor Another strategy of achieving performance is to execute multiple threads or processes in parallel . This area of research is known as parallel computing . In Flynn 's taxonomy , this strategy is known as multiple instruction stream , multiple data stream ( MIMD ) . One technology used for this purpose was multiprocessing ( MP ) . The initial flavor of this technology is known as symmetric multiprocessing ( SMP ) , where a small number of CPUs share a coherent view of their memory system . In this scheme , each CPU has additional hardware to maintain a constantly up - to - date view of memory . By avoiding stale views of memory , the CPUs can cooperate on the same program and programs can migrate from one CPU to another . To increase the number of cooperating CPUs beyond a handful , schemes such as non-uniform memory access ( NUMA ) and directory - based coherence protocols were introduced in the 1990s . SMP systems are limited to a small number of CPUs while NUMA systems have been built with thousands of processors . Initially , multiprocessing was built using multiple discrete CPUs and boards to implement the interconnect between the processors . When the processors and their interconnect are all implemented on a single chip , the technology is known as chip - level multiprocessing ( CMP ) and the single chip as a multi-core processor . It was later recognized that finer - grain parallelism existed with a single program . A single program might have several threads ( or functions ) that could be executed separately or in parallel . Some of the earliest examples of this technology implemented input / output processing such as direct memory access as a separate thread from the computation thread . A more general approach to this technology was introduced in the 1970s when systems were designed to run multiple computation threads in parallel . This technology is known as multi-threading ( MT ) . This approach is considered more cost - effective than multiprocessing , as only a small number of components within a CPU is replicated to support MT as opposed to the entire CPU in the case of MP . In MT , the execution units and the memory system including the caches are shared among multiple threads . The downside of MT is that the hardware support for multithreading is more visible to software than that of MP and thus supervisor software like operating systems have to undergo larger changes to support MT . One type of MT that was implemented is known as temporal multithreading , where one thread is executed until it is stalled waiting for data to return from external memory . In this scheme , the CPU would then quickly context switch to another thread which is ready to run , the switch often done in one CPU clock cycle , such as the UltraSPARC T1 . Another type of MT is simultaneous multithreading , where instructions from multiple threads are executed in parallel within one CPU clock cycle . For several decades from the 1970s to early 2000s , the focus in designing high performance general purpose CPUs was largely on achieving high ILP through technologies such as pipelining , caches , superscalar execution , out - of - order execution , etc . This trend culminated in large , power - hungry CPUs such as the Intel Pentium 4 . By the early 2000s , CPU designers were thwarted from achieving higher performance from ILP techniques due to the growing disparity between CPU operating frequencies and main memory operating frequencies as well as escalating CPU power dissipation owing to more esoteric ILP techniques . CPU designers then borrowed ideas from commercial computing markets such as transaction processing , where the aggregate performance of multiple programs , also known as throughput computing , was more important than the performance of a single thread or process . This reversal of emphasis is evidenced by the proliferation of dual and more core processor designs and notably , Intel 's newer designs resembling its less superscalar P6 architecture . Late designs in several processor families exhibit CMP , including the x86 - 64 Opteron and Athlon 64 X2 , the SPARC UltraSPARC T1 , IBM POWER4 and POWER5 , as well as several video game console CPUs like the Xbox 360 's triple - core PowerPC design , and the PlayStation 3 's 7 - core Cell microprocessor . Data parallelism ( edit ) Main articles : Vector processor and SIMD A less common but increasingly important paradigm of processors ( and indeed , computing in general ) deals with data parallelism . The processors discussed earlier are all referred to as some type of scalar device . As the name implies , vector processors deal with multiple pieces of data in the context of one instruction . This contrasts with scalar processors , which deal with one piece of data for every instruction . Using Flynn 's taxonomy , these two schemes of dealing with data are generally referred to as single instruction stream , multiple data stream ( SIMD ) and single instruction stream , single data stream ( SISD ) , respectively . The great utility in creating processors that deal with vectors of data lies in optimizing tasks that tend to require the same operation ( for example , a sum or a dot product ) to be performed on a large set of data . Some classic examples of these types of tasks include multimedia applications ( images , video and sound ) , as well as many types of scientific and engineering tasks . Whereas a scalar processor must complete the entire process of fetching , decoding and executing each instruction and value in a set of data , a vector processor can perform a single operation on a comparatively large set of data with one instruction . This is only possible when the application tends to require many steps which apply one operation to a large set of data . Most early vector processors , such as the Cray - 1 , were associated almost exclusively with scientific research and cryptography applications . However , as multimedia has largely shifted to digital media , the need for some form of SIMD in general - purpose processors has become significant . Shortly after inclusion of floating - point units started to become commonplace in general - purpose processors , specifications for and implementations of SIMD execution units also began to appear for general - purpose processors . Some of these early SIMD specifications - like HP 's Multimedia Acceleration eXtensions ( MAX ) and Intel 's MMX - were integer - only . This proved to be a significant impediment for some software developers , since many of the applications that benefit from SIMD primarily deal with floating - point numbers . Progressively , developers refined and remade these early designs into some of the common modern SIMD specifications , which are usually associated with one ISA . Some notable modern examples include Intel 's SSE and the PowerPC - related AltiVec ( also known as VMX ) . Virtual CPUs ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2016 ) Cloud computing can involve subdividing CPU operation into virtual central processing units ( vCPUs ) . A host is the virtual equivalent of a physical machine , on which a virtual system is operating . When there are several physical machines operating in tandem and managed as a whole , the grouped computing and memory resources form a cluster . In some systems , it is possible to dynamically add and remove from a cluster . Resources available at a host and cluster level can be partitioned out into resources pools with fine granularity . Performance ( edit ) Further information : Computer performance and Benchmark ( computing ) The performance or speed of a processor depends on , among many other factors , the clock rate ( generally given in multiples of hertz ) and the instructions per clock ( IPC ) , which together are the factors for the instructions per second ( IPS ) that the CPU can perform . Many reported IPS values have represented `` peak '' execution rates on artificial instruction sequences with few branches , whereas realistic workloads consist of a mix of instructions and applications , some of which take longer to execute than others . The performance of the memory hierarchy also greatly affects processor performance , an issue barely considered in MIPS calculations . Because of these problems , various standardized tests , often called `` benchmarks '' for this purpose -- such as SPECint -- have been developed to attempt to measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications . Processing performance of computers is increased by using multi-core processors , which essentially is plugging two or more individual processors ( called cores in this sense ) into one integrated circuit . Ideally , a dual core processor would be nearly twice as powerful as a single core processor . In practice , the performance gain is far smaller , only about 50 % , due to imperfect software algorithms and implementation . Increasing the number of cores in a processor ( i.e. dual - core , quad - core , etc . ) increases the workload that can be handled . This means that the processor can now handle numerous asynchronous events , interrupts , etc. which can take a toll on the CPU when overwhelmed . These cores can be thought of as different floors in a processing plant , with each floor handling a different task . Sometimes , these cores will handle the same tasks as cores adjacent to them if a single core is not enough to handle the information . Due to specific capabilities of modern CPUs , such as hyper - threading and uncore , which involve sharing of actual CPU resources while aiming at increased utilization , monitoring performance levels and hardware use gradually became a more complex task . As a response , some CPUs implement additional hardware logic that monitors actual use of various parts of a CPU and provides various counters accessible to software ; an example is Intel 's Performance Counter Monitor technology . See also ( edit ) Information technology portal Technology portal Addressing mode AMD Accelerated Processing Unit CISC Computer bus Computer engineering CPU core voltage CPU socket Digital signal processor Hyper - threading List of instruction sets Microprocessor Multi-core processor Protection ring RISC Stream processing True Performance Index Wait state Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Integrated circuits are now used to implement all CPUs , except for a few machines designed to withstand large electromagnetic pulses , say from a nuclear weapon . Jump up ^ The so - called `` von Neumann '' memo expounded the idea of stored programs , which for example may be stored on punched cards , paper tape , or magnetic tape . Jump up ^ Some early computers like the Harvard Mark I did not support any kind of `` jump '' instruction , effectively limiting the complexity of the programs they could run . It is largely for this reason that these computers are often not considered to contain a proper CPU , despite their close similarity to stored - program computers . Jump up ^ Since the program counter counts memory addresses and not instructions , it is incremented by the number of memory units that the instruction word contains . In the case of simple fixed - length instruction word ISAs , this is always the same number . For example , a fixed - length 32 - bit instruction word ISA that uses 8 - bit memory words would always increment the PC by four ( except in the case of jumps ) . ISAs that use variable - length instruction words increment the PC by the number of memory words corresponding to the last instruction 's length . Jump up ^ Because the instruction set architecture of a CPU is fundamental to its interface and usage , it is often used as a classification of the `` type '' of CPU . For example , a `` PowerPC CPU '' uses some variant of the PowerPC ISA . A system can execute a different ISA by running an emulator . Jump up ^ The physical concept of voltage is an analog one by nature , practically having an infinite range of possible values . For the purpose of physical representation of binary numbers , two specific ranges of voltages are defined , one for logic ' 0 ' and another for logic ' 1 ' . These ranges are dictated by design considerations such as noise margins and characteristics of the devices used to create the CPU . Jump up ^ While a CPU 's integer size sets a limit on integer ranges , this can ( and often is ) overcome using a combination of software and hardware techniques . By using additional memory , software can represent integers many magnitudes larger than the CPU can . Sometimes the CPU 's instruction set will even facilitate operations on integers larger than it can natively represent by providing instructions to make large integer arithmetic relatively quick . This method of dealing with large integers is slower than utilizing a CPU with higher integer size , but is a reasonable trade - off in cases where natively supporting the full integer range needed would be cost - prohibitive . See Arbitrary - precision arithmetic for more details on purely software - supported arbitrary - sized integers . Jump up ^ Neither ILP nor TLP is inherently superior over the other ; they are simply different means by which to increase CPU parallelism . As such , they both have advantages and disadvantages , which are often determined by the type of software that the processor is intended to run . High - TLP CPUs are often used in applications that lend themselves well to being split up into numerous smaller applications , so - called `` embarrassingly parallel problems '' . Frequently , a computational problem that can be solved quickly with high TLP design strategies like symmetric multiprocessing takes significantly more time on high ILP devices like superscalar CPUs , and vice versa . Jump up ^ Best - case scenario ( or peak ) IPC rates in very superscalar architectures are difficult to maintain since it is impossible to keep the instruction pipeline filled all the time . Therefore , in highly superscalar CPUs , average sustained IPC is often discussed rather than peak IPC . Jump up ^ Earlier the term scalar was used to compare the IPC count afforded by various ILP methods . Here the term is used in the strictly mathematical sense to contrast with vectors . See scalar ( mathematics ) and Vector ( geometric ) . Jump up ^ Although SSE / SSE2 / SSE3 have superseded MMX in Intel 's general - purpose processors , later IA - 32 designs still support MMX . This is usually accomplished by providing most of the MMX functionality with the same hardware that supports the much more expansive SSE instruction sets . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Weik , Martin H. ( 1961 ) . `` A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems '' . Ballistic Research Laboratory . Jump up ^ Kuck , David ( 1978 ) . Computers and Computations , Vol 1 . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 12 . ISBN 0471027162 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Willhalm ; Roman Dementiev ; Patrick Fay ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Intel Performance Counter Monitor -- A better way to measure CPU utilization '' . software.intel.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liebowitz , Kusek , Spies , Matt , Christopher , Rynardt ( 2014 ) . VMware vSphere Performance : Designing CPU , Memory , Storage , and Networking for Performance - Intensive Workloads . Wiley . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 00819 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Regan , Gerard . 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Jump up ^ Brodkin , John . `` 50 years ago , IBM created mainframe that helped send men to the Moon '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gavin . `` Why wo n't you DIE ? IBM 's S / 360 and its legacy at 50 '' . The Register . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Online PDP - 8 Home Page , Run a PDP - 8 '' . PDP8 . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Transistors , Relays , and Controlling High - Current Loads '' . New York University . ITP Physical Computing . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lilly , Paul . `` A Brief History of CPUs : 31 Awesome Years of x86 '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , David A. ; Hennessy , John L. ; Larus , James R. ( 1999 ) . Computer Organization and Design : the Hardware / Software Interface ( 2 . ed. , 3rd print . ed . ) . San Francisco : Kaufmann . p. 751 . ISBN 1558604286 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 : Aerospace systems are first the applications for ICs in computers '' . Computer History Museum . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The integrated circuits in the Apollo manned lunar landing program '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` System / 370 Announcement '' . IBM Archives . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` System / 370 Model 155 ( Continued ) '' . IBM Archives . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Models and Options '' . The Digital Equipment Corporation PDP - 8 . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross Knox Bassett ( 2007 ) . To the Digital Age : Research Labs , Start - up Companies , and the Rise of MOS Technology `` . The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 127 -- 128 , 256 , and 314 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6809 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Ken Shirriff . `` The Texas Instruments TMX 1795 : the first , forgotten microprocessor '' . Jump up ^ `` Speed & Power in Logic Families '' ... Jump up ^ T.J. Stonham . `` Digital Logic Techniques : Principles and Practice '' . 1996 . p. 174 . Jump up ^ R.K. Booher . `` MOS GP Computer '' . afips , pp. 877 , 1968 Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference , 1968 doi : 10.1109 / AFIPS. 1968.126 Jump up ^ `` LSI - 11 Module Descriptions '' . LSI - 11 , PDP - 11 / 03 user 's manual ( PDF ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Maynard , Massachusetts : Digital Equipment Corporation . November 1975 . pp. 4 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Margaret Rouse ( March 27 , 2007 ) . `` Definition : multi-core processor '' . TechTarget . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Birkby . `` A Brief History of the Microprocessor '' . computermuseum.li . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Adam ( 1980 ) . An Introduction to Microcomputers . Volume 1 : Basic Concepts ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley , California : Osborne - McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 931988 - 34 - 9 . Jump up ^ Zhislina , Victoria . `` Why has CPU frequency ceased to grow ? '' . Intel . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MOS Transistor - Electrical Engineering & Computer Science '' ( PDF ) . University of California . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simonite , Tom . `` Moore 's Law Is Dead . Now What ? '' . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpts from A Conversation with Gordon Moore : Moore 's Law '' ( PDF ) . Intel . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lilly , Paul . `` A Brief History of CPUs : 31 Awesome Years of x86 '' . Maximum PC . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eigenmann , Rudolf ; Lilja , David . `` Von Neumann Computers '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aspray , William . `` The stored program concept '' . Spectrum , IEEE . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Saraswat , Krishna . `` Trends in Integrated Circuits Technology '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Electromigration '' . Middle East Technical University . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ian Wienand ( September 3 , 2013 ) . `` Computer Science from the Bottom Up , Chapter 3 . Computer Architecture '' ( PDF ) . bottomupcs.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jeffery ( 2005 ) . `` Application - customized CPU design '' . IBM developerWorks . Retrieved 2005 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Garside , J.D. ; Furber , S.B. ; Chung , S-H ( 1999 ) . `` AMULET3 Revealed '' . University of Manchester Computer Science Department . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` IBM System / 360 Model 65 Functional Characteristics '' ( PDF ) . IBM . September 1968 . pp. 8 -- 9 . A22 - 6884 - 3 . Jump up ^ Huynh , Jack ( 2003 ) . `` The AMD Athlon XP Processor with 512KB L2 Cache '' ( PDF ) . University of Illinois , Urbana - Champaign . pp. 6 -- 11 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Allan ; Almasi , George S. ( 1989 ) . Highly parallel computing . Redwood City , Calif. : Benjamin / Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 0177 - 1 . Jump up ^ Flynn , M.J. ( September 1972 ) . `` Some Computer Organizations and Their Effectiveness '' . IEEE Trans . Comput. C - 21 ( 9 ) : 948 -- 960 . doi : 10.1109 / TC. 1972.5009071 . Jump up ^ `` Parallelism exploitation in superscalar multiprocessing '' . IEEE Xplore . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Anjum , Bushra ; Perros , Harry G. ( 2015 ) . `` 1 : Partitioning the End - to - End QoS Budget to Domains '' . Bandwidth Allocation for Video Under Quality of Service Constraints . Focus Series . John Wiley & Sons . p. 3 . ISBN 9781848217461 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 . ( ... ) in cloud computing where multiple software components run in a virtual environment on the same blade , one component per virtual machine ( VM ) . Each VM is allocated a virtual central processing unit ( ... ) which is a fraction of the blade 's CPU . Jump up ^ Fifield , Tom ; Fleming , Diane ; Gentle , Anne ; Hochstein , Lorin ; Proulx , Jonathan ; Toews , Everett ; Topjian , Joe ( 2014 ) . `` Glossary '' . OpenStack Operations Guide . Beijing : O'Reilly Media , Inc. p. 286 . ISBN 9781491906309 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Virtual Central Processing Unit ( vCPU ) ( : ) Subdivides physical CPUs . Instances can then use those divisions . Jump up ^ `` VMware Infrastructure Architecture Overview - White Paper '' ( PDF ) . VMware . VMware. 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CPU Frequency '' . CPU World Glossary . CPU World . 25 March 2008 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What is ( a ) multi-core processor ? '' . Data Center Definitions . SearchDataCenter.com . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quad Core Vs. Dual Core '' . Buzzle . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Tegtmeier , Martin . `` CPU utilization of multi-threaded architectures explained '' . Oracle . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Central processing unit '' dated 2006 - 06 - 13 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microprocessors . Wikiversity has learning resources about Introduction to Computers / Processor How Microprocessors Work at HowStuffWorks . 25 Microchips that shook the world -- an article by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . Processor technologies Models Turing machine Universal Post -- Turing Quantum Belt machine Stack machine Finite - state machine with datapath Hierarchical Queue automaton Register machines Counter Pointer Random - access Random - access stored program Architecture Von Neumann Harvard modified Dataflow Transport - triggered Cellular Endianness Memory access NUMA HUMA Load / store Register / memory Cache hierarchy Memory hierarchy Virtual memory Secondary storage Heterogeneous Fabric Multiprocessing Cognitive Neuromorphic Instruction set architectures Types CISC RISC Application - specific EDGE TRIPS VLIW EPIC MISC OISC NISC ZISC comparison addressing modes x86 ARM MIPS Power PowerPC SPARC Itanium Unicore MicroBlaze RISC - V others Execution Instruction pipelining Pipeline stall Operand forwarding Classic RISC pipeline Hazards Data dependency Structural Control False sharing Out - of - order Tomasulo algorithm Reservation station Re-order buffer Register renaming Speculative Branch prediction Memory dependence prediction Parallelism Level Bit Bit - serial Word Instruction Pipelining Scalar Superscalar Task Thread Process Data Vector Memory Distributed Multithreading Temporal Simultaneous Hyperthreading Speculative Preemptive Cooperative Flynn 's taxonomy SISD SIMD SWAR SIMT MISD MIMD SPMD Processor Performance Transistor count Instructions per cycle ( IPC ) Cycles per instruction ( CPI ) Instructions per second ( IPS ) Floating - point operations per second ( FLOPS ) Transactions per second ( TPS ) Synaptic updates per second ( SUPS ) Performance per watt ( PPW ) Cache performance metrics Computer performance by orders of magnitude Types Central processing unit ( CPU ) Graphics processing unit ( GPU ) GPGPU Vector Barrel Stream Coprocessor ASIC FPGA CPLD Multi-chip module ( MCM ) System in package ( SiP ) By application Microprocessor Microcontroller Mobile Notebook Ultra-low - voltage ASIP Systems on Chip System - on - Chip ( SoC ) Multiprocessor ( MPSoC ) Programmable ( PSoC ) Network - on - Chip ( NoC ) Hardware accelerators AI accelerator Vision processing unit ( VPU ) Physics processing unit ( PPU ) Digital signal processor ( DSP ) Tensor processing unit ( TPU ) Secure cryptoprocessor Network processor Baseband processor Word size 1 - bit 2 - bit 4 - bit 8 - bit 16 - bit 32 - bit 48 - bit 64 - bit 128 - bit 256 - bit 512 - bit others variable Core count Single - core Multi-core Manycore Heterogeneous architecture Components Core Cache CPU cache replacement policies coherence Bus Clock rate FIFO Functional units Arithmetic logic unt ( ALU ) Address generation unit ( AGU ) Floating - point unit ( FPU ) Memory management unit Load -- store unit Translation lookaside buffer ( TLB ) Logic Combinational Sequential Glue Logic Gate Quantum Array Registers Processor register Register file Memory buffer Program counter Stack Control unit Instruction unit Data buffer Write buffer Microcode ROM Counter Datapath Multiplexer Demultiplexer Adder Multiplier CPU Binary decoder Address decoder Sum addressed decoder Barrel shifter Circuitry Integrated circuit 3D Mixed signal Power management Boolean Digital Analog Quantum Switch Power management PMU APM ACPI Dynamic frequency scaling Dynamic voltage scaling Clock gating Performance per watt ( PPW ) Related History of general - purpose CPUs Microprocessor chronology Processor design Digital electronics Hardware security module Basic computer components Input devices Keyboard Image scanner Microphone Pointing device Graphics tablet Joystick Light pen Mouse Optical Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball Refreshable braille display Sound card Webcam Softcam Video card Output devices Monitor Refreshable braille display Printer Speakers Plotter Sound card Video card Removable data storage Optical disc CD DVD Blu - ray Disk pack Floppy disk Memory card USB flash drive Computer case Central processing unit ( CPU ) HDD / SSD / SSHD Motherboard Network interface controller Power supply Random - access memory ( RAM ) Fax modem Expansion card Ports Ethernet FireWire ( IEEE 1394 ) Parallel port Serial port PS / 2 port USB Thunderbolt DisplayPort / HDMI / DVI / VGA eSATA Audio jack Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_processing_unit&oldid=865394930 '' Categories : Central processing unit Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2016 Articles to be expanded from September 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Spoken articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | this holds the actual processing in the cpu | [
"The actual mathematical operation for each instruction is performed by a combinational logic circuit within the CPU's processor known as the arithmetic logic unit or ALU. In general, a CPU executes an instruction by fetching it from memory, using its ALU to perform an operation, and then storing the result to memory. Beside the instructions for integer mathematics and logic operations, various other machine instructions exist, such as those for loading data from memory and storing it back, branching operations, and mathematical operations on floating-point numbers performed by the CPU's floating-point unit (FPU).[59]\n"
] | [
"a combinational logic circuit within the CPU's processor known as the arithmetic logic unit or ALU"
] |
-9026025399127295269 | Elizabeth Swann | Elizabeth Swann - wikipedia Elizabeth Swann Elizabeth Swann Pirates of the Caribbean character Keira Knightley as Elizabeth Swann in Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Portrayed by Keira Knightley ( adult ) , Lucinda Dryzek ( pre-adolescent ) Appearance ( s ) The Curse of the Black Pearl Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End Dead Men Tell No Tales ( ending ) Information Gender Female Occupation Mother Pirate Captain of the Empress ( formerly ) Pirate Lord of the South China Sea Pirate King Family Will Turner ( husband ) Henry Turner ( son ) Weatherby Swann ( father , deceased ) Mrs. Swann ( mother , deceased ) Bootstrap Bill Turner ( father - in - law ) Weaponry Cutlass Pistol Musket Grenades Bounty Wanted for abetting the pirate , Jack Sparrow ( formerly ) Elizabeth Swann ( later Elizabeth Turner ) is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . She appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) and three of its sequels , Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) , At World 's End ( 2007 ) and Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) . She is portrayed by Keira Knightley ( and as a child by Lucinda Dryzek in the prologue of The Curse of the Black Pearl ) . She is known to use the alias `` Elizabeth Turner '' , but this later becomes her married name when she weds the character Will Turner ( played by Orlando Bloom ) . Contents 1 Personality 2 Appearance 3 Fictional biography 3.1 The Curse of the Black Pearl 3.2 Dead Man 's Chest 3.3 At World 's End 3.4 Dead Men Tell No Tales 4 Character development 5 Other appearances 6 References 7 External links Personality ( edit ) Elizabeth is a spirited , intelligent , and independent - minded character whose beauty attracted Will Turner , James Norrington , Sao Feng , and Captain Jack Sparrow . Only Will Turner 's affections were reciprocated , although she struggled with a subtle attraction and kiss with Sparrow , and a compassionate friendship with Norrington . Throughout the three films , she transforms from a young girl to a proper lady and finally into a courageous pirate . Elizabeth has always been fascinated by piracy , but she is often revolted by pirates ' aggressive , wild nature . Even after becoming a pirate , Elizabeth retains her refined ways , as well as her loyalty and compassion for loved ones ( including Will Turner , her father , and later , Jack Sparrow and James Norrington ) . Elizabeth adapts easily to piracy , having natural leadership abilities . She learns seamanship quickly , and finds that she has an innate talent for battle strategy . She learns swordsmanship from Will , and is soon capable of defending herself against multiple opponents , fighting with two swords simultaneously . She later uses a Chinese Jian sword and also carries a multitude of other weapons on her person including knives , firearms , and what appears to be a small grenade . She freely speaks her mind even if it offends others ; for example , she calls a potentially dangerous enemy , Sao Feng , a coward . During her reign as Pirate King , Elizabeth proves to be a charismatic leader and inspires the other pirate lords to battle Cutler Beckett 's fleet . Elizabeth 's darker side is shown when she sacrifices Jack Sparrow to the Kraken so she and the crew can escape . However , she feels so guilty about it that she later helps rescue Sparrow from Davy Jones ' Locker . Appearance ( edit ) Following the film 's prologue , Elizabeth Swann is approximately 18 years old , about 5 ' 7 '' tall with a slender figure , brown eyes , and dark blonde hair . Having been raised in upper - class society as a governor 's daughter , Elizabeth is a refined and elegant young lady . In The Curse of the Black Pearl , she wears a dress style known as a Robe a L'Anglaise . As a young girl , she wears a blue dress in this style , and , eight years later , her father presents her with a gold - colored frock to wear at Commodore Norrington 's promotion ceremony . Elizabeth is kidnapped wearing a long , floral cream - colored dressing gown , though Captain Barbossa later insists she wear a red dress , previously owned by another lady ; she is forced to return it prior to walking the plank and being marooned on a deserted island , clad only in a long white chemise . After being rescued by Commodore Norrington , Elizabeth is loaned a Royal Navy uniform , the first time she is seen in men 's attire . At Jack Sparrow 's execution , she is once again fashionably attired , wearing a peach - colored gown and a picture hat . In Dead Man 's Chest , as Elizabeth 's character and circumstances change , so does her wardrobe . Although she is first seen in an elegant wedding gown and a long lace veil , Elizabeth later disguises herself as a cabin boy , wearing brown breeches , a white shirt , brown boots , a red waistcoat , a black belt , and a brown tricorne hat . She wears this garb throughout the film . Exposure to the sun tans her skin and lightens her hair . In At World 's End , Elizabeth first appears in Chinese peasant clothing and a coolie hat while paddling a small boat through Singapore 's waters . She is forced to wear only a short robe upon entering Sao Feng 's bathhouse . Later , Elizabeth wears a long armored coat while traveling . As a captive aboard Sao Feng 's ship , Elizabeth has been dressed in a long red cheongsam , a sleeveless full - length blue overcoat ( both probably silk ) , and a studded turquoise phoenix crown . She later dons Chinese battle dress . During her one - day on the island with Will , she is clad in a black tunic . In the scene set ten years later , she is wearing a long skirt and a double - breasted brocade waistcoat over a white puffy - sleeved shirt , probably cotton or linen . Fictional biography ( edit ) The curse of the Black Pearl ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Throughout the trilogy , Elizabeth Swann is portrayed as a spirited , intelligent , and independent - minded character who often chafes at the restrictions imposed on her gender and social rank . Early on in the first movie she often fantasizes about pirates and life at sea . This may have been fueled somewhat by her association with another character , Will Turner , who eleven - year - old Elizabeth met when she and her father , Governor Weatherby Swann were en route to Port Royal eight years earlier . Will , also about eleven , was found adrift at sea , the sole survivor of a pirate attack . During his rescue , Elizabeth briefly glimpsed a mysterious ship slipping into the mist -- a vessel foreshadowing her destiny . The story continues eight years later , and Elizabeth is now a marriageable age . Back then matrimony was a common means to forge strategic political alliances and advantageous social connections rather than loving unions , she is expected to wed a respectable and prosperous man equal or superior to her in rank . Elizabeth prefers marrying for love , and she may secretly harbor feelings for Will Turner . But Will , a common blacksmith , is an unsuitable match for such a well - born lady . And although Will secretly loves Elizabeth , he knows his place and keeps his feelings deeply hidden . Governor Swann , meanwhile , desires that his daughter marry Commodore James Norrington , a respected Royal Navy officer who Elizabeth admires but does not love . Ironically , it is Norrington who sets events into motion that not only alter Elizabeth 's fate , but also his own and Will 's . During Norrington 's marriage proposal , Elizabeth , whose tightly laced corset nearly suffocates her , faints and falls off a rampart and into the bay . Her unlikely rescuer , and the catalyst for her transformation from a demure lady into a daring pirate , is the notorious Captain Jack Sparrow , newly arrived in Port Royal to commandeer a ship . Despite Sparrow 's gallant actions and against Elizabeth 's protests , he is promptly jailed for piracy and sentenced to hang . That night , a pirate ship , the Black Pearl , raids Port Royal . It is the same ship Elizabeth spied in the fog eight years earlier . When she is taken hostage it is discovered that she possesses Will 's gold medallion that she took from him after his rescue , fearing it marked him as a pirate . Invoking parley , Elizabeth negotiates with Captain Barbossa to leave Port Royal in exchange for the coin . He agrees but keeps her captive on a technicality after she identifies herself as Elizabeth `` Turner '' , mistakenly believing her blood can break an ancient Aztec curse the pirates are under . Their true forms -- immortal skeletons -- can only be seen in moonlight . Will 's love for Elizabeth motivates his actions and helps drive the story ; he will do anything to save her , including piracy . And though the peaceful and law - abiding Will despises pirates and distrusts Sparrow , he frees him , knowing only Sparrow can locate Isla de Muerta , the secret island where Elizabeth is being held . Will is unaware , however , that Jack Sparrow is the Black Pearl 's former captain and that he has an ulterior motive for helping him : Turner blood and the gold medallion can break the Aztec curse -- Sparrow intends to barter Will to Barbossa in exchange for the Black Pearl . When Will and Elizabeth escape Isla de Muerta , Barbossa pursues and captures their ship , sinking it . Will and the crew are thrown in the Pearl 's brig , while Elizabeth and Sparrow are marooned on a deserted island . Elizabeth 's feisty , self - sufficient nature propels her into taking action for their rescue by burning a cache of smugglers ' rum . The towering smoke column is spotted by Commodore Norrington aboard Dauntless . To rescue Will , Elizabeth convinces Norrington to attack Isla de Muerta by impulsively accepting his previous marriage proposal . The commodore doubts her sincerity , though Elizabeth apparently intends to honor her promise , sacrificing her own happiness to save Will . She says nothing about the curse while Sparrow provides the bearings to Isla de Muerta , setting his own plan into motion . At Isla de Muerta , Elizabeth frees Sparrow 's crew from the Pearl 's brig , naively believing they will rescue Will and Sparrow . Abiding by the pirate code that , `` any man who falls behind , is left behind , '' they instead commandeer the Black Pearl and set sail , leaving a disgusted Elizabeth to rescue Will and Sparrow alone . As the navy battles the pirates , Sparrow duels Barbossa inside the treasure cave , while Elizabeth joins Will in fighting the remaining cursed crew . Sparrow fatally shoots Barbossa , who , upon reverting to mortal form as the curse is lifted , falls dead . The surviving now - mortal pirates surrender . Will , Elizabeth , and Sparrow are rescued , although Sparrow is later condemned to hang . In Port Royal , Elizabeth attends Sparrow 's execution . Will , who has been pardoned , approaches and proclaims his love for her before attempting to rescue Sparrow . Will frees Sparrow , but they are quickly captured , though Norrington and Governor Swann are reluctant to arrest Will or resume Sparrow 's execution . Elizabeth intervenes and declares her love for Will . Norrington releases Will and concedes Elizabeth 's hand to him . Sparrow , meanwhile , falls off the rampart and into the bay just as the Black Pearl sails into view . He is hauled aboard , captain once again . Apparently impressed by the wily pirate , Norrington allows the Black Pearl one day 's head start before giving chase . Dead Man 's Chest ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest The film opens a year later , and Elizabeth is seen waiting at the altar where she and Will Turner were to be wed . Lord Cutler Beckett and the British Navy arrive , bringing Will , who is shackled in irons . Elizabeth and Will are charged with aiding Sparrow 's escape ; the punishment is death . Former Commodore James Norrington is also implicated , although he has since resigned his commission and disappeared . Lord Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack Sparrow and bring him back his magical compass . Beckett , a ruthless East India Trading Company agent , is extending the company 's monopolistic stronghold over the entire Caribbean . Honest merchants and traders are forced to pay exorbitant fees and surcharges to ply their goods in EITC - controlled ports , an action amounting to little more than legal piracy . With Jack 's compass , Becket can eradicate all pirates , thus securing and expanding the company 's territory and increasing its profits while consolidating his own power and wealth . Beckett implies he has a personal score to settle with Jack Sparrow , though it is never revealed in the series what this is . However , it is revealed that Beckett was responsible for branding Sparrow for piracy . Once again , Elizabeth 's freedom is dependent upon Will procuring Sparrow 's help . Will finally locates Sparrow and the Black Pearl crew on Pelegosto hiding from the Kraken , a voracious leviathan controlled by Davy Jones , the mythical captain of the Flying Dutchman and ruler of the seas . Jones is hunting Sparrow to collect a blood debt , while Sparrow has been searching for the Dead Man 's Chest containing Jones ' beating heart . Whoever possesses the heart , controls Davy Jones and the oceans . Unfortunately , Sparrow 's magic compass seems to fail him , though it may be pointing to something he unknowingly desires more than the Dead Man 's Chest . When Elizabeth escapes jail and discovers Beckett is only pardoning Sparrow , she confronts Beckett at gunpoint , forcing him to validate a Letters of Marque to free Will . Disguised as a cabin boy , Elizabeth tricks a merchant crew into making port in Tortuga . She jumps ship and encounters Sparrow and Gibbs in a pub recruiting sailors in an attempt to pay off Sparrows 's debt to Davy Jones , who demands one hundred souls in exchange for his . Another man applies -- James Norrington , now a disgraced , drunken wretch . Blaming Sparrow for his ruination , Norrington attempts to shoot him , igniting a brawl , but Elizabeth knocks him out to save him . At the pier , Sparrow claims Will was press ganged into Davy Jones ' crew , insisting he was blameless ; Norrington is skeptical , but Elizabeth places her faith in Sparrow when he claims she can save Will by finding the Dead Man 's Chest . Using his magical compass , she gets a bearing . On Isla Cruces , Jack , Elizabeth , and Norrington find the Dead Man 's Chest . When Will arrives with Davy Jones ' stolen key , Elizabeth learns that Sparrow tricked Will onto the Dutchman . A conflict erupts : Will wants to kill Jones by stabbing the heart , freeing his father from Jones ' servitude ; Sparrow fears the Kraken will continue hunting him if Jones is dead ; Norrington plots to barter back his naval career with the heart . As a triple threat duel erupts , Jones ' crew arrive . Sparrow obtains the key and opens the chest , but it is Norrington who ultimately escapes with the heart and the Letters of Marque . The Black Pearl outruns the pursuing Flying Dutchman . Undeterred , Jones summons the Kraken , but the crew temporarily fight it off . To save himself , Sparrow escapes in the remaining longboat , prompting Elizabeth to brand him a coward . But as Elizabeth once predicted , Sparrow , unable to desert his crew , heroically returns to rescue them , reaffirming her faith in him . During the Kraken 's brief retreat , Jack orders all hands to abandon ship . Realizing that Sparrow is the Kraken 's sole target , Elizabeth distracts him with a passionate kiss while handcuffing him to the mast . Insisting she has no regrets , her overwhelming guilt belies her true feelings . She tells the others that Sparrow stayed behind to aid their escape , unaware Will witnessed their encounter and mistakenly believes she loves Sparrow . The Kraken returns for a final assault , dragging the Pearl and Jack Sparrow to the Locker as the crew watches from the longboat . It is during this final battle that Sparrow 's and Elizabeth 's contrasting , yet also similar , underlying characters emerge : Jack shows heroism and loyalty by returning to the ship to save his crew ; Elizabeth becomes more pirate - like to save herself and the others . Even Sparrows acknowledges this by calling her `` pirate '' in an almost admiring tone , as if praising her cleverness and heralding her passage into his realm . Norrington arrives in Port Royal and presents the heart and the Letters of Marque to Cutler Beckett in a bid to reclaim his commission . Meanwhile , Will , Elizabeth , and the grieving crew make their way upriver to Tia Dalma , the voodoo priestess who helped Sparrow find the Dead Man 's Chest . As the crew drink a somber toast to their fallen captain , Elizabeth is wracked with guilt over secretly sacrificing Sparrow to the Kraken . This reinforces Will 's belief that Elizabeth loves Sparrow . He despondently comforts her , prompting Tia Dalma to ask if they are willing to rescue Sparrow and the Pearl from Davy Jones ' Locker . When all say , `` aye , '' Dalma says they will need a captain who knows those waters . Incredibly , a very alive Captain Barbossa descends the stairs . At World 's End ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Jack Sparrow , Captain Barbossa , and seven other pirate lords have been summoned to a Brethren Court at Shipwreck Island to address Lord Beckett 's assault on piracy . Jack , eternally imprisoned aboard the Black Pearl in Davy Jones ' Locker , lacks a successor and possesses one of the nine `` pieces of eight '' that each pirate lord carries and must bring to the meeting ; Jack must attend . Elizabeth joins Will Turner , Captain Barbossa , Tia Dalma , and Sparrow 's crew on a rescue mission , but they must first obtain a navigational chart leading to World 's End , the gateway to the Locker . Each character also has a self - serving motive for retrieving Jack , and , to succeed , must maintain an uneasy alliance despite distrusting one another . For Elizabeth , it is an opportunity to alleviate her guilt for sacrificing Jack to the Kraken to spare herself and the crew . In Singapore , Sao Feng , the Pirate Lord of the South China Sea , provides the chart and a ship , but Will negotiates a secret accord with Feng : Jack Sparrow in exchange for the Black Pearl . Unknown to Will , Elizabeth 's lingering anguish over causing Jack 's demise torments her , and during the voyage to World 's End and Davy Jones Locker , she distances herself from Will . Though she claims everything will eventually be alright between them , her assurance seems uncertain and forced , leaving Will troubled and doubting her love for him . It is only when Will learns that Elizabeth sacrificed Jack to the Kraken that he comprehends her despair , though not why she concealed her actions . When Will confronts her , she says it was her burden to bear , though her secrecy has deeply wounded Will . If she makes choices alone , he asks , and they are unable to trust one another , then how can their relationship survive ? Though Elizabeth apparently still cares for Will , her pain and guilt are unabated , and she despondently responds that he can not trust her , and abruptly leaves . Their future together may be jeopardized if these issues remain unresolved . Meanwhile , as Jack and Barbossa squabble over who is the Black Pearl 's captain , the crew navigate their way back to the living world . Before escaping the Locker , Elizabeth sees her father 's soul being ferried to the `` next world , '' murdered by Cutler Beckett ; she vows to avenge his death . After returning to the living world , Will 's clandestine bargain with Sao Feng is exposed . But Feng has already betrayed Will for another deal with Beckett . While Elizabeth may understand that Will 's motive is to rescue his father , she does not believe it justifies double - crossing the Pearl 's crew . When she insists he explain why he withheld this , Will retorts that it was his , `` burden to bear . '' When Feng demands Elizabeth in exchange for the Pearl , she agrees in order to protect the crew . Elizabeth ignores Will 's protests , telling him , `` You got us into this mess . If this is what frees us , then done ! '' As their rift widens , Will , secretly torn between saving his father and being with Elizabeth , fears she is slipping away . He laments later to Sparrow , `` I 'm losing her Jack . '' When Jones attacks the Empress , Feng , mortally wounded , hands over his `` piece of eight '' to Elizabeth and names her as captain and Pirate Lord of the South China Sea , mistakenly believing she is the sea goddess , Calypso . Elizabeth and her new crew are taken prisoner aboard the Flying Dutchman where she is reunited with Admiral Norrington , who is overjoyed she is alive . Elizabeth is hostile , however , accusing him of complicity in her father 's murder , though Norrington denies knowing anything about the governor 's death , and believed he returned to England . Elizabeth , hardly appeased , rebukes him for serving Lord Beckett , the man who ordered her father 's murder . In the brig , Elizabeth encounters `` Bootstrap '' Bill Turner , who is gradually being absorbed into the ship 's hull , losing his senses . He says Will can not save both Elizabeth and himself -- he will only choose her . Elizabeth finally understands Will 's terrible dilemma and his motives : he must sacrifice one to save the other . That night , Norrington , shamed by his past deeds , frees Elizabeth and the crew . Elizabeth forgives Norrington , who again swears he was uninvolved in her father 's death . She implores him to go with them , but he refuses to leave the ship . As she flees , he gives her one last kiss , saying , `` Our fates have been entwined , Elizabeth , but never joined '' hence acknowledging that they were never meant to be together . As Elizabeth and her crew escape to the towed Empress , `` Bootstrap '' Bill Turner , his mind addled by Jones ' cruel punishment , sounds an alarm and fatally stabs Norrington as he attempts to hold Bootstrap off . Elizabeth witnesses his murder and cries `` James ! '' The Black Pearl and the Empress race to Shipwreck Island for the Brethren Court . The pirate lords dispute how to oppose Beckett and the East India Trading Company ; Elizabeth favors fighting while the Court prefers sequestering themselves inside the impenetrable Shipwreck Cove . This causes Sparrow to predict that confining themselves would likely result in them mass murdering each other . Jack unexpectedly breaks a stalemate to elect a pirate king by casting his ballot for Elizabeth ; going to battle serves his own secret plan . `` King '' Elizabeth declares war . During a parley session with Beckett and Jones , Elizabeth tells the captive Will that having been aboard the Dutchman , she now understands his burden , but fears that course ( saving his father ) is lost , though Will disagrees . Jack is exchanged for Will . Whether Elizabeth 's decision to declare war is brilliant or rash , her actions reflect her daring and bravery . As Beckett 's fleet looms upon the horizon , Elizabeth , refusing to surrender or retreat , delivers a rousing speech . During the climatic sea battle , Will proposes to Elizabeth , claiming it may be their only chance to wed ; Realizing how much she loves Will , Elizabeth orders Barbossa to marry them amidst the fighting . As the Pearl and the Dutchman clash , Elizabeth and Will board Jones ' ship . When Jones mortally wounds Will , Jack relinquishes his bid for immortality to instead save Will , killing Jones . `` Bootstrap '' Bill Turner , having regained his senses , carves out his dead son 's heart and places it in the Dead Man 's Chest . Jack forces the grief - stricken Elizabeth to escape the ship with him as the Dutchman is sucked into the massive whirlpool . The ship quickly resurfaces with the resurrected Captain Will Turner at the helm and the crew restored to human form . With the Flying Dutchman now their ally , the pirates destroy Cutler Beckett 's flagship Endeavour , killing him , and causing the navy to retreat , thus ending the war . Elizabeth bids Jack , Barbossa , and the pirates farewell before reuniting with Will for their `` one day '' on a deserted island where their marriage is consummated . Before returning to the Flying Dutchman at sunset for his ten years in the Netherworld , Will gives Elizabeth the Dead Man 's Chest containing his beating heart for safekeeping . In a post-credits scene set ten years later , Elizabeth and Will 's son , Henry Turner , stand atop a cliff searching the horizon . As the sun sets , the Flying Dutchman appears with the Green Flash , Captain Will Turner aboard . While film dialogue and the leaflet inside the special edition 2 - Disc DVD state that any captain of the Flying Dutchman is eternally bound to the ship , and may only step on land once every ten years . Dead men Tell no Tales ( edit ) See also : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Elizabeth Swann reunites with Will and Henry , after the Trident of Poseidon is destroyed , ending Will 's curse that bound him to the Flying Dutchman . In a post-credits scene , Elizabeth is seen sleeping next to Will , as the dark silhouette of Davy Jones enters the room , leaving water and barnacles at the foot of their bed . Character development ( edit ) According to actress Keira Knightley , Swann is `` a 21st century girl trapped in an 18th century world . She ... starts out as a damsel in distress and then kicks butt , so what 's not to like ? '' While she appreciates her role , she was disappointed that her character did not carry a sword in The Black Pearl : `` I did n't have a sword . Am I angry about that ? Yes , very ! ... I asked every single day , anyone I could ask , if I could have a sword but I did n't get one . '' In the sequel Dead Man 's Chest , she added that , `` we went off into a grungier look for her . That was really exciting actually , to take the character and make her grow up ... I think they really liked the more action - based side of Elizabeth from the first film and apparently that 's what little girls really responded to , so they decided to take her off in that direction '' . She adds she was relieved to finally be able to brandish a sword , although according to Knightley , most of her sword fighting scenes were cut . Knightley also stated how glad she was that by At World 's End , she was finally able to shed the elaborate dresses and only wear pirate 's clothing : `` Actually I am really glad , it 's so hot in there it is unbelievable , and everybody else has got their proper pirate stuff on and I am a little less dressed than everyone else and I am very glad , so that 's good . The rest of the time I 've got kind of the Pirate look instead of the corset and frilly dresses . '' Behind - the - scenes footage included on the DVD and Blu - ray releases of Dead Man 's Chest reveals that Knightley wore wigs when playing Elizabeth in that film , as her real hair had been cropped short at the time ( she is shown rehearsing numerous scenes without her wig in several production featurettes ) . For the toyline for At World 's End an Action figure was made for Elizabeth Swann . Other appearances ( edit ) Elizabeth Swann appears in the Pirates of the Caribbean world , Port Royal , of the Disney / Square Enix game Kingdom Hearts II , voiced by Eliza Schneider in the English version ( like the other original actors , Keira Knightley was unavailable due to filming Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End ) and by Saori Yumiba in the Japanese version . She is set to return in Kingdom Hearts III . Elizabeth Swann also appears in the video game `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( video game ) '' as well as `` Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game '' as a playable character in both video games . Schneider also performs the voice of Elizabeth Swann again in the video game Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow and in the video game adaptation of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . The character also appeared in Pirates of the Caribbean Online . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lee , Alana ( 29 July 2003 ) . `` Interview - Keira Knightley - Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive Interview with Keira Knightley - Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest '' . FilmFocus . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates Of The Caribbean , Keira Knightley '' . London Net . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zizzle : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End '' . Cooltory Review . 2007 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Elizabeth Swann on IMDb Elizabeth Swann at the Pirates of the Caribbean Wiki Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Weatherby Swann Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Swann&oldid=861155681 '' Categories : Pirates of the Caribbean characters Kingdom Hearts characters Female characters in film Fictional pirates Fictional English people Fictional military captains Fictional nobility Fictional socialites Fictional queens Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Teenage characters in film Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Татарча / tatarça Türkçe 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 14 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays elizabeth swann in pirates of the caribbean | [
"Elizabeth Swann (later Elizabeth Turner) is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. She appears in The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003) and three of its sequels, Dead Man's Chest (2006), At World's End (2007) and Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017). She is portrayed by Keira Knightley (and as a child by Lucinda Dryzek in the prologue of The Curse of the Black Pearl). She is known to use the alias \"Elizabeth Turner\", but this later becomes her married name when she weds the character Will Turner (played by Orlando Bloom).\n"
] | [
"Keira Knightley"
] |
7671874437144246239 | List of Ice Age characters | List of Ice Age characters - Wikipedia List of Ice Age characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of the characters in the Ice Age films , mentioned by a name either presented in the films or in any other official material . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Herd 1.1 Manny 1.2 Sid 1.3 Diego 1.4 Crash and Eddie 1.5 Ellie 1.6 Shira 1.7 Brooke 1.8 Granny 1.9 Peaches 1.10 Louis 1.11 Gavin 1.12 Gertie 1.13 Roger 1.14 Scrat 2 Ice Age 2.1 Roshan 2.2 Soto 2.2. 1 Zeke 2.2. 2 Oscar 2.2. 3 Lenny 2.3 Runar 2.4 Nadia 2.5 The Dodo Birds 2.5. 1 Dab 2.6 Carl and Frank 2.7 Jennifer and Rachel 2.8 Sylvia 3 The Meltdown 3.1 Fast Tony 3.2 Stu 3.3 The Lone Gunslinger 3.4 Cretaceous 3.5 Maelstrom 3.6 Piranhas 3.7 Mini Sloths 3.8 Ashley 4 Dawn of the Dinosaurs 4.1 Scratte 4.2 Buck 4.3 Momma 4.4 Rudy 4.5 Johnny 4.6 Johnny 's Mother 4.7 Egbert , Yoko , and Shelly 4.8 Roger 4.9 Other dinosaurs 5 Continental Drift 5.1 Captain Gutt 's Pirates 5.1. 1 Captain Gutt 5.1. 2 Flynn 5.1. 3 Raz 5.1. 4 Silas 5.1. 5 Squint 5.1. 6 Dobson 5.1. 7 Gupta 5.2 Ethan 5.3 Steffie 5.4 Katie and Meghan 5.5 Sid 's Family 5.6 Ariscratle 5.7 Sirens 5.8 Precious 5.9 Hyraxes 5.10 Pirate rats 5.11 Giant crab 6 Collision Course 6.1 Shangri Llama 6.2 Teddy 6.3 Francine 6.4 Neil deBuck Weasel 6.5 Julian 6.6 Remy 6.7 Bubbles and Misty 6.8 Geotopia Aardvark 7 A Mammoth Christmas 7.1 Prancer 7.2 Santa Claus 7.3 Mini-Sloths 8 The Great Egg - Scapade 8.1 Ethel 8.2 Condor Mom 8.3 Clint 8.4 Gladys Glypto 8.5 Cholly Bear 9 References The herd ( edit ) Manny ( edit ) Manfred Voiced by Ray Romano Eyes Brown Fur Dark Brown Information Aliases Manny Species Woolly mammoth Spouse ( s ) Unnamed female mammoth ( first wife , deceased ) Ellie ( second wife ) Children Unnamed calf ( son / daughter , deceased ) Peaches ( daughter ) Manfred `` Manny '' , is a woolly mammoth , in all five Ice Age films . His personality is shown to be aloof , grumpy , and standoffish , but is otherwise loving and courageous . In the first film , while passing through the icy cave , the herd discovers cave paintings of Manny with his wife and child , who were killed by humans ; this is a very sentimental moment for Manny , since he failed to protect them . At the end of the film , Manny and Sid return Roshan to the neanderthals with an injured Diego trailing behind them . He finds love with Ellie in Ice Age : The Meltdown . In Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs , he is anxious when Ellie is pregnant . At the end of the film , he becomes the proud father of a baby daughter named Peaches . In Ice Age : Continental Drift , he gets into an argument with his teenage daughter before being pulled away in by the drift with Diego , Sid and Granny . He and the team later encounter a group of pirates led by Captain Gutt . When the team escaped they destroy the ship and take Shira with them . This enrages the Captain who hunts them down . Later on , he is almost manipulated by sirens . A running gag for Manny , shown in four of the five films , is that if a certain character were to refer to him as fat , he would often deny it , saying that `` his fur is what makes him look big '' and that `` it 's poofy '' . Sid ( edit ) Sidney Voiced by John Leguizamo Eyes Teal Fur Light yellow Information Aliases Sid Species Ground sloth Family Milton ( father ) Eunice ( mother ) Marshall ( brother ) Fungus ( uncle ) Granny ( grandmother ) Sidney `` Sid '' is a ground sloth in all five films who is dull - witted , talkative , friendly , carefree , naive , accident - prone , patient and funny herd member with a caring nature , and is voiced with a lateral lisp. Little is known from Sid 's life other than that Sid once lived in a tree with other sloths that always wanted to leave Sid behind when the migration occurred , using several different ways to leave him behind . What is clear is that Sid 's mother always told him that `` bad news is just good news in disguise '' prior to abandoning him for good . He accidentally starts a fire in the first film and learns how to do it properly towards the end ; he also shows this skill in the second film , where he is worshiped by a tribe of `` mini-sloths '' who call him `` Fire King '' and try to sacrifice him . In the third film , he adopts a trio of baby T - Rexes , and is forcibly taken to the underground dinosaur land by their mother , requiring the others to come and save him . In the fourth film , it is revealed that his full name is Sidney , though this name was also used in a deleted scene of the first film . When he , Diego and Manny are on the ice and are forced up by a water spout , they see a rainbow in the bright blue sky as he told them that `` there is a rainbow at the end of every corner . '' A mechanical version of Sid appears in Robots during the miming scene . Sid was built along the form typical of ground sloths , short , brushy tail , clawed hands and feet , a long thin neck , ovular head with bulbous eye on both sides and a pair of buckteeth . Sid 's right front tooth was slightly bigger than the left , similar to his right eye , which was also somewhat bigger than the left , both eyes of which were pale green . Sid 's pelt was dirty and tan , and became brown when the fungus it carried dried out , Sid attributing the state of his pelt to his vegetarian diet , which he said led to a younger - looking pelt . In his films , Sid faints at certain times when he 's getting hit - e.g. he faints when he gets hit on the nose by a block of ice and apparently get his tongue stuck to the floor of an ice cave . Diego ( edit ) Diego Voiced by Denis Leary Rick Pasqualone ( Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( video game ) ) Eyes Hazel / green Fur Orange Information Species Smilodon Significant other ( s ) Shira Diego is a saber - toothed cat found in all five of the films . He is Shira 's love interest . He has a sardonic personality , although it is not intended to be nasty . He was sent by his pack to retrieve the human baby called Roshan ; When he found Roshan in Manny and Sid 's care , he pretended to lead them to the humans , but instead planned to lead them into an ambush by the pack . However , when Manny saved his life , Diego had a change of heart , confessing about the pack and sacrifices himself to help them escape . He was seemingly killed by the pack 's leader , Soto , but survived and joined Manny and Sid on their travels . In the second film , he was revealed to suffer from aquaphobia , but he eventually conquered it in order to save Sid , Crash and Eddie . In the third film , he began to fear that he was losing his predatory abilities from being in the `` herd '' too long , and considered staying in the underground dinosaur world with Buck . He changed his mind after managing to save the labored Ellie from a dinosaur attack . In Ice Age : Continental Drift , another Smilodon named Shira joins the group , and Diego feels attracted to her . During the end credits , Diego and Shira are seen nuzzling each other showing that they have now become a couple . Crash and Eddie ( edit ) Crash and Eddie Voiced by Crash : Seann William Scott Eddie : Josh Peck Species Opossums Eyes Crash : Blue Eddie : Brown Fur Dark brown striped Crash and Eddie are two twin brother opossums . Adoptive brothers of Ellie , they cared for her and taught her to hang by her tail from a tree branch when she slept , as they did . They are shown to be adventurous and fun - loving , courtesy of the fact that they 're both very stupid . They first made their presence known to the opening characters by means of shooting pebbles through reeds at Sid and Diego , then roasting them so as to humiliate them , but Diego began chasing them , leading both Sid and Diego to Ellie . After much persuasion , Ellie and her brothers joined Manny , Sid , and Diego , though Crash and Eddie spared almost no opportunity in annoying Diego . As they traveled with Manny and his friends , Ellie grew closer to Manny , putting both Crash and Eddie somewhat closer to Manny and his friends , but creating a short feud when Manny tried `` hitting on '' Ellie . They even play dead when crows are nearby . In time , however , they saw behind the petty grudges and worked together with Manny , Sid , and Diego to escape the flood , but left with Ellie when she left Manny and his friends to cross the minefield , as she claimed that it was suicide to cross it . Crash and Eddie joined Ellie in trying to escape the flood , but soon ran into trouble when they were trapped in a cave . Ellie insisted that they leave her to the point of pushing them outwards from a small crevice , but they promised to return with help , and true to their word , persuaded Manny to try and free Ellie . They eventually made their way into a rushing current of water and were almost swept away when an overzealous Sid came along to jump into the current , leaving them , in addition to holding onto a branch for dear life against the current of water , trying to hold onto an unconscious Sid . Diego eventually helped when he jumped in and saved them from drowning along with Sid . When Manny had saved Ellie from drowning , they helped Ellie back onto solid ground , but almost drowned when the flood was encroaching . Eventually however , the waters drained , leaving Crash , Eddie , and all of the others alive . When a herd of mammoths came by ( as mammoths were presumed all but extinct ) , they thought that Ellie would go with them and leave Manny , so they went with her . But as it turned out , Manny and Ellie stayed together because they wanted to , rather than being obligated to , and so they left onwards with Sid and Diego , as well as Crash and Eddie . In the third film , Crash and Eddie travel with the others to the dino jungle to save Sid from Momma , and both grow to idolize Buck , the one - eyed dinosaur - hunting weasel who helped them find Sid . In the third film , they also mentioned they never liked Sid . This is not true however , due to helping Buck save Sid from his incoming death . Overall , they are very close and almost inseparable as brothers , as shown in the sequels . They are near - on identical : Crash has blue eyes and a flatter nose with ridges , and was voiced by Seann William Scott while Eddie has brown eyes and a pointier nose with a brown stripe , and was voiced by Josh Peck . Their mom is Mother Opossum , who first saved Ellie when Crash and Eddie were very small . In Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs , Crash and Eddie , along with Buck , ride a pterosaur and save Sid from a lava flow heading downwards . In Ice Age : Continental Drift , they have more minor roles than in the previous films but do partake in the final battle with Gutt 's crew fighting Dobson by hopping on his back and having a rodeo , but accidentally let him charge into Manny and , later Shira , knocking them onto the other ship . Ellie ( edit ) Ellie Voiced by Queen Latifah Species Woolly mammoth Eyes Green Fur Light brown Information Spouse ( s ) Manny Children Peaches ( daughter ) Ellie is a female woolly mammoth , whom Manny , Diego , and Sid meet during their migration to escape the flood in the second movie , Ice Age : The Meltdown . It was revealed that when Ellie was young , she was separated from her herd during the ice age . She came across two opossums named Crash and Eddie , along with their mother . She later forgot her origins and thought that she was an opossum . Initially Manny was overjoyed that he had found another of his kind , but got somewhat dismayed when he realized that Ellie believed that she was an opossum . Nevertheless , he and his herd ( or rather , Sid ) welcomed Ellie and her brothers to travel with them . During this time , Ellie displayed the mannerisms pertaining to an opossum as well as insisting ( despite obvious proof that she was not a possum ) and this tested Manny 's patience , namely when she claimed that the act of bravery that he had done of fighting off the sea reptile Cretaceous was dumb . Soon , Manny got his time to be alone with Ellie when he and Ellie went for a walk through a wooded area , where Ellie had a flashback that told her of her past . Upon remembering this , she knew that she was a mammoth . When Manny later implied that they must mate in order to save the mammoths from extinction , she was initially angered , but in time she apologized for overreacting . Soon , however , this new `` herd '' reached a horrible obstacle between them and safety from the oncoming flood : a field of geysers , which Manny explained must be crossed , but Ellie would not listen : she and her brothers felt that they must go around . But this proved to be disastrous : as they were trying to reach their destination , some rocks caved down and nearly crushed Ellie and her brothers , but trapped them instead in a sort of cave . Manny rescued Ellie , for the water was flooding into the cave where she was trapped and had nearly drowned Ellie . She and Manny escaped and regrouped with the others , but faced another problem , for the waters were still rising . After the waters had subsided a herd of mammoths made their way into the valley . Manny thought that because the mammoths had come , that Ellie would not want to remain with him . He was persuaded otherwise by Sid and Diego and confronted Ellie confessing his feelings , saying that he wanted to be together not because they had to be , but because he himself wanted to . Ellie accepted him as her mate . The mammoths trumpet while Manny and Ellie embrace . Manny and Ellie decide to stay with their old friends , taking along Sid , Diego , and the possum brothers . In Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs , she and Manny are mates and Ellie is pregnant with their first child . When they find the Dinosaur World under their feet , they have to go in and search for Sid in Lava Falls . When very close to Lava Falls , Ellie goes into labour , and gives birth to Peaches ( which was named after the codeword that was for if Ellie went into labor on the trip ) . When they return to the surface , Ellie introduces Peaches to her new home . In Ice Age : Continental Drift , she is an understanding wife and a mother . Ellie supports Peaches , when she had an argument with Manny . When the Ice Age : Continental Drift happens she aids the herd to the Land Bridge . In the end she also fights with the Pirates . Shira ( edit ) Shira Voiced by Jennifer Lopez Species Smilodon Eyes Blue Fur Color White with black stripes Accessories 2 earrings in each ear , one blue and one green . Information Significant other ( s ) Diego Shira appears in Ice Age : Continental Drift as part of Gutt 's crew , and is Captain Gutt 's pawn . She is a dazzlingly beautiful , female saber - toothed cat and Diego 's lover resembling a snow leopard . She makes her first appearance in Scrat 's Continental Crack - up : Part 2 standing next to Captain Gutt , who is holding Scrat . Shira first appears when Gutt 's crew attacks the herds `` ship '' . Diego is smitten upon his first sight on her as she is the most beautiful creature he has ever seen . Diego , wanting himself , Manny , Sid , and Granny to get back home , tries to chomp off all the pirates ' ropes from their `` ship '' , but is too late as Shira arrives and restrains him , mocking him for his declaration of `` I do n't fight girls '' by pinning him down and saying , `` I can see why '' . After Manny and the others escape by capsizing Gutt 's iceberg , Shira is seen in the water , calling out for her crewmates ' help ; only Flynn is concerned over Shira 's whereabouts , but Gutt ignores this and demands his crew to move on forward without her . She is rescued against her will by Manny , and is angered when Diego calls her `` Kitty '' for calling them a `` bad joke '' of a herd . She journeyed with the herd to an island . Once there , she attempts to escape , but Diego catches up to her and she is imprisoned in a tree , much to her anger . That night , Shira is approached by Diego , who learns she left her pack as he once did . Diego tells her that she simply traded one pack for another , and that his herd always has each other 's backs , pointing out that Gutt had n't made any thoughts of planning a search party for her in the first place . The next morning , Shira escapes and finds Gutt making a new ship on the other side of the island . Gutt angrily berates her for not killing the herd , and punishes her by making Squint his new first mate . Gutt then orders Shira to target Diego , declaring that he would have a tiger - skin rug when it ended , he did n't care whose ( somewhat proving Diego 's point to Shira that Gutt never had his back on anyone , including hers ) . When the herd enacts their plans to take Gutt 's new ship back home , Shira once again tackles Diego , who convinces her to turn against Gutt and come with him . Because of their newfound love , she follows Diego to the ship , but on seeing that Gutt is catching up to them , secretly puts ice in his way . As the herd floats away , Shira tells Diego that she has his back , while both looking at each other longingly as the boat leaves implying they have feelings for each other . During the return home , Diego realized he had fallen in love with Shira , despite denying it to Manny and Sid . Later , when Gutt is holding Peaches hostage , Shira is seen struggling to get up , implying that Gutt had physically punished Shira for her betrayal . During the fight , she protects Ellie from Squint , mocking the rabbit 's `` cute little bunny nose '' . After the defeat of Gutt 's crew , Shira joins the herd , sharing a loving look with Diego . She also rests her head on Diego 's shoulder during the herd 's landing on switchback cove . In the end credits , Shira nuzzles against Diego 's side showing that they have now become a couple . Shira is voiced by Jennifer Lopez in Ice Age : Continental Drift . Brooke ( edit ) Brooke Voiced by Jessie J Eyes Light teal Fur Light brown Information Aliases Brookey ( Sid ) Brooklyn Species Ground sloth Significant other ( s ) Sid Brooke is a British ground sloth living in Geotopia who becomes Sid 's love interest and new girlfriend . She appears in Ice Age : Collision Course . Brooke is Voiced by Jessie J . Granny ( edit ) Granny Voiced by Wanda Sykes Species Ground sloth Eyes Blue Fur color Faded purple with scraggly grey scalp hair Granny is a ground sloth and also Sid 's grandmother . She joins the herd after her own family abandons her , calling her `` dead weight '' to save their own skins before the earthquake ( that and to avoid Sid ) . Despite , how Granny sometimes picks on and berates her grandson , Sid is very happy to have her around . Granny is loud , abrasive , tough , sarcastic , somewhat crazy , as she once thought Gutt was actually being nice to her . Over time she begins to warm up to the group , as Sid asked Granny why their own family abandoned him and Granny ; for a moment , Granny sympathetically answers `` because they think we 're screw - ups and ca n't do anything right '' . She even helps out in several attempts to get back home . At the end Granny admits that Sid is lucky to have a real family ( his herd ) that care so much about him . She quickly asks Sid to chew her food , but Sid had fixed her a new set of teeth , a pair of shark teeth that were originally Raz 's weapon but Granny uses them quite well as they are very sharp . It is shown in the film she had an allegedly imaginary pet named Precious , which showed up at the end and turned out to be real : a giant whale who defeats Gutt 's crew ( minus Squint ) by blasting them away . Precious then helped the group to Switchback Cove and Granny bid her pet a fond good - bye . Peaches ( edit ) Peaches Voiced by Ciara Bravo ( Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas ) Keke Palmer Tara Strong ( as a kid ) Species Woolly mammoth Eyes Light green Fur Auburn Information Family Manny ( father ) Ellie ( mother ) Spouse ( s ) Julian Relatives Crash and Eddie ( adoptive uncles ) Peaches is the daughter of Manny and Ellie , born in the Dinosaurs ' world whilst they were under attack by a pack of Guanlong . She appeared close to end of Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs and was named after the code - word that was thought up to say that Ellie was going into labour . Manny also claims that peaches are sweet , round and fuzzy , just like Peaches and Ellie . She looks exactly like her mother , Ellie ( which Sid thinks is very lucky ) . At the end of the film , she returned to the surface with her parents and the rest of the group . She is voiced by Ciara Bravo in Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas and Keke Palmer in Ice Age : Continental Drift . Peaches appears as a teenager in Ice Age : Continental Drift . She is self - taught to do some possum moves just like her mother . Shortly after Scrat sets off a domino effect of the continents breaking apart , she is shown sneaking up in the morning going to the falls with Louis , a molehog who is also her best friend . After Manny embarrasses her in front of Ethan , her crush , and the other mammoths by grounding her , she and her father get into a fight , and as a result , when he , Diego , and Sid get separated from them on an iceberg , she feels not only helpless to stop it but also guilty . Later during the events of the film , it is Ethan who shows an interest in her hanging out with him and his friends . As a kind of condition , he suggests for her to leave Louis behind . Convinced he 'd start to like her , she readily agrees . The following day , while walking with Ethan and the other mammoths , unbeknownst to them that Louis was looking for her , they begin to question her about her friendship with him . When she claims to have none so as to gain their approval , Louis overhears , also making himself known . Shortly after Louis leaves , Peaches begins to grow tired of the other mammoths ' teasing , as immediately afterwards a tremor causes a dangerous moving cloud of dust , and instead of expressing concern they try to convince her that it was fun escaping the blast . Upon calling them out on their stupid behaviour , Ethan and the others carelessly judge her by her family being part possum , causing her to get upset , confront Ethan , then leave . At the end of the movie , she and her herd are , in part , saved by Louis , who bravely challenges Captain Gutt , and distracts him from Peaches by slamming a chunk of ice on his foot . His bravery , as well as Peaches ' own heroics in saving her mother , impress Ethan and his friends , who ask to hang out with them instead . Louis casually agrees . In Ice Age : Collision Course , Peaches is a young adult and prepares to marry a male mammoth named Julian . Louis ( edit ) Louis Voiced by Josh Gad Species Molehog Eyes Brown Fur color White , grey brown , and brown Peaches ' best friend Louis , is a timid , well - spoken , and cute molehog , who is always dutifully by her side and eager to help , even if it is to help her get closer to pretty boy Ethan . When Peaches ' heart is ultimately broken by Ethan , Louis secretly wishes that she could see that he is the only one who adores her just as she is . Peaches is very oblivious to his crush on her . He tries to be the voice of reason when she is up to some things , because of his soft - spoken demeanor and his somewhat cowardice , Manny alongside Crash and Eddie , have dubbed him `` Wiener '' . Even after having his feelings hurt by Peaches , Louis comes to his friends side when she is held hostage by Gutt . He fends off Gutt long enough for Peaches to escape , impressed by his bravery , Manny even encourages Louis to be more open minded to adventures like Peaches . Ethan and his posse even ask to hang out with him , as they seem to move on in life as friends . The only flaw with Louis ' life in Ice Age is , along with `` The Brat Pack '' , he seems to lack parents and other family members that he would live with . Gavin ( edit ) Gavin Voiced by Nick Offerman Information Species Dromaeosaur Gavin is a tough - as - nails dromaeosaur who is part of an extended family of `` flying birds '' and the main antagonist of the film . Gertie ( edit ) Gertie Voiced by Stephanie Beatriz Information Species Dromaeosaur Gertie is a posh and foxy dromaeosaur who is part of an extended family of `` flying birds '' . Roger ( edit ) Roger Voiced by Max Greenfield Information Species Dromaeosaur Roger is a freaky and cowardly young dromaeosaur who is part of an extended family of `` flying birds . '' Scrat ( edit ) Scrat Ice Age character Voiced by Chris Wedge Species Saber - toothed squirrel Eyes Gold Fur Yellowish - brown and gray with white underbelly Scrat is a sabre - toothed squirrel who is obsessed with collecting acorns , constantly putting his life in danger to obtain and defend them . He has his own stories in the film which mostly independent of those of the main characters , though the two do intersect at times . In a special feature in the second film 's DVD , his name has been stated to be a mix of the words `` squirrel '' and `` rat '' , his species allegedly believed to have been a common ancestor of both . In the Ice Age DVD commentary , he is referred to as `` The Scrat '' by directors Chris Wedge and Carlos Saldanha . Scrat is voiced in all Ice Age movies and short films by director Chris Wedge . He directly interacts with the story 's main characters on eight occasions , mostly with Sid . In the first film , he attacks Sid when the latter tries to eat his acorn , successfully regaining it . He later meets Manny , Sid , and Diego asking him where the baby 's family is and Scrat attempts to tell them about nearby saber - toothed tigers , but Diego kicks Scrat away before he could do so . At the end of the second film , after Scrat created a hole in the valley and released all the melted ice , later attacks Sid for saving his life ( when he had already died and gone to paradise and was about to get a giant acorn ) . In the third film , Scrat is stepped on by Manny and falls onto Sid 's head while chasing his acorn . Next , he appears when Sid 's `` children '' are batting a ball around , the ball actually being Scrat . Also , when Scratte rips off his skin , he screams so loud the herd can hear him , causing Crash and Eddie to deem the place a `` Jungle of Misery '' . Lastly , while Diego is sleeping , he wakes up when he gets hit with Scrat 's acorn . In the fourth film , when Sid pries open a clam , he finds Scrat inside . Sid 's grandmother mistakes Scrat for a rat and continuously hits him with her cane until he falls into the ocean . Scrat constantly hunts for his acorn either to bury it or eat it , but fate always gets in the way . He invariably ends up in humorous or painful situations : being struck by lightning , pursued by avalanches , and repeatedly knocked unconscious while fighting for his acorn . Yet he never gives up . Scrat generally loses , except when he defeats a school of piranhas and successfully `` battles '' Sid . Scrat is the main character in four short films . In the first , Gone Nutty , he loses his collection of acorns in a catastrophic chain of events . He jams his acorn into a hole in the middle of the collection , which shatters the pile and with it the entire continent - which begins the continental drift . In the second film , No Time for Nuts , Scrat finds a time machine left by a time - traveler and visits several historical events . He becomes trapped in a frightening future when oak trees have become extinct , but somehow manages to return to the series ' time period . A third Scrat short , Scrat 's Continental Crack - up , was released in 2010 accompanying the feature Gulliver 's Travels , and later with Rio as a promotion for the fourth Ice Age movie Ice Age : Continental Drift . A fourth and most recent short film , Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe , was released in 2015 preceding The Peanuts Movie . Scrat has a cameo in Surviving Sid , that is important to the plot . Scrat is the main character in the Ice Age : The Meltdown video game . He is also playable in the other two games based on the series . Scrat makes a cameo appearance in the Family Guy episode `` Sibling Rivalry '' , in a cutaway gag in which Peter Griffin says Scrat 's nuts are his , leading Scrat to attack Peter . The origin of Scrat is disputed . Cartoon designer Ivy Supersonic claims she created the character in 1999 , after seeing a squirrel - rat hybrid in Skidmore College 's Case Green . She called her character `` Sqrat '' and says she presented the idea to 20th Century Fox movie executives . A CNN report by Jeanie Moos of Ivy 's discovery was aired in 2000 , two years before Ice Age went into development . Supersonic claims the studio 's own documents actually identified the character in Ice Age as `` Sqrat '' , though her creation was not sabre - toothed . Ivy Supersonic was offered a $300,000 settlement by Fox Studios . She turned it down and subsequently lost in court . The case is currently in appeal ( Case # 04401 Court of Appeals , Second Circuit , NYC ) . She still has hopes of receiving damages for her claimed infringement . Supersonic did win a partial summary judgement from the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board in a reverse suit , Fox Film Corporation v. Ivy Silberstein ( her real name ) , in which Fox had tried to prevent her from registering the trade mark `` SQRAT '' . ( 1 ) According to Wedge , artist Peter de Seve came up with the design for Scrat after a visit to the Museum of Natural History . Wedge called it `` sort of a squirrel based on some lemur . '' While initially created as a fictional species for comedic purposes , in 2011 a mammal quite similar to Scrat was described . The newly described taxon , Cronopio dentiacutus was not a squirrel , and did not live in the Cenozoic ; it belonged to the dryolestoids , a group of mammals thought to be closely related to therians , and it lived approximately 100 million years ago in Patagonia . The precedence of the animated character to the discovery of the real animal is an example of what is known as the `` Dim Effect '' . As of the 2013 film Epic , Scrat has gone on to become the mascot of Blue Sky Studios and is featured in their production logo . Ice Age ( edit ) Roshan ( edit ) Roshan Voiced by Tara Strong Species Neanderthal Eyes Brown Hair Dark brown Information Family Runar ( father ) Nadia ( mother , deceased ) Roshan , or `` Pinky '' , was the baby that Manny , Sid , and Diego returned to his father . Roshan is the young son of a human tribe chief . While sleeping one morning , his tribe is attacked by a pack of smilodons . The leader of the pack , Soto , wants to kill Roshan as revenge for Roshan 's father Runar killing half the pack and using their skin as clothes and their flesh as food . His mother , Nadia , is able to fend off Diego , whose mission is to retrieve him . However , she is cornered over a waterfall and , in a desperate attempt to save her son , leaps over the waterfall , holding Roshan tightly in her arms . They are both found by Manny and Sid at the riverside . Using what little strength she has left , she gives Roshan to Manny and Sid in hopes that he will be safe with them . Roshan 's primary care - provider is Sid , the only member of the group who initially has concern for him , Manny being too disillusioned to care and Diego secretly planning to kill him . Manny , scarred by his previous experience with humans , is reluctant to have anything to do with the baby , but eventually bonds with him . At the end of the movie , Roshan is reunited with his tribe . Runar is particularly happy to learn that the baby has learned to walk during his time with Manny , Sid , and Diego . Soto ( edit ) Soto Voiced by Goran Višnjić Species Smilodon Eyes Green Fur Dark orange Soto is the violent and sadistic leader of a pack of saber - toothed cats . He wants to eat Roshan in vengeance for the murders of several of his pack - mates . As part of his plan to kidnap Roshan , Soto plans an attack on the human camp so that while he and three other pack members would attack the humans , Diego would sneak in , unnoticed , and abduct Roshan . Diego fails at this task , leaving Soto furious , telling Diego to bring Roshan to Half - Peak where he would meet with the others and threatens have him served as a replacement if he fails . Soto dispatched his fellow pack members Zeke and Oscar to warn Diego to hurry and bring Roshan or not return at all , though was reciprocated with the news that alongside Roshan , Soto would receive a mammoth . Soto eventually made it with his pack to Half Peak and informed Diego that while he had his doubts , he was pleased that Diego had made it . Soon it would happen that unbeknownst to Soto , Diego was in league with both Manny and Sid , and so Sid would lure Soto and his pack - mates away from both Manny and Roshan with a decoy made of snow . Soto fought viciously in the altercation in which he made an attempt to kill Manny , but was stopped by the now - reformed Diego , whom he severely maimed . Out of anger , Manny throws Soto into a wall of ice , knocking loose a row of icicles , the sharp ice formations falling , and end up killing Soto offscreen . Zeke ( edit ) Zeke Voiced by Jack Black Species Smilodon Eyes Hazel Fur Grayish - brown Zeke is a member of a pack of saber - toothed cats shown in the first film . He is led by Soto , who is out to seek Roshan and kill him . Zeke is dark - gray and looked rough , as well as acting the part of a suck up . It is revealed in a deleted scene that he , like the other members of his pack , wanted very much to follow the `` walking buffet '' south , but Soto would not hear of it . Zeke accompanied Oscar to tell Diego to hurry up and bring back Roshan or not to come back . He soon made it along with the rest of his pack to Half Peak , where he tried to kill Sid and Roshan , but was outwitted by Sid who stomped him into a tiny crevice with his hindquarters sticking out . It is unknown what happened to him afterwards . Oscar ( edit ) Oscar Voiced by Diedrich Bader Species Smilodon Eyes Hazel Fur Light Brown Oscar is a member of a pack of saber - toothed cats in the first film . Oscar is shown to doubting Diego 's abilities because he messed up once in bringing Roshan to Soto . In a deleted scene he is seen telling his packmates of his disapproval of Soto 's plans to stay and hunt the humans instead of following the migrating herds traveling south . Oscar went along with Zeke to find Diego and warn him to hurry and bring Roshan . Oscar made it with the rest of the pack to Half Peak where he attempted to kill Manny but was defeated along with the others . He is last seen running away after he and Lenny see Soto killed by Manny , leaving him and Lenny 's fates unknown . Lenny ( edit ) Lenny Voiced by Alan Tudyk Species Homotherium Eyes Hazel Fur Light Brown Lenny is a member of a pack of saber - toothed cats in the first film . Lenny , along with the rest of the pack , attacked the human encampment but were fended off by the humans ' dogs who fought alongside the humans against the pack sending them off . One of the pack members Diego was expected to steal the baby Roshan from the humans but missed his chance when Roshan 's mother Nadia escaped with her child through a waterfall . Bitter at Diego 's failure the pack leader Soto orders Diego to retrieve Roshan and bring him to Half Peak where the others will be waiting . Soto was later informed by other pack members Zeke and Oscar that Diego will bring Roshan back along with a wooly Mammoth called Manny who has been caring for Roshan along with Sid the sloth . Lenny met up with Diego along with the other members of the pack at Half Peak where Zeke reminisced the joys of mammoth flesh much to Lenny 's displeasure ( saying his only lines in the film , `` Hey , knock it off . I 'm starving ! '' and `` I told you to knock it off ! '' ) . He then demanded Zeke to stop talking about food and then tries to strike him but is stopped by Soto who tells him to save energy as mammoths do n't go down easily . Soto plans an ambush on Manny so he would be caught by surprise and so he ordered the pack not to attack until they saw Manny but Diego secretly turned on his pack after he had been shown real friendship and appreciation from Manny and Sid so he tempted Zeke to leap into action and attack . The surprise given away , the pack pursue Sid as he slides down a snowy slope on a piece of bark soon after Lenny and Oscar who had been chasing Sid where hit by a large log Manny threw at them . Once they recovered they saw that Soto had been killed when he tried to attack Manny and that Diego had thwarted Soto 's attacks . Manny throws Soto into a wall of ice and a number of icicles fall down and kill him . Seeing the death of their leader , Lenny and Oscar run off . It is unknown what happened to them afterwards . Unlike the rest of his pack , who are all saber - toothed cats , Lenny is a scimitar - toothed cat as stated in the book Ice Age : The Essential Guide . Runar ( edit ) Runar Voiced by N / A Species Neanderthal Eyes Brown Hair Dark brown Information Spouse ( s ) Nadia ( deceased ) Children Roshan ( son ) Runar was the chieftain of a human tribe shown in the first film . Runar was a leader for a tribe of Neanderthals ( referred in the film as humans ) . He was the father of Roshan and husband of Nadia , and cared greatly for his family , all the while leading them and the rest of the tribe as a nomadic group to travel from place to place . In one encampment that his tribe set up , half a pack of saber - toothed tigers was killed and the furs taken as coats and clothing . In vengeance , the leader saber - tooth named Soto decided to plan an attack on Runar 's tribe so as to take his son Roshan and kill him in vengeance for those saber - teeth slain in battle by Runar 's tribe . The attack almost worked , but Runar 's tribe had dire wolves that detected Soto 's pack coming and alerted the human tribe to battle the saber - teeth , with Soto fighting directly with Runar . In the melee , the baby Roshan was taken by his mother from a saber - toothed tiger named Diego , and the hunters successfully warded off the saber - teeth . Runar tried to help his wife and son but is stopped by Soto and Oscar . After the fight , he finds out that his son and wife had disappeared . Runar had no choice left but to begin the travel to another camp far off , tracking the dangerous saber - teeth on the way and finding clues as to his son 's whereabouts . In time , Runar made it near the settlement and was finally re-united with his son , but not before meeting face - to - face with Manny and Sid , the two animals who returned the child . Runar was on his guard about Manny at first , as he appeared violent while his tribe quickly rush in to attack Manny and Sid . Upon seeing Roshen , he quickly came to see that they meant no harm , simply to return his child and stopped his tribe from attacking them . Runar thanked Manny by giving him the charm bracelet that had once been Roshan 's , and after letting his son say goodbye to Manny and Sid , Runar left the scene with his tribe and his son in tow . Nadia ( edit ) Nadia Species Neanderthal Eyes Brown Hair Dark brown Information Spouse ( s ) Runar Children Roshan ( son ) Nadia was the wife of the chief of a neanderthal tribe shown in the first film . Nadia had a husband , Runar , and a baby son , Roshan . She and her family lived a peaceful life together with their tribe until the day when a pack of saber - toothed tigers invaded their camp to abduct the youngest member , Roshan in revenge for the tribe killing half of their pack . Nadia fended off an attack on Roshan long enough to run away quickly from Diego who was pursuing her . Nadia ran with Roshan in her arms until she reached a high waterfall and was cornered . She jumped , holding on tightly to her son all the while ; she then ended up on the riverbank below , meeting Manny and Sid , two animals that were passing by . With the last of her strength , Nadia nudged Roshan to these animals in the hopes that they could be entrusted with her son . Seconds after this act , she slipped slowly from the riverbank , disappearing . Her fate remains unknown , although it is heavily implied that she may have drowned . The dodo birds ( edit ) These birds are portrayed as greedy for watermelons claiming it to be their private stockpile for the ice age . All these dodos hate to be extinct . Trying to get a watermelon from Sid , Diego and Manny who try to ask for it for the baby 's hunger , some of these dodos accidentally fall to where they tossed the melon . Four of these fall into the pit to burn to death as one warns a few , where another melon is also incinerated . The rest are defeated by Sid who protects the last melon from them by getting through them . Dab ( edit ) Dab Voiced by Alan Tudyk Species Dodo Eyes Black Feathers Powder blue Dab was the head dodo shown in the first film . The dodos were collecting a stockpile for the winter , and one of them stole the melon that Manny had spotted for Roshan . When Manny , Sid and Diego went to the dodos to get the melon back , they found the dodos on parade . The dodos ' stockpile so far consisted only of three melons , including the stolen melon . After Manny pointed this out , the dodos fought to stop Manny , Diego and Sid getting at the melons . In the fight , the first melon fell over a cliff and several dodos , including the flock 's `` last female '' , jumped over as well in a suicidal attempt to retrieve it . The second melon bounced into a boiling tar pit , along with three more unfortunate dodos who were trying to stop it falling in . Sid managed to get the last melon , and the remaining dodos also fell off the cliff , a parody as to why they are extinct today . In Ice Age : The Meltdown , another dodo gets fried while attempting to cross the geyser fields . Carl and Frank ( edit ) Carl and Frank Voiced by Carl : Cedric the Entertainer Frank : Stephen Root Species Brontops Eyes Black Skin Gray Carl and Frank are two male Brontops . Carl had thick lips and a thick horn , while Frank had more pointed lips and a thinner horn . They referred to Sid as an overgrown weasel . The two appeared at the beginning of the film when Sid the sloth was shown stepping on their salad and eating an important part of it , the dandelion . The two animals soon chased after him in the hopes of killing him , but were stopped forcefully by Manny the mammoth , by being hurled through the air . They 'd held a powerful grudge against Sid for what he 'd done and when they next saw him , he was in the same hot mud pool that they were in and was erroneously referring to them as ladies . Again , Carl and Frank stampeded after the hapless sloth , but were waylaid when they saw that he had already been `` killed '' by a saber - toothed cat named Diego ( which was part of Sid 's plan to get them to be fooled into leaving him alone and not trying to kill him off ) and gave up their chase post-haste stating that `` carnivores have all the fun . '' Jennifer and Rachel ( edit ) Jennifer and Rachel Voiced by Jennifer : Lorri Bagley Rachel : Jane Krakowski Species Ground sloth Eyes Jennifer : Blue Rachel : Green Fur Jennifer : Violet with black hair Rachel : Pink with blond hair Jennifer and Rachel are two ground sloths from the first film . The two were shown being sweet - talked by Sid to impress them while he had the baby Roshan in tow . Jennifer admitted that she found some of Sid 's qualities to be most attractive , and when Sid left , the two spoke to each other on how , despite his lack of good looks , he was a family - type . These two female sloths ( in a deleted scene from the film ) were shown scorning Sid when he was shown to simply be using the baby to mate with them , though Rachel was much more straightforward as she kicked him directly in the groin while calling him `` pig '' . Jennifer was a thickset dark - blue sloth with short curly hair and a medium - sized nose . Rachel was considerably thinner and had light tan fur and a blonde ponytail directly at the top of her head and a smaller nose . Sylvia ( edit ) Sylvia Voiced by Kristen Johnston Species Ground sloth Eyes Green Fur Red with red hair Sylvia is a female ground sloth who was cut from the first film , but can be found in the deleted scenes of the 2 - Disc DVD release as well as the film - to - book adaptation . Sylvia wanted Sid to travel with her , for she was seeking commitment . Sid , not wanting any of this , put her in the path of some running glyptodonts to send her off . Sylvia eventually found him again , and was still adamant to go migrating with him . Sid tricked her into thinking that he was getting turnips for their migration , and then ran off to escape , but she followed him into the jaws of Diego , the saber - toothed cat . She did not believe that Sid was truly dead , and sullenly told Diego to `` eat him '' . It is presumed that after that , she left Sid alone . Sylvia had red - colored fur , green eyes and a small nose . According to the DVD commentaries , Sylvia was cut because the scriptwriters felt that Sid 's behavior towards her made him too unlikable , and that her scenes detracted from the film 's main plot . Additionally , the first movie had a different ending planned out . Sid and Manny headed south without Diego ( due to his death , which was changed ) and met up with the other animals . Sid had matured after witnessing Diego 's death , and upon seeing Sylvia for the third time , was nicer to her , even asking her to be his mate . Sylvia was cut from the movie fairly late . Most of her scenes were completely animated and rendered , and she was seen in the first few trailers of the movie as well as the initial posters . The Meltdown ( edit ) Fast Tony ( edit ) Fast Tony Voiced by Jay Leno Species Holmesina Eyes Brown Shell Blue - gray Skin Peach A Holmesina living in the days of the Ice Age , Fast Tony was a seller trying to give off items such as reeds and bark to other denizens of the Ice Age so as to escape the world 's end , which by chance , he predicted and it came true . Fast Tony would give off products in exchange for whatever the other animals would bring by with the help of his `` assistant '' , an insipid glyptodon named Stu . He was notoriously amoral with others , even being criticized by Manny for willing to sell off `` his own mother for a grape '' . Fast Tony immediately asked if that was an offer , then pretended he had not thought of it for the benefit of the watching animals . Stu was more Fast Tony 's guinea pig to prove their wares ' worth , rather than his actual partner and proved more useful dead than alive , as Fast Tony had taken Stu 's shell ( as Stu had just been killed by Maelstrom and Cretaceous ) and shamelessly tried to pawn it off to other animals as a personal `` mobile home '' . Fast Tony was last seen at the end of Ice Age : The Meltdown using Stu 's shell as a raft . Stu ( edit ) Stu Voiced by Tom Fahn Species Glyptodon Stu was a Glyptodon who was Fast Tony 's partner . He seemed to be disliked by Tony due to his stupid personality . He assisted Fast Tony to warn the valley that the dam of ice would burst and helped to demonstrate Fast Tony 's snorkel . After the revelation of the flood was proved to be true , Stu took the test snorkel and used it to swim underwater . Shortly after scaring James , a young anteater , Stu was grabbed and pulled underwater by an unknown attacker . As the other animals begin to leave , Fast Tony returns to the pool to get Stu to come along , but Stu 's shell is suddenly spat out of the water by the unknown assailant . Fast Tony , after looking at the shell , sees that it makes a great mobile home and runs off after the other animals to try and unload it on someone . Meanwhile , the unknown attackers turn out to be the marine reptiles Cretaceous and Maelstrom . In the ending after the flood , Fast Tony is discovered to have been using the shell as a boat , but he leaves the shell behind as he no longer needs it . The Lone Gunslinger ( edit ) The Lone Gunslinger Voiced by Will Arnett Species Teratornis Eyes Yellow with hazel pupils Feathers Black Skin Pink The Lone Gunslinger is a Teratornis . The Gunslinger acts as the voice that warns the other animals of the dangers coming soon due to the valley where they reside flooding up with water . The Lone Gunslinger only warns them of the danger and little else , rather hoping that one or two of the animals leaving will die , furnishing food for him and the other vultures which he is presumably family and friends with . As he watches all of the creatures in the valley leave to safety , he makes cryptic statements with his friends about it , and this escalades to the point of singing a musical number on how much they plotted to eat the other animals . The Lone Gunslinger was last shown flying over the `` boat '' full of escaping animals and making provocative remarks . In the storybook version , he and his fellow vultures were shown to have ended up feasting on Cretaceous and Maelstrom . Cretaceous ( edit ) Cretaceous Voiced by N / A Species Cymbospondylus Eyes Yellow with red pupils Scales Iris ( purple - blue ) Cretaceous is a Cymbospondylus . Cretaceous is shown in the beginning frozen in a great block of ice that was jarred loose when the wall of ice began crumbling . The ice melted , releasing both him and Maelstrom into the lake which was all but abandoned by most animals . When they made it to the ice lake , the first animal that they had encountered and eaten was Stu the glyptodont , leaving behind only his shell . The two sea reptiles then swam further down the series of rivers where they eventually reached Manny 's herd as well as Crash , Eddie , and Ellie . Cretaceous made a great lunge at Manny , but was caught on his tusks , only to be flung far off , hitting a piece of ice and falling back into the water . Later , when the dam broke , the two reptiles went swimming on the wall of water that was slowly approaching towards the escaping masses and pulled down Manny when he was swimming to save Ellie . Manny devised a plan to rid himself of the two sea reptiles , by having them try to chase him , he tricked them into hitting a log that was wedged under a large rock . The plan worked , freeing Ellie , and the boulder falls on Cretaceous and Maelstrom , killing them . In the storybook version , The Lone Gunslinger and his fellow vultures were shown to have ended up feasting on Cretaceous and Maelstrom . He , along with Maelstrom , are the main antagonists of the second Ice Age film . Maelstrom ( edit ) Maelstrom Voiced by N / A Species Pliosaur Eyes Yellow with red pupils Scales Teal Maelstrom is a pliosaur . Maelstrom is shown in the beginning frozen in a great block of ice that was jarred loose when the wall of ice began crumbling . The ice melted , releasing both Cretaceous and him into the lake which was all but abandoned by most animals . When they made it to the ice lake , the first animal that they had encountered and eaten was Stu the glyptodont , leaving behind only his shell . The two sea reptiles then swam further down the series of rivers where they eventually reached Manny 's herd as well as Crash , Eddie , and Ellie . Maelstrom intended to eat Sid but could not catch him , as Sid was already escaping with Diego , and had only just escaped Maelstrom as he broke off a massive chunk of ice where the sloth and saber - tooth had stood only moments before . Later , when the dam broke , the two reptiles went swimming on the wall of water that was slowly approaching towards the escaping masses and pulled down Manny when he was swimming to save Ellie . Manny devised a plan to rid himself of the two sea reptiles , by having them try to chase him , he tricked them into hitting a log that was wedged under a large rock . The plan worked , freeing Ellie and killing Cretaceous and Maelstrom . In the storybook version , The Lone Gunslinger and his fellow vultures were shown to have ended up feasting on Cretaceous and Maelstrom . He , along with Cretaceous , are the main antagonists of the second Ice Age film . Piranhas ( edit ) Piranhas Voiced by N / A Species Piranhas Skin blue The number of pirhana resided in the ice lakes of the waterpark , where they were pursed by flocks of Baptornis and scattered by other animals . The pirhana , however , found potential prey in the form of Scrat that had fall in the lake . The pirhanas bared their teeth and chased Scrat out of the water onto an ice floe , one leaping out of the water and biting him on the paw ; this paw was holding his prized acorn . Angry that something had attempted to take his acorn . Scrat seized another pirhana and used it to hit at others , fighting and kicking the fish away , stunning them all . As one attempted to edge back to the water , Scrat stomped on its side , forcing it to release an acorn that is held . In Ice Age 3 , a school of pirhana met a baby tyrannosaurus , ( one of Momma 's babies that had been kidnapped by Sid ) and bared their teeth at it . The young tyrannosaur bared his own teeth and frightened the fish off . Mini sloths ( edit ) Mini Sloths Species Neocnus Fur Multi-colored A tribe of Mini Sloths are smaller sloths who worship Sid and call him `` Fire King '' . Immediately afterwards , they try to throw him into lava , believing that they can avert the flood by sacrificing him . However , he escapes . Ashley ( edit ) Ashley Voiced by Caitlin Rose Anderson Species Beaver Fur Reddish with slight brown stripes Ashley is a minor beaver character in the second film . In her appearance , she treats Sid like a piñata and appears to be a ringleader among the kids . Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( edit ) Scratte ( edit ) Scratte Voiced by Karen Disher Species Saber - toothed squirrel Eyes Green Fur Red Scratte ( pronounced `` Scrat - tay '' ) is a seductive female saber - toothed flying squirrel that makes her debut in Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs . She is seen in the second trailer with Scrat battling with her for the acorn by propelling themselves down a gorge to reach the fallen acorn , and succeeding . Scratte is also seen as a love interest for Scrat . Scratte 's personality traits have been shown to be flirtatious , feisty , and intelligent . She is equally determined in catching the acorn and uses her feminine wiles to her advantage . She does n't , however , seem to be nearly as obsessed with acorns as her male counterpart , as she was shown trying to destroy the acorn at the end of the film out of jealousy . Scratte will often injure and manipulate Scrat in the process of retrieving it . ( However , her attraction to him is implied ) . In the fourth movie , Scratte appeared again in a cameo role as a siren only to then be dismissed by a disinterested Scrat . Furthermore , in the fourth film , tons of her species live on Scratlantis . Buck ( edit ) Buck Voiced by Simon Pegg Species Weasel Eye Blue Fur Brownish - red with spots Buck ( short for Buckminster ) is a weasel that makes an appearance in Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs . He is missing his right eye and wears a leaf as an impromptu eyepatch , as well as having a scar on one of his ears and seems slightly insane ( he claims that he woke up one day , married to an ugly pineapple , but he still loved `` her '' , and Manny calls him a `` deranged hermit '' ) . According to the official website , Buck is one - eyed and relentless in his hunting for dinosaurs . Buck 's archenemy is a large albino Baryonyx he calls Rudy , who gouged out Buck 's eye and whose tooth he later sharpened into a knife that he carries with him . Buck claims to have sadly been killed by Rudy , but he lived . In fact , Buck is the only inhabitant of the dinosaurs ' world who does not fear Rudy in the slightest , though he possesses a deep respect for him . Due to living underground for so long , he has an extensive knowledge of the dangers of the dinosaur world . Buck first meets Manny , Crash , Eddie , Diego , and Ellie ( who he at one point refers to as `` preggers '' ) after they descend into the jungle in pursuit of Sid and Momma , and saves them from a dinosaur attack . He has been living in the jungle for quite some time , persistently hunting Rudy to avenge the loss of his eye , and agrees to lead them to Lava Falls , where Momma has taken Sid , and rescues him after taking control of a Harpactognathus . After Rudy 's potential death , Buck , having lost his purpose in life , decides to join the herd and live on the surface . Upon hearing a distant familiar roar that tells him that Rudy survived the fall , he chooses to stay and causes a cave - in that seals off the path between the surface and the underground jungle , trapping him inside and everyone else on the surface . He and Rudy proceed to continue their battle . Buck and Rudy make brief cameos in Scrat 's Continental Crack - up and Ice Age : Continental Drift when Scrat falls through the Earth and passes them . He returns to help the herd with an ancient stone pillar and rejoins them to stop the asteroid in Ice Age : Collision Course . Momma ( edit ) Momma Voiced by Randy Thom Species Tyrannosaurus Eyes Gold Scales Red - violet with an orange face and yellow belly Momma was a female Tyrannosaurus . She took Sid from his herd when he took her eggs from her . She brings Sid to Lava Falls and the two compete to see who can care for her babies better . Sid loses , but is allowed to stay . However , they are separated later and Sid is attacked by Rudy . She is also called Momzilla by Sid . Momma later returns when Manny , Ellie , Diego , Sid , Crash , Eddie , and Buck are under attack by Rudy and knocks Rudy off a cliff to his apparent death proceeding to bid Sid farewell . Rudy ( edit ) Rudy Voiced by Randy Thom Species Baryonyx Eyes Red with yellow pupils Scales White Rudy was a gigantic albino Baryonyx who is feared by all the creatures in the valley except Buck and Momma . When Buck first arrived in the jungle , he was attacked by Rudy , who scratched him in the right eye , thus poking it out , and very nearly devoured him , but Buck escaped , knocking out one of Rudy 's teeth in the process . Rudy appears to have held a grudge ever since , especially since the impact left behind a crack in his mouth which prevented any new teeth from growing . ( Note : Rudy is constantly mistaken for a Spinosaurus , and although he has features of both species , the filmmakers have directly stated he is a Baryonyx. ) Rudy first appears when he attacks Sid and chases him onto a rock floating over Lava Falls , and later attacks Sid and company full force as they are about to exit the jungle . The group quickly proves to be no match for the Baryonyx , but are saved by Momma , who knocks him off of a cliff . Rudy survives , however , and he and Buck continue their eternal war . Rudy is last seen roaring in frustration as Buck is riding on top of the massive dinosaur laughing , as Rudy runs through the jungle . Buck and Rudy made a brief cameo in the following film Ice Age : Continental Drift . Johnny ( edit ) Johnny Voiced by Christian Pikes Species Aardvark Eyes Brown Fur Reddish - brown Johnny is a young aardvark who is swallowed whole and alive by Egbert . Johnny 's mother demands that Sid , currently posing as the young dinosaurs ' father orders the dinosaur to return her son or else they will leave the playground . Johnny was not found just then ; instead a young Gastornis , named Madison , is brought up . But then Manny and Ellie come by . Egbert got scared , and immediately regurgitated Johnny . His mother promptly drags him off . He is referred to by Sid and his mother as `` Little Johnny '' . Johnny 's mother ( edit ) Unknown Voiced by Maile Flanagan Species Aardvark Eyes Brown Fur Reddish - brown The unnamed mother of Johnny . She looked on in horror when Egbert tried to eat little Johnny . She later demanded that Sid tell Egbert to spit her son out . Egbert seemed to comply , but instead spat out a young Diatryma named Madison to her annoyance . When Manny arrived on the scene , Egbert regurgitated Little Johnny in shock and his mother comforted him . Egbert , Yoko , and Shelly ( edit ) Egbert , Yoko and Shelly Voiced by Carlos Saldanha Species Tyrannosaurus Eyes Blue and orange Scales Orange , red - orange , yellow - orange and pink These baby dinosaurs are three baby Tyrannosaurus from Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs , consisting of two males ( Egbert and Yoko ) , and one female ( Shelly ) . Sid took them away from their mother , but she came searching for them and took Sid away with them , then she later became friends with Sid at the end of the movie . They are very friendly dinosaurs , but due to being carnivores , they go too far in playing with other animals which eventually winds up with one of them eating a couple of the kids . Despite knowing that Sid is n't their real father , they still loved and care for him to a point of protecting him from their angry mother . They are later returned to their mother at the end of Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs . Roger ( edit ) Roger Voiced by N / A Species Harpactognathus Eyes Red with yellow sclerae Skin Green and pinkish Roger is a Harpactognathus who was used by Buck , along with Crash and Eddie , to go to the Lava Falls to rescue Sid from Rudy . During the attempt , they were attacked by a flock of Cearadactylus , but they managed to evade them and rescue Sid in time . After returning to the Plates of Woe , the pterosaur flew away after Buck asked if it had `` ever thought of settling down and starting a family '' . Roger 's gender is unspecified in the film , but it is referred to as a female in the video game adaption . Other Dinosaurs ( edit ) Other dinosaurs include Ankylosaurus , Brachiosaurus , Kentrosaurus , Iguanodon , Troodon , Pachycephalosaurus , Triceratops , Archaeopteryx , Dilophosaurus ( in the video game only ) , Guanlong and the pterosaurs Harpactognathus and Cearadactylus ( the filmmakers refer to them as `` pterodactyl '' and `` pterosaur '' respectively ) . Continental Drift ( edit ) Captain Gutt 's pirates ( edit ) A group of pirates that sailed the seas . Among its members are : Captain Gutt ( edit ) Captain Gutt Voiced by Peter Dinklage Species Gigantopithecus Eyes Gold Fur colour Brown and Gray This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gutt is a Gigantopithecus who is a self - styled master and pirate captain of the high seas . His name is based on the long sharpened fingernails that he uses to `` gut '' his enemies . He captures Manny , Sid , Diego , Scrat , and Granny and attempts to make them part of his crew . His friendly demeanor quickly vanishes when Manny refuses ; he throws the mammoth and his friends overboard , and furiously vows revenge when they destroy his ship and bounty during their escape . Gutt enslaves a population of hyraxes to build a new ship for him , and also strips Shira of her rank as first mate when she reveals she did not attack Manny , giving her position to Squint . Gutt leads his crew to battle against the unenslaved hyraxes , only for the hyraxes to be revealed as a distraction while Manny steals his new ship . Enraged , Gutt quickly forges a new ship out of a wall of ice , propelled by his legion of narwhals . Gutt arrives at Manny 's home , and takes Ellie , Peaches , and the other animals hostage . Manny turns himself in to free his wife and daughter , but Gutt goes back on his word , stating that Manny took everything he had from him and the evil captain intended to do the same . However , the timely arrival of Louis , Peaches ' friend , sparks a fierce battle between the pirates and Manny 's herd . Gutt tries to fight Manny along with Raz , but Diego fights Gutt himself . Gutt chases Diego up a tree on the herd 's ship , and knocks the sabertooth down with the rest of herd . Gutt corners the herd , but he and his pirates are defeated by Granny 's pet whale Precious . Gutt is swift enough to dodge Precious ' blasts while Squint , Raz , Flynn , Dobson , Silas , and Gupta are knocked onto the side of their ship and into the sea ; Gutt escapes and leaves his crew behind . He is about to kill Ellie when Peaches knocks him onto the back of the ice . He then leaps at Manny and refuses to let him return to his family . A new landmass emerges and launches the iceberg that the two are standing on into the air . Gutt battles Manny with his two swords , stating that `` the sea is n't big enough '' for the two of them . Manny charges into Gutt , knocking him down , but Gutt is able to push the mammoth off of him . Manny charges again , but Gutt swings on a number of vines to catch up to the floe ; Manny follows . Gutt pushes Manny onto the front of the floe and grabs a log to finish him off , but Manny jumps onto the back of the floe , which launches Gutt off the floe . Manny catches the log and hits Gutt , sending the evil ape flying out of fight . He lands in a cave river and grabs a piece of ice to float on the water ; he notices fins sticking out of the water , and is shortly after eaten offscreen by a siren posing as a female Gigantopithecus . Jeremy Renner was originally set to voice the character , but was replaced by Peter Dinklage due scheduling conflicts involving The Bourne Legacy . Captain Gutt was initially written as a bear , but designer Peter DeSève had a hard time designing an ursine villain , and thus instead designed him as a more versatile primate . Flynn ( edit ) Flynn Voiced by Nick Frost Species Elephant seal Eyes Gold Fur color Gray Flynn is an elephant seal who makes his first appearance in the second part of Scrat 's Continental Crack - up . Flynn is a large English elephant seal ( appearing to be just as big or even bigger than Manny in the film ) whose lack of intelligence is the source of comic relief throughout the film . Flynn likes to eat fruit , and calls the song titled `` Master of the Seas '' a sea shanty . When the pirates first encounter Manny 's herd , Flynn inadvertently gives them directions to return to the continent , much to Gutt 's exasperation . The seal then joined the attack on the herd , squashing Sid underneath his bulk . When Manny 's herd destroys the ship , leaving the pirates to drift at sea , Flynn initially panics at the prospect of drowning , but is reminded by an annoyed Gutt that he is able to swim . Flynn worries about Shira when Gutt leaves her for dead , but he later propels the pirates to land aboard a small raft made of ice . In the final battle , Flynn and Gupta corner Sid and Granny , only for the latter to summon Precious , sending the pirates running in fear . Flynn rejoins the battle against Manny , but is defeated when Precious blasts him with water . Raz ( edit ) Raz Voiced by Rebel Wilson Species Procoptodon Eyes Gold Fur colour Grayish white with Violet stripes Raz is a Procoptodon . She is the crew 's resident weapons and artillery expert , hiding an arsenal of deadly bone swords in her pouch and using her powerful legs to launch projectiles at enemies by kicking them . In the final melee against Manny 's herd , she battles Manny herself , until she is blasted away by Precious . Silas ( edit ) Silas Voiced by Alain Chabat Species Petrel Eyes Blue Feather colour Grey , with blue feet Silas is a petrel from the south of France with the feet of a blue - footed booby who usually scouts out for trouble ahead of the pirates . Silas informs Captain Gutt of Manny and his herd 's presence , claiming that their raft was a huge bounty ripe for the taking . Silas later attacks Manny personally while the mammoth is escaping the hyrax island , but Manny bats him away with his trunk . In the final battle , Silas launches Gupta at Manny 's face to distract him . Squint ( edit ) Squint Voiced by Aziz Ansari ( Continental Drift ) Seth Green ( The Great Egg - Scapade ) Species Palaeolagus Eyes Brown Fur colour Grayish White Squint is a Palaeolagus . He makes his first appearance in the second part of Scrat 's Continental Crack - up . He is overconfident , somewhat psychotic , and dislikes being called adorable ; he is berated many times by Gutt and Shira for trying to assume authority over the crew . Squint holds a rivalry with Shira , which reaches its climax when Squint becomes Gutt 's new first mate after Gutt insults Shira for failing to kill Manny and his herd . In the final battle , Squint attempts to attack Shira as she is trying to free Ellie , but Shira mocks Squint 's ' adorable nose ' , which agitates him and allows Ellie to stomp on him . Squint later resurfaces in Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade , in which his brother becomes the Easter Bunny . Dobson ( edit ) Dobson Species Metridiochoerus Eyes Gold Fur colour Red / Violet & Brownish Gray Dobson is a Metridiochoerus , who speaks in growls , oinks , and other pig noises ( although he appeared to be singing along with the crew in the `` Master of the Seas '' musical sequence ) . He teams up with Raz in firing the cannons , loading them with chunks of ice for Raz to fire with her powerful kangaroo legs , and leaps down onto the heroes 's ship with her to corner Manny . Dobson later takes part in the final battle , fighting Crash and Eddie `` rodeo - style '' , and is able to charge into Manny and knock him into the other ship along with Shira . However , Dobson was blasted away by Precious along with the rest of the pirate crew . Gupta ( edit ) Gupta Voiced by Kunal Nayyar Species Badger Eyes Brown Fur colour Black and White A Bengali badger , the fur pattern on Gupta 's back resembles a skull and crossbones , allowing the crew to use him as their pirate flag . He is shown to be somewhat cowardly , wishing to fly the white colors of his underbelly when the pirate ship was being destroyed . In the climax of the film , Gupta and Flynn corner Sid and Granny , but are scared off by Granny 's pet whale Precious . Gupta later is dropped onto Manny 's face by Silas , distracting the mammoth long enough for Dobson to attack him and to corner the herd . However , Gupta and the rest of the crew are blasted away by Precious . Ethan ( edit ) Ethan Voiced by Drake Species Woolly mammoth Eyes Blue Fur colour Brown Ethan is a teenage woolly mammoth who takes a liking to Peaches , Manny and Ellie 's teenage daughter , and becomes her love interest later . He is a thrill - loving teenager who is openminded to Peaches being part of his group , and may have returned her affections . But he is shown to be shallow when he tells Peaches to stop hanging around Louis . When Peaches sees she has hurt her friend 's feelings , and that Ethan and his group are lacking in common sense , she decides to leave . Ethan rudely remarks that `` it 's bad enough her family is half - possum '' , angering Peaches . Ethan , unlike his posse , seems to be at least partially rational , and might have felt guilt from hurting Peaches ' feelings . After Louis helps to save Peaches , Ethan and his group are impressed by his bravery . He asks to hang around with him and Peaches , to which Louis accepts . Steffie ( edit ) Steffie Voiced by Nicki Minaj Species Woolly mammoth Eyes Light Brown Fur colour Auburn Steffie is a teenager woolly mammoth who is the alpha girl of the Valley 's popular crew . Her friends , Katie and Meghan , are always in agreement with her . She does all that she can to keep any other girls away from Ethan , which is why she dislikes and insults Peaches . She is the sassy leader of the Brat Pack . Although she is rude and unkind , she can be sweet when she is with Ethan ; when Louis and Peaches show their bravery fighting Gutt , she begins to warm up to them . Katie and Meghan ( edit ) Katie Voiced by Heather Morris Species Woolly mammoth Eyes Green Fur colour Golden Meghan Voiced by Alexandra Romano Species Woolly mammoth Eyes Brown Fur colour Brown Katie and Meghan are teenage woolly mammoths who are two of the first - rate members of the Valley 's popular crew . Katie and Meghan are always in agreement with what Steffie says , and they do everything that Steffie does or asks . To Steffie , Katie is likely more important than Meghan , as they sometimes leave Meghan alone . Katie is known as the gossip girl of the Brat Pack . Sid 's family ( edit ) Eunice , Milton , Marshall , and Fungus Voiced by Eunice , Sid 's Mother : Joy Behar Milton , Sid 's father / Fabio Sloth : Alan Tudyk Marshall , Sid 's Brother : Ben Gleib Fungus , Sid 's uncle : Eddie `` Piolín '' Sotelo . Species Ground sloth Sid is surprised by the return of his dysfunctional relatives who had abandoned him in the first film - his father Milton , his melodramatic mother Eunice , his brother Marshall , and his hygienically challenged Uncle Fungus , who dump their eighty - year - old Granny for Sid to take care of . Believing something was happening , the family left the land ; shortly thereafter , the Pangaea supercontinent begun to fragment . Despite how his family had abandoned him , Sid was very enthusiastic to see them and still loved them . Eunice seemed to care for her son , as she said she was worried about him when they were separated ; when Sid replies that he thought they abandoned him , Marshall replies coldly that they did , but Eunice insists they were still worried about him and prompts her husband to insist they did . However , when Eunice instructed Sid to show Granny around , she quickly shows herself to be as cruel as the rest of Sid 's family , who leave hastily without looking back . Milton adds that Granny was simply `` dead weight '' . Their current status is unknown . Ariscratle ( edit ) Ariscratle Ice Age : Continental Drift character Voiced by Patrick Stewart Species Saber - toothed squirrel Fur Grayish - brown Ariscratle is a saber - toothed squirrel that lives on Scratlantis . His name is a pun on the Greek philosopher Aristotle . Sirens ( edit ) Sirens Voiced by Female Sloth Siren : Ester Dean Male Sloth Siren : Alan Tudyk Species Siren Eyes Varying Skin colour Light blue and green Sirens are shape - shifting fish - like creatures that lay on rock outcrops near the ocean , where they lure in creatures by casting hallucinations of entities attractive to the creatures ( such as loved ones , attractive potential mates , or even items such as Scrat 's prized acorn ) . Scrat kills a siren when trying to bury it , leading the others to chase him . At the end of the film , one lures Captain Gutt and consumes him after assuming the form of a female Gigantopithecus . They are loosely based on the sirens of Greek mythology . Precious ( edit ) Precious Species Livyatan Eyes black Skin colour Gray Precious is a 123 - foot - long Livyatan with three rows of teeth . Precious was the pet of a ground sloth named Granny ; Granny 's family , especially Marshall , thought her senile for talking on about her `` dead pet '' . Precious was in fact alive and had grown to an enormous size . When Granny , along with her grandson Sid and his friends Manny and Diego , were confronted at a cliff overhanging the ocean by a number of pirates , Granny called Precious , who rose up out of the water , opened her mouth , and allowed Granny to walk in along with Sid ( who was disgusted at the smell inside the whale ) . Later , Granny and Sid use her like a submarine to fight with the pirates . Large , even for a whale , Precious was the beloved pet of Granny , who was always seen throwing food into the ocean when she was near it . Precious was loyal to Granny , such that Granny could step inside the whale 's mouth and commandeer her like a ship . Her blowhole was shown as being capable of delivering a nasty attack to the pirates , and she was able to swallow Manny to prevent him from falling in the sea . Hyraxes ( edit ) Hyraxes Species Hyrax Eyes Varying Fur colour Varying Hyraxes have only been seen in Ice Age : Continental Drift and Ice Age : Collision Course . They are first seen being forced to work as slaves by Captain Gutt , as they are used to load Gutt 's treasure onboard and are even used to swab the deck as part of a mop . Manny , Sid and Diego encounter the hyraxes that were not enslaved during a short trek on a deserted island in the jungle . Though somewhat wary of the visitors , the hyraxes quickly warm up to the Sub-Zero Heroes . Manny feels that , if the hyraxes helped them , they could defeat the pirates ; unfortunately , the hyraxes are unable to comprehend English and misinterpret Manny 's request as asking for food . Eventually , Sid is able to communicate to them that an alliance is necessary if the other hyraxes are to be freed and the pirates are to be defeated , much to the surprise of Manny and Diego . The lead hyrax ( distinguished by his bushy eyebrows , lighter fur coloration , and lower voice tone ) , who hates Gutt with a passion , rallies his forces and decides to help the herd , much to the herd 's delight . During the attack on the pirates , the lead hyrax spearheads a cavalry attack , followed by a dive bombing rescue , which is a diversion used to trick the pirates into leaving the slave hyraxes and their ship unguarded while the herd frees the captives and overtakes the ship . The enslaved hyraxes take an immense liking to Diego after he frees them . As the heroes escape on Gutt 's new ship , the hyraxes fashion small ice boats , which they use to sail away to a new home in South America , taunting the pirates as they leave . The hyraxes are last seen in South America , where they have made a new home and have even carved a hyrax - sized replica of the Statue of Liberty , welcoming the other animals . Pirate rats ( edit ) Pirates Species Rat Eyes Varying Fur colour Dark gray A number of pirate rats ( or pie - rats ) made their homes on the `` ship '' of Captain Gutt , actually a giant iceberg carved into a seaworthy vessel with Gutt at its helm and a number of other animals as its crew . The rats subsided more or less well off with Gutt on board , though one of them suffered Gutt 's annoyance when it was caught mocking his apish movements and thus picked up by the ape and flung off the ship . Later , once a number of seaborne mammals accidentally broke down Gutt 's vessel , the rats abandoned ship , escaping into the waters below , with at least one pushed out forcefully by Scrat , another mammal taken hostage by Gutt . Giant crab ( edit ) Giant crab Species Crab Eyes Greyish - Blue Shell colour Blue , red , and faded purple The giant crab is a minor character in the fourth film . The giant crab was seen aboard Manny , Diego and Sid 's `` ship '' during a storm . After trying to escape , Sid was trapped on the edge of the floating land . The crab tried to attack him , but it noticed a giant wave heading towards them ; Sid , noticing it too , clutched onto the crab 's leg in a terrified trance . As soon as the wave was gone , Sid tried to thank the giant crab for saving his life , but was horrified to see only its leg remaining , with leg then being blown away by the wind . Collision Course ( edit ) Shangri Llama ( edit ) Shangri Llama Voiced by Jesse Tyler Ferguson Information Species Llama Shangri Llama is the spiritual leader of Geotopia . He is very flexible , and loves to do Yoga . His personality is very laid back , but can be easily stressed out . Teddy ( edit ) Teddy Voiced by Michael Strahan Information Species Palaeolagus Francine ( edit ) Francine Voiced by Melissa Rauch Eyes Light green Fur Purple Information Species Ground sloth Francine is a fair - and - square , high - pitched voiced ground sloth who lives in Geotopia and is Sid ' ex-girlfriend . When Sid attempts to finally propose to her , she unlikely turns down his offer , leaving him confused and rejected . Neil deBuck weasel ( edit ) Neil deBuck Weasel Voiced by Neil deGrasse Tyson Information Aliases The Narrator Astronomer Dude ( Crash ) Copycat ( Buck ) Space Weasel ( Eddie ) Species Weasel Neil deBuck Weasel is a space astronomer weasel who helps The Herd in searching for a way to stop the coming `` extinction '' . He also acts as the narrator of the entire film and is a fourth wall breaker . He is based on real live astronomer Neil deGrasse Tyson , who also play his voice and served as a scientific consultant for the movie . Julian ( edit ) Julian Voiced by Adam DeVine Information Species Woolly mammoth Julian is a young and courageous mammoth who is Peaches ' fiancé and part - time member of The Herd and The Brat Pack . Julian may be somewhat absent - minded , but is devoted and caring toward Peaches , and wants to be part of her family . Remy ( edit ) Remy Voiced by Carlos Ponce Bubbles and Misty ( edit ) MiniCorns Voiced by Lilly Singh Information Species Minicorns Bubbles and Misty are `` minicorns '' who reside in Geotopia . Geotopia Aardvark ( edit ) Geotopia Aardvark Information Species Aardvark A mammoth Christmas ( edit ) Prancer ( edit ) Prancer Voiced by T.J. Miller Species Magic Reindeer Prancer is a flying reindeer character in the special . He first appears where he saves Sid , Peaches , Crash , and Eddie during a white out . When the rest of the herd caught up , Prancer accidentally caused an avalanche which ended up destroying Santa Claus ' workshop and the toys that he built . After the herd , Prancer , and the local Mini-Sloths repaired the toys and the workshop , Prancer was unable to pull Santa Claus ' sleigh . This results in Prancer summoning his family to come help where they promise to help Santa Claus on Christmas . Santa Claus ( edit ) Santa Claus Voiced by Billy Gardell Species Human Santa Claus is a character in the special . Santa Claus is a magical human that brings children presents on Christmas . He has built thousands of toys and was about to deliver them when the impending avalanche caused by the characters destroyed the toys and his workshop . The herd alongside Prancer and the local Mini-Sloths were able to work to save Christmas by rebuilding the toys and Santa Claus ' workshop . With the Mini-Sloths agreeing to work for Santa Claus , Prancer was able to round up his fellow reindeer in order to pull Santa Claus ' sleigh . Mini-Sloths ( edit ) The Mini-Sloths are Christmas elves in this special . The great Egg - Scapade ( edit ) Ethel ( edit ) Ethel Voiced by Taraji P. Henson Condor Mom ( edit ) Condor Mom Voiced by Wendy Williams Clint ( edit ) Clint Voiced by Blake Anderson Information Species Rabbit Clint is a friendly rabbit who appears in the special . He is the twin brother of Squint and becomes the Easter Bunny . Gladys Glypto ( edit ) Gladys Glypto Voiced by Lili Estefan Information Species Glyptodon Gladys Glypto is a character in this special . Cholly bear ( edit ) Cholly Bear Voiced by Gabriel Iglesias Information Species Chalicothere Cholly Bear is a chalicothere in this special . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Verniere , James ( 2010 - 12 - 25 ) . `` Swift injustice '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Supersonic , Ivy . `` A Scrat is a Sqrat / Scrat - by Ivy Supersonic '' . Retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Wloszczyna , Susan ( 15 March 2002 ) . `` Scrounging , screeching Scrat is nutty hit of ' Ice Age ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Chew , Kristina ( 4 November 2011 ) . `` Saber - Toothed Squirrel Skulls Found : Lived 100 Million Years Ago '' . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ratclie , B.C. ( 2007 ) . `` A remarkable new species of Megaceras from Peru ( Scarabaeidae : Dynastinae : Oryctini ) . The `` Dim Effect '' : Nature Mimicking Art `` . The Coleopterists Bulletin . 61 ( 3 ) : 463 -- 467 . Jump up ^ Strong , Tara . `` The Official Tara Strong '' . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ice Age : The Essential Guide Jump up ^ Simon Reynolds ( May 30 , 2012 ) , `` ' Ice Age 4 : Continental Drift ' releases new trailer - video '' , Digital Spy , retrieved June 1 , 2012 Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( 27 March 2009 ) . `` Simon Pegg Freezes Over '' . Empire . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . ( hide ) Ice Age Feature films Ice Age ( 2002 ) The Meltdown ( 2006 ) Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) Continental Drift ( 2012 ) Collision Course ( 2016 ) Short films Gone Nutty ( 2002 ) No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Surviving Sid ( 2008 ) Video games Ice Age Ice Age 2 : The Meltdown Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs Other Characters A Mammoth Christmas ( 2011 ) The Great Egg - Scapade ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ice_Age_characters&oldid=803435767 '' Categories : Ice Age ( franchise ) Lists of fictional animals by work Fictional prehistoric characters Lists of animated film characters CGI characters Lists of fictional animals in animation Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 14 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what's the tigers name in ice age | [
"Diego is a saber-toothed cat found in all five of the films. He is Shira's love interest. He has a sardonic personality, although it is not intended to be nasty. He was sent by his pack to retrieve the human baby called Roshan; When he found Roshan in Manny and Sid's care, he pretended to lead them to the humans, but instead planned to lead them into an ambush by the pack. However, when Manny saved his life, Diego had a change of heart, confessing about the pack and sacrifices himself to help them escape. He was seemingly killed by the pack's leader, Soto, but survived and joined Manny and Sid on their travels. In the second film, he was revealed to suffer from aquaphobia, but he eventually conquered it in order to save Sid, Crash and Eddie. In the third film, he began to fear that he was losing his predatory abilities from being in the \"herd\" too long, and considered staying in the underground dinosaur world with Buck. He changed his mind after managing to save the labored Ellie from a dinosaur attack. In Ice Age: Continental Drift, another Smilodon named Shira joins the group, and Diego feels attracted to her. During the end credits, Diego and Shira are seen nuzzling each other showing that they have now become a couple."
] | [
"Diego"
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-5309151149321593480 | Susan Banks | Susan Banks - wikipedia Susan Banks Susan Banks Eileen Davidson as Susan Banks Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Eileen Davidson ( 1996 -- 98 , 2014 -- 17 ) Brynn Thayer ( 2011 ) Stacy Haiduk ( 2018 -- ) Duration 1996 -- 98 2011 2014 2017 -- First appearance November 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 04 ) Created by James E. Reilly Introduced by Ken Corday and Tom Langan ( 1996 ) Ken Corday , Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng ( 2014 ) Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( 2017 -- 18 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Susan Delilah Banks Kristen Blake Susan Crumb show Family Siblings Sister Mary Moira Banks Thomas Banks Penelope Kent Spouse John Black ( 1997 ) Edmund Crumb ( 1998 -- ? ) Sons EJ DiMera Grandchildren Johnny DiMera Sydney DiMera Susan Banks is a fictional character on NBC 's daytime drama Days of Our Lives . She was played by Eileen Davidson from November 4 , 1996 to April 8 , 1998 , and again in 2014 and 2017 . Susan is the eccentric mother of Elvis `` EJ '' DiMera , and once acted as Kristen Blake 's doppelganger . In November 2011 , it was announced that Brynn Thayer would take over the role of Susan , since Davidson was committed to The Young and the Restless . Thayer made her brief one - off appearance as Susan on December 7 , 2011 . In January 2014 , it was announced that Davidson would be returning to Days for a three - month story arc after having departed with the show in November 2013 . In late September 2014 , it was announced that Davidson would reprise her role as Susan Banks ; her first time portraying the character in 16 years . Davidson returned to the role once again on November 2 , 2017 . She reprised the role of Susan 's sister , Sister Mary Moira on November 21 , 2017 . Stacy Haiduk debuted as Susan on August 21 , 2018 . Contents 1 Casting 2 Development 3 Storylines 3.1 1996 -- 98 3.2 2011 3.3 2014 3.4 2017 -- 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Casting ( edit ) The decision to create a storyline in which Stefano hires a doppelganger to impersonate Kristen Blake demanded that the Days producers cast an actress who resembled Davidson . Actress , Brenda Epperson was considered for the role , an actress Davidson suggested to replace her in her role as Ashley Abbott on The Young and the Restless , due to their uncanny resemblance . Instead of casting Epperson , or any actress for that matter , Davidson suggested that she play both roles : Kristen and her alter . The show ultimately agreed . On rehearsing , Davidson related : `` I had a tape recorder and I would read the scene and turn it off when the character I was supposed to be talked . I ran lines that way . The major way that I knew it was working was because the crew was laughing , and I was laughing , we were cracking up all the time . '' Due to the sixteen - hour work days ( including Saturdays ) Davidson spent on the Days set led to her developing digestive problems and insomnia . `` They worked me to death . I was at the end of my contract , I was going to leave after the first year I played Susan . And they asked me to stay an additional year to finish off the storyline , so I did . '' The gruel from playing upwards of five characters led to Davidson 's departure from the show . Post-Days , head writer James E. Reilly called Davidson personally to apologize for working her ' into the ground . ' He told her that he could n't help it ; he felt inspired by her . `` That 's OK . You know I volunteered to play both characters ! '' Davidson responded . In 2011 , Days was unable to obtain Davidson , who was working on The Young and the Restless at the time , to reprise the role of Susan . A recast was made with actress Brynn Thayer filling in . Thayer was asked to research the character by watching old clips of Davidson as Susan on YouTube . The show decided to show only the back of Thayer 's head as Susan , who takes a phone call from Salem . Per Davidson 's agreement in 2012 to return to the soap , a stipulation was included in her contract : Lisa Williams , who acted as her double in her mid-90s Days stint , would be re-hired if need be . Davidson returned to the soap under the assumption that she would be portraying Susan Banks , with just a little bit of Kristen DiMera . Ultimately , Banks would never reappear . However , in September 2013 , a tribute of sorts was made to the late James E. Reilly when Kristen , who needs to go undercover , uses Susan 's teeth as a disguise . Davidson had taken Susan 's teeth with her before leaving the soap in 1998 . Prior to her 2014 return , Davidson was alerted that her storyline would include Susan Banks . `` They told me , but they also knew that I was up for it . '' Lisa Williams returned as Davidson 's double . Davidson reprised her role in November 2017 . In 2017 , head writer Ron Carlivati discussed the decision behind having Susan Banks being responsible for Will Horton 's disappearance and resurrection , stating : `` When we went to explore who might have a motivation to initiate Will 's disappearance or Will 's death , Susan came to mind , and we came up with a story that would require ( Eileen Davidson ) involved . '' Carlivati admitted his reluctance to this decision , due to Davidson 's commitment to The Young and the Restless , even considering a recast for the role , however , deemed that `` trickier '' . Davidson announced that her scenes became a collaborative effort as Carlivati was unfamiliar with Susan and was relying on others to fill him in -- `` But who better than , you know , the person that played her ? ( ... ) ( Ron ) was very open to hearing my input , and when I thought that it was maybe too broad , he would let me change it or cut it or whatever I needed to do . It 's easy to write Susan broad , and it 's easy to play her broad . So it 's always , like , trying to pull it back , but also showing the flavor of her personality . '' On August 17 , 2018 , it was announced that Stacy Haiduk had been cast as Susan ; she made her first appearance as Susan on August 21 , 2018 . Development ( edit ) While James E. Reilly created the character , Davidson was the driving force behind the character 's personality . `` Susan was supposed to be insecure from a small town , not very worldly , basically kind of ignorant . She had an innocence . I based a lot of it on innocence , not necessarily ignorance . But she was very intelligent in a certain way . She was good at getting what she wanted . '' Davidson would have a lot of input into all of the characters she portrayed , including wardrobe and hairstyles . Reilly added Susan 's obsession with Elvis Presley . On Susan 's voice , Davidson states : `` For the voice , I just went up a couple of octaves and threw in a Southern accent . It was easy . '' Besides the characters Kristen and Susan Banks , Davidson would go on to play an assortment of Susan 's family members : Sister Mary Moira ( a nun ) , Thomas Banks , and Penelope Kent . Storylines ( edit ) 1996 -- 98 ( edit ) In August 1996 , Kristen is hospitalized after an explosion kills her mother and she miscarries her child . Stefano soon reappears in Salem and hires Kristen 's lookalike Susan Banks to carry a child that Kristen would raise as her and John 's . With the help of her father and Peter , Kristen fakes her pregnancy . When Susan goes into labor , Kristen disguised as a nurse is forced to watch as John marries Susan , believing she is really Kristen . Kristen gets custody of the child long enough to name him John Black , Jr. and Susan soon returns to claim her child and husband . Kristen enlists Vivian Alamain ( Louise Sorel ) and Ivan in keeping Susan locked in a secret room but Marlena puts the pieces together and Kristen is forced to lock her away . When Susan discovers the truth , sick of Kristen 's manipulations she locks Kristen inside the room and attempts to marry John until Laura Horton ( Jamie Lyn Bauer ) confronts her at the wedding . After being rejected by John due to her scheming , Kristen 's failed attempt to kill Marlena lands her in jail . After being released on bail , she attempts suicide after hearing about John and Marlena 's engagement . She then reveals Marlena 's presumed dead husband , Roman Brady ( now Josh Taylor ) ; John and Kristen then pretend to marry to keep Roman from becoming suspicious . When John and Stefano ruin her attempt to get back Susan 's son , Elvis ( a.k.a. John , Jr . ) , she reveals that Roman and Marlena have been seeing one another . Kristen 's attempt to force Susan into giving the child back ends with the death of Susan 's identical sister , Penelope Kent . Fearing she 'll be charged with murder , Kristen pretends to be Susan and is forced to marry Susan 's boyfriend , Edmund Crumb ( Adam Caine ) . In the meantime , `` Susan '' and Edmund go on a honeymoon and Laura is arrested for Kristen 's murder . Edmund admits to Kristen 's `` murder '' and they soon run into the real Susan who explains that Kristen sold her into a harem ; it is then revealed that the dead person was Susan 's other sibling , Penelope Kent . To get revenge against Kristen , Susan exchanges her freedom for Kristen to be sold to the harem . 2011 ( edit ) In December 2011 , Bo ( Peter Reckell ) and Hope ( Kristian Alfonso ) come across an ornament owned by Alice Horton . Tucked inside it they find a letter written by Susan asking Alice for help with Elvis who was sick and needed a doctor . The letter is to be extended to Stefano . Bo finds Susan 's phone number in England and Hope decides to call her . Hope inquires as to the significance of the letter to Susan ( Brynn Thayer ) who becomes nervous that Elvis is in trouble . Susan inadvertently reveals that Alice helped Elvis , and Stefano visited her after Elvis was better . Realizing that she 's said too much , Susan pretends that the phone line has a bad connection and hangs up . 2014 ( edit ) Susan turns up on the DiMera Mansion doorstep . She 's come to visit EJ . She 's had a premonition that he 's in grave danger . She attempts to convince him to return to England with her . Susan also does n't think that Sami ( Alison Sweeney ) is the right woman for him to be with ; she sees her as nothing but trouble . She reveals why she allowed Stefano , who she says is evil , to raise him : she and Edmund could n't provide the life that he could . Susan refers to EJ as her `` first born , '' suggesting that she 's had more children after him . Susan is left alone in the mansion and decides to pay John a visit in the hospital . She goes to open the door to leave and is greeted by Kristen who is standing there . The two trade barbs ; Susan rushes out after Kristen gets Stefano on the phone . Susan visits an unconscious John in the hospital . She talks about their almost wedding and before going , leaves a photo from the nuptials . 2017 -- ( edit ) The hunt for Will Horton ( Chandler Massey ) leads Sami , John and Marlena to a house in Memphis occupied by Roger ( John Enos III ) , an Elvis impersonator , and Susan Banks . While toting a rifle and standing in a bedroom whose walls are adorned with the initials `` EJ '' , Susan reveals that she paid Dr. Wilhelm Rolf to revive Will as part of a revenge plot against Sami . Susan holds Sami responsible for EJ 's death ; it 's caused her to spiral out of control as well as ended her marriage to Edmund . Susan is adamant that Rolf 's revival did n't work . However , Will , identifying himself as EJ , is found alive and working in a bar in Memphis . Friends and family try desperately to convince him that he 's been brainwashed by his `` mother '' Susan and to return to Salem . When Roger confirms that Susan is n't Will 's biological mother , Susan suffers a mental breakdown and is hospitalized . Will decides to return to Salem to learn about his former life . Will keeps tabs on Susan 's progress through Roger , learning that she 's been institutionalized and that on New Year 's Eve she 's suffered a relapse after receiving a visitor in her hospital room . Months later , a recovered Susan ( Stacy Haiduk ) arrives back in Salem on Will 's doorstep to make amends . She also turns up at Marlena 's bachelorette party and manages to invite herself to Marlena and John Black 's upcoming wedding . Susan mentions to Marlena that she was visited by Kristen , who is very much alive , in the hospital . Marlena convinces Susan that Kristen is dead and that she was probably just hallucinating from the drugs that the hospital had administrated . Kristen ( Haiduk ) catches Susan alone and forces her at knife - point to switch places with her so she can attend the wedding undetected . Reception ( edit ) Davidson 's performance earned her her first Daytime Emmy Award nomination in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brynn Thayer To DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Eileen Davidson Returns to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) . `` The Eileen Davidson Interview -- Days of our Lives '' . Michael Fairman On - Air - On - Soaps . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Adams 2011 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Michael A. ( 1997 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Daze of Their Lives '' . People Magazine . People.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 36 ( 50 ) : pg. 5 . December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` One and Done '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 38 ( 34 ) : pg. 28 . August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Eileen Davidson Talks About Her Shocking Departure From Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Tvguide.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( 2012 ) . `` Hot Scoop on Eileen Davidson 's Return to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Guide . Tvguide.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Waldron , Stephanie , Robert ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` New Beginnings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 39 ( 39 ) : pg. 35 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Eileen Davidson Dishes on Her ' Funny and Tragic ' Return to Days of Our Lives '' . TV Insider . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 45 ) . November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Waldron , Robert ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ICYMI : Eileen Davidson Interview '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Stacy Haiduk Joins DAYS as Susan -- What About Kristen ? '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams 2011 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Adams 2011 , pp. 73 - 74 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Update for 1996 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com. 1996 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearly Update for 1997 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com. 1997 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 7 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Update for 1998 '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com. 1998 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Plots : Kristen Blake DiMera '' . Sony Pictures Television . Daysofourlives.com . October 11 , 2012 . p. 9 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cough Up That Hairball '' . Soaps.com. 2011 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Event : Soap Opera Digest Awards ( 1998 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . February 26 , 1998 . Bibliography Adams , Alina ( 2011 ) . Soap Opera 451 : A Time Capsule of Daytime Drama 's Greatest Moments . Alina Adams Media . ASIN B005NSDZYC . External links ( edit ) Susan Banks at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives Current characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Rex Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Susan Banks Belle Black Brady Black John Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Rex Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Xander Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bart Beiderbecke Tate Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Steve Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Banks&oldid=858508984 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional characters introduced in 1996 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2018 , at 17 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is playing susan banks on dool august 2018 | [
"In January 2014, it was announced that Davidson would be returning to Days for a three-month story arc after having departed with the show in November 2013.[2] In late September 2014, it was announced that Davidson would reprise her role as Susan Banks; her first time portraying the character in 16 years. Davidson returned to the role once again on November 2, 2017. She reprised the role of Susan's sister, Sister Mary Moira on November 21, 2017. Stacy Haiduk debuted as Susan on August 21, 2018.\n"
] | [
"Stacy Haiduk"
] |
8071957984101194185 | List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members | List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members - wikipedia List of Chronicles of Narnia cast members Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of cast members who have portrayed characters appearing in The Chronicles of Narnia film series , based upon the novels of the same name by C.S. Lewis . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Characters ( edit ) Key ( voice ) indicates a vocal / voice performance . A dark grey cell indicates the character is not in the film . Character Film The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) Lucy Pevensie Georgie Henley Rachel Henley ( older ) Georgie Henley Edmund Pevensie Skandar Keynes Mark Wells ( older ) Skandar Keynes Peter Pevensie William Moseley Noah Huntley ( older ) William Moseley Susan Pevensie Anna Popplewell Sophie Winkleman ( older ) Anna Popplewell Aslan Liam Neeson ( voice ) Jadis , the White Witch Tilda Swinton Mr. Tumnus James McAvoy Mr. Beaver Ray Winstone ( voice ) Mrs. Beaver Dawn French ( voice ) Digory Kirke Jim Broadbent Ginarrbrik Kiran Shah Father Christmas James Cosmo Oreius Patrick Kake Maugrim Michael Madsen ( voice ) General Otmin Shane Rangi King Caspian X Ben Barnes Reepicheep Eddie Izzard ( voice ) Simon Pegg ( voice ) Trumpkin Peter Dinklage Trufflehunter Ken Stott ( voice ) Glenstorm Cornell S John Bulgy Bear David Walliams ( voice ) Nikabrik Warwick Davis Miraz Sergio Castellitto Doctor Cornelius Vincent Grass Glozelle Pierfrancesco Favino Prunaprismia Alicia Borrachero Sopespian Damián Alcázar Scythley Simon Andreu Donnon Predrag Bjelac Eustace Scrubb Will Poulter Tavros Shane Rangi Jemain Tamati Caprius Ryan Ettridge Randy Morgan Evans Nausus Steven Rooke Drinian Gary Sweet Queen Lilliandil Laura Brent See also ( edit ) List of actors who have played Narnia characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , The Witch and The Wardrobe cast '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian cast '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Cast Listing '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Cast and crew at NarniaWeb ( hide ) The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Outline Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chronicles_of_Narnia_cast_members&oldid=790659093 '' Categories : The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) Lists of actors by film series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2017 , at 05 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the queen in chronicles of narnia | [
"\n\nCharacter\nFilm\n\n\nThe Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005)[1]\nPrince Caspian (2008)[2]\nThe Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010)[3]\n\n\nLucy Pevensie\nGeorgie Henley\n\nRachel Henley (older)\nGeorgie Henley\n\n\nEdmund Pevensie\nSkandar Keynes\n\nMark Wells (older)\nSkandar Keynes\n\n\nPeter Pevensie\nWilliam Moseley\n\nNoah Huntley (older)\nWilliam Moseley\n\n\nSusan Pevensie\nAnna Popplewell\n\nSophie Winkleman (older)\nAnna Popplewell\n\n\nAslan\nLiam Neeson (voice)\n\n\nJadis, the White Witch\nTilda Swinton\n\n\nMr. Tumnus\nJames McAvoy\n\n\n\nMr. Beaver\nRay Winstone (voice)\n\n\n\nMrs. Beaver\nDawn French (voice)\n\n\n\nDigory Kirke\nJim Broadbent\n\n\n\nGinarrbrik\nKiran Shah\n\n\n\nFather Christmas\nJames Cosmo\n\n\n\nOreius\nPatrick Kake\n\n\n\nMaugrim\nMichael Madsen (voice)\n\n\n\nGeneral Otmin\nShane Rangi\n\n\n\nKing Caspian X\n\nBen Barnes\n\n\nReepicheep\n\nEddie Izzard (voice)\nSimon Pegg (voice)\n\n\nTrumpkin\n\nPeter Dinklage\n\n\n\nTrufflehunter\n\nKen Stott (voice)\n\n\n\nGlenstorm\n\nCornell S John\n\n\n\nBulgy Bear\n\nDavid Walliams (voice)\n\n\n\nNikabrik\n\nWarwick Davis\n\n\n\nMiraz\n\nSergio Castellitto\n\n\n\nDoctor Cornelius\n\nVincent Grass\n\n\n\nGlozelle\n\nPierfrancesco Favino\n\n\n\nPrunaprismia\n\nAlicia Borrachero\n\n\n\nSopespian\n\nDamián Alcázar\n\n\n\nScythley\n\nSimon Andreu\n\n\n\nDonnon\n\nPredrag Bjelac\n\n\n\nEustace Scrubb\n\nWill Poulter\n\n\nTavros\n\nShane Rangi\n\n\nJemain\n\nTamati\n\n\nCaprius\n\nRyan Ettridge\n\n\nRandy\n\nMorgan Evans\n\n\nNausus\n\nSteven Rooke\n\n\nDrinian\n\nGary Sweet\n\n\nQueen Lilliandil\n\nLaura Brent\n\n"
] | [
"Laura Brent"
] |
-3846194353232006698 | List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India | List of Sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India - wikipedia List of Sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India Jump to : navigation , search Emblem of the Supreme Court of India The Supreme Court of India , in New Delhi This is a list of judges of the Supreme Court of India , the highest court in the Republic of India . The list is ordered according to seniority . There are currently 24 judges , against a maximum possible strength of 31 . As per the Constitution of India , judges of the Supreme Court judges retire at age 65 . Justice Dipak Misra is the current and 45th Chief Justice of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Judges ordered by seniority 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links List of Judges ordered by seniority ( edit ) S. No . Name Gender Date of appointment Date of retirement State / Union Territory Dipak Misra ( Chief Justice ) Male 10 October 2011 ( 28 August 2017 ) 2 October 2018 Odisha Jasti Chelameswar Male 10 October 2011 22 June 2018 Andhra Pradesh Ranjan Gogoi Male 23 April 2012 17 November 2019 Assam Madan Lokur Male 4 June 2012 30 December 2018 Delhi 5 Kurian Joseph Male 8 March 2013 29 November 2018 Kerala 6 Arjan Kumar Sikri Male 12 April 2013 6 March 2019 Delhi 7 Sharad Arvind Bobde Male 12 April 2013 23 April 2021 Maharashtra 8 Rajesh Kumar Agrawal Male 17 February 2014 4 May 2018 Uttar Pradesh 9 N.V. Ramana Male 17 February 2014 26 August 2022 Andhra Pradesh 10 Arun Kumar Mishra Male 7 July 2014 2 September 2020 Madhya Pradesh 11 Adarsh Kumar Goel Male 7 July 2014 6 July 2018 Punjab 12 Rohinton Fali Nariman Male 7 July 2014 12 August 2021 Maharashtra 13 Abhay Manohar Sapre Male 13 August 2014 27 August 2019 Madhya Pradesh 14 R. Banumathi Female 13 August 2014 19 July 2020 Tamil Nadu 15 Uday U. Lalit Male 13 August 2014 8 November 2022 Maharashtra 16 Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar Male 13 May 2016 29 July 2022 Maharashtra 17 Dhananjaya Y . Chandrachud Male 13 May 2016 10 November 2024 Maharashtra 18 Ashok Bhushan Male 13 May 2016 4 July 2021 Uttar Pradesh 19 L. Nageswara Rao Male 13 May 2016 7 June 2022 Andhra Pradesh 20 Sanjay Kishan Kaul Male 17 February 2017 25 December 2023 Delhi 21 Mohan Shantanagoudar Male 17 February 2017 4 May 2023 Karnataka 22 S. Abdul Nazeer Male 17 February 2017 4 January 2023 Karnataka 23 Navin Sinha Male 17 February 2017 18 August 2021 Bihar 24 Deepak Gupta Male 17 February 2017 6 May 2020 Himachal Pradesh See also ( edit ) List of Chief Justices of India List of current Indian chief justices List of former justices of the Supreme Court of India Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Date of elevation as Chief Justice of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hon'ble The Chief Justice of India & Hon'ble Judges '' . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 24 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Justice of India and Sitting Hon'ble Judges arranged according to date of appointment as on 10 March 2014 '' . Supreme Court of India . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India Dipak Misra CJI Jasti Chelameswar Ranjan Gogoi Madan Lokur Kurian Joseph Arjan Kumar Sikri Sharad Arvind Bobde Rajesh Kumar Agrawal N.V. Ramana Arun Kumar Mishra Adarsh Kumar Goel Rohinton Fali Nariman Abhay Manohar Sapre R. Banumathi Uday U. Lalit Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar Dhananjaya Y . Chandrachud Ashok Bhushan L. Nageswara Rao Sanjay Kishan Kaul Mohan Shantanagoudar S. Abdul Nazeer Navin Sinha Deepak Gupta Chief Justices of India Judiciary of India Supreme Court Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India List of Chief Justices of India List of sitting judges High Courts High Courts of India Chief Justices of High Courts of India District Courts District Courts of India List of district courts of India Judicial Magistrate of First Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class Gram Nyayalayas Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Constitution Constitution of India Law of India Indian Penal Code Appointment of Judges National Judicial Appointments Commission Collegium System Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_sitting_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_India&oldid=833811773 '' Categories : Supreme Court of India Judiciary of India Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 15 : 13 . About Wikipedia | how many judges are present in supreme court | [
"This is a list of judges of the Supreme Court of India, the highest court in the Republic of India. The list is ordered according to seniority. There are currently 24 judges, against a maximum possible strength of 31. As per the Constitution of India, judges of the Supreme Court judges retire at age 65.[1]"
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"24"
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-1748498638347573011 | List of U.S. states and territories by population | List of U.S. States and territories by population - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by population Jump to : navigation , search Map of each state 's population as of 2013 As of April 1 , 2010 , the date of the 2010 United States Census , the nine most populous U.S. states contain slightly more than half of the total population . The 25 least populous states contain less than one - sixth of the total population . California , the most populous state , contains more people than the 21 least populous states combined , and Wyoming is the least populous state , with a population less than 31 most populous U.S. cities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Electoral apportionment 3 State information 4 Summary of population by region 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Methodology ( edit ) Map of population change in U.S. states from April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 The United States Census counts most persons residing in the United States including citizens , non-citizen permanent residents , and non-citizen long - term visitors . Civilian and military federal employees serving abroad and their dependents are counted in their home state . Electoral apportionment ( edit ) Based on data from the decennial census , each state is allocated a proportion of the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives , although each state is guaranteed a minimum of one seat , regardless of population . This apportionment is based on the proportion of each state 's population to that of the Fifty States together ( without regard to the populations of the District of Columbia , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico or other U.S. dependencies ) . The Electoral College is the body that , every four years , elects the President and Vice President of the United States . Each state 's representation in the Electoral College is equal to that state 's total number of members in both houses of the United States Congress . The Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution effectively grants the District of Columbia , which is separate from any state , three votes . More precisely , the district gets as many votes in the Electoral College as it would have if it were a state , with the caveat that the district can have no more votes than the least populous state ( which is currently Wyoming ) . Currently , this caveat is a moot point since the District would only be entitled to one Representative if it were a state , and is more populous than only two of the seven states with a single member in the House since 2013 . Since the Constitution guarantees every state at least one Representative and guarantees every state two Senators , it effectively guarantees every state ( and , since the ratification of the 23rd Amendment , the District of Columbia ) at least three electoral votes . Thus , the total representation in the College is 538 members ( equal to 100 senators plus 435 representatives , plus 3 members for the District of Columbia ) . State information ( edit ) Rank in the fifty states , 2017 Rank in all states & territories , 2010 State or territory Population estimate , July 1 , 2017 Census population , April 1 , 2010 Total seats in House of Representatives , 2013 -- 2023 Estimated pop . per House seat , 2016 Census pop . per House seat , 2010 Percent of total U.S. pop. , 2016 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 California 39,536,653 37,252,895 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 738,581 702,905 12.15 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Texas 28,304,596 25,146,105 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 763,031 698,487 8.62 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Florida 20,984,400 18,804,623 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 750,788 696,345 6.38 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 New York 19,849,399 19,378,087 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 733,177 717,707 6.11 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Pennsylvania 12,805,537 12,702,887 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 711,250 705,688 3.96 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Illinois 12,802,023 12,831,549 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 714,444 712,813 3.96 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ohio 11,658,609 11,536,725 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 725,839 721,032 3.59 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Georgia 10,429,379 9,688,681 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 729,633 691,975 3.19 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 North Carolina 10,273,419 9,535,692 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 772,523 733,498 3.14 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Michigan 9,962,311 9,884,129 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 708,755 705,974 3.07 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New Jersey 9,005,644 8,791,936 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 746,501 732,658 2.77 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Virginia 8,470,020 8,001,045 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 762,090 727,366 2.60 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Washington 7,405,743 6,724,543 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 740,574 672,454 2.26 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Arizona 7,016,270 6,392,307 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 758,674 710,224 2.15 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Massachusetts 6,859,819 6,547,817 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 754,936 727,514 2.11 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Tennessee 6,715,984 6,346,275 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 733,367 705,123 2.06 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Indiana 6,666,818 6,484,229 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 735,520 720,422 2.05 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Missouri 6,113,532 5,988,927 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 760,459 748,615 1.89 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Maryland 6,052,177 5,773,785 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 750,800 721,694 1.86 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Wisconsin 5,795,483 5,687,289 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 721,417 710,873 1.79 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Colorado 5,607,154 5,029,324 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 779,511 720,704 1.72 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Minnesota 5,576,606 5,303,925 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 686,199 662,991 1.71 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 South Carolina 5,024,369 4,625,401 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 699,449 660,766 1.54 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Alabama 4,874,747 4,780,127 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 694,140 682,819 1.51 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Louisiana 4,684,333 4,533,479 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 778,454 755,562 1.45 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Kentucky 4,454,189 4,339,349 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 737,515 723,228 1.37 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Oregon 4,142,776 3,831,073 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 805,795 766,215 1.27 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Oklahoma 3,930,864 3,751,616 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 782,268 750,270 1.21 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Connecticut 3,588,184 3,574,118 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 718,177 714,819 1.11 % 7001710000000000000 ♠ -- 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Puerto Rico 3,337,177 3,726,157 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 1.06 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Iowa 3,145,711 3,046,869 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 780,975 761,589 0.97 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Utah 3,101,833 2,763,888 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 748,083 690,221 0.94 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Arkansas 3,004,279 2,915,958 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 744,551 728,980 0.93 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Nevada 2,998,039 2,700,691 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 722,711 675,110 0.91 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Mississippi 2,984,100 2,968,103 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 748,083 741,824 0.93 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Kansas 2,913,123 2,853,132 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 727,910 713,280 0.90 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 New Mexico 2,088,070 2,059,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 695,036 686,393 0.64 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 Nebraska 1,920,076 1,826,341 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 632,063 608,780 0.59 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 West Virginia 1,815,857 1,853,011 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 614,709 617,665 0.57 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Idaho 1,716,943 1,567,652 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 827,465 783,791 0.52 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Hawaii 1,427,538 1,360,301 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 715,802 680,151 0.44 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 New Hampshire 1,342,795 1,316,466 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 665,304 658,235 0.41 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Maine 1,335,907 1,328,361 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 664,664 664,181 0.41 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Rhode Island 1,059,639 1,052,931 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 528,769 526,466 0.33 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Montana 1,050,493 989,417 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,050,493 989,417 0.32 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Delaware 961,939 897,936 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 961,939 897,936 0.30 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 South Dakota 869,666 814,191 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 869,666 814,191 0.27 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 North Dakota 755,393 672,591 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 765,393 672,591 0.24 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Alaska 739,795 710,249 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 739,795 710,249 0.23 % 7001610000000000000 ♠ -- 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 District of Columbia 693,972 601,767 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.21 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Vermont 623,657 625,745 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 623,657 625,745 0.19 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Wyoming 579,315 563,767 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 579,315 563,767 0.18 % 7001720000000000000 ♠ -- 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Guam 167,358 159,358 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.06 % 7001730000000000000 ♠ -- 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 U.S. Virgin Islands 107,268 106,405 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.04 % 7001740000000000000 ♠ -- 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 American Samoa 51,504 55,519 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.01 % 7001750000000000000 ♠ -- 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Northern Mariana Islands 52,263 53,883 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.00 % 7001760000000000000 ♠ -- 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Midway Atoll 40 2,220 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001770000000000000 ♠ -- 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Johnston Atoll 0 1,100 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001780000000000000 ♠ -- 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 Wake Island 150 382 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001800000000000000 ♠ -- 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 Palmyra Atoll 20 20 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001810000000000000 ♠ -- -- Baker Island -- -- 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001820000000000000 ♠ -- -- Howland Island 0 -- 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001830000000000000 ♠ -- -- Jarvis Island 0 -- 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001840000000000000 ♠ -- -- Kingman Reef 0 -- 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001850000000000000 ♠ -- -- Navassa Island 0 -- 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001860000000000000 ♠ -- -- Serranilla Bank -- -- 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001870000000000000 ♠ -- -- Bajo Nuevo Bank -- -- 0 -- -- 0.00 % 7001870000000000000 ♠ -- 7001870000000000000 ♠ -- Contiguous United States 323,551,845 306,687,555 432 ( + 1 non-voting ) -- -- 98.18 % 7001820000000000000 ♠ -- 7001820000000000000 ♠ -- The fifty states 325,025,206 308,156,338 435 737,348 708,376 98.48 % 7001830000000000000 ♠ -- 7001830000000000000 ♠ -- Fifty states + D.C. 325,719,178 308,758,105 435 ( + 1 non-voting ) -- -- 98.67 % 7001840000000000000 ♠ -- 7001840000000000000 ♠ -- Total U.S. territory 329,432,060 312,913,872 435 ( + 6 non-voting ) -- -- 100.00 % Jump up ^ Because of rounding of the individual percentages , the entries in this column may not sum to 100 % . Summary of population by region ( edit ) Legend Division totals -- 9 divisions for 50 states and D.C. Region totals -- 4 regions ( 2 or 3 divisions each ) Individual territories Total U.S. Territories 50 States + District of Columbia Divisions & regions as defined by U.S. Census Bureau Last col . shows larger region which contains entity in col. 1 Population of states , territories , divisions and regions State / Territory / Division / Region Rank 2013 population Rank population Rank 2000 population Rank 2000 - change Geographic sort 21 ! Massachusetts 14 ! 14 28 ! 6,692,824 14 ! 14 28 ! 6,547,629 13 ! 13 27 ! 6,349,097 43 ! 43 56 ! 3.1 % 01 ! NEng 07 ! Connecticut 29 ! 29 44 ! 3,596,080 29 ! 29 45 ! 3,574,097 29 ! 29 45 ! 3,405,565 35 ! 35 45 ! 4.9 % 02 ! NEng 19 ! Maine 41 ! 41 56 ! 1,328,302 41 ! 41 57 ! 1,328,361 40 ! 40 56 ! 1,274,923 39 ! 39 49 ! 4.2 % 03 ! NEng 29 ! New Hampshire 42 ! 42 57 ! 1,323,459 42 ! 42 58 ! 1,316,470 41 ! 41 57 ! 1,235,786 32 ! 32 41 ! 6.5 % 04 ! NEng 39 ! Rhode Island 43 ! 43 58 ! 1,051,511 43 ! 43 59 ! 1,052,567 43 ! 43 59 ! 1,048,319 49 ! 49 65 ! 0.4 % 05 ! NEng 45 ! Vermont 49 ! 49 65 ! 626,630 49 ! 49 65 ! 625,741 49 ! 49 65 ! 608,827 44 ! 44 60 ! 2.8 % 06 ! NEng 55 ! New England 59 ! 9 18 ! 14,618,806 59 ! 9 18 ! 14,444,865 59 ! 9 18 ! 13,922,517 57 ! 7 52 ! 3.8 % 07 ! NEast 32 ! New York 03 ! 3 15 ! 19,651,127 03 ! 3 15 ! 19,378,102 03 ! 3 14 ! 18,976,457 46 ! 46 62 ! 2.1 % 08 ! MAtl 38 ! Pennsylvania 06 ! 6 20 ! 12,773,801 06 ! 6 20 ! 12,702,379 06 ! 6 20 ! 12,281,054 41 ! 41 53 ! 3.4 % 09 ! MAtl 30 ! New Jersey 11 ! 11 25 ! 8,899,339 11 ! 11 25 ! 8,791,894 09 ! 9 23 ! 8,414,350 37 ! 37 47 ! 4.5 % 10 ! MAtl 53 ! Mid-Atlantic 54 ! 4 09 ! 41,324,267 54 ! 4 09 ! 40,872,375 54 ! 4 09 ! 39,671,861 58 ! 8 57 ! 3.0 % 11 ! NEast 61 ! Northeast 63 ! 4 06 ! 55,943,073 63 ! 4 06 ! 55,317,240 63 ! 4 05 ! 53,594,378 63 ! 4 55 ! 3.2 % 12 ! USA 09 ! Florida 04 ! 4 16 ! 19,552,860 04 ! 4 16 ! 18,801,310 04 ! 4 17 ! 15,982,378 08 ! 8 09 ! 17.6 % 13 ! SAtl 10 ! Georgia 08 ! 8 22 ! 9,992,167 09 ! 9 23 ! 9,687,653 10 ! 10 24 ! 8,186,453 07 ! 7 08 ! 18.3 % 14 ! SAtl 33 ! North Carolina 10 ! 10 24 ! 9,848,060 10 ! 10 24 ! 9,535,483 11 ! 11 25 ! 8,049,313 06 ! 6 07 ! 18.5 % 15 ! SAtl 46 ! Virginia 12 ! 12 26 ! 8,260,405 12 ! 12 26 ! 8,001,024 12 ! 12 26 ! 7,078,515 16 ! 16 21 ! 13.0 % 16 ! SAtl 20 ! Maryland 19 ! 19 33 ! 5,928,814 19 ! 19 33 ! 5,773,552 19 ! 19 33 ! 5,296,486 23 ! 23 30 ! 9.0 % 17 ! SAtl 40 ! South Carolina 24 ! 24 38 ! 4,774,839 24 ! 24 38 ! 4,625,364 26 ! 26 41 ! 4,012,012 10 ! 10 13 ! 15.3 % 18 ! SAtl 48 ! West Virginia 38 ! 38 53 ! 1,854,304 37 ! 37 53 ! 1,852,994 37 ! 37 53 ! 1,808,344 45 ! 45 61 ! 2.5 % 19 ! SAtl 08 ! Delaware 45 ! 45 60 ! 925,749 45 ! 45 61 ! 897,934 45 ! 45 61 ! 783,600 11 ! 11 14 ! 14.6 % 20 ! SAtl 64 ! District of Columbia 64 ! -- 64 ! 646,449 64 ! -- 66 ! 601,723 64 ! -- 66 ! 572,059 64 ! -- 44 ! 5.2 % 21 ! SAtl 57 ! South Atlantic 51 ! 1 05 ! 61,783,647 51 ! 1 05 ! 59,777,037 51 ! 1 06 ! 51,769,160 53 ! 3 12 ! 15.5 % 22 ! South 42 ! Tennessee 17 ! 17 31 ! 6,495,978 17 ! 17 31 ! 6,346,105 16 ! 16 30 ! 5,689,283 19 ! 19 24 ! 11.5 % 23 ! ESC 01 ! Alabama 23 ! 23 37 ! 4,833,722 23 ! 23 37 ! 4,779,736 23 ! 23 37 ! 4,447,100 27 ! 27 35 ! 7.5 % 24 ! ESC 17 ! Kentucky 26 ! 26 40 ! 4,395,295 26 ! 26 40 ! 4,339,367 25 ! 25 40 ! 4,041,769 28 ! 28 36 ! 7.4 % 25 ! ESC 24 ! Mississippi 31 ! 31 46 ! 2,991,207 31 ! 31 47 ! 2,967,297 31 ! 31 47 ! 2,844,658 38 ! 38 48 ! 4.3 % 26 ! ESC 52 ! East South Central 58 ! 8 17 ! 18,716,202 58 ! 8 17 ! 18,432,505 58 ! 8 16 ! 17,022,810 55 ! 5 32 ! 8.3 % 27 ! South 43 ! Texas 02 ! 2 12 ! 26,448,193 02 ! 2 12 ! 25,145,561 02 ! 2 12 ! 20,851,820 05 ! 5 06 ! 20.6 % 28 ! WSC 18 ! Louisiana 25 ! 25 39 ! 4,625,470 25 ! 25 39 ! 4,533,372 22 ! 22 36 ! 4,468,976 48 ! 48 64 ! 1.4 % 29 ! WSC 36 ! Oklahoma 28 ! 28 42 ! 3,850,568 28 ! 28 43 ! 3,751,351 27 ! 27 43 ! 3,450,654 24 ! 24 31 ! 8.7 % 30 ! WSC 04 ! Arkansas 32 ! 32 47 ! 2,959,373 32 ! 32 48 ! 2,915,918 33 ! 33 49 ! 2,673,400 22 ! 22 29 ! 9.1 % 31 ! WSC 59 ! West South Central 55 ! 5 11 ! 37,883,604 55 ! 5 11 ! 36,346,202 55 ! 5 11 ! 31,444,850 52 ! 2 11 ! 15.6 % 32 ! South 62 ! South 60 ! 1 02 ! 118,383,453 60 ! 1 02 ! 114,555,744 60 ! 1 02 ! 100,236,820 60 ! 1 15 ! 14.3 % 33 ! USA 13 ! Illinois 05 ! 5 19 ! 12,882,135 05 ! 5 19 ! 12,830,632 05 ! 5 19 ! 12,419,293 42 ! 42 54 ! 3.3 % 34 ! ENC 35 ! Ohio 07 ! 7 21 ! 11,570,808 07 ! 7 21 ! 11,536,504 07 ! 7 21 ! 11,353,140 47 ! 47 63 ! 1.6 % 35 ! ENC 22 ! Michigan 09 ! 9 23 ! 9,895,622 08 ! 8 22 ! 9,883,640 08 ! 8 22 ! 9,938,444 50 ! 50 66 ! - 0.6 % 36 ! ENC 14 ! Indiana 16 ! 16 30 ! 6,570,902 15 ! 15 29 ! 6,483,802 14 ! 14 28 ! 6,080,485 31 ! 31 39 ! 6.6 % 37 ! ENC 49 ! Wisconsin 20 ! 20 34 ! 5,742,713 20 ! 20 34 ! 5,686,986 18 ! 18 32 ! 5,363,675 34 ! 34 43 ! 6.0 % 38 ! ENC 51 ! East North Central 53 ! 3 08 ! 46,662,180 53 ! 3 08 ! 46,421,564 52 ! 2 07 ! 45,155,037 59 ! 9 59 ! 2.8 % 39 ! MWest 25 ! Missouri 18 ! 18 32 ! 6,044,171 18 ! 18 32 ! 5,988,927 17 ! 17 31 ! 5,595,211 29 ! 29 37 ! 7.0 % 40 ! WNC 23 ! Minnesota 21 ! 21 35 ! 5,420,380 21 ! 21 35 ! 5,303,925 21 ! 21 35 ! 4,919,479 26 ! 26 34 ! 7.8 % 41 ! WNC 15 ! Iowa 30 ! 30 45 ! 3,090,416 30 ! 30 46 ! 3,046,355 30 ! 30 46 ! 2,926,324 40 ! 40 50 ! 4.1 % 42 ! WNC 16 ! Kansas 34 ! 34 49 ! 2,893,957 33 ! 33 49 ! 2,853,118 32 ! 32 48 ! 2,688,418 33 ! 33 42 ! 6.1 % 43 ! WNC 27 ! Nebraska 37 ! 37 52 ! 1,868,516 38 ! 38 54 ! 1,826,341 38 ! 38 54 ! 1,711,263 30 ! 30 38 ! 6.7 % 44 ! WNC 41 ! South Dakota 46 ! 46 61 ! 844,877 46 ! 46 62 ! 814,180 46 ! 46 62 ! 754,844 25 ! 25 33 ! 7.9 % 45 ! WNC 34 ! North Dakota 48 ! 48 63 ! 723,393 48 ! 48 64 ! 672,591 47 ! 47 63 ! 642,200 36 ! 36 46 ! 4.7 % 46 ! WNC 58 ! West North Central 57 ! 7 14 ! 20,885,710 57 ! 7 14 ! 20,505,437 56 ! 6 13 ! 19,237,739 56 ! 6 40 ! 6.6 % 47 ! MWest 60 ! Midwest 62 ! 3 04 ! 67,547,890 62 ! 3 04 ! 66,927,001 61 ! 2 03 ! 64,392,776 62 ! 3 51 ! 3.9 % 48 ! USA 03 ! Arizona 15 ! 15 29 ! 6,626,624 16 ! 16 30 ! 6,392,017 20 ! 20 34 ! 5,130,632 02 ! 2 02 ! 24.6 % 49 ! Mtn 06 ! Colorado 22 ! 22 36 ! 5,268,367 22 ! 22 36 ! 5,029,196 24 ! 24 38 ! 4,301,261 09 ! 9 10 ! 16.9 % 50 ! Mtn 44 ! Utah 33 ! 33 48 ! 2,900,872 34 ! 34 50 ! 2,763,885 34 ! 34 50 ! 2,233,169 03 ! 3 03 ! 23.8 % 51 ! Mtn 28 ! Nevada 35 ! 35 50 ! 2,790,136 35 ! 35 51 ! 2,700,551 35 ! 35 51 ! 1,998,257 01 ! 1 01 ! 35.1 % 52 ! Mtn 31 ! New Mexico 36 ! 36 51 ! 2,085,287 36 ! 36 52 ! 2,059,179 36 ! 36 52 ! 1,819,046 15 ! 15 20 ! 13.2 % 53 ! Mtn 12 ! Idaho 39 ! 39 54 ! 1,612,136 39 ! 39 55 ! 1,567,582 39 ! 39 55 ! 1,293,953 04 ! 4 05 ! 21.1 % 54 ! Mtn 26 ! Montana 44 ! 44 59 ! 1,015,165 44 ! 44 60 ! 989,415 44 ! 44 60 ! 902,195 21 ! 21 28 ! 9.7 % 55 ! Mtn 50 ! Wyoming 50 ! 50 66 ! 582,658 50 ! 50 67 ! 563,626 50 ! 50 67 ! 493,782 12 ! 12 16 ! 14.1 % 56 ! Mtn 54 ! Mountain 56 ! 6 13 ! 22,881,245 56 ! 6 13 ! 22,065,451 57 ! 7 15 ! 18,172,295 51 ! 1 04 ! 21.4 % 57 ! West 05 ! California 01 ! 1 10 ! 38,332,521 01 ! 1 10 ! 37,253,956 01 ! 1 10 ! 33,871,648 20 ! 20 26 ! 10.0 % 58 ! Pac 47 ! Washington 13 ! 13 27 ! 6,971,406 13 ! 13 27 ! 6,724,540 15 ! 15 29 ! 5,894,121 13 ! 13 17 ! 14.1 % 59 ! Pac 37 ! Oregon 27 ! 27 41 ! 3,930,065 27 ! 27 42 ! 3,831,074 28 ! 28 44 ! 3,421,399 18 ! 18 23 ! 12.0 % 60 ! Pac 11 ! Hawaii 40 ! 40 55 ! 1,404,054 40 ! 40 56 ! 1,360,301 42 ! 42 58 ! 1,211,537 17 ! 17 22 ! 12.3 % 61 ! Pac 02 ! Alaska 47 ! 47 62 ! 735,132 47 ! 47 63 ! 710,231 48 ! 48 64 ! 626,932 14 ! 14 19 ! 13.3 % 62 ! Pac 56 ! Pacific 52 ! 2 07 ! 51,373,178 52 ! 2 07 ! 49,880,102 53 ! 3 08 ! 45,025,637 54 ! 4 25 ! 10.8 % 63 ! West 63 ! West 61 ! 2 03 ! 74,254,423 61 ! 2 03 ! 71,945,553 62 ! 3 04 ! 63,197,932 61 ! 2 18 ! 13.8 % 64 ! USA 65 ! 50 states and D.C. 65 ! -- 01 ! 316,128,839 65 ! -- 01 ! 308,745,538 65 ! -- 01 ! 281,421,906 65 ! -- 27 ! 9.7 % 65 ! NAmer 69 ! Puerto Rico 66 ! 1 43 ! 3,615,086 66 ! 1 44 ! 3,725,789 66 ! 1 42 ! 3,808,610 68 ! 3 68 ! - 2.2 % 66 ! Terr . 67 ! Guam 67 ! 2 68 ! -- 67 ! 2 68 ! 159,358 67 ! 2 68 ! 154,805 66 ! 1 58 ! 2.9 % 67 ! Terr . 70 ! U.S. Virgin Islands 68 ! 3 69 ! -- 68 ! 3 69 ! 106,405 68 ! 3 69 ! 108,612 67 ! 2 67 ! - 2.0 % 68 ! Terr . 66 ! American Samoa 69 ! 4 70 ! -- 69 ! 4 70 ! 55,519 70 ! 5 71 ! 57,291 69 ! 4 70 ! - 3.1 % 69 ! Terr . 68 ! Northern Mariana Islands 70 ! 5 71 ! -- 70 ! 5 71 ! 53,883 69 ! 4 70 ! 69,221 70 ! 5 71 ! - 22.2 % 70 ! Terr . 71 ! Total Territories 71 ! -- 67 ! -- 71 ! -- 41 ! 4,100,954 71 ! -- 39 ! 4,198,539 71 ! -- 69 ! - 2.3 % 71 ! USA See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Demographics of the United States List of United States cities by population List of U.S. states by African - American population List of U.S. states by historical population ( tables of state populations since 1790 ) List of U.S. states by population density List of U.S. states by population growth rate List of U.S. states and territories by area List of U.S. states by vehicles per capita List of U.S. states by religiosity United States References ( edit ) General `` National Totals : Vintage 2015 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . `` 2010 Resident Population Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 26 . `` 2010 Apportionment Population '' , U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 `` 2009 Census estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Statistical Abstract of the United States , 1995 , U.S. Census Bureau , Section 29 : Outlying Areas , Table No. 1347 . Land Area and Population Characteristics , by ( Outlying ) Area : 1990 ( page 828 ) . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 Specific Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Does the Census Bureau collect data on the number of unauthorized migrants ? '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Will 2010 Census apportionment population counts also include any Americans overseas ? '' . U. S Census Bureau . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Register . `` A Procedural Guide to the Electoral College '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' ( XLSX ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 02 . External links ( edit ) United States Government United States Census Bureau USCB population estimates United States Office of Management and Budget United States Censuses 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 2000 2020 United States Census Bureau United States Census of Agriculture United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Household Per capita Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Flat rate None Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Forest Geographic centers Government Attorneys general Capitals Historical Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population&oldid=817898729 '' Categories : Lists by population Lists of states of the United States Lists of subdivisions of the United States United States demography - related lists United States geography - related lists Ranked lists of country subdivisions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Ilokano Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Македонски მარგალური Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 06 : 03 . 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"\n\nRank in the fifty states, 2017\nRank in all states & territories, 2010\nState or territory\nPopulation estimate, July 1, 2017[4]\nCensus population, April 1, 2010\nTotal seats in House of Representatives, 2013–2023\nEstimated pop. per House seat, 2016\nCensus pop. per House seat, 2010\nPercent of total U.S. pop., 2016[note 1]\n\n\n7000100000000000000♠1\n7000100000000000000♠1\n California\n39,536,653\n37,252,895\n7001530000000000000♠53\n738,581\n702,905\n12.15%\n\n\n7000200000000000000♠2\n7000200000000000000♠2\n Texas\n28,304,596\n25,146,105\n7001360000000000000♠36\n763,031\n698,487\n8.62%\n\n\n7000300000000000000♠3\n7000400000000000000♠4\n Florida\n20,984,400\n18,804,623\n7001270000000000000♠27\n750,788\n696,345\n6.38%\n\n\n7000400000000000000♠4\n7000300000000000000♠3\n New York\n19,849,399\n19,378,087\n7001270000000000000♠27\n733,177\n717,707\n6.11%\n\n\n7000500000000000000♠5\n7000600000000000000♠6\n Pennsylvania\n12,805,537\n12,702,887\n7001180000000000000♠18\n711,250\n705,688\n3.96%\n\n\n7000600000000000000♠6\n7000500000000000000♠5\n Illinois\n12,802,023\n12,831,549\n7001180000000000000♠18\n714,444\n712,813\n3.96%\n\n\n7000700000000000000♠7\n7000700000000000000♠7\n Ohio\n11,658,609\n11,536,725\n7001160000000000000♠16\n725,839\n721,032\n3.59%\n\n\n7000800000000000000♠8\n7000900000000000000♠9\n Georgia\n10,429,379\n9,688,681\n7001140000000000000♠14\n729,633\n691,975\n3.19%\n\n\n7000900000000000000♠9\n7001100000000000000♠10\n North Carolina\n10,273,419\n9,535,692\n7001130000000000000♠13\n772,523\n733,498\n3.14%\n\n\n7001100000000000000♠10\n7000800000000000000♠8\n Michigan\n9,962,311\n9,884,129\n7001140000000000000♠14\n708,755\n705,974\n3.07%\n\n\n7001110000000000000♠11\n7001110000000000000♠11\n New Jersey\n9,005,644\n8,791,936\n7001120000000000000♠12\n746,501\n732,658\n2.77%\n\n\n7001120000000000000♠12\n7001120000000000000♠12\n Virginia\n8,470,020\n8,001,045\n7001110000000000000♠11\n762,090\n727,366\n2.60%\n\n\n7001130000000000000♠13\n7001130000000000000♠13\n Washington\n7,405,743\n6,724,543\n7001100000000000000♠10\n740,574\n672,454\n2.26%\n\n\n7001140000000000000♠14\n7001160000000000000♠16\n Arizona\n7,016,270\n6,392,307\n7000900000000000000♠9\n758,674\n710,224\n2.15%\n\n\n7001150000000000000♠15\n7001140000000000000♠14\n Massachusetts\n6,859,819\n6,547,817\n7000900000000000000♠9\n754,936\n727,514\n2.11%\n\n\n7001160000000000000♠16\n7001170000000000000♠17\n Tennessee\n6,715,984\n6,346,275\n7000900000000000000♠9\n733,367\n705,123\n2.06%\n\n\n7001170000000000000♠17\n7001150000000000000♠15\n Indiana\n6,666,818\n6,484,229\n7000900000000000000♠9\n735,520\n720,422\n2.05%\n\n\n7001180000000000000♠18\n7001180000000000000♠18\n Missouri\n6,113,532\n5,988,927\n7000800000000000000♠8\n760,459\n748,615\n1.89%\n\n\n7001190000000000000♠19\n7001190000000000000♠19\n Maryland\n6,052,177\n5,773,785\n7000800000000000000♠8\n750,800\n721,694\n1.86%\n\n\n7001200000000000000♠20\n7001200000000000000♠20\n Wisconsin\n5,795,483\n5,687,289\n7000800000000000000♠8\n721,417\n710,873\n1.79%\n\n\n7001210000000000000♠21\n7001220000000000000♠22\n Colorado\n5,607,154\n5,029,324\n7000700000000000000♠7\n779,511\n720,704\n1.72%\n\n\n7001220000000000000♠22\n7001210000000000000♠21\n Minnesota\n5,576,606\n5,303,925\n7000800000000000000♠8\n686,199\n662,991\n1.71%\n\n\n7001230000000000000♠23\n7001240000000000000♠24\n South Carolina\n5,024,369\n4,625,401\n7000700000000000000♠7\n699,449\n660,766\n1.54%\n\n\n7001240000000000000♠24\n7001230000000000000♠23\n Alabama\n4,874,747\n4,780,127\n7000700000000000000♠7\n694,140\n682,819\n1.51%\n\n\n7001250000000000000♠25\n7001250000000000000♠25\n Louisiana\n4,684,333\n4,533,479\n7000600000000000000♠6\n778,454\n755,562\n1.45%\n\n\n7001260000000000000♠26\n7001260000000000000♠26\n Kentucky\n4,454,189\n4,339,349\n7000600000000000000♠6\n737,515\n723,228\n1.37%\n\n\n7001270000000000000♠27\n7001270000000000000♠27\n Oregon\n4,142,776\n3,831,073\n7000500000000000000♠5\n805,795\n766,215\n1.27%\n\n\n7001280000000000000♠28\n7001280000000000000♠28\n Oklahoma\n3,930,864\n3,751,616\n7000500000000000000♠5\n782,268\n750,270\n1.21%\n\n\n7001290000000000000♠29\n7001300000000000000♠30\n Connecticut\n3,588,184\n3,574,118\n7000500000000000000♠5\n718,177\n714,819\n1.11%\n\n\n7001710000000000000♠ —\n7001290000000000000♠29\n Puerto Rico\n3,337,177\n3,726,157\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n1.06%\n\n\n7001300000000000000♠30\n7001310000000000000♠31\n Iowa\n3,145,711\n3,046,869\n7000400000000000000♠4\n780,975\n761,589\n0.97%\n\n\n7001310000000000000♠31\n7001350000000000000♠35\n Utah\n3,101,833\n2,763,888\n7000400000000000000♠4\n748,083\n690,221\n0.94%\n\n\n7001320000000000000♠32\n7001330000000000000♠33\n Arkansas\n3,004,279\n2,915,958\n7000400000000000000♠4\n744,551\n728,980\n0.93%\n\n\n7001330000000000000♠33\n7001360000000000000♠36\n Nevada\n2,998,039\n2,700,691\n7000400000000000000♠4\n722,711\n675,110\n0.91%\n\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n7001320000000000000♠32\n Mississippi\n2,984,100\n2,968,103\n7000400000000000000♠4\n748,083\n741,824\n0.93%\n\n\n7001350000000000000♠35\n7001340000000000000♠34\n Kansas\n2,913,123\n2,853,132\n7000400000000000000♠4\n727,910\n713,280\n0.90%\n\n\n7001360000000000000♠36\n7001370000000000000♠37\n New Mexico\n2,088,070\n2,059,192\n7000300000000000000♠3\n695,036\n686,393\n0.64%\n\n\n7001370000000000000♠37\n7001390000000000000♠39\n Nebraska\n1,920,076\n1,826,341\n7000300000000000000♠3\n632,063\n608,780\n0.59%\n\n\n7001380000000000000♠38\n7001380000000000000♠38\n West Virginia\n1,815,857\n1,853,011\n7000300000000000000♠3\n614,709\n617,665\n0.57%\n\n\n7001390000000000000♠39\n7001400000000000000♠40\n Idaho\n1,716,943\n1,567,652\n7000200000000000000♠2\n827,465\n783,791\n0.52%\n\n\n7001400000000000000♠40\n7001410000000000000♠41\n Hawaii\n1,427,538\n1,360,301\n7000200000000000000♠2\n715,802\n680,151\n0.44%\n\n\n7001410000000000000♠41\n7001430000000000000♠43\n New Hampshire\n1,342,795\n1,316,466\n7000200000000000000♠2\n665,304\n658,235\n0.41%\n\n\n7001420000000000000♠42\n7001420000000000000♠42\n Maine\n1,335,907\n1,328,361\n7000200000000000000♠2\n664,664\n664,181\n0.41%\n\n\n7001430000000000000♠43\n7001440000000000000♠44\n Rhode Island\n1,059,639\n1,052,931\n7000200000000000000♠2\n528,769\n526,466\n0.33%\n\n\n7001440000000000000♠44\n7001450000000000000♠45\n Montana\n1,050,493\n989,417\n7000100000000000000♠1\n1,050,493\n989,417\n0.32%\n\n\n7001450000000000000♠45\n7001460000000000000♠46\n Delaware\n961,939\n897,936\n7000100000000000000♠1\n961,939\n897,936\n0.30%\n\n\n7001460000000000000♠46\n7001470000000000000♠47\n South Dakota\n869,666\n814,191\n7000100000000000000♠1\n869,666\n814,191\n0.27%\n\n\n7001470000000000000♠47\n7001490000000000000♠49\n North Dakota\n755,393\n672,591\n7000100000000000000♠1\n765,393\n672,591\n0.24%\n\n\n7001480000000000000♠48\n7001480000000000000♠48\n Alaska\n739,795\n710,249\n7000100000000000000♠1\n739,795\n710,249\n0.23%\n\n\n7001610000000000000♠—\n7001510000000000000♠51\n District of Columbia\n693,972\n601,767\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.21%\n\n\n7001490000000000000♠49\n7001500000000000000♠50\n Vermont\n623,657\n625,745\n7000100000000000000♠1\n623,657\n625,745\n0.19%\n\n\n7001500000000000000♠50\n7001520000000000000♠52\n Wyoming\n579,315\n563,767\n7000100000000000000♠1\n579,315\n563,767\n0.18%\n\n\n7001720000000000000♠—\n7001530000000000000♠53\n Guam\n167,358\n159,358[5]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.06%\n\n\n7001730000000000000♠—\n7001540000000000000♠54\n U.S. Virgin Islands\n107,268\n106,405[6]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.04%\n\n\n7001740000000000000♠—\n7001550000000000000♠55\n American Samoa\n51,504\n55,519[7]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.01%\n\n\n7001750000000000000♠—\n7001560000000000000♠56\n Northern Mariana Islands\n52,263\n53,883[8]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001760000000000000♠—\n7001570000000000000♠57\n Midway Atoll\n40\n2,220\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001770000000000000♠—\n7001580000000000000♠58\n Johnston Atoll\n0\n1,100\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001780000000000000♠—\n7001590000000000000♠59\n Wake Island\n150\n382\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001800000000000000♠—\n7001600000000000000♠60\n Palmyra Atoll\n20\n20\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001810000000000000♠—\n—\n Baker Island\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001820000000000000♠—\n—\n Howland Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001830000000000000♠—\n—\n Jarvis Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001840000000000000♠—\n—\n Kingman Reef\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001850000000000000♠—\n—\nNavassa Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001860000000000000♠—\n—\nSerranilla Bank\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001870000000000000♠—\n—\nBajo Nuevo Bank\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001870000000000000♠—\n7001870000000000000♠—\nContiguous United States\n323,551,845\n306,687,555\n432 (+ 1 non-voting)\n—\n—\n98.18%\n\n\n7001820000000000000♠—\n7001820000000000000♠—\nThe fifty states\n325,025,206\n308,156,338\n435\n737,348\n708,376\n98.48%\n\n\n7001830000000000000♠—\n7001830000000000000♠—\nFifty states + D.C.\n325,719,178\n308,758,105\n435 (+ 1 non-voting)\n—\n—\n98.67%\n\n\n7001840000000000000♠—\n7001840000000000000♠—\nTotal U.S. territory\n329,432,060\n312,913,872\n435 (+ 6 non-voting)\n—\n—\n100.00%\n\n",
"\n\nRank in the fifty states, 2017\nRank in all states & territories, 2010\nState or territory\nPopulation estimate, July 1, 2017[4]\nCensus population, April 1, 2010\nTotal seats in House of Representatives, 2013–2023\nEstimated pop. per House seat, 2016\nCensus pop. per House seat, 2010\nPercent of total U.S. pop., 2016[note 1]\n\n\n7000100000000000000♠1\n7000100000000000000♠1\n California\n39,536,653\n37,252,895\n7001530000000000000♠53\n738,581\n702,905\n12.15%\n\n\n7000200000000000000♠2\n7000200000000000000♠2\n Texas\n28,304,596\n25,146,105\n7001360000000000000♠36\n763,031\n698,487\n8.62%\n\n\n7000300000000000000♠3\n7000400000000000000♠4\n Florida\n20,984,400\n18,804,623\n7001270000000000000♠27\n750,788\n696,345\n6.38%\n\n\n7000400000000000000♠4\n7000300000000000000♠3\n New York\n19,849,399\n19,378,087\n7001270000000000000♠27\n733,177\n717,707\n6.11%\n\n\n7000500000000000000♠5\n7000600000000000000♠6\n Pennsylvania\n12,805,537\n12,702,887\n7001180000000000000♠18\n711,250\n705,688\n3.96%\n\n\n7000600000000000000♠6\n7000500000000000000♠5\n Illinois\n12,802,023\n12,831,549\n7001180000000000000♠18\n714,444\n712,813\n3.96%\n\n\n7000700000000000000♠7\n7000700000000000000♠7\n Ohio\n11,658,609\n11,536,725\n7001160000000000000♠16\n725,839\n721,032\n3.59%\n\n\n7000800000000000000♠8\n7000900000000000000♠9\n Georgia\n10,429,379\n9,688,681\n7001140000000000000♠14\n729,633\n691,975\n3.19%\n\n\n7000900000000000000♠9\n7001100000000000000♠10\n North Carolina\n10,273,419\n9,535,692\n7001130000000000000♠13\n772,523\n733,498\n3.14%\n\n\n7001100000000000000♠10\n7000800000000000000♠8\n Michigan\n9,962,311\n9,884,129\n7001140000000000000♠14\n708,755\n705,974\n3.07%\n\n\n7001110000000000000♠11\n7001110000000000000♠11\n New Jersey\n9,005,644\n8,791,936\n7001120000000000000♠12\n746,501\n732,658\n2.77%\n\n\n7001120000000000000♠12\n7001120000000000000♠12\n Virginia\n8,470,020\n8,001,045\n7001110000000000000♠11\n762,090\n727,366\n2.60%\n\n\n7001130000000000000♠13\n7001130000000000000♠13\n Washington\n7,405,743\n6,724,543\n7001100000000000000♠10\n740,574\n672,454\n2.26%\n\n\n7001140000000000000♠14\n7001160000000000000♠16\n Arizona\n7,016,270\n6,392,307\n7000900000000000000♠9\n758,674\n710,224\n2.15%\n\n\n7001150000000000000♠15\n7001140000000000000♠14\n Massachusetts\n6,859,819\n6,547,817\n7000900000000000000♠9\n754,936\n727,514\n2.11%\n\n\n7001160000000000000♠16\n7001170000000000000♠17\n Tennessee\n6,715,984\n6,346,275\n7000900000000000000♠9\n733,367\n705,123\n2.06%\n\n\n7001170000000000000♠17\n7001150000000000000♠15\n Indiana\n6,666,818\n6,484,229\n7000900000000000000♠9\n735,520\n720,422\n2.05%\n\n\n7001180000000000000♠18\n7001180000000000000♠18\n Missouri\n6,113,532\n5,988,927\n7000800000000000000♠8\n760,459\n748,615\n1.89%\n\n\n7001190000000000000♠19\n7001190000000000000♠19\n Maryland\n6,052,177\n5,773,785\n7000800000000000000♠8\n750,800\n721,694\n1.86%\n\n\n7001200000000000000♠20\n7001200000000000000♠20\n Wisconsin\n5,795,483\n5,687,289\n7000800000000000000♠8\n721,417\n710,873\n1.79%\n\n\n7001210000000000000♠21\n7001220000000000000♠22\n Colorado\n5,607,154\n5,029,324\n7000700000000000000♠7\n779,511\n720,704\n1.72%\n\n\n7001220000000000000♠22\n7001210000000000000♠21\n Minnesota\n5,576,606\n5,303,925\n7000800000000000000♠8\n686,199\n662,991\n1.71%\n\n\n7001230000000000000♠23\n7001240000000000000♠24\n South Carolina\n5,024,369\n4,625,401\n7000700000000000000♠7\n699,449\n660,766\n1.54%\n\n\n7001240000000000000♠24\n7001230000000000000♠23\n Alabama\n4,874,747\n4,780,127\n7000700000000000000♠7\n694,140\n682,819\n1.51%\n\n\n7001250000000000000♠25\n7001250000000000000♠25\n Louisiana\n4,684,333\n4,533,479\n7000600000000000000♠6\n778,454\n755,562\n1.45%\n\n\n7001260000000000000♠26\n7001260000000000000♠26\n Kentucky\n4,454,189\n4,339,349\n7000600000000000000♠6\n737,515\n723,228\n1.37%\n\n\n7001270000000000000♠27\n7001270000000000000♠27\n Oregon\n4,142,776\n3,831,073\n7000500000000000000♠5\n805,795\n766,215\n1.27%\n\n\n7001280000000000000♠28\n7001280000000000000♠28\n Oklahoma\n3,930,864\n3,751,616\n7000500000000000000♠5\n782,268\n750,270\n1.21%\n\n\n7001290000000000000♠29\n7001300000000000000♠30\n Connecticut\n3,588,184\n3,574,118\n7000500000000000000♠5\n718,177\n714,819\n1.11%\n\n\n7001710000000000000♠ —\n7001290000000000000♠29\n Puerto Rico\n3,337,177\n3,726,157\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n1.06%\n\n\n7001300000000000000♠30\n7001310000000000000♠31\n Iowa\n3,145,711\n3,046,869\n7000400000000000000♠4\n780,975\n761,589\n0.97%\n\n\n7001310000000000000♠31\n7001350000000000000♠35\n Utah\n3,101,833\n2,763,888\n7000400000000000000♠4\n748,083\n690,221\n0.94%\n\n\n7001320000000000000♠32\n7001330000000000000♠33\n Arkansas\n3,004,279\n2,915,958\n7000400000000000000♠4\n744,551\n728,980\n0.93%\n\n\n7001330000000000000♠33\n7001360000000000000♠36\n Nevada\n2,998,039\n2,700,691\n7000400000000000000♠4\n722,711\n675,110\n0.91%\n\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n7001320000000000000♠32\n Mississippi\n2,984,100\n2,968,103\n7000400000000000000♠4\n748,083\n741,824\n0.93%\n\n\n7001350000000000000♠35\n7001340000000000000♠34\n Kansas\n2,913,123\n2,853,132\n7000400000000000000♠4\n727,910\n713,280\n0.90%\n\n\n7001360000000000000♠36\n7001370000000000000♠37\n New Mexico\n2,088,070\n2,059,192\n7000300000000000000♠3\n695,036\n686,393\n0.64%\n\n\n7001370000000000000♠37\n7001390000000000000♠39\n Nebraska\n1,920,076\n1,826,341\n7000300000000000000♠3\n632,063\n608,780\n0.59%\n\n\n7001380000000000000♠38\n7001380000000000000♠38\n West Virginia\n1,815,857\n1,853,011\n7000300000000000000♠3\n614,709\n617,665\n0.57%\n\n\n7001390000000000000♠39\n7001400000000000000♠40\n Idaho\n1,716,943\n1,567,652\n7000200000000000000♠2\n827,465\n783,791\n0.52%\n\n\n7001400000000000000♠40\n7001410000000000000♠41\n Hawaii\n1,427,538\n1,360,301\n7000200000000000000♠2\n715,802\n680,151\n0.44%\n\n\n7001410000000000000♠41\n7001430000000000000♠43\n New Hampshire\n1,342,795\n1,316,466\n7000200000000000000♠2\n665,304\n658,235\n0.41%\n\n\n7001420000000000000♠42\n7001420000000000000♠42\n Maine\n1,335,907\n1,328,361\n7000200000000000000♠2\n664,664\n664,181\n0.41%\n\n\n7001430000000000000♠43\n7001440000000000000♠44\n Rhode Island\n1,059,639\n1,052,931\n7000200000000000000♠2\n528,769\n526,466\n0.33%\n\n\n7001440000000000000♠44\n7001450000000000000♠45\n Montana\n1,050,493\n989,417\n7000100000000000000♠1\n1,050,493\n989,417\n0.32%\n\n\n7001450000000000000♠45\n7001460000000000000♠46\n Delaware\n961,939\n897,936\n7000100000000000000♠1\n961,939\n897,936\n0.30%\n\n\n7001460000000000000♠46\n7001470000000000000♠47\n South Dakota\n869,666\n814,191\n7000100000000000000♠1\n869,666\n814,191\n0.27%\n\n\n7001470000000000000♠47\n7001490000000000000♠49\n North Dakota\n755,393\n672,591\n7000100000000000000♠1\n765,393\n672,591\n0.24%\n\n\n7001480000000000000♠48\n7001480000000000000♠48\n Alaska\n739,795\n710,249\n7000100000000000000♠1\n739,795\n710,249\n0.23%\n\n\n7001610000000000000♠—\n7001510000000000000♠51\n District of Columbia\n693,972\n601,767\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.21%\n\n\n7001490000000000000♠49\n7001500000000000000♠50\n Vermont\n623,657\n625,745\n7000100000000000000♠1\n623,657\n625,745\n0.19%\n\n\n7001500000000000000♠50\n7001520000000000000♠52\n Wyoming\n579,315\n563,767\n7000100000000000000♠1\n579,315\n563,767\n0.18%\n\n\n7001720000000000000♠—\n7001530000000000000♠53\n Guam\n167,358\n159,358[5]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.06%\n\n\n7001730000000000000♠—\n7001540000000000000♠54\n U.S. Virgin Islands\n107,268\n106,405[6]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.04%\n\n\n7001740000000000000♠—\n7001550000000000000♠55\n American Samoa\n51,504\n55,519[7]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.01%\n\n\n7001750000000000000♠—\n7001560000000000000♠56\n Northern Mariana Islands\n52,263\n53,883[8]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001760000000000000♠—\n7001570000000000000♠57\n Midway Atoll\n40\n2,220\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001770000000000000♠—\n7001580000000000000♠58\n Johnston Atoll\n0\n1,100\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001780000000000000♠—\n7001590000000000000♠59\n Wake Island\n150\n382\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001800000000000000♠—\n7001600000000000000♠60\n Palmyra Atoll\n20\n20\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001810000000000000♠—\n—\n Baker Island\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001820000000000000♠—\n—\n Howland Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001830000000000000♠—\n—\n Jarvis Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001840000000000000♠—\n—\n Kingman Reef\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001850000000000000♠—\n—\nNavassa Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001860000000000000♠—\n—\nSerranilla Bank\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001870000000000000♠—\n—\nBajo Nuevo Bank\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001870000000000000♠—\n7001870000000000000♠—\nContiguous United States\n323,551,845\n306,687,555\n432 (+ 1 non-voting)\n—\n—\n98.18%\n\n\n7001820000000000000♠—\n7001820000000000000♠—\nThe fifty states\n325,025,206\n308,156,338\n435\n737,348\n708,376\n98.48%\n\n\n7001830000000000000♠—\n7001830000000000000♠—\nFifty states + D.C.\n325,719,178\n308,758,105\n435 (+ 1 non-voting)\n—\n—\n98.67%\n\n\n7001840000000000000♠—\n7001840000000000000♠—\nTotal U.S. territory\n329,432,060\n312,913,872\n435 (+ 6 non-voting)\n—\n—\n100.00%\n\n",
"\n\nRank in the fifty states, 2017\nRank in all states & territories, 2010\nState or territory\nPopulation estimate, July 1, 2017[4]\nCensus population, April 1, 2010\nTotal seats in House of Representatives, 2013–2023\nEstimated pop. per House seat, 2016\nCensus pop. per House seat, 2010\nPercent of total U.S. pop., 2016[note 1]\n\n\n7000100000000000000♠1\n7000100000000000000♠1\n California\n39,536,653\n37,252,895\n7001530000000000000♠53\n738,581\n702,905\n12.15%\n\n\n7000200000000000000♠2\n7000200000000000000♠2\n Texas\n28,304,596\n25,146,105\n7001360000000000000♠36\n763,031\n698,487\n8.62%\n\n\n7000300000000000000♠3\n7000400000000000000♠4\n Florida\n20,984,400\n18,804,623\n7001270000000000000♠27\n750,788\n696,345\n6.38%\n\n\n7000400000000000000♠4\n7000300000000000000♠3\n New York\n19,849,399\n19,378,087\n7001270000000000000♠27\n733,177\n717,707\n6.11%\n\n\n7000500000000000000♠5\n7000600000000000000♠6\n Pennsylvania\n12,805,537\n12,702,887\n7001180000000000000♠18\n711,250\n705,688\n3.96%\n\n\n7000600000000000000♠6\n7000500000000000000♠5\n Illinois\n12,802,023\n12,831,549\n7001180000000000000♠18\n714,444\n712,813\n3.96%\n\n\n7000700000000000000♠7\n7000700000000000000♠7\n Ohio\n11,658,609\n11,536,725\n7001160000000000000♠16\n725,839\n721,032\n3.59%\n\n\n7000800000000000000♠8\n7000900000000000000♠9\n Georgia\n10,429,379\n9,688,681\n7001140000000000000♠14\n729,633\n691,975\n3.19%\n\n\n7000900000000000000♠9\n7001100000000000000♠10\n North Carolina\n10,273,419\n9,535,692\n7001130000000000000♠13\n772,523\n733,498\n3.14%\n\n\n7001100000000000000♠10\n7000800000000000000♠8\n Michigan\n9,962,311\n9,884,129\n7001140000000000000♠14\n708,755\n705,974\n3.07%\n\n\n7001110000000000000♠11\n7001110000000000000♠11\n New Jersey\n9,005,644\n8,791,936\n7001120000000000000♠12\n746,501\n732,658\n2.77%\n\n\n7001120000000000000♠12\n7001120000000000000♠12\n Virginia\n8,470,020\n8,001,045\n7001110000000000000♠11\n762,090\n727,366\n2.60%\n\n\n7001130000000000000♠13\n7001130000000000000♠13\n Washington\n7,405,743\n6,724,543\n7001100000000000000♠10\n740,574\n672,454\n2.26%\n\n\n7001140000000000000♠14\n7001160000000000000♠16\n Arizona\n7,016,270\n6,392,307\n7000900000000000000♠9\n758,674\n710,224\n2.15%\n\n\n7001150000000000000♠15\n7001140000000000000♠14\n Massachusetts\n6,859,819\n6,547,817\n7000900000000000000♠9\n754,936\n727,514\n2.11%\n\n\n7001160000000000000♠16\n7001170000000000000♠17\n Tennessee\n6,715,984\n6,346,275\n7000900000000000000♠9\n733,367\n705,123\n2.06%\n\n\n7001170000000000000♠17\n7001150000000000000♠15\n Indiana\n6,666,818\n6,484,229\n7000900000000000000♠9\n735,520\n720,422\n2.05%\n\n\n7001180000000000000♠18\n7001180000000000000♠18\n Missouri\n6,113,532\n5,988,927\n7000800000000000000♠8\n760,459\n748,615\n1.89%\n\n\n7001190000000000000♠19\n7001190000000000000♠19\n Maryland\n6,052,177\n5,773,785\n7000800000000000000♠8\n750,800\n721,694\n1.86%\n\n\n7001200000000000000♠20\n7001200000000000000♠20\n Wisconsin\n5,795,483\n5,687,289\n7000800000000000000♠8\n721,417\n710,873\n1.79%\n\n\n7001210000000000000♠21\n7001220000000000000♠22\n Colorado\n5,607,154\n5,029,324\n7000700000000000000♠7\n779,511\n720,704\n1.72%\n\n\n7001220000000000000♠22\n7001210000000000000♠21\n Minnesota\n5,576,606\n5,303,925\n7000800000000000000♠8\n686,199\n662,991\n1.71%\n\n\n7001230000000000000♠23\n7001240000000000000♠24\n South Carolina\n5,024,369\n4,625,401\n7000700000000000000♠7\n699,449\n660,766\n1.54%\n\n\n7001240000000000000♠24\n7001230000000000000♠23\n Alabama\n4,874,747\n4,780,127\n7000700000000000000♠7\n694,140\n682,819\n1.51%\n\n\n7001250000000000000♠25\n7001250000000000000♠25\n Louisiana\n4,684,333\n4,533,479\n7000600000000000000♠6\n778,454\n755,562\n1.45%\n\n\n7001260000000000000♠26\n7001260000000000000♠26\n Kentucky\n4,454,189\n4,339,349\n7000600000000000000♠6\n737,515\n723,228\n1.37%\n\n\n7001270000000000000♠27\n7001270000000000000♠27\n Oregon\n4,142,776\n3,831,073\n7000500000000000000♠5\n805,795\n766,215\n1.27%\n\n\n7001280000000000000♠28\n7001280000000000000♠28\n Oklahoma\n3,930,864\n3,751,616\n7000500000000000000♠5\n782,268\n750,270\n1.21%\n\n\n7001290000000000000♠29\n7001300000000000000♠30\n Connecticut\n3,588,184\n3,574,118\n7000500000000000000♠5\n718,177\n714,819\n1.11%\n\n\n7001710000000000000♠ —\n7001290000000000000♠29\n Puerto Rico\n3,337,177\n3,726,157\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n1.06%\n\n\n7001300000000000000♠30\n7001310000000000000♠31\n Iowa\n3,145,711\n3,046,869\n7000400000000000000♠4\n780,975\n761,589\n0.97%\n\n\n7001310000000000000♠31\n7001350000000000000♠35\n Utah\n3,101,833\n2,763,888\n7000400000000000000♠4\n748,083\n690,221\n0.94%\n\n\n7001320000000000000♠32\n7001330000000000000♠33\n Arkansas\n3,004,279\n2,915,958\n7000400000000000000♠4\n744,551\n728,980\n0.93%\n\n\n7001330000000000000♠33\n7001360000000000000♠36\n Nevada\n2,998,039\n2,700,691\n7000400000000000000♠4\n722,711\n675,110\n0.91%\n\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n7001320000000000000♠32\n Mississippi\n2,984,100\n2,968,103\n7000400000000000000♠4\n748,083\n741,824\n0.93%\n\n\n7001350000000000000♠35\n7001340000000000000♠34\n Kansas\n2,913,123\n2,853,132\n7000400000000000000♠4\n727,910\n713,280\n0.90%\n\n\n7001360000000000000♠36\n7001370000000000000♠37\n New Mexico\n2,088,070\n2,059,192\n7000300000000000000♠3\n695,036\n686,393\n0.64%\n\n\n7001370000000000000♠37\n7001390000000000000♠39\n Nebraska\n1,920,076\n1,826,341\n7000300000000000000♠3\n632,063\n608,780\n0.59%\n\n\n7001380000000000000♠38\n7001380000000000000♠38\n West Virginia\n1,815,857\n1,853,011\n7000300000000000000♠3\n614,709\n617,665\n0.57%\n\n\n7001390000000000000♠39\n7001400000000000000♠40\n Idaho\n1,716,943\n1,567,652\n7000200000000000000♠2\n827,465\n783,791\n0.52%\n\n\n7001400000000000000♠40\n7001410000000000000♠41\n Hawaii\n1,427,538\n1,360,301\n7000200000000000000♠2\n715,802\n680,151\n0.44%\n\n\n7001410000000000000♠41\n7001430000000000000♠43\n New Hampshire\n1,342,795\n1,316,466\n7000200000000000000♠2\n665,304\n658,235\n0.41%\n\n\n7001420000000000000♠42\n7001420000000000000♠42\n Maine\n1,335,907\n1,328,361\n7000200000000000000♠2\n664,664\n664,181\n0.41%\n\n\n7001430000000000000♠43\n7001440000000000000♠44\n Rhode Island\n1,059,639\n1,052,931\n7000200000000000000♠2\n528,769\n526,466\n0.33%\n\n\n7001440000000000000♠44\n7001450000000000000♠45\n Montana\n1,050,493\n989,417\n7000100000000000000♠1\n1,050,493\n989,417\n0.32%\n\n\n7001450000000000000♠45\n7001460000000000000♠46\n Delaware\n961,939\n897,936\n7000100000000000000♠1\n961,939\n897,936\n0.30%\n\n\n7001460000000000000♠46\n7001470000000000000♠47\n South Dakota\n869,666\n814,191\n7000100000000000000♠1\n869,666\n814,191\n0.27%\n\n\n7001470000000000000♠47\n7001490000000000000♠49\n North Dakota\n755,393\n672,591\n7000100000000000000♠1\n765,393\n672,591\n0.24%\n\n\n7001480000000000000♠48\n7001480000000000000♠48\n Alaska\n739,795\n710,249\n7000100000000000000♠1\n739,795\n710,249\n0.23%\n\n\n7001610000000000000♠—\n7001510000000000000♠51\n District of Columbia\n693,972\n601,767\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.21%\n\n\n7001490000000000000♠49\n7001500000000000000♠50\n Vermont\n623,657\n625,745\n7000100000000000000♠1\n623,657\n625,745\n0.19%\n\n\n7001500000000000000♠50\n7001520000000000000♠52\n Wyoming\n579,315\n563,767\n7000100000000000000♠1\n579,315\n563,767\n0.18%\n\n\n7001720000000000000♠—\n7001530000000000000♠53\n Guam\n167,358\n159,358[5]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.06%\n\n\n7001730000000000000♠—\n7001540000000000000♠54\n U.S. Virgin Islands\n107,268\n106,405[6]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.04%\n\n\n7001740000000000000♠—\n7001550000000000000♠55\n American Samoa\n51,504\n55,519[7]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.01%\n\n\n7001750000000000000♠—\n7001560000000000000♠56\n Northern Mariana Islands\n52,263\n53,883[8]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001760000000000000♠—\n7001570000000000000♠57\n Midway Atoll\n40\n2,220\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001770000000000000♠—\n7001580000000000000♠58\n Johnston Atoll\n0\n1,100\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001780000000000000♠—\n7001590000000000000♠59\n Wake Island\n150\n382\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001800000000000000♠—\n7001600000000000000♠60\n Palmyra Atoll\n20\n20\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001810000000000000♠—\n—\n Baker Island\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001820000000000000♠—\n—\n Howland Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001830000000000000♠—\n—\n Jarvis Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001840000000000000♠—\n—\n Kingman Reef\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001850000000000000♠—\n—\nNavassa Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001860000000000000♠—\n—\nSerranilla Bank\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001870000000000000♠—\n—\nBajo Nuevo Bank\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001870000000000000♠—\n7001870000000000000♠—\nContiguous United States\n323,551,845\n306,687,555\n432 (+ 1 non-voting)\n—\n—\n98.18%\n\n\n7001820000000000000♠—\n7001820000000000000♠—\nThe fifty states\n325,025,206\n308,156,338\n435\n737,348\n708,376\n98.48%\n\n\n7001830000000000000♠—\n7001830000000000000♠—\nFifty states + D.C.\n325,719,178\n308,758,105\n435 (+ 1 non-voting)\n—\n—\n98.67%\n\n\n7001840000000000000♠—\n7001840000000000000♠—\nTotal U.S. territory\n329,432,060\n312,913,872\n435 (+ 6 non-voting)\n—\n—\n100.00%\n\n",
"\n\nRank in the fifty states, 2017\nRank in all states & territories, 2010\nState or territory\nPopulation estimate, July 1, 2017[4]\nCensus population, April 1, 2010\nTotal seats in House of Representatives, 2013–2023\nEstimated pop. per House seat, 2016\nCensus pop. per House seat, 2010\nPercent of total U.S. pop., 2016[note 1]\n\n\n7000100000000000000♠1\n7000100000000000000♠1\n California\n39,536,653\n37,252,895\n7001530000000000000♠53\n738,581\n702,905\n12.15%\n\n\n7000200000000000000♠2\n7000200000000000000♠2\n Texas\n28,304,596\n25,146,105\n7001360000000000000♠36\n763,031\n698,487\n8.62%\n\n\n7000300000000000000♠3\n7000400000000000000♠4\n Florida\n20,984,400\n18,804,623\n7001270000000000000♠27\n750,788\n696,345\n6.38%\n\n\n7000400000000000000♠4\n7000300000000000000♠3\n New York\n19,849,399\n19,378,087\n7001270000000000000♠27\n733,177\n717,707\n6.11%\n\n\n7000500000000000000♠5\n7000600000000000000♠6\n Pennsylvania\n12,805,537\n12,702,887\n7001180000000000000♠18\n711,250\n705,688\n3.96%\n\n\n7000600000000000000♠6\n7000500000000000000♠5\n Illinois\n12,802,023\n12,831,549\n7001180000000000000♠18\n714,444\n712,813\n3.96%\n\n\n7000700000000000000♠7\n7000700000000000000♠7\n Ohio\n11,658,609\n11,536,725\n7001160000000000000♠16\n725,839\n721,032\n3.59%\n\n\n7000800000000000000♠8\n7000900000000000000♠9\n Georgia\n10,429,379\n9,688,681\n7001140000000000000♠14\n729,633\n691,975\n3.19%\n\n\n7000900000000000000♠9\n7001100000000000000♠10\n North Carolina\n10,273,419\n9,535,692\n7001130000000000000♠13\n772,523\n733,498\n3.14%\n\n\n7001100000000000000♠10\n7000800000000000000♠8\n Michigan\n9,962,311\n9,884,129\n7001140000000000000♠14\n708,755\n705,974\n3.07%\n\n\n7001110000000000000♠11\n7001110000000000000♠11\n New Jersey\n9,005,644\n8,791,936\n7001120000000000000♠12\n746,501\n732,658\n2.77%\n\n\n7001120000000000000♠12\n7001120000000000000♠12\n Virginia\n8,470,020\n8,001,045\n7001110000000000000♠11\n762,090\n727,366\n2.60%\n\n\n7001130000000000000♠13\n7001130000000000000♠13\n Washington\n7,405,743\n6,724,543\n7001100000000000000♠10\n740,574\n672,454\n2.26%\n\n\n7001140000000000000♠14\n7001160000000000000♠16\n Arizona\n7,016,270\n6,392,307\n7000900000000000000♠9\n758,674\n710,224\n2.15%\n\n\n7001150000000000000♠15\n7001140000000000000♠14\n Massachusetts\n6,859,819\n6,547,817\n7000900000000000000♠9\n754,936\n727,514\n2.11%\n\n\n7001160000000000000♠16\n7001170000000000000♠17\n Tennessee\n6,715,984\n6,346,275\n7000900000000000000♠9\n733,367\n705,123\n2.06%\n\n\n7001170000000000000♠17\n7001150000000000000♠15\n Indiana\n6,666,818\n6,484,229\n7000900000000000000♠9\n735,520\n720,422\n2.05%\n\n\n7001180000000000000♠18\n7001180000000000000♠18\n Missouri\n6,113,532\n5,988,927\n7000800000000000000♠8\n760,459\n748,615\n1.89%\n\n\n7001190000000000000♠19\n7001190000000000000♠19\n Maryland\n6,052,177\n5,773,785\n7000800000000000000♠8\n750,800\n721,694\n1.86%\n\n\n7001200000000000000♠20\n7001200000000000000♠20\n Wisconsin\n5,795,483\n5,687,289\n7000800000000000000♠8\n721,417\n710,873\n1.79%\n\n\n7001210000000000000♠21\n7001220000000000000♠22\n Colorado\n5,607,154\n5,029,324\n7000700000000000000♠7\n779,511\n720,704\n1.72%\n\n\n7001220000000000000♠22\n7001210000000000000♠21\n Minnesota\n5,576,606\n5,303,925\n7000800000000000000♠8\n686,199\n662,991\n1.71%\n\n\n7001230000000000000♠23\n7001240000000000000♠24\n South Carolina\n5,024,369\n4,625,401\n7000700000000000000♠7\n699,449\n660,766\n1.54%\n\n\n7001240000000000000♠24\n7001230000000000000♠23\n Alabama\n4,874,747\n4,780,127\n7000700000000000000♠7\n694,140\n682,819\n1.51%\n\n\n7001250000000000000♠25\n7001250000000000000♠25\n Louisiana\n4,684,333\n4,533,479\n7000600000000000000♠6\n778,454\n755,562\n1.45%\n\n\n7001260000000000000♠26\n7001260000000000000♠26\n Kentucky\n4,454,189\n4,339,349\n7000600000000000000♠6\n737,515\n723,228\n1.37%\n\n\n7001270000000000000♠27\n7001270000000000000♠27\n Oregon\n4,142,776\n3,831,073\n7000500000000000000♠5\n805,795\n766,215\n1.27%\n\n\n7001280000000000000♠28\n7001280000000000000♠28\n Oklahoma\n3,930,864\n3,751,616\n7000500000000000000♠5\n782,268\n750,270\n1.21%\n\n\n7001290000000000000♠29\n7001300000000000000♠30\n Connecticut\n3,588,184\n3,574,118\n7000500000000000000♠5\n718,177\n714,819\n1.11%\n\n\n7001710000000000000♠ —\n7001290000000000000♠29\n Puerto Rico\n3,337,177\n3,726,157\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n1.06%\n\n\n7001300000000000000♠30\n7001310000000000000♠31\n Iowa\n3,145,711\n3,046,869\n7000400000000000000♠4\n780,975\n761,589\n0.97%\n\n\n7001310000000000000♠31\n7001350000000000000♠35\n Utah\n3,101,833\n2,763,888\n7000400000000000000♠4\n748,083\n690,221\n0.94%\n\n\n7001320000000000000♠32\n7001330000000000000♠33\n Arkansas\n3,004,279\n2,915,958\n7000400000000000000♠4\n744,551\n728,980\n0.93%\n\n\n7001330000000000000♠33\n7001360000000000000♠36\n Nevada\n2,998,039\n2,700,691\n7000400000000000000♠4\n722,711\n675,110\n0.91%\n\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n7001320000000000000♠32\n Mississippi\n2,984,100\n2,968,103\n7000400000000000000♠4\n748,083\n741,824\n0.93%\n\n\n7001350000000000000♠35\n7001340000000000000♠34\n Kansas\n2,913,123\n2,853,132\n7000400000000000000♠4\n727,910\n713,280\n0.90%\n\n\n7001360000000000000♠36\n7001370000000000000♠37\n New Mexico\n2,088,070\n2,059,192\n7000300000000000000♠3\n695,036\n686,393\n0.64%\n\n\n7001370000000000000♠37\n7001390000000000000♠39\n Nebraska\n1,920,076\n1,826,341\n7000300000000000000♠3\n632,063\n608,780\n0.59%\n\n\n7001380000000000000♠38\n7001380000000000000♠38\n West Virginia\n1,815,857\n1,853,011\n7000300000000000000♠3\n614,709\n617,665\n0.57%\n\n\n7001390000000000000♠39\n7001400000000000000♠40\n Idaho\n1,716,943\n1,567,652\n7000200000000000000♠2\n827,465\n783,791\n0.52%\n\n\n7001400000000000000♠40\n7001410000000000000♠41\n Hawaii\n1,427,538\n1,360,301\n7000200000000000000♠2\n715,802\n680,151\n0.44%\n\n\n7001410000000000000♠41\n7001430000000000000♠43\n New Hampshire\n1,342,795\n1,316,466\n7000200000000000000♠2\n665,304\n658,235\n0.41%\n\n\n7001420000000000000♠42\n7001420000000000000♠42\n Maine\n1,335,907\n1,328,361\n7000200000000000000♠2\n664,664\n664,181\n0.41%\n\n\n7001430000000000000♠43\n7001440000000000000♠44\n Rhode Island\n1,059,639\n1,052,931\n7000200000000000000♠2\n528,769\n526,466\n0.33%\n\n\n7001440000000000000♠44\n7001450000000000000♠45\n Montana\n1,050,493\n989,417\n7000100000000000000♠1\n1,050,493\n989,417\n0.32%\n\n\n7001450000000000000♠45\n7001460000000000000♠46\n Delaware\n961,939\n897,936\n7000100000000000000♠1\n961,939\n897,936\n0.30%\n\n\n7001460000000000000♠46\n7001470000000000000♠47\n South Dakota\n869,666\n814,191\n7000100000000000000♠1\n869,666\n814,191\n0.27%\n\n\n7001470000000000000♠47\n7001490000000000000♠49\n North Dakota\n755,393\n672,591\n7000100000000000000♠1\n765,393\n672,591\n0.24%\n\n\n7001480000000000000♠48\n7001480000000000000♠48\n Alaska\n739,795\n710,249\n7000100000000000000♠1\n739,795\n710,249\n0.23%\n\n\n7001610000000000000♠—\n7001510000000000000♠51\n District of Columbia\n693,972\n601,767\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.21%\n\n\n7001490000000000000♠49\n7001500000000000000♠50\n Vermont\n623,657\n625,745\n7000100000000000000♠1\n623,657\n625,745\n0.19%\n\n\n7001500000000000000♠50\n7001520000000000000♠52\n Wyoming\n579,315\n563,767\n7000100000000000000♠1\n579,315\n563,767\n0.18%\n\n\n7001720000000000000♠—\n7001530000000000000♠53\n Guam\n167,358\n159,358[5]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.06%\n\n\n7001730000000000000♠—\n7001540000000000000♠54\n U.S. Virgin Islands\n107,268\n106,405[6]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.04%\n\n\n7001740000000000000♠—\n7001550000000000000♠55\n American Samoa\n51,504\n55,519[7]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.01%\n\n\n7001750000000000000♠—\n7001560000000000000♠56\n Northern Mariana Islands\n52,263\n53,883[8]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001760000000000000♠—\n7001570000000000000♠57\n Midway Atoll\n40\n2,220\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001770000000000000♠—\n7001580000000000000♠58\n Johnston Atoll\n0\n1,100\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001780000000000000♠—\n7001590000000000000♠59\n Wake Island\n150\n382\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001800000000000000♠—\n7001600000000000000♠60\n Palmyra Atoll\n20\n20\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001810000000000000♠—\n—\n Baker Island\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001820000000000000♠—\n—\n Howland Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001830000000000000♠—\n—\n Jarvis Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001840000000000000♠—\n—\n Kingman Reef\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001850000000000000♠—\n—\nNavassa Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001860000000000000♠—\n—\nSerranilla Bank\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001870000000000000♠—\n—\nBajo Nuevo Bank\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001870000000000000♠—\n7001870000000000000♠—\nContiguous United States\n323,551,845\n306,687,555\n432 (+ 1 non-voting)\n—\n—\n98.18%\n\n\n7001820000000000000♠—\n7001820000000000000♠—\nThe fifty states\n325,025,206\n308,156,338\n435\n737,348\n708,376\n98.48%\n\n\n7001830000000000000♠—\n7001830000000000000♠—\nFifty states + D.C.\n325,719,178\n308,758,105\n435 (+ 1 non-voting)\n—\n—\n98.67%\n\n\n7001840000000000000♠—\n7001840000000000000♠—\nTotal U.S. territory\n329,432,060\n312,913,872\n435 (+ 6 non-voting)\n—\n—\n100.00%\n\n",
"\n\nRank in the fifty states, 2017\nRank in all states & territories, 2010\nState or territory\nPopulation estimate, July 1, 2017[4]\nCensus population, April 1, 2010\nTotal seats in House of Representatives, 2013–2023\nEstimated pop. per House seat, 2016\nCensus pop. per House seat, 2010\nPercent of total U.S. pop., 2016[note 1]\n\n\n7000100000000000000♠1\n7000100000000000000♠1\n California\n39,536,653\n37,252,895\n7001530000000000000♠53\n738,581\n702,905\n12.15%\n\n\n7000200000000000000♠2\n7000200000000000000♠2\n Texas\n28,304,596\n25,146,105\n7001360000000000000♠36\n763,031\n698,487\n8.62%\n\n\n7000300000000000000♠3\n7000400000000000000♠4\n Florida\n20,984,400\n18,804,623\n7001270000000000000♠27\n750,788\n696,345\n6.38%\n\n\n7000400000000000000♠4\n7000300000000000000♠3\n New York\n19,849,399\n19,378,087\n7001270000000000000♠27\n733,177\n717,707\n6.11%\n\n\n7000500000000000000♠5\n7000600000000000000♠6\n Pennsylvania\n12,805,537\n12,702,887\n7001180000000000000♠18\n711,250\n705,688\n3.96%\n\n\n7000600000000000000♠6\n7000500000000000000♠5\n Illinois\n12,802,023\n12,831,549\n7001180000000000000♠18\n714,444\n712,813\n3.96%\n\n\n7000700000000000000♠7\n7000700000000000000♠7\n Ohio\n11,658,609\n11,536,725\n7001160000000000000♠16\n725,839\n721,032\n3.59%\n\n\n7000800000000000000♠8\n7000900000000000000♠9\n Georgia\n10,429,379\n9,688,681\n7001140000000000000♠14\n729,633\n691,975\n3.19%\n\n\n7000900000000000000♠9\n7001100000000000000♠10\n North Carolina\n10,273,419\n9,535,692\n7001130000000000000♠13\n772,523\n733,498\n3.14%\n\n\n7001100000000000000♠10\n7000800000000000000♠8\n Michigan\n9,962,311\n9,884,129\n7001140000000000000♠14\n708,755\n705,974\n3.07%\n\n\n7001110000000000000♠11\n7001110000000000000♠11\n New Jersey\n9,005,644\n8,791,936\n7001120000000000000♠12\n746,501\n732,658\n2.77%\n\n\n7001120000000000000♠12\n7001120000000000000♠12\n Virginia\n8,470,020\n8,001,045\n7001110000000000000♠11\n762,090\n727,366\n2.60%\n\n\n7001130000000000000♠13\n7001130000000000000♠13\n Washington\n7,405,743\n6,724,543\n7001100000000000000♠10\n740,574\n672,454\n2.26%\n\n\n7001140000000000000♠14\n7001160000000000000♠16\n Arizona\n7,016,270\n6,392,307\n7000900000000000000♠9\n758,674\n710,224\n2.15%\n\n\n7001150000000000000♠15\n7001140000000000000♠14\n Massachusetts\n6,859,819\n6,547,817\n7000900000000000000♠9\n754,936\n727,514\n2.11%\n\n\n7001160000000000000♠16\n7001170000000000000♠17\n Tennessee\n6,715,984\n6,346,275\n7000900000000000000♠9\n733,367\n705,123\n2.06%\n\n\n7001170000000000000♠17\n7001150000000000000♠15\n Indiana\n6,666,818\n6,484,229\n7000900000000000000♠9\n735,520\n720,422\n2.05%\n\n\n7001180000000000000♠18\n7001180000000000000♠18\n Missouri\n6,113,532\n5,988,927\n7000800000000000000♠8\n760,459\n748,615\n1.89%\n\n\n7001190000000000000♠19\n7001190000000000000♠19\n Maryland\n6,052,177\n5,773,785\n7000800000000000000♠8\n750,800\n721,694\n1.86%\n\n\n7001200000000000000♠20\n7001200000000000000♠20\n Wisconsin\n5,795,483\n5,687,289\n7000800000000000000♠8\n721,417\n710,873\n1.79%\n\n\n7001210000000000000♠21\n7001220000000000000♠22\n Colorado\n5,607,154\n5,029,324\n7000700000000000000♠7\n779,511\n720,704\n1.72%\n\n\n7001220000000000000♠22\n7001210000000000000♠21\n Minnesota\n5,576,606\n5,303,925\n7000800000000000000♠8\n686,199\n662,991\n1.71%\n\n\n7001230000000000000♠23\n7001240000000000000♠24\n South Carolina\n5,024,369\n4,625,401\n7000700000000000000♠7\n699,449\n660,766\n1.54%\n\n\n7001240000000000000♠24\n7001230000000000000♠23\n Alabama\n4,874,747\n4,780,127\n7000700000000000000♠7\n694,140\n682,819\n1.51%\n\n\n7001250000000000000♠25\n7001250000000000000♠25\n Louisiana\n4,684,333\n4,533,479\n7000600000000000000♠6\n778,454\n755,562\n1.45%\n\n\n7001260000000000000♠26\n7001260000000000000♠26\n Kentucky\n4,454,189\n4,339,349\n7000600000000000000♠6\n737,515\n723,228\n1.37%\n\n\n7001270000000000000♠27\n7001270000000000000♠27\n Oregon\n4,142,776\n3,831,073\n7000500000000000000♠5\n805,795\n766,215\n1.27%\n\n\n7001280000000000000♠28\n7001280000000000000♠28\n Oklahoma\n3,930,864\n3,751,616\n7000500000000000000♠5\n782,268\n750,270\n1.21%\n\n\n7001290000000000000♠29\n7001300000000000000♠30\n Connecticut\n3,588,184\n3,574,118\n7000500000000000000♠5\n718,177\n714,819\n1.11%\n\n\n7001710000000000000♠ —\n7001290000000000000♠29\n Puerto Rico\n3,337,177\n3,726,157\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n1.06%\n\n\n7001300000000000000♠30\n7001310000000000000♠31\n Iowa\n3,145,711\n3,046,869\n7000400000000000000♠4\n780,975\n761,589\n0.97%\n\n\n7001310000000000000♠31\n7001350000000000000♠35\n Utah\n3,101,833\n2,763,888\n7000400000000000000♠4\n748,083\n690,221\n0.94%\n\n\n7001320000000000000♠32\n7001330000000000000♠33\n Arkansas\n3,004,279\n2,915,958\n7000400000000000000♠4\n744,551\n728,980\n0.93%\n\n\n7001330000000000000♠33\n7001360000000000000♠36\n Nevada\n2,998,039\n2,700,691\n7000400000000000000♠4\n722,711\n675,110\n0.91%\n\n\n7001340000000000000♠34\n7001320000000000000♠32\n Mississippi\n2,984,100\n2,968,103\n7000400000000000000♠4\n748,083\n741,824\n0.93%\n\n\n7001350000000000000♠35\n7001340000000000000♠34\n Kansas\n2,913,123\n2,853,132\n7000400000000000000♠4\n727,910\n713,280\n0.90%\n\n\n7001360000000000000♠36\n7001370000000000000♠37\n New Mexico\n2,088,070\n2,059,192\n7000300000000000000♠3\n695,036\n686,393\n0.64%\n\n\n7001370000000000000♠37\n7001390000000000000♠39\n Nebraska\n1,920,076\n1,826,341\n7000300000000000000♠3\n632,063\n608,780\n0.59%\n\n\n7001380000000000000♠38\n7001380000000000000♠38\n West Virginia\n1,815,857\n1,853,011\n7000300000000000000♠3\n614,709\n617,665\n0.57%\n\n\n7001390000000000000♠39\n7001400000000000000♠40\n Idaho\n1,716,943\n1,567,652\n7000200000000000000♠2\n827,465\n783,791\n0.52%\n\n\n7001400000000000000♠40\n7001410000000000000♠41\n Hawaii\n1,427,538\n1,360,301\n7000200000000000000♠2\n715,802\n680,151\n0.44%\n\n\n7001410000000000000♠41\n7001430000000000000♠43\n New Hampshire\n1,342,795\n1,316,466\n7000200000000000000♠2\n665,304\n658,235\n0.41%\n\n\n7001420000000000000♠42\n7001420000000000000♠42\n Maine\n1,335,907\n1,328,361\n7000200000000000000♠2\n664,664\n664,181\n0.41%\n\n\n7001430000000000000♠43\n7001440000000000000♠44\n Rhode Island\n1,059,639\n1,052,931\n7000200000000000000♠2\n528,769\n526,466\n0.33%\n\n\n7001440000000000000♠44\n7001450000000000000♠45\n Montana\n1,050,493\n989,417\n7000100000000000000♠1\n1,050,493\n989,417\n0.32%\n\n\n7001450000000000000♠45\n7001460000000000000♠46\n Delaware\n961,939\n897,936\n7000100000000000000♠1\n961,939\n897,936\n0.30%\n\n\n7001460000000000000♠46\n7001470000000000000♠47\n South Dakota\n869,666\n814,191\n7000100000000000000♠1\n869,666\n814,191\n0.27%\n\n\n7001470000000000000♠47\n7001490000000000000♠49\n North Dakota\n755,393\n672,591\n7000100000000000000♠1\n765,393\n672,591\n0.24%\n\n\n7001480000000000000♠48\n7001480000000000000♠48\n Alaska\n739,795\n710,249\n7000100000000000000♠1\n739,795\n710,249\n0.23%\n\n\n7001610000000000000♠—\n7001510000000000000♠51\n District of Columbia\n693,972\n601,767\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.21%\n\n\n7001490000000000000♠49\n7001500000000000000♠50\n Vermont\n623,657\n625,745\n7000100000000000000♠1\n623,657\n625,745\n0.19%\n\n\n7001500000000000000♠50\n7001520000000000000♠52\n Wyoming\n579,315\n563,767\n7000100000000000000♠1\n579,315\n563,767\n0.18%\n\n\n7001720000000000000♠—\n7001530000000000000♠53\n Guam\n167,358\n159,358[5]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.06%\n\n\n7001730000000000000♠—\n7001540000000000000♠54\n U.S. Virgin Islands\n107,268\n106,405[6]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.04%\n\n\n7001740000000000000♠—\n7001550000000000000♠55\n American Samoa\n51,504\n55,519[7]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.01%\n\n\n7001750000000000000♠—\n7001560000000000000♠56\n Northern Mariana Islands\n52,263\n53,883[8]\n1 (non-voting)\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001760000000000000♠—\n7001570000000000000♠57\n Midway Atoll\n40\n2,220\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001770000000000000♠—\n7001580000000000000♠58\n Johnston Atoll\n0\n1,100\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001780000000000000♠—\n7001590000000000000♠59\n Wake Island\n150\n382\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001800000000000000♠—\n7001600000000000000♠60\n Palmyra Atoll\n20\n20\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001810000000000000♠—\n—\n Baker Island\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001820000000000000♠—\n—\n Howland Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001830000000000000♠—\n—\n Jarvis Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001840000000000000♠—\n—\n Kingman Reef\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001850000000000000♠—\n—\nNavassa Island\n0\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001860000000000000♠—\n—\nSerranilla Bank\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001870000000000000♠—\n—\nBajo Nuevo Bank\n—\n—\n0\n—\n—\n0.00%\n\n\n7001870000000000000♠—\n7001870000000000000♠—\nContiguous United States\n323,551,845\n306,687,555\n432 (+ 1 non-voting)\n—\n—\n98.18%\n\n\n7001820000000000000♠—\n7001820000000000000♠—\nThe fifty states\n325,025,206\n308,156,338\n435\n737,348\n708,376\n98.48%\n\n\n7001830000000000000♠—\n7001830000000000000♠—\nFifty states + D.C.\n325,719,178\n308,758,105\n435 (+ 1 non-voting)\n—\n—\n98.67%\n\n\n7001840000000000000♠—\n7001840000000000000♠—\nTotal U.S. territory\n329,432,060\n312,913,872\n435 (+ 6 non-voting)\n—\n—\n100.00%\n\n"
] | [
"California",
"Texas",
"Florida",
"New York",
"Pennsylvania"
] |
-3421184357034771876 | And Then There Were Fewer | And Then There Were Fewer - wikipedia And Then There Were Fewer Jump to : navigation , search `` And Then There Were Fewer '' Family Guy episode Episode no . Season 9 Episode 1 Directed by Dominic Polcino Written by Cherry Chevapravatdumrong Production code 8ACX01 8ACX02 Original air date September 26 , 2010 Guest appearance ( s ) Drew Barrymore as Jillian Russell H. Jon Benjamin as Carl Max Burkholder as child Colin Ford as child Patrick Stewart as talking cat Ashley Tisdale as Priscilla James Woods as himself Episode chronology ← Previous `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' Next → `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' Family Guy ( season 9 ) List of Family Guy episodes `` And Then There Were Fewer '' is the first episode of the ninth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . This and most of the other season 9 episodes were produced for the eighth production season . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on September 26 , 2010 . The episode follows the citizens of Quahog after they are invited by actor James Woods to his stately mansion on a remote island . While there , a series of murders occurs , and the group struggles to determine who committed the mysterious acts , before ultimately attempting to escape from the island , and avoid being murdered themselves . The name of the episode is a parody of Agatha Christie 's murder mystery , And Then There Were None . The episode was written by Cherry Chevapravatdumrong and directed by Dominic Polcino . It received high acclaim from critics , who praised its storyline and cultural references . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 9.41 million homes in its original airing . The episode features guest performances by Drew Barrymore , H. Jon Benjamin , Max Burkholder , Colin Ford , Patrick Stewart , Ashley Tisdale and James Woods , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . It was the first Family Guy episode to air in 720p high definition . The episode was nominated for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series at the 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards . `` And Then There Were Fewer '' was released on DVD along with two other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 . The show confirmed afterwards that it was part of the show 's `` real '' canon and those characters that died ( i.e. Diane Simmons , Muriel Goldman etc . ) would not be brought back in the future . However , James Woods is seen in the thirteenth episode of season 10 , `` Tom Tucker : The Man and His Dream '' , in which he tells Peter and Tom that paramedics brought him to a secret science lab made for celebrities and revived him . In the same episode , he hires Peter as his agent after he fired Tucker , but later also fires Peter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production and development 3 Cultural references 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Most of the known residents of Quahog are invited to a dinner party in his palatial mansion by James Woods , who states he has become a born - again Christian thanks to his new girlfriend Priscilla , and wishes to repent for all his wrongdoings . Early into the night , as Woods and Priscilla go to the kitchen , Quagmire 's new companion , Stephanie , is mysteriously shot when she sits in Woods 's seat , leading the guests to believe Woods intends to murder them all . They try to leave , but lightning strikes a tree , causing it to break the bridge . Meanwhile , the main road is flooded due to the storm . Returning amidst accusations , Woods pleads ignorance before he too is murdered in front of the guests by an unseen killer with a knife during a power outage , causing Priscilla to faint . Trapped on the remote estate with no way of contacting anyone due to a thunderstorm , the guests realize that the killer is among them . They also discover that Stephanie 's body has disappeared . While the guests search for clues in discovering the killer 's identity , they realise that many of them had motives for wanting revenge on James Woods . Tom did not take the part of Freddy Krueger in A Nightmare on Elm Street due to James advising him not to , Brian had the pilot of his series messed up by James , and Quagmire lost Cheryl Tiegs due to him , while Consuela the Mexican maid says he molested her nephew , causing him to ' shoot himself in the face ' . After reading a notebook belonging to Woods and found in a secret room , Mort Goldman 's wife , Muriel , disappears after it is discovered that she was being blackmailed by Woods , causing everyone to suspect her as the culprit . Peter accidentally got Joe knocked out , so organizes the groups , however several of them are separated from each other due to the secret passages . However , Muriel turns up dead soon after by being stabbed in the back with the same knife that killed James , placing suspicion on Priscilla , who also disappeared during the commotion . Jillian 's husband , Derek goes to an upper balcony to find a cell phone signal and contact the police , but is soon murdered by the unseen killer with one of Woods 's Golden Globe Awards . The guests search everyone 's rooms until they locate the bloodstained award and Priscilla 's dead body in Tom Tucker 's guest room . Tom is thus implicated as the killer and is chased and caught by Peter , Joe , Carl , Dr. Hartman , Quagmire , Seamus , and Mayor Adam West . Tom is arrested by the police and the guests prepare to leave . Lois goes to comfort Tom 's co-anchor , Diane Simmons , only to intuitively realize she is the true murderer when Diane shows a dress for her solo debut on the news , even though she could n't have known Tom would be leaving . Diane reveals that she had dated Woods until he dumped her upon her fortieth birthday , around which Tom arranged her to be replaced on the Channel 5 News . Seeking revenge , Diane bribed Priscilla to make James become a born - again Christian and throw the dinner party so she could murder Woods and frame Tom for the crime , but was forced to kill the other guests after her plan went awry upon Stephanie 's accidental death . Priscilla woke up when she was removing the knife due to Joe pointing out her fingerprints were on it , so had her throat slit . When Diane was hiding the body in Tom 's room , Muriel saw her so was stabbed . The murderess did not have time to conceal the knife , but was able to wipe her fingerprints clean . She killed Derek to stop the police getting involved . Diane then attempts to silence Lois by forcing her outside to a nearby cliff , only to be shot down herself with a suppressed sniper rifle fired by Stewie , who proclaims if anyone were to kill Lois , he would be the one to do it . The scene then changes to everyone leaving without knowing what had just happened . Production and development ( edit ) James Woods ( left ) and Drew Barrymore reprised their recurring roles as himself and Jillian Russell respectively . The episode was first announced at the 2009 San Diego Comic - Con International in San Diego , California , on July 25 , 2009 , by series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane . It was directed by series regular Dominic Polcino and written by series regular Cherry Chevapravatdumrong shortly after the conclusion of the eighth production season , which completed its airing on television on June 20 , 2010 . The episode takes its title from the Agatha Christie novel And Then There Were None , and was largely based on the 1985 comedy film Clue . Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising director , with Andrew Goldberg , Alex Carter , Elaine Ko and Spencer Porter serving as staff writers for the episode . Composer Walter Murphy , who has worked on the series since its inception , returned to compose the music for `` And Then There Were Fewer '' . `` And Then There Were Fewer '' was the first episode of Family Guy to be broadcast in high - definition , with series showrunners Mark Hentemann and Steve Callaghan overseeing the transition . The episode was dedicated to series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane 's mother , Ann Perry MacFarlane , following her death from cancer on July 16 , 2010 . The original idea of the episode was sent to series showrunner and executive producer Hentemann in a text from Seth MacFarlane simply stating `` murder mystery . '' `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , along with the two other episodes from Family Guy 's ninth season , was released on a three - disc DVD set in the United States on December 13 , 2011 . The sets include brief audio commentaries by various crew and cast members for several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes and animatics , a special mini-feature which discussed the process behind animating `` And Then There Were Fewer '' , a mini-feature entitled `` The Comical Adventures of Family Guy -- Brian & Stewie : The Lost Phone Call '' , and footage of the Family Guy panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic - Con International . In addition to the regular cast , actress Drew Barrymore reprised her role as Jillian Russell , the former girlfriend of Brian ; actor James Woods , in his fifth appearance in the series , reprised his role as the overly exaggerated version of himself ; actress Ashley Tisdale ( who is known for playing Candace Flynn on Disney Channel 's Phineas and Ferb , the show created by Family Guy alumnus Dan Povenmire ) made her first official appearance on Family Guy as James Woods 's girlfriend , Priscilla ; and voice actor H. Jon Benjamin reprised his role as Quahog Market owner Carl . Additionally , actors Max Burkholder , Colin Ford and Patrick Stewart also guest starred in the episode in minor roles . Recurring guest voice actors Lori Alan , John G. Brennan , Nicole Sullivan , Jennifer Tilly , and John Viener reprised their roles as news reporter Diane Simmons , Quahog pharmacist Mort Goldman , Muriel Goldman , Griffin family neighbor Bonnie Swanson , and Jillian 's husband , Derek Wilcox , respectively . A minor appearance was also made by Family Guy writer and regular voice artist Danny Smith . Cultural references ( edit ) Survivor host Jeff Probst was referenced in the episode . The episode borrows heavily from the 1985 comedy film Clue , the 1976 comedy film Murder by Death , and is largely based upon the 1939 Agatha Christie novel And Then There Were None . The opening scene of the episode is similar to that of Stanley Kubrik 's The Shining . Once the Griffin family arrives at the mansion , Lois remarks on the estate 's beauty , wondering if television host Jeff Probst has a similar home . As they walk into the mansion , Sir John Everett Millais 's Ophelia is seen . As dinner commences , Carl begins conversing with Tom Tucker , and discusses the plot of the 1986 fantasy film Labyrinth , directed by Jim Henson . After Tucker is accused of murdering James Woods , he reveals that Woods talked him out of auditioning for the lead role in the 1984 hit horror film A Nightmare on Elm Street . The finger is then pointed at Mayor West , who tells the group of his hardships on the social networking service Twitter , after Woods stole his originally intended username . Diane Simmons also goes on to state that Woods had promised to introduce her to former CBS news anchor Dan Rather , but ultimately ended up introducing her to actor and comedian Danny Bonaduce instead . In the extended DVD release , Carl mentions No Way Out , Hard Rain and Days of Thunder . While searching for Muriel Goldman throughout the mansion , Brian and Stewie begin humming and singing the theme song to several television shows , including the CBS science fiction series Lost in Space , the CBS sitcom The Dick Van Dyke Show , and the ABC soap opera Dynasty . After discovering the Golden Globe Award underneath Tom Tucker 's bed , Tucker begins to profess his innocence , with Peter then instructing him to `` tell it to Mike Judge . '' In the scene where Diane tells Lois her conspiracy , Picasso 's painting Le Rêve can be seen on the wall behind Diane . At the end of the episode , Seamus asks , `` When we all see each other at school on Monday , are we still gon na be friends ? '' in a reference to The Breakfast Club . Reception ( edit ) `` And Then There Were Fewer '' was broadcast on September 26 , 2010 , as a part of an animated television night on Fox , and was preceded by the season premiere of The Simpsons , and Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane 's spin - off , The Cleveland Show . It was watched by 8.85 million viewers in its first half - hour , and concluded with a total 9.41 million viewers in its second half - hour , according to Nielsen ratings , despite airing simultaneously with the season premiere of Desperate Housewives on ABC , the season premiere of The Amazing Race on CBS and Sunday Night Football on NBC . The episode also acquired a 4.3 and 4.7 rating in the 18 -- 49 demographic , beating The Simpsons and The Cleveland Show in addition to significantly edging out both shows in total viewership . The episode 's ratings were Family Guy 's highest since the airing of the season eight episode `` Family Goy '' . `` And Then There Were Fewer '' received widespread acclaim from critics and viewers , with one critic calling the storyline `` solidly funny , well - plotted , and nearly perfectly executed '' . In a simultaneous review of the episodes of The Simpsons and The Cleveland Show that preceded the episode , The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff commented that he enjoyed `` the ' a bunch of people go to an isolated place and start getting killed ' murder mystery subgenre '' , and that the episode `` made fun of the conceits of the genre '' . In the conclusion of his review VanDerWerff called the episode `` excellent and fun '' , and `` full of surprisingly gorgeous animation and a nicely creepy feel that hung over all of the jokes '' and rated it as a B+ , the best rating between The Simpsons episode `` Elementary School Musical '' and The Cleveland Show episode `` Harder , Better , Faster , Browner '' . Jason Hughes of TV Squad also praised the episode 's writers for doing a `` solid job of creating a genuine mystery throughout the hour , keeping us guessing as to who did it and what their motive may have been '' . Hughes went on to comment positively on the episode 's numerous guest stars , and compared its portrayal of Diane Simmons to that of The Simpsons character Sideshow Bob . Natalie Zutter of Ology also praised the episode , calling it , `` Surprisingly , the best of the evening . '' In the summary of her review , Zutter wrote that it was a `` fun murder mystery that lets us see all our favorite Quahog folks '' , while continuing to wonder whether the characters who were killed off would remain dead . Tom Eames of entertainment website Digital Spy placed the episode at number 14 on his listing of the best Family Guy episodes in order of `` yukyukyuks '' -- compiled in 2017 to honor the 18th anniversary of the show -- and praised the interaction of characters who do not normally interact , writing , `` We never thought we 'd see Jillian 's boyfriend Derek hanging out with Seamus the sea captain . '' He expressed his shock at the death of characters such as Muriel Goldman and Diane Simmons and noted , `` That 's one way to cut some dead wood . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 20th Century Fox -- Fox In Flight -- Family Guy '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Iverson , Dan ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) . `` SDCC 10 : Family Guy Returns With Jedi '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Vallow , Kara ( 2010 - 09 - 25 ) . `` And Then There Were Fewer '' . The Haunted Library . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy Preview : `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` . IGN. 2010 - 09 - 24 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Obituaries -- Ann Perry MacFarlane '' . Newburyport News . 2010 - 07 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hentemann , Mark ( 2011 - 12 - 13 ) . Family Guy Volume Nine Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lambert , Dave ( 2011 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Family Guy -- Does a Fan Site Message Board Have a List of Volume 9 DVD Contents and Extras ? '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Dave ( 2011 - 07 - 21 ) . `` Family Guy -- Street Date , Cost , and Other New Info for ' Volume 9 ' Come Out '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Stewie with the Revolver in the Library on the Season Premiere of `` Family Guy '' `` . Fox Flash . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Family Guy '' And Then There Were Fewer Cast and crew `` . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Hentemann , Mark ( 2010 - 05 - 09 ) . Family Guy Volume Nine Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Chevapravatdumrong , Cherry ( 2011 - 05 - 09 ) . Family Guy Volume Nine Audio Commentary ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Wins ; Simpsons , Cleveland Show , Family Guy , Makeover , Housewives All Down vs. Last Season 's Premieres '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( 2009 - 10 - 05 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Wins ; Three Rivers Runs Dry '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) . `` '' Elementary School Musical `` / '' Harder , Better , Faster , Browner `` / '' And Then There Were Fewer `` '' . The A.V. Club . AOL , Inc . Archived from the original on 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Jason ( 2010 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Sundays With Seth : ' Family Guy ' and ' Cleveland Show ' Recap '' . TV Squad . Archived from the original on 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Zutter , Natalie ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Fox `` Animation Domination '' Review : ' The Simpsons , ' ' The Cleveland Show , ' and ' Family Guy ' `` . Ology . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Eames , Tom ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` The 16 best ever Family Guy episodes in order of yukyukyuks '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : `` And Then There Were Fewer '' Family Guy portal `` And Then There Were Fewer '' on IMDb `` And Then There Were Fewer '' at TV.com Agatha Christie 's And Then There Were None Films And Then There Were None ( 1945 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1965 ) Gumnaam ( 1965 ) Nadu Iravil ( 1970 ) And Then There Were None ( 1974 ) Desyat Negrityat ( 1987 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1989 ) Miniseries And Then There Were None ( 2015 ) Other And Then There Were None ( play ) Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None ( game ) Related `` And Then There Were Fewer '' Ten Little Indians Something 's Afoot I Know What You Did Last Wednesday A Stab in the Dark Family Guy episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Season 9 `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' `` Welcome Back , Carter '' `` Halloween on Spooner Street '' `` Baby , You Knock Me Out '' `` Brian Writes a Bestseller '' `` Road to the North Pole '' `` New Kidney in Town '' `` And I 'm Joyce Kinney '' `` Friends of Peter G . '' `` German Guy '' `` The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair '' `` Trading Places '' `` Tiegs for Two '' `` Brothers & Sisters '' `` The Big Bang Theory '' `` Foreign Affairs '' `` It 's a Trap ! '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_Then_There_Were_Fewer&oldid=814185966 '' Categories : 2010 American television episodes Black comedy Family Guy ( season 9 ) episodes James Woods Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 09 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | family guy and then there were fewer movie reference | [
"\"And Then There Were Fewer\" is the first episode of the ninth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy. This and most of the other season 9 episodes were produced for the eighth production season. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on September 26, 2010. The episode follows the citizens of Quahog after they are invited by actor James Woods to his stately mansion on a remote island. While there, a series of murders occurs, and the group struggles to determine who committed the mysterious acts, before ultimately attempting to escape from the island, and avoid being murdered themselves. The name of the episode is a parody of Agatha Christie's murder mystery, And Then There Were None.",
"\"And Then There Were Fewer\" is the first episode of the ninth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy. This and most of the other season 9 episodes were produced for the eighth production season. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on September 26, 2010. The episode follows the citizens of Quahog after they are invited by actor James Woods to his stately mansion on a remote island. While there, a series of murders occurs, and the group struggles to determine who committed the mysterious acts, before ultimately attempting to escape from the island, and avoid being murdered themselves. The name of the episode is a parody of Agatha Christie's murder mystery, And Then There Were None."
] | [
"And Then There Were None",
"parody of Agatha Christie's murder mystery"
] |
4331804388558317199 | A Doll's House | A Doll 's House - wikipedia A Doll 's House Jump to : navigation , search `` Dr. Rank '' redirects here . For the Austrian psychoanalyst , see Otto Rank . For other uses , see A Doll 's House ( disambiguation ) . A Doll 's House Original manuscript cover page , 1879 Written by Henrik Ibsen Characters Nora Torvald Helmer Krogstad Mrs. Linde Dr. Rank Children Anne - Marie Helene Date premiered 21 December 1879 ( 1879 - 12 - 21 ) Place premiered Royal Theatre in Copenhagen , Denmark Original language Danish Subject The awakening of a middle - class wife and mother . Genre Naturalistic / realistic problem play Modern tragedy Setting The home of the Helmer family in an unspecified Norwegian town or city , circa 1879 . A Doll 's House ( Bokmål : Et dukkehjem ; also translated as A Doll House ) is a three - act play written by Norway 's Henrik Ibsen . It premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen , Denmark , on 21 December 1879 , having been published earlier that month . The play is set in a Norwegian town circa 1879 . The play is significant for the way it deals with the fate of a married woman , who at the time in Norway lacked reasonable opportunities for self - fulfillment in a male - dominated world . It aroused a great sensation at the time , and caused a `` storm of outraged controversy '' that went beyond the theatre to the world newspapers and society . In 2006 , the centennial of Ibsen 's death , A Doll 's House held the distinction of being the world 's most performed play that year . UNESCO has inscribed Ibsen 's autographed manuscripts of A Doll 's House on the Memory of the World Register in 2001 , in recognition of their historical value . The title of the play is most commonly translated as A Doll 's House , though some scholars use A Doll House . John Simon says that A Doll 's House is `` the British term for what we call a ' dollhouse ' '' . Egil Törnqvist says of the alternative title : `` Rather than being superior to the traditional rendering , it simply sounds more idiomatic to Americans . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 List of characters 2 Synopsis 2.1 Act One 2.2 Act Two 2.3 Act Three 2.4 Alternative ending 3 Composition and publication 3.1 Real - life inspiration 3.2 Composition 3.3 Publication 4 Production history 5 Analysis and criticism 6 Adaptations 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Radio 6.4 Re-staging 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links List of characters ( edit ) Nora Helmer -- wife of Torvald , mother of three , is living out the ideal of the 19th - century wife , but leaves her family at the end of the play . Torvald Helmer -- Nora 's husband , a newly promoted bank manager , professes to be enamoured of his wife but their marriage stifles her . Dr. Rank -- a rich family friend , he is secretly in love with Nora . He is terminally ill , and it is implied that his `` tuberculosis of the spine '' originates from a venereal disease contracted by his father . Kristine Linde -- Nora 's old school friend , widowed , is seeking employment ( sometimes spelled Christine in English translations ) . She was in a relationship with Krogstad prior to the play 's setting . Nils Krogstad -- an employee at Torvald 's bank , single father , he is pushed to desperation . A supposed scoundrel , he is revealed to be a long - lost lover of Kristine . The Children -- Nora and Torvald 's children : Ivar , Bobby and Emmy ( in order of age ) . Anne Marie -- Nora 's former nanny , who gave up her own daughter to `` strangers '' when she became , as she says , the only mother Nora knew . She now cares for Nora 's children . Helen -- the Helmers ' maid The Porter -- delivers a Christmas tree to the Helmer household at the beginning of the play . Synopsis ( edit ) Act one ( edit ) The play opens at Christmas time as Nora Helmer enters her home carrying many packages . Nora 's husband Torvald is working in his study when she arrives . He playfully rebukes her for spending so much money on Christmas gifts , calling her his `` little squirrel . '' He teases her about how the previous year she had spent weeks making gifts and ornaments by hand because money was scarce . This year Torvald is due a promotion at the bank where he works , so Nora feels that they can let themselves go a little . The maid announces two visitors : Mrs. Kristine Linde , an old friend of Nora 's , who has come seeking employment ; and Dr. Rank , a close friend of the family , who is let into the study . Kristine has had a difficult few years , ever since her husband died leaving her with no money or children . Nora says that things have not been easy for them either : Torvald became sick , and they had to travel to Italy so he could recover . Kristine explains that when her mother was ill she had to take care of her brothers , but now that they are grown she feels her life is `` unspeakably empty . '' Nora promises to talk to Torvald about finding her a job . Kristine gently tells Nora that she is like a child . Nora is offended , so she teases the idea that she got money from `` some admirer , '' so they could travel to Italy to improve Torvald 's health . She told Torvald that her father gave her the money , but in fact she managed to illegally borrow it without his knowledge because women could n't do anything economical like signing checks without their husband . Over the years , she has been secretly working and saving up to pay it off . Krogstad , a lower - level employee at Torvald 's bank , arrives and goes into the study . Nora is clearly uneasy when she sees him . Dr. Rank leaves the study and mentions that he feels wretched , though like everyone he wants to go on living . In contrast to his physical illness , he says that the man in the study , Krogstad , is `` morally diseased . '' After the meeting with Krogstad , Torvald comes out of the study . Nora asks him if he can give Kristine a position at the bank and Torvald is very positive , saying that this is a fortunate moment , as a position has just become available . Torvald , Kristine , and Dr. Rank leave the house , leaving Nora alone . The nanny returns with the children and Nora plays with them for a while until Krogstad creeps into the living room and surprises her . Krogstad tells Nora that Torvald intends to fire him at the bank and asks her to intercede with Torvald to allow him to keep his job . She refuses , and Krogstad threatens to blackmail her about the loan she took out for the trip to Italy ; he knows that she obtained this loan by forging her father 's signature . Krogstad leaves and when Torvald returns , Nora tries to convince him not to fire Krogstad . Torvald refuses to hear her pleas , explaining that Krogstad is a liar and a hypocrite and that he committed a terrible crime : he forged someone 's name . Torvald feels physically ill in the presence of a man `` poisoning his own children with lies and dissimulation . '' Act two ( edit ) Kristine arrives to help Nora repair a dress for a costume function that she and Torvald plan to attend the next day . Torvald returns from the bank , and Nora pleads with him to reinstate Krogstad , claiming she is worried Krogstad will publish libelous articles about Torvald and ruin his career . Torvald dismisses her fears and explains that , although Krogstad is a good worker and seems to have turned his life around , he must be fired because he is not deferential enough to Torvald in front of other bank personnel . Torvald then retires to his study to work . Dr. Rank , the family friend , arrives . Nora asks him for a favor , but Rank responds by revealing that he has entered the terminal stage of tuberculosis of the spine and that he has always been secretly in love with her . Nora tries to deny the first revelation and make light of it , but is more disturbed by his declaration of love . She tries clumsily to tell him that she is not in love with him , but that she loves him dearly as a friend . Desperate after being fired by Torvald , Krogstad arrives at the house . Nora convinces Dr. Rank to go into Torvald 's study so he will not see Krogstad . When Krogstad confronts Nora , he declares that he no longer cares about the remaining balance of Nora 's loan , but that he will instead preserve the associated bond to blackmail Torvald into not only keeping him employed but also promoting him . Nora explains that she has done her best to persuade her husband , but he refuses to change his mind . Krogstad informs Nora that he has written a letter detailing her crime ( forging her father 's signature of surety on the bond ) and put it in Torvald 's mailbox , which is locked . Nora tells Kristine of her difficult situation . Having had a relationship with Krogstad in the past before her marriage , Kristine says that they are still in love and promises to try to convince him to relent . Torvald enters and tries to retrieve his mail , but Nora distracts him by begging him to help her with the dance she has been rehearsing for the costume party , feigning anxiety about performing . She dances so badly and acts so childishly that Torvald agrees to spend the whole evening coaching her . When the others go to dinner , Nora stays behind for a few minutes and contemplates killing herself to save her husband from the shame of the revelation of her crime and to pre-empt any gallant gesture on his part to save her reputation . Act three ( edit ) Kristine tells Krogstad that she only married her husband because she had no other means to support her sick mother and young siblings and that she has returned to offer him her love again . She believes that he would not have stooped to unethical behavior if he had not been devastated by her abandonment and been in dire financial straits . Krogstad changes his mind and offers to take back his letter to Torvald . However , Kristine decides that Torvald should know the truth for the sake of his and Nora 's marriage . After literally dragging Nora home from the party , Torvald goes to check his mail but is interrupted by Dr. Rank , who has followed them . Dr. Rank chats for a while , conveying obliquely to Nora that this is a final goodbye , as he has determined that his death is near . Dr. Rank leaves , and Torvald retrieves his letters . As he reads them , Nora steels herself to take her life . Torvald confronts her with Krogstad 's letter . Enraged , he declares that he is now completely in Krogstad 's power ; he must yield to Krogstad 's demands and keep quiet about the whole affair . He berates Nora , calling her a dishonest and immoral woman and telling her that she is unfit to raise their children . He says that from now on their marriage will be only a matter of appearances . A maid enters , delivering a letter to Nora . The letter is from Krogstad , yet Torvald demands to read the letter and takes it from Nora . Torvald exults that he is saved , as Krogstad has returned the incriminating bond , which Torvald immediately burns along with Krogstad 's letters . He takes back his harsh words to his wife and tells her that he forgives her . Nora realizes that her husband is not the strong and gallant man she thought he was , and that he truly loves himself more than he does her . Torvald explains that when a man has forgiven his wife it makes him love her all the more since it reminds him that she is totally dependent on him , like a child . He dismisses the fact that Nora had to make the agonizing choice between her conscience and his health , and ignores her years of secret efforts to free them from the ensuing obligations and the danger of loss of reputation . He preserves his peace of mind by thinking of the incident as a mere mistake that she made owing to her dumbness , one of her most endearing feminine traits . We must come to a final settlement , Torvald . During eight whole years ... we have never exchanged one serious word about serious things . Nora , in Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( 1879 ) Nora tells Torvald that she is leaving him , and in a confrontational scene between the two of them , she expresses her reasons and explanations . She reminds him of harsh things he has said about her and about her ability to raise their children . She says he has never loved her , they have become strangers to each other . She feels betrayed by his response to the scandal involving Krogstad , and she says she must get away to understand herself . She has lost her religion . She says that she has been treated like a doll to play with for her whole life , first by her father and then by him . Concerned for the family reputation , Torvald insists that she fulfill her duty as a wife and mother , but Nora says that she has duties to herself that are just as important , and that she can not be a good mother or wife without learning to be more than a plaything . She reveals that she had expected that he would want to sacrifice his reputation for hers and that she had planned to kill herself to prevent him from doing so . She now realizes that Torvald is not at all the kind of person she had believed him to be and that their marriage has been based on mutual fantasies and misunderstandings . Torvald is unable to comprehend Nora 's point of view , since it contradicts all that he has been taught about the female mind throughout his life . Furthermore , he is so narcissistic that it is impossible for him to understand how he appears to her , as selfish , hypocritical , and more concerned with public reputation than with actual morality . Nora leaves her keys and wedding ring , and as Torvald breaks down and begins to cry , baffled by what has happened , Nora leaves the house , slamming the door behind her . Whether or not she ever comes back is never made clear . Alternative ending ( edit ) Ibsen 's German agent felt that the original ending would not play well in German theatres . Therefore , for it to be considered acceptable , Ibsen was forced to write an alternative ending for the German premiere . In this ending , Nora is led to her children after having argued with Torvald . Seeing them , she collapses , and the curtain is brought down . Ibsen later called the ending a disgrace to the original play and referred to it as a `` barbaric outrage '' . Virtually all productions today use the original ending , as do nearly all of the film versions of the play . Composition and publication ( edit ) Real - life inspiration ( edit ) A Doll 's House was based on the life of Laura Kieler ( maiden name Laura Smith Petersen ) , a good friend of Ibsen . Much that happened between Nora and Torvald happened to Laura and her husband , Victor . Similar to the events in the play , Laura signed an illegal loan to save her husband . She wanted the money to find a cure for her husband 's tuberculosis . She wrote to Ibsen , asking for his recommendation of her work to his publisher , thinking that the sales of her book would repay her debt . At his refusal , she forged a check for the money . At this point she was found out . In real life , when Victor discovered about Laura 's secret loan , he divorced her and had her committed to an asylum . Two years later , she returned to her husband and children at his urging , and she went on to become a well - known Danish author , living to the age of 83 . Ibsen wrote A Doll 's House at the point when Laura Kieler had been committed to the asylum , and the fate of this friend of the family shook him deeply , perhaps also because Laura had asked him to intervene at a crucial point in the scandal , which he did not feel able or willing to do . Instead , he turned this life situation into an aesthetically shaped , successful drama . In the play , Nora leaves Torvald with head held high , though facing an uncertain future given the limitations single women faced in the society of the time . Kieler eventually rebounded from the shame of the scandal and had her own successful writing career while remaining discontented with sole recognition as `` Ibsen 's Nora '' years afterwards . Composition ( edit ) Ibsen started thinking about the play around May 1878 , although he did not begin its first draft until a year later , having reflected on the themes and characters in the intervening period ( he visualised its protagonist , Nora , for instance , as having approached him one day wearing `` a blue woollen dress '' ) . He outlined his conception of the play as a `` modern tragedy '' in a note written in Rome on 19 October 1878 . `` A woman can not be herself in modern society , '' he argues , since it is `` an exclusively male society , with laws made by men and with prosecutors and judges who assess feminine conduct from a masculine standpoint . '' Publication ( edit ) Ibsen sent a fair copy of the completed play to his publisher on 15 September 1879 . It was first published in Copenhagen on 4 December 1879 , in an edition of 8,000 copies that sold out within a month ; a second edition of 3,000 copies followed on 4 January 1880 , and a third edition of 2,500 was issued on 8 March . Production history ( edit ) A Doll 's House received its world premiere on 21 December 1879 at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen , with Betty Hennings as Nora , Emil Poulsen as Torvald , and Peter Jerndorff as Dr. Rank . Writing for the Norwegian newspaper Folkets Avis , the critic Erik Bøgh admired Ibsen 's originality and technical mastery : `` Not a single declamatory phrase , no high dramatics , no drop of blood , not even a tear . '' Every performance of its run was sold out . Another production opened at the Royal Theatre in Stockholm , on 8 January 1880 , while productions in Christiania ( with Johanne Juell as Nora and Arnoldus Reimers as Torvald ) and Bergen followed shortly after . In Germany , the actress Hedwig Niemann - Raabe refused to perform the play as written , declaring , `` I would never leave my children ! '' Since the playwright 's wishes were not protected by copyright , Ibsen decided to avoid the danger of being rewritten by a lesser dramatist by committing what he called a `` barbaric outrage '' on his play himself and giving it an alternative ending in which Nora did not leave . A production of this version opened in Flensburg in February 1880 . This version was also played in Hamburg , Dresden , Hanover , and Berlin , although , in the wake of protests and a lack of success , Niemann - Raabe eventually restored the original ending . Another production of the original version , some rehearsals of which Ibsen attended , opened on 3 March 1880 at the Residenz Theatre in Munich . In Great Britain , the only way in which the play was initially allowed to be given in London was in an adaptation by Henry Arthur Jones and Henry Herman called Breaking a Butterfly . This adaptation was produced at the Princess Theatre , 3 March 1884 . Writing in 1896 in his book The Foundations of a National Drama , Jones says : `` A rough translation from the German version of A Doll 's House was put into my hands , and I was told that if it could be turned into a sympathetic play , a ready opening would be found for it on the London boards . I knew nothing of Ibsen , but I knew a great deal of Robertson and H.J. Byron . From these circumstances came the adaptation called Breaking a Butterfly . '' H.L. Mencken writes that it was A Doll 's House `` denaturized and dephlogisticated. ... Toward the middle of the action Ibsen was thrown to the fishes , and Nora was saved from suicide , rebellion , flight and immortality by making a faithful old clerk steal her fateful promissory note from Krogstad 's desk. ... The curtain fell upon a happy home. `` Before 1899 there were two private productions of the play in London ( in its original form as Ibsen wrote it ) -- one featured George Bernard Shaw in the role of Krogstad . The first public British production of the play in its regular form opened on 7 June 1889 at the Novelty Theatre , starring Janet Achurch as Nora and Charles Charrington as Torvald . Achurch played Nora again for a 7 - day run in 1897 . Soon after its London premiere , Achurch brought the play to Australia in 1889 . The play was first seen in America in 1883 in Louisville , Kentucky ; Helena Modjeska acted Nora . The play made its Broadway premiere at the Palmer 's Theatre on 21 December 1889 , starring Beatrice Cameron as Nora Helmer . It was first performed in France in 1894 . Other productions in the United States include one in 1902 starring Minnie Maddern Fiske , a 1937 adaptation with acting script by Thornton Wilder and starring Ruth Gordon , and a 1971 production starring Claire Bloom . A new translation by Zinnie Harris at the Donmar Warehouse , starring Gillian Anderson , Toby Stephens , Anton Lesser , Tara FitzGerald and Christopher Eccleston opened in May 2009 . In August 2013 , Young Vic , London , Great Britain , produced a new adaptation of A Doll 's House directed by Carrie Cracknell based on the English language version by Simon Stephens . In September 2014 , in partnership with Brisbane Festival , La Boite located in Brisbane , Australia , hosted an adaptation of A Doll 's House written by Lally Katz and directed by Stephen Mitchell Wright . In June 2015 , Space Arts Centre in London staged an adaptation of A Doll 's House featuring the discarded alternate ending . ' Manaveli ' Toronto is preparing to stage a Tamil version of A Doll 's House ( ஒரு பொம்மையின் வீடு ) on 30th June 2018 , Directed by Mr P Wikneswaran . Analysis and Criticism ( edit ) A Doll 's House questions the traditional roles of men and women in 19th - century marriage . To many 19th - century Europeans , this was scandalous . The covenant of marriage was considered holy , and to portray it as Ibsen did was controversial . However , the Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw found Ibsen 's willingness to examine society without prejudice exhilarating . The Swedish playwright August Strindberg criticised the play in his volume of essays and short stories Getting Married ( 1884 ) . Strindberg questioned Nora 's walking out and leaving her children behind with a man that she herself disapproved of so much that she would not remain with him . Strindberg also considers that Nora 's involvement with an illegal financial fraud that involved Nora forging a signature , all done behind her husband 's back , and then Nora 's lying to her husband regarding Krogstad 's blackmail , are serious crimes that should raise questions at the end of the play , when Nora is moralistically judging her husband . And Strindberg points out that Nora 's complaint that she and Torvald `` have never exchanged one serious word about serious things , '' is contradicted by the discussions that occur in act one and two . The reasons Nora leaves her husband are complex , and various details are hinted at throughout the play . In the last scene , she tells her husband she has been `` greatly wronged '' by his disparaging and condescending treatment of her , and his attitude towards her in their marriage -- as though she were his `` doll wife '' -- and the children in turn have become her `` dolls , '' leading her to doubt her own qualifications to raise her children . She is troubled by her husband 's behavior in regard to the scandal of the loaned money . She does not love her husband , she feels they are strangers , she feels completely confused , and suggests that her issues are shared by many women . George Bernard Shaw suggests that she left to begin `` a journey in search of self - respect and apprenticeship to life , '' and that her revolt is `` the end of a chapter of human history . '' Ibsen was inspired by the belief that `` a woman can not be herself in modern society , '' since it is `` an exclusively male society , with laws made by men and with prosecutors and judges who assess feminine conduct from a masculine standpoint . '' Its ideas can also be seen as having a wider application : Michael Meyer argued that the play 's theme is not women 's rights , but rather `` the need of every individual to find out the kind of person he or she really is and to strive to become that person . '' In a speech given to the Norwegian Association for Women 's Rights in 1898 , Ibsen insisted that he `` must disclaim the honor of having consciously worked for the women 's rights movement , '' since he wrote `` without any conscious thought of making propaganda , '' his task having been `` the description of humanity . '' Because of the departure from traditional behavior and theatrical convention involved in Nora 's leaving home , her act of slamming the door as she leaves has come to represent the play itself . One critic noted , `` That slammed door reverberated across the roof of the world . '' Adaptations ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film ( edit ) A Doll 's House has been adapted for the cinema on many occasions , including : A 1922 lost silent film A Doll 's House starring Alla Nazimova as Nora . A 1923 German silent film Nora was directed by Berthold Viertel . Nora was played by Olga Chekhova , who was born Olga Knipper , and was the niece and namesake of Anton Chekhov 's wife . She was also Mikhail Chekhov 's wife . A 1943 Argentine film , Casa de muñecas , starring Delia Garcés , which modernizes the story and uses the alternative ending . Two film versions were released in 1973 : one was directed by Joseph Losey , starring Jane Fonda , David Warner and Trevor Howard ; and the other by Patrick Garland with Claire Bloom , Anthony Hopkins , and Ralph Richardson . Dariush Mehrjui 's film Sara ( 1993 ) is based on A Doll 's House , with the plot transferred to Iran . Sara , played by Niki Karimi , is the Nora of Ibsen 's play . In 2012 the Young Vic theatre in London released a short film called Nora with Hattie Morahan portraying what a modern - day Nora might look like . A scheduled 2018 film adaptation is set against the backdrop of the current economic crisis and stars Ben Kingsley as Doctor Rank and Michele Martin as Nora . Television ( edit ) A live version for American TV was broadcast in 1959 which was directed by George Schaefer . This version featured Julie Harris , Christopher Plummer , Hume Cronyn , Eileen Heckart and Jason Robards . A 1974 West German television adaptation , titled Nora Helmer was directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder and starred Margit Carstensen in the title role . In 1992 , David Thacker directed a British television adaptation with Juliet Stevenson , Trevor Eve and David Calder . Radio ( edit ) A June 6 , 1938 Lux Radio Theatre production starred Joan Crawford as Nora and Basil Rathbone as Torvald . A later version by the Theatre Guild on the Air on January 19 , 1947 , featured Rathbone again as Torvald with Dorothy McGuire as Nora . In 2012 , BBC Radio 3 broadcast an adaptation by Tanika Gupta transposing the setting to India in 1879 where ' Nora ' , now Niru , is an Indian woman married to ' Torvald ' , now Tom , an English man working for the British Colonial Administration in Calcutta ; this production starred Indira Varma as Niru and Toby Stephens as Tom . Re-staging ( edit ) In 1989 , film and stage director Ingmar Bergman staged and published a shortened reworking of the play , now entitled Nora , which entirely omitted the characters of the servants and the children , focusing more on the power struggle between Nora and Torvald . It was widely viewed as downplaying the feminist themes of Ibsen 's original . The first staging of it in New York was reviewed by the Times as heightening the play 's melodramatic aspects . The Los Angeles Times stated that `` Nora shores up A Doll 's House in some areas but weakens it in others . '' References ( edit ) A Doll 's House By Henrik Ibsen ( Summary , Book Review , Online Reading , PDF , Download ) Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 477 ) . Jump up ^ Krutch , Joseph Wood ( 1953 ) . `` Modernism '' in Modern Drama , A Definition and an Estimate . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . p. 9 . OCLC 176284 . ^ Jump up to : Walter , McFarlane , James ; Jens , Arup ( 1998 ) . Four Major Plays . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0192833871 . OCLC 39674082 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik Ibsen 's psychodramas still grip the world 100 years after his death '' . Pravda Report . 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Henrik Ibsen : A Doll 's House '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bapuage = en '' . Jump up ^ Törnqvist , Egil ( 1995 ) . Ibsen : A Doll 's House . Cambridge University Press . p. 54 . ISBN 9780521478663 . OCLC 635006762 . ^ Jump up to : Byatt , A.S. ( 1 May 2009 ) . `` Blaming Nora '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The alternative ending of A Doll 's House '' . National Library of Norway . 30 May 2005 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ A.S. Byatt ( 2 May 2009 ) . `` Blaming Nora '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Törnqvist , Egil ( 1995 ) . Ibsen : A Doll 's House . Cambridge University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 9780521478663 . OCLC 635006762 . Jump up ^ Worthen , William B ( 2011 ) . The Wadsworth anthology of drama . Wadsworth . p. 667 . ISBN 9781428288157 . OCLC 610205542 . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 463 -- 467 , 472 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 466 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ibsen , `` Notes for a Modern Tragedy '' ; quoted by Meyer ( 1967 , 466 ) ; see also Innes ( 2000 , 79 -- 81 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 474 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 475 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 477 ) and Moi ( 2006 , 227 , 230 ) . Jump up ^ Quoted by Meyer ( 1967 , 477 ) . ^ Jump up to : Meyer ( 1967 , 480 ) . ^ Jump up to : Meyer ( 1967 , 479 ) . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Jerilyn ( 2003 ) . `` The slammed door that still reverberates '' . In Fisher , Jerilyn ; Silber , Ellen S. Women in literature : reading through the lens of gender . Greenwood Press . pp. 99 -- 101 . ISBN 9780313313462 . OCLC 50638821 . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 480 -- 481 ) . ^ Jump up to : Meyer ( 1967 , 481 ) . Jump up ^ text Jones , Henry Arthur . Herman , Henry . Breaking a butterfly : a play in three acts . Printed for private use only : not published . 76 pages . Jump up ^ Jones , Henry Arthur . The Foundations of a National Drama : a collection of lectures , essays and speeches , delivered and written in the years 1896 - 1912 . ( January 1 , 1913 ) . 1 January 1913 . Reprinted : Wentworth Press ( 26 Aug. 2016 ) ISBN 978 - 1362548942 . Page 208 . Jump up ^ Mencken , H.L. The Collected Drama of H.L. Mencken : Plays and Criticism . Scarecrow Press , 2012 . ISBN 9780810883703 . page 185 . Jump up ^ Ibsen , Henrik ( 1889 ) . A Doll 's House ( Illustrated with photographs ) . William C. Archer translator . London : T Fisher Unwin . OCLC 29743002 . ^ Jump up to : Moses , Montrose J. ( 1920 ) . `` Doll 's House , A '' . In Rines , George Edwin . Encyclopedia Americana . Jump up ^ Gilman , D.C. ; Peck , H.T. ; Colby , F.M. , eds. ( 1905 ) . `` Herman , Henry '' . New International Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Dodd , Mead . Jump up ^ Brockett and Hildy ( 2003 , 353 ) . Jump up ^ `` Opening Night Production Credits : A Doll 's House ( 1889 ) '' . The Internet Broadway Database. 2008 . Retrieved 18 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Bassett , Kate ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` The Donmar 's new Ibsen is n't so much a clever interpretation as a bit of questionable rewriting '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Homepage '' . Young Vic website . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Soloski , Alexis ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Carrie Cracknell Adds a 21st - Century Flavor to Ibsen '' -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` A Doll 's House by Henrik Ibsen in a new version by Lally Katz '' . La Boite Theatre Company . 2014 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2014 . Retrieved 2 November 2014 . Jump up ^ . `` A Doll 's House at The Space '' . Jump up ^ . `` A Doll 's House at The Space '' . Jump up ^ James , McFarlane ( 1994 ) . Cambridge Companion to Ibsen . Cambridge University Press . p. 167 . ISBN 9780521423212 . OCLC 869601716 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Gareth ( 21 December 1995 ) . Superior Brains : Political Thought of Bernard Shaw . Routledge . pp. 164 -- 165 . ISBN 9780415124737 . OCLC 528524661 . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 476 ) . Jump up ^ Sandbach , Mary , trans . Strindberg , August , author . 1972 . Getting Married Parts I and II . London : Victor Gollancz. ( 1972 ) ISBN 0 - 575 - 00629 - 3 Jump up ^ Shaw , Bernard . `` A Doll 's House Again '' . Dramatic Opinions and Essays . Volume II . Brentanos ( 1916 ) p. 258 Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1967 , 478 ) . Jump up ^ Ibsen , `` Speech at the Festival of the Norwegian Women 's Rights League , Christiana '' , 26 May 1898 ; in Dukore ( 1974 , 563 ) ; see also Moi ( 2006 , 229 -- 230 ) . Jump up ^ Hornby , Richard ( 1995 ) . Script into performance : a structuralist approach . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 237 - 5 . Jump up ^ Törnqvist , Egil ( 1995 ) . Ibsen : A Doll 's House . Cambridge University Press . p. 150 . ISBN 9780521478663 . OCLC 635006762 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Lawrence S. ; Reich , John J. ( 2009 ) . Culture & Values , Volume II : A Survey of the Humanities with Readings . Cengage Learning . p. 492 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 56926 - 8 . Jump up ^ Progressive Silent Film List : A Doll 's House at silentera.com Jump up ^ The Library of Congress American Silent Feature Film Survival Catalog : A Doll 's House Jump up ^ Holledge , Julie . Bollen , Jonathan . Helland , Frode . Tompkins , Joanne . A Global Doll 's House : Ibsen and Distant Visions . Springer , 2016 . ISBN 9781137438997 . Page 217 . Jump up ^ Plazaolapage , Luis Trelles . South American Cinema / Cine De America Del Sur : Dictionary of Film Makers / Diccionario De Los Productores De Peliculas . Publisher : La Editorial , UPR ( 1989 ) . ISBN 9780847720118 . Page 10 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( 31 December 1972 ) . `` Review : A Doll 's House '' . www.variety.com . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 23 May 1973 ) . `` Claire Bloom 's ' Doll 's House on Film : The Cast '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Sloan , Jane . Reel Women : An International Directory of Contemporary Feature Films about Women . Scarecrow Press , 2007 . ISBN 9781461670827 . Page 125 . Jump up ^ `` Nora : a short film responding to Ibsen 's A Doll 's House '' . The Guardian . 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David . `` Ben Kingsley , Julian Sands , And Jena Malone Sign On For A Doll 's House '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Sir Ben Kingsley interview '' . Independent . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 3 - Drama on 3 , A Doll 's House '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` A Doll 's House '' . Ingmar Bergman . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Walter ( 24 February 1988 ) . `` Stage : Bergman Version Of Ibsen 's ' Doll 's House ' '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Shirley , Don ( 26 May 1998 ) . `` Bergman Adaptation Restructures ' A Doll 's House ' '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Brockett , Oscra G ; Hildy , Franklin J ( 2002 ) . History of the theatre . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 9780205410507 . OCLC 228061773 . Dukore , Bernard F. , ed. 1974 . Dramatic Theory and Criticism : Greeks to Grotowski . Florence , KY : Heinle & Heinle . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 091152 - 1 . Innes , Christopher ( 2000 ) . A sourcebook of naturalist theatre . London : Routledge . ISBN 0415152291 . OCLC 896687433 . Meyer , Michael ( 1974 ) . Ibsen : a biography . Penguin . ISBN 9780140217728 . OCLC 223316018 . Moi , Toril ( 2006 ) . Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism : Art , Theater , Philosophy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199295875 . Further reading ( edit ) Ibsen , Henrick ( trans McLeish ) . A Doll 's House , Nick Hern Books , London , 1994 Unwin , Stephen . Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( Page to Stage Study Guide ) Nick Hern Books , London , 1997 William L. Urban . `` Parallels in A Doll 's House . '' Festschrift in Honor of Charles Speel . Ed. by Thomas J. Sienkewicz and James E. Betts . Monmouth College , Monmouth , Illinois , 1997 . Merriam , Eve . After Nora Slammed the Door : From Doll 's House to Paper Doll Lives ? Merriam looks at the `` Women 's Revolution '' in America . World Publishing Company , Cleveland , 1964 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : A Doll 's House Norwegian Wikisource has original text related to this article : Et dukkehjem Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Doll 's House . Texts and other resources at the National Library of Norway A Doll 's House at the Internet Broadway Database A Doll 's House at the Internet Off - Broadway Database A Doll 's House at the Internet Movie Database A Doll 's House : A Study Guide A Doll 's House at Project Gutenberg A Doll 's House at Project Gutenberg ( alternate edition ) A Doll 's House public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Social Significance of the Modern Drama , a book by Emma Goldman , contains a chapter on A Doll 's House . 1946 Theatre Guild on the Air radio adaptation at Internet Archive A Doll 's House review for the London production of the play by Simon Stephens . Henrik Ibsen Dramas Catiline The Burial Mound Norma , or A Politician 's Love St. John 's Eve Lady Inger of Ostrat The Feast at Solhaug Olaf Liljekrans The Vikings at Helgeland The Mountain Bird Love 's Comedy The Pretenders Brand Peer Gynt The League of Youth Emperor and Galilean The Pillars of Society A Doll 's House Ghosts An Enemy of the People The Wild Duck Rosmersholm The Lady from the Sea Hedda Gabler The Master Builder Little Eyolf John Gabriel Borkman When We Dead Awaken Poetry Digte `` Terje Vigen '' Related Ibsen quotes , Oslo The Oxford Ibsen Centre for Ibsen Studies Ibsen Studies Ibsen Museum , Oslo Peer Gynt Sculpture Park Norwegian Ibsen Award International Ibsen Award Ibsen Year The Death of Little Ibsen ( 2006 play ) ( hide ) Henrik Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( 1879 ) Films A Doll 's House ( 1917 silent ) A Doll 's House ( 1918 silent ) A Doll 's House ( 1922 silent ) A Doll 's House ( 1973 Garland film ) A Doll 's House ( 1973 Losey film ) Sara ( 1993 Persian - English ) Television A Doll 's House ( 1959 ) A Doll 's House ( 1992 ) Other Nora A Doll 's Life A Doll 's House , Part 2 New Woman of the late 19th century ( born before 1880 ) 19th - century feminism First - wave feminism Women 's history Artists Louise Abbéma Elenore Abbott Nina E. Allender Sophie Gengembre Anderson Cornelia Barns Cecilia Beaux Enella Benedict Rosa Bonheur Jennie Augusta Brownscombe Mary Cassatt Minerva J. Chapman Émilie Charmy Alice Brown Chittenden Elizabeth Coffin Emma Lampert Cooper Susan Stuart Frackelton Wilhelmina Weber Furlong Elizabeth Shippen Green Ellen Day Hale Anna Lea Merritt Rose O'Neill Elizabeth Nourse Violet Oakley Elizabeth Okie Paxton Emily Sartain Jessie Willcox Smith Annie Swynnerton Anne Whitney Writers Elizabeth Barrett Browning Mona Caird Kate Chopin Annie Sophie Cory Ella D'Arcy Ella Hepworth Dixon Maria Edgeworth George Egerton ( Mary Chavelita Dunne Bright ) Sarah Grand Amy Levy Olive Schreiner Educators Alice Freeman Palmer Literature about the New Woman Isabel Archer in Henry James 's The Portrait of a Lady ( serialized 1880 -- 81 ) Elizabeth Barrett 's Aurora Leigh ( 1856 ) Kate Chopin 's The Awakening ( 1899 ) Victoria Cross ' Anna Lombard ( 1901 ) Ella Hepworth Dixon 's The Story of a Modern Woman Maria Edgeworth 's Belinda ( 1801 ) Gustave Flaubert 's Madame Bovary ( 1856 ) Henrik Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( 1879 ) Henry Arthur Jones 's The Case of Rebellious Susan ( 1894 ) Henry James ' novella Daisy Miller ( serialized 1878 ) Amy Levy 's The Romance of a Shop ( 1888 ) George Bernard Shaw 's Mrs. Warren 's Profession ( 1893 ) George Bernard Shaw 's Candida ( 1898 ) H.G. Wells ' Ann Veronica ( 1909 ) See also : 19th - century women artists 19th - century women writers Awards for A Doll 's House Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play Anna Christie ( 1993 ) An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman / The Iceman Cometh ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) The Best Man ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( 2004 ) Twelve Angry Men ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) A View from the Bridge / Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) Twelfth Night ( 2014 ) The Elephant Man ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play An Inspector Calls ( 1994 ) The Heiress ( 1995 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1996 ) A Doll 's House ( 1997 ) A View from the Bridge ( 1998 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1999 ) The Real Thing ( 2000 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 2001 ) Private Lives ( 2002 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2003 ) Henry IV ( a combination of Part 1 and Part 2 ) ( 2004 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 2005 ) Awake and Sing ! ( 2006 ) Journey 's End ( 2007 ) Boeing - Boeing ( 2008 ) The Norman Conquests ( 2009 ) Fences ( 2010 ) The Normal Heart ( 2011 ) Death of a Salesman ( 2012 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 2013 ) A Raisin in the Sun ( 2014 ) Skylight ( 2015 ) A View from the Bridge ( 2016 ) Jitney ( 2017 ) GND : 4099245 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Doll%27s_House&oldid=843644993 '' Categories : 1879 plays Plays by Henrik Ibsen Memory of the World Register Norwegian plays adapted into films West End plays Broadway plays Off - Broadway plays Drama Desk Award - winning plays Tony Award - winning plays Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles containing Bokmål - language text Articles with trivia sections from December 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was a doll's house first performed | [
"A Doll's House (Bokmål: Et dukkehjem; also translated as A Doll House) is a three-act play written by Norway's Henrik Ibsen. It premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 December 1879, having been published earlier that month.[1] The play is set in a Norwegian town circa 1879."
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"at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark"
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-6327689287011890964 | Pharmacology | Pharmacology - wikipedia Pharmacology Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the science . For the book type ( `` a pharmacology '' ) , see Materia medica . For the journal , see Pharmacology ( journal ) . Pharmacology Diagrammatic representation of organ bath used for studying the effect of isolated tissues MeSH Unique ID D010600 A variety of topics involved with pharmacology , including neuropharmacology , renal pharmacology , human metabolism , intracellular metabolism , and intracellular regulation Pharmacology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of drug action , where a drug can be broadly defined as any man - made , natural , or endogenous ( from within body ) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell , tissue , organ , or organism ( sometimes the word pharmacon is used as a term to encompass these endogenous and exogenous bioactive species ) . More specifically , it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function . If substances have medicinal properties , they are considered pharmaceuticals . The field encompasses drug composition and properties , synthesis and drug design , molecular and cellular mechanisms , organ / systems mechanisms , signal transduction / cellular communication , molecular diagnostics , interactions , toxicology , chemical biology , therapy , and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities . The two main areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics . Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on biological systems , and Pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug . In broad terms , pharmacodynamics discusses the chemicals with biological receptors , and pharmacokinetics discusses the absorption , distribution , metabolism , and excretion ( ADME ) of chemicals from the biological systems . Pharmacology is not synonymous with pharmacy and the two terms are frequently confused . Pharmacology , a biomedical science , deals with the research , discovery , and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals . In contrast , pharmacy , a health services profession , is concerned with application of the principles learned from pharmacology in its clinical settings ; whether it be in a dispensing or clinical care role . In either field , the primary contrast between the two are their distinctions between direct - patient care , for pharmacy practice , and the science - oriented research field , driven by pharmacology . The origins of clinical pharmacology date back to the Middle Ages in Avicenna 's The Canon of Medicine , Peter of Spain 's Commentary on Isaac , and John of St Amand 's Commentary on the Antedotary of Nicholas . Clinical pharmacology owes much of its foundation to the work of William Withering . Pharmacology as a scientific discipline did not further advance until the mid-19th century amid the great biomedical resurgence of that period . Before the second half of the nineteenth century , the remarkable potency and specificity of the actions of drugs such as morphine , quinine and digitalis were explained vaguely and with reference to extraordinary chemical powers and affinities to certain organs or tissues . The first pharmacology department was set up by Rudolf Buchheim in 1847 , in recognition of the need to understand how therapeutic drugs and poisons produced their effects . Early pharmacologists focused on natural substances , mainly plant extracts . Pharmacology developed in the 19th century as a biomedical science that applied the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts . Today pharmacologists use genetics , molecular biology , biochemistry , and other advanced tools to transform information about molecular mechanisms and targets into therapies directed against disease , defects or pathogens , and create methods for preventative care , diagnostics , and ultimately personalized medicine . Contents ( hide ) 1 Divisions 1.1 Clinical pharmacology 1.2 Neuropharmacology 1.3 Psychopharmacology 1.4 Cardiovascular pharmacology 1.5 Pharmacogenetics 1.6 Pharmacogenomics 1.7 Pharmacoepidemiology 1.8 Safety pharmacology 1.9 Systems pharmacology 1.10 Toxicology 1.11 Theoretical pharmacology 1.12 Posology 1.13 Pharmacognosy 1.14 Environmental pharmacology 1.15 Experimental pharmacology 1.16 Dental pharmacology 2 Scientific background 3 Medicine development and safety testing 4 Drug legislation and safety 5 Education 6 Etymology 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Divisions ( edit ) The discipline of pharmacology can be divided into many sub disciplines each with a specific focus . Clinical pharmacology ( edit ) Clinical pharmacology is the basic science of pharmacology with an added focus on the application of pharmacological principles and methods in the medical clinic and towards patient care and outcomes . Neuropharmacology ( edit ) Neuropharmacology is the study of the effects of medication on central and peripheral nervous system functioning . Psychopharmacology ( edit ) Psychopharmacology , also known as behavioral pharmacology , is the study of the effects of medication on the psyche ( psychology ) , observing changed behaviors of the body and mind , and how molecular events are manifest in a measurable behavioral form . Psychopharmacology is an interdisciplinary field which studies behavioral effects of psychoactive drugs . It incorporates approaches and techniques from neuropharmacology , animal behavior and behavioral neuroscience , and is interested in the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of action of psychoactive drugs . Another goal of behavioral pharmacology is to develop animal behavioral models to screen chemical compounds with therapeutic potentials . People in this field ( called behavioral pharmacologists ) typically use small animals ( e.g. rodents ) to study psychotherapeutic drugs such as antipsychotics , antidepressants and anxiolytics , and drugs of abuse such as nicotine , cocaine and methamphetamine . Ethopharmacology ( not to be confused with ethnopharmacology ) is a term which has been in use since the 1960s and derives from the Greek word ἦθος ethos meaning character and `` pharmacology '' the study of drug actions and mechanism . Cardiovascular pharmacology ( edit ) Cardiovascular pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs on the entire cardiovascular system , including the heart and blood vessels . Pharmacogenetics ( edit ) Pharmacogenetics is clinical testing of genetic variation that gives rise to differing response to drugs . Pharmacogenomics ( edit ) Pharmacogenomics is the application of genomic technologies to drug discovery and further characterization of older drugs . Pharmacoepidemiology ( edit ) Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the effects of drugs in large numbers of people . Safety pharmacology ( edit ) Safety pharmacology specialises in detecting and investigating potential undesirable pharmacodynamic effects of new chemical entities ( NCEs ) on physiological functions in relation to exposure in the therapeutic range and above . Systems pharmacology ( edit ) Systems pharmacology is the coding system principles in the field of pharmacology . Toxicology ( edit ) Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects , molecular targets , and characterization of drugs or any chemical substance in excess ( including those beneficial in lower doses ) . Theoretical pharmacology ( edit ) Theoretical pharmacology is a relatively new and rapidly expanding field of research activity in which many of the techniques of computational chemistry , in particular computational quantum chemistry and the method of molecular mechanics , are proving to be of great value . Theoretical pharmacologists aim at rationalizing the relation between the activity of a particular drug , as observed experimentally , and its structural features as derived from computer experiments . They aim to find structure -- activity relations . Furthermore , on the basis of the structure of a given organic molecule , the theoretical pharmacologist aims at predicting the biological activity of new drugs that are of the same general type as existing drugs . More ambitiously , it aims to predict entirely new classes of drugs , tailor - made for specific purposes . Posology ( edit ) Posology is the study of how medicines are dosed . This depends upon various factors including age , climate , weight , sex , elimination rate of drug , genetic polymorphism and time of administration . It is derived from the Greek words πόσος posos meaning `` how much ? '' and - λογία - logia `` study of '' . Pharmacognosy ( edit ) Pharmacognosy is a branch of pharmacology dealing especially with the composition , use , and development of medicinal substances of biological origin and especially medicinal substances obtained from plants . Environmental pharmacology ( edit ) Environmental pharmacology is a new discipline . Focus is being given to understand gene -- environment interaction , drug - environment interaction and toxin - environment interaction . There is a close collaboration between environmental science and medicine in addressing these issues , as healthcare itself can be a cause of environmental damage or remediation . Human health and ecology are intimately related . Demand for more pharmaceutical products may place the public at risk through the destruction of species . The entry of chemicals and drugs into the aquatic ecosystem is a more serious concern today . In addition , the production of some illegal drugs pollutes drinking water supply by releasing carcinogens . This field is intimately linked with Public Health fields . Experimental pharmacology ( edit ) Experimental pharmacology involves the study of pharmacology through bioassay , to test the efficacy and potency of a drug . Dental pharmacology ( edit ) Dental pharmacology relates to the study of drugs commonly used in the treatment of dental disease . Scientific background ( edit ) The study of chemicals requires intimate knowledge of the biological system affected . With the knowledge of cell biology and biochemistry increasing , the field of pharmacology has also changed substantially . It has become possible , through molecular analysis of receptors , to design chemicals that act on specific cellular signaling or metabolic pathways by affecting sites directly on cell - surface receptors ( which modulate and mediate cellular signaling pathways controlling cellular function ) . A chemical has , from the pharmacological point - of - view , various properties . Pharmacokinetics describes the effect of the body on the chemical ( e.g. half - life and volume of distribution ) , and pharmacodynamics describes the chemical 's effect on the body ( desired or toxic ) . When describing the pharmacokinetic properties of the chemical that is the active ingredient or active pharmaceutical ingredient ( API ) , pharmacologists are often interested in L - ADME : Liberation -- How is the API disintegrated ( for solid oral forms ( breaking down into smaller particles ) ) , dispersed , or dissolved from the medication ? Absorption -- How is the API absorbed ( through the skin , the intestine , the oral mucosa ) ? Distribution -- How does the API spread through the organism ? Metabolism -- Is the API converted chemically inside the body , and into which substances . Are these active ( as well ) ? Could they be toxic ? Excretion -- How is the API excreted ( through the bile , urine , breath , skin ) ? Medication is said to have a narrow or wide therapeutic index or therapeutic window . This describes the ratio of desired effect to toxic effect . A compound with a narrow therapeutic index ( close to one ) exerts its desired effect at a dose close to its toxic dose . A compound with a wide therapeutic index ( greater than five ) exerts its desired effect at a dose substantially below its toxic dose . Those with a narrow margin are more difficult to dose and administer , and may require therapeutic drug monitoring ( examples are warfarin , some antiepileptics , aminoglycoside antibiotics ) . Most anti-cancer drugs have a narrow therapeutic margin : toxic side - effects are almost always encountered at doses used to kill tumors . Medicine development and safety testing ( edit ) Development of medication is a vital concern to medicine , but also has strong economical and political implications . To protect the consumer and prevent abuse , many governments regulate the manufacture , sale , and administration of medication . In the United States , the main body that regulates pharmaceuticals is the Food and Drug Administration and they enforce standards set by the United States Pharmacopoeia . In the European Union , the main body that regulates pharmaceuticals is the EMA and they enforce standards set by the European Pharmacopoeia . The metabolic stability and the reactivity of a library of candidate drug compounds have to be assessed for drug metabolism and toxicological studies . Many methods have been proposed for quantitative predictions in drug metabolism ; one example of a recent computational method is SPORCalc . If the chemical structure of a medicinal compound is altered slightly , this could slightly or dramatically alter the medicinal properties of the compound depending on the level of alteration as it relates to the structural composition of the substrate or receptor site on which it exerts its medicinal effect , a concept referred to as the structural activity relationship ( SAR ) . This means that when a useful activity has been identified , chemists will make many similar compounds called analogues , in an attempt to maximize the desired medicinal effect ( s ) of the compound . This development phase can take anywhere from a few years to a decade or more and is very expensive . These new analogues need to be developed . It needs to be determined how safe the medicine is for human consumption , its stability in the human body and the best form for delivery to the desired organ system , like tablet or aerosol . After extensive testing , which can take up to 6 years , the new medicine is ready for marketing and selling . As a result of the long time required to develop analogues and test a new medicine and the fact that of every 5000 potential new medicines typically only one will ever reach the open market , this is an expensive way of doing things , often costing over 1 billion dollars . To recoup this outlay pharmaceutical companies may do a number of things : Carefully research the demand for their potential new product before spending an outlay of company funds . Obtain a patent on the new medicine preventing other companies from producing that medicine for a certain allocation of time . Drug legislation and safety ( edit ) In the United States , the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) is responsible for creating guidelines for the approval and use of drugs . The FDA requires that all approved drugs fulfill two requirements : The drug must be found to be effective against the disease for which it is seeking approval ( where ' effective ' means only that the drug performed better than placebo or competitors in at least two trials ) . The drug must meet safety criteria by being subject to animal and controlled human testing . Gaining FDA approval usually takes several years . Testing done on animals must be extensive and must include several species to help in the evaluation of both the effectiveness and toxicity of the drug . The dosage of any drug approved for use is intended to fall within a range in which the drug produces a therapeutic effect or desired outcome . The safety and effectiveness of prescription drugs in the U.S. is regulated by the federal Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987 . The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency ( MHRA ) has a similar role in the UK . Education ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Students of pharmacology are trained as biomedical scientists , studying the effects of drugs on living organisms . This can lead to new drug discoveries , as well as a better understanding of the way in which the human body works . Students of pharmacology must have detailed working knowledge of aspects in physiology , pathology and chemistry . During a typical degree they will cover areas such as ( but not limited to ) biochemistry , cell biology , basic physiology , genetics and the Central Dogma , medical microbiology , neuroscience , and depending on the department 's interests , bio-organic chemistry , or chemical biology . Modern Pharmacology is highly interdisciplinary . Graduate programs accept students from most biological and chemical backgrounds . With the increasing drive towards biophysical and computational research to describe systems , pharmacologists may even consider themselves mainly physical scientists . In many instances , Analytical Chemistry is closely related to the studies and needs of pharmacological research . Therefore , many institutions will include pharmacology under a Chemistry or Biochemistry Department , especially if a separate Pharmacology Dept . does not exist . What makes an institutional department independent of another , or exist in the first place , is usually an artifact of historical times . Whereas a pharmacy student will eventually work in a pharmacy dispensing medications , a pharmacologist will typically work within a laboratory setting . Careers for a pharmacologist include academic positions ( medical and non-medical ) , governmental positions , private industrial positions , science writing , scientific patents and law , consultation , biotech and pharmaceutical employment , the alcohol industry , food industry , forensics / law enforcement , public health , and environmental / ecological sciences . Etymology ( edit ) The word `` pharmacology '' is derived from Greek φάρμακον , pharmakon , `` drug , poison , spell '' and - λογία , - logia `` study of '' , `` knowledge of '' ( cf . the etymology of pharmacy ) . See also ( edit ) Certain safety factor Cosmeceuticals Crude drugs Nicholas Culpeper -- 17th century English Physician who translated and used ' pharmacological texts ' . Drug design Drug Discovery Hit to Lead Drug metabolism Enzyme inhibitors Herbalism History of pharmacy International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Inverse benefit law List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions List of pharmaceutical companies List of withdrawn drugs Loewe additivity Medical School Medicare Part D -- the new prescription drug plan in the U.S. Medication Medicinal chemistry Neuropharmacology -- The Molecular and Behavior study of Disease and Drugs in the Nervous System Neuropsychopharmacology -- The detailed comprehensive study of mind , brain and drugs . Pharmaceutical company Pharmaceutical formulation Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment Pharmacognosy Pharmacopoeia Pharmacotherapy Pharmakos Placebo ( origins of technical term ) Prescription drug Prescription Drug Marketing Act ( PDMA ) Psychopharmacology -- medication for mental conditions Toxicology Traditional Chinese Medicine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vallance P , Smart TG ( January 2006 ) . `` The future of pharmacology '' . British Journal of Pharmacology . 147 Suppl 1 ( S1 ) : S304 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. bjp. 0706454 . PMC 1760753 . PMID 16402118 . Jump up ^ Brater DC , Daly WJ ( May 2000 ) . `` Clinical pharmacology in the Middle Ages : principles that presage the 21st century '' . Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 67 ( 5 ) : 447 -- 50 . doi : 10.1067 / mcp. 2000.106465 . PMID 10824622 . Jump up ^ Mannfred A. Hollinger ( 2003 ). `` Introduction to pharmacology '' . CRC Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 28033 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Rang HP ( January 2006 ) . `` The receptor concept : pharmacology 's big idea '' . Br. J. Pharmacol. 147 Suppl 1 ( S1 ) : S9 -- 16 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. bjp. 0706457 . PMC 1760743 . PMID 16402126 . Jump up ^ Maehle AH , Prüll CR , Halliwell RF ( August 2002 ) . `` The emergence of the drug receptor theory '' . Nat Rev Drug Discov. 1 ( 8 ) : 637 -- 41 . doi : 10.1038 / nrd875 . PMID 12402503 . Jump up ^ Rang , H.P. ; M.M. Dale ; J.M. Ritter ; R.J. Flower ( 2007 ) . Pharmacology . China : Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 443 - 06911 - 5 . Jump up ^ Krsiak , M ( 1991 ) . `` Ethopharmacology : A historical perspective '' . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews . 15 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 45 . doi : 10.1016 / s0149 - 7634 ( 05 ) 80124 - 1 . PMID 1792005 . Jump up ^ `` posology '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ Rahman , SZ ; Khan , RA ( Dec 2006 ) . `` Environmental pharmacology : A new discipline '' . Indian J Pharmacol. 38 ( 4 ) : 229 -- 30 . doi : 10.4103 / 0253 - 7613.27017 . Jump up ^ Sue Ruhoy Ilene ; Daughton Christian G ( 2008 ) . `` Beyond the medicine cabinet : An analysis of where and why medications accumulate '' . Environment International . 34 ( 8 ) : 1157 -- 1169 . doi : 10.1016 / j. envint. 2008.05. 002 . Jump up ^ James Smith ; Viktor Stein ( 2009 ) . `` SPORCalc : A development of a database analysis that provides putative metabolic enzyme reactions for ligand - based drug design '' . Computational Biology and Chemistry . 33 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 159 . doi : 10.1016 / j. compbiolchem. 2008.11. 002 . PMID 19157988 . ^ Jump up to : Newton , David ; Alasdair Thorpe ; Chris Otter ( 2004 ) . Revise A2 Chemistry . Heinemann Educational Publishers . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 58347 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nagle , Hinter ; Barbara Nagle ( 2005 ) . Pharmacology : An Introduction . Boston : McGraw Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 312275 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Examinations In Pharmacology '' . The British Medical Journal . 1 ( 1833 ) : 418 -- 418 . 1896 . Jump up ^ Pharmacy ( n . ) - Online Etymology Dictionary Jump up ^ Pharmacology - Online Etymology Dictionary External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pharmacology . American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics British Pharmacological Society Pharmaceutical company profiles at NNDB International Conference on Harmonisation US Pharmacopeia International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology IUPHAR Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification Concepts in pharmacology Pharmacokinetics ( L ) ADME : ( Liberation ) Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion ( Clearance ) Loading dose Volume of distribution ( Initial ) Rate of infusion Compartment Bioequivalence Bioavailability Onset of action Biological half - life Plasma protein binding Pharmacodynamics Mechanism of action Mode of action Toxicity ( Neurotoxicology ) Dose -- response relationship ( Efficacy , Potency ) Therapeutic index ( Median lethal dose , Effective dose ) Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics : Minimum inhibitory concentration ( Bacteriostatic ) Minimum bactericidal concentration ( Bactericide ) Agonism and antagonism Agonist : Inverse agonist Irreversible agonist Partial agonist Superagonist Physiological agonist Antagonist : Competitive antagonist Irreversible antagonist Physiological antagonist Other : Binding Affinity Binding selectivity Functional selectivity Other Drug tolerance : Tachyphylaxis Drug resistance : Antibiotic resistance Multiple drug resistance Drug discovery strategies Classical pharmacology Reverse pharmacology Related fields / subfields Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Neuropsychopharmacology ( Neuropharmacology , Psychopharmacology ) Pharmacology : major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract / metabolism ( A ) stomach acid Antacids H antagonists Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals / Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs ( B ) Antithrombotics Antiplatelets Anticoagulants Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics Antihemorrhagics Platelets Coagulants Antifibrinolytics Cardiovascular system ( C ) cardiac therapy / antianginals Cardiac glycosides Antiarrhythmics Cardiac stimulants Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers renin -- angiotensin system ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Statins Fibrates Bile acid sequestrants Skin ( D ) Emollients Cicatrizants Antipruritics Antipsoriatics Medicated dressings Genitourinary system ( G ) Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system ( H ) Hypothalamic -- pituitary hormones Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones / Antithyroid agents Infections and infestations ( J , P , QI ) Antimicrobials : Antibacterials ( Antimycobacterials ) Antifungals Antivirals Antiparasitics Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics Ectoparasiticides IVIG Vaccines Malignant disease ( L01 -- L02 ) Anticancer agents Antimetabolites Alkylating Spindle poisons Antineoplastic Topoisomerase inhibitors Immune disease ( L03 -- L04 ) Immunomodulators Immunostimulants Immunosuppressants Muscles , bones , and joints ( M ) Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAIDs Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Bisphosphonates Brain and nervous system ( N ) Analgesics Anesthetics General Local Anorectics Anti-ADHD agents Antiaddictives Anticonvulsants Antidementia agents Antidepressants Antimigraine agents Antiparkinson agents Antipsychotics Anxiolytics Depressants Entactogens Entheogens Euphoriants Hallucinogens Psychedelics Dissociatives Deliriants Hypnotics / Sedatives Mood Stabilizers Neuroprotectives Nootropics Neurotoxins Orexigenics Serenics Stimulants Wakefulness - 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"Early pharmacologists focused on natural substances, mainly plant extracts. Pharmacology developed in the 19th century as a biomedical science that applied the principles of scientific experimentation to therapeutic contexts.[6] Today pharmacologists use genetics, molecular biology, biochemistry, and other advanced tools to transform information about molecular mechanisms and targets into therapies directed against disease, defects or pathogens, and create methods for preventative care, diagnostics, and ultimately personalized medicine."
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"Pharmacology"
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-6859374336724797597 | Mack the Knife | Mack the Knife - wikipedia Mack the Knife For other uses , see Mack the Knife ( disambiguation ) . `` Mack the Knife '' Song Published 31 August 1928 ( 1928 - 08 - 31 ) Genre Moritat Composer ( s ) Kurt Weill Lyricist ( s ) Bertolt Brecht `` Die Moritat von Mackie Messer '' ( later known as `` Mack the Knife '' or `` The Ballad of Mack the Knife '' ) is a song composed by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht for their music drama Die Dreigroschenoper , or , as it is known in English , The Threepenny Opera . It premiered in Berlin in 1928 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm . The song has become a popular standard recorded by many artists , including a US and UK number one hit for Bobby Darin in 1959 . Contents 1 The Threepenny Opera 1.1 French translation 1.2 1954 Blitzstein translation 1.3 1976 Manheim -- Willett extension ( `` Moritat '' ) 1.4 1994 translation 2 Popular song 2.1 Parodies 3 See also 4 References 5 External links The Threepenny Opera ( edit ) A Moritat is a medieval version of the murder ballad performed by strolling minstrels . In The Threepenny Opera , the Moritat singer with his street organ introduces and closes the drama with the tale of the deadly Mackie Messer , or Mack the Knife , a character based on the dashing highwayman Macheath in John Gay 's The Beggar 's Opera ( who was in turn based on the historical thief Jack Sheppard ) . The Brecht - Weill version of the character was far more cruel and sinister , and has been transformed into a modern anti-hero . The play opens with the Moritat singer comparing Macheath ( unfavorably ) with a shark , and then telling tales of his robberies , murders , rapes , and arson . The song was a last - minute addition , inserted just before its premiere in 1928 , because Harald Paulsen , the actor who played Macheath , demanded that Brecht and Weill add another number that would more effectively introduce his character . However , Weill and Brecht decided the song should not be sung by Macheath himself , opting instead to write the song for a street singer in keeping with the Moritat tradition . At the premiere , the song was sung by Kurt Gerron , who played Police Chief Brown . Weill also intended the Moritat to be accompanied by a barrel organ , which was to be played by the singer . At the premiere , though , the barrel organ failed , and the pit orchestra ( a jazz band ) had to quickly provide the accompaniment for the street singer . Und der Haifisch , der hat Zähne , Und die trägt er im Gesicht . Und Macheath , der hat ein Messer , Doch das Messer sieht man nicht . And the shark , it has teeth , And it wears them in the face . And Macheath , he has a knife , But the knife ca n't be seen . French translation ( edit ) The song was translated into French as `` La complainte de Mackie '' by André Mauprey and Ninon Steinhoff and popularized by Catherine Sauvage . 1954 Blitzstein translation ( edit ) `` A Theme from The Threepenny Opera ( Mack the Knife ) '' Single by Louis Armstrong B - side `` Back O ' Town Blues '' Released 1956 Format 7 '' Recorded New York City 28 September 1955 Genre Jazz Length 3 : 25 Label Columbia 40587 Coronet KS - 349 ( pictured , reached No1 in Australia ) Songwriter ( s ) Kurt Weill , Bertolt Brecht English lyrics Marc Blitzstein , arr . Turk Murphy The song was first introduced to American audiences in 1933 in the first English - language production of The Threepenny Opera . The English lyrics were by Gifford Cochran and Jerrold Krimsky . That production , however , was not successful , closing after a run of only ten days . In the best known English translation , from the Marc Blitzstein 1954 version of The Threepenny Opera , which played Off - Broadway for over six years , the words are : Oh , the shark has pretty teeth , dear , And he shows them pearly white Just a jack - knife has Macheath , dear And he keeps it out of sight . Blitzstein 's translation provides the basis for most of the popular versions heard today , including those by Louis Armstrong ( 1956 ) and Bobby Darin ( 1959 ; Darin 's lyrics differ slightly ) , and most subsequent swing versions . Weill 's widow , Lotte Lenya , the star of both the original 1928 German production and the 1954 Blitzstein Broadway version , was present in the studio during Armstrong 's recording . He spontaneously added her name to the lyrics ( `` Look out , Miss Lotte Lenya '' ) , which already named several of Macheath 's female victims . The Armstrong version was later used by Bobby Darin . The rarely heard final verse -- not included in the original play , but added by Brecht for the 1931 movie -- expresses the theme and compares the glittering world of the rich and powerful with the dark world of the poor : Denn die einen sind im Dunkeln Und die andern sind im Licht Und man siehet die im Lichte Die im Dunkeln sieht man nicht . There are some who are in darkness And the others are in light And you see the ones in brightness Those in darkness drop from sight . 1976 manheim -- willett extension ( `` Moritat '' ) ( edit ) In 1976 , a brand - new interpretation of `` Mack the Knife '' by Ralph Manheim and John Willett opened on Broadway , later made into a movie version starring Raúl Juliá as Mackie . This version , simply known as `` Moritat '' , is an extension of the story with completely new lyrics that expound upon the tales of Macheath 's trail of activity . Here is an excerpt : See the shark with teeth like razors All can read his open face And Macheath has got a knife , but Not in such an obvious place . This version was performed by Lyle Lovett on the soundtrack of the 1994 film Quiz Show . Darin 's and Lovett 's versions play over the opening and closing credits , respectively . This interpretation was later also recorded by Sting and Nick Cave in the later part of the 1990s . 1994 translation ( edit ) A much darker translation by Robert David MacDonald and Jeremy Sams into English was used for the 1994 Donmar Warehouse theatrical production in London . The new translation attempted to recapture the original tone of the song : Though the shark 's teeth may be lethal Still you see them white and red But you wo n't see Mackie 's flick knife Cause he slashed you and you 're dead . Popular song ( edit ) `` Mack the Knife '' Single by Bobby Darin from the album That 's All B - side `` Was There a Call for Me '' Released August 1959 Format 7 '' Recorded December 19 , 1958 at Fulton Studios , New York City Genre Traditional pop , jazz Length 3 : 11 ( Album version ) 3 : 04 ( Single version ) Label Atco ( U.S. ) London ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Kurt Weill , Bertolt Brecht Marc Blitzstein , Turk Murphy ( English version ) Bobby Darin singles chronology `` Dream Lover '' ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' ( 1959 ) `` Beyond the Sea '' ( 1960 ) `` Mack the Knife '' was introduced to the United States hit parade by Louis Armstrong in 1956 , but the song is most closely associated with Bobby Darin , who recorded his version at Fulton Studios on West 40th Street , New York City , on December 19 , 1958 ( with Tom Dowd engineering the recording ) . Even though Darin was reluctant to release the song as a single , in 1959 it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and number six on the Black Singles chart , and earned him a Grammy Award for Record of the Year . Dick Clark had advised Darin not to record the song because of the perception that , having come from an opera , it would not appeal to the rock and roll audience . In subsequent years , Clark recounted the story with good humor . Frank Sinatra , who recorded the song with Quincy Jones on his L.A. Is My Lady album , called Darin 's the `` definitive '' version . Billboard ranked this version as the No. 2 song for 1959 . Darin 's version was No. 3 on Billboard 's All Time Top 100 . In 2003 , the Darin version was ranked # 251 on Rolling Stone 's `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' list . On BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs , pop mogul Simon Cowell named `` Mack the Knife '' the best song ever written . Darin 's version of the song was featured in the movies Quiz Show and What Women Want . Both Armstrong and Darin 's versions were inducted by the Library of Congress in the National Recording Registry in 2016 . Brecht 's original German language version was appropriated for a series of humorous and surreal blackout skits by television pioneer Ernie Kovacs , showing , between skits , the soundtrack displayed on an oscilloscope . Ella Fitzgerald made a famous live recording in 1960 ( released on Ella in Berlin : Mack the Knife ) in which , after forgetting the lyrics after the first verse , she improvised new lyrics in a performance that earned her a Grammy Award . Robbie Williams also recorded the song on his 2001 album Swing When You 're Winning , and performed it as the first song after the arrival of the Queen during the Diamond Jubilee Concert in 2012 , referencing Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie . Other notable versions include performances by Dave Van Ronk , Jimmie Dale Gilmore , Tony Bennett , Marianne Faithfull , Nick Cave , Brian Setzer , Kevin Spacey , Westlife , and Michael Bublé . Swiss band The Young Gods radically reworked the song in industrial style , while jazz legend Sonny Rollins recorded an instrumental version entitled simply `` Moritat '' in 1956 . A 1959 instrumental performance by Bill Haley & His Comets was the final song the group recorded for Decca Records . Deana Martin recorded `` Mack the Knife '' on her second studio album , Volare , released in 2009 by Big Fish Records . Tito Puente also recorded an instrumental version . Salsa musician Rubén Blades recorded an homage entitled `` Pedro Navaja '' . Brazilian composer Chico Buarque , in his loose adaptation of Threepenny Opera ( Ópera do Malandro ) , made two versions called `` O Malandro '' and `` O Malandro No 2 '' , with lyrics in Portuguese . Liberace regularly performed a variant in which he played the song successively in five styles : as originally written , in the style of a Johann Strauss waltz , as a music box , in a bossa nova rhythm , and in what Liberace considered a popular American style . The chorus to the song `` Haifisch '' ( `` Shark '' ) by Rammstein is inspired by `` Mack the Knife '' . Parodies ( edit ) The song has been parodied numerous times . Steve Martin parodied `` Mack the Knife '' in his opening monologue to the premiere of Saturday Night Live 's third season in 1977 . In the mid-1980s , McDonald 's introduced Mac Tonight , a character whose signature song was based on `` Mack the Knife '' . There was a skit on The Muppet Show , where the characters play upon the sinister nature of the lyrics . American political parodists the Capitol Steps used the tune for their song `` Pack the Knife '' on their 2002 album When Bush Comes to Shove . See also ( edit ) List of 1920s jazz standards List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1950s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Friedwald , Will ( 2002 ) . Stardust Melodies : The Biography of Twelve of America 's Most Popular Songs . New York : Pantheon Books . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42089 - 4 . Jump up ^ Farneth , David ( 2000 ) . Kurt Weill : A Life in Pictures and Documents . Woodstock , New York : Overlook Press . pp. 75 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 87951 - 721 - 2 . Jump up ^ Friedwald , Will ( 2002 ) . Stardust Melodies : The Biography of Twelve of America 's Most Popular Songs . New York : Pantheon Books . pp. 81 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42089 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Song : La complainte de Mackie '' . Secondhandsongs.com . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Jos Willems ( 2006 ) . All of Me : The Complete Discography of Louis Armstrong . Scarecrow Press . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5730 - 8 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Threepenny Opera ( Cochran / Krimsky ) at the Internet Broadway Database Jump up ^ Threepenny Opera ( Blitzstein ) at the Internet Broadway Database Jump up ^ Bobby Darin interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New Entries to National Recording Registry '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ernie Kovacs -- `` Mack the Knife '' Take 4 , includes car dropping through floor on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Pedro Navaja '' . MaestraVida.com . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . Jump up ^ The Muppet Show : Dr Teeth & Sam The Eagle -- `` Mack The Knife '' on YouTube External links ( edit ) `` Mackie Messer '' on YouTube , sung by Lotte Lenya ( 3 : 39 ) Bertolt Brecht sings `` Die Moritat von Mackie Messer '' on YouTube ( 2 : 48 ) Bobby Darin `` Mack the Knife '' website `` What 's the story behind ' Mack the Knife ' ? '' , The Straight Dope , 1 April 2004 ibdb.com info on the 7 Broadway productions Steve Martin 's comedy monologue on Saturday Night Live parodying `` Mack the Knife '' Lyrics Grammy Award for Record of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu ( Volare ) '' by Domenico Modugno ( 1959 ) `` Mack the Knife '' by Bobby Darin ( 1960 ) `` Theme from A Summer Place '' by Percy Faith ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' by Henry Mancini ( 1962 ) `` I Left My Heart in San Francisco '' by Tony Bennett ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' by Henry Mancini ( 1964 ) `` The Girl from Ipanema '' by Astrud Gilberto & Stan Getz ( 1965 ) `` A Taste of Honey '' by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass ( 1966 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' by Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up and Away '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1968 ) `` Mrs. Robinson '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1969 ) `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( Billy Davis Jr. , Florence LaRue , Marilyn McCoo , Lamont McLemore , Ron Townson ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Simon & Garfunkel ( Art Garfunkel , Paul Simon ) ( 1971 ) `` It 's Too Late '' by Carole King ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' by Roberta Flack ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' by Roberta Flack ( 1974 ) `` I Honestly Love You '' by Olivia Newton - John ( 1975 ) `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' by Captain & Tennille ( Daryl Dragon , Toni Tennille ) ( 1976 ) `` This Masquerade '' by George Benson ( 1977 ) `` Hotel California '' by Eagles ( Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Randy Meisner , Joe Walsh ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' by Billy Joel ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' by The Doobie Brothers ( Jeffrey Baxter , John Hartman , Keith Knudsen , Michael McDonald , Tiran Porter , Patrick Simmons ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' by Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' by Kim Carnes ( 1982 ) `` Rosanna '' by Toto ( Bobby Kimball , Steve Lukather , David Paich , Jeff Porcaro , David Hungate , Steve Porcaro ) ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' by Tina Turner ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' by USA for Africa ( 1986 ) `` Higher Love '' by Steve Winwood ( 1987 ) `` Graceland '' by Paul Simon ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' by Bobby McFerrin ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' by Bette Midler ( 1990 ) `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' by Natalie Cole with Nat King Cole ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' by Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) `` All I Wanna Do '' by Sheryl Crow ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' by Seal ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' by Eric Clapton ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' by Shawn Colvin ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' by Celine Dion ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' by Santana ( Rodney Holmes , Tony Lindsay , Karl Perazzo , Raul Rekow , Benny Rietveld , Carlos Santana , Chester Thompson ) featuring Rob Thomas ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2001 ) `` Walk On '' by U2 ( Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , Larry Mullen Jr . ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' by Norah Jones ( 2003 ) `` Clocks '' by Coldplay ( Guy Berryman , Jon Buckland , Will Champion , Phil Harvey , Chris Martin ) ( 2004 ) `` Here We Go Again '' by Ray Charles and Norah Jones ( 2005 ) `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' by Green Day ( Billie Joe Armstrong , Mike Dirnt , Frank Edwin Wright III ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' by Dixie Chicks ( Martie Maguire , Natalie Maines , Emily Robison ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' by Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) `` Please Read the Letter '' by Alison Krauss and Robert Plant ( 2009 ) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon ( Caleb Followill , Jared Followill , Matthew Followill , Nathan Followill ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele ( 2012 ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2013 ) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) by Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' by Adele ( 2017 ) `` 24K Magic '' by Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) Bertolt Brecht 's and Kurt Weill 's The Threepenny Opera ( 1928 ) Source John Gay 's The Beggar 's Opera Films The Threepenny Opera ( 1931 ) Mack the Knife ( 1989 ) Songs `` Mack the Knife '' `` Pirate Jenny '' `` What Keeps Mankind Alive ? '' Related Threepenny Novel Lotte Lenya Songs `` Alabama Song '' `` Mack the Knife '' `` My Ship '' `` Pirate Jenny '' `` The Saga of Jenny '' `` September Song '' `` Speak Low '' Related articles Rosa Klebb Bertolt Brecht Kurt Weill George Davis `` Laléna '' LoveMusik Book : Lotte Lenya Bobby Darin Discography Studio albums Bobby Darin ( 1958 ) That 's All ( 1959 ) This is Darin ( 1960 ) For Teenagers Only ( 1960 ) The 25th Day of December ( 1960 ) Two of a Kind ( 1961 ) Love Swings ( 1961 ) Twist with Bobby Darin ( 1961 ) Bobby Darin Sings Ray Charles ( 1962 ) Things and Other Things ( 1962 ) Oh ! Look at Me Now ( 1962 ) You 're the Reason I 'm Living ( 1963 ) It 's You or No One ( 1963 ) 18 Yellow Roses ( 1963 ) Earthy ! ( 1963 ) Golden Folk Hits ( 1963 ) Winners ( 1964 ) From Hello Dolly to Goodbye Charlie ( 1964 ) Venice Blue ( 1965 ) Bobby Darin Sings The Shadow of Your Smile ( 1966 ) In a Broadway Bag ( Mame ) ( 1966 ) If I Were a Carpenter ( 1966 ) Inside Out ( 1967 ) Bobby Darin Sings Doctor Dolittle ( 1967 ) Bobby Darin Born Walden Robert Cassotto ( 1968 ) Commitment ( 1969 ) Live albums Darin at the Copa ( 1960 ) Live at the Desert Inn ( 1987 ) Compilation albums The Bobby Darin Story ( 1961 ) Aces Back to Back ( 2004 ) Singles `` Splish Splash '' `` Early in the Morning '' `` Queen of the Hop '' `` Dream Lover '' `` Mack the Knife '' `` Beyond the Sea '' `` You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby '' `` Things '' `` You 're the Reason I 'm Living '' `` If I Were a Carpenter '' `` Darlin ' Be Home Soon '' Related articles Beyond the Sea ( film ) Dream Lover : The Bobby Darin Musical Book : Bobby Darin Louis Armstrong Biography Recordings Films , broadcasts , and literature Awards Civil Rights proponent Top Ten singles Muskrat Ramble ( 1926 ) Hotter than That West End Blues ( 1928 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1929 ) Chinatown , My Chinatown ( 1932 ) You Can Depend on Me All of Me Love , You Funny Thing Sweethearts on Parade Body and Soul ( 1932 ) Hobo , You Ca n't Ride This Train ( 1933 ) I 'm in the Mood for Love / You Are My Lucky Star ( 1935 ) Public Melody Number One ( 1937 ) When the Saints Go Marching In ( 1939 ) You Wo n't Be Satisfied ( Until You Break My Heart ) ( 1946 ) When We Are Dancing ( 1951 ) What a Wonderful World ( 1968 ) Albums Satchmo at Pasadena ( 1951 ) Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy ( 1955 ) Louis Armstrong at the Crescendo , Vol. 1 ( 1955 ) Louis and the Angels ( 1957 ) Louis and the Good Book ( 1958 ) Satchmo In Style ( 1959 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) Struttin ' ( 1996 ) With Ella Fitzgerald Armstrong - Fitzgerald history Ella and Louis ( 1956 ) Ella and Louis Again ( 1957 ) Porgy and Bess ( 1957 ) The Complete Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong on Verve Other collaborations Louis Armstrong Meets Oscar Peterson ( 1957 ) Bing & Satchmo ( 1960 ) The Great Summit ( 1961 ) The Real Ambassadors ( 1961 ) Songs Willie the Weeper West End Blues ( 1928 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' When the Saints Go Marching In Mack the Knife ( 1956 ) Autumn in New York On My Way ( 1959 ) Uncle Satchmo 's Lullaby ( 1959 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) What a Wonderful World ( 1967 ) We Have All the Time in the World ( 1969 ) Alexander 's Ragtime Band April in Paris Back Home Again in Indiana Basin Street Blues Big Butter and Egg Man Blue Turning Grey Over You Blueberry Hill C'est si bon Ca n't We Be Friends ? Cheek to Cheek Cold , Cold Heart Cool Yule Dippermouth Blues Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans ? Dream a Little Dream of Me East of the Sun ( and West of the Moon ) El Choclo Everybody Loves My Baby Frankie and Johnny Georgia on My Mind Get Together Gone Fishin ' The Gypsy in My Soul Heebie Jeebies Hello , Dolly ! Hey Lawdy Mama High Society Calypso I Get Ideas I Wonder I 've Got the World on a String It 's Been a Long , Long Time Jeepers Creepers A Kiss to Build a Dream On ( Up A ) Lazy River Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off Let 's Do It , Let 's Fall in Love Moon River Moonlight in Vermont Muggles Muskrat Ramble Nobody Knows the Trouble I 've Seen Now You Has Jazz On a Little Bamboo Bridge On My Way On the Sunny Side of the Street Pennies from Heaven Potato Head Blues Red Sails in the Sunset Rockin ' Chair Saint Louis Blues Shine Skokiaan Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child St. James Infirmary Blues Standing on the Corner ( Blue Yodel No. 9 ) Stardust Stars Fell on Alabama Takes Two to Tango That Lucky Old Sun That 's My Desire There Must Be Somebody Else They All Laughed Uncle Satchmo 's Lullaby La Vie en rose When It 's Sleepy Time Down South When You 're Smiling Willow Weep for Me Winter Wonderland Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah Related Louis Armstrong Hot Five and Hot Seven Sessions ( 1925 -- 28 ) Louis Armstrong House Louis Armstrong Stadium Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport Discography Jazz Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mack_the_Knife&oldid=853652639 '' Categories : 1928 songs 1959 singles Songs with music by Kurt Weill Songs with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht Songs with lyrics by Marc Blitzstein Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Grammy Award for Record of the Year Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients 1920s jazz standards Pop standards United States National Recording Registry recordings Murder ballads Bobby Darin songs Louis Armstrong songs Hidden categories : Articles with IBDb links Articles containing German - language text Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Portuguese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 04 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang mack the knife with frank sinatra | [
"\"Mack the Knife\" was introduced to the United States hit parade by Louis Armstrong in 1956, but the song is most closely associated with Bobby Darin, who recorded his version at Fulton Studios on West 40th Street, New York City, on December 19, 1958 (with Tom Dowd engineering the recording). Even though Darin was reluctant to release the song as a single,[8] in 1959 it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and number six on the Black Singles chart, and earned him a Grammy Award for Record of the Year. Dick Clark had advised Darin not to record the song because of the perception that, having come from an opera, it would not appeal to the rock and roll audience. In subsequent years, Clark recounted the story with good humor. Frank Sinatra, who recorded the song with Quincy Jones on his L.A. Is My Lady album, called Darin's the \"definitive\" version. Billboard ranked this version as the No. 2 song for 1959. Darin's version was No. 3 on Billboard's All Time Top 100.[9] In 2003, the Darin version was ranked #251 on Rolling Stone's \"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\" list. On BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs, pop mogul Simon Cowell named \"Mack the Knife\" the best song ever written. Darin's version of the song was featured in the movies Quiz Show and What Women Want. Both Armstrong and Darin's versions were inducted by the Library of Congress in the National Recording Registry in 2016.[10]\n"
] | [
"Quincy Jones"
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-1540634709742579779 | 2017 America's Cup | 2017 America 's Cup - wikipedia 2017 America 's Cup Jump to : navigation , search 35th America 's Cup The defending yacht 17 Defender United States Defender club : Golden Gate Yacht Club Yacht : 17 Challenger New Zealand Challenger club : Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Yacht : Aotearoa Competition Location : Great Sound , Bermuda Dates : 17 -- 26 June 2017 Rule : AC50 Winner : Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Score : 1 7 The 2017 America 's Cup was the 35th staging of the America 's Cup yacht race . The challenger , Emirates Team New Zealand , won by a score of 7 to 1 over the defender , Oracle Team USA . It was held on the Great Sound in Bermuda from June 17 to June 26 . The races were conducted using hydrofoiling AC50 America 's Cup Class yachts , which are slightly larger than the AC45F yachts used in the 2015 -- 16 America 's Cup World Series . It was Oracle 's second defense of the America 's Cup , four years after its first successful defense . Emirates Team New Zealand will now hope to defend the cup in the 36th America 's Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 Venue 2 Challenger of Record 3 Rule changes 4 Teams 5 Technology 6 Qualifying events 7 Cup Match 8 References 9 External links Venue ( edit ) The 2017 America 's Cup course was on the Great Sound in Bermuda , the venue at the Royal Naval Dockyard . In June 2014 , media reported the venue of the 34th America 's Cup , San Francisco , was no longer in consideration to host the 35th edition . San Diego , Chicago and Bermuda were listed as being still in the running . In July 2014 , americascup.com reported that Chicago was dropped from the running , and finally on 2 December 2014 , Bermuda was announced as the host of the 2017 America 's Cup . The Premier of Bermuda , Michael Dunkley , welcomed the teams , sponsors , and spectators at a press conference in New York . The financial package included in the bid by Bermuda was worth approximately US $ 77 million , including a $15 million sponsorship fee , $25 million for infrastructure improvements , $12 million operating costs and a $25 million guarantee against commercial sponsorships . Dr. Grant Gibbons , Bermuda 's Minister for Economic Development , stated that the America 's Cup had a possibility of generating revenue of up to US $250 million in Bermuda . Security arrangements at the Dockyard were assumed by HM 's Royal Bermuda Regiment after termination of contract between the local security provider and the AC35 . Challenger of Record ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Louis Vuitton Cup On 1 October 2013 , Australia 's Hamilton Island Yacht Club was confirmed as the `` Challenger of Record '' for the 35th America 's Cup , after submitting their paperwork only moments after the win by Oracle Team USA . The HIYC challenge was accepted by the Golden Gate Yacht Club , who was the Defender and Trustee of the America 's Cup . Australian businessman Bob Oatley , founder of Rosemount and owner of famed super maxi yacht Wild Oats XI , was confirmed to be the main financial backer of the Hamilton Island Yacht Club challenge . On 19 July 2014 Russell Coutts , Director of the America 's Cup Event Authority ( ACEA ) , announced that the Hamilton Island Yacht club had withdrawn Team Australia from the 35th America 's Cup . Team Australia claimed that the entry fee rules agreed to in the official protocol created too much risk due to the uncertainty of the then unknown venue and schedule of the event . The Challenger of Record Committee ( CORC ) represents all of the challengers ' interests and negotiates with Oracle over mutual concerns . Luna Rossa replaced HIYC as the challenger of record . In April 2015 , Luna Rossa withdrew its challenge bid , pulling out of the 2017 America 's Cup in protest at rule changes reducing the size of the boats . Rule changes ( edit ) On 5 June 2014 , it was announced that the regatta would be sailed in 62 - foot - long ( 18.9 m ) foiling catamarans , the AC62 . The entry fee was $3 million . Each challenging team could build only one boat while Oracle Team USA could build two . A nationality rule was agreed , requiring 25 percent of the crew to be from the entry 's country . This nationality rule had been lifted prior to the 2003 America 's Cup . The rules specified the combined weight of the crew could not exceed 525 kg . The neutral International adjudicating yachting panel was dropped in favour of a three - man panel appointed by the defender . In March 2015 , the teams voted to reduce the size of the boats to the 45 - to 50 - foot range , leading to the withdrawal in protest of Luna Rossa . This in turn led to a joint statement from four teams attacking Team New Zealand which had supported Luna Rossa . Teams ( edit ) The America 's Cup was contested by its defender Oracle Team USA , who represent the Golden Gate Yacht Club . The challenger was Emirates Team New Zealand , for Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron , who had defeated the other four challengers to win the Louis Vuitton America 's Cup Challenger Playoffs trophy . Technology ( edit ) Teams were allowed to take onedesign AC45s out of measurement by modifying crossbeams , wings and rudders , adding hydraulic systems , as well as produce a maximum of six custom daggerboards to test on the existing platform ahead of building their race boat . All teams took advantage of this opportunity : Oracle Racing modified three AC45s , selling their first development boat to SoftBank Team Japan as part of their technology - sharing agreement and subsequently conducted a two - boat testing program with their last two boats ; Land Rover BAR modified three AC45s and conducted a two - boat testing program with their last two boats ; Artemis Racing modified two AC45s and conducted a two - boat testing program with them . Groupama Team France , Luna Rossa and Emirates Team New Zealand modified one AC45 each . Luna Rossa later gifted their boat to Team New Zealand . Emirates Team New Zealand also modified SL33 foiling wingsail catamarans to try new ideas for its race boat , in which they produced a number of distinct features absent from other boats in the fleet : The two four - handed grinding pedestals on their development AC45 were replaced by four cycling stations ; Peter Burling was the only helmsman to be relieved of daggerboard controls in order to focus on steering only ; instead cyclor Blair Tuke undertook daggerboard deployment , trim and overall responsibility of pitch angle and ride height ; Daggerboards were lengthier than those of other teams by virtue of a distinct dihedral bend in the middle of the hydrofoil tip . The rise in foiling catamarans encouraged competing teams to enter into technical partnerships with companies specializing in aerospace technologies . Land Rover BAR allied with Red Bull Advanced Technologies , headed by ten - time Formula 1 World Constructor 's Championship car designer Adrian Newey . Oracle Team USA entered a technical partnership with Airbus . Artemis Racing allied with high performance engineering giant Cosworth . Luna Rossa Challenge had partnered with Lenovo to analyze and predict race simulations , assisting in the design of their boat . Qualifying events ( edit ) Main articles : 2015 -- 16 America 's Cup World Series and 2017 Louis Vuitton Cup The America 's Cup World Series was won by Land Rover BAR , earning two points to take into the 2017 Louis Vuitton America 's Cup Qualifiers Round . The runner up was Oracle Team USA , earning one point to take into the Qualifiers Round . Oracle Team USA won the 2017 Louis Vuitton America 's Cup Qualifiers Round , earning one point to take into the 2017 America 's Cup competition . Emirates Team New Zealand , Land Rover BAR , Artemis Racing and SoftBank Team Japan advanced from the 2017 Louis Vuitton America 's Cup Qualifiers Round to the Challenger Playoffs Semi-finals , while Groupama Team France was eliminated from further competition . Emirates Team New Zealand eliminated Land Rover BAR in the 2017 Louis Vuitton America 's Cup Challenger Playoffs Semi-finals , advancing to the Challenger Playoffs against Artemis Racing who had eliminated SoftBank Team Japan in the other semi-final . Emirates Team New Zealand won the 2017 Louis Vuitton America 's Cup Challenger Playoffs Final against Artemis , 5 -- 2 , advancing to face Oracle Team USA in the 2017 America 's Cup . Cup match ( edit ) Races were held from 17 June . The first team to seven points wins and becomes the Defender of the America 's Cup . Due to Oracle Team USA 's win in the America 's Cup Qualifiers , Emirates Team New Zealand started the match with a score of − 1 . Wins marked in green Date Oracle Team USA Emirates Team New Zealand Delta Score pre-match qualifiers ' champion 0 − 1 17 June 21'37.697 '' 21'07.495 '' 00'30.202 '' 0 0 23'08.208 '' 21'40.662 '' 01'27.546 '' 0 18 June 20'02.219 '' 19'13.434 '' 00'48.785 '' 0 22'26.887 '' 21'15.216 '' 01'11.671 '' 0 24 June 22'38.055 '' 20'33.942 '' 02'04.113 '' 0 20'47.878 '' 20'59.180 '' 00'11.302 '' 25 June 20'35.000 '' 20'23.324 '' 00'11.676 '' 5 19'43.585 '' 19'13.593 '' 00'29.992 '' 6 26 June 22'18.190 '' 21'23.776 '' 00'54.414 '' 7 The first race of the day is scheduled each time at 2 : 00 pm ADT . The race data were published on the official noticeboard . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ USA , ORACLE TEAM . `` Spithill : `` This is the boat we 're going to use to win the America 's Cup '' `` . Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Zealand , Emirates Team New . `` EMIRATES TEAM NEW ZEALAND WILL CHALLENGE FOR THE AMERICA 'S CUP - Emirates Team New Zealand '' . etnzblog.com . Jump up ^ `` Pedal power and poker faces : what drove New Zealand 's America 's Cup success '' . Guardian . 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup : How Emirates New Zealand Was Able to Rout Oracle Team USA '' . The New York Times . 27 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup : Coutts eliminates San Francisco as 2017 venue '' . sail-world.com. 11 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bermuda and San Diego shortlisted as Americas Cup venues '' . americascup.com. 8 July 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bermuda is the home of the 2017 America 's Cup '' . americascup.com. 2 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2014 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bermuda to pay $77 million to host America 's Cup '' . sailingscuttlebutt.com. 8 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 22 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yacht Club Holiday Villas for Sale '' . Hamilton Island . Archived from the original on 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AMERICA 'S CUP FINAL PRESS CONFERENCE - DAY 15 '' . YouTube.com. 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Stensholt , John ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Bob Oatley funds Hamilton Island - based bid for America 's Cup '' . BRW . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup : Aussie challenge have pulled out '' . 19 July 2014 -- via New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ `` Coutts ' disappointed ' by Aussie withdrawal '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 11 May 2017 -- via TVNZ . Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup 2017 ? -- Defenders and Challengers for the 35th Defense : Team List -- from CupInfo '' . Cupinfo.com . Archived from the original on 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Italy hosting America 's Cup World Series opener in coastal city of Cagliari stuff.co.nz , 23 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Luna Rossa pull out of America 's Cup in protest over reduced boat size '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` That sinking feeling it 's time to bail out of America 's Cup '' , 7 June 2014 , DUNCAN GARNER , `` Comment '' column in The Dominion Post Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup Votes to Race Smaller Boats in 2017 '' Archived 1 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , The New York Times , 1 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` America 's Cup boat size row escalates as teams close ranks after Luna Rossa exit ' Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , The Guardian , 3 April 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.rnzys.org.nz/2017/06/12/etnz-punches-ticket-to-the-americas-cup/ Jump up ^ http://www.sailingscuttlebutt.com/2017/05/24/new-trophy-americas-cup-challenger/ Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/design/americas-cup-louis-vuitton-unveils-new-challengers-cup-trophy/ Jump up ^ Team New Zealand chasing in the development race , New Zealand Herald , 21 June 2016 Jump up ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/other-sports/71320389/team-nz-get-luna-rossa-boat-as-sidelined-italians-help-kiwi-americas-cup-campaign Jump up ^ Jardine , Mark ( 19 June 2017 ) , Kiwi America 's Cup domination -- What can Oracle Team USA do about it ? Jump up ^ `` Land Rover Bar Wins America 's Cup World Series '' . Sailing World . 21 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Results '' . Americascup.com . Archived from the original on 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cup , 35th America 's . `` AC35 Race Schedule '' . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Noticeboard '' . noticeboard.americascup.com . Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) America 's Cup website Artemis Racing Ben Ainslie Racing Team New Zealand Oracle Racing Groupama Team France Golden Gate Yacht Club ( hide ) America 's Cup Deed of Gift Challengers and defenders Competing yacht clubs America 's Cup 1851 1870 1871 1876 1881 1885 1886 1887 1893 1895 1899 1901 1903 1920 1930 1934 1937 1958 1962 1964 1967 1970 1977 1980 1992 1995 2000 2003 2007 2013 2017 2021 Challenger Selection Series ( Louis Vuitton Cup ) 1970 1977 1980 1992 1995 2000 2003 2007 Acts 2013 World Series 2017 World Series 2021 Defender Selection Series ( Citizen Cup ) 1992 1995 Class J Class 12 - Metre yachts IACC yachts regattas AC72 AC45 AC50 AC45F Related America ( yacht ) Wind ( film ) Louis Vuitton Pacific Series Louis Vuitton Trophy AC45 World Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_America%27s_Cup&oldid=793659147 '' Categories : 2017 in Bermuda 2017 in sailing 2017 in American sports America 's Cup regattas June 2017 sports events in North America Sailing competitions in Bermuda 2017 in New Zealand sport 2017 America 's Cup Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 04 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the america's cup in bermuda 2017 | [
"\n35th America's Cup\n\n\nThe defending yacht 17\n\n\n\nDefender United States\n\n\nDefender club:\nGolden Gate Yacht Club\n\n\nYacht:\n17[1]\n\n\nChallenger New Zealand\n\n\nChallenger club:\nRoyal New Zealand Yacht Squadron\n\n\nYacht:\nAotearoa[2]\n\n\nCompetition\n\n\nLocation:\nGreat Sound, Bermuda\n\n\nDates:\n17–26 June 2017\n\n\nRule:\nAC50\n\n\nWinner:\nRoyal New Zealand Yacht Squadron\n\n\nScore:\n 1 7\n\n"
] | [
"17–26 June 2017"
] |
-4026893917593868158 | Triceps brachii muscle | Triceps brachii muscle - wikipedia Triceps brachii muscle Jump to : navigation , search Triceps Brachii Triceps brachii seen from behind . Triceps brachii seen from behind . Three different colors represent three different bundles which compose triceps . Long head . Lateral head . Medial head . Details Origin Long head : infraglenoid tubercle of scapula Lateral head : above the radial sulcus Medial head : below the radial sulcus Insertion Olecranon process of ulna Artery Deep brachial artery Nerve Radial nerve and Axillary nerve Actions Extends forearm , long head extends , adducts arm , Extends shoulder Antagonist Biceps brachii muscle Identifiers Latin Musculus triceps brachii Dorlands / Elsevier m_22 / 12551300 TA A04. 6.02. 019 FMA 37688 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) The triceps brachii muscle ( Latin for `` three - headed muscle of the arm '' ) is a large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates . It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint ( straightening of the arm ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Innervation 1.2 Variation 2 Function 3 Training 4 Clinical significance 5 History 5.1 Etymology 6 Animals 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Structure ( edit ) The long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula . It extends distally anterior to the teres minor and posterior to the teres major . Horizontal section of upper arm . Triceps muscle shown in green text The medial head arises proximally from the groove of the radial nerve ; from the dorsal ( back ) surface of the humerus ; from the medial intermuscular septum ; and its distal part also arises from the lateral intermuscular septum . The medial head is mostly covered by the lateral and long heads , and is only visible distally on the humerus . The lateral head arises from the dorsal surface of the humerus , lateral and proximal to the groove of the radial nerve , from the greater tubercle down to the region of the lateral intermuscular septum . Each of the three fascicles has its own motorneuron subnucleus in the motor column in the spinal cord . The medial head is formed predominantly by small type I fibers and motor units , the lateral head of large type IIb fibers and motor units and the long head of a mixture of fiber types and motor units . It has been suggested that each fascicle `` may be considered an independent muscle with specific functional roles . '' The fibers converge to a single tendon to insert onto the olecranon process of the ulna ( though some research indicates that there may be more than one tendon ) and to the posterior wall of the capsule of the elbow joint where bursae ( cushion sacks ) are often found . Parts of the common tendon radiates into the fascia of the forearm and can almost cover the anconeus muscle . Innervation ( edit ) All three heads of the triceps brachii are classically believed to be innervated by the radial nerve . However , a study conducted in 2004 determined that , in 20 cadaveric specimens and 15 surgical dissections on participants , the long head was innervated by a branch of the axillary nerve in all cases . Variation ( edit ) A tendinous arch is frequently the origin of the long head and the tendon of latissimus dorsi . In rare cases , the long head can originate from the lateral margin of the scapula and from the capsule of the shoulder joint . Function ( edit ) The triceps is an extensor muscle of the elbow joint and an antagonist of the biceps and brachialis muscles . It can also fixate the elbow joint when the forearm and hand are used for fine movements , e.g. , when writing . It has been suggested that the long head fascicle is employed when sustained force generation is demanded , or when there is a need for a synergistic control of the shoulder and elbow or both . The lateral head is used for movements requiring occasional high - intensity force , while the medial fascicle enables more precise , low - force movements . With its origin on the scapula , the long head also acts on the shoulder joint and is also involved in retroversion and adduction of the arm . Training ( edit ) Triceps training The triceps can be worked through either isolation or compound elbow extension movements and can contract statically to keep the arm straightened against resistance . Isolation movements include cable push - downs , lying triceps extensions and arm extensions behind the back . Examples of compound elbow extension include pressing movements like the push up , bench press , close grip bench press ( flat , incline or decline ) , military press and dips . A closer grip targets the triceps more than wider grip movements . Static contraction movements include pullovers , straight - arm pulldowns and bent - over lateral raises , which are also used to build the deltoids and latissimus dorsi . Clinical significance ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2014 ) The triceps reflex , elicited by hitting the triceps , is often used to test the function of the nerves of the arm . This tests spinal nerves C6 and C7 , predominately C7 . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) It is sometimes called a three - headed muscle ( Latin literally three - headed , tri - three , and ceps , from caput - head ) , because there are three bundles of muscles , each of different origins , joining together at the elbow . Though a similarly named muscle , the triceps surae , is found on the lower leg , the triceps brachii is commonly called the triceps . Historically , the plural form of triceps was tricipites , a form not in general use today ; instead , triceps is both singular and plural ( i.e. , when referring to both arms ) . Animals ( edit ) In the horse , 84 % , 15 % , and 3 % of the total triceps muscle weight correspond to the long , lateral and medial heads , respectively . Many mammals , such as dogs , cattle , and pigs , have a fourth head , the accessory head . It lies between the lateral and medial heads . In humans , the anconeus is sometimes loosely called `` the fourth head of the triceps brachii '' . Additional images ( edit ) Animation . Close up . Long head . Lateral head . Medial head . Still image . Anterior view . Muscles on the dorsum of the scapula , and the Triceps brachii . Triceps and biceps . Movement of biceps and triceps when arm is flexing See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Platzer , Werner ( 2004 ) . Color Atlas of Human Anatomy , Vol. 1 : Locomotor System ( 5th ed . ) . Thieme . ISBN 3 - 13 - 533305 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas - Osma , AM ; Collazos - Castro , JE. ( 2009 ) . `` Compartmentalization in the triceps brachii motoneuron nucleus and its relation to muscle architecture '' . J Comp Neurol. 516 ( 3 ) : 226 -- 39 . doi : 10.1002 / cne. 22123 . PMID 19598170 . Jump up ^ See the article `` Skeletal striated muscle '' for a discussion of type I and type II muscle fibers . Jump up ^ Nigel del a rosa die porte madretis ( 2006 ) . `` Surgical anatomy of the triceps brachii tendon : anatomical study and clinical correlation '' . Am J Sports Med. 34 ( 11 ) : 1839 -- 43 . doi : 10.1177 / 0363546506288752 . PMID 16735585 . Jump up ^ Bekler H , Wolfe VM , Rosenwasser MP ( 2009 ) . `` A Cadaveric Study of Ulnar Nerve Innervation of the Medial Head of Triceps Brachii '' . Clin Orthop Relat Res. 467 ( 1 ) : 235 -- 238 . doi : 10.1007 / s11999 - 008 - 0535 - 6 . PMC 2600974 . PMID 18850256 . Jump up ^ de Se'ze MP ; Rezzouk J ; de Se'ze M ; Uzel M ; Lavignolle B ; Midy D ; Durandeau A ( 2004 ) . `` Does the motor branch of the long head of the triceps brachii arise from the radial nerve ? '' . Surg Radiol Anat. 26 ( 6 ) : 459 -- 461 . doi : 10.1007 / s00276 - 004 - 0253 - z . PMID 15365769 . Jump up ^ https://informatics.med.nyu.edu/modules/pub/neurosurgery/reflexes.html Jump up ^ Watson , JC ; Wilson , AM . ( 2007 ) . `` Muscle architecture of biceps brachii , triceps brachii and supraspinatus in the horse '' . J. Anat. 210 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 40 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2006. 00669. x . PMC 2100266 . PMID 17229281 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triceps brachii muscles . Illustration : upper - body / triceps - brachii from The Department of Radiology at the University of Washington Anatomy photo : 06 : 11 - 0100 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Photo at Ithaca College Muscles / TricepsBrachii at exrx.net ( hide ) Muscles of the arm Shoulder deltoid rotator cuff supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major fascia : deltoid fascia supraspinous fascia infraspinous fascia Arm ( compartments ) anterior coracobrachialis biceps brachialis posterior triceps brachii anconeus articularis cubiti fascia axillary sheath axillary fascia brachial fascia intermuscular septa lateral medial other spaces quadrangular space triangular space triangular interval Forearm anterior superficial : pronator teres palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis deep : pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus posterior superficial : mobile wad brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris deep : supinator anatomical snuff box abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis fascia bicipital aponeurosis common tendons extensor flexor antebrachial fascia other cubital tunnel Hand lateral volar thenar opponens pollicis flexor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis medial volar hypothenar opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis abductor digiti minimi palmaris brevis intermediate lumbrical interossei dorsal palmar fascia posterior : extensor retinaculum extensor expansion anterior : flexor retinaculum palmar aponeurosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triceps_brachii_muscle&oldid=814477522 '' Categories : Elbow extensors Muscles of the upper limb Shoulder extensors Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Articles to be expanded from February 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 01 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | action of the triceps brachii muscle at the elbow includes | [
"\n\nTriceps Brachii\n\n\n\nTriceps brachii seen from behind.\n\n\n\n\nTriceps brachii seen from behind. Three different colors represent three different bundles which compose triceps.\n Long head.\n Lateral head.\n Medial head.\n\n\n\n\nDetails\n\n\nOrigin\nLong head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula\nLateral head: above the radial sulcus\nMedial head: below the radial sulcus\n\n\nInsertion\nOlecranon process of ulna\n\n\nArtery\nDeep brachial artery\n\n\nNerve\nRadial nerve and Axillary nerve\n\n\nActions\nExtends forearm, long head extends, adducts arm, Extends shoulder\n\n\nAntagonist\nBiceps brachii muscle\n\n\nIdentifiers\n\n\nLatin\nMusculus triceps brachii\n\n\nDorlands\n/Elsevier\nm_22/12551300\n\n\nTA\nA04.6.02.019\n\n\nFMA\n37688\n\n\nAnatomical terms of muscle\n[edit on Wikidata]\n\n\n"
] | [
"extends, adducts arm"
] |
-8178379346031086214 | You Got the Love | You Got the Love - wikipedia You Got the Love Jump to : navigation , search For the Rufus song , see You Got the Love ( Rufus song ) . `` You Got the Love '' Single by Candi Staton Released 8 December 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 08 ) Format 7 '' 12 '' Songwriter ( s ) Anthony B. Stephens Arnecia Michelle Harris John Bellamy `` You Got the Love '' Single by The Source featuring Candi Staton Released 21 January 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 21 ) ( UK ) 17 February 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 17 ) ( Now Voyager Mix ) 6 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 06 ) ( New Voyager Mix , UK ) Format 7 '' 12 '' CD cassette Genre House Length 4 : 02 ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 31 ( Now Voyager Radio Mix ) 3 : 12 ( New Voyager Radio Edit ) Label Positiva Songwriter ( s ) Anthony B. Stephens Arnecia Michelle Harris John Bellamy Producer ( s ) The Source `` You Got the Love '' is a 1986 single by Candi Staton . It was then remixed by The Source and re-released in 1991 as ' The Source and Candi Staton ' . In 2008 , the song was covered by English singer and songwriter Joss Stone for her fourth studio album , Colour Me Free ! , released in October 2009 . In November 2009 , another cover version was released as a single by English indie rock band Florence and the Machine . The Now Voyager Remix of the song was used for the theme tune of live Football League coverage on Sky Sports until the start of the 2014 -- 15 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 1.1 Covers 2 Music videos 3 Single listings 4 Florence and the Machine version 4.1 Background 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Commercial performance 4.4 Music video 4.5 Track listings 4.6 Charts and certifications 4.6. 1 Weekly charts 4.6. 2 Year - end charts 4.6. 3 Certifications 5 You Got the Dirtee Love 5.1 Charts 6 References 7 External links Details ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The original version is a soul / disco / gospel track ( released in the UK by Streetwave in 1986 ) written by Anthony B. Stephens , Arnecia Michelle Harris and John Bellamy . The original Candi Staton track had been recorded for a direct - to - video 1980s documentary about an obese man who was trying to lose weight . Candi said she could n't remember having recorded a song called `` You Got the Love '' . It was only later that she realised she had performed the song years earlier for the documentary . The producers of the video had selected the song for her to sing , but as they had no funds to pay her , they donated half of the copyright and publishing to Candi . It featured an a cappella version utilised by Paul Simpson for a remix of the Adeva song `` Musical Freedom '' in 1989 . The Candi Staton a cappella was originally mixed over an instrumental version of the Frankie Knuckles / Jamie Principle house song `` Your Love '' This bootleg release was a recording of Eren mixing the two pieces of vinyl together . This version was mixed in the studio by Eren Abdullah . The DJ Eren Original mix reached number 4 in the UK Singles Chart . It was remixed and re-issued in 1996 ( including the Now Voyager mix ) , this time reaching number 3 , the song 's highest position , and then re-issued again in 2006 with new mixes by the Shapeshifters among others , reaching number 7 . The 2006 mix also featured more lyrics than the first two versions . The Original Bootleg Radio Mix of the track was featured in the film Layer Cake in the club where Sidney talks to the film 's protagonist as he looks on at Sidney 's girlfriend . The `` Now Voyager mix '' ( released in 1997 ) of the track was used on the series finale of the HBO comedy dramedy series Sex and the City . Covers ( edit ) In 2007 , Manchester band The Longcut recorded a version as part of their double A-Side release on Melodic Records Florence and the Machine 's version was released 16 November 2009 , from the acclaimed album `` Lungs '' . This version of the track was used in the last scene of the series finale of the CW drama series Gossip Girl `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' . Music videos ( edit ) The 1991 video shows silhouettes of men and women dancing on a white background , sometimes as individuals , couples or in groups , intercut with a sequence of close - ups of different faces miming to the lyrics . Grainy footage of a Northern line London Underground train entering a station also appears . The 1997 video features the `` Now Voyager mix '' and portrays a man dressed like a friar carrying a cross being guided by an angel and tempted by the Devil . The 2006 version features the `` New Voyager mix '' in a black and white video . Set in London , it portrays an angelic young man ( played by broadcaster Gary Newbon 's son Neil ) watching over the poor , lonely and vulnerable in the streets , subways and gardens . Single listings ( edit ) 1989 version `` Untitled ( You Got The Love / Your Love ) '' 1991 version `` You Got the Love '' ( Extended Vocal ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Radio Edit ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Club House ) `` You Got the Love '' ( House Apella ) `` Untitled ( You Got The Love / Your Love ) '' `` You Got the Love '' ( Eren 's Bootleg Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Morning Time Mix ) 1997 UK version `` You Got the Love '' ( Now Voyager Radio Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Now Voyager Mix ) 2006 UK version `` You Got the Love '' ( New Voyager Radio Edit ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Shapeshifters Radio Edit ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Extended New Voyager Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Shapeshifter Main Vocal Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Truelove , Lys & Gigi Remix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Paradise Soul Mix ) Enhanced video Australian version `` You Got the Love '' ( Now Voyager Radio Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Original Radio Edit ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Truelove , Lys , & Gigi Remix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Shapeshifters Main Vocal Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Shapeshifters Alt . Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Now Voyager Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Original Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Paradise Soul Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Rhythm Masters Classic Vocal Mix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Asle Bjorn Remix ) `` You Got the Love '' ( Wayne G Circuit Anthem Mix ) 2012 Hungarian version `` You 've Got The Love 2k12 '' ( House Gangsters & Mr. Tom Wave meets . F.A.T.M. remix ) 2015 official remix `` You Got The Love '' ( Yuga featuring Candi Staton ) `` You Got The Love '' ( Dr. Shiver -- Candi Staton featuring Doc M.C. ) Florence and the Machine version ( edit ) `` You 've Got the Love '' Single by Florence and the Machine from the album Lungs Released 5 January 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 05 ) 16 November 2009 ( re-release ) Format 7 '' CD digital download Genre Dance Length 2 : 48 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) Anthony B. Stephens Arnecia Michelle Harris John Bellamy Producer ( s ) Charlie Hugall Florence and the Machine singles chronology `` Drumming Song '' ( 2009 ) `` You 've Got the Love '' ( 2009 ) `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' ( 2010 ) `` Drumming Song '' ( 2009 ) `` You 've Got the Love '' ( 2009 ) `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' ( 2010 ) Music video `` You 've Got the Love '' on YouTube The song was covered by English indie rock band Florence and the Machine as `` You 've Got the Love '' and released as the fifth single from their debut album , Lungs ( 2009 ) . It was first released on 1 December 2008 as the B - side to their second single `` Dog Days Are Over '' . It was then later released as a digital download only single on 5 January 2009 in the United Kingdom only , after the mass praise it received during the release of `` Dog Days Are Over '' . After being released well before Lungs was finally recorded and released , it was later featured on the album as its bonus track . The single was given a re-release on physical format on 16 November 2009 in the United Kingdom . For the reissue a music video was shot . Background ( edit ) The track , which is significantly shorter than the original , was produced by Charlie Hugall , who also produced three other tracks on Lungs . Hugall was also involved in the bass and percussion development of the song . The track features Isabella Summers on piano , Christopher Lloyd Hayden on drums , Tom Moth on harp , Rob Ackroyd on guitar and Florence Welch on vocals . Florence Welch explained her inspiration behind covering `` one of her favourite songs ever '' : As a kid , going to clubs and raves , this song made me feel love . At Bestival last year we were top of the bill on that stage , so we were thinking of an amazing cover we could do , and I thought of Candi Staton . Even in rehearsals , playing it was just the most euphoric feeling . Then playing it live and seeing everyone 's arms in the air , and the faces -- it was the best feeling ever ! I was dressed as a genie sea - monster , and I remember looking at my guitarist as we played the first chords , and then there was the reaction and it was like tearing ourselves open and just exploding on the crowd , and then all did it back . It 's a feeling you could n't express . I 'm really excited that now in our live shows I 'm going to be playing one of my favourite songs ever , loads . `` You 've Got the Love '' is a fan favourite of the band and has been played at numerous festivals around the United Kingdom during 2008 and 2009 . Including the Bestival , Glastonbury , Way Out West , Brighton , Electric Picnic , Leeds , Smash & Grab and with an acoustic version being performed at a festival in Reading . It 's also been performed Live In Ibiza on BBC Radio 1 and at the BBC Live Big Weekend . Florence also made a guest appearance during The xx 's 2010 Glastonbury Festival performance , where they played their remix of the track . In 2013 , a children 's choir rendition of the song was used in TV spots for Coca - Cola . Critical reception ( edit ) `` You 've Got the Love '' received positive reviews who notably commented on the song in reviews of `` Dog Days Are Over '' . MusicOMH commented on the song by saying that `` Following with her tradition of some finely chosen cover versions , there 's even an excellent rendition of The Source 's You Got the Love . '' Altsounds.com reviewed the track , writing , `` You 've Got the Love '' is a standard pop number that does something in a non-standard fashion -- it is n't afraid of looking at its simplistic melodic hooks and accepting it with a touch of lyrical honesty and contemplative imprint . '' Contactmusic.com also commented on the song by saying that `` The B - side cover of The Source ft . Candi Staton 's `` You Got the Love '' is equally strong . '' Dailymusicguide.com also positively reviewed the single , writing , `` Florence + The Machine have used the format of the original remix but have certainly breathed new life into this old classic . With Florence Welch 's distinctive voice she makes this song her own . The inclusion of a harp only adds to the gentle sway effect produced by the track , bursting gently in without malice at around eighteen seconds in . The song 's lyrics are empowering : Florence 's heavenly voice has a vulnerable quality which , as it has with relatively short career so far , grows stronger through You 've Got The Love 's verse and chorus . It 's empowering , liberating and moving all at the same time , not least conveyed by the emotion in Welch 's vocals . Rating : 4 / 5 '' Commercial performance ( edit ) Upon its original release , `` You 've Got the Love '' reached number 158 on the UK Singles Chart . The song later re-entered the chart at number 124 and moved up to number 68 in the next week 's chart . The following week it fell to number 75 before dropping out of the top 100 . It then re-entered the chart , two weeks later on 22 August 2009 at number 59 , where it peaked before dropping out the top 100 again . Its re-entry pattern then continued when it re-entered three weeks later on 12 September 2009 at number 88 . The song peaked at number 16 , after the single 's actual release in 2009 . It spent a total of eight weeks within the top 100 , longer than both previous singles `` Kiss with a Fist '' and `` Dog Days Are Over '' . On 3 January 2010 , `` You 've Got the Love '' climbed 18 places to a new peak of number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and on 31 December 2009 and its use in the last episode of Gavin & Stacey on the 1 January 2010 . One week later , on 10 January 2010 , the song peaked at number five in its 34th week on the chart , becoming the band 's first top - 10 single . Following their Brit performance in February 2010 , `` You 've Got the Love '' climbed to number 12 , just missing out on the Top 10 . It has spent 30 weeks on the UK Singles Chart . On 8 January 2010 , `` You 've Got the Love '' climbed up the Irish Singles Chart , reaching a peak of number 21 , whereas before it had only reached number 30 . After falling out of the chart , on 26 February 2010 , `` You 've Got the Love '' re-entered the Irish chart , reaching a new peak of number 16 . In January , You 've got the Love entered the Australian singles ARIA Charts at number 50 , and remained within the top 50 for a large amount of time . In February and March , it was consistently increasing positions , where it eventually reached a peak of number 30 . Due to popular television shows like Domestic Blitz and MasterChef Australia using it in commercials , the song rapidly climbed to number 17 , on the 4th of April , and to its highest peak of number nine on 11 April . It has n't been released as a physical single , and has relied solely on digital sales , where it has peaked at number five . In New Zealand the single began receiving mainstream radio airplay causing it to rise to 50 on the airplay chart , however , the airplay has since dropped . Music video ( edit ) Despite originally being released as a single almost nine months earlier , the band announced on 18 September 2009 that a music video would be made for the song and would be shot on 21 September 2009 in London . It features Welch in a white , sparkly leotard dancing on a large moon - shaped platform suspended over a nightclub , an homage to Studio 54 . The video later shows many people beneath her dancing to the song . The video that will air on United Kingdom television has a different version of the song to the one on the album . Track listings ( edit ) Original release ( digital download ) `` You 've Got the Love '' -- 2 : 58 UK CD single `` You 've Got the Love '' -- 2 : 49 `` You 've Got the Love '' ( Tom Middleton Remix ) -- 7 : 51 `` Addicted to Love '' -- 3 : 20 UK 7 '' single `` You 've Got the Love '' ( Single Version ) -- 2 : 40 `` You 've Got the Love '' ( Jamie xx Re-work featuring The xx ) -- 5 : 36 Digital EP `` You 've Got the Love '' -- 2 : 48 `` You 've Got the Love '' ( Tom Middleton Remix ) -- 7 : 53 `` You 've Got the Love '' ( Steve Pitron & Max Sanna Remix ) -- 6 : 21 `` You 've Got the Love '' ( Live from Abbey Road ) -- 3 : 45 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2009 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 9 Australia Hitseekers ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 28 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 5 Denmark Airplay ( Tracklisten ) 7 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 20 France ( SNEP ) 110 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 52 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 28 Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 New Zealand Airplay ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 Scottish Singles Chart 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 49 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 34 US Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 42 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 63 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 700,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone You Got the Dirtee Love ( edit ) `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' Single by Florence + the Machine and Dizzee Rascal Released 17 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 17 ) Format Digital download Length 3 : 38 Label Island Songwriter ( s ) John P. Jr . Bellamy Anthony Stephens Arnecia Michelle Harris Nicholas Denton Dylan Mills Producer ( s ) Charlie Hugall Nicholas Denton Florence and the Machine singles chronology `` You 've Got the Love '' ( 2009 ) `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' ( 2010 ) `` Cosmic Love '' ( 2010 ) `` You 've Got the Love '' ( 2009 ) `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' ( 2010 ) `` Cosmic Love '' ( 2010 ) Dizzee Rascal singles chronology `` Dirtee Cash '' ( 2009 ) Dirtee Cash 2009 `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' ( 2010 ) You Got the Dirtee Love2010 `` Dirtee Disco '' ( 2010 ) Dirtee Disco 2010 At the 2010 BRIT Awards on 16 February 2010 , Florence and the Machine and Dizzee Rascal performed a mashup of `` You Got the Love '' and Dizzee 's song `` Dirtee Cash '' , entitled `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' . The single was released on 17 February 2010 exclusively to iTunes , one day after the BRITs performance . On 21 February 2010 , the single entered the UK Singles Chart at number two . As of May 2010 , the single had sold more than 280,000 copies in the UK . `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' is featured on the Dirtee Deluxe Edition of Dizzee Rascal 's Tongue n ' Cheek album ; the track charted in Ireland and Australia following the album 's release . It also appears on the Between Two Lungs reissue of Florence and the Machine 's album Lungs . The song was performed at Radio 1 's Big Weekend in North Wales on 22 May 2010 , and again at the Glastonbury Festival 2010 on 25 June . The song was also performed at Capital 's Summertime Ball 2010 , where Florence Welch appeared as a special guest during Dizzee 's set . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Ireland ( IRMA ) 24 European Hot 100 Singles 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Source , The ( 7 ) Discography '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Heawood , Sophie ( 24 March 2006 ) . `` I was so drunk I fell on to the stage '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Gossip Girl 's Identity Revealed : Which Cast Member Is It ? '' . UsMagazine.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Release Schedule ( Physical ) : Monday 28 September -- BuzzJack Music Forum '' . Buzzjack.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Koski , Genevieve ( 27 October 2009 ) . `` Florence + The Machine : Lungs '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Florence + The Machine * -- Lungs ( CD , Album , Enh , Ltd , Dig + CD , Album , Ltd , Dig ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website News Gigs Music Blogs -- News '' . Florence And The Machine . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Commercial songs '' . Sungyoung Lee . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Altsounds.com Reviews Florence and the Machine -- A Lot of Love , A Lot of Blood ( EP ) '' . Hangout.altsounds.com . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florence and the Machine Dog Days Are Over Single Review '' . Contactmusic.com. 2008 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Florence and the Machine - You 've Got the Love ( Island ) DMG Reviews '' . Dailymusicguide.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` RadioScope100 20 December 2009 -- RadioScope New Zealand '' . Radioscope.net.nz. 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website News Gigs Music Blogs -- News '' . Florence And The Machine . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report : Issue 1041 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love Hitlisten.nu '' ( in Danish ) . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Florence + the Machine -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Florence + the Machine . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . ( ( # cite_ref - sc_Germany_Florence % B1The_Machine_23 - 0 ^ ) ) `` Musicline.de -- Florence % B1The Machine Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 08 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100 10 - 01 - 2010 - 16 - 01 - 2010 Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got The Love '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence and the Machine : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Florence + The Machine Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Florence + The Machine Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Rock Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2010 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Certificazioni - Archivio '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Select Online , Week 26 , Year 2013 , then press Avvia la ricerca . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles '' . Radioscope. 17 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Florence + The Machine -- You 've Got the Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter You 've Got the Love in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 15 February 2014 ) . `` BRITs Critics ' Choice winners : Their biggest hits and album sales revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trio to record charity version of Nessun Dorma at Classical Brits '' . Music Week . Intent Media . 10 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Florence + The Machine & Dizzee Rascal -- You Got The Dirtee Love ( Live At The BRIT Awards 2010 ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 23 , 2010 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . External links ( edit ) The Source Now Voyager Sound on Sound article on the recording and mixing of Florence & The Machine 's version Video ( 2 ) Kaisen Records Link Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Florence and the Machine Florence Welch Robert Ackroyd Isabella Summers Tom Monger Mark Saunders Christopher Lloyd Hayden Studio albums Lungs Ceremonials How Big , How Blue , How Beautiful Live albums Live at the Wiltern MTV Unplugged Singles `` Kiss with a Fist '' `` Dog Days Are Over '' `` Rabbit Heart ( Raise It Up ) '' `` Drumming Song '' `` You 've Got the Love '' `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' `` Cosmic Love '' `` Heavy in Your Arms '' `` Shake It Out '' `` No Light , No Light '' `` Never Let Me Go '' `` Breath of Life '' `` Spectrum ( Say My Name ) '' `` Lover to Lover '' `` What Kind of Man '' `` Ship to Wreck '' `` Queen of Peace '' `` Delilah '' Promotional singles `` What the Water Gave Me '' `` Over the Love '' Other songs `` Addicted to Love '' Concert tours Lungs Tour Ceremonials Tour How Big , How Blue , How Beautiful Tour Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Dizzee Rascal Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Boy in da Corner Showtime Maths + English Tongue n ' Cheek The Fifth Raskit Singles `` I Luv U '' `` Fix Up , Look Sharp '' `` Jus ' a Rascal '' `` Stand Up Tall '' `` Dream '' `` Off 2 Work '' / `` Graftin ' '' `` Sirens '' `` Pussyole ( Old Skool ) '' `` Flex '' `` Dance wiv Me '' `` Bonkers '' `` Holiday '' `` Dirtee Cash '' `` You Got the Dirtee Love '' `` Dirtee Disco '' `` Scream '' `` Goin ' Crazy '' `` Something Really Bad '' `` Love This Town '' `` Hype '' As featured artist `` Lucky Star '' `` Toe Jam '' `` Loca '' `` The Power '' `` Wild '' Promotional singles `` H Town '' `` Bassline Junkie '' Charity releases `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' `` Shout '' Related articles Roll Deep Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Got_the_Love&oldid=836851772 '' Categories : 1986 singles 1991 singles 1997 singles 2006 singles 2009 singles 2010 singles 1986 songs 1991 songs Dizzee Rascal songs Electronic songs House music songs Songs about religion Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from August 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Belgium ( Flanders ) Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Denmark Airplay Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartstats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Македонски Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 06 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the original youve got the love | [
"\"You Got the Love\" is a 1986 single by Candi Staton. It was then remixed by The Source and re-released in 1991 as 'The Source and Candi Staton'.[1]"
] | [
"Candi Staton"
] |
1654136195327282510 | History of the Germany national football team | History of the Germany national football team - wikipedia History of the Germany national football team Germany Association German Football Association Confederation UEFA ( Europe ) Most caps Lothar Matthäus ( 150 ) Top scorer Miroslav Klose ( 71 ) FIFA ranking Highest 1 ( December 1992 , August 1993 , December 1993 , February 1994 -- March 1994 , June 1994 , July 2014 -- present ) Lowest 22 ( March 2006 ) Elo ranking Highest 1 ( 1990 -- 92 , 1993 -- 94 , 1996 -- 97 , July 2014 -- present ) Lowest 17 ( 1923 ) First international Switzerland 5 -- 3 Germany ( Basel , Switzerland ; 5 April 1908 ) Biggest win Germany 16 -- 0 Russian Empire ( Stockholm , Sweden ; 1 July 1912 ) Biggest defeat Germany 1 -- 9 England Amateurs ( Berlin , Germany ; 13 March 1909 ) World Cup Appearances 18 ( first in 1934 ) Best result Champions , 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 European Championship Appearances 11 ( first in 1972 ) Best result Champions , 1972 , 1980 , 1996 Confederations Cup Appearances 3 ( first in 1999 ) Best result Champions , 2017 The history of the German national football team began in 1908 , when Germany played its first international match . Since then , the German national football team has been one of the most successful football teams , winning four World Cups and three European Championships . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Three German teams 1.2. 1 West Germany 1.2. 2 Saarland 1.2. 3 East Germany 1.3 Das Wunder von Bern 1.4 Memorable losses : Wembley goal and Game of the Century 1.5 World Cup title on home soil 1.6 Late 1970s and early 1980s 1.7 Beckenbauer 's triumph as coach 1.8 Olympic football 1.9 Berti Vogts years ( 1990 -- 1998 ) 1.10 Oliver Kahn / Michael Ballack era 1.11 Rejuvenation under Joachim Löw 1.12 2010 FIFA World Cup finals 1.13 Euro 2012 qualification 1.14 Euro 2012 finals 1.15 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification 1.16 2014 FIFA World Cup finals 1.17 Euro 2016 1.18 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 1.19 2018 FIFA World Cup finals 2 Competition records 2.1 FIFA World Cup record 2.2 UEFA European Championship record 2.3 FIFA Confederations Cup record 2.4 Honours 2.4. 1 Senior team 2.4. 2 Olympic team 3 Historical kits 4 Previous squads 4.1 Managers 4.2 Captains 4.3 Tournament records 5 References History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Germany at the 1912 Summer Olympics . Between 1899 and 1901 , prior to the formation of a national team , there were five unofficial international matches between different German and English selection teams , which all ended as large defeats for the German teams . Eight years after the establishment of the German Football Association ( DFB ) , the first official match of the Germany national football team was played on 5 April 1908 , against Switzerland in Basel , with the Swiss winning 5 -- 3 . Coincidentally , the first match after World War I in 1920 , the first match after World War II in 1950 when Germany was still banned from most international competitions , and the first match in 1990 with former East German players were all against Switzerland as well . Germany 's first championship title was even won in Switzerland . Germany playing Uruguay at the 1928 Summer Olympics . At that time the players were selected by the DFB , as there was no dedicated coach . The first manager of the Germany national team was Otto Nerz , a school teacher from Mannheim , who served in the role from 1926 to 1936 . The German FA could not afford travel to Uruguay for the first World Cup staged in 1930 during the Great Depression , but finished third in the 1934 World Cup in their first appearance in the competition . After a poor showing at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin , Sepp Herberger became coach . In 1937 he put together a squad which was soon nicknamed the Breslau Elf ( the Breslau Eleven ) in recognition of their 8 -- 0 win over Denmark in the then German city of Breslau , Lower Silesia ( now Wrocław , Poland ) . After Austria became part of Germany in the Anschluss of March 1938 , that country 's national team -- one of Europe 's better sides at the time due to professionalism -- was disbanded despite having already qualified for the 1938 World Cup . As required by Nazi politicians , five or six ex-Austrian players , from the clubs Rapid Vienna , Austria Vienna , First Vienna FC , were ordered to join the all - German team on short notice in a staged show of unity orchestrated for political reasons . In the 1938 World Cup that began on 4 June in France , this `` united '' German team led 1 -- 0 against Switzerland , but managed only a 1 -- 1 draw . After leading 2 -- 0 in the replay , held again in Paris , they lost 2 -- 4 in front of a hostile crowd . That early yet undefeated ( the replay being considered a tie - breaker like a penalty shootout ) exit in the round of 16 stands as Germany 's worst ever World Cup result ( excluding the 1930 and 1950 tournaments in which they did not compete ) . They appeared in all other World Cups and advanced to the final eight , or better . During World War II , the team played over 30 international games between September 1939 and November 1942 , when national team games were suspended , as most players had to join the armed forces . Many of the national team players , and even ethnic German players from other national teams like Ernst Willimowski , were gathered together under coach Herberger as Rote Jäger through the efforts of a sympathetic air force officer trying to protect the footballers from the most dangerous wartime service . Three German teams ( edit ) After the Second World War , Germany was banned from competition in most sports until about 1950 , with none of the three new German states , West Germany , East Germany and Saarland , entering the 1950 World Cup qualifiers , since the DFB was only reinstated as full FIFA member after this World Cup . West Germany ( edit ) As in most aspects of life , the pre-war traditions and organisations of Germany were carried on by the Federal Republic of Germany , which was referred to as West Germany . This applied also to the restored DFB which had its headquarters in Frankfurt am Main and still employed coach Sepp Herberger . With recognition by FIFA and UEFA , the DFB maintained and continued the record of the pre-war team . Neighbouring Switzerland was once again the first team that played West Germany in 1950 , with Turkey and Republic of Ireland being the only non-German speaking nations to play them in friendly matches during 1951 . After only 18 post war games in total , West Germany qualified for the 1954 World Cup , having prevailed against Norway and the `` third German state '' , the Saarland . Saarland ( edit ) Main article : Saarland national football team The Saar protectorate , otherwise known as Saarland , was split from Germany and put under French control between 1947 and 1956 . Saarland did not want to join French organisations and was barred from participating in pan-German ones . Thus , they sent separate teams to the 1952 Summer Olympics and also to the 1954 World Cup qualifiers , when Saarland finished below West Germany but above Norway in their qualification group , having won in Oslo . Legendary coach Helmut Schön was the manager of the Saarland team from 1952 until 1957 , when the territory acceded to the Federal Republic of Germany . He went on to coach the championship - winning team of the 1970s . East Germany ( edit ) Main article : East Germany national football team In 1949 , the communist German Democratic Republic was founded in the Soviet - occupied eastern part of the country . A separate football competition emerged in what was commonly known as East Germany . In 1952 the Deutscher Fußball - Verband der DDR ( DFV ) was established and the East Germany national football team took to the field . They were the only team to beat the 1974 World Cup winning West Germans in a highly symbolic event for the divided nation that was the only meeting of the two sides . East Germany went on to win the gold medal at the 1976 Olympics . After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and German reunification in 1990 , the eastern football competition was reintegrated into the DFB . Das Wunder von Bern ( edit ) Main article : 1954 FIFA World Cup Final A statue of Helmut Rahn , who scored the winning goal in the 1954 FIFA World Cup final West Germany , captained by Fritz Walter , met in the 1954 World Cup some of the teams they had played in friendly matches , namely Turkey , Yugoslavia and Austria . When playing favourites Hungary in the group stage , with good chances to qualify for the next round even in case of defeat , coach Sepp Herberger did not field his best players , saving them from the experience of a 3 -- 8 loss . West Germany would go on to meet Hungary again in the final , facing the legendary team of Mighty Magyars again , which had gone unbeaten for 32 consecutive matches . In a shocking upset , West Germany came back from an early two goal deficit to win 3 -- 2 , with Helmut Rahn scoring the winning goal with only six minutes remaining . The success is called `` The Miracle of Bern '' ( Das Wunder von Bern ) . The unexpected victory created a sense of euphoria throughout a divided postwar Germany . The triumph is credited with playing a significant role in securing the postwar ideological foundation of the Federal Republic of Germany . Memorable losses : Wembley goal and game of the Century ( edit ) After finishing third in the 1958 World Cup and reaching only the quarter - finals in the 1962 World Cup , the DFB had to make changes . Following examples set abroad , professionalism was introduced , and the best clubs from the various Regionalligas were assembled into the new Bundesliga . In 1964 , Helmut Schön took over as coach , replacing Herberger who had been in office for 28 years . In the 1966 World Cup , West Germany reached the final after beating the USSR in the semifinal , facing hosts England at Wembley Stadium . Wolfgang Weber 's last - minute goal took the game into extra time , a goal claimed to be controversial by the English , with the ball appearing to hit the hand of a German player as it travelled through the England penalty area before he prodded it in . The first extra time goal by Geoff Hurst , nicknamed Wembley - Tor ( Wembley goal ) in Germany , is still controversial after all this time . As the Swiss referee did not see the situation properly , the opinion of the Soviet linesman Tofik Bakhramov who believed that the ball bounced back from the net rather than the crossbar led to one of the most contentious goals in the history of football . While the Germans pushed hard to tie the game , spectators entered the field in the final seconds , and Hurst scored another controversial goal giving England a 4 -- 2 win . West Germany gained a measure of revenge in the 1970 World Cup by knocking England out in the quarter - finals 3 -- 2 , having been 2 -- 0 down , before they suffered another memorable extra time loss , this time in the semi-final against Italy at Estadio Azteca . Karl - Heinz Schnellinger scored during injury time to level the match at 1 -- 1 , and during extra time , both teams held the lead at one time . Memorably , Franz Beckenbauer remained on the field even with a dislocated shoulder , his arm in a sling strapped to his body , as West Germany had used up their two allowed substitutions . Eventually won 4 -- 3 by Italy , this match with five goals in extra time is one of the most dramatic in World Cup history , and is called `` Game of the Century '' in both Italy ( Partita del secolo ) and Germany ( Jahrhundertspiel ) . While the exhausted Italians lost to Brazil , West Germany went on to claim third place by beating Uruguay 1 -- 0 , and Gerd Müller finished as the tournament 's top scorer with 10 goals . World Cup title on home soil ( edit ) 1974 FIFA World Cup Final on 7 July 1974 , in Munich ( Olympiastadion ) . Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup Final In 1971 , Franz Beckenbauer became captain of the national team , and he led West Germany to great success as they became both the European and World Champions . They won the European Championship on their first try at Euro 1972 , defeating the Soviet Union 3 -- 0 in the final . Then , as hosts of the 1974 World Cup , they won their second World Cup , defeating the Netherlands 2 -- 1 in the final at the Olympiastadion in Munich . Two matches in the 1974 World Cup stood out for West Germany . The first group stage saw a politically charged match as West Germany played a game against East Germany . Both teams already were qualified for advance to the next round , and the East Germans won 1 -- 0 . The West Germans adjusted their line up after the loss and advanced to the final which was the other outstanding match , against the Johan Cruijff - led Dutch team and their brand of `` Total Football '' . Cruijff was brought down early in the German penalty area following a solo run before any of the German players had even touched the ball , and the Dutch took the lead from the ensuing penalty with just a minute gone on the clock . However , West Germany managed to come back , tying the match on a penalty scored by Paul Breitner , and winning it with Gerd Müller 's goal just before half - time . A second goal by Müller was ruled offside . Late 1970s and early 1980s ( edit ) West Germany failed to defend their titles in the next two major international tournaments . They lost to Czechoslovakia in the final of Euro 1976 in a penalty shootout by a score of 5 -- 3 after the match finished 2 -- 2 , with Uli Hoeneß famously kicking the ball sky high . Since that loss , Germany has not lost a penalty shootout in major international tournaments . In fact , until Lukas Podolski 's shot was saved by the Serbian goalkeeper Vladimir Stojković during group play of the 2010 World Cup , the last penalty missed by a German player dates back to the 1982 World Cup semifinals when the French goalkeeper Jean - Luc Ettori saved Uli Stielike 's shot . In the 1978 World Cup , Germany was eliminated in the second group stage after losing 2 -- 3 to Austria , who had already been eliminated from the round of 16 . Schön retired as coach afterward , and the post was taken over by his assistant , Jupp Derwall . West Germany 's first tournament under Derwall was successful , as they earned their second European title at Euro 1980 after defeating Belgium 2 -- 1 in the final . West Germany then reached the final of the 1982 World Cup , though not without difficulties . They were upset 1 -- 2 by Algeria in their first match , but managed to advance to the second round with a controversial 1 -- 0 win over Austria . Then , in the semifinal against France , they came back from down 1 -- 3 during extra time to tie the match 3 -- 3 and won the following penalty shootout 5 -- 4 . In the final , they were defeated by Italy 1 -- 3 . During this period , West Germany also had one of the world 's most productive goal scorers in Gerd Müller , who racked up fourteen goals in two World Cups ( 1970 and 1974 ) . His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament , behind France 's Just Fontaine and Hungarian Sándor Kocsis . Though Müller 's all - time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006 , it took Ronaldo three tournaments to do so ( 1998 , 2002 , and 2006 ) before Germany 's Miroslav Klose surpassed the mark with 16 goals , scored over four tournaments ( 2002 , 2006 , 2010 and 2014 ) . Beckenbauer 's triumph as coach ( edit ) Franz Beckenbauer After West Germany were unexpectedly eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984 , Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as coach . In the 1986 World Cup in Mexico , West Germany had a slow start to the tournament thanks partly to the hot climate and high altitude - conditions that were for the most part foreign to nearly all of the European teams . In the warm , rainy aridity and high altitude of Querétaro they drew with Uruguay 1 -- 1 , were beaten 2 -- 0 by a flying Denmark side and beat Scotland 2 -- 1 , finishing runner up behind Denmark in their group . They then traveled to the intense heat and humidity of Monterrey to face Morocco , which they won 1 -- 0 and then to face the hosts Mexico . After a goalless draw , West Germany won on penalties 5 -- 4 , and they would then travel to the tropical heat , rain and altitude of Guadalajara to face a strong Michel Platini - led French side - a rematch between the two sides after a classic duel during the previous World Cup in Spain . West Germany held their nerve to beat the French 2 -- 0 , and they then traveled to the 7,380 ft altitude of Mexico City to face a Diego Maradona - led Argentina in the final at the famous Azteca Stadium . Argentina took a 2 -- 0 lead but Karl - Heinz Rumenigge and Rudi Voller tied the game in the second half , but Argentina scored a 3rd in the 85th minute and West Germany finished as runners - up for the second consecutive tournament . In Euro 1988 , West Germany 's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands , as the Dutch gained revenge of their loss in 1974 by beating them 2 -- 1 in the semifinals . In the 1990 World Cup , West Germany finally won their third World Cup title in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance . Captained by Lothar Matthäus , they defeated Yugoslavia ( 4 -- 1 ) where Matthäus scored a goal from the halfway line ; they then confidently thumped the United Arab Emirates ( 5 -- 1 ) and drew with Colombia 1 -- 1 , all in Milan . In the Round of 16 , they then played bitter rivals the Netherlands in Milan , which proved to be a bad - tempered , ugly game that was somewhat reflective of the whole tournament . Striker Rudi Völler and Dutch midfielder Frank Rijkaard were both sent off by the temperamental and emotionally aggressive Argentine referee after arguing and violently tackling each other in the span of a few minutes , including a blatant handball by a furious Voller . Goals by Jürgen Klinsmann and Andreas Brehme meant that Germany went on to win 2 -- 1 , and then in their quarter - final match they beat Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 in Milan . For their semi-final they went to play England in Turin , which proved to be a closely contested match between 2 equally skilled sides . Brehme scored a fluke goal in the first half , but England 's Gary Lineker equalized in the second half and the match ended 1 -- 1 , but West Germany went on to win 4 -- 3 on penalties , and the Germans were on the way to a final rematch against Argentina in Rome . West Germany won an ugly and difficult match 1 -- 0 , with the only goal being a penalty scored in the 85th minute by Andreas Brehme after Klinsmann was fouled in the Argentine penalty box . Beckenbauer , who won the World Cup as the national team 's captain in 1974 , thus became the second person ever ( preceded only by Mário Zagallo ) to win the World Cup as both player and coach , and the first as both captain and coach . West Germany were also the tournament top scorers , scoring 14 goals . Olympic football ( edit ) Main article : Germany Olympic football team Medal record Olympic Games 1988 Seoul Team Prior to 1984 , Olympic football was an amateur event , meaning that only non-professional players could participate . Due to this , West Germany was never able to achieve the same degree of success at the Olympics as at the World Cup , with the only medal coming in the 1988 Olympics , when they won the bronze medal . Since then , however , no German team has managed to qualify for the Olympics , even after the change of rules to include professionals , among them three athletes over 23 years old . West Germany also reached the second round in both 1972 and 1984 . On the other hand , East Germany did far better , winning a gold , a silver and two bronze medals ( one representing the United Team of Germany ) . Berti Vogts years ( 1990 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Berti Vogts In February 1990 , months after the fall of the Berlin Wall , the draw for the 1992 European Championship qualifying tournament saw East Germany and West Germany drawn together in Group 5 . After West Germany 's 1990 World Cup win , with assistant Berti Vogts taking over as the national team coach , the retiring Beckenbauer infamously predicted that the German team , with additional former East Germans to choose from , would be invincible for years to come . The reunification of Germany was confirmed in August to take effect on 3 October 1990 , with the accession of the former GDR to the Federal Republic of Germany . The members of the East German association Deutscher Fußball - Verband acceded to the DFB in November , while the 1990 -- 91 seasons would continue , with the restructuring of leagues scheduled for 1991 -- 92 . The first game with a unified German team , including former East German internationals such as Matthias Sammer and Ulf Kirsten , was against Switzerland on 19 December . In Euro 1992 , Germany reached the final , but lost 0 -- 2 to surprise winners Denmark . As the defending champions in the 1994 World Cup , this tournament proved to be rough for the German squad , who had n't changed much since the 1990 World Cup , but they were still a strong side : Matthaus was still captaining the team and Klinsmann , Brehme , Voller and Ilgner were retained . The German squad beat Bolivia 1 -- 0 in the tournament 's opening match and they drew with Spain 1 -- 1 , playing both matches in Chicago . Then , they traveled down to the intense 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) heat of Dallas to play South Korea , a match they won 3 -- 2 with Klinsmann scoring 2 goals . After this victory , midfielder Stefan Effenberg was sent home by Vogts after he gave an obscene hand gesture to German fans and journalists after being substituted out during the 75th minute . Germany then advanced to the Round of 16 , and they beat European rivals Belgium 3 -- 2 in Chicago ; Voller scored 2 goals in the first half . And then , a low point in German football came about . The tough German squad then went to Giants Stadium just outside New York City to play Bulgaria in the quarter - finals , and they were upset 1 -- 2 by the lowly ranked team , even though they led for the first part of the match after Matthaus scored from a penalty 2 minutes into the second half . But Bulgarian star player Hristo Stoichkov scored in the 75th minute , and the German team effectively fell apart , and this allowed Yordan Letchkov to score 3 minutes later , and the Germans were never able to equalize . Vogts returned home to face a barrage of criticism , although he stayed on as manager . Reunified Germany won their first major international title at Euro 1996 , becoming the European champions for the third time . They defeated hosts England on penalty kicks ( 6 -- 5 after a 1 -- 1 draw ) in the semifinals and the Czech Republic 2 -- 1 in the final , a match decided by a golden goal scored by Oliver Bierhoff . Matthias Sammer won the Ballon d'Or in 1996 for his performances for Germany and Borussia Dortmund . However , in the 1998 World Cup , Germany were again eliminated by a less - heralded opponent in the quarterfinals , this time in a 0 -- 3 defeat to Croatia . Vogts stepped down afterwards and was replaced by Erich Ribbeck . Oliver Kahn / Michael Ballack era ( edit ) Following another early World Cup exit in 1998 along with the retirement of many key players and discouraging results under Ribbeck , Germany 's standing as one of the world 's elite national sides was in question . Questionable performance ... In Euro 2000 , the aging team went out in the first round after failing to win any of their three matches , including an embarrassing 0 -- 3 loss to an understrength Portugal side ( who had already advanced to the next round ) . Ribbeck resigned amid strong public criticism and was replaced temporarily and then permanently by Rudi Völler -- after planned successor Christoph Daum was involved in a drug scandal . Coming into the 2002 World Cup , expectations of the German team were low due to poor results in the qualifiers . This included not directly qualifying for the finals for the first time . The team nonetheless dealt a thrashing to Saudi Arabia 8 -- 0 in their first match . In the knockout stages , riding on the heroics of Oliver Kahn and Michael Ballack they produced three consecutive 1 -- 0 wins against Paraguay , the United States , and co-hosts South Korea , setting up a final against Brazil , the first World Cup meeting between the two . Unfortunately Ballack was suspended for the final due to accumulated yellow cards and Kahn was injured during the final proper . In a hard - fought match , Germany thus lost 0 -- 2 . Nevertheless , Miroslav Klose won the Silver Boot and German captain and goalkeeper Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball , the first time in the World Cup 's history that a goalkeeper was named the best player of the tournament , as well as the Yashin - Award for the best goalkeeper in the tournament . Germany failed to build on their success in 2002 and again exited in the first round of Euro 2004 , this time drawing their first two matches and losing the third . As was the case in 2000 , the team exited losing to an understrength side that had already advanced , in this case the Czech Republic . Even though Germany dominated the match , they could not score , losing to a Czech goal scored on the break . Völler resigned afterwards , denouncing the constant media criticism in a famous TV interview . The national team had to find their third new coach in six years after having had only six coaches in the previous 75 years . When prospective candidates including Ottmar Hitzfeld and Otto Rehhagel turned down the job , former national team player Jürgen Klinsmann , who had never held any coaching jobs before , was appointed . In similar style to Beckenbauer 's former role as team manager without a coaching license , the experienced Joachim Löw from Stuttgart was appointed to assist him . Klinsmann made Michael Ballack the captain following Euro 2004 . Klinsmann 's main task was to lead the national team to a good showing at the 2006 World Cup being hosted in Germany . Prior to the start of the tournament , hopes were not as high for Germany as in previous tournaments ( even in Germany itself ) , even though it was the host nation . Critics pointed out the apparent lack of quality players in the squad and coach Klinsmann 's decision to live in America rather than Germany . However , Germany won the opening game of the World Cup against Costa Rica 4 -- 2 . They continued to develop both confidence and support across the group stage , conceding no further goals as they beat Poland 1 -- 0 and Ecuador 3 -- 0 , with Miroslav Klose scoring twice and Lukas Podolski adding another in the last match . Germany finished on top of their group with three wins . The team went on to defeat Sweden 2 -- 0 in the round of 16 , with Lukas Podolski netting both goals in only 12 minutes , from assists by Miroslav Klose . People watching the Germany vs. Argentina match at the Donau Arena in Regensburg Germany faced favorites Argentina in the quarter - finals , a team that Germany had not defeated since the 1990 World Cup . Germany 's clean sheet streak was broken shortly after half time as Argentina scored first to grab a 0 -- 1 lead . However , Michael Ballack 's cross , flicked on by Tim Borowski , allowed Klose to head in the equalizer with 10 minutes to spare . During the subsequent penalty shootout , goalkeeper Jens Lehmann saved two shots while his teammates all converted their shots to win the shootout 4 -- 2 . After the game , the Argentinians started a brawl , which later resulted in a match ban for midfielder Torsten Frings after Italian television networks showed video footage of him participating in the fight . Expectations rose in Germany following these results , with many thinking that a record eighth appearance in the World Cup final was possible even though a starter was missing and the players were tired after already playing a tough 120 minutes against Argentina . In the semifinal match against Italy , the match went to extra time again , and hopes grew high that another penalty shootout would take the team to the final match in Berlin . However , despite Klinsmann 's focus on fitness , the speed and concentration of the German players faded , and they conceded two goals in the final ninety seconds of extra time . Despite having their dreams of playing in the final dashed , Klinsmann 's squad quickly recovered their composure , and journalists noted the team 's upbeat mood in the practices leading up to the third - place match . Three starters , including captain Michael Ballack , would not be available for the third place match , and their opponent Portugal 's goalkeeper , Ricardo , had up to that point conceded only one goal in regular play . Nonetheless , Germany thoroughly defeated Portugal 3 -- 1 , at one point leading 3 -- 0 due to Bastian Schweinsteiger 's two goals and an own goal , also off his shot , by Portugal 's Petit . With this victory , Germany ended the World Cup on a high , not only with the 3 -- 1 win over Portugal in the battle for third place , but also with several awards : Miroslav Klose was awarded the Golden Boot for his tournament - leading five goals , becoming the first player from the united Germany to earn it , and fellow striker Lukas Podolski won the ' Best Young Player ' award . Furthermore , four of Germany 's players ( Jens Lehmann , Philipp Lahm , Michael Ballack , and Miroslav Klose ) were selected for the tournament All - Star Team . In addition , with 14 goals scored , the German side scored more goals than any other team in the tournament . After the tournament , over 500,000 people honored the team by giving them a hero 's welcome at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin . Rejuvenation under Joachim Löw ( edit ) Germany 's entry into the Euro 2008 qualifying round was marked partially by the promotion of Joachim Löw to head coach , since Klinsmann retired in spite of a public outcry for him to continue managing the Mannschaft . Löw did not have the sweeping charisma of his predecessor , but the reputation of being a shrewd and capable tactician . He quickly became notable for continually introducing talented young players into his team , leading to a continuous rejuvenation of the squad . In a group with the Czech Republic and the Republic of Ireland , Germany qualified comfortably , defeating San Marino in a record 13 -- 0 away win along the way . For the final tournament , Germany were placed into Group B alongside Poland , Croatia and longtime rivals Austria . Germany defeated Poland 2 -- 0 but suffered an ignominious 1 -- 2 defeat to Croatia , compounded by a red card for Bastian Schweinsteiger for an aggressive off - the - ball incident . Germany entered the knockout round with a victory over Austria in the last match of group play . The only scorer of the game was Michael Ballack , who scored in the 49th minute with a powerful long - distance free - kick that was later chosen as the German Goal of the Year . Their quarterfinal opponent was Portugal . Germany started well and took an early lead after Schweinsteiger converted a cross from Lukas Podolski . Miroslav Klose made it 2 -- 0 after heading in a free kick by Schweinsteiger . Portugal responded with a goal right before halftime , but Germany reclaimed their two - goal lead in the second half when Schweinsteiger assisted another header , this time by Michael Ballack . Germany saw out the rest of the match comfortably , conceding a late consolation goal , leaving the final score at 3 -- 2 . Germany went into their semifinal match against Turkey as the favourites . However , the team put up a nervous and shaky performance , falling behind due to Uğur Boral 's goal in the 22nd minute . Bastian Schweinsteiger equalised , and Miroslav Klose put Germany ahead with less than twelve minutes left only for Semih Şentürk to level the score in the last minutes of the match . Just as the game was heading for extra time , defender Philipp Lahm cut inside past Colin Kazim - Richards , exchanged passes with Thomas Hitzlsperger , and stole in at the near post to score in the final minute , sending Germany into the final against Spain . Spain were the heavy favourites but Germany was believed to be one of the few sides able to challenge them . Spain controlled the game and took the lead through Fernando Torres . Germany ended up losing the match 0 -- 1 , finishing as the runners - up of the tournament . For the qualification for World Cup 2010 , Germany were placed in a group with Azerbaijan ( led by former Germany coach Berti Vogts ) , Finland , Liechtenstein , Russia , and Wales . Germany comfortably qualified as top of the group with 8 wins and two draws ( both against Finland ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup finals ( edit ) German national football team during Euro 2012 qualifiers Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup The 2010 World Cup draw , which took place on 4 December 2009 , placed Germany in Group D , along with Australia , Serbia , and Ghana . Throughout the tournament , Germany impressed by playing an attractive , attacking style of football . On 13 June 2010 , they played their first match of the tournament against Australia and won 4 -- 0 . They lost their second match 0 -- 1 to Serbia . Their next match against Ghana was won 1 -- 0 by a goal from Mesut Özil . Germany went on to win the group and advanced to the knockout stage . In the round of 16 , Germany defeated England 4 -- 1 , England 's highest World Cup loss to date . At 2 -- 1 , however , the game controversially had a goal by Frank Lampard disallowed , despite video replays that showed the ball beyond the goal line . In the quarterfinals , Germany defeated Argentina 4 -- 0 ; this match was also celebrated striker Miroslav Klose 's 100th international cap and the match in which he tied German legend Gerd Müller 's record of 14 World Cup goals , one behind the all - time record of 15 World Cup goals , which is held by Ronaldo of Brazil . In the semi-final on 7 July , Germany lost 1 -- 0 to Spain , in an almost flashback to the finals of Euro 2008 . Germany played Uruguay for Third Place , as in 1970 , and won the match 3 -- 2 on 10 July . Germany scored the most with a total of 16 goals in the 2010 World Cup , in comparison , the winning nation Spain scored only 8 goals . The German team became the first team since Brazil in 1982 to record the highest goal difference in a World Cup without winning it . In an internet poll , Germany was voted the World Cups Most Entertaining Team , although FIFA discontinued the official award . German youngster Thomas Müller won the Golden Boot with the most goals and assists scored ( succeeding teammate Miroslav Klose ) , and he was also given the Best Young Player Award ( succeeding teammate Lukas Podolski ) . The German team reflected the changing demographic of Germany . It was significantly multicultural , as 11 of the players in the final 23 - man World Cup Finals roster were eligible to play for other countries , despite 10 of the 11 being born or raised in Germany . The 11th , Cacau , arrived from Brazil in his late teens . Despite this transition , Germany kept the traditional strength as a team that excels when playing at major tournaments with a well - attuned team . Prior to the World Cup the Mannschaft lost in a friendly to England 2 -- 1 , another friendly against Argentina 1 -- 0 , and less than a year after the World Cup Germany lost against Australia 2 -- 1 . While losing on home soil in friendlies , Germany decisively thrashed all these three teams in the tournament in South Africa , scoring four goals in each match . Euro 2012 qualification ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Germany qualified top of Group A in qualification for UEFA Euro 2012 with a record of 10 wins out of ten matches against Kazakhstan , Turkey , Austria , Belgium , and Azerbaijan . Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 10 10 0 0 34 7 + 27 30 Qualify for final tournament -- 3 -- 0 3 -- 1 6 -- 2 6 -- 1 4 -- 0 Turkey 10 5 13 11 + 2 17 Advance to play - offs 1 -- 3 -- 3 -- 2 2 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Belgium 10 21 15 + 6 15 0 -- 1 1 -- 1 -- 4 -- 4 4 -- 1 4 -- 1 Austria 10 16 17 − 1 12 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 0 -- 2 -- 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 5 Azerbaijan 10 7 10 26 − 16 7 1 -- 3 1 -- 0 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 -- 3 -- 2 6 Kazakhstan 10 8 6 24 − 18 0 -- 3 0 -- 3 0 -- 2 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 -- Source : UEFA Rules for classification : Qualification tiebreakers Euro 2012 finals ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2012 The draw for the final tournament took place on 2 December 2011 at the Ukraine Palace of Arts in Kiev , Ukraine . Germany was placed in group B along with Portugal , Netherlands , and Denmark , thus making it the group of death . As the only team to have won all three group matches , Germany went on to defeat Greece in the quarter - final and set a historic record in international football of 15 consecutive wins in all competitive matches . In the semi-final match against Italy , despite high expectations , Germany was unable to break the record to defeat Italy in any competitive matches . 9 June 2012 21 : 45 UTC + 3 Germany 1 -- 0 Portugal Gómez 72 ' Report Arena Lviv , Lviv Attendance : 32,990 Referee : Stéphane Lannoy ( France ) 13 June 2012 21 : 45 UTC + 3 Netherlands 1 -- 2 Germany Van Persie 73 ' Report Gómez 24 ' , 38 ' Metalist Stadium , Kharkiv Attendance : 37,750 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) 17 June 2012 21 : 45 UTC + 3 Denmark 1 -- 2 Germany Krohn - Dehli 24 ' Report Podolski 19 ' Bender 80 ' Arena Lviv , Lviv Attendance : 32,990 Referee : Carlos Velasco Carballo ( Spain ) 22 June 2012 20 : 45 UTC + 2 Germany 4 -- 2 Greece Lahm 39 ' Khedira 61 ' Klose 68 ' Reus 74 ' Report Samaras 55 ' Salpingidis 89 ' ( pen . ) PGE Arena , Gdańsk Attendance : 38,751 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) 28 June 2012 20 : 45 UTC + 2 Germany 1 -- 2 Italy Özil 90 + 2 ' ( pen . ) Report Balotelli 20 ' , 36 ' National Stadium , Warsaw Attendance : 55,540 Referee : Stéphane Lannoy ( France ) 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification On 30 July 2011 at the 2014 FIFA World Cup preliminary draw , Germany were placed in Group C. They commenced their qualifying campaign in late 2012 in a group that featured contenders Sweden , Republic of Ireland , Austria , Faroe Islands and Kazakhstan . Group C Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Germany 10 9 0 36 10 + 26 28 Sweden 10 6 19 14 + 5 20 Austria 10 5 20 10 + 10 17 Republic of Ireland 10 16 17 − 1 14 Kazakhstan 10 7 6 21 − 15 5 Faroe Islands 10 0 9 29 − 25 Austria -- 6 -- 0 1 -- 2 4 -- 0 1 -- 0 2 -- 1 Faroe Islands 0 -- 3 -- 0 -- 3 1 -- 1 1 -- 4 1 -- 2 Germany 3 -- 0 3 -- 0 -- 4 -- 1 3 -- 0 4 -- 4 Kazakhstan 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 -- 1 -- 2 0 -- 1 Republic of Ireland 2 -- 2 3 -- 0 1 -- 6 3 -- 1 -- 1 -- 2 Sweden 2 -- 1 2 -- 0 3 -- 5 2 -- 0 0 -- 0 -- 2014 FIFA World Cup finals ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Germany captain Philipp Lahm lifts the World Cup trophy . The draw for the 2014 FIFA World Cup finals placed Germany in Group G along with Portugal , Ghana , and the United States . The German Football Association constructed a purpose built training base , Campo Bahia , for their stay in Brazil . Germany started the tournament with a 4 -- 0 defeat of Portugal , with Thomas Muller scoring a hat trick . They drew their next match with Ghana 2 -- 2 . Miroslav Klose tied Ronaldo 's record of fifteen World Cup finals goals in the match . Germany won their final game against the United States 1 -- 0 . They played Algeria in the round of 16 in a rematch of their encounter in 1982 . Germany prevailed 2 -- 1 after extra time . They then defeated France 1 -- 0 in the quarterfinals . They faced Brazil in the semi-finals where they won a decisive 7 -- 1 victory . Klose scored the second goal of the game , surpassing Ronaldo for the record of most goals in the World Cup . Germany defeated Argentina 1 -- 0 in the final on 13 July and obtained its fourth title . Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 0 7 + 5 7 Advance to knockout stage United States 0 Portugal 7 − 3 Ghana 0 6 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 30 June 2014 17 : 00 Germany 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Algeria Schürrle 92 ' Özil 120 ' Report Djabou 120 + 1 ' Estádio Beira - Rio , Porto Alegre Attendance : 43,063 Referee : Sandro Ricci ( Brazil ) 4 July 2014 13 : 00 France 0 -- 1 Germany Report Hummels 13 ' Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,240 Referee : Néstor Pitana ( Argentina ) 8 July 2014 17 : 00 Brazil 1 -- 7 Germany Oscar 90 ' Report Müller 11 ' Klose 23 ' Kroos 24 ' , 26 ' Khedira 29 ' Schürrle 69 ' , 79 ' Estádio Mineirão , Belo Horizonte Attendance : 58,141 Referee : Marco Rodríguez ( Mexico ) 13 July 2014 16 : 00 UTC − 3 Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Argentina Götze 113 ' Report Estádio do Maracanã , Rio de Janeiro Attendance : 74,738 Referee : Nicola Rizzoli ( Italy ) Euro 2016 ( edit ) Main article : UEFA Euro 2016 After finishing first in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group D , Germany managed to win their group ahead of Poland , Northern Ireland and Ukraine . In the knock - out stages , they overcome Slovakia with a 3 -- 0 win , then they won against Italy 6 -- 5 in a penalty shootout ( after a 1 -- 1 draw ) for the first time in a major tournament . Their journey ended in the semi-finals after a 2 -- 0 loss against the host - nation France , the French first competitive win against Germany in 58 years . 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup ( edit ) Main article : 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Having qualified as the 2014 World Cup Champion , the German coach Joachim Löw decided to participate in the competition with a young team captained by Julian Draxler . The team won their group ahead of Chile , Australia and Cameroon . Then , they won against Mexico 4 -- 1 in the semi-finals to progress to the final . Unexpectedly , the young team managed to win Germany their first FIFA Confederations Cup title ever after a 1 -- 0 win against Chile at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg . 2018 FIFA World Cup finals ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup Despite winning their 10 matches in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification . Germany went out from the World Cup group stage , first exit in the first round since 1938 , after two losses and only one win . The first match was against Mexico , the team which they beat in the FIFA Confederations Cup a year earlier , the match ended with a 1 -- 0 win for the Mexicans , the German first loss in an opening match since the 1982 World Cup . The second match was against Sweden which ended in a 2 -- 1 win , thanks to Toni Kroos 's 95th - minute goal . In the last match , Germany needed a `` one - goal '' win against South Korea to reach the next round , but two late goals during second - half stoppage time from South Korea made the defending champion leave the competition with only bad memories . Germany , known in German as a `` Tournament Team '' ( German : Turniermannschaft ) , came to the 2018 tournament without their 2014 heroes Mario Götze and André Schürrle . The retirement of key players such as Philipp Lahm , Bastian Schweinsteiger , and Miroslav Klose meant the loss of leading players . During the tournament , poor performances by main players such as Thomas Müller and Sami Khedira , as well as wrong team selection by the coach Joachim Löw were the main factors in the devastating early exit . Moreover , complacency and lack of sharpness of the attacking players were obvious according to former player and coach Jürgen Klinsmann . Competition Records ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup Qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA 1930 Did Not Enter -- -- -- -- -- -- 1934 Third Place 3rd 0 11 8 0 0 9 1938 First Round 10th 0 5 0 0 11 1950 Banned -- -- -- -- -- -- 1954 Champions 1st 6 5 0 25 14 0 12 1958 Fourth Place 4th 6 12 14 Qualified as Defending Champions 1962 Quarter - Final 7th 0 0 11 5 1966 Runners - up 2nd 6 15 6 0 14 1970 Third Place 3rd 6 5 0 17 10 6 5 0 20 Champions 1st 7 6 0 13 Qualified as Hosts 1978 Second Group Stage 6th 6 10 5 Qualified as Defending Champions 1982 Runners - up 2nd 7 12 10 8 8 0 0 33 1986 Runners - up 2nd 7 8 7 8 5 22 9 1990 Champions 1st 7 5 0 15 5 6 0 13 1994 Quarter - Final 5th 5 9 7 Qualified as Defending Champions 1998 Quarter - Final 7th 5 8 6 10 6 0 23 9 2002 Runners - up 2nd 7 5 14 10 6 19 12 2006 Third Place 3rd 7 5 14 6 Qualified as Hosts Third Place 3rd 7 5 0 16 5 10 8 0 26 5 2014 Champions 1st 7 6 0 18 10 9 0 36 10 2018 Group Stage 22nd 0 10 10 0 0 43 2022 To be determined To be determined Total 4 Titles 19 / 21 109 67 20 * 22 226 125 94 74 18 292 70 * Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won . * * * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . UEFA European championship record ( edit ) UEFA European Championship record UEFA European Championship Qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA 1960 Did Not Enter Did Not Enter 1964 1968 Did Not Qualify 9 1972 Champions 1st 0 0 5 8 5 0 13 1976 Runners - up 2nd 0 6 8 0 17 5 1980 Champions 1st 0 6 6 0 17 1984 Group Stage 5th 8 5 15 5 1988 Semi Final 3rd 6 Qualified as Hosts 1992 Runners - up 2nd 5 7 8 6 5 0 13 Champions 1st 6 0 10 10 8 27 10 2000 Group Stage 14th 0 5 8 6 20 Group Stage 12th 0 8 5 0 13 2008 Runners - up 2nd 6 0 10 7 12 8 35 7 2012 Semi Final 3rd 5 0 10 6 10 10 0 0 34 7 2016 Semi Final 3rd 6 8 10 7 7 2020 Total 3 titles 11 / 14 43 23 10 * 10 65 45 92 64 20 8 220 56 * Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won . * * * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . FIFA Confederations Cup record ( edit ) FIFA Confederations Cup record Year Round Position GP D * GS GA Squad 1992 Did Not Enter 1995 Did Not Qualify Did Not Enter 1999 Group Stage 5th 0 6 Squad Did Not Qualify 2003 Did Not Enter 2005 Third Place 3rd 5 15 11 Squad 2009 Did Not Qualify 2013 2017 Champions 1st 5 0 12 5 Squad Total Third Place 3 / 10 13 8 29 22 * Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . * * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won . * * * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . Note All tournaments from 1950 to 1990 inclusively were competed as West Germany . Honours ( edit ) Senior team ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Winner ( 4 ) : 1954 , 1974 , 1990 , 2014 Runner - up ( 4 ) : 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 Third place ( 4 ) : 1934 , 1970 , 2006 , 2010 Fourth place ( 1 ) : 1958 UEFA European Championship Winner ( 3 ) : 1972 , 1980 , 1996 Runner - up ( 3 ) : 1976 , 1992 , 2008 Semi-finals ( 2 ) : 1988 , 2012 , 2016 FIFA Confederations Cup Winner ( 1 ) : 2017 Third place ( 1 ) : 2005 U.S. Cup Winner ( 1 ) : 1993 Olympic team ( edit ) Olympic Games Winner ( 1 ) : 1976 Runner - up ( 1 ) : 1980 , 2016 Bronze Medal ( 3 ) : 1964 , 1972 , 1988 Historical kits ( edit ) Main article : Germany national football team kit history Home 1908 World Cup 1934 World Cup 1938 World Cup 1954 World Cup 1970 World Cup World Cup 1978 Euro 1980 and World Cup 1982 Euro 1984 World Cup 1986 Euro 1988 and World Cup 1990 Euro 1992 World Cup 1994 Euro World Cup 1998 Euro 2000 World Cup 2002 Euro World Cup 2006 Euro 2008 World Cup Euro 2012 World Cup 2014 Euro 2016 Confederations Cup 2017 World Cup 2018 Away World Cup 1954 -- 1958 World Cup 1966 -- 1970 World Cup 1974 -- 1978 Euro 1980 -- World Cup 1982 Euro 1984 -- World Cup 1986 Euro 1988 -- World Cup 1990 Euro 1992 World Cup 1994 Euro World Cup 1998 Euro 2000 World Cup 2002 Euro ConFed Cup 2005 World Cup 2006 Euro 2008 World Cup Euro 2012 World Cup 2014 Euro 2016 World Cup 2018 Previous squads ( edit ) FIFA World Cup squads 1934 FIFA World Cup squad 1938 FIFA World Cup squad 1954 FIFA World Cup squad 1958 FIFA World Cup squad 1962 FIFA World Cup squad 1966 FIFA World Cup squad 1970 FIFA World Cup squad 1974 FIFA World Cup squad 1978 FIFA World Cup squad 1982 FIFA World Cup squad 1986 FIFA World Cup squad 1990 FIFA World Cup squad 1994 FIFA World Cup squad 1998 FIFA World Cup squad 2002 FIFA World Cup squad 2006 FIFA World Cup squad 2010 FIFA World Cup squad 2014 FIFA World Cup squad 2018 FIFA World Cup squad UEFA European Football Championship squads UEFA Euro 1972 squad UEFA Euro 1976 squad UEFA Euro 1980 squad UEFA Euro 1984 squad UEFA Euro 1988 squad UEFA Euro 1992 squad UEFA Euro 1996 squad UEFA Euro 2000 squad UEFA Euro 2004 squad UEFA Euro 2008 squad UEFA Euro 2012 squad UEFA Euro 2016 squad FIFA Confederations Cup squads 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup squads 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup squads 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup squads Managers ( edit ) Main article : Germany national football team manager Name Period Matches Wins Draws Losses Win % Honours DFB committee 1908 -- 1926 58 16 12 30 27.59 Otto Nerz 1926 -- 1936 70 42 10 18 60.00 Third place at the 1934 World Cup Sepp Herberger 1936 -- 1942 1950 -- 1964 167 94 27 46 56.29 Winner of the 1954 World Cup , Fourth place at the 1958 World Cup Helmut Schön 1964 -- 1978 139 87 31 21 62.59 Runner - up of the 1966 World Cup , Third place at the 1970 World Cup , Winner of Euro 1972 , Winner of the 1974 World Cup , Runner - up of Euro 1976 Jupp Derwall 1978 -- 1984 67 44 12 11 65.67 Winner of Euro 1980 , Runner - up of the 1982 World Cup Franz Beckenbauer 1984 -- 1990 66 34 20 12 51.52 Runner - up of the 1986 World Cup , Winner of the 1990 World Cup Berti Vogts 1990 -- 1998 102 66 24 12 64.71 Runner - up of Euro 1992 , Winner of Euro 1996 Erich Ribbeck 1998 -- 2000 24 10 6 8 41.67 Rudi Völler 2000 -- 2004 53 29 11 13 54.72 Runner - up of the 2002 World Cup Jürgen Klinsmann 2004 -- 2006 34 20 8 6 58.82 Third place at the 2005 Confederations Cup , Third place at the 2006 World Cup Joachim Löw 2006 -- 2020 165 108 30 27 65.46 Runner - up of Euro 2008 , Third place at the 2010 World Cup , Third place at the Euro 2012 , Winner of the 2014 World Cup , Winner of the 2017 Confederations Cup Total 945 550 191 204 55.37 Notes Includes matches won or lost on penalty shoot - outs . Record includes periods of pre-division Germany ( 1936 -- 1942 -- 70 matches : 42 wins , 13 draws , 15 losses ) and West Germany ( 1950 -- 1964 -- 97 matches : 52 wins , 14 draws , 31 losses ; no national team matches and no national coaches between 1942 and 1950 ) . Captains ( edit ) This is the list of Germany captains since Germany 's first participation in a World Cup in 1934 ( current as of 23 November 2014 ) . Note : the column `` games '' signifies overall games as captain , not overall caps . East German captains are not included . Captained games outside the player 's main period are also included . Philipp Lahm , former Germany national football team captain Player Period Games Notes Fritz Szepan 1934 -- 1939 30 Paul Janes 1939 -- 1942 31 Fritz Walter 1951 -- 1956 30 Honorary captain Hans Schäfer 1957 -- 1962 16 Helmut Rahn 1957 -- 1959 8 Herbert Erhardt 1959 -- 1962 18 Uwe Seeler 1961 -- 1970 40 Honorary captain Wolfgang Overath 1968 -- 1971 14 Franz Beckenbauer 1971 -- 1977 50 Honorary captain Berti Vogts 1977 -- 1978 20 Bernard Dietz 1978 -- 1981 19 Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 1980 -- 1986 50 Harald Schumacher 1984 -- 1986 11 Klaus Allofs 1986 -- 1988 8 Lothar Matthäus 1987 -- 1999 72 Honorary captain Jürgen Klinsmann 1995 -- 1998 36 Honorary captain Oliver Bierhoff 1998 -- 2001 22 Oliver Kahn 2000 -- 2006 48 Michael Ballack 2004 -- 2010 54 Philipp Lahm 2010 -- 2014 51 Bastian Schweinsteiger 2014 -- 2016 13 Manuel Neuer 2016 -- present 21 Tournament records ( edit ) Most World Cups played in : Lothar Matthäus -- 5 ( All - time record tied with Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ) Most World Cup match appearances : Lothar Matthäus -- 25 ( All - time record ) Most World Cup goals : Miroslav Klose -- 16 ( All - time record leading goalscorer ) Most European Championship match appearances : Philipp Lahm -- 14 Most European Championship goals : Jürgen Klinsmann -- 5 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Germany : FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking '' . FIFA . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` All matches of The National Team in 1908 '' . DFB . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All matches of The National Team in 1912 '' . DFB . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All matches of The National Team in 1909 '' . DFB . Archived from the original on 10 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Note that this match is not considered to be a full international by the English FA , and does not appear in the records of the England team Jump up ^ In early times it was simply called `` die 11 besten Spieler von Deutschland '' or just `` die Bundesauswahl '' ( the Federation XI ) . Tags like `` National team '' or `` National XI '' were n't introduced until after World War I Jump up ^ `` Professor Otto Nerz '' . DFB ( in German ) . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Muras , Udo ( 16 May 2007 ) . `` Nur Hitler konnte sie stoppen '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All matches of The National Team in 1937 '' . DFB . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( West ) Germany -- International Results '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Nick Amies ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup Final , 1954 : Hungary vs. West Germany '' . The Making of a World Cup Legend . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracle of Bern '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Amies ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup Final , 1966 : England vs. West Germany '' . The Making of a World Cup Legend . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England 's claim to the firmament '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Amies ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup Semi-Final , 1970 : Italy vs. West Germany '' . The Making of a World Cup Legend . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A test of endurance and will '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Müller the menace in German masterclass '' . UEFA. 3 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` West Germany make their mark '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 FIFA World Cup Germany -- Dutch take plaudits but Germany take the prize '' . FIFA . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` East edge battle of brothers '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Amies ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup Final , 1974 : West Germany vs. The Netherlands '' . The Making of a World Cup Legend . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oranje crushed in Munich '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 27 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Panenka 's panache seals Czech triumph '' . UEFA. 3 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ley , John ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Lukas Podolski 's missed penalty sees him join elite Germany club '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hrubesch turns West Germany 's unlikely hero '' . UEFA. 4 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Fennecs spring a surprise '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Nick Amies ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup Semi-Final , 1982 : West Germany vs. France '' . The Making of a World Cup Legend . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Battling Germans knock out brave Bleus '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italians triumph in heavyweight rumble '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Record -- Players '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Franz Beckenbauer '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico -- Maradona lights up the world -- with a helping hand '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico -- Matches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Van Basten sparks Netherlands joy '' . UEFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy -- Germany hit winning note as Italian chorus fades '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gazza weeps as Germans prevail '' . FIFA . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy -- Matches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gatecrashing Denmark down Germany '' . UEFA. 5 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Ends Germany 's Reign '' . New York Times . 11 July 1994 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie ( 11 July 1994 ) . `` WORLD CUP ' 94 ; Bulgaria , a Small Foot in Soccer , Steps Closer to Glass Slipper '' . New York Times . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( 1 July 1996 ) . `` Germany Wins Euro 96 With a ' Golden Goal ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hosts denied by Germany in epic semi-final '' . UEFA. 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bierhoff hero of Germany 's EURO ' 96 win '' . UEFA. 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jere ( 5 July 1998 ) . `` WORLD CUP ' 98 ; Croatia Stuns Germany With the Aid Of a Red Card '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 9 September 1998 ) . `` Another Day , Another Coach Gone : Now It 's Vogts '' . New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Holders Germany suffer heavy defeat '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 June 2000 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ribbeck quits as Germans head home '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 21 June 2000 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Voller named as caretaker coach '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2 July 2000 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daum : I took cocaine '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 12 January 2001 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany savage Saudis '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 1 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany edge out Paraguay '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 15 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany beat valiant USA '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 22 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany shatter Korea '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 25 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil crowned world champions '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn wins Golden Ball award '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 2 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 2 Czech Rep '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 23 June 2004 . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Voeller quits Germany role '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hitzfeld snubs Germany job '' . London : guardian.co.uk. 1 July 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rehhagel snubs Germany '' . BBC Sport. 10 July 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann takes German post '' . London : guardian.co.uk. 26 July 2004 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 4 -- 2 Costa Rica '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 0 Poland '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 14 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ecuador 0 -- 3 Germany '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 20 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 2 -- 0 Sweden '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 24 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 1 -- 1 Argentina '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lehmann had penalty taker notes '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 July 2006 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , Michael ( 1 July 2006 ) . `` Lehmann 's penalty heroics send Germany into raptures '' . The Guardian . Berlin : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Frings missing but Germany remain confident '' . FIFA. 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 0 -- 2 Italy ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 3 -- 1 Portugal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klose finishes as leading scorer '' . BBC Sport. 9 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Podolski beats Ronaldo to award '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Azzurri prominent in All Star Team '' . FIFA. 7 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany 2006 -- Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved 16 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann quits as Germany coach '' . BBC Sport. 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Klinsmann quits , Low steps in '' . London : guardian.co.uk. 12 July 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Records tumble as Germany soar '' . UEFA.com. 6 September 2006 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Draw sets up heavyweight contests '' . UEFA. 3 December 2007 . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` Germany 2 -- 0 Poland '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 12 June 2008 ) . `` Croatia 2 -- 1 Germany '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Austria 0 -- 1 Germany & Poland 0 -- 1 Croatia '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Andrew ( 19 June 2008 ) . `` Portugal 2 -- 3 Germany '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 25 June 2008 ) . `` Germany 3 -- 2 Turkey '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 29 June 2008 ) . `` Germany 0 -- 1 Spain '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 11 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheese , Caroline ( 25 November 2007 ) . `` 2010 World Cup qualifying draw '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Draw ignites FIFA World Cup fever '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 4 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Miroslav Klose helps Germany put four past Australia '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany lose to Serbia after Klose 's red card and Podolski 's penalty miss '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingle , Sean ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Mesut Ozil strike sends Germany through to last 16 '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany tear down England 's defence '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FAW boss Jonathan Ford rejects technology idea '' . BBC News . 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Garside , Kevin ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard 's disallowed goal highlights stupidity of Fifa '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard denied goal by Uruguayan linesman -- in pictures '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 27 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Fifield , Dominic ( 3 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany dump Diego Maradona and Argentina out '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Eddie Griffin ( 20 April 2010 ) . `` World Cup All - Time Top Goal Scorers '' . Soccerlens . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` German World Cup top scorers '' . DFB . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 7 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Spain overcome Germany after Carles Puyol winner '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Duxbury , Nick ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany beat Uruguay in third - place thriller '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 -- Statistics '' . planetworldcup.com . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Boot '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Muller named Hyundai Best Young Player '' . FIFA. 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Hytner , David ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Germany reap the rewards of the liberation generation '' . London : guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Andrew ( 19 November 2008 ) . `` Germany 1 -- 2 England '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Higuain punishes Adler error '' . ESPN Soccernet. 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany stunned by Australia 's burst of two goals in three minutes '' . London : guardian.co.uk. 29 March 2011 . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Football tables '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` December date for EURO finals draw in Kyiv '' . UEFA. 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EURO draw throws up fascinating group tests '' . UEFA. 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Germany overpower Greece in Gdansk '' . UEFA. 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Preliminary Draw results in full '' . FIFA. 30 July 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Fifa World Cup -- Group G '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany beat Argentina to win World Cup final with late Mario Götze goal '' . The Guardian . 13 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany vs Italy , Euro 2016 : Germans win the shootout after Bonucci penalty cancels out Ozil opener '' . The Telegraph . 2 July 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Germany finally defeat Italy to stride into semis '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 3 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2016 : France 's 2 -- 0 semi-final victory over Germany strikes poignant note on night of ancient rivalry and modern spirit '' . The Telegraph . 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Germany win Confederations Cup after Lars Stindl punishes error to deny Chile '' . Guardian . 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Holders Germany crash out of World Cup after losing 2 - 0 to South Korea '' . Jump up ^ `` Germany knocked out of 2018 World Cup '' . BBC . 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Why were Germany knocked out and where do they go from here ? '' . BBC . 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Germany were not hungry enough - Jurgen Klinsmann '' . BBC . 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ As 1990 FIFA World Cup Champions Jump up ^ As UEFA Euro 1996 Champions Jump up ^ As 2002 FIFA World Cup Runners - up ^ Jump up to : `` Germany Football Shirts -- Old Football Kits '' . oldfootballshirts.com . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/international/tournaments/fifa-world-cup/1938/1938.html ^ Jump up to : `` All Matches from 1908 '' . schwarzundweiss.co.uk . Archived from the original on 27 January 2012 . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.schwarzundweiss.co.uk/andere/stats/match-details-1990-present.html Jump up ^ `` German most - capped World Cup players '' . DFB . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` German most - capped EC players '' . DFB . Retrieved 14 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` German EC top scorers '' . DFB . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Germany_national_football_team&oldid=856619973 '' Categories : Germany national football team History of association football by national team History of organisations based in Germany Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2013 Articles containing German - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 14 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time germany went out in the group stage of the world cup | [
"\n\nFIFA World Cup record\n\n\n\nFIFA World Cup Qualification record\n\n\nYear\n\nRound\n\nPosition\n\nPld\n\nW\n\nD*\n\nL\n\nGF\n\nGA\n\nPld\n\nW\n\nD\n\nL\n\nGF\n\nGA\n\n\n 1930\n\nDid Not Enter\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n\n 1934\n\nThird Place\n\n3rd\n\n4\n\n3\n\n0\n\n1\n\n11\n\n8\n\n1\n\n1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n9\n\n1\n\n\n 1938\n\nFirst Round\n\n10th\n\n2\n\n0\n\n1\n\n1\n\n3\n\n5\n\n3\n\n3\n\n0\n\n0\n\n11\n\n1\n\n\n 1950\n\nBanned\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n–\n\n\n 1954\n\nChampions\n\n1st\n\n6\n\n5\n\n0\n\n1\n\n25\n\n14\n\n4\n\n3\n\n1\n\n0\n\n12\n\n3\n\n\n 1958\n\nFourth Place\n\n4th\n\n6\n\n2\n\n2\n\n2\n\n12\n\n14\n\nQualified as Defending Champions\n\n\n 1962\n\nQuarter-Final\n\n7th\n\n4\n\n2\n\n1\n\n1\n\n4\n\n2\n\n4\n\n4\n\n0\n\n0\n\n11\n\n5\n\n\n 1966\n\nRunners-up\n\n2nd\n\n6\n\n4\n\n1\n\n1\n\n15\n\n6\n\n4\n\n3\n\n1\n\n0\n\n14\n\n2\n\n\n 1970\n\nThird Place\n\n3rd\n\n6\n\n5\n\n0\n\n1\n\n17\n\n10\n\n6\n\n5\n\n1\n\n0\n\n20\n\n3\n\n\n 1974\n\nChampions\n\n1st\n\n7\n\n6\n\n0\n\n1\n\n13\n\n4\n\nQualified as Hosts\n\n\n 1978\n\nSecond Group Stage\n\n6th\n\n6\n\n1\n\n4\n\n1\n\n10\n\n5\n\nQualified as Defending Champions\n\n\n 1982\n\nRunners-up\n\n2nd\n\n7\n\n3\n\n2\n\n2\n\n12\n\n10\n\n8\n\n8\n\n0\n\n0\n\n33\n\n3\n\n\n 1986\n\nRunners-up\n\n2nd\n\n7\n\n3\n\n2\n\n2\n\n8\n\n7\n\n8\n\n5\n\n2\n\n1\n\n22\n\n9\n\n\n 1990\n\nChampions\n\n1st\n\n7\n\n5\n\n2\n\n0\n\n15\n\n5\n\n6\n\n3\n\n3\n\n0\n\n13\n\n3\n\n\n 1994\n\nQuarter-Final\n\n5th\n\n5\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1\n\n9\n\n7\n\nQualified as Defending Champions\n\n\n 1998\n\nQuarter-Final\n\n7th\n\n5\n\n3\n\n1\n\n1\n\n8\n\n6\n\n10\n\n6\n\n4\n\n0\n\n23\n\n9\n\n\n 2002\n\nRunners-up\n\n2nd\n\n7\n\n5\n\n1\n\n1\n\n14\n\n3\n\n10\n\n6\n\n3\n\n1\n\n19\n\n12\n\n\n 2006\n\nThird Place\n\n3rd\n\n7\n\n5\n\n1\n\n1\n\n14\n\n6\n\nQualified as Hosts\n\n\n 2010\n\nThird Place\n\n3rd\n\n7\n\n5\n\n0\n\n2\n\n16\n\n5\n\n10\n\n8\n\n2\n\n0\n\n26\n\n5\n\n\n 2014\n\nChampions\n\n1st\n\n7\n\n6\n\n1\n\n0\n\n18\n\n4\n\n10\n\n9\n\n1\n\n0\n\n36\n\n10\n\n\n 2018\n\nGroup Stage\n\n22nd\n\n3\n\n1\n\n0\n\n2\n\n2\n\n4\n\n10\n\n10\n\n0\n\n0\n\n43\n\n4\n\n\n 2022\n\nTo be determined\n\nTo be determined\n\n\nTotal\n\n4 Titles\n\n19/21\n\n109\n\n67\n\n20*\n\n22\n\n226\n\n125\n\n94\n\n74\n\n18\n\n2\n\n292\n\n70\n"
] | [
"2018"
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2107229294154940573 | If This World Were Mine | If this World Were Mine - Wikipedia If this World Were Mine Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` If This World Were Mine '' Single by Marvin Gaye Tammi Terrell from the album United A-side `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' Released November 14 , 1967 Format 7 '' single Recorded Hitsville USA ; 1967 Genre R&B , Soul Length 2 : 41 Label Tamla Songwriter ( s ) Marvin Gaye Producer ( s ) Harvey Fuqua , Johnny Bristol Marvin Gaye Tammi Terrell singles chronology `` Your Precious Love '' ( 1967 ) `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' ( 1967 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1968 ) `` Your Precious Love '' ( 1967 ) `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' ( 1967 ) `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' ( 1968 ) `` If This World Were Mine '' is a 1967 song by soul music duo Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell from their album United . Written solely by Gaye , it was one of the few songs they recorded without Ashford & Simpson writing or producing . When it was released as a single in November 1967 as the B - side to the duo 's `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' , it hit the Billboard pop singles chart , peaking at number sixty - eight , and peaked at number twenty - seven on the Billboard R&B singles chart . Gaye would later put the song into his set list during his last tours in the early - 1980s as he performed a medley of his hits with Terrell . The song was covered a year later by Joe Bataan on the 1968 Fania Allstars LP Live at the Red Garter , Vol. 2 , and in 1969 by Ambrose Slade ( pre-Slade ) on their album Beginnings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Charts 2 Cover versions 2.1 Luther Vandross and Cheryl Lynn version 2.1. 1 Charts 2.2 Other versions 3 Sampling 4 References 5 External links Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak U.S. Billboard Hot 100 68 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles 27 Cover versions ( edit ) Luther Vandross and Cheryl Lynn version ( edit ) `` If This World Were Mine '' Single by Luther Vandross & Cheryl Lynn from the album Instant Love and The Wood ( soundtrack ) Released 1982 ( US ) Format 45 ' single , Cassette single Recorded 1981 Genre R&B / Soul Length 5 : 27 Label Columbia Records Songwriter ( s ) Marvin Gaye Producer ( s ) Luther Vandross & Marcus Miller Cheryl Lynn singles chronology `` Instant Love '' ( 1981 ) Instant Love1981 `` If This World Were Mine '' ( 1982 ) If This World Were Mine1982 `` Look Before You Leap '' ( 1983 ) Look Before You Leap1983 Luther Vandross singles chronology `` Do n't You Know That ? '' ( 1981 ) Do n't You Know That ? 1981 `` If This World Were Mine ' '' ( 1982 ) If This World Were Mine'1982 `` Bad Boy / Having a Party '' ( 1982 ) Bad Boy / Having a Party 1982 Fifteen years after the original recording , Luther Vandross and Cheryl Lynn re-recorded it for her album Instant Love and made the song a R&B top five smash peaking at number four in 1982 on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1982 - 1983 ) Peak U.S. Billboard 100 30 Other versions ( edit ) A decade later , Coko of SWV and rising R&B singer and Tyrese recorded it for her 1999 solo album Hot Coko . The song is featured on John Legend 's 2004 live album Solo Sessions Vol. 1 : Live at the Knitting Factory , with Imani Uzuri singing the female lead . In 2005 , Alicia Keys and Jermaine Paul recorded it for the Luther Vandross tribute album So Amazing : An All - Star Tribute to Luther Vandross . The song was nominated Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the Grammy Awards . They did not win ; instead , the Grammy was awarded to Beyoncé Knowles and Stevie Wonder for their cover `` So Amazing , '' which appeared on the same Vandross tribute album . Sampling ( edit ) R&B singer Tweet sampled the Gaye / Terrell original for the intro of her 2005 single `` Turn Da Lights Off '' , featuring Missy Elliott . In 2013 American house music producer Chris Malinchak sampled the song on `` So Good to Me '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top Billboard Hot 100 Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 368 . Jump up ^ RCA Music Group ( 8 December 2005 ) . `` RCA Music Group Artists Earn 28 Nominations for the 48th Annual Grammy ... -- re > NEW YORK , Dec. 8 / PRNewswire / -- '' . prnewswire.com . line feed character in title = at position 81 ( help ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Alicia Keys songs Discography Songs in A Minor `` Fallin ' '' `` A Woman 's Worth '' `` How Come You Do n't Call Me '' `` Girlfriend '' The Diary of Alicia Keys `` You Do n't Know My Name '' `` If I Ai n't Got You '' `` Diary '' `` Karma '' `` If I Was Your Woman / Walk on By '' Unplugged `` Unbreakable '' `` Every Little Bit Hurts '' `` Wild Horses '' `` Love It or Leave It Alone / Welcome To Jamrock '' As I Am `` No One '' `` Like You 'll Never See Me Again '' `` Teenage Love Affair '' `` Superwoman '' The Element of Freedom `` Does n't Mean Anything '' `` Try Sleeping with a Broken Heart '' `` Empire State of Mind ( Part II ) Broken Down '' `` Un-Thinkable ( I 'm Ready ) '' `` Put It in a Love Song '' `` Wait Til You See My Smile '' `` We 're Almost There '' Girl on Fire `` Not Even the King '' `` Girl on Fire '' `` Brand New Me '' `` New Day '' `` Fire We Make '' `` Tears Always Win '' Here `` In Common '' `` Blended Family ( What You Do for Love ) '' As featured artist `` All of the Lights '' `` Brotha Part II '' `` Empire State of Mind '' `` Fireworks '' `` Gangsta Lovin ' '' `` Ghetto Story Chapter 2 '' `` I Will Pray ( Pregherò ) '' `` International Party '' `` Looking for Paradise '' `` New Day '' `` Say It 's So '' `` What 's Going On '' Other songs `` 28 Thousand Days '' `` America The Beautiful '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Back to Life '' `` Die Without You '' `` Do n't Give Up ( Africa ) '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` If This World Were Mine '' `` It 's On Again '' `` Little Drummer Girl '' `` My Boo '' `` People Get Ready '' `` Rapture '' `` Someday We 'll All Be Free '' `` Speechless '' `` We Are Here '' `` We Gotta Pray '' Book Category Cheryl Lynn Studio albums Cheryl Lynn In Love In The Night Instant Love Preppie It 's Gonna Be Right Start Over Songs `` Got to Be Real '' `` Keep It Hot '' `` Shake It Up Tonight '' `` If This World Were Mine '' ( with Luther Vandross ) `` Encore '' Luther Vandross Studio albums Never Too Much Forever , for Always , for Love Busy Body The Night I Fell in Love Give Me the Reason Any Love Power of Love Never Let Me Go Songs This Is Christmas Your Secret Love I Know Luther Vandross Dance with My Father Compilation albums The Best of Luther Vandross ... The Best of Love One Night with You : The Best of Love , Volume 2 Love Is on the Way Always & Forever : The Classics Greatest Hits Super Hits Smooth Love The Ultimate Luther Vandross Stop to Love The Very Best of Love The Essential Luther Vandross Artist Collection Love , Luther Lovesongs Holiday Albums This Is Christmas Live albums Live Radio City Music Hall 2003 Live Video DVDs Luther Vandross : Live at Wembley ( 1989 ) Always and Forever : An Evening of Songs ( 1994 ) Other albums Luther ( Luther ) This Close to You ( Luther ) The Glow of Love ( Change ) Singles `` Never Too Much '' `` Do n't You Know That ? '' `` If This World Were Mine '' ( with Cheryl Lynn ) `` '' Bad Boy `` / '' Having a Party '' `` Since I Lost My Baby '' `` How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye '' ( with Dionne Warwick ) `` I 'll Let You Slide '' `` Superstar '' / `` Until You Come Back to Me ( That 's What I 'm Gonna Do '' ( medley ) `` ' Til My Baby Comes Home '' `` It 's Over Now '' `` Wait for Love '' `` Give Me the Reason '' `` Stop to Love '' `` There 's Nothing Better Than Love '' ( with Gregory Hines ) `` I Really Did n't Mean It '' `` Any Love '' `` She Wo n't Talk to Me '' `` For You to Love '' `` Here and Now '' `` Power of Love / Love Power '' ( medley ) `` Do n't Want to Be a Fool '' `` The Rush '' `` Sometimes It 's Only Love `` The Best Things in Life Are Free '' ( with Janet Jackson ) `` Little Miracles ( Happen Every Day ) '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` Never Let Me Go '' `` Endless Love '' ( with Mariah Carey ) `` Always and Forever '' `` Love the One You 're With '' / `` Going in Circles '' `` Your Secret Love '' `` I Can Make It Better '' `` Nights in Harlem '' `` Take You Out '' `` I 'd Rather '' `` Dance with My Father '' `` Think About You '' `` Buy Me a Rose `` Shine '' Related articles Luther Vandross discography Change ( band ) Luther ( group ) List of Luther Vandross tours Forever , for Always , for Luther So Amazing : An All - Star Tribute to Luther Vandross Forever , for Always , for Luther Volume II Book : Luther Vandross Marvin Gaye singles discography 1960s : ( Tamla ) 1961 `` Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide '' 1962 `` Sandman '' `` Soldier 's Plea '' `` Stubborn Kind of Fellow '' `` Hitch Hike '' 1963 `` Pride and Joy '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` What 's the Matter with You Baby '' `` Try It Baby '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` What Good Am I Without You '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` I 'll Be Doggone '' `` Pretty Little Baby '' `` Ai n't That Peculiar '' 1966 `` One More Heartache '' `` Take This Heart of Mine '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` It Takes Two '' 1967 `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' `` Your Precious Love '' `` You '' `` If I Could Build My Whole World Around You '' / `` If This World Were Mine '' 1968 `` Ai n't Nothing Like the Real Thing '' `` You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` Chained '' `` Keep On Lovin ' Me Honey '' `` You Ai n't Livin ' till You 're Lovin ' '' `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' 1969 `` Good Lovin ' Ai n't Easy to Come By '' `` Too Busy Thinking About My Baby '' `` That 's the Way Love Is '' `` Abraham , Martin and John '' `` What You Gave Me '' `` How Can I Forget '' 1970s : ( Tamla ) 1970 `` Gonna Give Her All the Love I 've Got '' `` The Onion Song '' `` California Soul '' `` The End of Our Road '' 1971 `` What 's Going On '' `` Mercy Mercy Me ( The Ecology ) '' `` Inner City Blues ( Make Me Wanna Holler ) '' `` Save the Children '' 1972 `` You 're the Man '' `` Trouble Man '' `` I Want to Come Home for Christmas '' 1973 `` Let 's Get It On '' `` You 're a Special Part of Me '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Come Get to This '' `` You Sure Love to Ball '' `` My Mistake ( Was to Love You ) '' `` Do n't Knock My Love '' `` You Are Everything '' `` Distant Lover '' 1976 `` I Want You '' `` After the Dance '' `` Since I Had You '' 1977 `` Got to Give It Up '' 1978 `` Pops , We Love You ( A Tribute to Father ) '' 1979 `` A Funky Space Reincarnation '' `` Anger '' `` Ego Tripping Out '' 1980s : ( Tamla / Columbia ) 1981 `` Praise '' `` Heavy Love Affair '' 1982 `` Sexual Healing '' `` My Love Is Waiting '' `` ' Til Tomorrow '' `` Joy '' Posthumous 1985 `` Sanctified Lady '' `` It 's Madness '' `` Just Like '' 1986 `` The World Is Rated X '' 1991 `` My Last Chance '' `` Lucky , Lucky Me '' 1995 `` This Love Starved Heart Of Mine ( It 's Killing Me ) '' `` Music '' 2005 `` Let 's Get It On ( The M.P.G. Groove Remix ) '' 2015 `` Where Are We Going '' Book Category Portal This 1980s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1960s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_This_World_Were_Mine&oldid=795438896 '' Categories : 1967 singles 1982 singles Marvin Gaye songs Tammi Terrell songs Luther Vandross songs Cheryl Lynn songs Slade songs Alicia Keys songs John Legend songs Songs written by Marvin Gaye Vocal duets Tamla Records singles Columbia Records singles 1967 songs Song recordings produced by Harvey Fuqua Song recordings produced by Johnny Bristol 1980s R&B song stubs 1960s R&B song stubs Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 06 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings if this world were mine with luther | [
"Fifteen years after the original recording, Luther Vandross and Cheryl Lynn re-recorded it for her album Instant Love and made the song a R&B top five smash peaking at number four in 1982 on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart."
] | [
"Cheryl Lynn"
] |
2650738884431870211 | Love Island Australia | Love Island Australia - wikipedia Love Island Australia Love Island Australia Genre Reality Created by ITV Studios Based on Love Island Presented by Sophie Monk Narrated by Eoghan McDermott Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 30 Production Executive producer ( s ) Alex Mavroidakis ( ITV Studios ) Tina Diaz ( Nine Network ) Majella Wiemers Production location ( s ) Mallorca , Spain Running time 60 minutes Release Original network 9Go ! ( 2017 ) Nine Network ( 2018 ) Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) Audio format Stereo Original release 27 May 2018 -- present External links Website Love Island Australia is an Australian dating reality show based on the British series Love Island . The series is presented by Sophie Monk and narrated by Eoghan McDermott . The series began airing on 9Go ! and 9Now on 27 May 2018 . The final aired on 5 July 2018 , with Grant Crapp and Tayla Damir winning and sharing the $50,000 prize money . Eden Dally and Erin Barnett finished as runners up . The series also airs in the United Kingdom on ITVBe and in the Republic of Ireland on 3e , and is available in New Zealand on TVNZ OnDemand . Love Island Australia will return for a second season in 2019 . The new season will air on Nine 's primary channel , with the series expected to move from Spain and to a new location . Contents 1 Format 2 Cast 2.1 Coupling 3 Weekly summary 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 5 References Format ( edit ) Love Island involves a group of contestants , referred to as Islanders , living in isolation from the outside world in a villa in Mallorca , Spain , constantly under video surveillance . To survive in the villa the Islanders must be coupled up with another Islander , whether it be for love , friendship or money , as the overall winning couple receives $50,000 . On the first day , the Islanders couple up for the first time based on first impressions , but over the duration of the series , they are forced to `` re-couple '' where they can choose to remain in their current couple or swap and change . Any Islander who remains single after the coupling is eliminated and dumped from the island . Islanders can also be eliminated via public vote , as during the series the public vote through the Love Island app available on smartphones for their favourite couple , or who they think is the most compatible . Couples who receive the fewest votes risk being eliminated . Often a twist has occurred where it has been up to the Islanders to vote one of their own off the island . During the final week , the public vote for which couple they want to win the series and therefore take home $50,000 . Cast ( edit ) The Islanders for the first series were released by Nine on 21 May 2018 , just one week before the premiere episode . Islander Age Hometown Entered Status Grant Crapp 22 Canberra Day 1 Winner ( Day 39 ) Tayla Damir 21 Perth Day 1 Winner ( Day 39 ) Eden Dally 25 Sydney Day 1 Runner - up ( Day 39 ) Erin Barnett 23 Melbourne Day 1 Runner - up ( Day 39 ) Amelia Plummer 22 Sydney Day 23 Third place ( Day 39 ) Josh Moss 25 Sydney Day 1 Third place ( Day 39 ) Dom Thomas 26 Sydney Day 16 Dumped ( Day 38 ) Shelby Bilby 25 Toowoomba Day 23 Dumped ( Day 38 ) Mark O'Dare 26 Sydney Day 31 Dumped ( Day 37 ) Millie Fuller 24 Sydney Day 1 Dumped ( Day 37 ) Edyn ' Mac ' Mackney 22 Gold Coast Day 14 Dumped ( Day 36 ) Teddy Briggs 25 Adelaide Day 21 Dumped ( Day 36 ) Kory Grant 28 Melbourne Day 31 Dumped ( Day 35 ) Jaxon Human 24 Melbourne Day 11 Dumped ( Day 30 ) Françoise Draschler 28 Melbourne Day 8 Dumped ( Day 26 ) Cassidy McGill 23 Melbourne Day 1 Dumped ( Day 25 ) Elias Chigros 27 Melbourne Day 4 Dumped ( Day 18 ) Justin Lacko 27 Melbourne Day 1 Dumped ( Day 18 ) Natasha Cherie 24 Perth Day 1 Dumped ( Day 15 ) John James Parton 32 Melbourne Day 4 Walked ( Day 11 ) Kim Hartnett 21 Brisbane Day 2 Dumped ( Day 9 ) Charlie Taylor 22 Sydney Day 1 Dumped ( Day 7 ) Coupling ( edit ) Day 1 Day 7 Day 15 Day 22 Day 24 Day 26 Day 35 Final ( Day 39 ) Grant Cassidy Tayla Tayla Cassidy Tayla Tayla Tayla Winner ( Day 39 ) Tayla Josh Grant Grant Jaxon Grant Grant Grant Winner ( Day 39 ) Eden Erin Erin Erin Erin Erin Erin Erin Runner - up ( Day 39 ) Erin Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden Eden Runner - up ( Day 39 ) Amelia Not in Villa Josh Josh Josh Third place ( Day 39 ) Josh Tayla Natasha Cassidy Françoise Amelia Amelia Amelia Third place ( Day 39 ) Dom Not in Villa Millie Millie Mac Shelby Dumped ( Day 38 ) Shelby Not in Villa Jaxon Jaxon Dom Dumped ( Day 38 ) Mark Not in Villa Millie Dumped ( Day 37 ) Millie Justin Justin Justin Dom Dom Teddy Mark Dumped ( Day 37 ) Mac Not in Villa Jaxon Teddy N / A Dom Teddy Dumped ( Day 36 ) Teddy Not in Villa Mac Françoise Millie Mac Dumped ( Day 36 ) Kory Not in Villa Dumped ( Day 35 ) Jaxon Not in Villa Mac Tayla Shelby Shelby Dumped ( Day 30 ) Françoise Not in Villa Elias Josh Teddy Dumped ( Day 26 ) Cassidy Grant Elias Josh Grant Dumped ( Day 25 ) Justin Millie Millie Millie Dumped ( Day 18 ) Elias Not in Villa Cassidy Françoise Dumped ( Day 18 ) Natasha Charlie Josh Dumped ( Day 15 ) John James Not in Villa Kim Walked ( Day 11 ) Kim Not in Villa John James Dumped ( Day 9 ) Charlie Natasha Dumped ( Day 7 ) Notes None None 5 None ^ Note 1 : Kim arrived after the first coupling , but was told she would be able to steal a boy for herself on Day 2 . She chose Josh . ^ Note 2 : Françoise arrived after the re-coupling ceremony , but was told she would be able to steal a boy for herself on Day 10 . She chose Elias . ^ Note 3 : Dom arrived after the re-coupling ceremony , but was told he would be able to steal a girl for himself on Day 17 . He chose Cassidy . ^ Note 4 : Amelia and Shelby arrived after the re-coupling on Day 22 and were told they would be able to steal a boy each . Amelia chose Josh and Shelby chose Jaxon . A full re-coupling followed , with Cassidy and Mac left single . Australia voted to save one of the two girls , with Cassidy receiving the fewest votes . ^ Note 5 : Kory and Mark arrived on Day 31 , with both being told they can steal one girl each . Kory chose Millie and Mark chose Mac . Weekly summary ( edit ) The main events in the Love Island villa are summarised in the table below . Week 1 Entrances On Day 1 , Cassidy , Charlie , Eden , Erin , Grant , Josh , Justin , Millie , Natasha and Tayla entered the villa . On Day 2 , Kim entered the villa . On Day 4 , Elias and John James entered the villa . Coupling On Day 1 , the Islanders coupled up for the first time . After all of the girls entered , the boys were asked to choose a girl to pair up with . Tayla was paired with Josh , Justin with Millie , Charlie and Natasha paired up , Cassidy and Grant coupled up , whilst Erin paired up with Eden . On Day 2 , Kim coupled with Josh , splitting him and Tayla . On Day 7 , the Islanders re-coupled for the first time . Erin stayed with Eden and Millie stayed with Justin . Tayla picked Grant , Cassidy picked Elias , Natasha picked Josh and Kim picked John James . Dates On Day 2 , Kim went on two dates - one with Josh and one with Charlie . Kim took them on a picnic away from the Villa . On Day 4 , the public voted for both John James and Elias to go on a date with Cassidy where they drank Mojitos on a wharf . Challenges On Day 3 , the Islanders took part in `` Spin the Bottle '' . When the bottle landed on an islander , they had to kiss an islander of the other sex whom they believed matched the hint given by Tayla . The boys won 5 points to 3 . On Day 5 , the Islanders played `` The Hole Package '' where the girls ranked the boys based on how they felt . 1st place was Eden , 2nd place was Elias and in 3rd place was John James . As a reward , Eden had the opportunity to invite a girl into the `` hideaway '' for the night , he picked Erin . Exits On Day 7 , Charlie was left single following the re-coupling and was therefore dumped from the island . Week 2 Entrances On Day 8 , Françoise entered the villa . On Day 11 , Jaxon entered the villa . Coupling On Day 10 , Françoise coupled with Elias , leaving Cassidy single . Dates On Day 8 , before entering the villa , Françoise went on dates with Elias and John James . On Day 10 , Erin and Eden went shopping in a nearby town to purchase food required for the boys to cook tapas ' that afternoon . On Day 11 , public voting opened to vote for which boy deserves a date the most . Justin received the most votes . Challenges On Day 9 , the islanders played `` Pashtag '' . Each boy had to create a hashtag and rate each girl out of 10 . Cassidy won with the highest score . On Day 11 , the boys treated the girls to a strip tease . The boy who raised the girl 's heart rates the most won . Elias won , and as a reward invited Millie to spend the night with him in the `` hideaway '' . Exits On Day 9 , Kim was dumped from the island having received the least amount of public votes in the `` Which girl do you hope finds true love in the villa ? '' poll . On Day 11 , John James voluntarily left the villa . Week 3 Entrances On Day 14 , Mac entered the villa . On Day 16 , Dom entered the villa . Coupling On Day 15 , the Islanders re-coupled . As the newest Islander , Mac was able to choose her partner first . She chose to couple with Jaxon . The boys then had to pick a girl to pair up with . Eden and Erin , Justin and Millie , and Grant and Tayla remained together , whilst Elias picked Françoise and Josh paired with Cassidy . On Day 17 , Dom coupled up with Cassidy , leaving Josh single . Dates On Day 14 , Justin and Mille , and Josh and Cassidy went on a date where they learnt to dance . On Day 17 , the public voted for Françoise to go on a date with Dom . Dom then got to chose a girl to take on a second date . He picked Cassidy . Challenges On Day 15 , The Islanders split into two teams and played a game in which balloons were attached to each islander . An islander from their team must pop the balloons to progress to the next person . Cassidy 's team won . On Day 16 , the Islanders played `` Any Hole is a Goal '' . Islanders shot a ball into a cardboard mouth of other islanders . The boys and girls drew 6 - all . Exits On Day 15 , Natasha was left single following the re-coupling and was therefore dumped from the island . On Day 18 , Australia voted on `` Which boy do you think is most likely to leave with a girlfriend '' . Elias received the least number of votes and was dumped . Jaxon and Justin received the next lowest number of votes , and Eden - who received the most votes - along with Erin had to decide who to send home . They picked Justin , who was subsequently dumped . Week 4 Entrances On Day 21 , Teddy entered the villa . On Day 23 , Amelia and Shelby entered the villa . Coupling On Day 22 , the Islanders re-coupled . As the newest Islander , Teddy was able to choose his partner first . He chose to couple with Mac . The girls then had to pick a boy to pair up with . Millie coupled up with Dom , Françoise paired up with Josh , Cassidy picked Grant , Tayla coupled up with Jaxon , and Erin chose to stay with Eden . Reception ( edit ) Love Island Australia averaged around 200,000 viewers for its linear broadcasts in overnight OzTAM ratings , increasing to an average of 511,000 when adding viewers from Nine 's streaming service , 9Now . The series performed strongest in the youngest key demographic band ( 16 to 39 year olds ) , but ranked low amongst total viewers . The series generated in excess of 150 million views through its official YouTube channel , however 85 % were viewers from outside Australia , and YouTube viewers can not be monetised . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Overnight ratings Ref ( s ) Viewers Episode 1 27 May 2018 155,000 Episode 2 28 May 2018 184,000 Episode 3 29 May 2018 136,000 Episode 4 30 May 2018 134,000 5 Episode 5 31 May 2018 154,000 6 Episode 6 3 June 2018 121,000 7 Episode 7 4 June 2018 162,000 8 Episode 8 5 June 2018 157,000 9 Episode 9 6 June 2018 160,000 10 Episode 10 7 June 2018 170,000 11 Episode 11 10 June 2018 164,000 12 Episode 12 11 June 2018 190,000 13 Episode 13 12 June 2018 200,000 14 Episode 14 13 June 2018 214,000 15 Episode 15 14 June 2018 181,000 16 Episode 16 17 June 2018 145,000 17 Episode 17 18 June 2018 195,000 18 Episode 18 19 June 2018 204,000 19 Episode 19 20 June 2018 188,000 20 Episode 20 21 June 2018 194,000 21 Episode 21 24 June 2018 138,000 22 Episode 22 25 June 2018 174,000 23 Episode 23 26 June 2018 185,000 24 Episode 24 27 June 2018 195,000 25 Episode 25 28 June 2018 156,000 26 Episode 26 1 July 2018 151,000 27 Episode 27 2 July 2018 174,000 28 Episode 28 3 July 2018 201,000 29 Episode 29 4 July 2018 185,000 30 Final 5 July 2018 197,000 30 Winner Announced 5 July 2018 198,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://mobile.twitter.com/9Comms/status/1052438737337102336 Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` Sophie Monk confirmed for Love Island '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Domjen , Briana ( 1 July 2018 ) . `` Love Island Australia narrator Eoghan McDermott reveals why he wo n't go on the dating show '' . The Daily Telegraph . Sydney . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Nine 2018 Upfronts : Renewals underpin new slate '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://tvtonight.com.au/2018/10/love-island-to-relocate-in-2019.html Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 May 2018 ) . `` 9GO ! reveals Love Island cast '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love Island Australia ' shock : One guy has voluntarily walked out '' . thefix.nine.com.au . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Love Island `` a blueprint '' for TV , says Nine `` . TV Tonight . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Vivienne ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Nine in talks with ITV about Love Island season two , as programming boss rejects claims show was a failure '' . Mumbrella . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 May 2018 ) . `` Tough launch for Love Island but Nine wins Sunday '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 May 2018 ) . `` Masterchef wins , House Rules on season high '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 30 May 2018 ) . `` Back in Time for Dinner beats commercial offerings '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 31 May 2018 ) . `` Wednesday and those ratings quirks '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 1 June 2018 ) . `` Thursday 31 May 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 June 2018 ) . `` House Rules hits season high , Mystery Road beats Sunday Night '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 4 June 2018 '' . Media Spy via TV Tonight . 4 June 2018 . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 June 2018 ) . `` MasterChef , Back in Time for Dinner win on Tuesday '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 6 June 2018 ) . `` 2.35 m viewers as State of Origin hits new 2018 heights '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 7 June 2018 ) . `` Todd Sampson Body Hack draws younger viewers to Iraq doco '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 10 June 2018 ) . `` Sunday 10 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 June 2018 ) . `` MasterChef fights off House Rules , as Seven wins Monday '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 12 June 2018 ) . `` MasterChef immune from Tuesday competition '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 June 2018 ) . `` Cricket pushed Nine to Wednesday win '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 14 June 2018 ) . `` Thursday 14 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 17 June 2018 ) . `` Voice finale is lowest so far but Nine wins Sunday '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 19 June 2018 ) . `` Monday 18 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 20 June 2018 ) . `` Tuesday 19 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Wednesday 20 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 22 June 2018 ) . `` Thursday 21 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 25 June 2018 ) . `` Sunday 24 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Monday 25 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` Tuesday 26 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Wednesday 27 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 29 June 2018 ) . `` Thursday 28 June 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` Sunday 1 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` Monday 2 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 4 July 2018 ) . `` Tuesday 3 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 5 July 2018 ) . `` Wednesday 4 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Thursday 5 July 2018 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Love Island Series Contestants Olivia Buckland Kem Cetinay Rachel Christie Jon Clark Dani Dyer Sophie Gradon Georgia Harrison Zara Holland Rykard Jenkins Adam Maxted Max Morley Josh Ritchie Marcel Somerville Mike Thalassitis Related articles Love Island ( 2005 TV series ) Love Island Australia Nine Network local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 to One ( 2005 - 2011 , since 2016 ) ARIA Music Awards ( 2001 , 2009 2011 - 2013 , since 2017 ) Australian Ninja Warrior ( since 2017 ) The Block ( 2003 - 04 , since 2010 ) Carols by Candlelight ( since 1952 ) Doctor Doctor ( since 2016 ) Family Food Fight ( since 2017 ) The AFL Footy Show ( since 1994 - 2018 ) Footy Classified ( since 2007 ) Married at First Sight ( since 2015 ) Movie Juice ( since 2017 ) Paramedics ( since 2018 ) RBT ( since 2010 ) The TV Week Logie Awards ( since 1959 ) Talkin ' ' Bout Your Generation ( since 2018 ) The Voice ( since 2012 ) This Time Next Year ( since 2017 ) Travel Guides ( since 2017 ) True Story with Hamish & Andy ( since 2017 ) Daytime Millionaire Hot Seat ( since 2009 ) News Nine News ( since 1956 ) Nine News Now ( since 2013 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1979 ) A Current Affair ( 1971 - 1988 , since 1988 ) Today Extra ( since 2012 ) Today ( since 1982 ) Weekend Today ( since 2009 ) Sport 100 % Footy ( since 2018 ) Sports Sunday ( since 2017 ) Weekends Cybershack The Garden Gurus ( since 2002 ) Getaway ( since 1992 ) Postcards ( since 1999 ) The AFL Sunday Footy Show ( since 1993 ) The NRL Sunday Footy Show ( since 1993 ) Upcoming Bad Mothers ( 2019 ) SeaChange ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Island_Australia&oldid=866127533 '' Categories : 9Go ! shows Nine Network shows 2010s Australian television series 2018 Australian television series debuts Australian dating and relationship reality television series Australian reality television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 12 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does love island australia season 2 start | [
"Love Island Australia will return for a second season in 2019. The new season will air on Nine's primary channel, with the series expected to move from Spain and to a new location. [5]\n"
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"in 2019"
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-3563004330384437250 | Practical Magic | Practical Magic - wikipedia Practical Magic Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Practical Magic Promotional poster Directed by Griffin Dunne Produced by Denise Di Novi Screenplay by Robin Swicord Akiva Goldsman Adam Brooks Based on Practical Magic by Alice Hoffman Starring Sandra Bullock Nicole Kidman Dianne Wiest Stockard Channing Aidan Quinn Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Andrew Dunn Edited by Elizabeth Kling Production company Village Roadshow Pictures Di Novi Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros . Roadshow Entertainment ( Australia & New Zealand ) Release date October 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 16 ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $68,336,997 Practical Magic is a 1998 American romantic comedy film based on the 1995 novel of the same name by Alice Hoffman . The film was directed by Griffin Dunne and stars Sandra Bullock , Nicole Kidman , Stockard Channing , Dianne Wiest , Aidan Quinn , and Goran Visnjic . Bullock and Kidman play sisters Sally and Gillian Owens , who have always known they were different from each other . Raised by their aunts after their parents ' death , the sisters grew up in a household that was anything but typical -- their aunts fed them chocolate cake for breakfast and taught them the uses of practical magic . But the invocation of the Owens ' sorcery also carries a price -- some call it a curse : the men they fall in love with are doomed to an untimely death . Now adult women with very different personalities , the quiet Sally and the fiery Gillian must use all of their powers to fight the family curse and a swarm of supernatural forces that could take away all the Owens ' lives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Efforts for television series 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Maria Owens , a young witch , is exiled to Maria 's Island in Massachusetts with her unborn child after escaping her own execution when the rope meant to hang her , snaps instead , and she lands on her feet before the accusing townsfolk . When her lover does not come to rescue her , she desperately casts a spell upon herself to stop herself from ever falling in love again . The spell turns into a curse , affecting all the coming generations of women in the Owens family . In the present day , Gillian and Sally Owens , the most recent descendants of Maria Owens , are taken in by their maternal aunts Frances and Jet after the death of their parents . Sally is the more gifted of the two while Gillian 's talents are more in charm and persuasion , and both have been subject to ridicule during their youth . After witnessing their aunts cast a spell on a man for a woman who seems obsessed with having his love , Gillian decides to fall in love and Sally casts a true love spell to protect herself . The sisters cast an oath to each other using blood from both of their hands and Gillian leaves for Los Angeles . Sally meets and marries Michael , a local produce seller . Years later , the two open their botanical shop Verbena and have two young daughters , Kylie and Antonia . Michael is killed after being hit by a truck . Devastated , Sally and her daughters return to the Owens home to live with the aunts , and realize that the aunts cast a spell so she would finally have something normal , not expecting Sally and Michael to fall in love and thus trigger the curse . Sally decides that she and her daughters will not perform magic . As Gillian begins a relationship with Jimmy Angelov in Orlando , she can feel Sally 's emotional state , and feeling that Sally needs her she drugs Jimmy to return to Massachusetts . Gillian calls Sally to come and get her after Jimmy becomes abusive , but he kidnaps the sisters , forcing them to drive across the country . Sally puts belladonna into Jimmy 's tequila , inadvertently killing him , as he tries to strangle Gillian . The sisters get back home , then resurrect him using the forbidden spell from their aunts ' book of spells , but Jimmy attempts to kill Gillian again after being revived . Sally kills him again , and the sisters bury his remains in their home 's garden . Telltale signs begin occurring , indicating that the nieces did something wrong , yet they do not confess to their aunts when confronted . Frances and Jet take a leave of absence after giving Kylie and Antonia protection wards , and a message to pass on : `` clean up your own mess ! '' State investigator Gary Hallett arrives from Tucson , Arizona in search of Jimmy , who is also a serial killer . As Gary begins to suspect Sally , Gillian , Kylie and Antonia create a potion to banish Gary ; however , the girls realize he is the one described in Sally 's true love spell , and remove the potion . Later , Sally has Gary record her testimony and sees the letter she had once written Gillian , and realizes he must have read it more times than he had let on . Unable to deny their feelings for each other , they kiss and Sally realizes that he was there because of the spell she cast years earlier . Sally discovers that Jimmy 's spirit has possessed Gillian 's body and Gary sees Jimmy 's spirit emerge . Jimmy attempts to kill Gary , reaching into his chest to arrest his heart , only to be hurt by his silver star - shaped badge and is temporarily exiled . Later , Sally tells Gary that he is there because of her spell and the feelings they have for each other are not real . Gary replies that curses are only true if one believes in them and reveals that he also wished for her , before returning to Tucson . Jimmy possesses Gillian again and attempts to kill Sally before Frances and Jet return . Sally , realizing she must embrace magic to save her sister , asks the aid of the townswomen and they form a coven to exorcise Jimmy 's spirit . Sally makes them stop when she sees that the effort might kill Gillian . Getting inside the circle , Sally repeats her oath with Gillian , again slicing their palms to join their blood in promise . They are able to break the Owens curse , exorcising Jimmy 's spirit and allowing the coven to exile him permanently . After returning to Tucson , Gary clears the sisters of any suspicion of wrongdoing in Jimmy 's case , informing them via registered mail , and Sally is forced to come to a decision , encouraged by Gillian to take a risk for `` the right guy . '' Echoing back to her original spell , Sally sends out a message via the wind , and in Arizona , Gary is greeted with buffeting winds . He returns to Massachusetts to be with Sally . The Owens women celebrate Halloween dressed up in witch costumes , and are embraced and welcomed by the townsfolk . Cast ( edit ) Sandra Bullock as Sally Owens , a witch who becomes widowed after the Owens ' curse kills her husband . Camilla Belle as young Sally Nicole Kidman as Gillian Owens , younger sister of one year of Sally , who grows bored with small town life and becomes the victim of an abusive relationship . Lora Anne Criswell as young Gillian Goran Visnjic as James ' Jimmy ' Angelov , boyfriend of Gillian , who becomes abusive and kidnaps the sisters , and is ultimately killed by them , twice . Stockard Channing as Aunt Frances Owens , aunt of Sally and Gillian , who tends to be more outgoing and fun - loving . She also loves to meddle in people 's love lives . Dianne Wiest as Aunt Bridget ' Jet ' Owens , aunt of Sally and Gillian , who tends to be more tenderhearted and quiet . Aidan Quinn as Investigator Gary Hallet , a lawman from Tucson , Arizona , who investigates Sally and Gillian in the murder of Jimmy Angelov and falls in love with Sally . Caprice Benedetti as Maria Owens , matriarch of the Owens clan . Evan Rachel Wood as Kylie Owens , daughter of Sally Owens , who lives with her mom and aunts after the death of her father , Michael . She looks and acts a lot like her Aunt Gillian . Alexandra Artrip as Antonia Owens , daughter of Sally Owens , who lives with her mom and aunts after the death of her father , Michael . She looks a lot like her mother . Mark Feuerstein as Michael , husband of Sally Owens , and father of Kylie and Antonia Owens . He is a victim of the `` Owens ' Curse '' , which resulted in his death . Peter Shaw as Jack , Sally and Gillian 's father , who died from the Owens ' curse when they were children . Caralyn Kozlowski as Regina , Sally and Gillian 's mother , who died of a broken heart after losing her husband to the Owens ' curse . Chloe Webb as Carla , a friend of Sally 's , and works at her shop . Lucinda Jenney as Sara , one of the town women , who initially fears the Owens but later responds to Sally 's call for help . Margo Martindale as Linda Bennett , one of town women who responds to Sally 's call for help . Martha Gehman as Patty , one of town women who responds to Sally 's call for help . Production ( edit ) Practical Magic was partially filmed on an artificial set in California . The film 's producers said the house was a big part of the depiction of the Owens ' culture , so they knew they had to build a house to accurately depict this . They built it in Coupeville , Washington . They brought much of the set from California and placed it inside the house , but it still took almost a year to perfect the image of the house and the interior . The house used is owned by the Sundstrom Family and is located on San Juan Valley Road , San Juan Island . They built a replica of the outside of the house on the west side of San Juan Island so that it looked like the house was on the waterfront , but in actuality it is in the valley . They built the house in San Juan County Park but since the house was built only for this filming , it was torn down after the movie was released . Many of the small town scenes were filmed in downtown Coupeville , Washington , located on Whidbey Island . According to Sandra Bullock in the DVD commentary , in the scene where the Owens women are drunk and slinging insults , the actresses actually got drunk on very bad tequila brought by Kidman . The cast also thinks that the supernatural elements of the house started to affect them ; the cast and crew say that they have heard ghost noises while filming the coven scene at the end of the film . For the final scene with all of the townspeople at the Owens ' home , the entire population of the town where filming took place was invited to show up in costume and appear as townsfolk . Music ( edit ) Practical Magic Photo by Suzanne Tenner Soundtrack album by Various artists Released October 6 , 1998 ( original pressing ) Recorded August 15 -- 16 , 1998 , Abbey Road Studios ( Michael Nyman tracks ) Genre Soundtrack , pop , minimalism , orchestral Length 56 : 58 ( Nyman pressing ) ; 51 : 46 ( Silvestri pressing ) Language English Label Reprise / WEA Producer Danny Bramson , Sandra Bullock Michael Nyman chronology Strong on Oaks , Strong on the Causes of Oaks ( 1998 ) Practical Magic ( 1998 ) Ravenous ( 1999 ) Alan Silvestri chronology The Parent Trap ( 1998 ) The Parent Trap 1998 Practical Magic ( 1998 ) Practical Magic1998 Stuart Little ( 1999 ) Stuart Little 1999 Composer Michael Nyman 's score to the movie was abruptly replaced with music by Alan Silvestri for the theatrical release . This last - minute change resulted in the release of two soundtracks , although as primarily a compilation album , only the two tracks of newly created material were changed . A 50 - track demo ( the last two tracks being `` Convening the Coven '' and `` Maria Owens '' ) of Nyman 's score has been circulating among fans as a bootleg . The complete Nyman score runs 62 : 30 and contains music that would later appear , in altered form , in Ravenous and The Actors , as well as a bit of his stepwise chord progression theme from Out of the Ruins / String Quartet No. 3 / Carrington / The End of the Affair / The Claim . `` Convening the Coven '' , though not `` Maria Owens '' , was subsequently reissued on The Very Best of Michael Nyman : Film Music 1980 -- 2001 , and music that uses material related to this piece has not been used elsewhere . Singer Stevie Nicks headlined the soundtrack 's published advertisements , promoting her songs `` If You Ever Did Believe '' and a new recording of her song `` Crystal '' , both songs featuring Sheryl Crow on back - up vocals . Track listing `` If You Ever Did Believe '' -- Stevie Nicks `` This Kiss '' -- Faith Hill `` Got to Give It Up ( Pt. 1 ) '' -- Marvin Gaye `` Is This Real ? '' -- Lisa Hall `` Black Eyed Dog '' -- Nick Drake `` A Case of You '' -- Joni Mitchell `` Nowhere and Everywhere '' -- Michelle Lewis `` Always on My Mind '' -- Elvis Presley `` Everywhere '' -- Bran Van 3000 `` Coconut '' -- Harry Nilsson `` Crystal '' -- Stevie Nicks `` Practical Magic '' -- Alan Silvestri / `` Convening the Coven '' -- The Michael Nyman Orchestra `` Amas Veritas '' -- Alan Silvestri / `` Maria Owens '' -- The Michael Nyman Orchestra Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Practical Magic opened at # 1 with $13.1 million in ticket sales . The film went on to gross $68.3 million worldwide , less than its $75 million production budget . Critical reception ( edit ) Practical Magic received negative reviews from film critics . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 20 % approval rating , based on 55 reviews , with an average rating of 4.4 / 10 and the site 's consensus states : `` Comedy , romance and horror mix with unsatisfying results . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 1 -- 100 reviews from film critics , gives a score of 46 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave Practical Magic a negative review , calling it `` a witch comedy so slapdash , plodding , and muddled it seems to have had a hex put on it . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times said that the film `` does n't seem sure what tone to adopt , veering uncertainly from horror to laughs to romance . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Nominated work Award Result 1999 Funniest Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Dianne Wiest American Comedy Award Nominated 1999 Favorite Supporting Actress -- Comedy / Romance Stockard Channing Blockbuster Entertainment Award Won 1999 Favorite Actor -- Comedy / Romance Aidan Quinn Blockbuster Entertainment Award Nominated 1999 Favorite Song from a Movie Faith Hill Blockbuster Entertainment Award Nominated 1999 Favorite Supporting Actress -- Comedy / Romance Dianne Wiest Blockbuster Entertainment Award Nominated 1999 Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress Camilla Belle Young Artist Award Nominated 1999 Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress Evan Rachel Wood Young Artist Award Nominated Efforts for television series ( edit ) In 2004 , Warner Bros. and CBS produced Sudbury , a television pilot written by Becky Hartman Edwards , starring Kim Delaney in the role played by Bullock in the film , and Jeri Ryan in the role played by Kidman . The series , named for the Sudbury , Massachusetts location of the novel and film , was not picked up . In 2010 , Warner Bros. and ABC Family attempted to develop a reboot television series . See also ( edit ) List of ghost films References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Practical Magic '' . The Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Practical Magic : A Victorian House Fit for a Witch '' . Hooked. 25 October 2009 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . It looks like a real house that was built in the 1850s , but it 's really just an `` architectural shell '' that took 8 months to build and was ( sadly ) destroyed after filming was over . Jump up ^ `` Design '' . Practical Magic . Amas Veritas . Archived from the original on 6 May 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Months later , key sets like the conservatory , which leads to the garden , were transported to Washington and reassembled so outdoor scenes could be shot . Though this Victorian house looks as if it 's been in place for a century , it 's actually an architectural shell . Jump up ^ `` Practical Magic '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Practical Magic '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( October 16 , 1998 ) . `` Practical Magic Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( October 16 , 1998 ) . `` Practical Magic '' . rogerebert.com . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Family brewing ' Practical Magic ' reboot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . 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"Caralyn Kozlowski as Regina, Sally and Gillian's mother, who died of a broken heart after losing her husband to the Owens' curse."
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"died of a broken heart after losing her husband to the Owens' curse"
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-1356660630282415182 | Mad Max: Fury Road | Mad Max : Fury Road - Wikipedia Mad Max : Fury Road Jump to : navigation , search Mad Max : Fury Road Theatrical release poster Directed by George Miller Produced by Doug Mitchell George Miller PJ Voeten Written by George Miller Brendan McCarthy Nico Lathouris Starring Tom Hardy Charlize Theron Nicholas Hoult Hugh Keays - Byrne Rosie Huntington - Whiteley Riley Keough Zoë Kravitz Abbey Lee Courtney Eaton Music by Junkie XL Cinematography John Seale Edited by Margaret Sixel Production company Village Roadshow Pictures Kennedy Miller Mitchell RatPac - Dune Entertainment Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( United States / International ) Roadshow Films ( Australia ) Release date 7 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) 14 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) ( Australia ) 15 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 15 ) ( United States ) Running time 120 minutes Country Australia United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $378.9 million Mad Max : Fury Road is a 2015 action film co-written , co-produced and directed by George Miller . Miller collaborated with Brendan McCarthy and Nico Lathouris on the screenplay . The fourth installment and a reboot of the Mad Max franchise , it is a purely Australian adventure produced by Kennedy Miller Mitchell , RatPac - Dune Entertainment and Village Roadshow Pictures . The film is set in a post apocalyptic desert wasteland where gasoline and water are scarce commodities . It follows Max Rockatansky ( Tom Hardy ) , who joins forces with Imperator Furiosa ( Charlize Theron ) to flee from cult leader Immortan Joe ( Hugh Keays - Byrne ) and his army in an armoured tanker truck , which leads to a lengthy road battle . The film also features Nicholas Hoult , Rosie Huntington - Whiteley , Riley Keough , Zoë Kravitz , Abbey Lee , and Courtney Eaton . Fury Road was in development hell for many years , with pre-production starting as early as 1997 . Attempts were made to shoot the film in 2001 and 2003 , but were delayed due to the September 11 attacks and the Iraq War . In 2007 , after focusing on Happy Feet , Miller decided to pursue producing the film again . He briefly considered producing it as a computer - animated film but abandoned it in favour of live - action . In 2009 , Miller announced that filming would begin in early 2011 . Hardy was cast as Max in June 2010 , with production planned to begin that November . Principal photography was delayed several more times before beginning in July 2012 . The film wrapped in December 2012 , although additional film footage was shot in November 2013 . The film had its world premiere on 7 May 2015 at the TCL Chinese Theatre . It began a worldwide theatrical release on 14 May 2015 , including an out - of - competition screening at the 68th Cannes Film Festival , in 2D , 3D , IMAX 3D and 4DX . It has grossed over $378 million worldwide , making it the highest - grossing film in the Mad Max franchise . The film was ranked by many critics as the best film of 2015 , and is considered one of the greatest action films of all time ; acclaim went to its direction , screenplay , action sequences , and ensemble cast . Fury Road won multiple critical and guild awards , and received ten Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Director for George Miller . It won six : Costume Design , Production Design , Makeup and Hairstyling , Film Editing , Sound Editing and Sound Mixing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Themes and analysis 3.1 Survival 3.2 Feminism 3.3 Other themes 4 Production 4.1 Crew 4.2 Development 4.3 Filming 4.4 Post-production 4.5 Music 5 Release 5.1 Prequel comics 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Following a nuclear holocaust , the world has become a desert wasteland and civilization has collapsed . Max Rockatansky , a survivor , is captured by the War Boys , the army of the tyrannical Immortan Joe , and taken to Joe 's Citadel . Designated a universal blood donor , Max is imprisoned and used as a `` blood bag '' for a sick War Boy called Nux . Meanwhile , Imperator Furiosa , one of Joe 's lieutenants , is sent in her armoured semi-truck , the `` War Rig '' , to collect gasoline . When she drives off - route , Joe realizes that his five wives -- women selected for breeding -- are missing , and fleeing with her . Joe leads his entire army in pursuit of Furiosa , calling on the aid of nearby Gas Town and the Bullet Farm . Nux joins the pursuit with Max strapped to his car to continue supplying blood . A battle ensues between the War Rig and Joe 's forces . Furiosa drives into a sand storm , evading her pursuers , except Nux , who attempts to sacrifice himself to destroy the Rig . Max escapes and restrains Nux , but the car is destroyed . After the storm , Max finds Furiosa repairing the Rig , accompanied by the wives : Capable , Cheedo , Toast , the Dag and the Splendid Angharad , who is heavily pregnant with Joe 's child . Max steals the Rig , but its kill switch disables it . Max reluctantly agrees to let Furiosa and the wives accompany him ; Nux climbs on the Rig as it leaves and attempts to kill Furiosa , but is overcome and thrown out , and is picked up by Joe 's army . Furiosa drives through a biker gang - controlled canyon to barter a deal for safe passage . However , with Joe 's forces pursuing , the gang turns on her , forcing her and the group to flee , while the bikers detonate the canyon walls to block Joe . Max and Furiosa fight pursuing bikers as Joe 's car , with Nux now on board , breaks through the blockade and eventually attacks the War Rig , allowing Nux to board . However , as the Rig escapes , Angharad falls off in an attempt to protect Max and is run over by Joe 's car , killing her and her child . Furiosa explains to Max that they are escaping to the `` Green Place '' , an idyllic land she remembers from her childhood . Capable finds Nux hiding in the Rig , distraught over his failure , and consoles him . That night , the Rig gets stuck in the mud . Furiosa and Max slow Joe 's forces with mines , but Joe 's ally , the Bullet Farmer , continues pursuing them . Nux helps Max free the Rig while Furiosa shoots and blinds the Bullet Farmer . Max walks into the dark to confront the Bullet Farmer and his men , returning with guns and ammunition . They drive the War Rig overnight through swampland and desert , coming across a naked woman the next day . Max suspects a trap , though Furiosa approaches the woman and states her history and clan affiliation . The naked woman summons her clan , the Vuvalini , who recognize Furiosa as one of their own who was kidnapped as a child . Furiosa is devastated to learn that the swampland they passed was indeed the Green Place , now uninhabitable . The group then plans to ride motorbikes across immense salt flats in the hope of finding a new home . Max chooses to stay behind , but after seeing visions of a child he failed to save , he convinces them to return to the undefended Citadel , which has ample water and greenery that Joe keeps for himself , and trap Joe and his army in the bikers ' canyon . The group heads back to the Citadel , but they are attacked en route by Joe 's forces , and Furiosa is seriously wounded . Joe positions his car in front of the War Rig to slow it , while Max fights Joe 's giant son , Rictus Erectus . Joe captures Toast , who manages to distract him long enough for Furiosa to kill him . Nux sacrifices himself by wrecking the Rig , killing Rictus and blocking the canyon , allowing Max , Furiosa , the wives , and the surviving Vuvalini to escape in Joe 's car , where Max transfuses his blood to Furiosa , saving her life . At the Citadel , the impoverished citizens react to Joe 's death with joy . Furiosa , the wives , and the Vuvalini are cheered by the people and welcomed by the remaining War Boys . Max shares a respectful glance with Furiosa before blending into the crowd and again departing for parts unknown . Cast ( edit ) Tom Hardy as Max Rockatansky Charlize Theron as Imperator Furiosa Nicholas Hoult as Nux Hugh Keays - Byrne as Immortan Joe Rosie Huntington - Whiteley as The Splendid Angharad Nathan Jones as Rictus Erectus Riley Keough as Capable Zoë Kravitz as Toast the Knowing Abbey Lee as The Dag Courtney Eaton as Cheedo the Fragile Josh Helman as Slit John Howard as The People Eater Richard Carter as The Bullet Farmer Angus Sampson as The Organic Mechanic iOTA as The Doof Warrior Megan Gale as The Valkyrie Melissa Jaffer as Keeper of the Seeds Melita Jurisic , Gillian Jones , Joy Smithers , Antoinette Kellerman , and Christina Koch as The Vuvalini Quentin Kenihan as Corpus Colossus Jon Iles as The Ace Themes and analysis ( edit ) Survival ( edit ) The primary theme of Mad Max : Fury Road is survival and retention of humanity in the face of apocalyptic events . The theme of humanity is illustrated by Max beginning the film a feral wanderer , then rediscovering his former dignity by partnering with Furiosa . As the underlying goal for Max , the theme of staying alive has been carried over from the previous installments of the series that also highlight issues such as ecological collapse and moral decadence . `` Survival is key '' , explained Miller . `` I think it 's a reason why the American Western was such a staple for the better part of a century in American cinema . They were allegorical tales with figures in the landscape working these things out '' . Feminism ( edit ) Feminism is another theme that has received notice . Charlize Theron is a `` dramatic center for the film . '' Throughout the film , her character demonstrates the physicality of a hero committed to a rescue mission . Sarah Stewart of IndieWire writes : `` in the end , the movie ... sets up the start of a matriarchal society as an antidote to the barbarian , warlike tribes that came before '' . These elements contrast this film with the male - centered hero in the previous Mad Max films . Theron 's character , Furiosa , `` has a shaved head ... a fierce leather outfit ... a mechanical arm she jerry - rigged from salvaged tools , '' and `` is a sharpshooting powerhouse who can also handle an 18 - wheel war rig charging through the desert . '' She is `` a female road warrior . '' Throughout the film , Furiosa `` is a character exactly equal to Max . '' Furiosa and Max are presented as protagonist / antagonist . Kyle Smith of the New York Post said that the title character , Mad Max , is `` actually a secondary figure '' in a film that is not about a roaming Max Rockatansky . Instead , the movie is `` actually '' about a `` feminist revolt led by Imperator Furiosa '' against Immortan Joe . Other themes ( edit ) Further themes pointed out by critics have included vengeance , solidarity , home , and redemption . In his review of Mad Max : Fury Road , film critic A.O. Scott wrote : `` The themes of vengeance and solidarity , the wide - open spaces and the kinetic , ground - level movement mark Fury Road as a western , and the filmmakers pay tribute to such masters of the genre as John Ford , Budd Boetticher and , not least , Chuck Jones , whose Road Runner cartoons are models of ingenuity and rigor . '' Similar to the previous Mad Max films , home has been regarded as a central theme in Mad Max : Fury Road as it dominates the motivations of Max , Furiosa , and the Five Wives : his home was destroyed , she was taken from her home , and the wives are in search of a new home to raise their children . The unity of these characters also harnesses a concern for family , a common theme within Miller 's filmography . Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) George Miller -- director , producer , writer Brendan McCarthy -- writer Nico Lathouris -- writer Doug Mitchell -- producer P.J. Voeten -- producer Iain Smith -- executive producer John Seale -- cinematographer Colin Gibson -- production designer Jenny Beavan -- costume designer Margaret Sixel -- editor Junkie XL -- music composer Development ( edit ) Director George Miller ( pictured in 2014 ) announced in 2003 that a script had been written for a fourth film , and that pre-production was in the early stages . Plans for a fourth film in the Mad Max series hit financial difficulties and the project spent several years in `` development hell '' . In 1995 , George Miller re-acquired the rights to future Mad Max films from Warner Bros . The idea for a fourth instalment occurred to Miller in August 1998 when he was walking in an intersection in Los Angeles . About a year later , while travelling from Los Angeles to Australia , the idea coalesced . Miller conceived a story where `` violent marauders were fighting , not for oil or for material goods , but for human beings . '' The film was set to shoot in 2001 through 20th Century Fox , but was postponed because of the September 11 attacks that same year . `` The American dollar collapsed against the Australian dollar , and our budget ballooned '' , Miller said , adding that he `` had to move on to Happy Feet because there was a small window when that was ready '' . Mel Gibson , who starred in the original three previous films , would not return to his role as the lead character . Miller ended up re-casting the role because of controversies surrounding Gibson and because he wanted Max to remain at a younger age , as the `` same contemporary warrior '' . Miller announced in 2003 that a script had been written for a fourth film , and that pre-production was in the early stages . The project was given the green light to begin filming in the Australian desert in May 2003 with a budget of US $ 100 million , but the location was ruined by rainfall . Mad Max 4 entered then a hiatus in light of security concerns related to its Namibian shoot because of tightened travel and shipping restrictions at the onset of the Iraq War . In November 2006 , Miller stated that he intended to make Fury Road and that the film was never going to involve Gibson : `` There 's a real hope . The last thing I wanted to do is another Mad Max , but this script came along , and I 'm completely carried away with it . '' The film 's screenplay was co-written with cult British comic creator Brendan McCarthy , who also designed many of the new characters and vehicles . Miller again confirmed his intention to make another Mad Max at the 2007 Aurora filmmaker initiative . However , he stated that he thought Gibson would not be interested in the film because of his age . Heath Ledger was reportedly considered for the lead before his death in 2008 . On 5 March 2009 , it was announced that an R - rated 3D animated feature film was in pre-production and would be taking much of the plot from Fury Road , although Gibson would not be in the film and Miller was looking for a `` different route '' , a `` renaissance '' of the franchise . Miller cited director Akira Kurosawa as an inspiration for what he wanted to do with the franchise . Miller was also developing an action - adventure tie - in video game based on the fourth film , along with God of War II video game designer Cory Barlog . Both projects were expected to take two to two - and - a-half years , according to Miller , with a release date of either 2011 or 2012 . Fury Road was going to be produced at Dr. D Studios , a digital art studios founded in 2008 by Miller and Doug Mitchell . On 18 May 2009 , it was reported that location scouting was underway for Mad Max 4 . After exploring the possibility of an animated 3D film , Miller decided instead to shoot a 3D live action film . By this time , production had moved to Warner Bros. In October 2009 , Miller announced that principal photography on Fury Road would commence at Broken Hill , New South Wales in early 2011 , ending years of speculation . This announcement attracted widespread media attention in Australia , with speculation on whether Gibson would return as Max . That same month , British actor Tom Hardy was in negotiations to take the lead role of Max , while it was also announced that Charlize Theron would play a major role in the film . In June 2010 , Hardy announced on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross that he would play the title role . In July 2010 , Miller announced plans to shoot two Mad Max films back - to - back , entitled Mad Max : Fury Road and Mad Max : Furiosa . Weta Digital was originally involved with the film when it was scheduled for a 2012 release . The company was to be handling visual effects , conceptual designs , speciality make - up effects , and costume designs until production was postponed from its November 2010 start date . In November 2011 , filming was moved from Broken Hill back to Namibia , after unexpected heavy rains caused wildflowers to grow in the desert , inappropriate for the look of the film . Other potential locations scouted included the Atacama Desert in Chile , Chott el Djerid in Tunisia , and Azerbaijan . In a July 2014 interview at San Diego Comic - Con International , Miller said he designed the film in storyboard form before writing the screenplay , working with five storyboard artists . It came out as about 3,500 panels , almost the same number of shots as in the finished film . He wanted the film to be almost a continuous chase , with relatively little dialogue , and to have the visuals come first . Paraphrasing Alfred Hitchcock , Miller said that he wanted the film to be understood in Japan without the use of subtitles . Filming ( edit ) Charlize Theron 's costume for her character , Imperator Furiosa . Principal photography began on 26 June 2012 in Namibia . Filming also took place at Potts Hill and Penrith Lakes in Western Sydney . In October 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Warner Bros. sent an executive to keep the production on track . Filming wrapped on 17 December 2012 and lasted for 120 days . In February 2013 , a leaked draft from the Namibian Coast Conservation and Management group accused the producers of damaging parts of the Namib Desert , endangering a number of plant and animal species . However , the Namibia Film Commission said it had `` no reservations '' after visiting the set during production . It disputed claims reported in the media , calling the accusations `` unjust rhetoric '' . In September 2013 , it was announced that the film would undergo reshoots in November 2013 . Miller said that he did not feel he had to top himself in terms of production design compared to the previous films in the series . Instead , he wanted the production design to harken back to the earlier films and reflect the changes of the past 30 years . Colin Gibson , the production designer , said that they developed an internally consistent history to explain the film 's look and justify its use of hot rods . Gibson designed the film 's vehicles , all of which are fully functional . Construction of some of the vehicles began as early as 2003 . The cars were designed to show characterisation and detail in the world , including the characters ' feelings of guilt , loss , and their attempts to recycle the remains of civilisation . Both the Doof Wagon and the Doof Warrior 's guitar are fully functional -- none of his scenes were rendered in CGI . Cinematographer John Seale came out of retirement to shoot Fury Road . He replaced Dean Semler , the cinematographer of the previous two films , after Semler left . Seale outfitted his camera crew with six Arri Alexa Pluses and four Alexa Ms , as well as a number of Canon EOS 5Ds and Olympus PEN E-P5s that were used as crash cams for the action sequences . It was the first time Seale shot with digital cameras . Because of the fast nature required for edits , Miller asked Seale to keep the focus of the shot centered for each scene , thus allowing the audience to quickly orient towards it . In July 2014 , director George Miller described the film as `` a very simple allegory , almost a western on wheels '' . Miller said that 90 % of the effects were practical . Second unit director and supervising stunt coordinator Guy Norris was in charge of over 150 stunt performers , which included Cirque du Soleil performers and Olympic athletes . Miller invited playwright Eve Ensler to act as an on - set adviser . Impressed with the script 's depth and what she saw as feminist themes , she spent a week in Namibia , where she spoke to the actors about issues of violence against women . Post-production ( edit ) Mad Max : Fury Road contains 2,000 visual effects shots . The lead effects company was Iloura , who delivered more than 1,500 effects shots for the film . Additional visual effects studios that worked on the film include Method Studios , Stereo D , 4DMax , BlackGinger , The Third Floor , and Dr. D Studios . Miller recruited his wife , Margaret Sixel , to edit the film , as he felt she could make it stand out from other action films . Sixel had 480 hours of footage to edit ; watching it took three months . The film contains about 2,700 cuts of its entire running length , which is equivalent to 22.5 cuts per minute compared to The Road Warrior 's 1,200 cuts of its 90 - minute running time equivalent to 13.33 cuts per minute . The frame rate was also manipulated . `` Something like 50 or 60 percent of the film is not running at 24 frames a second , which is the traditional frame rate , '' said Seale . `` It 'll be running below 24 frames because George , if he could n't understand what was happening in the shot , he slowed it down until you could . Or if it was too well understood , he 'd shorten it or he 'd speed it up back towards 24 . His manipulation of every shot in that movie is intense . '' The Washington Post would later note that the changing frame rate gave the film an `` almost cartoonishly jerky '' look . The extensive effects work included altering lighting and time of day , weather effects , terrain replacement and plate composition . Night scenes were filmed in bright daylight , deliberately overexposed and colour - manipulated . In many shots , the sky was digitally replaced with more detailed or interesting skies . Charlize Theron wore a green cover over her left arm to aid effects artists in digitally removing her arm from her scenes . BAFTA - winning costume designer Jenny Beavan said `` As far as I know , the only VFX on our costume was the green glove Charlize wore to hide her arm and they also took out wires from the harnesses . Otherwise , every costume is what it is . It 's costume . It 's their clothing . It 's just made for real ! Oh yes and some of the extras -- the wretched -- they were enhanced . Only for the wide shots . '' Sound designer Mark Mangini stated that he viewed the War Rig as an allegory for Moby - Dick with Immortan Joe playing the role of Captain Ahab . As such , the mechanical truck sounds were layered with whale calls to provide a more animal - like quality to the truck . When the tank is pierced with harpoons and milk sprays out , the sound of whale blow - holes were used . For the final destruction of the War Rig , the only sounds used were slowed down bear growls to symbolise the death of the truck as a living creature . Both a PG - 13 and R - rated version had been shown separately in different test screenings . The R - rated version was better received by test audiences , leading Warner Bros. to release it . Music ( edit ) Main article : Mad Max : Fury Road ( soundtrack ) The musical score for Mad Max : Fury Road was written by the Dutch composer Junkie XL . Prior to Junkie XL 's involvement , Hans Zimmer , John Powell and Marco Beltrami were attached at separate times to score the film . After hearing Junkie XL 's score for 300 : Rise of an Empire , Miller met with the composer in Sydney . `` I got very inspired and started writing pieces of music for scenes , '' said Junkie XL . `` The initial main themes were written in the four weeks after that first meeting and those themes never changed . '' A soundtrack album was released by WaterTower Music on 12 May 2015 . Release ( edit ) George Miller , Charlize Theron , and Tom Hardy promoting the film at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival . A deluxe edition hardcover collection of art titled Mad Max : Fury Road - Inspired Artists Deluxe Edition inspired by the film was released on 6 May 2015 . Mad Max : Fury Road had its world premiere on 7 May 2015 at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles . On 14 May 2015 , it screened out - of - competition at the 68th Cannes Film Festival , and then was released in theatres on 15 May 2015 . Leading up its release , the film was digitally re-mastered into the IMAX 3D format . It was released into IMAX theatres in select international territories on 13 May 2015 . It also received a one - week only IMAX 3D re-release in America starting 11 September 2015 . Warner Bros. spent a total of $43.7 million on advertisement for the film . It was re-released in India on March 11 , 2016 in 3D and IMAX 3D . Fury Road was however never granted a release in China , the world 's second biggest movie market , due to its intense nature , but it was almost immediately available for legal streaming on various online platforms . Prequel Comics ( edit ) Main article : Mad Max : Fury Road ( comic book ) In May 2015 , Vertigo began publishing a comic book prequel limited series . Each issue focuses on the backstory of one or two of the film 's characters . The first issue , titled Mad Max : Fury Road - Nux and Immortan Joe # 1 , was released on 20 May . The second , Mad Max : Fury Road - Furiosa # 1 , was released on 17 June . The third , Mad Max : Fury Road - Mad Max # 1 , was released on 8 July . The final issue , Mad Max : Fury Road - Mad Max # 2 , was released on 5 August . A single - volume collection containing the stories of all four issues was released on 26 August . Home Media ( edit ) Miller stated that the Blu - ray Disc release would include black - and - white and silent versions of the film , with the latter accompanied by the musical score . Miller described the black - and - white cut as the best version of the film . However , when details for both the United Kingdom and United States releases of the Blu - ray were announced , the alternate cuts were absent . Producer Doug Mitchell in December 2015 confirmed that the black and white version existed and could potentially see a future theatrical release . In January 2016 , Miller announced the black - and - white versions would appear in another DVD release . The film was released on Blu - ray and DVD in the United Kingdom on 5 October 2015 . In the United States , the film was released digitally on 11 August 2015 , and physically on 1 September . In addition to the stand - alone release , a box set containing all four films and a documentary about the series titled `` Madness of Max '' was released the same day . In October 2016 , the black and white version of Fury Road , called Mad Max : Black & Chrome debuted in the Mad Max : High Octane anthology ; a stand - alone version of the film was also available for streaming at the same time and was released on physical media on December 6 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Mad Max : Fury Road became a moderate box office success theatrically . When comparing the final theatrical gross to its $200 million budget ( including production , marketing and distribution costs ) , it was an average hit , with Forbes comparing the box office figures of the film to Edge of Tomorrow , calling it `` too expensive , but not really a flop . '' The Hollywood Reporter calculated that the loss incurred by the film was around $20 -- 40 million . According to Forbes , one of the reasons the film emerged less successful than hoped was its cancelled release in China ; success there could have aided the film in at least passing $400 million . It grossed $153.6 million in North America and $224.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $378.4 million . It had a worldwide opening weekend total of $109 million , and went on to become the second highest - grossing Warner Bros. film of 2015 ( behind San Andreas ) , and the nineteenth highest - grossing film of 2015 worldwide overall . In the United States and Canada , Mad Max : Fury Road opened simultaneously with Pitch Perfect 2 . It opened Friday , 15 May 2015 , across 3,702 theatres , and earned $16.77 million on its opening day . This included $3.7 million it made from Thursday night run from 3,000 theatres . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $45.4 million , finishing in second at the box office behind Pitch Perfect 2 ( $69.2 million ) . Mad Max : Fury Road , unlike the other seven 2015 Academy Award for Best Picture nominees , became the only film which did not get any box office bump after the nominees were announced in January 2016 . However , Fury Road was released eight months prior to the announcement and had ended its theatrical run on September 24 , 2015 . Outside North America , it opened on 14 May on 12,000 screens in 48 countries , earning $10.4 million . It opened in 20 more countries on 15 May , earning $14.2 million from 16,700 screens in 68 countries , for a two - day total of $24.6 million . Through Sunday , 17 May , it had an opening weekend total of $65 million from over 9.1 million admissions on nearly 16,900 screens across 68 countries , debuting at second place behind Avengers : Age of Ultron . It went number one in 40 countries . Its highest openings were recorded in the UK ( $7 million ) , South Korea ( $6.6 million ) , France ( $6.1 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $6 million ) and Australia ( $4.9 million ) . It opened in its last market , Japan , on June 20 , earning $2.2 million from 175,000 admissions in its opening weekend debuting at No. 2 behind local film Love Live ! The School Idol Movie . In total earnings , its three largest markets outside of the US and Canada are South Korea ( $29.7 million ) , followed by the UK ( $26.9 million ) and France ( $18.1 million ) . Critical reception ( edit ) Mad Max : Fury Road received widespread critical acclaim . Some critics have named the film one of the greatest action films ever made . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 97 % approval rating and rating average score of 8.6 out of 10 based on 374 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` With exhilarating action and a surprising amount of narrative heft , Mad Max : Fury Road brings George Miller 's post-apocalyptic franchise roaring vigorously back to life . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating , the film has a score of 90 out of 100 based on 51 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade cinema audiences gave the film was a `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film a full five stars and praised the film for its acting , screenplay , choreography , stunts , humor , and direction calling the film a `` spiritual sequel '' and an `` eruption of craziness . '' Writing for The Guardian and awarding the film four stars out of five , Peter Bradshaw wrote , `` Extravagantly deranged , ear - splittingly cacophonous , and entirely over the top , George Miller has revived his Mad Max punk - western franchise as a bizarre convoy chase action - thriller in the post-apocalyptic desert . '' The New York Times wrote , `` Miller has reminded us that blockbusters have the potential to not only be art , but radically visionary -- even the fourth in a series . What a lovely day , indeed . '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes gave the film 10 out of 10 stars and wrote , `` Mad Max : Fury Road is a remarkable and glorious motion picture , not just one of the great action movies of our time but also a great and timely film , period . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote , `` In the same way that the original 1979 Mad Max was the Citizen Kane of gut - bucket Australian exploitation cinema , Mad Max : Fury Road may well be the Götterdämmerung of drive - in movies . It has its roots in the Western and the post-apocalyptic road - rage action saga ( ... ) , where Miller dares anyone else to follow in his tire treads . '' IGN reviewer Scott Collura gave the film 9.2 out of 10 , saying : `` The over-the - top stunts and eccentric characters and designs are all hugely important to Fury Road , ... but it 's the overriding sense of the film 's uniqueness , its striving to be something more than just another action movie , that is most impressive . '' The film has also been praised by scholars on several fronts . Feminist critics have praised the dominant role taken by Furiosa and the range of atypical female roles including the wives and the gun - toting Vuvalini , and disability studies scholars have commended the film for its positive , non-stigmatizing portrayals of physical and psychological disabilities . Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by Mad Max : Fury Road Mad Max : Fury Road was named one of the best films of 2015 by numerous critics and publications , including ranked first on the rogerebert.com Ten Best Films of 2015 , and was Rotten Tomatoes ' best scoring film of 2015 . The film topped Metacritic 's tally of film critics year - end best film lists , with 58 critics naming it their best film of the year . Mad Max : Fury Road was named the nineteen - greatest film of the 21st century in a 2016 BBC critics ' poll . In 2017 , it was named the nineteenth `` Best Film of the 21st Century So Far '' by The New York Times . The film won many critical and guild awards , and received ten Academy Award nominations , including Best Picture and Best Director , the second most - nominated film of the 88th Academy Awards after The Revenant , also starring Hardy . It is the first film of the Mad Max franchise to receive Academy Award recognition , and one of the few sequels to be nominated for Best Picture . The film won six Academy Awards for Best Film Editing , Best Production Design , Best Costume Design , Best Makeup and Hairstyling , Best Sound Mixing , and Best Sound Editing , surpassing all other films at the awards ceremony , and broke the record for the most wins for an Australian film , previously held by The Piano ( 1993 ) , which won three Oscars . Sequels ( edit ) In 2011 , Miller and McCarthy found during the writing process for Fury Road that they had enough story material for two additional scripts . One of these , entitled Mad Max : Furiosa , had already been completed , and Miller hoped to film it after the release of Fury Road . In March 2015 , during an interview with Esquire , Hardy revealed that he was attached to star in three more Mad Max films following Fury Road . In May 2015 , Miller told Wired : `` Should Fury Road be successful , I 've got two other stories to tell . '' Later in May , Miller revealed that plans for the sequel had changed and the fifth film in the franchise will instead be titled Mad Max : The Wasteland . In October 2015 , Miller 's team had two scripts for sequels which they ended up with during the writing process . Later that month , he clarified that Mad Max : The Wasteland was a working title for the sequel . Miller reaffirmed his intent to continue the franchise after reports to the contrary surfaced following an interview in January 2016 . In November 2017 , it was reported that a lawsuit filed by Miller 's production company against Warner Bros. over a disputed $7 million bonus was likely to delay the production of any sequels . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MAD MAX : FURY ROAD ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 5 May 2015 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mad Max Fury Road '' . 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Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` How ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' lured Oscar winner John Seale back behind the camera '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie . `` Could a blockbuster win the Oscar ? With ' Mad Max , ' ' Star Wars , ' it does n't seem impossible '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A graphic tale : the visual effects of Mad Max : Fury Road '' . fxguide. 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Wooding , Andy . `` ' Mad Max : Fury Road costume designer - Jenny Beavan - In Conversation ' '' . Film Doctor . Film Doctor . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , James . `` ' Mad Max ' sound designer Mark Mangini was inspired by ' Moby Dick ' '' . The Frame . Southern California Public Radio . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ AskMen Editors . `` Mad Max Fury Road Interview '' . AskMen . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' to Feature Music by Junkie XL '' . Film Music Reporter. 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldwasser , Dan ( November 2006 ) . `` John Powell -- Interview '' . Soundtrack.Net . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Project : MAD MAX 4 , Fans of Film Music audiopodcast '' . The Marco Beltrami Universe. 6 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sheila ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Composer Junkie XL Talks 300 : RISE OF AN EMPIRE , DIVERGENT , Possibly Collaborating with Hans Zimmer on INTERSTELLAR , MAD MAX : FURY ROAD , and More '' . Collider.com . Complex . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` Junkie XL Talks RUN ALL NIGHT , MAD MAX : FURY ROAD , BATMAN V SUPERMAN , and More '' . Collider.com . Complex . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` WaterTower Music to Release ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Soundtrack '' . Film Music Reporter. 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( 12 February 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Swerves Into Stores With Prequel Comic and Art Book '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wheeler , Andrew ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` Fast and Furiosa : Comic Artist Take On ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' '' . Comics Alliance . Townsquare Media . Archived from the original on 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Day , Deborah ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Mel Gibson Drops in on Tom Hardy at ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Los Angeles Premiere ( Photos ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( 25 March 2015 ) . `` Cannes : ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' to Screen '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Set For Summer 2015 '' . Deadline.com. 20 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures And Village Roadshow Pictures ' Mad Max : Fury Road To Charge Into Select Overseas IMAX ® Theatres Starting May 13 '' . PR Newswire. 5 May 2015 . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( 8 September 2015 ) . `` Summer Movie Ad Buys : ' Mission : Impossible , ' ' Mad Max ' Get Biggest U.S. Spend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ PTI ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' to Re-Release in India '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fergus Ryan ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Chinese ' Mad Max ' Knock - Off ' Mad Shelia ' Starts Streaming Friday '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved November 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Donna ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` Dig deep into the lore of Mad Max : Fury Road with Vertigo Comics '' . HitFix . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( 17 June 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Fury Road - Furiosa # 1 Review '' . IGN . j2 Global . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max Fury Road - Mad Max # 1 Review '' . IGN . j2 Global . 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Max ' Backstory Explored in Fury Road Prequel Comic '' . MovieWeb . WATCHR Media , Inc . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max : Fury Road '' . Vertigo . Time Warner . Retrieved 16 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( 23 May 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Blu - Ray Includes Black & White , ' Silent ' Cut '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Miller Talks Mad Max : Fury Road , Deleted Scenes , Being a DC Comics Kid '' . Collider . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 14 July 2015 ) . `` Looks Like That Black - And - White Version Of ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Is n't Getting A Blu - Ray Release After All '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( 21 July 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Coming To Blu - ray On September 1 , No Black & White Version Though '' . Rope of Silicon . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi . `` We could see a black - and - white Mad Max : Fury Road in theaters next year '' . The Verge . Retrieved 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Rochlin , Margy ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` Oscars 2016 : ' Mad Max ' director George Miller amazed by fans ' tattoos , love for Doof Warrior '' . LaTimes.com . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Mckee , Briony ( 18 July 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Fury Road UK 's Blu - ray release wo n't include George Miller 's Black and White Cut '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 20 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( 22 July 2015 ) . `` Mad Max : Fury Road Blu - ray announced '' . IGN . j2 Global . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ October 25 , 2016 : This Week on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD ComingSoon Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Should ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Get A Sequel ? Reviews Say ' Yes , ' Box Office , ' No . ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Tops $300 Million Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( June 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Runs Over $300 M , Looks To Int'l Box Office To Carry It '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` And the Oscar for Profitability Goes to ... ' The Martian ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : Yes , ' Terminator Genisys ' Has Outgrossed ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( 12 May 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' Expected To Push ' Mad Max ' Off Road -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( 16 May 2015 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Races To $16.8 M '' . Forbes . ( Forbes Inc . ) . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Pitch Perfect 2 ' Outsings ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` ' Pitch Perfect 2 , ' ' Mad Max ' Off To Rollicking Good Starts -- Box Office Thursday '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for May 15 - 17 , 2015 '' . Box Office Mojo. 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Which Oscar Contenders Are Getting the Biggest Bump ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Max ' Puts The Pedal to the Metal With $10.4 M Thursday -- Int'l B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Max ' Two - Day Total Now $24.6 M As It Goes Head - to - Head With ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Saturday -- Int'l B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 17 May 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Max ' Roars To $65 M ; ' Pitch Perfect 2 ′ Chimes In At $27 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Opens in Second Spot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 14 June 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Rules ; ' San Andreas ' & ' Spy ' Follow At Intl Box Office -- Update '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Nears $1 B Global ; ' Inside Out ' , ' Minions ' Highly Animated In Debuts -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Yaniz Jr. , Robert ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Mad Max : Fury Road Named Best Film of 2015 by Worldwide Critics '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Mad Max : Fury Road awarded Best Picture by National Board of Review '' . Polygon . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Danny ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` What a lovely day for ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' at the Oscars '' . CNET . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Action & Adventure Movies '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( 15 May 2015 ) . `` Mad Max : Fury Road : One of the greatest action films of all time ? Here are the top 12 according to Metacritic '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mad Max : Fury Road Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Pitch Perfect 2 Pitch - Slaps Mad Max : Fury Road '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline. 17 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Mad Max : Fury Road review : ' a Krakatoan eruption of craziness ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . ( Telegraph Media Group ) . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Mad Max : Fury Road review -- Tom Hardy is a macho Mr Bean in brilliantly pimped reboot '' . The Guardian . ( Guardian Media Group ) . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Dazzling ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Is a Ca n't Miss Thrill '' . The New York Times . ( The New York Times Company ) . Associated Press . 11 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2015 . Retrieved 13 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Is An Action Movie Masterpiece '' . Forbes . Forbes Inc . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Review : Tom Hardy and Charlize Theron Rev Up This Post-Apocalyptic Return Trip '' . TheWrap . The Wrap News Inc . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Mad Max : Fury Road Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Action movie Mad Max wins unlikely legion of feminist fans '' . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Mad Max : Fury Road could be the loudest silent movie ever '' . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Brandon ; Primack , Alvin , J. ( 2017 ) . `` Driving toward disability rhetorics : narrative , crip theory , and eco-ability in Mad Max : Fury Road '' . Critical Studies in Media Communication . 34 ( 4 ) : 344 -- 357 . doi : 10.1080 / 15295036.2017. 1329540 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies of 2015 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Steve Greene ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` Critics Pick the Best Films and Performances of 2015 in Indiewire 's Annual Poll '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spotlight ' and ' Mad Max ' top our best movies of the year - New York Post '' . New York Post . 18 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 : Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 21st Century 's 100 greatest films '' . BBC . August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ; Scott , A.O. `` The 25 Best Films of the 21st Century ... So Far '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oscar Nominations : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 22 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , Jim ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` Oscar Nominations 2016 : View The Complete List Of Nominees '' . The Oscars . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan . `` Mad Max : Fury Road wins most awards of the night with six Oscars '' . The Verge . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Pip Bulbeck ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars : ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Sets Australian Record With Six Wins '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turner , Brook ( 25 November 2011 ) . `` George Miller 's new script '' . The Australian Financial Review . Fairfax Media . Archived from the original on 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Collinge , Miranda ( 30 March 2015 ) . `` Tom Hardy Is Esquire 's May Cover Star '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Logan ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Mad Max : What it takes to make the most intense movie ever '' . Wired . ( Condé Nast ) . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` George Miller Gives ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Sequel a Title '' . / Film . Archived from the original on 19 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` George Miller Promises ' More Max , ' Starting With ' Mad Max : The Wasteland ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on 19 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Jack Shepherd ( 5 October 2015 ) . `` Mad Max : The Wasteland : Director George Miller confirms Fury Road will have two sequels '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon Reynolds ( 12 October 2015 ) . `` Mad Max Fury Road sequel wo n't star Charlize Theron 's Imperator Furiosa '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` George Miller Will Be Involved with Mad Max Sequels '' . Collider. 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Director George Miller sues Warner Bros over Mad Max : Fury Road earnings '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2017 - 11 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mad Max : Fury Road on IMDb Mad Max : Fury Road at AllMovie Mad Max : Fury Road at Box Office Mojo Mad Max : Fury Road at Metacritic Mad Max : Fury Road at Rotten Tomatoes Mad Max : Fury Road on IMDb Related topic navboxes Mad Max Films Mad Max Mad Max 2 Beyond Thunderdome Fury Road Music Mad Max Mad Max 2 Beyond Thunderdome `` We Do n't Need Another Hero ( Thunderdome ) '' `` One of the Living '' Fury Road Other media Mad Max ( 1990 video game ) Mad Max ( 2015 video game ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( comic book ) Characters Max Rockatansky Imperator Furiosa Nux Miscellaneous Pursuit Special Legacy and influence Fury Road accolades Wasteland Weekend Films directed by George Miller Mad Max ( 1979 ) Mad Max 2 ( 1981 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( 1983 ) Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 ) The Witches of Eastwick ( 1987 ) Lorenzo 's Oil ( 1992 ) 40,000 Years of Dreaming ( 1997 ) Babe : Pig in the City ( 1998 ) Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Happy Feet Two ( 2011 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) AACTA Award for Best Film 1958 -- 1975 Conquest of the Rivers / Hard to Windward ( 1958 ) Edge of The Deep / The Power Makers ( 1959 ) Three in a Million ( 1960 ) Not awarded ( 1961 ) Bypass to Life / Night Freighter ( 1962 ) The Land That Waited ( 1963 ) The Dancing Class / I , the Aboriginal ( 1964 ) The Legend of Damien Parer / Stronger Since The War ( 1965 ) Concerto for Orchestra ( 1966 ) Cardin in Australia ( 1967 ) The Change at Groote / The Talgai Skull ( 1968 ) Jack and Jill : A Postscript ( 1969 ) Three To Go : Michael ( 1970 ) Homesdale ( 1971 ) Stork ( 1972 ) Libido : The Child / 27A ( 1973 ) Sunday Too Far Away ( 1974 / 75 ) 1976 -- 2000 The Devil 's Playground ( 1976 ) Storm Boy ( 1977 ) Newsfront ( 1978 ) My Brilliant Career ( 1979 ) Breaker Morant ( 1980 ) Gallipoli ( 1981 ) Lonely Hearts ( 1982 ) Careful , He Might Hear You ( 1983 ) Annie 's Coming Out ( 1984 ) Bliss ( 1985 ) Malcolm ( 1986 ) The Year My Voice Broke ( 1987 ) The Navigator : A Medieval Odyssey ( 1988 ) Evil Angels ( 1989 ) Flirting ( 1990 ) Proof ( 1991 ) Strictly Ballroom ( 1992 ) The Piano ( 1993 ) Muriel 's Wedding ( 1994 ) Angel Baby ( 1995 ) Shine ( 1996 ) Kiss or Kill ( 1997 ) The Interview ( 1998 ) Two Hands ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lantana ( 2001 ) Rabbit - 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Chew ( 1995 ) Shine -- David Hirschfelder ( 1996 ) Doing Time for Patsy Cline -- Peter Best ( 1997 ) Oscar and Lucinda -- Thomas Newman ( 1998 ) In a Savage Land -- David Bridie ( 1999 ) Bootmen -- Cezary Skubiszewski ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present The Dish -- Edmund Choi ( 2001 ) Rabbit - Proof Fence -- Peter Gabriel ( 2002 ) Japanese Story -- Elizabeth Drake ( 2003 ) Somersault -- Decoder Ring ( 2004 ) The Proposition -- Nick Cave and Warren Ellis ( 2005 ) Suburban Mayhem -- Mick Harvey ( 2006 ) The Home Song Stories -- Antony Partos ( 2007 ) Unfinished Sky -- Antony Partos ( 2008 ) Mao 's Last Dancer -- Christopher Gordon ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom -- Antony Partos and Sam Petty ( 2010 ) The Hunter -- Andrew Lancaster , Michael Lira and Matteo Zingales ( 2011 ) Not Suitable for Children -- Matteo Zingales and Jono Ma ( 2012 ) The Great Gatsby -- Craig Armstrong ( 2013 ) The Railwayman -- David Hirschfelder ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- Tom Holkenborg ( 2015 ) Tanna -- Antony Partos ( 2016 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Action Movie The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Drive ( 2011 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) Hacksaw Ridge ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for Film of the Year Apocalypse Now ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Missing ( 1982 ) The King of Comedy ( 1983 ) Paris , Texas ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) House of Games ( 1988 ) Distant Voices , Still Lives ( 1989 ) Crimes and Misdemeanors ( 1990 ) Thelma & Louise ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) The Piano ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Fargo ( 1996 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Being John Malkovich ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) About Schmidt ( 2002 ) Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) United 93 ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) The Wrestler ( 2008 ) A Prophet ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Amour ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Nebula Award for Best Script / Ray Bradbury Award Nebula Award for Best Script Soylent Green -- Stanley R. Greenberg ( 1973 ) Sleeper -- Woody Allen ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein -- Mel Brooks and Gene Wilder ( 1975 ) Star Wars -- George Lucas ( 1977 ) The Sixth Sense -- M. 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Michael Straczynski ( 1999 ) 2000X -- Tales of the Next Millennia -- Yuri Rasovsky and Harlan Ellison ( 2001 ) Joss Whedon ( 2008 ) District 9 -- Neill Blomkamp and Terri Tatchell ( 2009 ) Inception -- Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) Doctor Who : `` The Doctor 's Wife '' -- Richard Clark and Neil Gaiman ( 2011 ) Beasts of the Southern Wild -- Benh Zeitlin , Lucy Alibar ( 2012 ) Gravity -- Alfonso Cuarón and Jonás Cuarón ( 2013 ) Guardians of the Galaxy -- James Gunn and Nicole Perlman ( 2014 ) Mad Max : Fury Road -- George Miller , Brendan McCarthy , and Nico Lathouris ( 2015 ) Arrival -- Eric Heisserer ( 2016 ) Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mad_Max:_Fury_Road&oldid=827875246 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2015 3D films 2010s action films 2010s road movies 2010s science fiction films American films American road movies American science fiction action films American sequel films Australian films Australian science fiction action films Australian sequel films BAFTA winners ( films ) Chase films Feminist films Films about terrorism Films directed by George Miller Films scored by Junkie XL Films shot in Namibia Films shot in South Africa Films shot in Sydney Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Editing Academy Award Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award IMAX films Mad Max films Post-apocalyptic films Reboot films Road movies Trucker films Village Roadshow Pictures films Water scarcity in fiction Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use Australian English from June 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from September 2015 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote تۆرکجه Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 06 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays mad max in mad max fury road | [
"Mad Max: Fury Road is a 2015 action film co-written, co-produced and directed by George Miller. Miller collaborated with Brendan McCarthy and Nico Lathouris on the screenplay. The fourth installment and a reboot[7] of the Mad Max franchise, it is a purely Australian adventure produced by Kennedy Miller Mitchell, RatPac-Dune Entertainment and Village Roadshow Pictures. The film is set in a post apocalyptic desert wasteland where gasoline and water are scarce commodities. It follows Max Rockatansky (Tom Hardy), who joins forces with Imperator Furiosa (Charlize Theron) to flee from cult leader Immortan Joe (Hugh Keays-Byrne) and his army in an armoured tanker truck, which leads to a lengthy road battle. The film also features Nicholas Hoult, Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Riley Keough, Zoë Kravitz, Abbey Lee, and Courtney Eaton."
] | [
"Tom Hardy"
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8071375185691766415 | The State (2017 TV series) | The State ( 2017 tv series ) - wikipedia The State ( 2017 tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search The State Written by Peter Kosminsky Directed by Peter Kosminsky Starring Ony Uhiara Sam Otto Shavani Cameron Ryan McKen Composer ( s ) Debbie Wiseman Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes Production Producer ( s ) Steve Clark - Hall Cinematography Gavin Finney Running time 48 mins Release Original network Channel 4 Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release 20 August ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) -- 23 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) The State is a four - part television serial written and directed by Peter Kosminsky , dramatising the experiences of young British Muslims going to Syria to join Islamic State . The series was broadcast in the UK by Channel 4 on successive nights between 20 and 23 August 2017 , and shown worldwide by National Geographic , showing in Australia from 23 August , and premiering in the United States on 18 and 19 September , In France it will also be shown by Canal+ from 4 September . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Ony Uhiara as Shakira , a British doctor and single mother . Sam Otto as Jalal , a Londoner following his dead elder brother to Syria , wanting to understand what he had experienced . Shavani Cameron as Ushna , a teenager seeking to be a `` lioness for lions '' . Ryan McKen as Ziyad , Jalal 's closest friend , accompanying him and hoping for adventure . Hiam Abbass as Umm Salamah Jessica Gunning as Umm Walid Yasen Atour as Abu Issa Ali Suliman as Abu Omar , Jalal and Ziyad 's commander Amir El - Masry as Sayed , a Syrian pharmacist who has remained in Raqqah Haaz Sleiman as Dr Rabia , a Syrian doctor in the hospital Fayez Bakhsh as Abu Jihad Al - Brittani , best friend of Jalal 's deceased older brother Nitin Ganatra as Jalal 's father . Karim Kassem as Abu Akram , an Egyptian jihadist Production ( edit ) The series was green - lit in July 2016 , following extensive research by Kosminsky . Most of the location filming was undertaken in Spain later that autumn . Reception ( edit ) The first episode was watched live by 1.4 million viewers , which was described by Broadcast magazine as a `` solid start '' . However , Channel 4 is unlikely to make money from the series : according to outgoing chief creative officer Jay Hunt , the channel needs to cross-subsidise such dramas with more populist programmes such as Great British Bake Off . The figure increased to 2.33 million taking into account catch - up viewing over the next seven days , and 2.49 million after a month . The series was widely praised by viewers and critics . The Guardian wrote that `` this Isis drama is ... gripping and genuinely enlightening '' , and The Telegraph noted that `` viewers on Twitter praised its stars and creators for ' capturing how barbaric and evil ISIS are ' . '' Before the drama aired , Richard Kemp , a former advisor to the UK government on counter-terrorism , warned that it would be a `` recruiting sergeant '' for ISIS , a view prominently reported by several tabloid newspapers . However , the idea that the drama made ISIS glamorous or attractive was rejected by most reviewers . Most reviewers found the drama powerful , immersive , and compelling , with both its direction and acting widely praised . However , many questioned the portrayal of the protagonists ' apparent initial ignorance and naivety , and of their subsequent antipathy to brutality and hatred , and doubted that either were representative of real jihadis . Although a few references were made to IS 's online engagement and misinformation , the decision not to present detailed back - stories for the characters led some critics to suggest that the series failed to explore why people might become radicalised , and that such apparently reasonable people would never have gone to Syria to support it . On the other hand , as former Conservative minister Baroness Warsi commented , `` There are many proud parents who can not understand why their children find an affiliation with Isil ... So often we have lazily defined those attracted to violent ideologies promulgated in far - off countries as mad , bad misfits and yet the reality is far more complicated . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tom Houghton , Nine - year - old to star in Channel 4 ISIS drama , Wales Online , 1 March 2017 Jump up ^ The State , National Geographic Australia . Accessed 23 August . Jump up ^ Stewart Clarke , First Look at Channel 4 and Nat Geo 's ISIS Drama ' The State ' , Variety , 13 July 2017 Jump up ^ The State , National Geographic channel . Accessed 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ THE STATE à partir du 4 septembre sur CANAL+ , Canal+ . Accessed 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Canal+ achète The State , une série sur l'État islamique , Le Figaro tv mag , 28 July 2017 Jump up ^ Fox Seals First Sale for Nat Geo ISIS Drama ' The State ' With Canal Plus Deal , Variety , 3 August 2017 ^ Jump up to : Character biogs for The State , Channel 4 , 8 August 2017 Jump up ^ Interview with Ony Uhiara , who plays Shakira Boothe , Channel 4 , 8 August 2017 Jump up ^ Interview with Sam Otto who plays Jalal Hossein , Channel 4 , 8 August 2017 Jump up ^ Interview with Shavani Cameron , who plays Ushna Khaleel , Channel 4 , 8 August 2017 Jump up ^ Interview with Ryan McKen who plays Ziyaad Kadar , Channel 4 , 8 August 2017 Jump up ^ Leo Barraclough , National Geographic , Channel 4 Greenlight ISIS Drama , Variety , 20 July 2016 Lucy Morris , Channel 4 taps Wolf Hall 's Peter Kosminsky to write new scripted ISIS drama , Digital Spy , 20 July 2016 Jump up ^ Georg Szalai , U.K. 's Channel 4 Developing ISIS Drama , The Hollywood Reporter , 22 October 2014 Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes , Peter Kosminsky Made ' The State ' As Antidote To Simplistic Thinking About ISIS Recruits -- TCA , Deadline.com , 25 July 2017 Reid Nakamura , Nat Geo 's ISIS Drama ' The State ' Aims to Humanize Terrorist Group , The Wrap , 25 July 2017 Jump up ^ Peter Kosminsky , tweet , 8 November 2016 Jump up ^ Alex Farber , The State recruits 1.4 m , Brodacast , 21 August 2017 Jump up ^ Tim Dams , Jay Hunt warns of impact of ad downturn on budgets , Televisual , 23 August 2017 Cameron Clarke , Channel 4 chief expects Great British Bake Off ratings to fall well short of BBC 's 14m , thedrum.com , 23 August 2017 Jump up ^ Weekly top 30 programmes for Channel 4 for 14 - 20 August 2017 , Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Accessed 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ The State : Viewers and critics praise Channel 4 IS drama , BBC News , 24 August 2017 Jump up ^ Joe Nerssessian , Channel 4 's The State lauded for ' important ' insight into Isis , Press Association , 23 August 2017 ( via Irish Independent ) Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/aug/21/the-state-review-isis-peter-kosminsky Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2017/08/23/gut-wrenching-haunting-channel-4s-state-lauded-important-insight/ Jump up ^ eg Ben Lawrence , The State , finale review : Kosminsky 's Isil drama was no recruitment video , Daily Telegraph , 24 August 2017 Jump up ^ Keith Watson , Daesh drama tells a story that the world needs to hear , Metro , 24 August 2017 Jump up ^ `` EYE tv '' column , Private Eye 1451 , 25 August 2017 . `` even casual viewing revealed that , as the characters are deluded idealists who rapidly became disillusioned by the psychopathic murders , rapes and gender apartheid practised by IS , it was hard to accuse the show of sanitising IS or promoting Syrian jihad as an alternative to university entrance '' Jump up ^ Jamie Grierson and Graeme Ruddick , Channel 4 defends Isis drama The State after criticism , The Guardian , 21 August 2017 ^ Jump up to : Rachel Cooke , Isis drama The State shows the sheer stupidity of these young fanatics , New Statesman , 24 August 2017 Jasper Rees , The State , Channel 4 review - dishonest portrait of British jihadis , The Arts Desk , 21 August 2017 Peter Crawley , The State review : What has driven 1,000 UK people to fight with Isis ? , Irish Times , 24 August 2017 Stuart Jeffries , The State review -- Peter Kosminsky 's disillusionment dramas fail to satisfy , The Guardian , 24 August 2017 Chris Harvey , The State , C4 -- drama grows in depth and power , Financial Times , 18 August 2017 Phil Harrison , The State : a meticulous , human examination of radicalisation , The Guardian , 20 August 2017 David Patrikarakos , How new drama The State ' captures the essence of IS ' , BBC Global News Ltd , 19 September 2017 Jump up ^ Rachel Cooke noted that `` somewhat weirdly '' some further motivating back - story information was available , but only in a press pack Jump up ^ Baroness Warsi , The new British drama that 's daring to humanise terrorists , Daily Telegraph , 17 August 2017 https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/aug/21/channel-4-defends-isis-drama-the-state-after-criticism External links ( edit ) The State on IMDb Teaser trailer , YouTube National Geographic trailer , You Tube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_State_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=801584346 '' Categories : Films directed by Peter Kosminsky 2010s British drama television series 2017 British television programme debuts 2017 British television programme endings Works about the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Channel 4 television programmes National Geographic Channel British television miniseries Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 15 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the tv series the state start | [
"The series was broadcast in the UK by Channel 4 on successive nights between 20 and 23 August 2017, and shown worldwide by National Geographic, showing in Australia from 23 August,[2] and premiering in the United States on 18 and 19 September,[3][4] In France it will also be shown by Canal+ from 4 September.[5][6][7]"
] | [
"between 20 and 23 August 2017"
] |
7500558840629345386 | You Should Be Here (Cole Swindell song) | You Should Be Here ( Cole Swindell song ) - wikipedia You Should Be Here ( Cole Swindell song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` You Should Be Here '' Single by Cole Swindell from the album You Should Be Here Released December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2015 Genre Country pop country rock Length 3 : 09 Label Warner Bros. Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Cole Swindell Ashley Gorley Producer ( s ) Michael Carter Cole Swindell singles chronology `` Let Me See Ya Girl '' ( 2015 ) `` You Should Be Here '' ( 2015 ) `` Middle of a Memory '' ( 2016 ) `` Let Me See Ya Girl '' ( 2015 ) `` You Should Be Here '' ( 2015 ) `` Middle of a Memory '' ( 2016 ) `` You Should Be Here '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Cole Swindell . The song was released to radio on December 14 , 2015 as the lead single to his second studio album of the same name ( 2016 ) . The song , written by Swindell and Ashley Gorley , is a tribute to Swindell 's father who died unexpectedly while Swindell was out on tour after signing his record deal . `` You Should Be Here '' reached number one on both the Billboard Country Airplay and Hot Country Songs charts respectively , giving Swindell his fourth number - one country hit overall . It also gave him his second top 40 hit on the Hot 100 , peaking at number 31 . The song was certified Gold by the RIAA , and has sold 706,000 copies in the United States as of July 2016 . It achieved similar chart success in Canada , peaking at number 3 on the Country chart and number 67 on the Canadian Hot 100 . An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Michael Monaco . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Personnel 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year end charts 7 Certifications 8 References Background ( edit ) The song is the title track of Swindell 's second album You Should Be Here . The song was written as a tribute to his father , who died unexpectedly while Swindell was out on his radio tour in September 2013 , shortly after Swindell had signed a record deal with Warner Music Nashville . According to CMT News , Swindell 's father , William Swindell , died unexpectedly `` when a truck he was working on fell on him . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Website Taste of Country reviewed the single favorably , saying that `` Cole Swindell 's ' You Should Be Here ' is personal and accessible . The piano - driven ballad about the death of his father is n't so specific that those who have n't lost a parent feel left out . More than a tribute , it 's a soundtrack for those moments that are perfect except for one vacant parking spot . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 69 , and No. 10 on Hot Country Songs charts on the song release . The song topped both the Hot Country Songs , and the Country Airplay charts in March 2016 . The song peaked at No. 31 on the Hot 100 for chart dated April 16 , 2016 . The song has sold 706,000 copies in the US as of July 2016 . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Michael Monaco and premiered in December 2015 . Personnel ( edit ) Pat Buchanan -- electric guitar Michael Carter -- electric guitar , keyboards , programming Dave Cohen -- keyboards James Mitchell -- electric guitar Greg Morrow -- drums , percussion Billy Panda -- acoustic guitar Cole Swindell -- lead vocals Russell Terrell -- background vocals Patrick Thrasher -- programming Mike Wolofsky -- bass guitar Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 67 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 31 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 32 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 6 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 40,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 706,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cole Swindell , ' You Should Be Here ' ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country . 14 December 2015 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Courtney Carr ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Cole Swindell Lands at the Top With ' You Should Be Here ' '' . The Boot . Jump up ^ `` Cole Swindell on Moving New Single ' You Should Be Here ' : Ram Report '' . Rolling Stone . December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Asker ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Cole Swindell & Carrie Underwood Take Over Country Songs Charts '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Jim Asker ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Cole Swindell 's ' You Should Be Here ' Tops Two Country Charts '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . Billboard. April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : July 21 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Swindell makes it clear - `` You Should Be Here '' `` . Country Standard Time . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cole Swindell Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Cole Swindell Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Cole Swindell Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Cole Swindell Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Cole Swindell Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Cole Swindell -- You Should Be Here '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cole Swindell -- You Should Be Here '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Preceded by `` Die a Happy Man '' by Thomas Rhett Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single March 26 -- April 16 , 2016 Succeeded by `` Humble and Kind '' by Tim McGraw Preceded by `` Beautiful Drug '' by Zac Brown Band Billboard Country Airplay number - one single April 9 -- 23 , 2016 Succeeded by `` I Like the Sound of That '' by Rascal Flatts ( hide ) Cole Swindell Discography Studio albums Cole Swindell ( 2014 ) You Should Be Here ( 2016 ) EPs Down Home Sessions ( 2014 ) Down Home Sessions II ( 2015 ) Down Home Sessions III ( 2016 ) Notable singles `` Chillin ' It '' `` Hope You Get Lonely Tonight '' `` Ai n't Worth the Whiskey '' `` Let Me See Ya Girl '' `` You Should Be Here '' `` Middle of a Memory '' `` Flatliner '' ( with Dierks Bentley ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Should_Be_Here_(Cole_Swindell_song)&oldid=839589847 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles Cole Swindell songs Warner Bros. Nashville singles Songs written by Cole Swindell Songs written by Ashley Gorley Songs in memory of deceased persons Warner Bros. Records singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Country Airplay number - one singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 May 2018 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings the song you should be here | [
"\"You Should Be Here\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Cole Swindell. The song was released to radio on December 14, 2015 as the lead single to his second studio album of the same name (2016). The song, written by Swindell and Ashley Gorley, is a tribute to Swindell's father who died unexpectedly while Swindell was out on tour after signing his record deal."
] | [
"American country music artist Cole Swindell"
] |
-3541091220380773984 | The Zookeeper's Wife | The Zookeeper 's Wife - wikipedia The Zookeeper 's Wife Jump to : navigation , search The Zookeeper 's Wife Author Diane Ackerman Country United States Language English Genre History Biography Non-fiction Publisher W.W. Norton Publication date September 4 , 2007 Pages 288 ISBN 0 - 393 - 06172 - 8 OCLC 227016807 Dewey Decimal 940.53 / 18350943841 22 LC Class D804. 66. Z33 A25 2007 The Zookeeper 's Wife is a non-fiction book written by the poet and naturalist Diane Ackerman . Drawing on the unpublished diary of Antonina Żabiński 's , it recounts the true story of how Antonina and her husband , Jan Żabiński , director of the Warsaw Zoo , saved the lives of 300 Jews who had been imprisoned in the Warsaw Ghetto following the German invasion of Poland on September 1 , 1939 . The book was first published in 2007 by W.W. Norton . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Reception 3 Adaptations 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) In the 1930s , Jan Żabiński was the director of the thriving zoo in Warsaw , Poland ; his wife Antonina had a remarkable sympathy for animals , and their villa in the zoo was a nursery and residence for numerous animals as well as their son . This life came to an abrupt end with the German invasion of Poland on September 1 , 1939 , which started World War II ( 1939 -- 1945 ) . Most of the zoo 's animals and structures were destroyed in the bombings and siege of the city . The zoo was closed under German occupation , but the Żabińskis continued to occupy the villa , and the zoo itself was used first as a pig farm and subsequently as a fur farm . Jan and Antonina Żabiński became active with the Polish underground resistance . At the villa and in the zoo 's structures , they secretly sheltered Jews , most escaping from the doomed Warsaw ghetto . As many as 300 such `` guests '' passed through the zoo , and many did survive the war with the assistance of the Żabińskis and other members of the underground . Although the German occupiers executed those they discovered helping Jews , Antonina Żabińska maintained a semblance of prewar life at the villa , harboring a menagerie of animals -- such as otters , a badger , hyena pups , lynxes , and a rabbit -- as well as the secret guests . Although Jan Żabiński was wounded in the armed August 1944 Warsaw uprising against the German occupiers and was , for a time , interred in a POW camp , the Żabińskis survived the war . The zoo reopened in 1949 , with Jan as its new director . On September 21 , 1965 , Yad Vashem ( Israel 's official memorial to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust ) recognized Jan and Antonina Żabiński as Righteous Among the Nations . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception Donna Seaman wrote enthusiastically in her Los Angeles Times review , `` It is no stretch to say that this is the book Ackerman was meant to write . Ever since A Natural History of the Senses , she has been building a galaxy of incandescent works that celebrate the unity and wonder of the living world . But every rapturous hour she has spent communing with plants and animals , every insight gleaned into human nature , every moment under the spell of language is a steppingstone that led her to Poland , the home of her maternal grandparents , and to the incomparable heroes Jan and Antonina Zabinski . The result of her tenacious research , keen interpretation and her own `` transmigration of sensibility '' is a shining book beyond category . '' D.T. Max wrote in The New York Times , `` This is an absorbing book , diminished sometimes by the choppy way Ackerman balances Antonina 's account with the larger story of the Warsaw Holocaust . For me , the more interesting story is Antonina 's . She was not , as her husband once called her , `` a housewife , '' but the alpha female in a unique menagerie . '' For Orion Magazine Suzanne Antonetta wrote : `` Ackerman , with her profound understanding of nature , tells Antonina 's story in a way that makes it clear her roles as the zookeeper 's wife and heroine of the Resistance are inextricably connected , both in what the natural world has taught her , and taught her to accept . '' Popular reception On February 10 , 2008 , the book was number 13 on The New York Times non-fiction best seller list . Honors In 2008 , The Zookeeper 's Wife won the annual Orion Book Award from Orion Magazine ; the selection committee noted , `` The Zookeeper 's Wife is a groundbreaking work of nonfiction in which the human relationship to nature is explored in an absolutely original way through looking at the Holocaust . '' Adaptations ( edit ) Main article : The Zookeeper 's Wife ( film ) In 2013 , plans were announced for a an eponymous feature film adaptation . The film is based on a screenplay by Angela Workman and directed by New Zealand director Niki Caro . American actress Jessica Chastain stars as Antonina Żabińska , along with Johan Heldenbergh , Michael McElhatton , and Daniel Brühl . The film was released on March 31 , 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Seaman , Donna ( September 2 , 2007 ) . `` Strange Sanctuary '' . The Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Foran , Charles ( December 15 , 2007 ) . `` Antonina 's Ark '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Hiding in Zoo Cages : Jan & Antonina Zabinski , Poland '' . Yad Vashem Remembrance Authority . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Max , D.T. ( September 9 , 2007 ) . `` Antonina 's List '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Antonetta , Suzanne ( November -- December 2007 ) . `` Reviews -- The Zookeeper 's Wife : A War Story '' . Orion Magazine . Jump up ^ The New York Times Non-Fiction Best Seller List For February 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` 2008 Orion Book Award Winner '' . Orion Magazine . April 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Jessica Chastain Attached to Star in ' The Zookeeper 's Wife ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ The Zookeeper 's Wife on IMDb Jump up ^ Elavsky , Cindy ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Celebrity Q&A '' . Celebrity Extra Online . King Features . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Linfield , Susie ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` A Natural History of Terrible Things '' . The Washington Post . At the heart of the Nazis ' madness , she implies , lay a paradoxical refusal to control our most amoral impulses on the one hand and to accept the natural world 's imperfections on the other . External links ( edit ) The Zookeeper 's Wife : Fact vs. Fiction Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Zookeeper%27s_Wife&oldid=800943897 '' Categories : History books about the Holocaust 2007 books W.W. Norton & Company books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 17 : 59 . About Wikipedia | who wrote the book the zookeeper's wife | [
"The Zookeeper's Wife is a non-fiction book written by the poet and naturalist Diane Ackerman. Drawing on the unpublished diary of Antonina Żabiński's, it recounts the true story of how Antonina and her husband, Jan Żabiński, director of the Warsaw Zoo, saved the lives of 300 Jews who had been imprisoned in the Warsaw Ghetto following the German invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939.[1][2] The book was first published in 2007 by W. W. Norton."
] | [
"the poet and naturalist Diane Ackerman"
] |
-3058138711837896635 | List of countries by the number of billionaires | List of countries by the number of billionaires - wikipedia List of countries by the number of billionaires Jump to : navigation , search Countries by the number of billionaires by net worth ( USD ) in 2017 No data or 0 1 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 50 51 - 100 101 - 500 501 + This is a list of countries by the number of billionaires by net worth ( USD ) based on an annual assessment of wealth and assets compiled and published by Forbes magazine . This list obviously excludes rich list compiled and published by Business Insider , Challenges , Hurun Report , The Sunday Times , UBS and other sources . Contents 1 Billionaires by continent 2 Billionaires by country or dependency 3 Countries and dependencies without any billionaires 4 See also 5 References Billionaires by continent Updated on 27 July 2017 World rank Continent Number of billionaires ( 2017 ) Richest in the continent -- World 2043 Bill Gates Asia 719 Wang Jianlin North America 631 Bill Gates Europe 559 Amancio Ortega South America 85 Jorge Paulo Lemann 5 Oceania 35 Gina Rinehart 6 Africa 25 Nicky Oppenheimer Billionaires by country or dependency Updated on 22 May 2017 Continents each country resides in : Asia North America Europe South America Oceania Africa Transcontinental World rank Country Number of billionaires ( 2017 ) Richest in the country United States 565 Bill Gates China 319 Wang Jianlin Germany 114 Beate Heister and Karl Albrecht Jr . India 101 Mukesh Ambani 5 Russia 96 Leonid Mikhelson 6 Hong Kong 67 Li Ka - shing 7 United Kingdom 54 Hinduja family 8 Brazil 43 Jorge Paulo Lemann 9 Italy 42 Maria Franca Fissolo 10 Canada 39 David Thomson 11 France 38 Bernard Arnault South Korea 38 Lee Kun - hee 13 Switzerland 36 Ernesto Bertarelli 14 Australia 33 Gina Rinehart Japan 33 Masayoshi Son 16 Sweden 31 Stefan Persson Taiwan 31 Terry Gou 18 Turkey 29 Murat Ülker 19 Spain 25 Amancio Ortega 20 Singapore 21 Robert and Philip Ng 21 Indonesia 20 Robert Budi Hartono Thailand 20 Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi 23 Israel 18 Eyal Ofer 24 Mexico 15 Carlos Slim Helú 25 Philippines 14 Henry Sy Norway 14 Odd Reitan 27 Chile 12 Iris Fontbona Malaysia 12 Robert Kuok 29 Netherlands 10 Charlene de Carvalho - Heineken Saudi Arabia 10 Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Alsaud 31 Austria 8 Dietrich Mateschitz Ireland 8 Pallonji Mistry South Africa 8 Nicky Oppenheimer 34 Argentina 7 Alejandro Bulgheroni Egypt 7 Nassef Sawiris Finland 7 Antti Herlin 37 Cyprus 6 John Fredriksen Czech Republic 6 Petr Kellner Denmark 6 Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen Ukraine 6 Rinat Akhmetov 41 Kazakhstan 5 Bulat Utemuratov Peru 5 Carlos Rodriguez - Pastor United Arab Emirates 5 Majid Al Futtaim 44 Kuwait Bassam and Kutayba Alghanim Lebanon Najib and Taha Mikati Monaco Tatiana Casiraghi Poland Dominika and Sebastian Kulczyk Portugal Américo Amorim 49 Colombia Luis Carlos Sarmiento Greece Philip Niarchos Morocco Othman Benjelloun Nigeria Aliko Dangote Oman Suhail Bahwan 54 Belgium Albert Frère New Zealand Graeme Hart St. Kitts & Nevis Jacky Xu Venezuela Juan Carlos Escotet Vietnam Pham Nhat Vuong 59 Algeria Issad Rebrab Angola Isabel dos Santos Georgia Bidzina Ivanishvili Guernsey Stephen Lansdown Iceland Thor Björgólfsson Jordan Ziyd al manaseer Liechtenstein Christoph Zeller Macau Hoi Kin Hong Nepal Binod Chaudhary Romania Ion Țiriac Slovakia Ivan Chrenko Swaziland Nathan Kirsh Tanzania Mohammed Dewji Countries and dependencies without any billionaires Updated on 22 May 2017 Continents each country resides in : Asia North America Europe South America Oceania Africa Country / dependency Richest in the country Comments Abkhazia Afghanistan Albania American Samoa Andorra Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Armenia Aruba Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bonaire Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Comoros Cook Islands Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Curaçao Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic East Timor Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji French Polynesia Gabon Ghana Gibraltar Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iran Iraq Isle of Man Ivory Coast Jamaica Jersey Jordan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Mozambique Myanmar Nagorno - Karabakh Republic Namibia Nauru New Caledonia Nicaragua Niger Niue Norfolk Island North Korea Northern Cyprus Northern Mariana Islands Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Pitcairn Islands Puerto Rico Q Qatar Republic of the Congo Rwanda Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Saint Lucia Saint - Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Ossetia South Sudan Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Syria São Tomé and Príncipe Tajikistan The Gambia Togo Tokelau Tonga Transnistria Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu U Uganda United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan V Vanuatu Vatican City Wallis and Futuna Western Sahara Y Yemen Z Zambia Zimbabwe See also The World 's Billionaires List of countries by number of millionaires List of wealthiest families References ^ The World 's Billionaires List , forbes.com ^ Hurun Global Rich List 2016 , hurun.net Lists of people by net worth By citizenship Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Canada China ( PRC ) Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kenya South Korea Kuwait Lebanon Malaysia Mexico Monaco Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan ( ROC ) Tanzania Thailand Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Venezuela By region Arab League South Asia South East Asia Africa Forbes lists 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Forbes 400 members In history List of wealthiest historical figures List of richest Americans in history Other Countries by the number of US dollar billionaires Forbes Fictional 15 Royals Sunday Times Rich List ( UK ) Financial Review Rich List ( Australia ) Women Lists of countries by population statistics World population Current population Current population ( United Nations ) Continental Asia Africa Europe North America Oceania South America Regional Americas Arab world Caribbean Commonwealth of Nations Eurasia European Union Islands Latin America Middle East Cities National capitals Cities proper Metropolitan areas Urban areas Megacities Megalopolises Past and future population Past population ( United Nations ) Past and future population 1000 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1907 1939 2000 2005 Future population Population density Current density Current real density based on food growing capacity Growth indicators Population growth rate Natural increase Birth rate Mortality rate Fertility rate Other demographics Age at first marriage Divorce rate Domestic citizens Ethnic and cultural diversity level Foreign - born population Immigrant population Median age Net migration rate Number of households Sex ratio Urban population Urbanization Health Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate Infant mortality rate Life expectancy Percentage suffering from undernourishment Health expenditure covered by government Suicide rate Total health expenditure ( PPP ) per capita Body Mass Index ( BMI ) Education and innovation Bloomberg Innovation Index Education Index International Innovation Index Innovation Union Scoreboard Literacy rate Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies Progress in International Reading Literacy Study Student skills Tertiary education attainment Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study Women 's average years in school World Intellectual Property Indicators Economic Development aid given Official Development Assistance received Employment rate Irrigated land area Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Imports Income equality Job security Labour force Number of millionaires ( US dollars ) Number of billionaires ( US dollars ) Percentage living in poverty Public sector Sen social welfare function Unemployment rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Extreme wealth Concepts Capital accumulation Distribution of wealth Dynastic wealth Economic inequality Geography and wealth High - net - worth individual UHNWI National wealth Oligarchy Overaccumulation Paper wealth Plutocracy Plutonomy Wealth concentration Wealth effect Wealth management Wealth and religion Wealth tax Individuals Wealthiest historical figures Wealthiest Americans Female billionaires Wealthiest families Wealthiest animals Forbes list of billionaires Lists of organizations Wealthiest organizations Companies by profit and loss Largest companies by revenue Largest financial services companies by revenue Largest manufacturing companies by revenue Public corporations by market capitalization See also Business magnate Business oligarch Upper class Nouveau riche Vieux riche The rich get richer and the poor get poorer Philanthropy The Giving Pledge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_billionaires&oldid=796348098 '' Categories : Lists of people by wealth Lists of countries by economic indicator Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی پنجابی Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 06 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many billionaires are there in the united states of america | [
"\n1\n United States\n565\nBill Gates\n"
] | [
"565"
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-8379876670436656584 | Star Trek: Discovery | Star Trek : Discovery - wikipedia Star Trek : Discovery Jump to : navigation , search Star Trek : Discovery Genre Science fiction Adventure Drama Created by Bryan Fuller Alex Kurtzman Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring Sonequa Martin - Green Doug Jones Shazad Latif Anthony Rapp Mary Wiseman Jason Isaacs Composer ( s ) Jeff Russo Alexander Courage ( original theme ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bryan Fuller David Semel ( 1x01 ) Eugene Roddenberry Trevor Roth Akiva Goldsman Heather Kadin Gretchen J. Berg Aaron Harberts Alex Kurtzman Producer ( s ) Geoffrey Hemwall April Nocifora Aaron Baiers Jill Danton Nicholas Meyer ( consulting ) Craig Sweeny ( consulting ) Location ( s ) Toronto Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Colin Hoult Production company ( s ) Secret Hideout Roddenberry Entertainment Living Dead Guy Productions CBS Television Studios Distributor CBS Television Distribution Budget US $8 -- 8.5 million per episode Release Original network CBS ( 1x01 ) CBS All Access Original release September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Star Trek : Enterprise Related shows Star Trek TV series External links Star Trek : Discovery - CBS.com www.cbs.com/shows/star-trek-discovery/ Star Trek : Discovery is an American television series created for CBS All Access by Bryan Fuller and Alex Kurtzman . It is the first series developed specifically for that service , and the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 . Set roughly a decade before the events of the original Star Trek series and separate from the timeline of the concurrently produced feature films , Discovery explores the Federation -- Klingon war while following the crew of the USS Discovery . Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts serve as showrunners on the series , with producing support from Akiva Goldsman . Sonequa Martin - Green stars as Michael Burnham , a science specialist on the USS Discovery . Doug Jones , Shazad Latif , Anthony Rapp , Mary Wiseman , and Jason Isaacs also star . The new series was announced in November 2015 , with Fuller joining as showrunner and wanting to make an anthology series . CBS asked him to make a single , serialized show first , with the prequel to the original series idea further developed . After further disagreements with CBS and struggles with other commitments , Fuller left the series in October 2016 , replaced as showrunner by Berg and Harberts . Star Trek : Discovery premiered on September 19 , 2017 , at ArcLight Hollywood , before debuting on CBS and All Access on September 24 . The rest of the 15 - episode first season are streaming weekly on All Access . The series ' release led to record subscriptions for All Access , and positive reviews from critics who highlighted Martin - Green 's performance . A second season was ordered in October 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Design 4.5 Filming 4.6 Visual effects 4.7 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings and viewership 6.2 Critical response 7 Other media 7.1 After Trek 7.2 Publishing 7.2. 1 Novels 7.2. 2 Comics 7.3 Star Trek Timelines 8 References 8.1 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Set roughly ten years before the events of Star Trek : The Original Series , the show sees the united Klingon houses in a war with the United Federation of Planets that involves the crew of the USS Discovery . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : Discovery characters Sonequa Martin - Green as Michael Burnham : A Science Specialist on USS Discovery . Burnham was First Officer of the USS Shenzhou , where she was referred to as `` Number One '' to honor the character of the same name portrayed by Majel Barrett in the original Star Trek pilot `` The Cage '' . Burnham is a human who was raised following Vulcan culture and traditions by Sarek , and was not made a starship captain , like the protagonists of previous Star Trek series , `` to see a character from a different perspective on the starship -- one who has different dynamic relationships with a captain , with subordinates , it gave us richer context '' . Fuller deliberately gave the character a traditionally male name , which he had done with the female leads of his previous series . Doug Jones as Saru : First Officer of the USS Discovery , Saru was previously Science Officer of the USS Shenzhou . Saru is the first Kelpien to enter Starfleet . Kelpiens , a new species created for Discovery , were hunted as prey on their home planet and thus evolved the ability to sense the coming of death , giving them a reputation for cowardice . Jones based Saru 's walk on that of a supermodel , out of necessity thanks to the boots he had to wear to portray the character 's hooved feet , forcing Jones to walk on the balls of his feet . The producers compared Saru to the characters Spock and Data from previous series . Shazad Latif as Ash Tyler : Chief of Security of the USS Discovery , Lieutenant Tyler was previously held as a prisoner of war by the Klingons . Latif was originally cast in the role of Kol . Latif noted that Tyler 's PTSD would be explored in the show as he attempts to return to his Starfleet life , calling Tyler `` a very complex and painful and deep character . '' The character explores these issues with different characters , including Lorca due to their shared military background , and Burnham with whom `` there 's a chemistry , a relationship '' . Anthony Rapp as Paul Stamets : A science officer specializing in astromycology ( the study of fungi in space ) . The character is inspired by a real - life mycologist of the same name . He is the first openly gay character in a Star Trek series , and the showrunners `` wanted to roll out that character 's sexuality the way people would roll out their sexuality in life . '' Rapp noted that Hikaru Sulu was portrayed as gay in the film Star Trek Beyond , calling that `` a nice nod . But in this case , we actually get to see me with my partner in conversation , in our living quarters , you get to see our relationship over time , treated as any other relationship would be treated '' . Mary Wiseman as Sylvia Tilly : A cadet in her final year at Starfleet Academy , assigned to the Discovery . She works under Stamets aboard the Discovery , where she becomes roommates with Burnham . The character was included to represent people `` at the very bottom of this ladder '' of the Starfleet hierarchy . She is `` the most optimistic ... has the biggest heart '' , and showrunner Aaron Harberts described her as `` sort of the soul of our show . '' Jason Isaacs as Gabriel Lorca : Captain of the Discovery , a `` brilliant military tactician '' . Isaacs described the character as `` probably more f-d up than any of '' the previously seen Star Trek captains . He plays the character with a slight southern U.S. accent , and had initially wanted to ad - lib a catchphrase for the character feeling that all Star Trek captains should have one , coming up with `` git'r done '' which the writers turned down due to it being widely used and trademarked by Larry the Cable Guy . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Vulcan Hello '' David Semel Story by : Bryan Fuller & Alex Kurtzman Teleplay by : Akiva Goldsman & Bryan Fuller September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' Adam Kane Story by : Bryan Fuller Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) `` Context Is for Kings '' Akiva Goldsman Story by : Bryan Fuller & Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts Teleplay by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Craig Sweeny October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) `` The Butcher 's Knife Cares Not for the Lamb 's Cry '' Olatunde Osunsanmi Jesse Alexander & Aron Eli Coleite October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 5 `` Choose Your Pain '' Lee Rose Story by : Gretchen J. Berg & Aaron Harberts & Kemp Powers Teleplay by : Kemp Powers October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 6 `` Lethe '' Douglas Aarniokoski Joe Menosky & Ted Sullivan October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 7 `` Magic to Make the Sanest Man Go Mad '' David M. Barrett Aron Eli Coleite & Jesse Alexander October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8 `` Si Vis Pacem , Para Bellum '' John S. Scott Kirsten Beyer November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 9 `` Into the Forest I Go '' Chris Byrne Erika Lippoldt & Bo Yeon Kim November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on CBS alongside its release on CBS All Access . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On November 2 , 2015 , CBS announced a new Star Trek television series to premiere in January 2017 , `` on the heels '' of the original series ' 50th anniversary in 2016 . It is the first Star Trek series since Star Trek : Enterprise concluded in 2005 , and the first show to be developed specifically for the CBS All Access on demand service . Alex Kurtzman , co-writer of the films Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness , and Heather Kadin were set as executive producers on the series , which is `` not related '' to the 2016 film Star Trek Beyond . The January 2017 date was the earliest that CBS could release a new Star Trek series after an agreement the company made when it split with Viacom in 2005 . Showtime , Netflix , and Amazon Video all offered `` a lot of money '' for the rights to release the series , but after heavily investing in the new All Access service , CBS believed that a returning Star Trek could be `` the franchise that really puts All Access on the map '' and could earn more money in the long run . In January 2016 , CBS president Glenn Geller revealed that he and the CBS network were not involved in the production of the series , saying , `` It really is for All Access . While the network will be broadcasting the pilot , I actually ca n't answer any creative questions about it . '' The next month , Bryan Fuller , who began his career writing for the series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager , was announced as the new series ' showrunner and co-creator alongside Kurtzman . Nicholas Meyer , writer and director of Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan and Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country , also joined the series as a writer and consulting producer . In March , Rod Roddenberry , the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , and Trevor Roth of Roddenberry Entertainment also joined the series , as executive producers . Fuller said that working with people previously involved with Star Trek was `` really about making sure that we maintain authenticity '' , and said that Meyer -- who is widely considered to have made the best Star Trek film in The Wrath of Khan -- brings `` a clarity and a cleanliness to the storytelling . An ability to ground science - fiction in a relatable way , and also making sure that we 're telling character stories . '' Fuller had publicly called for Star Trek to return to television for years , particularly because of its impact on minority groups , as he explained , `` I could n't stop thinking about how many black people were inspired by seeing Nichelle Nichols on the bridge of a ship . I could n't stop thinking about how many Asian people were inspired by seeing George Takei and feeling that gave them hope for their place in the future . I wanted to be part of that representation for a new era . '' When Fuller first met with CBS about the series , the company did not have a plan for what the new show would be . He proposed an anthology series with each season being a standalone , serialized show set in a different era , beginning with a prequel to the original series , then stories set during the original series , during Star Trek : The Next Generation , and then `` beyond to a time in Trek that 's never been seen before '' . Fuller compared this to what American Horror Story did for horror , and described the proposal as a platform for `` a universe of Trek shows '' . CBS instead suggested a single serialized show to see how that performed first , and he began further developing the concept of a prequel to the original series . Fuller announced in June 2016 that the first season would consist of 13 episodes , though he would prefer to produce 10 episodes a season . A month later , Fuller announced the series ' title to be Star Trek : Discovery , and revealed that it would be set in the `` Prime Timeline '' ( which includes the previous Star Trek series , but not the modern reboot films ) to keep the concurrent series and films separate , so `` we do n't have to track anything ( happening in the films ) and they do n't have to track what we 're doing '' . Also in July , CBS Studios International licensed the series to Netflix for release outside the United States and Canada , a `` blockbuster '' deal that paid for the show 's entire budget ( around US $6 -- 7 million per episode ) . During pre-production on the series , Fuller and CBS continued to disagree on the direction of the show , which was starting to overrun its per - episode budget , and was falling behind schedule due to Fuller supervising all aspects of the series as well as another new show , American Gods . This caused frustration among CBS executives who felt Fuller should be focused on having Discovery ready for release by the January 2017 premiere date . By August 2016 , Fuller had hired Gretchen J. Berg and Aaron Harberts , who he had worked with on Pushing Daisies , to serve as co-showrunners with him . A month later , he and Kurtzman asked CBS to delay the series ' release so they could meet the high expectations for it , and the studio pushed the series premiere back to May 2017 . '' At the end of October , CBS asked Fuller to step down as showrunner , and announced a restructuring of the production : Berg and Harberts were made sole showrunners , working from a broad story arc and overall mythology established by Fuller ; Kurtzman and Fuller would continue as executive producers , but with Fuller moving his attention fully to American Gods ; and Akiva Goldsman would join the series in a supporting producer role , similar to the role he held on Fringe alongside Kurtzman . CBS reiterated that they were `` extremely happy with ( Fuller 's ) creative direction '' for the series , though some elements of the series that came directly from Fuller were dropped , including some designs and `` more heavily allegorical and complex story '' points . Fuller later confirmed that he was no longer involved with the series , but expressed interest in returning for future seasons . With production set to finally begin in January , `` a lot of careful deliberation ( was ) continuing to go into making Discovery special , from the choice of directors , to set design , to the special effects . '' Ted Sullivan also joined the series to serve as supervising writing producer . At CBS 's 2017 upfront presentation , CBS Interactive president Marc DeBevoise confirmed a `` fall '' release date for the series , and announced that the episode order for the first season had been expanded to 15 episodes . In June , CBS announced a new premiere date of September 24 , 2017 , with the season airing through November 2017 , and then beginning again in January 2018 . This break gave more time to complete post-production on the second half of the season . Also that month , Kurtzman said that he and Fuller had discussed future seasons before the latter 's departure , and promised that `` what 's there in terms of story and certainly in terms of set - up , character , big ideas , the big movement of the season , that 's all stuff that Bryan and I talked about '' and would not be altered . Goldsman said in August that the producers wanted `` a hybridized ( anthology ) approach . I do n't think we 're looking for an endless , continuing nine or 10 year story . We 're looking at arcs which will have characters that we know and characters that we do n't know . '' Kurtzman added that the success of Discovery could lead to other new Star Trek series that could potentially use the anthology format . By the end of August , Berg and Harberts had developed a `` road map '' for a second season , and `` the beginnings of one '' for a third . It was also revealed that an average episode of the first season had ultimately cost US $8 -- 8.5 million each , making it one of the most expensive television series ever and exceeding the original Netflix deal , though CBS still considered the series to be paid for already due to the number of new All Access subscribers that the show was expected to draw . After the series ' premiere , Kurtzman said that the producers wanted to avoid announcing release dates and having to delay those for any future seasons , due to the external pressure that caused with the first season , but that he hoped a second season would be available in early 2019 . The second season was officially ordered a month later in October 2017 . Writing ( edit ) `` The defining factor of Roddenberry 's vision is the optimistic view of the future ... Once you lose that , you lose the essence of what Star Trek is . That being said ... Star Trek has always been a mirror to the time it reflected and ( the topical question now ) is how do you preserve and protect what Starfleet is in the weight of a challenge like war and the things that have to be done in war . '' -- Executive producer Alex Kurtzman on the balance between classic Star Trek and new elements in Discovery The series ' writers are based in Los Angeles , and include `` fans who all have very different relationships to Trek , '' which Kurtzman said is `` a healthy thing and it 's a good thing '' . Fuller wanted to differentiate the series from the previous 700 + episodes of Star Trek by taking advantage of the streaming format of All Access and telling a single story arc across the entire first season . He and Kurtzman developed this story from `` so many elements of Star Trek '' , taking certain episodes of the original series and using their `` DNA '' to find `` the spirit of what Star Trek offers , both in terms of high - concept science fiction storytelling and really wonderful metaphors for the human condition '' . Berg said that the series ' writers `` are so in love with '' The Original Series , The Next Generation , and the family aspect of those series , while Harberts added that Meyer 's Star Trek films were an especial influence on Discovery because `` his storytelling is complex and intellectual and yet there 's a lot of room for character voices '' . The titular ship was named after Discovery One from 2001 : A Space Odyssey , NASA 's Space Shuttle Discovery , and `` the sense of discovery ... what ( that ) means to Star Trek audiences who have been promised a future by Gene Roddenberry where we come together as a planet and seek new worlds and new alien races to explore and understand and collaborate with '' . Fuller saw the series as a bridge between Enterprise and the original series -- which are set around 150 years apart -- but set much closer to the latter to allow the series to `` play with all the iconography of those ships and those uniforms '' . In May 2017 , Sullivan described the series as `` a genuine prequel '' to the original series , with Goldsman later adding that there were many classic Star Trek elements that fans among the writers wished to include in the series , but could n't because they were included in the original series as something being discovered by Starfleet for the first time then . The choice to feature a single serlialized story throughout the first season was inspired by the general change in television to tell more realistic and serialized stories rather than the `` new destination - based adventure each week '' format mostly used in previous Star Trek series . Fuller had been one of several writers during the 1990s pushing for Deep Space Nine and Voyager to move towards this style . Also inspired by modern , `` peak television '' series such as Game of Thrones was a willingness to kill off major characters for dramatic reasons , though the writers wanted to avoid doing so gratuitously or for `` shock value '' . Fuller said the series could `` push the content envelope since it wo n't be constrained by broadcast standards '' , but `` it 's still Star Trek . It will probably be slightly more graphic content ... I imagine we 're going to shoot scenes a couple of ways and see what feels more authentic in the editing room . '' Harberts ultimately described the series as a `` hard PG - 13 '' , saying the series could include `` some violent things or ( a ) tiny bit of language '' but they still wanted the show to be for families and to `` honor what the franchise is . '' On using time travel in the series , a plot device used in at least two episodes of every previous live - action Star Trek season , Fuller said that it had not yet been used for any episode by the end of August 2016 , and , `` You never know when you want to pull out that device but I am not anticipating an over-reliance on time travel to tell this season 's stories . '' The series ' writers also chose to ignore Gene Roddenberry 's longstanding rule that Starfleet crew members not have any significant conflict with one another or be depicted negatively ( a rule that Roddenberry himself did not always strictly follow ) . Harberts explained , `` We 're trying to do stories that are complicated , with characters with strong points of view and strong passions . People have to make mistakes -- mistakes are still going to be made in the future . We 're still going to argue in the future ... the thing we 're taking from Roddenberry is how we solve those conflicts . '' Because of the show 's position as a prequel to the original series , the producers felt it was more important for Discovery to build towards Roddenberry 's ideals , and to show that `` you ca n't simply be accepting and tolerant without working for it , and so this show is about that struggle . '' Casting ( edit ) Sonequa Martin - Green portrays the series ' protagonist , Michael Burnham By June 2016 , Fuller had met with several actors , and said that `` we want to carry on what Star Trek does best , which is being progressive . So it 's fascinating to look at all of these roles through a colorblind prism and a gender - blind prism '' . A month later , Kadin clarified that the series would feature minority , female , and LGBTQ characters . In August , Fuller said the series would feature `` about seven '' lead characters , and would star a lieutenant commander , rather than a starship captain like previous Star Trek series , to be played by a non-white actress . He said the series would also include more alien characters than other Star Trek series , and would feature at least one openly gay character . Fuller , who is gay himself , had been determined to see this happen since receiving hate mail while working on Voyager when a character on that show was rumored to be coming out as gay . By this time , Fuller had discussed the series ' casting with Mae Jemison , the first black woman in space ( who made a cameo appearance in an episode of The Next Generation ) . Fuller anticipated casting announcements in October 2016 , but none had been made by the end of that month . The majority of the series main characters were believed to have been cast by then , but no actress had been cast for the series ' lead role . This was a source of `` some internal stress '' at CBS . Several African American and Latina actresses were being looked at for the role , with CBS `` not seeking a huge star and ( preferring ) a fresh face for the part . '' In October , the cast was believed to include `` a female admiral , a male Klingon captain , a male admiral , a male adviser and a British male doctor '' , with one of those male leads played by an openly gay actor . The next month , Doug Jones and Anthony Rapp were revealed to be cast , as Science Officers Saru and Stamets , respectively . The former is a Kelpien , an alien race created for the series , while the latter is the first Star Trek character to be conceived and announced as gay . Sonequa Martin - Green was cast in the lead role in December , which was officially confirmed in April 2017 , with the character 's name revealed to be Michael Burnham . Also in December , Shazad Latif was cast as the Klingon Kol . In March 2017 , Jason Isaacs was cast as Captain Lorca of the USS Discovery , and Mary Wiseman joined as Tilly , a cadet . At the end of April , Latif was revealed to have been recast to the role of Starfleet Lieutenant Tyler . Design ( edit ) Mark Worthington and Todd Cherniawsky served as initial production designers for the series ; Gersha Phillips and Suttirat Anne Larlarb designed the costumes ; veteran Star Trek designer John Eaves designed starships , along with Scott Schneider ; and Glenn Hetrick and Neville Page of Alchemy Studios provided prosthetics , props , and armor . Page previously served as the concept and creature designer on the three `` Kelvin Timeline '' Star Trek films . The series also employed seven art directors , over nine illustrators , more than thirty - five set designers , and over four hundred and fifty painters , carpenters , sculptors , model makers , welders , set dressers , and prop builders . Fuller said on the general approach to design on the show , `` we 're producing the show in 2016 . We have to update the style of the effects , the style of the sets , the style of the makeup ... all of the other series have been produced ( at a time that ) is n't as sophisticated as we are now with what we can do production-wise , we 're going to be reestablishing an entire look for the series '' and for Star Trek moving forward . Fuller had wanted the series ' uniforms to reflect the primary colors of the original series , but this was discarded after his departure . However , Fuller 's designs for the Klingons , which he `` really , really wanted '' to redesign , were retained . 3D Systems ' `` cutting edge '' 3D printing techniques were widely used in the making of the series . For the prosthetics , Page and Hetrick took detailed laser scans of the actors so they could simulate make - up and prosthetics in a virtual environment before creating the practical version . Fabric for the Starfleet uniforms seen in the series were custom - dyed in Switzerland ; the costumes were cut and assembled in Toronto by Phillips and her department . The main uniforms seen in the series are a navy blue specifically mixed for the show , with gold or silver embellishments depending on the division of the officer . Medical officers wear a `` hospital white '' variant , also custom - dyed in Switzerland , while the captain 's uniform is the standard navy blue but with additional gold piping on the shoulders . Starfleet insignia badges were molded from silicon bronze , and then polished and plated by a jeweler to create custom colors for the series , based on the division of the officer wearing the uniform : gold for command , silver for sciences and medical , and copper for operations . Props such as tricorders and hand scanners , communicators , and phasers were produced with 3D printing and heavily inspired by their designs in the original Star Trek series . The design of the USS Discovery is based on an unused Ralph McQuarrie design for the USS Enterprise from the unproduced film Star Trek : Planet of the Titans , which Fuller had noted in July 2016 was `` to a point that we ca n't legally comment on it until ( our legal team ) figures out some things '' . McQuarrie 's designs were based on the concepts created by Ken Adam to feature a vessel with a flattened secondary hull . Fuller wanted `` something distinct about what our Star Trek was going to look '' like , and after seeing McQuarrie 's design `` saw sort of harder lines of a ship and started talking about race cars and Lamborghinis in the ' 70s and James Bond cars and started working on the designs , taking those inspirations and coming up with something completely unique to us . '' The design for the Discovery went through several revisions and refinements before the final version was approved in December 2016 . The sickbay on the Discovery was inspired by that of the Enterprise from the original series . Other Federation starships created for the show include the USS Shenzhou and the USS Europa . Sets for the Discovery 's interiors were described as a `` tangle of corridors and rooms '' , and were designed to match with the exterior design of the ship , so `` the rooms ( could believably ) fit inside the house '' , but there was some artistic license taken in places . The graphics used for the Starfleet computer systems were designed to be believably more advanced than modern technology , but to also `` honor the look and feel '' of the designs used in previous series . The initial colors allowed for the graphics were mostly restricted to blues , with the intention of these becoming more colorful the closer the series gets to the time period of the original series . Filming ( edit ) Star Trek : Discovery is filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios , with Vincenzo Natali serving as producing director for the series . Some of the series ' sets took over six weeks to create , and new sets were being built up until the end of production of the season . Discovery took advantage of multiple soundstages at the studio , including the largest soundstage in North America . Some episodes for the show were filmed solely on existing sets , making them bottle episodes , though Harberts said the series would not do anything `` as bottle - y as ' everyone is stuck in the mess hall ! ' '' For the visual scope of the series , Kurtzman felt that the show had to `` justify being on a premium cable service '' . The showrunners were particularly inspired by Star Trek : The Motion Picture and its `` wider scope '' , with Harberts explaining that the series is shot in a 2 : 1 aspect ratio which `` just lends itself to a very lyrical way of telling the story . '' He added that some of the series ' visuals were influenced by the modern Star Trek films from J.J. Abrams . Some of these influences , per Goldsman , are `` the ability to be creative cinematically ... the intimate discourse , the humanistic storytelling with the giant canvas that is Star Trek . A more kinetic camera , a more dynamic way of existing , a much greater use of practical sets so when you 're running down a corridor , you 're running down a corridor . A sense of rhythm ... there is a sense of litheness , a kind of fluidity in the characterizations . '' The producers worked closely with pilot director David Semel to make the series look as cinematic as possible , including filming the bridge of Starfleet 's ships in such a way as `` not to shoot in a sort of proscenium box ... to be able to get the camera into spaces where , you know , to shoot it in interesting ways , which is a combination of choreographing a scene to motivate the camera moving , and also lighting . '' The cinematographers for the series wanted to emphasize on set sourcing , with lighting built in wherever it would naturally appear to help create a more realistic feel , and distance the series from the `` stage '' feel of the original series . The lighting could also be controlled to create completely different situations , such as the lighting of a Starfleet red alert . Harberts said that the cinematographers wanted the series to have a `` Rembrandt texture '' . Visual effects ( edit ) Visual effects producers were hired to begin work on the series during the initial writing period , with Fuller explaining that the series would require such things as `` digital augmentation on certain alien species '' and `` the transporter beams '' . He said , `` We 're trying to cultivate distinct looks for all of those things that are unique to our version of Star Trek and carry through the themes we love seeing in fifty years of Star Trek , but doing a slightly different approach . '' Pixomondo is the primary visual effects vendor for the series , with Spin VFX also working on the show . Kurtzman noted that the series utilizes multiple CG environments which take several months to properly render . The shuttle bay of the Discovery is completely computer - generated , with actors performing in front of a green screen for scenes in that environment ; using the digital set is more expensive than any other set created for the series , including the practically - built ones . Music ( edit ) The first teaser for the series featured music composed by Fil Eisler , which he `` threw together as an audition '' within three weeks . Before production on the series began , Charles Henri Avelange had also composed and recorded music for the series , which he described as `` a showcase for CBS '' . In July 2017 , Jeff Russo was announced as composer for the series . Russo recorded the series ' score with a 60 - piece orchestra . The show 's main theme incorporates elements from the original Star Trek theme . Release ( edit ) The first episode of Star Trek : Discovery aired in a `` preview broadcast '' on CBS in the United States on September 24 , as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access . Subsequent first - run episodes , making up the first chapter of the season , will be streamed weekly on All Access through November 12 . The second chapter will begin streaming January 2018 . CBS Studios International licensed the series to Bell Media for broadcast in Canada , and to Netflix for another 188 countries . In Canada , the premiere was simulcast with CBS on September 24 , 2017 , on both the CTV Television Network and on the specialty channel Space before being streamed on CraveTV ; it was also broadcast in French on the specialty channel Z . Subsequent episodes will be released through Space , Z , and CraveTV , with Space airing each episode 30 minutes before it 's streamed on All Access . In the other countries , Netflix will release each episode of the series for streaming within 24 hours of its U.S. debut . This agreement also saw Bell Media and Netflix acquire all previous Star Trek series to stream in their entirety , and to broadcast on Bell Media television channels . Marketing ( edit ) The first full trailer for the series was released in May 2017 . Forbes 's Merrill Barr noted that the trailer was a good sign for many who believed the series would never be released following the many production setbacks and delays , saying , `` Having a legitimate trailer that can be watched over and over again brings signs of hope , particularly for fans that have been waiting over a year for this moment . Star Trek : Discovery is real , and now we have proof . '' Chris Harnick of E ! News described the trailer as `` gorgeous '' and `` truly cinematic '' , and because of the appearances of Sarek and the Klingons in the footage , `` this is the Star Trek you know and love . '' Aja Romano at Vox called the trailer 's visuals `` sumptuous '' and `` modern , but still very much in keeping with the aesthetic of previous Trek series '' . She continued , `` What gets short shrift in this trailer is the series ' overarching plot ... In any case , seeing the Klingons in all their combative glory feels a bit like coming home for Trek fans . '' Also in May , McFarlane Toys signed a toy license deal with CBS to produce `` figures , role play weapons and accessories '' for Discovery . CBS Consumer Products senior vice president Veronica Hart explained that McFarlane was chosen as the first licensee for the series because of its `` commitment to quality and dedication to fans '' . The deal will also see the company `` create merchandise from the entire Star Trek universe , ranging from the classic Star Trek : The Original Series to its popular movie franchise . '' The first merchandise produced under the deal are set for release in mid-2018 . Reception ( edit ) See also : Star Trek : Discovery ( season 1 ) § Reception Ratings and viewership ( edit ) According to Nielsen Media Research , the CBS broadcast of the first episode was watched by a `` decent '' audience of 9.5 million viewers . The premiere of the series led to record subscriptions for All Access , with the service having its biggest day of signups , as well as its biggest week and month of signups thanks to the series . According to `` app analytics specialist '' App Annie , the premiere of the series also caused the number of downloads of the All Access mobile app to more than double , with revenue from the app for CBS doubling compared to the average in - app revenue during the previous 30 days . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83 % approval rating for the first season , with an average rating of 7.13 / 10 based on 51 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Although it takes an episode to achieve liftoff , Star Trek : Discovery delivers a solid franchise installment for the next generation -- boldly led by the charismatic Sonequa Martin - Green . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Other Media ( edit ) After Trek ( edit ) Main article : After Trek By July 2016 , CBS was working on an aftershow companion series to Discovery similar in format to AMC 's Talking Dead , a companion to The Walking Dead . The show would air live after each episode of Discovery , and would feature `` guests , celebrity Trekkies , former Star Trek actors , along with cast members and crew '' from Discovery . The companion series was confirmed in 2017 , with the title After Trek and host Matt Mira . It is produced by Embassy Row in association with Roddenberry Entertainment . Publishing ( edit ) In September 2016 , Discovery writer Kirsten Beyer announced that CBS was working with IDW and Simon & Schuster to produce more content revolving around the setting of the series , starting with at least one novel and a comic series tied to the television show . Beyer , the writer of many Star Trek : Voyager novels , explained that she would work with fellow Star Trek novelist David Mack and Star Trek comic writer Mike Johnson to ensure that all three media `` are coming from the same place '' . The release of the books and comics was set to coincide with the series ' premiere . Mack described writing around the continuity of Discovery as `` tricky to get right '' , as the time period `` is light on detail and almost unique within the Star Trek continuity . That made it a challenge to represent that era faithfully while also staying true to the new elements being introduced '' in the new series . In August 2017 , Beyer explained the series ' writers ' intentions for the additional content , saying , `` We want to be able to take the story opportunities that we 're just frankly not going to have time to cover in the show , and go as deep into those into the various formats as we can . It 's not that you have to read these stories to understand everything , but the story will be incredibly enhanced if you do . '' Regarding whether this content would be considered canonical , Beyer said that the stories of the comics and novels are briefed back to the show 's writing staff so `` the stories we created get integrated into their brains '' , but she also said , `` Because of the collaborative nature of this process , we 're able to go farther , take bigger risks . The danger is that , in the future , somebody will come upon with an amazing story idea that would be incompatible with what we 've already established and just like always , the series is going to take priority . But the hope is that we can carve out these places that are safe and that we can continue to protect because as much as possible we want this to be one integrated universe ... we 're doing what we can to make sure these stories all fit together moving forward . '' Novels ( edit ) The first tie - in to the show is Desperate Hours , a prequel set a year before Discovery and a year after `` The Cage '' . Written by Mack , the novel was released on September 26 , and follows Burnham as she serves aboard the Shenzhou . Fuller had asked for a book to be written based on that premise , and Mack had worked with the Discovery writers to stay `` in the loop throughout the season with all the scripts and the story development . There were a few false starts , but eventually it allowed us to collaboratively create this story '' . Mack hinted that the USS Enterprise could also appear in the novel . The second Discovery novel is being written by Dayton Ward , is set 10 years before the show , and is intended to be released in early 2018 . Comics ( edit ) In July 2017 , IDW announced the first tie - in comic series , also titled Star Trek : Discovery , to be written by Johnson and Beyer with art by Tony Shasteen , who previously worked with Johnson on the comic Star Trek : Boldly Go . IDW described the comic as `` Klingon - centric '' , and set the first issue for release on October 25 . Johnson compared working with Beyer on the comic to his work on the Star Trek : Countdown comic , a tie - in to the 2009 Star Trek film that he wrote with Kurtzman and Roberto Orci , saying that her position as a staff writer on the Discovery show `` means we have all the inside access that we need . So the story in the comic will really matter and not just feel like a one - off . It is actually able to expand the story you guys are going to see in the show itself . '' In August , it was clarified that the first comic would be a four - issue miniseries focused on T'Kuvma and his followers , and that IDW intended to create a series of comic miniseries based on different aspects of the series to create `` targeted stories on some different subjects '' . Johnson stated that they were `` building out the characters in the Klingon world with these comics , and we ca n't wait to show you . '' He added that discussions were being held regarding the subject of the next miniseries . IDW editor Sarah Gaydos said , `` The access we 're getting to the show to create these comics that are integral to fleshing out the backstories of the characters is unheard of , and I do a lot of licensed comics . '' Star Trek Timelines ( edit ) In late 2017 , `` hours '' of Discovery - based content will be added to the role playing video game Star Trek Timelines , including Michael Burnham and Saru as new crew members for the game and new ships from the show , both Federation and otherwise . A month long `` Mega-Event '' based on the series will also take place . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amanda Kooser ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' launches tonight ! Here 's how to see it '' . Cnet . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) . `` CBS Is Right To Make Us Pay For ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : 11 Things We Learned About The New Trek Series ( TCA 2016 ) '' . / Film . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Reiss Smith ( Sep 25 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery -- How many episodes are there ? 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Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Delayed on CBS All Access Until May , ' Good Wife ' Spinoff Moved Up '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Producer Bryan Fuller on His ' Bittersweet ' Departure From the New ' Star Trek ' TV Series '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery casts Spock 's father , pushes premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Is Filming , Still Getting New Writers '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ; Tanswell , Adam ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : More Star Trek TV shows are `` totally possible '' -- including Bryan Fuller 's planned anthology series `` . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holloway , Daniel ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Help CBS Boldly Go Into a Streaming Future ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Boss Gets Candid About Those Big Delays and Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Renewed for Season 2 by CBS All Access '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery : 11 Things We Learned About The New Trek Series ( TCA 2016 ) '' . / Film . United States : Blogger . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery Producer Hints At New Reveal ' Soon , ' Reaffirms Show Is A Prequel '' . TrekMovie.com . May 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Heard the ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Theme Music ; New Details on the Show 's Serialized Storytelling ( TCA 2017 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery to ditch a long frustrating Trek rule '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Speelman , Tom ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` That Time Mae Jemison , Pioneering Astronaut , Was on Star Trek : The Next Generation '' . The Mary Sue . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ; Holloway , Daniel ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Finds First Cast Member in Michelle Yeoh '' . Variety . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bryan Fuller Out as ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Showrunner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . United States : Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Discovery ' : Sonequa Martin - Green Cast As The Lead '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Discovery ' : Shazad Latif Cast As Klingon Commanding Officer Kol '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duchak , John ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' Star Trek : Discovery '' to Begin Shooting on January 24th `` . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CAFTCAD Celebrates Costumes 2016 '' ( PDF ) . CAFTCAD . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DISCOVERY 's USS Shenzhou is a ' Walker - Class ' Starship '' . TrekCore.com . August 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recap : Fan Expo Canada 's DISCOVERY Production Panel '' . TrekCore.com . September 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Hetrick '' . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Iocovino , Kayla ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : Klingon ' Torchbearer ' Revealed + Gentle Giant Announces ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Collectibles '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Matt ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Designers Explain Why ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Klingons Are Bald And More '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Matt ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : See The Federation and Starfleet Costumes and Props From ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Akiva Goldsman On Influence Of JJ Abrams Films On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calling All Artists ! '' . Spin VFX . May 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2 '' . After Trek . Season 1 . Episode 2 . October 1 , 2017 . CBS All Access . Jump up ^ Evans , Charles . `` Possible Star Trek : Discovery Theme Released '' . Red Shirts Always Die . United States : Fansided . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Extends STAR TREK : DISCOVERY Fall Schedule to November 12 ; New Episode Titles Revealed '' . TrekCore.com . October 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery First Look Is Finally Here & It Is Gorgeous '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery 's first trailer brings a new ship , new characters , and old conflicts '' . Vox . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Rpbert ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Consumer Products taps McFarlane Toys for Star Trek Discovery toy lines '' . Licensing.biz . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Sunday : Star Trek : Discovery Has Decent Premiere on CBS '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Family Feud , ' ' 60 Minutes ' and NFL adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . Screener . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( September 24 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek Discovery Fuels Record Sign - Ups for CBS All Access '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Almost Doubled CBS All Access Mobile Subscription Revenue ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : A ' Talking Dead ' - Style STAR TREK ALL ACCESS Aftershow May Be In The Works '' . Deadline.com . July 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Trek : Discovery ' : Live After - Show Gets New Name ; Matt Mira Set As Host '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Will Have Books and Comics Coming Out at the Same Time as the Show '' . io9 . United States : Univision Communications . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Star Trek ' Canon Feels Like Homework '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Drew , Brian ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` STLV17 : Covers and Details Unveiled For First ' Star Trek : Discovery ' Comic and Novel '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Star Trek : Discovery Comic Book Tie - In Officially Announced '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andosca , Joe ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` SDCC17 : IDW Panel Reveals Details On ' Star Trek : Discovery ' And ' Boldly Go ' Comics '' . TrekMovie.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : Discovery coming to STAR TREK TIMELINES '' . Disruptor Beam . August 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Sources ( edit ) McQuarrie , Ralph ; Stice , Same ; Scoleri , John David ( 2007 ) . The Art of Ralph McQuarrie . Santa Clara , California : Dreams & Visions Press . ISBN 0979158001 . Reeves - Stevens , Judith ; Reeves - Stevens , Garfield ( 1997 ) . Star Trek : Phase II : The Lost Series ( 2nd ed . ) . New York City : Pocket Books . ISBN 0671568396 . Further reading ( edit ) Star Trek Discovery : Official Collector 's Edition . Bankside , London , England , United Kingdom : Titan Books . November 14 , 2017 . ISBN 1785861905 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutStar Trek : Discoveryat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Star Trek Discovery , CBS Star Trek : Discovery on IMDb Star Trek : Discovery at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Star Trek : Discovery Characters Michael Burnham Episodes Season 1 `` The Vulcan Hello '' `` Battle at the Binary Stars '' `` Context Is for Kings '' Other After Trek Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal CBS All Access original programming Current Big Brother : Over the Top ( since 2016 ) The Good Fight ( since 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( since 2017 ) Bryan Fuller TV series created Dead Like Me ( 2003 -- 04 ) Wonderfalls ( 2004 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 -- 09 ) Hannibal ( 2013 -- 15 ) American Gods ( 2017 -- present ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) TV pilots created Mockingbird Lane ( 2012 ) Films written Carrie ( 2002 ) Alex Kurtzman Films directed People Like Us ( 2012 ) The Mummy ( 2017 ) Television series created Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 -- present ) Sleepy Hollow ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek:_Discovery&oldid=809518997 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts American LGBT - related television shows American science fiction television series CBS All Access shows CBS network shows English - language television programs Prequel television series Star Trek : Discovery Star Trek television series Television programs based on works by Gene Roddenberry Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series produced in Toronto Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 17 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does next episode of star trek discovery come out | [
"The first episode of Star Trek: Discovery aired in a \"preview broadcast\" on CBS in the United States on September 24, as well as being made available with the second episode on CBS All Access. Subsequent first-run episodes, making up the first chapter of the season, will be streamed weekly on All Access through November 12. The second chapter will begin streaming January 2018.[28][29][98]"
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"will begin streaming January 2018"
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188840683313769042 | Mind your own business | Mind your own business - wikipedia Mind your own business Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mind your own business ( disambiguation ) . `` Mind your own business '' is a common English saying which asks for a respect of other people 's privacy . It can mean that a person should stop meddling in what does not concern that person , etc . Its initialism is MYOB . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 20th century 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) Most modern theologians do not believe that the phrase `` Mind your own business '' is of direct biblical derivation , though something similar appears in the bible where St. Paul tells the church of Thessaloniki about this manner of living in his instructions as a way of Christian life ( I Thessalonians 4 : 11 ) . The Greek phrase is πράσσειν τὰ ἴδια , which translates as `` manage yourself '' . 20th century ( edit ) In the 1930s , a slang version rendered the saying as `` Mind your own beeswax '' . It is meant to soften the force of the retort . Folk etymology has it that this idiom was used in the colonial period when women would sit by the fireplace making wax candles together , though there are many other theories . In the classic science fiction story `` ... And Then There Were None '' , author Eric Frank Russell shortened `` mind your own business '' to `` MYOB '' or `` Myob ! '' , which was used as a form of civil disobedience on the planet of the libertarian Gands . Russell 's short story was subsequently incorporated into his 1962 novel The Great Explosion . See also ( edit ) A wigwam for a goose 's bridle Bodily integrity Personal boundaries References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1 Thessalonians 4 : 11 - 12 NIV '' . biblegateway.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Palmatier , Robert Allen ( 1995 ) . Speaking of Animals : A Dictionary of Animal Metaphors . Greenwood Press . pp. Google Books Search , p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29490 - 9 . Jump up ^ Idiomsite.com , Beeswax Jump up ^ Worldwidewords.org Jump up ^ Abelard.org External links ( edit ) Idiomsite.com , Origins of common sayings - Beeswax Abelard.org , And Then There Were None ( relevant excerpt of The Great Explosion ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_your_own_business&oldid=780081752 '' Categories : English phrases Clichés Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2017 , at 21 : 06 . About Wikipedia | where did mind your own beeswax come from | [
"In the 1930s, a slang version rendered the saying as \"Mind your own beeswax\". It is meant to soften the force of the retort.[2] Folk etymology has it that this idiom was used in the colonial period when women would sit by the fireplace making wax candles together,[3] though there are many other theories.[4]"
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"In the 1930s, a slang version rendered the saying as \"Mind your own beeswax\""
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-1921641450570172231 | Sometimes It Snows in April | Sometimes it Snows in April - wikipedia Sometimes it Snows in April Jump to : navigation , search `` Sometimes It Snows in April '' Song by Prince and The Revolution from the album Parade Released 1986 Recorded 1985 ; Sunset Sound ( Hollywood , California ) Monterey Sound Studios ( Glendale , California ) Length 6 : 48 Label Paisley Park Warner Bros . Songwriter ( s ) Prince Wendy & Lisa Producer ( s ) Prince Parade track listing `` Anotherloverholenyohead '' ( 11 ) `` Sometimes It Snows in April '' ( 12 ) `` Sometimes It Snows in April '' is a song recorded by American musician Prince . It was included on his eighth studio album Parade ( 1986 ) , and within the accompanying film Under the Cherry Moon ( 1986 ) . Prince wrote and produced the song , along with Wendy & Lisa who provided additional lyrics for the composition . The song 's narrator recounts memories of Christopher Tracy , Prince 's character from Under the Cherry Moon , and how Tracy 's passing affected the narrator ; it also expresses their desire to hopefully rejoin Tracy in heaven . `` Sometimes It Snows in April '' received significant attention after Prince 's death on April 21 , 2016 , exactly thirty - one years after its recording date , allowing it to chart on several record charts worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commercial performance 2 Personnel 3 Charts 4 Cover versions 5 References 6 External links Commercial performance ( edit ) After the initial release of Parade , `` Sometimes It Snows in April '' was not released as a single , which made it ineligible to chart . However , after the death of Prince on April 21 , 2016 , sales of the song increased heavily , allowing it to peak on several charts . The song was most successful in Europe ; in France , it peaked at number 14 , lasting a total of three weeks on the chart . It fared well in the Netherlands , Austria , and Switzerland , where it peaked at numbers 63 , 69 , and 64 , respectively . It charted the lowest in the United Kingdom , where it lasted for one week on the chart , peaking at number 193 . Personnel ( edit ) Prince -- lead vocals and various instruments Lisa Coleman -- keyboards and vocals Wendy Melvoin -- guitar and vocals Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 69 France ( SNEP ) 14 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 63 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 64 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 193 Cover versions ( edit ) Gotye recorded a vocals - only cover of the song that was uploaded to his YouTube channel on April 21 , 2016 . Singer D'Angelo performed the song as a tribute to Prince , accompanied by Maya Rudolph and Gretchen Lieberum of the Prince cover band Princess , April 26 , 2016 on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . Barry Hyde ( The Futureheads ) recorded a cover of this song for his solo album ' Malady ' . Amar on her 2000 album Outside . The French R&B group , Native , covered the song on their 1995 self - titled album . BMG France References ( edit ) Jump up ^ PrinceVault : Sometimes It Snows in April ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Prince & The Revolution -- Sometimes It Snows in April '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Prince & The Revolution -- Sometimes It Snows in April '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Prince & The Revolution -- Sometimes It Snows in April '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Prince & The Revolution -- Sometimes It Snows in April '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chart Log UK : `` Update 30.04. 2016 '' . UK Singles Chart . Zobbel.de . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ gotyemusic ( April 21 , 2016 ) , Sometimes It Snows In April , retrieved July 1 , 2016 Jump up ^ ET Online ( April 26 , 2016 ) , D'Angelo and Maya Rudolph Perform Touching Tribute to Prince on Jimmy Fallon Show , retrieved April 28 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Prince singles 1970s `` Soft and Wet '' `` Just as Long as We 're Together '' `` I Wanna Be Your Lover '' 1980s `` Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad ? '' `` Still Waiting '' `` Sexy Dancer '' `` Bambi '' `` Uptown '' `` Dirty Mind '' `` Do It All Night '' `` Controversy '' `` Let 's Work '' `` Do Me , Baby '' `` Sexuality '' `` 1999 '' `` Little Red Corvette '' `` D.M.S.R. '' `` Delirious '' `` Automatic '' `` Let 's Pretend We 're Married '' `` When Doves Cry '' `` Let 's Go Crazy '' `` Purple Rain '' `` I Would Die 4 U '' `` Take Me with U '' `` Paisley Park '' `` Raspberry Beret '' `` Pop Life '' `` America '' `` Kiss '' `` Mountains '' `` Anotherloverholenyohead '' `` Girls & Boys '' `` Sign `` O '' the Times '' `` If I Was Your Girlfriend '' `` U Got the Look '' `` I Could Never Take the Place of Your Man '' `` Alphabet St . '' `` Glam Slam '' `` I Wish U Heaven '' `` Batdance '' `` Partyman '' `` The Arms of Orion '' `` Scandalous ! '' 1990s `` The Future '' `` Thieves in the Temple '' `` New Power Generation '' `` Gett Off '' `` Cream '' `` Diamonds and Pearls '' `` Money Do n't Matter 2 Night '' `` Insatiable '' `` Thunder '' `` Sexy MF '' `` My Name Is Prince '' `` 7 '' `` Damn U '' `` The Morning Papers '' `` Pink Cashmere '' `` Nothing Compares 2 U '' `` Peach '' `` Pope '' ( remix ) `` Come '' `` Letitgo '' `` Space '' `` The Most Beautiful Girl in the World '' `` P Control '' `` Dolphin '' `` Endorphinmachine '' `` I Hate U '' `` Gold '' `` Dinner with Delores '' `` Betcha by Golly Wow ! '' `` The Holy River '' `` Somebody 's Somebody '' `` Face Down '' `` The Truth '' `` Extraordinary '' `` The Greatest Romance Ever Sold '' 2000s `` U Make My Sun Shine '' ( with Angie Stone ) `` When Will We B Paid ? '' ( with Audio Stepchild ) `` Supercute '' `` The Work , pt. 1 '' `` Days of Wild '' `` Musicology '' `` Cinnamon Girl '' `` Controversy ( Live in Hawaii ) '' `` S.S.T. '' `` Te Amo Corazón '' `` Black Sweat '' `` Fury '' `` Guitar '' `` F.U.N.K. '' `` Dance 4 Me '' 2010s `` Extraloveable '' `` Rock and Roll Love Affair '' `` Screwdriver '' `` Fixurlifeup '' `` Breakfast Can Wait '' `` Pretzelbodylogic '' `` Fallinlove2nite '' `` Breakdown '' `` Clouds '' `` Baltimore '' `` Hardrocklover '' `` This Could B Us '' `` Free Urself '' Promotional singles `` When You Were Mine '' `` D.M.S.R. '' `` Another Lonely Christmas '' `` Erotic City '' `` Hot Thing '' `` Trust '' `` Willing and Able '' `` Nothing Compares 2 U '' `` Pope '' `` Love Sign '' ( with Nona Gaye ) `` Come '' `` P. Control '' `` Dolphin '' `` Endorphinmachine '' `` Slave '' `` Somebody 's Somebody '' `` Face Down '' `` The Rest of My Life '' `` 5 Women '' `` It 's About That Walk '' `` Baby Knows '' `` Man'O'War '' `` She Loves Me 4 Me '' `` Last December '' `` One Nite Alone ... Live EP '' `` Live at the Aladdin Las Vegas '' `` Call My Name '' `` The Song of the Heart '' `` Beautiful , Loved & Blessed '' ( with Tamar Davis ) `` Chelsea Rodgers '' `` Future Baby Mama '' `` The One U Wanna C '' `` U 're Gonna C Me '' Airplay - only songs `` International Lover '' `` Shhh '' `` Satisfied '' `` Better with Time '' Internet downloads `` One Song '' `` Cybersingle '' `` Bataclan '' `` Glass Cutter '' `` Live from Paisley Park '' `` Strange Relationship '' ( Live in Minneapolis ) `` Guitar ( original `` demo '' version ) '' `` Love '' ( acoustic version ) `` Rock and Roll Love Affair '' ( Remix 7 ) `` Screwdriver '' ( Remix ) `` Boyfriend '' ( Demo ) `` That Girl Thang '' `` Live Out Loud '' `` Ai n't Gonna Miss U When U 're Gone '' `` Extraloveable Reloaded '' `` Menstrual Cycle '' `` Octopus Heart '' `` Groovy Potential '' `` The Sweeter She Is '' `` Something in the Water '' ( Paisley Park Rehearsal ) `` Da Bourgeoisie '' `` What If '' `` The X 's Face '' Streams `` U 're Still the One '' `` Xylophone '' `` In a Large Room with No Light '' `` Purple and Gold '' `` Cause and Effect '' `` Hot Summer '' `` Rich Friends '' `` Same Page Different Book '' `` Stare '' EPs The Beautiful Experience 1999 : The New Master Other songs `` I Feel for You '' `` When You Were Mine '' `` Private Joy '' `` How Come U Do n't Call Me Anymore ? '' `` 17 Days '' `` The Beautiful Ones '' `` Computer Blue '' `` Darling Nikki '' `` Baby I 'm a Star '' `` 4 the Tears in Your Eyes '' `` Sometimes It Snows in April '' `` Adore '' `` Do n't Talk 2 Strangers '' `` I Ca n't Make U Love Me '' `` La , La , La Means I Love U '' `` One of Us '' `` Everyday Is a Winding Road '' `` A Case of U '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sometimes_It_Snows_in_April&oldid=820068965 '' Categories : 1986 songs 1980s ballads Pop ballads Prince ( musician ) songs Song recordings produced by Prince ( musician ) Songs written by Prince ( musician ) Songs written by Wendy Melvoin Songs written by Lisa Coleman ( musician ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart used with UKZobbel that can not be substituted Singlechart usages for UKZobbel Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 22 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was sometimes it snows in april releases | [
"\n\n\"Sometimes It Snows in April\"\n\n\nSong by Prince and The Revolution\n\n\nfrom the album Parade\n\n\nReleased\n1986\n\n\nRecorded\n\n\n\n1985; Sunset Sound\n(Hollywood, California)\nMonterey Sound Studios\n(Glendale, California)\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n6:48\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nPaisley Park\nWarner Bros.\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nPrince\nWendy & Lisa\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nPrince\n\n\nParade track listing\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Anotherloverholenyohead\"\n(11)\n\"Sometimes It Snows in April\"\n(12)\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"1986"
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-2889393180731646434 | Tom Brady | Tom Brady - wikipedia Tom Brady Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Tom Brady , see Tom Brady ( disambiguation ) . Tom Brady Brady in 2016 No. 12 -- New England Patriots Position : Quarterback Born : ( 1977 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 1977 ( age 40 ) San Mateo , California Height : 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Weight : 225 lb ( 102 kg ) Career information High school : San Mateo ( CA ) Junípero Serra College : Michigan NFL Draft : 2000 / Round : 6 / Pick : 199 Career history New England Patriots ( 2000 -- present ) Roster status : Active Career highlights and awards 5 × Super Bowl champion ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX , LI ) 4 × Super Bowl MVP ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XLIX , LI ) 3 × NFL Most Valuable Player ( 2007 , 2010 , 2017 ) 13 × Pro Bowl ( 2001 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 -- 2017 ) 5 × First - team All - Pro ( 2007 , 2010 , 2012 , 2016 , 2017 ) Second - team All - Pro ( 2005 ) 2 × NFL Offensive Player of the Year ( 2007 , 2010 ) NFL Comeback Player of the Year ( 2009 ) Bert Bell Award ( 2007 ) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( 2007 ) Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year ( 2005 ) 3 × NFL passing yards leader ( 2005 , 2007 , 2017 ) 4 × NFL passing touchdowns leader ( 2002 , 2007 , 2010 , 2015 ) 2 × NFL passer rating leader ( 2007 , 2010 ) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team National champion ( 1997 ) Career NFL statistics as of Week 17 , 2017 Completions : 5,629 Attempts : 8,805 Completion percentage : 63.9 TD -- INT : 488 -- 160 Passing yards : 66,159 Passer rating : 97.6 Player stats at NFL.com Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr. ( born August 3 , 1977 ) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He is one of only two players to win five Super Bowls ( the other being defensive player Charles Haley ) and the only player to win them all playing for one team . After playing college football for the University of Michigan , Brady was drafted by the Patriots in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft . Due to his late draft selection , Brady is considered to be the biggest `` steal '' in the history of the NFL Draft . In Brady 's 16 seasons as a starter , he has quarterbacked the Patriots to eight Super Bowl appearances , the most for any player in history . Brady has been honored with four Super Bowl MVP awards ( Super Bowl XXXVI , XXXVIII , XLIX , and LI ) , the most ever by a single player , has won three league MVP awards ( 2007 , 2010 , 2017 ) , has been selected to 13 Pro Bowls , and has led his team to more division titles ( 15 ) than any other quarterback in NFL history . As of the end of the 2017 regular season , Brady is fourth all - time in total career passing yards , tied for third ( with Drew Brees ) in career touchdown passes , and third in career passer rating . His career postseason record is 27 -- 10 , winning more playoff games than any other quarterback , and he has appeared in more playoff games than any player at any position . Brady has never had a losing season as a starting quarterback in the NFL . His combined regular - season and postseason wins are also the most of any quarterback in NFL history . Because of his accomplishments and accolades , many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time . For his alleged involvement in the highly publicized Deflategate football tampering scandal , Brady was suspended for the first four games of the 2016 NFL season . Subsequently , Brady went on to win Super Bowl LI and was awarded Super Bowl MVP that season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 Statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Overview 3.2 2000 season 3.3 2001 season 3.3. 1 2001 postseason 3.4 2002 season 3.5 2003 season 3.5. 1 2003 postseason 3.6 2004 season 3.6. 1 2004 postseason 3.7 2005 season 3.7. 1 2005 postseason 3.8 2006 season 3.8. 1 2006 postseason 3.9 2007 season 3.9. 1 2007 postseason 3.10 2008 season 3.11 2009 season 3.11. 1 2009 postseason 3.12 2010 season 3.12. 1 2010 postseason 3.13 2011 season 3.13. 1 2011 postseason 3.14 2012 season 3.14. 1 2012 postseason 3.15 2013 season 3.15. 1 2013 postseason 3.16 2014 season 3.16. 1 2014 postseason 3.17 2015 season 3.17. 1 2015 offseason 3.17. 2 2015 regular season 3.17. 3 2015 postseason 3.18 2016 season 3.18. 1 2016 offseason 3.18. 2 2016 regular season 3.18. 3 2016 postseason 3.19 2017 season 3.19. 1 2017 offseason 3.19. 2 2017 regular season 3.19. 3 2017 postseason 4 NFL career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 4.3 Super Bowl 5 NFL records 5.1 Regular season ( career ) 5.2 Playoffs ( career ) 5.3 Super Bowl ( career ) 6 Other endeavors 7 Personal life 7.1 Politics 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life Brady was born in San Mateo , California , the only son and fourth child of Galynn Patricia ( née Johnson ) and Thomas Brady , Sr. He has three older sisters , named Nancy , Julie , and Maureen . He was raised Catholic . His father is of Irish descent , while his mother has German , Norwegian , Polish and Swedish ancestry . Brady 's great - great - grandparents on his father 's side , John and Bridget Brady , were Irish refugees from the Great Famine who moved to San Francisco from Boston prior to the American Civil War . They were accompanied by Bridget 's sister Ann and her husband Lawrence Meegan , the parents of the 19th Century American Major League Baseball player `` Steady '' Pete Meegan . Brady 's great uncle , Michael Buckley Jr. was , also , the first American prisoner of war during World War II . In the 1980s , Brady regularly attended San Francisco 49ers games at Candlestick Park , where he was a fan of quarterback Joe Montana ; since then , Brady has mentioned Montana as his idol and one of his inspirations . At the age of four , Brady attended the 1981 NFC Championship against the Dallas Cowboys , in which Montana threw The Catch to Dwight Clark . As a child , Brady attended football camp at the College of San Mateo where he learned to throw the football from camp counselor and future NFL / AFL quarterback Tony Graziani . He grew up as a Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics fan . Brady attended Junípero Serra High School in San Mateo , where he graduated in 1995 ; the ceremony was held at St. Mary 's Cathedral . He played football , basketball , and baseball in high school . He played against Bellarmine College Preparatory rival Pat Burrell in both football and baseball . Brady 's football career started as the backup quarterback on the Padres junior varsity team . At first , Brady was not good enough to start on the 0 -- 8 JV team that had not scored a touchdown all year . However , when the starting quarterback went down with an injury , he ascended to the starting position . He became the varsity starter his junior year and held the position until he graduated . By Brady 's senior year , he struggled getting on the radar of college coaches . He created highlight tapes and sent them out to schools he would consider attending . This led to strong interest from many football programs around the nation . The process of recruiting was much different during Brady 's time , and athletes ' rankings were not as prominent . In terms of recruiting in the 2000s , Brady would have been considered a four - star recruit . In essence , he was a highly rated prospect . Brady was also on Blue Chip Illustrated as well as a Prep Football Report All - American selection . Following his recruiting process he narrowed down his list to five main schools . `` Probably the ones that we did hear from and ultimately pared the list to were Cal - Berkeley , UCLA , USC , Michigan , and Illinois , '' his father said . As a Cal fan , his father hoped that Brady would attend the nearby Cal , where Brady was a silent commit , and be able to watch his son play . Brady was also known as a great baseball player in high school . He was a left - handed - hitting catcher with power . His skill set impressed MLB scouts , and he was drafted in the 18th round of the 1995 MLB Draft by the Montreal Expos . The Expos projected Brady as a potential All - Star , and offered him money typical of a late second - round or early third - round pick . Nevertheless , Brady was determined to play football at the next level . He was always more passionate about football , and when he found that there was significant interest in him , he decided to take the road of football . Brady was recruited by Michigan assistant Bill Harris , and he signed to play for the University of Michigan in 1995 . He finished his high school football career completing 236 of 447 passes for 3,702 yards and 31 touchdowns . He also won All - State and All - Far West honors as well as the team 's Most Valuable Player Award . During the summers of 1998 and 1999 , Brady was an intern at Merrill Lynch . He was inducted into the Junipero Serra High School Hall of Fame in 2003 , joining fellow Serra High graduates Barry Bonds , Lynn Swann , Gregg Jefferies , Jim Fregosi , and his older sister Maureen , among many others . When Brady revisited two weeks after Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 , school administrators announced that they had named the football stadium Brady Family Stadium . College career Brady played college football for the University of Michigan from 1995 to 1999 . He was a backup quarterback for his first two years , while teammate and future NFL quarterback Brian Griese led the 1997 Wolverines to an undefeated season , which was capped by a victory in the Rose Bowl and a share of the national championship . When he enrolled at Michigan , Brady was seventh on the depth chart , and he had an intense struggle to get some playing time . At one point , Brady hired a sports psychologist to help him cope with frustration and anxiety , and even considered transferring to California . He worked closely with assistant athletic director Greg Harden , who met with Brady every week to build his confidence and to maximize his performance on the field . Brady told 60 Minutes in 2014 : `` He will always be somebody I rely on for sound advice and mentorship . He has helped me with my own personal struggles in both athletics and in life . Greg really pushed me in a direction that I was n't sure I could go . '' Under Michigan head coach Lloyd Carr , Brady battled for the starting job with Drew Henson and ultimately started every game in the 1998 and 1999 seasons . During his first full year as starter , he set new Michigan records for most pass attempts and completions in a season , for a total of 214 . Brady was All - Big Ten honorable mention both seasons , and was the team captain in his senior year . The Wolverines won 20 of 25 games when he started , and he set a school record for completions in a 31 -- 16 loss against Ohio State in 1998 , a season in which Michigan shared the Big Ten Conference title . Brady capped that season with a 45 -- 31 win over Arkansas in the Citrus Bowl . In the 1999 season , Brady had to once again hold off Henson for the starting job . The two players platooned during the season 's first seven games , with Brady playing the first quarter , Henson the second and Carr then deciding upon a quarterback for the second half . The 1999 Michigan Wolverines started off with a 5 -- 0 record , including a 26 -- 22 win over Notre Dame , and a road win against eventual powerhouse Wisconsin . Against Michigan State , Brady was not chosen to play the second half ; however , he was reinserted into the game with Michigan down by 17 points , and he nearly led Michigan all the way back before losing 34 -- 31 . After a 300 - yard passing game the following week , Carr went exclusively with Brady for the remainder of the season . Brady went on to lead Michigan to multiple 4th - quarter comebacks , including a remarkable 31 -- 27 win against Penn State , and leading them out of a close game against Indiana , 34 -- 31 , heading into the regular season 's final game , winners of three straight , earning him the moniker of `` Comeback Kid '' . Michigan concluded the regular season against Ohio State ; this was a dramatic game with a trip to the Orange Bowl on the line . With five minutes left , tied 17 -- 17 , Brady led Michigan to the winning score . He led Michigan to an overtime win in the Orange Bowl over Alabama , throwing for 369 yards , four touchdowns , leading the team back from a pair of 14 - point deficits in regulation ( 14 -- 0 in the first half , and 28 -- 14 in the second ) . He threw the game - winning score on a bootleg to tight end Shawn Thompson . Michigan won the game when Alabama missed an extra point following its own touchdown . In the two seasons that Brady started at Michigan , he posted a 20 -- 5 record , including his two largest victories at the Citrus Bowl ( 1999 ) and the Orange Bowl ( 2000 ) . Brady finished his career ranking third in Michigan history with 710 attempts and 442 completions , fourth with 5,351 yards and 62.3 completion percentage , and fifth with 35 touchdown passes . Statistics Year Team Passing Rushing Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Michigan 5 60.0 % 26 5.2 0 63.7 -- -- -- -- 1997 Michigan 12 15 80.0 % 103 6.9 0 0 137.7 − 14 − 7.0 0 1998 Michigan 200 323 61.9 % 2,427 7.5 14 10 133.1 54 − 105 − 1.9 1999 Michigan 180 295 61.0 % 2,217 7.5 16 6 138.0 34 − 31 − 0.9 Career 395 638 61.9 % 4,773 7.5 30 17 134.9 90 − 150 − 1.7 Source : Professional career Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt 40 - yard dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 - ss 3 - cone Vert jump Broad Wonderlic 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 211 lb ( 96 kg ) 5.24 s 1.75 s 2.99 s 4.38 s 7.20 s 24 ⁄ in ( 0.62 m ) 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) 33 All values from NFL Combine Overview A lightly regarded prospect coming out of college , Brady was selected by the New England Patriots with the 199th overall pick in the sixth round of 2000 NFL Draft and has since spent his entire 18 - season career with the Patriots . Since Brady became their starting quarterback in 2001 , the Patriots have never had a losing season and have won 14 division titles . The Patriots played in twelve AFC Championship Games from 2001 to 2017 -- including seven in a row from 2011 to 2017 -- and won eight of them . Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback - head coach tandem in NFL history , winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo as well as appearing in eight Super Bowls . All of these events set new NFL records . In his second season , Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured . He led the Patriots to first place in the AFC East and a victory over the favored St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI , winning his first Super Bowl MVP award . Despite the Patriots ' missing the playoffs the following season , Brady would then lead them to back - to - back World Championships in 2003 and 2004 , winning Super Bowl MVP honors again in 2003 . Along the way , the Patriots won an NFL - record 21 consecutive games ( including the playoffs ) between the 2003 and 2004 seasons . The 2005 season was Brady 's first to throw for 4,000 yards and lead the NFL in passing . That postseason , Brady would win his 10th consecutive playoff game , another NFL postseason record . Although Brady and the Patriots continued to win often , they did not return to the Super Bowl until the 2007 season . That year , Brady not only set an NFL record with 50 touchdown passes but he would also lead the Patriots to a 16 -- 0 finish , the first perfect regular - season record since the Miami Dolphins finished 14 - 0 in 1972 . Brady would win his first career NFL MVP Award , winning 49 out of 50 votes . The Associated Press also named him Male Athlete of the Year , the first such award given to an NFL player since Joe Montana won it in 1989 and 1990 . However , the Patriots suffered their first Super Bowl loss with Brady as quarterback , dropping a 17 - 14 decision to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII . Brady missed virtually the entire following season due to a knee injury in the season opener . But he would come back strong in the 2009 season to be named the league 's Comeback Player of the Year . In 2010 , Brady set the NFL record for consecutive passes without an interception ( 358 ) and broke his own record for the highest season touchdown to interception ratio ( among players who have started a full season ) at 9 : 1 , currently the third best TD : INT ratio for a single season by a quarterback . Brady would win his second league MVP award with all 50 votes in his favor . He was the first unanimous NFL MVP since Giants linebacker Lawrence Taylor won the award in 1986 . He and Joe Montana are the only players in NFL history to win multiple NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP awards . Brady was also named the top player by his peers in the first NFL Top 100 list , released in 2011 . In the 2011 season , Brady led the Patriots to their first AFC Championship since 2007 and appeared in the Super Bowl for a fifth time ; but the Patriots would lose again to the Giants . Following AFC Championship Game losses in the following seasons ( 2012 and 2013 ) , Brady and the Patriots made their sixth trip to the Super Bowl after the 2014 season ( Brady 's 15th as a professional ) . There , he led the Patriots to a fourth - quarter comeback over the defending champion Seattle Seahawks . He would lift his fourth Super Bowl trophy ( the Patriots ' first in ten seasons ) and was named Super Bowl MVP for the third time . Despite missing the first four games of the 2016 season , Brady would lead the Patriots ( 3 - 1 before he rejoined them ) to win 11 out of the 12 remaining regular season games and two postseason games to make his seventh and most recent Super Bowl appearance . Brady and the Patriots would overcome a 25 - point deficit against the Atlanta Falcons ( down 28 - 3 in the third quarter ) to force the first overtime in Super Bowl history , winning 34 - 28 to give Brady his fifth Super Bowl title . He earned his fourth Super Bowl MVP award after setting title - game records for appearances , pass attempts , completions , passing yards and fourth - quarter comebacks . In 2018 , Brady threw for 505 yards at 40 years old , setting a record for most passing yards in a Super Bowl , but the Patriots lost to the Philadelphia Eagles , denying Brady his sixth Super Bowl ring . Notably , Brady has shaken the hand of the losing quarterback after all five of his wins but has beaten a hasty retreat to the locker room to avoid shaking the hand of his opponent in all three of his losses . Over his career , Brady has won three league MVP awards , five Super Bowls , and four Super Bowl MVP Awards . A 13 - time Pro Bowler , Brady has also twice led the NFL in passing yardage . As of November 2017 , he currently owns the third - highest career passer rating ( 97.9 ) among quarterbacks with at least 1,500 career passing attempts . He has thrown for more passing yards and touchdowns than any quarterback in NFL postseason history ; he also has won more playoff games than any other quarterback . As a result of his highly successful career , Brady is rated among the greatest quarterbacks of all time . 2000 season Brady was selected with pick # 199 , a compensatory pick , in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft . He and his family had believed that Brady would be drafted in the second or third round ; they watched the draft on television , stunned as six other quarterbacks were drafted before him . Brady was so embarrassed that he briefly left the family home during the sixth round , and cried when recalling the experience for an interview 11 years later . When the Patriots notified him that he would be drafted Brady was grateful that , he later said , he would not `` have to be an insurance salesman '' . According to Michael Holley 's book Patriot Reign , the Patriots were considering Brady and Tim Rattay , both of whom had received positive reviews from then - quarterbacks coach Dick Rehbein . Ultimately , the Patriots front office chose Brady . Considering his subsequent success , many analysts have called Brady the best NFL draft pick of all time . Brady started the season as the fourth string quarterback , behind starter Drew Bledsoe and backups John Friesz and Michael Bishop ; by season 's end , he was number two on the depth chart behind Bledsoe . During his rookie season , he was 1 - of - 3 passing , for six yards . Tight end Rod Rutledge caught Brady 's first and only completed pass of the season in a 34 -- 9 loss to the Detroit Lions on November 23 . 2001 season With Bledsoe as the starting quarterback , the Patriots opened the season with a 23 -- 17 loss at Cincinnati . In their second game and home opener on September 23 , the Patriots squared off against their AFC East rivals , the New York Jets . Bledsoe was again the starter ; in the fourth quarter , he suffered internal bleeding after a hit from Jets linebacker Mo Lewis . Bledsoe returned for the next series , but was replaced with Brady for the Patriots ' final series of the game . New York would hold on to win , 10 -- 3 , and the Patriots fell to 0 -- 2 on the season . Brady was named the starter for the season 's third game , against the Indianapolis Colts . In his first two games as starter , Brady posted unspectacular passer ratings of 79.6 and 58.7 , respectively , in a 44 -- 13 victory over the Colts ( in their last season in the AFC East ) and a 30 -- 10 loss to the Miami Dolphins . In the Patriots ' fifth game , Brady began to find his stride . Trailing the visiting San Diego Chargers 26 -- 16 in the fourth quarter , he led the Patriots on two scoring drives to force overtime , and another in overtime to set up a winning field goal . Brady finished the game with 33 pass completions on 54 attempts , for 364 yards , and two touchdowns and was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the first time in his career . The following week , Brady again played well during the rematch at Indianapolis , with a passer rating of 148.3 in a 38 -- 17 win . The Patriots went on to win eleven of the fourteen games Brady started , and six straight to finish the regular season , winning the AFC East and entering the 2001 -- 02 NFL playoffs with a first - round bye . In that stretch was a Week 11 34 -- 17 victory over the New Orleans Saints where he was 19 of 26 for 258 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn his second AFC Offensive Player of the Week nod in 2001 . Brady finished the 2001 season with 2,843 passing yards and 18 touchdowns and earned an invitation to the 2002 Pro Bowl . 2001 postseason In Brady 's first playoff game , he threw for 312 yards against the Oakland Raiders and led the Patriots back from a ten - point fourth - quarter deficit to send the game to overtime , where they won on an Adam Vinatieri field goal . A controversial play occurred in that game . Trailing by three points in the fourth quarter , Brady lost control of the ball after being hit by Raiders ' cornerback Charles Woodson . Oakland initially recovered the ball , but , citing the `` tuck rule , '' which states that any forward throwing motion by a quarterback begins a pass even if the quarterback loses possession of the ball as he is attempting to tuck it back toward his body , referee Walt Coleman overturned the call on instant replay , ruling it an incomplete pass rather than a fumble . In the AFC Championship Game against the Pittsburgh Steelers , Brady injured his knee , and was relieved by Bledsoe . The Patriots won the game by a score of 24 -- 17 and were immediately instituted by Las Vegas oddsmakers as 14 - point underdogs against the NFC champion St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI . Brady returned from his knee injury in the AFC Championship Game to start in Super Bowl XXXVI a week later in New Orleans . Despite being heavy underdogs , the Patriots played well , holding the Rams ' high powered offense in check through the first three quarters . The Rams rallied from a 17 -- 3 deficit to tie the game with 1 : 30 left in regulation . The Patriots then got the ball back at their own 17 - yard line with no timeouts remaining . Sportscaster and former Super Bowl - winning coach John Madden said he thought the Patriots should run out the clock and try to win the game in overtime . Instead , Brady drove the Patriots ' offense down the field to the Rams ' 31 - yard line before spiking the ball with seven seconds left . Then kicker Adam Vinatieri converted a 48 - yard field goal as time expired to give the Patriots a 20 -- 17 win and their first ever league championship . Brady was named MVP of Super Bowl XXXVI while throwing for 145 yards , one touchdown , and no interceptions . At the age of 24 years and six months , Brady surpassed Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Joe Montana in Super Bowl XVI , who were both 25 years , seven months , and 13 days old at the time of their victories , to earn the title of youngest quarterback to win a Super Bowl . A possible quarterback controversy was averted when Bledsoe was traded to the Buffalo Bills during the offseason ; this event cemented Brady 's status as the starting quarterback . 2002 season In the 2002 season opener , Brady had 294 passing yards and three touchdowns in the 30 -- 14 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers to earn his third AFC Offensive of the Week title . In Week 9 , in a 38 -- 7 victory over the Buffalo Bills , he had 265 passing yards and three touchdowns to earn another AFC Offensive Player of the Week nod . Brady and the Patriots finished the year at 9 -- 7 , tied with the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins for the best record in the division ; however , the Jets won the division on the third tiebreaker , and the Patriots missed the playoffs . Though Brady posted a career - low single - season passer rating of 85.7 and a career - high of 14 interceptions , he threw for a league - leading 28 touchdown passes and 921 more yards than in the 2001 season . However , Brady played much of the second half of the season with a shoulder injury , and New England head coach Bill Belichick later indicated that Brady would not have been able to play in their first playoff game if the Patriots had made the playoffs . 2003 season After opening the 2003 NFL season with a 2 -- 2 start , Brady led the Patriots to twelve consecutive victories to finish the regular season in winning the AFC East . In Week 9 , against the Denver Broncos , he had 350 passing yards , three touchdowns , and one interception in the 30 -- 26 victory to earn his fifth AFC Offensive Player of the Week honor . Statistically , Brady 's strongest game of the season was in Week 17 against the division rival Buffalo Bills , when he achieved a season - high quarterback rating of 122.9 , and was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week . Brady finished with 3,620 passing yards and 23 touchdowns , and was third in NFL MVP voting to co-winners Peyton Manning and Steve McNair . 2003 postseason In the first two rounds of the playoffs , the Patriots defeated the Tennessee Titans and Indianapolis Colts . On February 1 , 2004 , Brady led the Patriots to a 32 -- 29 victory over the NFC champion Carolina Panthers in Super Bowl XXXVIII and was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time . During the game , Brady threw for 354 yards with three touchdowns and set the record for most completions by a quarterback in a Super Bowl with 32 . With 1 : 08 left in the fourth quarter and the score tied 29 -- 29 , Brady engineered a drive to put the Patriots in position for the game - winning 41 - yard field goal by Vinatieri . 2004 season Brady during Super Bowl XXXIX During the 2004 season , Brady helped the Patriots set an NFL record with 21 straight wins dating from the previous year , an accomplishment honored in the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( though for official records , the NFL considers it an 18 - game regular season winning streak ; it does not count playoff games ) . New England finished with a 14 -- 2 record , equaling their 2003 record and the best regular - season record ever for a defending champion . The Patriots also won the AFC East divisional title for the third time in four years . Brady threw for 3,692 yards and 28 touchdowns , with a 92.6 passer rating , and was voted to his second Pro Bowl . 2004 postseason In the AFC playoffs , Brady led the Patriots to victories over the Indianapolis Colts and the Pittsburgh Steelers . Brady played his best game of the year in Pittsburgh despite requiring intravenous treatment the previous night when he ran a temperature of 103 ° . Against the NFL 's best defense , he recorded a quarterback passer rating of 130.5 , his highest of the season . On February 6 , 2005 , the Patriots narrowly defeated the Philadelphia Eagles , 24 -- 21 , to win Super Bowl XXXIX . Brady threw for 236 yards and two touchdowns while capturing the Patriots ' third championship in four years . 2005 season During the 2005 season , injuries suffered by running backs Corey Dillon , Patrick Pass , and Kevin Faulk forced the Patriots to rely more on Brady 's passing . Brady also had to adjust to new center Russ Hochstein and running back Heath Evans . On October 9 , in a 31 -- 28 victory over the Atlanta Falcons , he had 350 passing yards , three touchdowns , and one interception to earn AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors . Brady finished first in the league with 4,110 passing yards and third in the league with 26 touchdowns . At 92.3 , his 2005 passer rating was the second - highest of his career at the time , although he equaled his career high for interceptions with 14 . He rushed for 89 yards and fumbled a career - low four times . He and the Patriots finished with a 10 -- 6 record , winning their third straight AFC East title . He was named to his third Pro Bowl at the end of the season . 2005 postseason In the playoffs , Brady led the Patriots to a 28 -- 3 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars in the Wild Card Round ; however , on January 14 , 2006 , the Patriots lost 27 -- 13 to the Denver Broncos at INVESCO Field . Brady threw for 341 yards in the game with one touchdown and two interceptions , in the first playoff loss of his career after ten playoff victories . After the season 's end , it was revealed that Brady had been playing with a sports hernia since December . Linebacker Willie McGinest commented on it and said he knew , but Brady continued playing . Brady on the sideline at Giants Stadium with teammates Randy Moss and Jabar Gaffney , after throwing for his record - breaking 50th passing touchdown of the 2007 season 2006 season Brady led the Patriots to a 12 -- 4 record and the fourth seed in the AFC playoffs . In the regular season , Brady threw for 3,529 yards and 24 touchdowns . He was not among the players initially selected to the Pro Bowl , although he was offered an injury - replacement selection when San Diego Chargers Philip Rivers was forced to withdraw ( which he declined ) . 2006 postseason In the postseason , the Patriots first hosted their division rivals , the New York Jets , in the Wild Card Round . The Patriots defeated the Jets 37 -- 16 , as Brady went 22 -- 34 for 212 yards and two touchdowns . In the Divisional Round , the Patriots traveled to San Diego to take on the Chargers . This was Brady 's first playoff game in his home state of California . Brady and the Patriots struggled against the Chargers , whom many had picked as favorites to win Super Bowl XLI . With eight minutes left in the fourth quarter and the Patriots down by eight points , Brady and the Patriots started a key drive that would ultimately decide the game . After a 49 - yard pass play to wide receiver Reche Caldwell , a Stephen Gostkowski field goal gave the Patriots a 24 -- 21 win . In the AFC Championship , the Patriots faced the Indianapolis Colts . The Patriots and Colts had faced each other twice in the previous three postseasons at Foxborough ; this game , however , was played at Indianapolis . The Patriots led at halftime , 21 -- 6 ; however , the Colts and Peyton Manning staged a comeback , culminating in a last minute interception thrown by Brady , and the Patriots lost the game to the Colts , 34 -- 38 . 2007 season Playing with a dramatically overhauled receiver corps -- in the 2007 offseason , the Patriots acquired wide receivers Donté Stallworth , Wes Welker , Kelley Washington , and Randy Moss ; tight end Kyle Brady ; and running back Sammy Morris -- Brady enjoyed what some sportswriters described as one of the best seasons by a quarterback . The average score of a 2007 Patriots regular - season game would be 37 -- 17 by the end of the year . Brady led the Patriots to the first 16 -- 0 regular - season record in league history , outscoring opponents by more than a 2 - to - 1 margin , but also attained numerous career , franchise , and NFL records and milestones in the process . He was named as the AFC Offensive Player of the Week five separate times that year . While away at Dallas , he had a career - high five passing touchdowns in a 48 -- 27 win . The win tied him with Cowboys Hall of Fame quarterback Roger Staubach for the most wins ever by a starting quarterback in his first 100 regular - season games , with 76 . The next week , in part of a 49 -- 28 win at Miami , he had yet another record day , with six passing touchdowns , setting a franchise record . He also had the first perfect passer rating of his career . Two weeks later , as part of a come - from - behind 24 -- 20 victory at Indianapolis , he threw for another three touchdowns , the ninth consecutive game in which he had done so , breaking Peyton Manning 's NFL record of eight . During the last game of the year , Brady threw two touchdown passes ; his second touchdown was his 50th , breaking Peyton Manning 's 2004 record of 49 . Brady in December 2007 Brady finished the season with 4,806 passing yards , 50 touchdown passes , and only eight interceptions . It was unanimously voted the greatest passing season of all time by ESPN in 2013 . His 50 : 8 touchdown to interception ratio was , at the time , an NFL record . He became the first quarterback to pass for 50 touchdowns in a season and his 117.2 passer rating is the fourth highest in a single season . His 8.7 % touchdown passing percentage is the third highest ever in a season . He led the Patriots to becoming the first team to ever go undefeated in the regular season since the 16 game schedule was enforced and directed an offense that scored a then NFL record 589 points and 75 total touchdowns . Those records stood until they were eclipsed by the 2013 Denver Broncos . The team 's 50 total touchdown passes is the fourth most ever in a season . For his efforts , Brady was named the Most Valuable Player of this season , as well as Offensive Player of the Year . He was also honored by the Associated Press as their Male Athlete of the Year , the first time an NFL player has been so honored since Joe Montana won the award in 1990 . He was named as a First Team All - Pro and to his fourth career Pro Bowl as a result of his historic season . 2007 postseason In the Patriots ' first playoff game , an AFC Divisional Round game against Jacksonville , Brady began the game with an NFL postseason record 16 consecutive completed passes , and finished the game with 26 completions in 28 attempts , a completion rate of 92.9 % . That mark is the highest single - game completion percentage ( for passers with at least 20 attempts ) in NFL history , regular season or postseason . With the win , the Patriots matched the undefeated 1972 Miami Dolphins as the only team to win 17 consecutive games in one season . Statistically , Brady did not fare as well in the AFC Championship Game against the San Diego Chargers , throwing three interceptions ( including his first interception in the red zone since the playoff loss to Denver in the 2005 postseason ) . Nevertheless , the Patriots won their 18th game of the season , 21 -- 12 , to advance to the Super Bowl for the fourth time in seven seasons . Brady , with the 100th win of his career , also set an NFL record for the fewest games needed by a starting quarterback to do so : his 100 -- 26 record is sixteen games better than Joe Montana 's . In Super Bowl XLII , Brady was pressured heavily and sacked five times . The Patriots did manage to take the lead with a Brady touchdown to Moss with less than three minutes remaining in the fourth quarter , but the Giants were able to score a last - minute touchdown to upset the Patriots 17 -- 14 , taking away what would have been the first perfect season since the NFL expanded its regular season to 16 games . Brady in action against the Washington Redskins on August 28 , 2009 . 2008 season Brady did not play in any games during the 2008 preseason or in the 2008 Pro Bowl due to two different foot injuries . In the Patriots ' 2008 season opener against the Kansas City Chiefs at Gillette Stadium , Brady 's left knee was seriously injured midway through the first quarter on a hit by Chiefs safety Bernard Pollard ; he left the game and did not return . The team later confirmed that Brady would require surgery , and it would prematurely end his 2008 season . Brady tore both his anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament . The injury ended Brady 's streak of 111 consecutive starts ( seventh in the list of most consecutive starts by an NFL quarterback , behind Brett Favre , Peyton Manning , Ron Jaworski , and Joe Flacco ) . Dr. Neal ElAttrache performed the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction at the Los Angeles Kerlan - Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic October 6 , using Brady 's patellar tendon graft to replace the torn ligament , and also repaired his medial collateral ligament , through a separate incision in his left knee . An infection in the wound resulted in further debridement surgery several times since the original procedure . Brady received IV antibiotics for this infection which , at the time , threatened to delay his rehab . Despite Brady 's absence , the Patriots managed to finish the 2008 season with an 11 -- 5 record ; however , due to tiebreakers , the Patriots not only failed to win the AFC East division title , but missed the playoffs altogether for the first time since the 2002 season . 2009 season Brady in Landover , Maryland , on August 28 , 2009 , during warmups in a preseason game against the Washington Redskins . In his first game in nearly a year , Brady threw for 378 yards and two touchdowns in the 2009 season opener against the Buffalo Bills . In the final minutes of the game , the Patriots were down 24 -- 13 before Brady and tight end Benjamin Watson connected on two straight touchdowns to lead the Patriots to a 25 -- 24 win . Brady was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the 13th time in his career for his performance . On October 18 , 2009 , in an early season snowstorm , Brady set an NFL record against the Tennessee Titans for most touchdowns in a single quarter , throwing five in the second quarter . Brady finished the game with six touchdowns , tying his career best , and 380 yards , completing 29 - of - 34 attempts , finishing with a nearly perfect passer rating of 152.8 . He earned his second AFC Offensive Player of the Week nod for his efforts against the Titans . The Patriots ' 59 -- 0 victory over the Titans tied the record for the largest margin of victory since the 1970 AFL - NFL merger , and set a record for largest halftime lead in NFL history , which was 45 -- 0 . Brady finished the 2009 regular season with 4,398 yards passing and 28 touchdowns for a 96.2 rating , despite a broken right ring finger and three fractured ribs , all which were suffered over the course of the season . He was selected as a reserve to the 2010 Pro Bowl and named the 2009 NFL Comeback Player of the Year . 2009 postseason Brady ended the 2009 season throwing for 154 passing yards , two touchdowns , and three interceptions in a Wild Card Round loss to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 14 , his first career home playoff loss , and the first playoff loss at home by a Patriots quarterback since 1978 ( Steve Grogan ) . 2010 season On September 10 , 2010 , Brady signed a four - year , $72 million contract extension , making him the highest - paid player in the NFL . The extension included $48.5 million in guaranteed money . Brady became the quickest quarterback to achieve 100 regular season wins by helping his team defeat the Miami Dolphins 41 -- 14 on October 4 , 2010 . In a 31 -- 28 win over the Indianapolis Colts on November 21 , 2010 , Brady tied Brett Favre 's record of winning 25 consecutive regular - season home starts . Brady 's last regular - season defeat at home was a 17 -- 14 loss to the New York Jets on November 12 , 2006 . On November 25 , in a 45 -- 24 victory over the Detroit Lions , he had 341 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn AFC Offensive Player of the Week . The next week , in a 45 -- 3 victory over the New York Jets , he had 326 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for the second consecutive week . The victory over the Jets set an NFL record by winning 26 consecutive regular - season home starts . Brady threw for 3,900 yards with 36 touchdowns and only four interceptions on the season . He had a 111.0 passer rating ; this gave him -- at the time -- two of the top five season ratings in NFL history and made him the first player to finish with a rating above 110 in two different seasons . Brady was selected as a starter to the 2011 Pro Bowl . However , he pulled out of the game ( and was replaced by former backup Matt Cassel of the Kansas City Chiefs ) after undergoing surgery for a stress fracture in his right foot dating back to 2008 . Brady was also the only unanimous selection for the AP All - Pro Team and was named the 2010 Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year . By unanimous decision , he won the MVP award for the second time in his career . On the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011 players ' list , Brady was ranked as the best player in the NFL by his fellow players . 2010 postseason After earning the # 1 seed and a bye week , the Patriots lost to the New York Jets in the Divisional Round by a score of 28 -- 21 . Brady finished the game 29 - of - 45 for 299 yards and two touchdowns , with one interception . His one interception ended his NFL record of consecutive passes without an interception at 340 . 2011 season Brady in 2011 In Week 1 of the 2011 NFL season , Brady threw for 517 yards , four touchdowns , and one interception in a 38 -- 24 victory over the Miami Dolphins and earned AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors . This was the second time that he had thrown for 400 or more yards in a single game . In the game , he threw a record - tying 99 - yard touchdown pass to Wes Welker in the second quarter . In the next game , a 35 -- 21 victory over the San Diego Chargers , he had 423 passing yards and three touchdowns to earn another AFC Offensive Player of the Week nod . In Week 16 , in the second divisional game against the Miami Dolphins , Brady had 304 passing yards and one passing touchdown to go along with nine rushes for 17 yards and two rushing touchdowns in the 27 -- 24 victory to earn AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the third time in 2011 . In the regular season finale against the Buffalo Bills , Brady became the fourth quarterback to throw for 5,000 yards in a single season , finishing with 5,235 ; although Brady surpassed Dan Marino 's longstanding record of 5,084 passing yards , he finished the season second in passing yards behind Drew Brees 's 5,476 . In the end , the Patriots finished the season 13 -- 3 and clinched the AFC 's # 1 seed . For his efforts in the 2011 season , Brady was named to the Pro Bowl and was named as the fourth best player in the NFL on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012 by his peers . 2011 postseason There 's no quarterback I 'd rather have than Tom Brady . He 's the best . He does so much for us in so many ways on so many different levels . I 'm very fortunate that he 's our quarterback and what he 's able to do for this team . It 's good to win with him and all the rest of our players . If that 's more than somebody else did , I do n't really care about that . -- Bill Belichick In the Patriots ' 45 -- 10 rout of the Denver Broncos in the Divisional Round , Brady set a personal postseason best with 363 passing yards , and tied an NFL playoff record shared by Daryle Lamonica and Steve Young , throwing for six touchdown passes . The win , his first postseason win since January 2008 , gave Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick sole possession of the NFL record for postseason wins by a quarterback - head coach combo with 15 . In the AFC Championship game against the Baltimore Ravens , Brady failed to throw a touchdown pass for the first time in 36 games , though he did pass for 239 yards and scored a one - yard rushing touchdown late in the game . A missed field goal from Ravens kicker Billy Cundiff gave Brady and the Patriots a 23 - 20 victory , sending the Patriots to the Super Bowl for the fifth time since Brady joined the team . In Super Bowl XLVI , Brady and the Patriots met the New York Giants in a rematch of their Super Bowl XLII meeting four years earlier . Brady played well , leading a Super Bowl record - tying 96 - yard touchdown drive to close the first half and at one point completing 16 passes in a row to give him a 20 - of - 23 mark partway into the third quarter , another Super Bowl record . Brady threw two touchdowns against one interception , and was penalized for intentional grounding in the end zone , giving up a crucial safety to the Giants . A final score of 21 -- 17 for the Giants prevented Brady from winning his fourth Super Bowl . 2012 season Brady started all 16 regular season games of the 2012 NFL season and led the Patriots to a 12 -- 4 record . Among the many highlights of the team was a 42 -- 14 win over the Houston Texans in Week 14 . Brady had 296 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn AFC Offensive Player of the Week . The Patriots scored 557 total points , the third highest in league history and Brady became the first quarterback to lead his team to ten division titles . With that point total , the Patriots became the first team to score at least 500 points in a season four different times , with Brady leading all four squads , which was a record as well . He finished the season with 4,827 passing yards , 34 touchdowns , only eight interceptions , and a passer rating of 98.7 . It was Brady 's third straight season throwing for over 30 touchdowns . He was named to the Pro Bowl for the eighth time in his career . On the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013 , Brady was ranked fourth by his fellow players for the second consecutive time . 2012 postseason Brady started both Patriots playoff games , winning 41 -- 28 against the Houston Texans . With the victory , Brady surpassed Joe Montana for most career playoff wins , with 17 . The Patriots were then upset by the eventual Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens , 28 -- 13 in the AFC Championship . On February 25 , 2013 , Brady and the Patriots agreed on a three - year contract extension , which kept him with the team through 2017 . Peter King called it an `` amazing '' deal , as Brady took just $27 million in new money over the 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 seasons , and also noted that it reflected Patriots owner Robert Kraft 's desire to make sure that Brady retired as a Patriot . 2013 season Brady and the Patriots began the season with much upheaval on the offensive side of the ball . Tight end Rob Gronkowski was injured and Aaron Hernandez was arrested . Wes Welker departed to the Denver Broncos , Danny Woodhead left in free agency for the San Diego Chargers , and Brandon Lloyd was released from the team . In order to replace the five players , the Patriots signed Danny Amendola in free agency from the Rams , drafted rookie wide receivers Aaron Dobson and Josh Boyce , and signed undrafted rookie free agent wide receiver Kenbrell Thompkins . In the first two games of the season , Brady completed 52 % of his passes and had three touchdowns and one interception . Brady during the 2013 season Brady was in pursuit of Drew Brees 's record of at least one touchdown in 54 consecutive regular season games and saw the streak end at 52 games in a Week 5 loss against the Cincinnati Bengals . In a Week 6 game against the Saints , the Patriots struggled in the first half and bounced back in the second with Brady passing for 269 yards with a touchdown to Kenbrell Thompkins as time expired to pull out the win over the Saints . In Week 12 , Brady faced - off against Peyton Manning for the fourteenth time in his career . After going to the half trailing by 24 points , Brady and the Patriots scored 31 unanswered points . The Patriots won after a muffed punt in overtime when Stephen Gostkowski scored a field goal . With the win , Brady earned AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors . With a Week 16 win over the Baltimore Ravens , Brady collected his 147th win as a starting quarterback to tie Dan Marino for fourth place all time , and the following week he defeated the Buffalo Bills to tie John Elway for third place . Brady was named to the Pro Bowl for the ninth time in career and was ranked third on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014 players ' list in the offseason . 2013 postseason Brady 's Patriots finished the season 12 -- 4 , to earn the second seed in the AFC and a first - round bye . In the Divisional Round matchup against the Indianapolis Colts , Brady made his 25th playoff appearance , breaking Brett Favre 's career record for playoff appearances by a quarterback ( Jerry Rice appeared in 29 playoff games ) . He passed for 198 yards as the Patriots won 43 -- 22 behind a four - touchdown performance from LeGarrette Blount . The following week , the Patriots lost 26 -- 16 to the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship , eliminating Brady and the Patriots from the playoffs . 2014 season Brady in September 2014 against the Minnesota Vikings Brady started the 2014 season with a 33 -- 20 loss to the Miami Dolphins . It was Brady 's first opening day loss since the 2003 season . Brady recorded 241 yards and a touchdown in the loss . New England rebounded against the Minnesota Vikings , but Brady struggled , throwing for 149 yards and a touchdown in a 30 -- 7 win . Against the Oakland Raiders , Brady was pressured all day , but threw for 234 yards and a touchdown in 16 -- 9 win . After a humiliating 41 -- 14 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs , Brady led New England to back - to - back wins against the Cincinnati Bengals and the Buffalo Bills . Brady then defeated the New York Jets with a 261 - yard performance that included three touchdowns . The following week , a 51 -- 23 embarrassment of the Chicago Bears saw Brady throw for 354 yards and a season - high five touchdowns . After passing for 333 yards , and 257 yards in his next two games against the Denver Broncos and Indianapolis Colts respectively , Brady defeated the Detroit Lions 34 -- 9 with 349 passing yards and two touchdowns against only one interception . The Patriots winning streak was put to the test against the Green Bay Packers in Week 13 . Down 13 -- 0 early , Brady threw for 245 yards and two touchdowns . Still down 26 -- 21 , Brady was unable to give the Patriots their eighth consecutive victory . After trailing 14 -- 3 at the San Diego Chargers , Brady rallied his team with 317 passing yards , two touchdowns , and one interception , to a 23 -- 14 comeback win . Brady clinched his NFL record 12th AFC East division title with 287 passing yards , two touchdowns , and an interception . Brady struggled in his final two games , throwing for only 182 yards , a touchdown , and an interception in 17 -- 16 victory against the Jets , and 80 yards in one half of the final regular season game against the Buffalo Bills , a 17 -- 9 loss , though Julian Edelman , Rob Gronkowski , and three starting offensive linemen did not play either the entirety or the majority of the final game , and Brady only played in the first half . Brady was named to his tenth career Pro Bowl and was ranked third by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015 . 2014 postseason In a 35 -- 31 Divisional Round win over the Ravens , Brady threw for three touchdowns and ran in a fourth , breaking Curtis Martin 's club record for rushing touchdowns in the playoffs ; Brady also broke Joe Montana 's record for playoff touchdowns with 46 . After the Ravens scored on their first two possessions , the Patriots were quickly down 14 -- 0 . Brady led New England on an eight - play , 78 - yard drive , and ran for a score to cut the Ravens lead to 14 -- 7 . In the second quarter , Brady 's 15 yard touchdown pass to Danny Amendola tied the score at 14 -- 14 . After getting the ball back , Brady threw an interception at the end of the first half . Joe Flacco capitalized on it by throwing an 11 - yard touchdown strike to tight end Owen Daniels to give Baltimore a 21 -- 14 halftime lead . Down 28 -- 14 , Brady engineered an 80 - yard drive , culminating in a touchdown to Rob Gronkowski to cut the lead to 28 -- 21 . The Patriots tied the game once again at 28 off of a trick play where Brady passed laterally to Julian Edelman who then threw a 51 - yard touchdown to Danny Amendola . Ravens kicker Justin Tucker drilled a 25 - yard field goal to give Baltimore a 31 -- 28 4th quarter lead . Brady got the ball back , and threw a 23 - yard touchdown to wide receiver Brandon LaFell to give the Patriots their first lead , up 35 -- 31 . After a Duron Harmon interception and a Joe Flacco Hail Mary attempt failed , Brady clinched his record ninth AFC Championship Game , fourth straight , and the third championship game against the Indianapolis Colts . After a 45 -- 7 blowout , Brady advanced to play in his sixth Super Bowl , breaking a tie with John Elway for most career Super Bowl appearances by a quarterback . In Super Bowl XLIX , Brady completed 37 - of - 50 passes for 328 yards , four touchdowns , and two interceptions . He guided a then - record ten - point fourth quarter comeback as the Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks 28 -- 24 to give Brady his fourth Super Bowl ring , tying him with Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw for most Super Bowl victories by a starting quarterback . He was named Super Bowl MVP for the third time , tying Montana 's record . Brady 's 37 completed passes in the game set a Super Bowl record at the time , which Brady himself would break in Super Bowl LI two years later . 2015 season 2015 offseason Further information : Deflategate On May 6 , 2015 , the NFL published a 243 - page report regarding the deflation of footballs used in the previous season 's AFC Championship Game . The report concluded that , more likely than not , Brady was at least generally aware of the intentional deflation . On May 11 , Brady was suspended for four games by the NFL for his involvement based on `` substantial and credible evidence '' that Brady knew Patriots employees were deflating footballs and that he failed to cooperate with the investigators . On May 11 , Troy Vincent -- NFL Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- penned a letter to Brady that stated in part : `` Your actions as set forth in the report clearly constitute conduct detrimental to the integrity of and public confidence in the game of professional football . '' Vincent 's letter further stated : `` With respect to your particular involvement , the report established that there is substantial and credible evidence to conclude you were at least generally aware of the actions of the Patriots ' employees involved in the deflation of the footballs and that it was unlikely that their actions were done without your knowledge . Moreover , the report documents your failure to cooperate fully and candidly with the investigation , including by refusing to produce any relevant electronic evidence ( emails , texts , etc . ) , despite being offered extraordinary safeguards by the investigators to protect unrelated personal information , and by providing testimony that the report concludes was not plausible and contradicted by other evidence . '' Brady , through the NFL Players Association , officially appealed the suspension on May 14 . On July 28 , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell announced the upholding of Brady 's four game suspension . Brady gave permission to the NFLPA to appeal the suspension in federal court . Goodell cited Brady 's destruction of his cell phone as a critical factor in his decision to uphold Brady 's suspension . The NFL also filed papers in federal court seeking to confirm Roger Goodell 's decision . On July 29 Brady released a statement on his Facebook page that criticized Goodell 's decision to uphold the suspension , saying in part `` I am very disappointed by the NFL 's decision to uphold the 4 game suspension against me . I did nothing wrong , and no one in the Patriots organization did either ... I will not allow my unfair discipline to become a precedent for other NFL players without a fight . '' Brady in 2015 Commentary on the initial punishment was mixed . Bleacher Report writer Mike Freeman made a statement agreeing with Goodell 's decision , saying the penalties were `` brutal , but it deserved to be . '' Various commentators also implied that the prior reputation of the Patriots organization as a team that bends rules appeared to factor into the harshness of the punishment . Others described the punishment as `` firm but fair '' . On September 3 , 2015 , Judge Richard M. Berman of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated Brady 's suspension ; this ruling allowed Brady to play in the first four games of the 2015 NFL season . In his decision , Judge Berman cited the NFL 's failure to provide proper notice to Brady of the charges against him and the potential for a suspension . Post-appeal commentary also criticized Goodell for `` manipulating Brady 's testimony '' at the appeal hearing in his decision . 2015 regular season In the NFL Kickoff Game , Brady led the Patriots to a 28 -- 21 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers . He threw for 288 yards and four touchdowns , three of them to Rob Gronkowski . The Patriots ' victory was the 161st victory of Brady 's career , all with the Patriots , which surpassed the record held by former Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre for most regular season wins by a starting quarterback with a single team . In Week 2 , Brady followed up his Week 1 performance by throwing for 466 yards and three touchdowns against the Buffalo Bills . Through the first five games of the season , Brady threw a total of 14 touchdowns with one interception and had a quarterback rating of 118.4 . In Week 8 , a 36 -- 7 victory over the Miami Dolphins , he had 356 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn his 25th AFC Offensive Player of the Week title . Despite Brady 's success , the Patriots were hit by many injuries to key players on offense , including wide receiver Julian Edelman , and the Patriots eventually lost their first game against the Broncos , who were without Peyton Manning , in Denver on the Sunday after Thanksgiving following a 10 -- 0 start . The Patriots then lost three of their remaining five games to finish 12 -- 4 for a fourth straight season , tied with the Cincinnati Bengals and Denver Broncos for the AFC 's best record . Denver clinched the No. 1 seed due to their victories over both the Patriots and the Bengals , while the Patriots finished with the AFC 's No. 2 seed due to having a better record against common opponents than Cincinnati . Brady finished the regular season with a league - leading 36 touchdown passes and seven interceptions . He was named to his 11th Pro Bowl ( seventh straight ) , and was ranked as the second best player on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016 behind only league MVP Cam Newton . 2015 postseason With the return of Julian Edelman from a foot injury , the Patriots defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the divisional round by a score of 27 -- 20 after advancing with a first round bye . The Patriots advanced to the AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium to face Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos at Sports Authority Field at Mile High . It would turn out to be the 17th and final meeting between the two storied quarterbacks , as Manning would announce his retirement after the season ended . The Broncos ' top - ranked defense harassed Brady , who completed 27 - of - 56 passes with two interceptions and a touchdown , all day , and the Patriots eventually lost the game 20 -- 18 after a potential game - tying two - point conversion attempt failed with 17 seconds left in regulation . 2016 season 2016 offseason On February 29 , 2016 , Brady signed a two - year contract extension covering the 2018 and 2019 seasons . Three days later , the NFL appealed Judge Richard M. Berman 's 2015 decision to vacate Brady 's four - game suspension as punishment for his alleged role in the Deflategate scandal . At the March 3 , 2016 , hearing in New York City , the three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit questioned Players Association lawyer Jeffrey L. Kessler more intensely than NFL lawyer Paul Clement , with Circuit Judge Denny Chin even stating that `` the evidence of ball tampering is compelling , if not overwhelming . '' On April 25 , 2016 , Judge Richard M. Berman 's decision to block Brady 's four - game suspension was overturned by the U.S. Appeals Court . Circuit Judge Barrington Daniels Parker Jr. , joined by Circuit Judge Chin , wrote that they could not `` second - guess '' the arbitration but were merely determining it `` met the minimum legal standards established by the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 '' . Circuit Chief Judge Robert Katzmann dissented , writing that the NFL 's fines for using stickum was `` highly analogous '' and that here `` the Commissioner was doling out his own brand of industrial justice . '' On May 23 , 2016 , Brady appealed for his case to be reheard by the full U.S. 2nd Circuit Court . The 2nd Circuit Court denied Brady 's request for an en banc hearing on July 13 . Two days later , on Friday , July 15 , 2016 , Brady announced on his Facebook page that he would give up his Deflategate fight and accept his suspension for the first four regular season games of the 2016 season . Prior to Brady 's suspension , he had not missed a single regular season or postseason game since the start of the 2009 season . 2016 regular season Brady during the 2016 season After serving his four - game suspension , Brady made his 2016 season debut on October 9 on the road against the Cleveland Browns ; he completed 28 - of - 40 passes for 406 yards and three touchdowns in a 33 -- 13 victory to earn AFC Offensive Player of the Week . In his home debut the following week , Brady completed 29 - of - 35 passes for 376 yards and three touchdowns in a 35 -- 17 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals . In Week 7 , Brady completed 19 of 26 passes for 222 yards and two touchdowns as New England defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 16 . The next week , the Patriots defeated the Buffalo Bills 41 -- 25 , with Brady completing 22 - of - 33 passes for 315 yards and four touchdowns . Brady 's outstanding numbers during his first four games following the suspension earned him the AFC Offensive Player of the Month award for October . Following a bye week , Brady and the Patriots faced the Seattle Seahawks in a Week 10 rematch of Super Bowl XLIX . Brady completed 23 - of - 32 passes for 316 yards , one interception , and no touchdowns in a 31 -- 24 loss that saw the two teams trade leads seven times . In Week 11 , Brady completed 24 - of - 40 passes for 280 yards , four touchdowns , and no interceptions in a 30 -- 17 road win against his childhood team , the San Francisco 49ers . Brady 's performance against San Francisco earned him AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for Week 11 . Those four touchdown passes also gave him 444 career regular season touchdown passes with one team , breaking Brett Favre 's record . The following week , Brady completed 30 - of - 50 passes for 286 yards and two touchdowns in a 22 -- 17 road victory against the New York Jets . The win was also the Patriots ' 500th victory ( including playoffs ) in franchise history . During this victory , Brady also became the fifth quarterback to record 60,000 career regular season passing yards , joining Peyton Manning , Brett Favre , Drew Brees , and Dan Marino . The following week , Brady completed 33 - of - 46 passes for 269 yards and one touchdown as the Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams by a score of 26 -- 10 . The Patriots ' win against the Rams gave Brady his 201st career victory , including playoff games , breaking Peyton Manning 's record of 200 . In Week 14 , Brady completed 25 of 38 passes for 406 yards , three touchdowns , and one interception during a 30 -- 23 victory against the Baltimore Ravens on Monday Night Football . The next week , Brady completed 16 - of - 32 passes for 188 yards in a 16 -- 3 victory in Denver . With this victory , the Patriots clinched an eighth consecutive AFC East title and a seventh consecutive first - round bye in the playoffs , both NFL records . On December 20 , 2016 , Brady was named to the Pro Bowl for the eighth straight season and 12th time overall . In Week 16 , Brady threw for 17 of 27 passes for 214 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions as he led the Patriots to a 41 -- 3 win over the Jets . In Week 17 , Brady completed 25 - of - 33 passes for 276 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions in a 35 -- 14 victory over the Miami Dolphins in the regular season finale that gave the Patriots home field advantage throughout the AFC playoffs . Brady 's 276 yards against Miami moved him ahead of former Miami quarterback Dan Marino into fourth place on the NFL 's all - time passing yards list . Brady 's three touchdowns against Miami also gave him 28 passing touchdowns against two interceptions for the regular season . This broke the previous record of Nick Foles 's 27 : 2 TD : INT ratio which was set in 2013 with the Philadelphia Eagles . Brady was named to the AP All - Pro Second Team , behind Matt Ryan of the Atlanta Falcons , who was named to the AP All - Pro First Team . Brady was also was ranked first on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 as the best player in the league , becoming the first player to be named as # 1 twice since the listing started . 2016 postseason Brady hoisting the Vince Lombardi Trophy for the fifth time in his career after winning Super Bowl LI Brady and the Patriots began their postseason run in the Divisional Round , hosting the Houston Texans , who had the league 's No. 1 total defense . Brady completed 18 - of - 38 passes for 287 yards , two touchdowns , and two interceptions as the Patriots won 34 -- 16 , clinching a record sixth consecutive trip to the AFC Championship Game . The Patriots then defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers , 36 -- 17 . Against the Steelers , Brady completed 32 - of - 42 passes for 384 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions . The win gave Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick their record seventh conference title as a quarterback -- head coach tandem , and the Patriots an NFL record ninth Super Bowl appearance . Brady and the Patriots faced the NFC champion Atlanta Falcons -- who boasted the league 's highest scoring offense -- in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas on Sunday , February 5 , 2017 . Brady threw for 43 completions on 62 attempts for 466 passing yards -- all Super Bowl records at the time . Brady also threw for two touchdowns and an interception . After trailing 28 -- 3 midway through the third quarter , Brady and the Patriots scored 25 unanswered points to tie the game at the end of regulation . This resulted in the first overtime in Super Bowl history . After winning the overtime coin toss , Brady marched the Patriots down the field to score a touchdown and win the game by a score of 34 -- 28 , completing the largest comeback win in both team history and Super Bowl history . With the victory , Brady won his fifth Super Bowl , which set a record for most Super Bowl victories of any quarterback in history and tied defensive player Charles Haley for the most Super Bowl victories for any player . In addition , Brady set another record by winning his fourth Super Bowl MVP award for his clutch performance . After the game , it was discovered that Brady 's jersey had gone missing from the Patriots ' locker room at NRG Stadium . The FBI , in collaboration with Mexican authorities , recovered the jersey from the home of Martin Mauricio Ortega , a Mexican tabloid writer , along with Brady 's jersey from Super Bowl XLIX . 2017 season 2017 offseason On May 12 , 2017 , Brady was announced as the cover athlete for Madden NFL 18 . In a CBS interview on May 17 , 2017 , Charlie Rose asked Brady 's wife , Gisele Bündchen , if she wanted Brady to retire , despite the fact that he was playing at a high level . Bündchen mentioned that Brady suffered from a concussion in the 2016 season , saying , `` I mean he has concussions pretty much every -- I mean we do n't talk about -- but he does have concussions . I do n't really think it 's a healthy thing for anybody to go through . '' Following the Bündchen interview , the NFL released a statement : `` We have reviewed all reports relating to Tom Brady from the unaffiliated neurotrauma consultants and certified athletic trainer spotters who worked at Patriots ' home and away 2016 season games as well as club injury reports that were sent to the league office . There are no records that indicate that Mr. Brady suffered a head injury or concussion , or exhibited or complained of concussion symptoms . Today we have been in contact with the NFLPA and will work together to gather more information from the club 's medical staff and Mr. Brady '' . Brady 's agent , Don Yee , said that Brady was not diagnosed with a concussion during the 2016 season . 2017 regular season Brady in 2017 The Patriots opened up their 2017 season in the NFL Kickoff Game on September 7 at home against the Kansas City Chiefs . Brady had 267 passing yards in the game , which the Patriots lost 42 -- 27 . In Week 2 , Brady threw three touchdown passes in the first quarter of a game for the first time in his career in a 36 -- 20 win over the New Orleans Saints . He finished the game with 447 passing yards and three touchdowns , earning him his 28th AFC Offensive Player of the Week award . This broke the record previously held by Peyton Manning for the most AFC Offensive Player of the Week awards in a career . In Week 3 , Brady threw for 378 passing yards and five touchdowns as he led the Patriots to a 36 -- 33 comeback win against the Houston Texans , a performance that earned him AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for the second straight week , and the 29th for his career . In Week 4 , Brady played well again , throwing for 307 yards , two touchdowns , and no interceptions , but the Carolina Panthers upset the Patriots 33 -- 30 on a last second field goal from Graham Gano as time expired . In the Patriots ' next game , a narrow 19 -- 14 win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on Thursday Night Football , Brady completed 30 out of 40 passes for 303 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . With this victory , Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history to record 186 career regular season victories , tying Peyton Manning and Brett Favre for the most such wins of any quarterback in NFL history . On October 10 , it was unveiled that Brady was diagnosed with an AC joint sprain in his left ( non-throwing ) shoulder . During Week 6 against the New York Jets , Brady threw for 257 passing yards , two touchdowns , and an interception as the Patriots won 24 -- 17 . Brady obtained his 187th career win , setting the record for most regular season wins in NFL history . The next week , the Patriots hosted the Atlanta Falcons in a rematch of Super Bowl LI on Sunday Night Football . Brady was efficient , completing 21 of 29 passes for 249 yards and two touchdowns as the Patriots defeated the Falcons , 23 -- 7 . The following week , Brady completed 32 - of - 47 passes for 333 yards and one touchdown in a 21 -- 13 win against the Los Angeles Chargers . With the win against the Chargers , the Patriots headed into their bye week with an AFC best 6 -- 2 record . Coming off their bye week , Brady and the Patriots traveled to Denver for a Sunday Night Football match against the Denver Broncos . The Patriots dominated the game , winning 41 - 16 , with Brady completing 25 of 34 passes for 266 yards and three touchdowns . For his performance against Denver , Brady was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the third time in the season . After spending the next week training at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs , Colorado , Brady and the Patriots traveled to Mexico City for a special regular season match with the Oakland Raiders . Like the previous week , the Patriots won big , this time by a final score of 33 -- 8 . Brady completed 30 of 37 passes for 339 yards and three touchdowns in the win . During Week 12 against the Dolphins , Brady finished with 227 passing yards , 4 touchdowns , and an interception as the Patriots won 35 - 17 . Brady became the first quarterback at age 40 to throw for 4 touchdowns in a game . Brady was named AFC Offensive Player of the Month for November . During Week 13 against the Buffalo Bills , Brady finished with 258 passing yards and an interception as the Patriots won 23 -- 3 . During the game , Brady yelled at offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels after failing to execute a play properly in the first quarter . Brady claimed that this was n't his first incident with McDainels , with whom he had worked together for 13 years , with a `` fruitful '' relationship . The following week , the Patriots traveled to Miami to face the Dolphins on Monday Night Football . The Dolphins held off a late comeback attempt to defeat the Patriots 27 - 20 , with Brady completing 24 of 43 passes for 233 yards , a touchdown , and two interceptions . In Week 15 , Brady completed 22 of 35 passes for 298 yards , a touchdown , and an interception as he led the Patriots to a 27 -- 24 comeback victory against the Pittsburgh Steelers . With this victory , the Patriots secured their ninth straight AFC East division title . On December 19 , Brady was selected to the Pro Bowl for the 13th time in his career . On Christmas Eve against the Buffalo Bills , Brady completed 21 of 28 passes for 224 yards , two touchdowns , and an interception as the Patriots won their twelfth game of the season , 37 -- 16 . With this win , combined with a loss by the Jacksonville Jaguars later in the day , the Patriots clinched a first - round bye for the eighth straight year . In the regular season finale against the New York Jets on New Year 's Eve , Brady completed 18 of 37 passes for 190 yards , two touchdowns , and no interceptions in a 26 - 6 victory . With the win , the Patriots clinched home - field advantage throughout the AFC playoffs . Brady finished the 2017 regular season as the NFL 's passing yards leader with 4,577 passing yards , making him the oldest player ever to lead the league in passing yards . He was named a first - team All - Pro by the Associated Press for the third time in his career . Earning 40 of 50 votes , Brady was named the NFL Most Valuable Player for the third time in his career . 2017 postseason Brady playing in Super Bowl LII Brady and the Patriots began their postseason run by hosting the Tennessee Titans in the Divisional Round of the playoffs . Brady completed 35 passes out of 53 attempts for 337 yards , 3 touchdowns , and no interceptions in a 35 - 14 Patriots victory . With the win , the Patriots advanced to the AFC Championship Game for the seventh straight year . Days after the divisional round , it was revealed that Brady had a minor cut on his right hand , which required stitches . Despite this injury , Brady managed to start the AFC Championship Game , where the Patriots faced off against the Jacksonville Jaguars . Brady led a fourth quarter comeback to lead the Patriots to a 24 - 20 victory . He finished the game with 26 completions out of 38 attempts for 290 yards , 2 touchdowns , and no interceptions . The win gave Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick their eighth conference title as a quarterback -- head coach tandem , and the Patriots a berth in Super Bowl LII , their tenth Super Bowl appearance as a team , both of which extended NFL records . In Super Bowl LII , the Patriots faced off against the Philadelphia Eagles and their second - string quarterback Nick Foles . Brady completed 28 passes on 48 attempts for 3 touchdowns , no interceptions , and a Super Bowl record 505 yards - which also set a new record for the most passing yards by a quarterback in any postseason game in NFL history . Despite Brady 's efforts , the Eagles still managed to beat the Patriots in a shootout with a final score of 41 - 33 . This was the third time overall that Brady had lost in a Super Bowl , as well as the first time he had lost a Super Bowl to a team and a quarterback other than the New York Giants and Eli Manning , respectively . NFL career Statistics ( show ) Legend Led the league NFL record Won the Super Bowl AP NFL MVP Bold Career high Regular season Year Team Games Passing Rushing Sacked Fumbles Record GS Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Sck Yds Fum Lost W -- L 2000 NE 0 33.3 6 2.0 0 0 42.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 2001 NE 15 14 264 413 63.9 2,843 6.9 18 12 86.5 36 43 0 41 216 12 11 -- 3 2002 NE 16 16 373 601 62.1 3,764 6.3 28 14 85.7 42 110 2.6 31 190 11 5 9 -- 7 2003 NE 16 16 317 527 60.2 3,620 6.9 23 12 85.9 42 63 1.5 32 219 13 5 14 -- 2 NE 16 16 288 474 60.8 3,692 7.8 28 14 92.6 43 28 0.7 0 26 162 7 5 14 -- 2 2005 NE 16 16 334 530 63.0 4,110 7.8 26 14 92.3 27 89 3.3 26 188 10 -- 6 2006 NE 16 16 319 516 61.8 3,529 6.8 24 12 87.9 49 102 2.1 0 26 175 12 12 -- 4 2007 NE 16 16 398 578 68.9 4,806 8.3 50 8 117.2 37 98 2.6 21 128 6 16 -- 0 2008 NE 7 11 63.6 76 6.9 0 0 83.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -- 0 2009 NE 16 16 371 565 65.7 4,398 7.8 28 13 96.2 29 44 1.5 16 86 10 -- 6 NE 16 16 324 492 65.9 3,900 7.9 36 111.0 31 30 1.0 25 175 14 -- 2 2011 NE 16 16 401 611 65.6 5,235 8.6 39 12 105.6 43 109 2.5 32 173 6 13 -- 3 2012 NE 16 16 401 637 63.0 4,827 7.6 34 8 98.7 23 32 1.4 27 182 0 12 -- 4 2013 NE 16 16 380 628 60.5 4,343 6.9 25 11 87.3 32 18 0.6 0 40 256 9 12 -- 4 2014 NE 16 16 373 582 64.1 4,109 7.1 33 9 97.4 36 57 1.6 0 21 134 6 12 -- 4 2015 NE 16 16 402 624 64.4 4,770 7.6 36 7 102.2 34 53 1.6 38 225 6 12 -- 4 2016 NE 12 12 291 432 67.4 3,554 8.2 28 112.2 28 64 2.3 0 15 87 5 0 11 -- 1 2017 NE 16 16 385 581 66.3 4,577 7.9 32 8 102.8 25 28 1.1 0 35 201 7 13 -- 3 Total ‡ 253 251 5,629 8,805 63.9 66,159 7.5 488 160 97.6 557 968 1.7 17 452 2,797 113 45 196 -- 55 ‡ Career totals accurate as of the end of the 2017 regular season . Playoffs Passing Rushing Sacks Fumbles Record Year Team GS Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Sck Yds Fum Lost W -- L 2001 NE 60 97 61.9 572 5.9 77.3 8 22 2.8 5 36 0 3 -- 0 2003 NE 75 126 59.5 792 6.3 5 84.5 12 18 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 3 -- 0 NE 55 81 67.9 587 7.2 5 0 109.4 7 0.4 0 0 3 -- 0 2005 NE 35 63 55.6 542 8.6 92.2 8 2.7 0 12 0 1 -- 1 2006 NE 70 119 58.8 724 6.1 5 76.5 8 18 0 22 0 2 -- 1 2007 NE 77 109 70.6 737 6.8 6 96.0 − 1 − 0.2 0 8 52 2 -- 1 2009 NE 23 42 54.8 154 3.7 49.1 0 0 0 0 22 0 -- 1 NE 29 45 64.4 299 6.6 89.0 1.0 0 5 40 0 0 -- 1 2011 NE 75 111 67.6 878 7.9 8 100.4 9 10 1.1 15 0 0 2 -- 1 2012 NE 54 94 57.4 664 7.1 84.7 1.3 0 9 0 0 1 -- 1 2013 NE 37 63 58.7 475 7.5 0 87.7 6 2.0 34 0 1 -- 1 2014 NE 93 135 68.9 921 6.8 10 100.3 9 13 1.4 16 0 0 3 -- 0 2015 NE 55 98 56.1 612 6.2 76.6 9 19 2.1 18 0 0 1 -- 1 2016 NE 93 142 65.5 1,137 8.0 7 97.7 9 13 1.4 0 9 42 0 0 3 -- 0 2017 NE 89 139 64.0 1,132 8.1 8 0 108.6 7 8 1.1 0 19 2 -- 1 Total ‡ 37 37 920 1,464 62.8 10,226 7.0 71 31 90.9 93 143 1.5 6 57 337 11 27 -- 10 ‡ Career totals accurate through the end of the 2017 - 18 playoffs . Super Bowl Passing Rushing Result Record Year SB Team Opp Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Final score W -- L 2001 XXXVI NE STL 16 27 59.3 145 5.4 0 86.2 3.0 0 W 20 -- 17 1 -- 0 2003 XXXVIII NE CAR 32 48 66.7 354 7.4 100.5 12 6.0 0 W 32 -- 29 1 -- 0 XXXIX NE PHI 23 33 69.7 236 7.2 0 110.2 − 1 − 1.0 0 W 24 -- 21 1 -- 0 2007 XLII NE NYG 29 48 60.4 266 5.5 0 82.5 0 0 0 0 L 17 -- 14 0 -- 1 2011 XLVI NE NYG 27 41 65.9 276 6.7 91.5 0 0 0 0 L 21 -- 17 0 -- 1 2014 XLIX NE SEA 37 50 74.0 328 6.6 101.1 − 3 − 1.5 0 W 28 -- 24 1 -- 0 2016 LI NE ATL 43 62 69.4 466 7.5 95.2 15 15.0 0 W 34 -- 28 ( OT ) 1 -- 0 2017 LII NE PHI 28 48 58.3 505 10.5 0 115.4 6 6.0 0 L 41 -- 33 0 -- 1 Career 8 235 357 65.8 2,576 7.2 18 5 98.0 8 32 4.0 0 5 -- 3 NFL records Regular season ( career ) Most games won by a quarterback : 196 Best touchdown to interception ratio in a season : 28 : 2 Most wins on the road by a quarterback : 88 Only quarterback to have three consecutive games with 300 + passing yards , 3 + Touchdown - passes and 0 interceptions Oldest QB to lead the league in passing yards Most yards in a single season for a 40 - year old quarterback : 4577 Playoffs ( career ) Most games played : 37 Most games started : 37 Most games won by a starting quarterback : 27 Most consecutive wins , playoffs , by a starting quarterback : 10 ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 ) Most consecutive wins to start a career , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 ) Most career home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 17 ( 2001 -- 2017 ) Most consecutive home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 8 ( 2001 -- 2007 ) , tied with Jim Kelly Most touchdown passes : 71 Most passing yards : 10,226 Most passing yards in a single playoff game : 505 ( Super Bowl LII ) Most passes completed : 920 Most passes attempted : 1,464 Most division titles won by a starting quarterback : 15 Most NFL conference championship appearances by a starting quarterback : 12 Most NFL conference championship wins by a starting quarterback : 8 Most career 300 + passing yard games , post-season : 13 Most game - winning drives in the playoffs : 11 Most multi-TD passes in the playoffs : 22 Super Bowl ( career ) Most touchdown passes : 18 Most passing yards : 2,576 Most passes completed : 235 Most passes attempted : 357 Most wins as starting QB : 5 Most passes completed in first half of a single Super Bowl : 20 ( XLIX ) Most passes completed in a single Super Bowl : 43 ( LI ) Most passes attempted in a single Super Bowl : 62 ( LI ) Most passing yards in a single Super Bowl : 505 ( LII ) Most Super Bowl appearances : 8 Most passing attempts without an interception in a single Super Bowl : 48 ( XLII & LII ) Most consecutive completions in a single Super Bowl : 16 ( XLVI ) Other endeavors On January 20 , 2016 , Brady announced the launch of his peak performance website TB12Sports.com . The site features information on Brady 's training regimen and includes a store to purchase TB12 equipment and merchandise . Later in the year , on August 23 , 2016 , the TB12 brand then expanded to offer a snack line . The snacks contain raw , vegan , and organic ingredients that are also free of gluten and dairy . The following month , Brady , alongside Boston Private and Robert Paul Properties , announced the formation of the TB12 Foundation . The purpose of the nonprofit foundation is to provide free post-injury rehabilitation care and training to underprivileged , young athletes . In March 2017 , Brady moved beyond his snack line and partnered with meal - kit startup Purple Carrot to offer his own line of TB12 Performance Meals . The meals utilize whole foods and focus on providing nutrients for workout recovery . On September 19 , 2017 , Simon & Schuster published Brady 's first book , The TB12 Method : How to Achieve a Lifetime of Sustained Peak Performance . Within 48 hours , it had become a number one best - seller on Amazon.com . The book also reached # 1 on the New York Times ' weekly Best Sellers list , to be featured in the edition of October 8 , 2017 . Filmmaker Gotham Chopra filmed Brady during the 2017 offseason and regular season for a Facebook Watch documentary series entitled Tom vs Time . According to The New York Times , the documentary follows Brady as he `` conducts his ongoing subversion campaign against the actuarial tables of quarterback longevity . '' Personal life Brady riding a bicycle for charity at the Best Buddies Ride in Hyannis , Massachusetts in May 2009 Brady dated actress Bridget Moynahan from 2004 until late 2006 . On February 18 , 2007 , Moynahan confirmed to People magazine that she was more than three months pregnant with Brady 's child . Brady and Moynahan ended their relationship sometime in early December 2006 , around the time Moynahan became pregnant . John Edward Thomas Moynahan was born on August 22 , 2007 , at Saint John 's Health Center in Santa Monica , California . John 's middle names are Brady 's own first and middle names in reverse order , while Moynahan 's father 's first name is Edward . Brady learned Transcendental Meditation . Brady began dating Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen in December 2006 . In 2009 , Brady revealed they had been set up on a blind date by a mutual friend . Brady and Bündchen married on February 26 , 2009 , in an intimate Catholic ceremony in Santa Monica , California . Together , they have two children : a son named Benjamin Rein was born December 8 , 2009 , and a daughter named Vivian Lake was born December 5 , 2012 . Brady has been featured as a guest star on some popular television programs , hosting Saturday Night Live in 2005 and voicing himself on The Simpsons in 2005 ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and Family Guy in 2006 ( `` Patriot Games '' ) ; both football - themed episodes were broadcast within a week of that year 's Super Bowl . In 2009 , he appeared as himself in a sixth season episode of Entourage . In 2015 , he had cameo appearances as fictionalized versions of himself in the Entourage movie and Ted 2 . Brady and baseball player Kevin Youkilis became brothers - in - law in 2012 , when Youkilis married Brady 's sister Julie . In 2007 , Brady was a model for the Stetson cologne . Brady has endorsed brands including Uggs , Under Armour , Movado , Aston Martin and Glaceau Smartwater . According to Forbes , he earned about $7 million from endorsements alone in 2014 . In 2016 , he began appearing in a Beautyrest Black commercial campaign for Simmons Bedding Company . In 2016 , he launched his own line of vegan snacks . Brady and his family live in Brookline , a suburb of Boston . Politics Brady attended the 2004 State of the Union Address as a special guest of then - President George W. Bush . In 2004 , he told ESPN The Magazine that being a U.S. Senator would be his `` craziest ambition '' . Brady is a friend of President Donald Trump ; in 2017 , Brady indicated he had known Trump `` for 16 years '' . At a political event in New Hampshire on the day before the 2016 presidential election , Trump said he had received a call from Brady , and that Brady told him `` Donald , I support you , you 're my friend , and I voted for you . '' However , after Gisele Bündchen was asked directly on Instagram whether she and Brady backed Trump , Bündchen answered `` NO ! '' . After a Trump campaign `` Make America Great Again '' cap was photographed in Brady 's locker , Brady said that Bündchen told him not to discuss politics anymore , which he thought was a `` good decision '' . Brady did not join most of his teammates from the New England Patriots in visiting Trump and the White House in April 2017 , citing `` personal family matters . '' While there has been speculation that Brady would run for political office in the future , in a 2015 interview he stated he had no interest in doing so . See also Lists of Michigan Wolverines football passing leaders List of most wins by a National Football League starting quarterback NFL starting quarterback playoff records List of Saturday Night Live guests American football portal Biography portal College football portal Michigan portal New England portal Notes Jump up ^ He did not start as a rookie , and missed nearly all of 2008 with a torn ACL . References Jump up ^ `` 25 of the greatest NFL Draft picks ever '' . 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Jump up ^ Caesar , Dan ( January 30 , 2002 ) . `` 14 - Point spread is n't about respect '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cotey , John ( January 26 , 2003 ) . `` Madden sticks by his wrong call last year '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Camps , Mark ( February 5 , 2002 ) . `` Brady beats two Joes as youngest Super QB '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Tom ; Cliff Christl ( February 4 , 2002 ) . `` Brady coolly fits the bill '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PRO FOOTBALL ; Bledsoe Is Traded To the Bills '' . The New York Times . April 22 , 2002 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers at New England Patriots - September 9th , 2002 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 NFL Week 1 Leaders & Scores '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Tennessee Titans at New England Patriots - January 10th , 2004 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship - Indianapolis Colts at New England Patriots - January 18th , 2004 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII - New England Patriots vs. Carolina Panthers - February 1st , 2004 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII MVP : Tom Brady '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Winning Streaks '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick -- Head Coach '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 NFL Standings & Team Stats '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterback fought 103 - degree fever , chills '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dillon Returns From Injury To Push Patriots Past Jets '' . Lakeland Ledger . December 5 , 2005 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cafardo , Nick ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` Dillon 's resolve solved a few offensive problems '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Atlanta Falcons - October 9th , 2005 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NFL Week 5 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Jacksonville Jaguars at New England Patriots - January 7th , 2006 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - New England Patriots at Denver Broncos - January 14th , 2006 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Drehs , Wayne . `` Brady , Patriots finally feel playoff defeat '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` Brady 's groin may be hurt '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( December 19 , 2006 ) . `` Romo Gets Pro Bowl Nod in NFC , Brady Does n't in AFC '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ McClain , John ( July 2 , 2007 ) . `` Young to replace Rivers at Pro Bowl '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Brady , Patriots shake feisty Jets , roll on to San Diego '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Neil . `` Super Chargers top Super Bowl list '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clayton , John . `` Patriots teach Chargers a lesson in playoff football '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pasquarelli , Len . ``. Manning shakes label of not being able to win big one '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Kerry J. ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Best individual seasons of 2000s '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Top 10 greatest quarterback seasons , NFL Nation Blog , espn.go.com ; accessed November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 New England Patriots '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NFL Week 3 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NFL Week 6 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NFL Week 7 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NFL Week 14 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NFL Week 17 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( October 12 , 2007 ) . `` Litmus test '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's six TDs give him 27 TDs after seven games '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Young , Shalise Manza ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Patriots 24 , Colts 20 : Tom 's got you , Babe '' . The Providence Journal . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots break scoring record , Brady and Moss set season marks '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brady an easy winner in AP Male Athlete of Year balloting '' . USA Today . Associated Press . December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NFL All - Pros '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Perfect Pats , Brady make short work of Jaguars '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pats put away Chargers for fourth Super Bowl berth in seven years '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 20 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII - New York Giants vs. New England Patriots - February 3rd , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Foot injury may sideline Tom Brady for another game '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brady to have season - ending knee surgery , will be placed on IR '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( September 8 , 2008 ) . `` Pats confirm Brady out for the year '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` Sources : Brady tore ACL and MCL '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chronic right shoulder injury slows Brady '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . September 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Tom Brady 's doctor says knee recovery exceeds expectations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Has More Procedures Done on Knee , Report Says '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira ( October 24 , 2008 ) . `` Brady 's recovery hits snag '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NFL Standings & Team Stats '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills at New England Patriots - September 14th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Keefe , Neil . `` Brady Named AFC Offensive Player of the Week '' . NESN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady throws six TD passes as Patriots ice winless Titans '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Titans at New England Patriots - October 18th , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NFL Week 6 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Brady sets a record for TDs in a quarter '' . The Washington Times . October 19 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Breer , Albert R. ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Brady dealing with broken finger on throwing hand '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Brady named Comeback Player of the Year '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . January 6 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens ' fast start puts Pats on heels , out of playoffs '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` Patriots ' Brady Signs League 's Richest Deal , at the Moment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Tom Brady Gets 100th Career Win in NFL as Patriots Rout Dolphins 41 -- 14 '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Woodhead keeps contributing as Pats withstand Colts comeback attempt '' . National Football League . Associated Press . November 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Krasner , Steven ( November 21 , 2010 ) . `` Brady ties mark with 25th straight home W '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Detroit Lions - November 25th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NFL Week 12 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots destroy Jets '' . London Free Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets at New England Patriots - December 6th , 2010 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NFL Week 13 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passer Rating Leaders '' . Jump up ^ `` 2010 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira & Monique Walker ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Brady to have foot surgery today '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady unanimous as NFL MVP '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 : Tom Brady '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - New York Jets at New England Patriots - January 16th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Jets back up talk as Sanchez throws three TDs , defense knocks down Brady '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NFL Week 1 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady picks apart Dolphins as 517 - yard , 4 - TD opener fuels Pats '' . ESPN . September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Chad Henne Combine For Slew of NFL Records On Monday Night Football '' . September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 99 - yard TDs '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers at New England Patriots - September 18th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NFL Week 2 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins at New England Patriots - December 24th , 2011 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NFL Week 16 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Top 100 : Players of 2012 ' : Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Belichick : ' No quarterback I 'd rather have ' '' . weei.com . Jump up ^ `` Quinton Carter , David Bruton exit hurt '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , Mark . `` Patriots redefine postseason success for coach - quarterback duo '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Beat Ravens 23 -- 20 in AFC Championship Game '' . Fox News . Associated Press . January 22 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` For second time in five seasons , Giants top Brady , Patriots in Super Bowl '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans at New England Patriots - December 10th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NFL Week 14 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tom Brady . `` Tom Brady , QB for the New England Patriots at '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2013 ' : Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Houston Texans at New England Patriots - January 13th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship - Baltimore Ravens at New England Patriots - January 20th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tom Brady , New England Patriots agree to extension '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Peter King ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` More on Tom Brady 's amazing deal ; mail -- NFL -- Peter King -- SI.com '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Buffalo Bills - September 8th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets at New England Patriots - September 12th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Cincinnati Bengals - October 6th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at New England Patriots - October 13th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos at New England Patriots - November 24th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NFL Week 12 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2014 ' : Tom Brady '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Indianapolis Colts at New England Patriots - January 11th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship - New England Patriots at Denver Broncos - January 19th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins - September 7th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Minnesota Vikings - September 14th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Raiders at New England Patriots - September 21st , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Kansas City Chiefs - September 29th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Buffalo Bills - October 12th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` New York Jets at New England Patriots - October 16th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears at New England Patriots - October 26th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions at New England Patriots - November 23rd , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Green Bay Packers - November 30th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at San Diego Chargers - December 7th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Orton , Bills beat Patriots 17 -- 9 '' . New England Patriots . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2015 ' : No. 3 Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Baltimore Ravens at New England Patriots - January 10th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship - Indianapolis Colts at New England Patriots - January 18th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIX - Seattle Seahawks vs. New England Patriots - February 1st , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots beat the Seahawks in dramatic finale '' . BBC Sport . February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INVESTIGATIVE REPORT CONCERNING FOOTBALLS USED DURING THE AFC CHAMPIONSHIP GAME ON JANUARY 18 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . nfl.com . National Football League . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Patriots ' Tom Brady suspended 4 games '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL releases statement on Patriots ' violations '' . National Football League . May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady NFLPA appeal four game suspension '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL upholds four - game suspension of Tom Brady '' . cbsnews.com . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Tom Brady Authorizes NFLPA To Appeal His Case In Federal Court '' . NESN.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Roger Goodell upholds Tom Brady suspension '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gantt , Darin ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Goodell cites destroying phone in upholding Tom Brady 's suspension '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Kevin ; et al. ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` NFL hopes to have expected Tom Brady lawsuit in New York and not Minnesota '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady rips the NFL 's Deflategate decision on his Facebook page '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Robert Kraft attacks the NFL , apologizes to Patriots fans '' . Yahoo Sports . July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Freeman ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` NFL Deflategate Message : No Player Is Above the Rules , Not Even Tom Brady '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Eric Adelson ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady allowed the new NFL Way to smack Patriot Way in stunning fashion '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Somewhere along the line , the debate over what happened in the hours and minutes leading up to the AFC championship game in January went beyond air pressure and weather conditions , and became a referendum on the character of Tom Brady and his franchise . Jump up ^ Ian O'Connor . `` Tom Brady should skip appeal , tell truth now '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYSD Decision and Order '' . Jump up ^ `` Roger Goodell Made Tom Brady Seem Dishonest In Deflategate Appeal Ruling '' . NESN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Steelers at New England Patriots - September 10th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' Very rare ' performance by Tom Brady reflects his greatness '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins at New England Patriots - October 29th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Week 8 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Denver Broncos - November 29th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 New England Patriots Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Standings & Team Stats '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Passing '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2016 ' : No. 2 Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Kansas City Chiefs at New England Patriots - January 16th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` New England at Denver -- 2016 - 01 - 24 -- National Football League -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Yahoo Sports . Jump up ^ Mike Reiss . `` New deal links Tom Brady to Patriots through 2019 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Volin , Ben ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Brady 's lawyer feels pressure from judges '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orr , Connor ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension reinstated '' . NFL.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension upheld '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Volin , Ben ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Brady must serve ' Deflategate ' suspension , appeals court rules '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gershman , Jacob ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Why the NFL Won its ' Deflategate ' Appeal '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Brady keeps Deflategate battle going with another appeal of suspension May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's Deflategate appeal denied by court '' . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Cleveland Browns - October 9th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NFL Week 5 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Bengals at New England Patriots - October 16th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Pittsburgh Steelers - October 23rd , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Buffalo Bills - October 30th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ortega , Mark E. ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady , David Johnson are Players of the Month '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Seahawks at New England Patriots - November 13th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady , Kirk Cousins among Players of Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at New York Jets - November 27th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Rams at New England Patriots - December 4th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike . `` Tom Brady wins NFL - record 201st game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howe , Jeff . `` Patriots , despite miscues , outlast Ravens to move to 11 -- 2 '' . The Boston Herald . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Denver Broncos - December 18th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots top Broncos , clinch AFC East , first - round bye '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2017 Pro Bowl rosters '' . NFL.com . December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots clinch home - field advantage in AFC playoffs '' . Jump up ^ Hurley , Michael ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady Sets NFL Record For Best TD - To - INT Ratio Of All Time '' . CBS Boston . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Three rookies , Matt Ryan among players named to All - Pro team '' . NFL.com . January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2017 ' : No. 1 New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots Top Texans , Move on to AFC Championship '' . Around the NFL . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots Shred Steelers , Advance to Ninth Super Bowl '' . Around the NFL . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI - New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons - February 5th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Winners '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's stolen Super Bowl jerseys returned to Patriots '' . Fox News . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Super Bowl jersey thief investigation '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOAT edition : Brady on ' Madden NFL 18 ' cover '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Gisele Bundchen : Tom Brady had a concussion last year '' . Jump up ^ Igel , Lee . `` Gisele Bündchen Casts Doubt On Adequacy Of NFL Concussion Protocol '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Investigating After Gisele Claims Tom Brady Suffered a Concussion '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL looking into Tom Brady concussion claim by Gisele Bundchen '' . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Tom Brady not diagnosed with concussion in ' 16 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady : We did n't dig very deep on Thursday night '' . Pro Football Talk . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : In Year 18 , Tom Brady finally does something he 's never done before '' . CBSSports.com . September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maya , Adam ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady , J.J. Nelson among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady takes another title away from his nemesis Peyton Manning '' . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady , Kirk Cousins among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Ties Brett Favre , Peyton Manning for Most Regular - Season Wins by QB '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor . `` Tom Brady has sprain to non-throwing shoulder '' . NFL . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Brady is n't worried about his shoulder : ' I 'm good ' '' . NFL . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Brady becomes NFL 's career QB wins leader '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Patriots roll through fog past Falcons '' . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Chargers at New England Patriots - October 29th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Maya , Adam ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady , Cam Newton among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Case Keenum wins NFC player of month honors '' . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan . `` Tom Brady , Josh McDaniels have sideline disagreement '' . NFL . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Patriots overcome ugly start to scatter Bills in Buffalo '' . NFL . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins - December 11th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Pittsburgh Steelers - December 17th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2018 Pro Bowl rosters '' . NFL . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Bills at New England Patriots - December 24th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots secure first - round bye for eighth straight year '' . Jump up ^ `` Patriots clinch home - field advantage through playoffs '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL offensive production falls despite record for Brady '' . www.boston.com . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry . `` Steelers ' Antonio Brown , unanimous choice on AP All - Pro Team '' . AP News . AP . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Tom Brady named NFL 's MVP for third time of career '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Tennessee Titans at New England Patriots - January 13th , 2018 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Tom Brady ( thumb ) questionable for Patriots vs. Jags '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship - Jacksonville Jaguars at New England Patriots - January 21st , 2018 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LII - Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots - February 4th , 2018 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Is Super Bowl LII Loss the End of Patriots and Tom Brady 's Dynasty ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's Career Touchdown Plays '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady sets NFL record for best TD to INT ratio in a season '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady relishes chance to silence fans while playing on road '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` WHAT TO LOOK FOR - WEEK 11 '' . nflcommunications.com . November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Conor ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Tom Brady achieved another amazing NFL record in 2017 '' . GiveMeSport . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Records : Individual -- Passing '' . nfl.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adamski , Chris . `` Brady , Big Ben meet again in AFC title game '' . TribLIVE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Stites , Adam ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` What NFL records does Tom Brady already own ? '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Lee ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Brady 's 46th TD breaks Montana 's playoff mark '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Brady sets NFL 's postseason passing record '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Breech , John ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Tom Brady tops Super Bowl passing mark : All 17 records broken in Eagles - Patriots '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : David Smith , Michael ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` In his 35th postseason game , Tom Brady will add to his many records '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The QB With the Most Conference Championship Appearance ? '' . NFL RUSH . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game Notes : Patriots extend NFL - record to 10th Super Bowl overall '' . New England Patriots. 2018 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Records : Individual -- Passing '' . nfl.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady broke , tied or extended 9 Super Bowl records '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Bill Belichick make NFL history with record 7th Super Bowl appearance '' . abcnews.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kirk , Jason ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Pats now own 75 Super Bowl records , including most losses '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Announces Launch Of ' TB12 ' Website , Online Store ( Photo ) '' . NESN.com . January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Launches Raw Snack Line Under His TB12 Brand '' . NCA . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady and TB12 Launch TB12 Foundation for Young Athletes - Physical Therapy Products '' . Physical Therapy Products . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` This New Meal Delivery Plan Will Help You Eat Like Tom Brady '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Ahiza . `` Tom Brady launches meal kit service '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Ian ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady has No. 1 book on Amazon , Hillary at No. 2 . As they said at Michigan , all he does is winpic.twitter.com/glGlzkGGRd '' . @ Ian_OConnor . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's `` TB12 Method '' Is a Best Seller `` . Boston Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Leibovich , Mark ( 2018 ) . `` Tom Brady Gave a Filmmaker Unusual Access to His Private Life '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Dagostino , Mark ( December 14 , 2006 ) . `` Tom Brady , Bridget Moynahan Split Up '' . People . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Smith , Liz ( February 18 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Brady Baby For ' Sixy ' Star '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( February 18 , 2007 ) . `` Ex-Brady Girlfriend Says She 's Pregnant With His Child '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Kristin ( August 28 , 2007 ) . `` Bridget Moynahan ' Thankful ' for Healthy Baby '' . People . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Moynahan Welcomes a Baby Boy '' . People . August 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Tao Of Tom : How Tom Brady Uses An 80 - 20 Diet , Meditation , Yoga & One Book To Age Backwards '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady & Gisele Bundchen : New Couple ? '' . People . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Quarterback Tom Brady on Football , Fatherhood , and Gisele Bündchen '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference people.com was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Gisele Bündchen & Tom Brady Have a Boy '' . People . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gisele Bündchen and Tom Brady Welcome Daughter Vivian Lake '' . People . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan . `` Tom Brady is game for another ' SNL ' hosting gig '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bark , Ed ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Fox gets animated after the Super Bowl '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots News and Notes '' . Patriots Insider . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Entourage '' Fore ( TV Episode 2009 ) - IMDb `` . IMDb . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entourage : Tom Brady replaced Manning brothers in Season 6 cameo '' . Sports Illustrated . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's ' Ted 2 ' Cameo Features Deflategate Line From Mark Wahlberg '' . NESN . June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug . `` Boston ( in ) Common : Kevin Youkilis set to marry Tom Brady 's sister '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buttons NY -- Sound + Picture '' Vote for your favorite Stetson Cologne man , win a $10 gift card , and Listen to the latest Stetson Radio ad , with the original Stetson Jingle ! `` . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning vs. Tom Brady Endorsements : Who 's No. 1 In Commercial Appeal ? '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ember , Sydney Tom Brady Still a Key Part of Under Armour 's Broader Ad Push New York Times . August 25 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Beautyrest Black and Tom Brady Score for Sleep -- BedTimes '' . Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady 's Vegan Snacks Only Add to His Bourgeois Profile '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Hua , Karen ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Inside The Multimillion - Dollar Homes Of Tom Brady '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best There Ever Was ? '' . GQ . August 5 , 2005 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning For Republican Presidential Nomination ? Some Believe It 's Possible '' . WBZ - TV ( CBS Boston ) . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl QB Tom Brady 's No Patriot '' . The Smoking Gun . January 26 , 2004 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Leibovich , Mark ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Uncomfortable Love Affair Between Donald Trump and the New England Patriots '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sports figures who support Donald Trump '' . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy . `` ' It 's just a friendship ' : Tom Brady opens up a little about President Trump '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan . `` Did Tom Brady and Gisele Bündchen Back Donald Trump ? She Says No , and He 's Not Saying '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chestang , Raphael . `` Tom Brady Says Wife Gisele Bundchen Does n't Want Him Talking Politics '' . ET Online . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady will not attend Patriots ' visit to White House due to ' personal family matters ' '' . Sports Illustrated . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Kamisar , Ben ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` 5 NFL stars who could run for office '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady Talks to Chuck Klosterman About Deflategate ( Sort Of ... ) '' . GQ . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durkee , Travis ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sorry , America , Tom Brady will never run for president '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tack , Travis ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady Wo n't Talk Politics , Does n't Want To Run For Office '' . Politicus Sports . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Further reading Pierce , Charles ( 2006 ) , Moving the Chains : Tom Brady and the Pursuit of Everything , Farrar , Straus and Giroux , ISBN 0 - 374 - 21444 - 1 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom Brady . New England Patriots profile Career statistics and player information from NFL.com ESPN Yahoo ! Sports SI.com Pro-Football - Reference Rotoworld Tom Brady on IMDb New England Patriots current roster Active roster 2 Brian Hoyer 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady 13 Phillip Dorsett 15 Chris Hogan 18 Matthew Slater 19 Malcolm Mitchell 22 Jomal Wiltz 23 Patrick Chung 24 Stephon Gilmore 25 Eric Rowe 26 David Jones 27 Ryan Lewis 28 James White 30 Duron Harmon 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Devin McCourty 33 Jeremy Hill 34 Rex Burkhead 35 Mike Gillislee 36 Brandon King 37 Jordan Richards 38 Brandon Bolden 39 Damarius Travis 41 Cyrus Jones 42 Keionta Davis 43 Nate Ebner 46 James Develin 47 Jacob Hollister 48 Harvey Langi 49 Joe Cardona 50 Nicholas Grigsby 52 Elandon Roberts 53 Kyle Van Noy 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Eric Lee 59 Marquis Flowers 60 David Andrews 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Joe Thuney 63 Antonio Garcia 64 James Ferentz 68 LaAdrian Waddle 69 Shaq Mason 70 Adam Butler 72 Jason King 74 Cole Croston 75 Ted Karras 76 Andrew Jelks 80 Jordan Matthews 81 Cody Hollister 82 Will Tye 83 Dwayne Allen 84 Riley McCarron 85 Kenny Britt 87 Rob Gronkowski 90 Malcom Brown 91 Deatrich Wise Jr . 93 Lawrence Guy 95 Derek Rivers 96 Geneo Grissom 98 Trey Flowers 99 Vincent Valentine -- Luke Bowanko -- Adrian Clayborn -- Jason McCourty -- Troy Niklas -- Cordarrelle Patterson -- Danny Shelton -- Matt Tobin AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of most recent starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 17 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Bryce Petty ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Landry Jones ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) T.J. Yates ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Paxton Lynch ( Denver Broncos ) Patrick Mahomes II ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Drew Stanton ( Arizona Cardinals ) Sean Mannion ( Los Angeles Rams ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Tom Brady -- awards , championships , and honors Awards and achievements Preceded by Peyton Manning Record for NFL passing touchdowns in a single season 2007 Succeeded by Peyton Manning Michigan Wolverines starting quarterbacks Barmore ( 1880 ) Horton ( 1881 ) Beach ( 1882 ) McNeil ( 1883 -- 1885 ) Morrow ( 1886 ) Farrand ( 1887 ) F. Smith ( 1888 ) Abbott ( 1889 ) Holden ( 1890 ) Sherman ( 1891 ) Sanderson ( 1892 ) Greenleaf ( 1893 -- 1894 ) Baird ( 1893 -- 1895 ) Richards ( 1895 -- 1897 ) Drumheller ( 1896 ) Felver ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Talcott ( 1898 ) Street ( 1899 ) McGinnis ( 1900 ) Weeks ( 1901 -- 1902 ) James ( 1903 ) Norcross ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Barlow ( 1905 ) Workman ( 1906 ) Wasmund ( 1907 -- 1909 ) McMillan ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Huebel ( 1912 ) Hughitt ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Roehm ( 1915 ) Sparks ( 1916 , 1919 ) Weston ( 1917 ) Knode ( 1918 ) Bank ( 1920 -- 1921 ) Uteritz ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Rockwell ( 1924 ) Friedman ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Hoffman ( 1927 ) Rich ( 1928 ) Simrall ( 1929 ) Tessmer ( 1930 -- 1931 ) Newman ( 1930 -- 1932 ) Fay ( 1933 ) Jennings ( 1934 ) Renner ( 1935 ) Barclay ( 1936 ) Farmer ( 1937 ) Evashevski ( 1938 -- 1940 ) Ceithaml ( 1941 -- 1942 ) Wiese ( 1943 ) Ponsetto ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Yerges ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Elliott ( 1948 ) Ghindia ( 1949 ) Putich ( 1950 ) Topor ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Baldacci ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Maddock ( 1955 ) Van Pelt ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Ptacek ( 1958 ) Noskin ( 1959 ) Stamos ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Glinka ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Timberlake ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Gabler ( 1965 ) Vidmer ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Den . Brown ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Moorhead ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Slade ( 1971 ) Franklin ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Leach ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dickey ( 1979 ) Wangler ( 1979 -- 1980 ) S. Smith ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Zurbrugg ( 1984 ) Harbaugh ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Dem . Brown ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Taylor ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Grbac ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Collins ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Dreisbach ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Griese ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Brady ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Henson ( 2000 ) Navarre ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Henne ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Mallett ( 2007 ) Sheridan ( 2008 ) Threet ( 2008 ) Forcier ( 2009 ) Robinson ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Gardner ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Morris ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Rudock ( 2015 ) Speight ( 2016 -- 2017 ) O'Korn ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Peters ( 2017 ) 1997 Michigan Wolverines football -- AP national champions Jeff Backus Tom Brady David Brandt Mark Campbell Scott Dreisbach Jay Feely Chris Floyd Ian Gold Brian Griese James Hall Tommy Hendricks Chris Howard Steve Hutchinson Jon Jansen Dhani Jones Marcus Knight DeWayne Patmon Marcus Ray Rob Renes Russell Shaw Aaron Shea Glen Steele Tai Streets Sam Sword Anthony Thomas Jerame Tuman Jason Vinson Andre Weathers Clarence Williams Josh Williams Maurice Williams Charles Woodson Head coach : Lloyd Carr Assistant coaches : Vance Bedford Erik Campbell Mike DeBord Jim Herrmann Brady Hoke Fred Jackson Terry Malone Stan Parrish New England Patriots 2000 NFL draft selections Adrian Klemm J.R. Redmond Greg Randall Dave Stachelski Jeff Marriott Antwan Harris Tom Brady David Nugent Casey Tisdale Patrick Pass Boston / New England Patriots starting quarterbacks Butch Songin ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Tom Greene ( 1960 ) Babe Parilli ( 1961 -- 1967 ) Tom Yewcic ( 1962 ) Eddie Wilson ( 1965 ) Don Trull ( 1967 ) Mike Taliaferro ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Tom Sherman ( 1968 ) Joe Kapp ( 1970 ) Jim Plunkett ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Steve Grogan ( 1975 -- 1990 ) Neil Graff ( 1975 ) Matt Cavanaugh ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Tom Owen ( 1981 ) Tony Eason ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Tom Ramsey ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Bleier ( 1987 ) Doug Flutie ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Marc Wilson ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Tommy Hodson ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Hugh Millen ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Scott Zolak ( 1992 , 1995 , 1998 ) Jeff Carlson ( 1992 ) Drew Bledsoe ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Scott Secules ( 1993 ) Tom Brady ( 2001 -- present ) Matt Cassel ( 2008 ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( 2016 ) Jacoby Brissett ( 2016 ) Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award winners 1972 : Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Campbell 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Campbell 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Fouts 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : Dickerson 1987 : Rice 1988 : Craig 1989 : Montana 1990 : Moon 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Rice 1994 : Sanders 1995 : Favre 1996 : Davis 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Faulk 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Holmes 2003 : Lewis 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Brady 2011 : Brees 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Murray 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Gurley Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award winners 1957 : J. Brown 1958 : J. Brown 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : J. Taylor 1963 : Tittle 1964 : Unitas 1965 : J. Brown 1966 : Starr 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Morrall 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Page 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Sipe 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Moseley 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : L. Taylor 1987 : Elway 1988 : Esiason 1989 : Montana 1990 : Montana 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Favre & Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Warner 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Warner 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning & McNair 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Manning 2009 : Manning 2010 : Brady 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Rodgers 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Brady Bert Bell Award winners 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : Robustelli 1963 : J. Brown 1964 : Unitas 1965 : Retzlaff 1966 : Meredith 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Kelly 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Blanda 1971 : Staubach 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Olsen 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Stabler 1977 : Griese 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Jaworski 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Theismann 1983 : Riggins 1984 : Marino 1985 : Payton 1986 : Taylor 1987 : Rice 1988 : Cunningham 1989 : Montana 1990 : Cunningham 1991 : Sanders 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Cunningham 1999 : Warner 2000 : Gannon 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Peterson 2009 : Brees 2010 : Vick 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Watt 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Wentz PFW / PFWA NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award 1972 : Morrall 1973 : Gabriel 1974 : Namath 1975 : Hampton 1976 : Landry 1977 : Morton 1978 : Riggins 1979 : Csonka 1980 : Plunkett 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Alzado 1983 : B. Johnson 1984 : Stallworth 1985 : No Selection 1986 : Montana & Kramer 1987 : White 1988 : Bell 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Word 1991 : McMahon 1992 : Cunningham 1993 : Allen 1994 : Marino 1995 : Harbaugh 1996 : Bettis 1997 : Brooks 1998 : Flutie 1999 : Young 2000 : J. Johnson 2001 : Hearst 2002 : Maddox 2003 : Kitna 2004 : McGahee 2005 : Smith 2006 : Pennington 2007 : Moss 2008 : Pennington 2009 : Brady 2010 : Vick 2011 : Stafford 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Rivers 2014 : Gronkowski 2015 : Berry 2016 : Nelson 2017 : Allen New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXVI champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 11 Drew Bledsoe 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 13 Ken Walter 14 Walter Williams 15 Jimmy Farris 16 Scott McCready 19 Damon Huard 21 J.R. Redmond 22 Terrance Shaw 23 Antwan Harris 24 Ty Law 25 Leonard Myers 26 Matt Stevens 27 Terrell Buckley 28 Brock Williams 29 Hakim Akbar 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Ben Kelly 32 Antowain Smith 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Tebucky Jones 35 Patrick Pass 36 Lawyer Milloy 38 Ray Hill 44 Marc Edwards 45 Otis Smith 48 Arther Love 49 Jabari Holloway 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Bryan Cox 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Andy Katzenmoyer 60 Drew Inzer 61 Stephen Neal 62 Setema Gali 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Greg Randall 65 Damien Woody 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Grey Ruegamer 68 Tom Ashworth 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Chris Sullivan 72 Matt Light 74 Kenyatta Jones 75 Maurice Anderson 76 Grant Williams 77 Mike Compton 80 Troy Brown 81 Charles Johnson 82 Curtis Jackson 83 Rod Rutledge 84 Fred Coleman 85 Jermaine Wiggins 86 David Patten 88 Terry Glenn 90 Marty Moore 91 Bobby Hamilton 92 David Nugent 93 Richard Seymour 94 Jace Sayler 95 Roman Phifer 96 Brandon Mitchell 97 Riddick Parker 98 Anthony Pleasant 99 Kole Ayi Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Ned Burke Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Eric Mangini Josh McDaniels Randy Melvin Markus Paul Rob Ryan Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXVIII champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 10 Jamin Elliott 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 13 Ken Walter 16 Kliff Kingsbury 17 Dedric Ward 18 Chas Gessner 19 Damon Huard 21 Mike Cloud 22 Asante Samuel 23 Antwan Harris 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Larry Centers 32 Antowain Smith 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Chris Akins 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Shawn Mayer 44 Fred McCrary 46 Brian Kinchen 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Sean McDermott 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 60 Wilbert Brown 61 Stephen Neal 62 Tim Provost 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Damien Woody 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 75 Jamil Soriano 76 Brandon Gorin 77 Mike Compton 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch 84 Fred Baxter 85 J.J. Stokes 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Bobby Hamilton 92 Ted Washington 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rick Lyle 97 Jarvis Green 98 Anthony Pleasant 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Sean Gustus John Hufnagel Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Markus Paul Rob Ryan Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXIX champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 8 Josh Miller 10 Kevin Kasper 12 Tom Brady 13 Jim Miller 14 P.K. Sam 18 Cedric James 19 Ricky Bryant 21 Randall Gay 22 Asante Samuel 23 Omare Lowe 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 27 Rabih Abdullah 28 Corey Dillon 29 Earthwind Moreland 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Hank Poteat 32 Kory Chapman 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Cedric Cobbs 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Guss Scott 42 Dexter Reid 46 Zeron Flemister 47 Justin Kurpeikis 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Eric Alexander 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 61 Stephen Neal 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Lance Nimmo 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 69 Buck Rasmussen 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 74 Billy Yates 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Brandon Gorin 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch ( MVP ) 84 Benjamin Watson 85 Jed Weaver 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Marquise Hill 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rodney Bailey 97 Jarvis Green 98 Keith Traylor 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Matt Patricia Markus Paul Dean Pees Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Cory Undlin Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XLIX champions 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 8 Garrett Gilbert 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 16 Jonathan Krause 17 Aaron Dobson 18 Matthew Slater 19 Brandon LaFell 21 Malcolm Butler 22 Stevan Ridley 23 Patrick Chung 24 Darrelle Revis 25 Kyle Arrington 26 Logan Ryan 27 Tavon Wilson 28 James White 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Duron Harmon 31 Justin Green 32 Devin McCourty 34 Shane Vereen 35 Jonas Gray 36 Tyler Gaffney 37 Alfonzo Dennard 38 Brandon Bolden 39 Brandon Browner 41 Daxton Swanson 43 Nate Ebner 44 Deontae Skinner 45 Cameron Gordon 46 James Develin 47 Michael Hoomanawanui 48 Danny Aiken 50 Rob Ninkovich 51 Jerod Mayo 52 Jonathan Casillas 53 Eric Martin 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Akeem Ayers 58 Darius Fleming 59 Chris White 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Ryan Wendell 63 Dan Connolly 64 Chris Barker 65 Jordan Devey 66 Bryan Stork 67 Josh Kline 68 Caylin Hauptmann 71 Cameron Fleming 72 Joe Vellano 74 Dominique Easley 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Sebastian Vollmer 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 81 Tim Wright 82 Josh Boyce 84 Brian Tyms 87 Rob Gronkowski 90 Zach Moore 91 Jamie Collins 92 Jake Bequette 94 Chris Jones 95 Chandler Jones 96 Sealver Siliga 97 Alan Branch 99 Michael Buchanan -- James Morris -- Greg Orton Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Stephen Belichick Josh Boyer Brian Daboll Brendan Daly Dave DeGuglielmo Ivan Fears Brian Flores Patrick Graham Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Harold Nash Scott O'Brien Chad O'Shea Matt Patricia New England Patriots Super Bowl LI champions 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 7 Jacoby Brissett 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 14 Michael Floyd 15 Chris Hogan 16 Devin Lucien 17 DeAndrew White 18 Matthew Slater 19 Malcolm Mitchell 21 Malcolm Butler 22 Justin Coleman 23 Patrick Chung 24 Cyrus Jones 25 Eric Rowe 26 Logan Ryan 27 D.J. Foster 28 James White 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Duron Harmon 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Devin McCourty 33 Dion Lewis 35 Tyler Gaffney 36 Brandon King 37 Jordan Richards 38 Brandon Bolden 43 Nate Ebner 44 Trevor Bates 46 James Develin 47 Glenn Gronkowski 49 Joe Cardona 50 Rob Ninkovich 51 Barkevious Mingo 52 Elandon Roberts 53 Kyle Van Noy 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Jonathan Freeny 58 Shea McClellin 60 David Andrews 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Joe Thuney 63 Tre ' Jackson 64 Chris Barker 65 Jamil Douglas 66 Chase Farris 68 LaAdrian Waddle 69 Shaq Mason 71 Cameron Fleming 74 Woodrow Hamilton 75 Ted Karras 76 Sebastian Vollmer 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 82 Matt Lengel 83 Greg Scruggs 85 Michael Williams 87 Rob Gronkowski 88 Martellus Bennett 90 Malcom Brown 92 Geneo Grissom 93 Jabaal Sheard 95 Chris Long 96 Darius Kilgo 97 Alan Branch 98 Trey Flowers 99 Vincent Valentine Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Stephen Belichick Josh Boyer Nick Caley Brian Daboll Brendan Daly Ivan Fears Brian Flores Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Chad O'Shea Matt Patricia Dante Scarnecchia Jerry Schuplinski Raymond Ventrone James Hardy Super Bowl MVP Award I : Starr II : Starr III : Namath IV : Dawson V : Howley VI : Staubach VII : Scott VIII : Csonka IX : Harris X : Swann XI : Biletnikoff XII : Martin & White XIII : Bradshaw XIV : Bradshaw XV : Plunkett XVI : Montana XVII : Riggins XVIII : Allen XIX : Montana XX : Dent XXI : Simms XXII : Williams XXIII : Rice XXIV : Montana XXV : Anderson XXVI : Rypien XXVII : Aikman XXVIII : E. Smith XXIX : Young XXX : Brown XXXI : Howard XXXII : Davis XXXIII : Elway XXXIV : Warner XXXV : Lewis XXXVI : Brady XXXVII : Jackson XXXVIII : Brady XXXIX : Branch XL : Ward XLI : P. Manning XLII : E. Manning XLIII : Holmes XLIV : Brees XLV : Rodgers XLVI : E. Manning XLVII : Flacco XLVIII : M. Smith XLIX : Brady 50 : Miller LI : Brady LII : Foles Super Bowl champion starting quarterbacks I : Starr II : Starr III : Namath IV : Dawson V : Unitas VI : Staubach VII : Griese VIII : Griese IX : Bradshaw X : Bradshaw XI : Stabler XII : Staubach XIII : Bradshaw XIV : Bradshaw XV : Plunkett XVI : Montana XVII : Theismann XVIII : Plunkett XIX : Montana XX : McMahon XXI : Simms XXII : Williams XXIII : Montana XXIV : Montana XXV : Hostetler XXVI : Rypien XXVII : Aikman XXVIII : Aikman XXIX : Young XXX : Aikman XXXI : Favre XXXII : Elway XXXIII : Elway XXXIV : Warner XXXV : Dilfer XXXVI : Brady XXXVII : Johnson XXXVIII : Brady XXXIX : Brady XL : Roethlisberger XLI : P. Manning XLII : E. Manning XLIII : Roethlisberger XLIV : Brees XLV : Rodgers XLVI : E. Manning XLVII : Flacco XLVIII : Wilson XLIX : Brady 50 : P. 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"In his second season, Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured.[63] He led the Patriots to first place in the AFC East[64] and a victory over the favored St. Louis Rams[65][66] in Super Bowl XXXVI, winning his first Super Bowl MVP award. Despite the Patriots' missing the playoffs the following season, Brady would then lead them to back-to-back World Championships in 2003 and 2004, winning Super Bowl MVP honors again in 2003. Along the way, the Patriots won an NFL-record 21 consecutive games (including the playoffs) between the 2003 and 2004 seasons.[67] The 2005 season was Brady's first to throw for 4,000 yards and lead the NFL in passing.[68] That postseason, Brady would win his 10th consecutive playoff game, another NFL postseason record.[69]"
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"his second season"
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-2565227659609266545 | Zootopia | Zootopia - Wikipedia Zootopia Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the zoo and safari park in Denmark , see Givskud Zoo . Zootopia Theatrical release poster Directed by Byron Howard Rich Moore Produced by Clark Spencer Screenplay by Jared Bush Phil Johnston Story by Byron Howard Rich Moore Jared Bush Jim Reardon Josie Trinidad Phil Johnston Jennifer Lee Starring Ginnifer Goodwin Jason Bateman Idris Elba Jenny Slate Nate Torrence Bonnie Hunt Don Lake Tommy Chong J.K. Simmons Octavia Spencer Alan Tudyk Shakira Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Nathan Warner Brian Leach Edited by Fabienne Rawley Jeremy Milton Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Animation Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) ( Belgium ) March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) ( United States ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $1.024 billion Zootopia is a 2016 American 3D computer - animated comedy - adventure film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . It is the 55th Disney animated feature film . The film was directed by Byron Howard and Rich Moore , co-directed by Jared Bush , and stars the voices of Ginnifer Goodwin , Jason Bateman , Idris Elba , Jenny Slate , Nate Torrence , Bonnie Hunt , Don Lake , Tommy Chong , J.K. Simmons , Octavia Spencer , Alan Tudyk , and Shakira . The film details the unlikely partnership between a rabbit police officer and a red fox con artist as they uncover a conspiracy involving the disappearance of savage predator inhabitants of a mammalian metropolis . Zootopia premiered at the Brussels Animation Film Festival in Belgium on February 13 , 2016 , and went into general theatrical release in conventional 2D , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats in the United States on March 4 . The film was internationally acclaimed . It opened to a record - breaking box office success in several countries and earned a worldwide gross of over $1 billion , making it the fourth highest - grossing film of 2016 and the 28th highest - grossing film of all time . The film was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten films of 2016 , and won the Academy Award , Golden Globe , Critics ' Choice Movie Award and Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Film , as well as receiving a nomination for the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Animation 3.4 Casting 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Release and alternative titles 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.4 Lawsuit 7 Merchandise 8 Sequel 9 References 10 Notes 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In a world populated by anthropomorphic mammals , Judy Hopps from rural Bunnyburrow fulfills her childhood dream of becoming a police officer in urban Zootopia . Despite being the academy valedictorian , Judy is delegated to parking duty by Chief Bogo , who doubts her potential because she is a rabbit . On her first day , she is hustled by a con artist fox duo , Nick Wilde and Finnick . The next day , Judy abandons parking duty to arrest Duke Weaselton , a weasel who stole a bag of crocus bulbs known as Midnicampum holicithias . Bogo reprimands her , but Mrs. Otterton enters Bogo 's office pleading for someone to find her husband Emmitt , one of fourteen predators who are missing . When Judy volunteers and Assistant Mayor Dawn Bellwether praises the assignment , Bogo gives her 48 hours to find Otterton on the condition that she resigns if she fails . After determining Nick was a suspect seen in Otterton 's last known sighting , Judy blackmails him into assisting her by covertly recording his confession to tax evasion with her carrot pen . They track Otterton to a limousine owned by crime boss Mr. Big , who reveals Otterton went `` savage '' -- reverted to a feral state -- and attacked his chauffeur Manchas . At his home , Manchas mentions Otterton yelled about `` night howlers '' before the attack . Moments later , Manchas himself turns savage and chases the pair . Judy saves Nick by trapping Manchas and calls the ZPD for help , but when they arrive , Manchas has vanished . Bogo demands Judy 's resignation , but Nick reminds Bogo that Judy still has ten hours to solve the case . Judy learns from Nick that he was bullied as a child when he tried to join the Ranger Scouts , who stereotyped him as untrustworthy for being a fox . At City Hall , Bellwether offers Judy and Nick access to the city 's traffic cameras . They discover Manchas was captured by wolves , who Judy surmises are the `` night howlers '' . They locate the missing predators - all gone savage - imprisoned at Cliffside Asylum , where Mayor Leodore Lionheart hides them from the public while a scientist tries to determine the cause of their behavior . Lionheart and those involved are arrested for false imprisonment and Bellwether becomes the new mayor . Judy , praised for solving the case , has become friends with Nick and asks him to join the ZPD as her partner . However , she upsets him at a press conference by suggesting a predatory biological cause for the recent savage behavior , and her comments cause tension between predators and prey throughout the city . Feeling guilty for the results of her words , Judy quits her job . Back in Bunnyburrow , Judy learns that the night howlers are actually toxic flowers that have severe psychotropic effects on mammals . After returning to Zootopia and reconciling with Nick , the pair confront Weaselton , who tells them the bulbs he stole were for a ram named Doug . They find Doug in a laboratory hidden in the city subway , developing a drug made from night howlers , which he has been shooting at predators with a dart gun . Judy and Nick obtain the serum as evidence , but before they can reach the ZPD , Bellwether confronts them in the Natural History Museum and takes the evidence , revealing herself as the mastermind behind a prey - supremacist conspiracy . Judy and Nick are trapped after Nick refuses to abandon an injured Judy . Bellwether shoots a serum pellet at Nick to make him kill Judy , and summons the ZPD for help , but Judy and Nick have replaced the serum pellets in Bellwether 's gun with blueberries . Enraged , Bellwether threatens to frame the pair for the attacks , but Judy has recorded Bellwether 's confession . Bogo and the ZPD arrive and Bellwether is arrested . Lionheart publicly denies knowledge of Bellwether 's plot and states that his imprisonment of the savage predators was a `` wrong thing for the right reason '' . With the cause of the epidemic identified , the savage animals are cured and Judy rejoins the ZPD . Nick graduates from the Zootopia Police Academy as the city 's first fox police officer and becomes Judy 's partner . Cast ( edit ) Ginnifer Goodwin as Officer Judy Hopps , an optimistic rabbit from Bunnyburrow who is a newly appointed member of the Zootopia Police Department assigned to the 1st Precinct . Della Saba voices a younger Judy Hopps . Jason Bateman as Nick Wilde , a red fox who is a small - time con artist . Kath Soucie voices a younger Nick Wilde . Idris Elba as Chief Bogo , an African buffalo who is the police chief of the Zootopia Police Department 's 1st Precinct . Jenny Slate as Dawn Bellwether , a diminutive sheep who is the assistant mayor of Zootopia . Nate Torrence as Officer Benjamin Clawhauser , an obese cheetah who works as a dispatcher and desk sergeant for the Zootopia Police Department 's 1st Precinct . Bonnie Hunt as Bonnie Hopps , a European rabbit from Bunnyburrow who is the mother of Judy Hopps . Don Lake as Stu Hopps , a European rabbit from Bunnyburrow who is the father of Judy Hopps and a known carrot farmer . Tommy Chong as Yax , a laid - back domestic yak who is the owner of the naturist club Mystic Springs Oasis in Sahara Square . J.K. Simmons as Leodore Lionheart , a lion who is the noble , but pompous Mayor of Zootopia . Octavia Spencer as Mrs. Otterton , a concerned North American river otter whose husband Emmitt Otterton has gone missing . Alan Tudyk as Duke Weaselton , a small - time least weasel crook who is also known for selling bootleg DVDs . The name is a reference to the Duke of Weselton from Frozen , whom Tudyk also voices . Shakira as Gazelle , a Thomson 's gazelle who is a famous pop star . Shakira also voices Gazelle in the Spanish dub . Raymond S. Persi as Flash , the `` fastest '' three - toed sloth in the DMV ( short for Department of Mammal Vehicles ) . Persi also voices Officer Higgins , a hippopotamus who is an elite member of the Zootopia Police Department 's 1st Precinct . Maurice LaMarche as Mr. Big , an Arctic shrew who is the most fearsome crime boss in Tundratown and is served by a group of polar bears . Phil Johnston as Gideon Grey , a red fox from Bunnyburrow who used to bully the young rabbits and sheep when he was young . As an adult , he has made amends with those he picked on and became a much - respected baker . Johnston also voices an angry offscreen character who states that his taxes pay Judy 's salary upon being given a parking ticket by her . Fuschia ! as Major Friedkin , a polar bear who works at the Zootopia Police Academy as drill instructor . John DiMaggio as Jerry Jumbeaux Jr. , an ill - tempered African elephant who owns an ice cream parlor called Jumbeaux 's Café which is frequented by elephants and other larger mammals . DiMaggio also voices Woolter and Jesse ( a pun on the show Breaking Bad 's main protagonists ) , two tough rams who are Doug 's assistants ; a moose that gets a parking ticket from Judy ; and the pig reporter who asks Judy `` Why ? Why is this happening ? '' Katie Lowes as Dr. Madge Honey Badger , a honey badger who helps Mayor Lionheart find the source of the `` savaged animals '' . Gita Reddy as Nangi , an Indian elephant who works as a yoga instructor at Mystic Springs Oasis . Jesse Corti as Manchas , a black jaguar from Zootopia 's Rainforest District who is a chauffeur for Zootopia 's biggest limo company and is the personal chauffeur to Mr. Big . Tom Lister Jr. as Finnick , a fennec fox who is Nick 's partner in crime . Josh Dallas as an unnamed frantic domestic pig who is the owner of the `` Flora and Fauna '' flower shop that is robbed by Duke Weaselton and frantically asks Judy for help . He later appears as a protestor at Gazelle 's peace rally arguing with a female leopard . Leah Latham as Fru Fru , the daughter of Mr. Big who disapproves of her father doing his criminal business during her wedding . She befriends Judy after Judy saves her from a runaway doughnut shop sign in Little Rodentia and later names her unborn child after her . Rich Moore as Doug , an emotionless ram chemist and sniper with puffy wool who works for Assistant Mayor Bellwether . Moore also voices a gray wolf that is a security guard at Cliffside Asylum . Peter Mansbridge as Peter Moosebridge , a moose co-anchor of the ZNN News . The moose is used in the standard version of the film , released in the United States , Italy , France , Canada , Russia , and Mexico . In the UK version , the moose is named as Moosos Alexander , voiced by radio journalist Vassos Alexander ( though the UK home release used his US name and voice ) . In other countries , the anchor is a different animal voiced by a different person . David Campbell voices a koala newscaster named David Koalabell in the Australian and New Zealand versions . The Brazilian version uses a jaguar named Boi Chá who is voiced by Ricardo Boechat . The Japanese version uses a tanuki named Michael Tanuyama who is voiced by Kazumasa Kōra . The Chinese version uses an unnamed giant panda who is also voiced by Mansbridge . Byron Howard as Bucky Oryx - Antlerson , a greater kudu who is the neighbor of Judy Hopps . Howard also voices Travis , Gideon Grey 's black - footed ferret friend . Jared Bush as Pronk Oryx - Antlerson , a gemsbok who is the neighbor of Judy Hopps . Mark `` Rhino '' Smith as Officer McHorn , a black rhinoceros police officer who is part of the Zootopia Police Department . Josie Trinidad as Mrs. Dharma Armadillo , a nine - banded armadillo who is the landlady of the Grand Pangolin Apartments that Judy Hopps moves into . John Lavelle as the unnamed construction mouse foreman of Little Rodentia 's construction crew who receives the Pawpsicle sticks from Nick and Finnick . Kristen Bell as Priscilla , a three - toed sloth who is Flash 's co-worker at the DMV . Production ( edit ) Writing ( edit ) Development of the film that would come to be called Zootopia began when Byron Howard pitched six story ideas to Disney Animation chief creative officer and executive producer John Lasseter , of which three involved animal characters : an all - animal adaptation of The Three Musketeers , a 1960s - themed story about a `` mad doctor cat ... who turned children into animals , '' and a `` bounty hunter pug in space . '' The common thread running through these ideas was that Howard wanted to do a film similar to Disney 's Robin Hood , which also featured animals in anthropomorphic roles . According to Howard , Zootopia emerged from his desire to create something different from other animal anthropomorphic films , where animals either live in the natural world or in the human world . His concept , in which animals live in a modern world designed by animals for animals , was well received by Lasseter , who responded by embracing and lifting Howard `` in the air like a baby Simba . '' Lasseter suggested that Howard should try combining the 1960s theme with the animal characters , especially the space pug . This led Howard to develop and pitch Savage Seas , an international spy film centered on a rabbit named `` Jack Savage '' who was somewhat like James Bond . It was around this time that screenwriter Jared Bush was hired to work on the film ; he was excited to work on a spy film because his own father and grandfather had worked for the Central Intelligence Agency . Howard and Bush continued to develop the film with the assistance of the Disney Story Trust , the studio 's top creative personnel who meet regularly to review and discuss all projects in development . The most delightful part of the spy film turned out to be its first act , set in a city created by and for animals . To focus on the all - animal city , Howard eventually dropped the 1960s setting , along with the espionage and international aspects , which caused the film to evolve into a contemporary police procedural in which Nick Wilde was the lead role and Judy Hopps was essentially his sidekick . For a while , `` the filmmakers were very committed '' to that version of the story , but then in November 2014 , the filmmakers realized the film 's plot would be more engaging if they reversed the roles to instead focus on Hopps as opposed to Wilde . The change in perspective caused several characters to be dropped , including two characters known as `` The Gerbil Jerks '' who were described as `` trust - fund gerbils that had nothing better to do than harass Nick . '' Pre-production ( edit ) Directors Byron Howard and Rich Moore presented footage from the film at the 2015 Annecy International Animated Film Festival In May 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter initially reported that Howard was directing the film and that Jason Bateman had been cast , but little else about the film was known at the time . Zootopia was first officially announced in August 2013 at the D23 Expo , with a March 2016 release date . Research for the film took place in Disney 's Animal Kingdom , as well as in Kenya and the San Diego Zoo Safari Park , where animators spent eight months studying various animals ' walk cycles as well as fur color . 800,000 forms of mammals were created for and featured in the film . To make the characters ' fur even more realistic , they also went to the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County to closely observe the appearance of fur with a microscope under a variety of lighting . The filmmakers drew inspiration for Zootopia 's urban design from major cities including New York City , San Francisco , Las Vegas , Paris , Shanghai , Hong Kong , and Brasília . To develop a city that could actually be inhabited by talking mammals ranging in size from two inches ( 5 cm ) to 27 feet ( 8.23 m ) and from drastically different climates , the filmmakers consulted Americans with Disabilities Act specialists and HVAC system designers . For assistance with designing motor vehicles appropriate for so many different types and sizes of mammals , the filmmakers consulted with J Mays , former chief creative officer of the Ford Motor Company . During the development process , Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn suggested that Nick should expressly state his disappointment ( `` Just when I thought someone actually believed in me ... '' ) after discovering that Judy still fears him as a predator . In March 2015 , it was revealed that Rich Moore ( Wreck - It Ralph ) had been added as a director of the film , in addition to Jared Bush ( Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero ) as co-director . Animation ( edit ) Disney 's most recent work on animating fur was for the titular character of the 2008 film Bolt , but the software they had used at the time was not ready for creating the realistic fur of the animals of Zootopia . Therefore , the studio 's IT engineers developed the fur - controlling software iGroom , which gave character designers precise control over the brushing , shaping and shading of fur and made it possible to create a variety of eccentric character styles for each animal . The software was also able to control an unseen `` imaginary '' underlayer that gave fur a degree of plushness not seen before . This feature was used to create characters like Officer Clawhauser , who has a big head that is entirely made of spotted fur . Characters with noteworthy numbers of strands of hair or fur included both of the two lead characters , Judy Hopps and Nick Wilde , who each had around 2.5 million hairs ; a giraffe with nine million strands of fur ; a gerbil with 480,000 strands ; and a rodent with more strands of hair than the 400,000 that were on Elsa 's head in Frozen . Zootopia was the second time Disney used the Hyperion renderer , which they had first used on Big Hero 6 . A new fur paradigm was added to the renderer to facilitate the creation of realistic images of the animals ' dense fur . Nitro , a real - time display application developed since the making of Wreck - It Ralph , was used to make the fur more consistent , intact and subtle much more quickly , as opposed to the previous practice of having to predict how the fur would work while making and looking at silhouettes or poses for the character . The tree - and - plant generator Bonsai , first used in Frozen , was used to make numerous variations of trees with very detailed foliage . Zootopia was produced in makeshift quarters in a giant warehouse in North Hollywood ( together with Moana ) while Disney Animation 's headquarters in Burbank was being renovated . Casting ( edit ) On May 6 , 2015 , Bateman and Ginnifer Goodwin were announced as having been cast , respectively in the roles of Nick Wilde and Judy Hopps . The filmmakers chose Bateman because they wanted an actor who could bring `` a funny yet heartfelt side '' with `` a wily , dry - witted sort of voice . '' Bateman described his character as `` a crafty , sarcastic schemer , '' remarking on the role 's similarity to many other roles he had done since he was 12 . He explained that he had said to the directors : `` ' What kind of voice do you guys want me to do ? ' And they just looked at me like I was an idiot and said , ' Just do what you do . Just talk . ' '' Commenting on the casting of Goodwin , Moore said that she brought `` very centered sweetness , tremendous heart and a great sense of humor '' ; he described Judy as `` a little Pollyanna mixed with Furiosa . '' Goodwin stated about her character : `` People mistake kindness for naivete or stupidity , and she is a good girl through and through . But she 's not a dumb bunny . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Zootopia : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino Released March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) Recorded November 16 -- 20 , 2015 Studio Eastwood Scoring Stage , Warner Bros. , Los Angeles Genre Film score Length 62 : 34 Label Walt Disney Producer Michael Giacchino ( score producer ) Chris Montan ( executive music ) Tom MacDougall ( music supervisor ) Walt Disney Animation Studios chronology Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Big Hero 6 2014 Zootopia ( 2016 ) Zootopia2016 Moana ( 2016 ) Moana 2016 Michael Giacchino chronology Inside Out : Original Soundtrack ( 2015 ) Inside Out : Original Soundtrack 2015 Zootopia ( 2016 ) Zootopia2016 Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) Star Trek Beyond 2016 Singles from Zootopia `` Try Everything '' Released : February 15 , 2016 The film 's score is composed by Michael Giacchino . It marks his first feature - length project for Walt Disney Animation Studios , as he previously scored the Goofy short How to Hook Up Your Home Theater , the two Prep & Landing specials and short film , and the short film The Ballad of Nessie . In addition to her voice role of Gazelle , pop star Shakira also contributed an original song to the film titled `` Try Everything , '' which was written by Sia and Stargate . The film 's score was recorded by an 80 - piece orchestra in November 2015 , with Tim Simonec conducting . The soundtrack was released on March 4 , 2016 by Walt Disney Records . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Michael Giacchino , except where noted . No . Title Writer ( s ) Artist Length 1 . `` Try Everything '' Sia Furler , Tor Erik Hermansen , Mikkel S. Eriksen Shakira 3 : 16 2 . `` Stage Fright '' 0 : 39 3 . `` Grey 's Uh - Mad at Me '' 1 : 44 4 . `` Ticket to Write '' 1 : 07 5 . `` Foxy Fakeout '' 2 : 08 6 . `` Jumbo Pop Hustle '' 1 : 50 7 . `` Walk and Stalk '' 1 : 29 8 . `` Not a Real Cop '' 1 : 34 9 . `` Hopps Goes ( After ) the Weasel '' 2 : 19 10 . `` The Naturalist '' 3 : 09 11 . `` Work Slowly and Carry a Big Shtick '' 0 : 44 12 . `` Mr. Big '' 2 : 47 13 . `` Case of the Manchas '' 4 : 00 14 . `` The Nick of Time '' 5 : 02 15 . `` World 's Worst Animal Shelter '' 4 : 24 16 . `` Some of My Best Friends Are Predators '' 3 : 47 17 . `` A Bunny Can Go Savage '' 1 : 45 18 . `` Weasel Shakedown '' 2 : 04 19 . `` Ramifications '' 3 : 58 20 . `` Ewe Fell for It '' 6 : 37 21 . `` Three - Toe Bandito '' 0 : 43 22 . `` Suite from Zootopia '' 7 : 28 Total length : 62 : 34 Release ( edit ) Release and alternative titles ( edit ) Zootopia was released in Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , and IMAX 3D , making it the first Disney animated film shown in domestic IMAX theatres since Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) . The film was retitled for theatrical release across several international territories . In the United Kingdom and other European , Middle Eastern , and North African countries , the film was renamed Zootropolis , a reference to the concept of a ' metropolis ' rather than to that of a ' utopia ' ; all lines that include `` Zootopia '' were also redubbed . In China , the state 's SAPPRFT granted the film a rare two - week extension to play in theaters in addition to its limited 30 - day run , which was to have ended on April 3 . In Germany , the film was titled Zoomania due to a children 's book by German author Kay Fischer with the same name released in 2010 . Marketing ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first teaser trailer was released online at Walt Disney Animation Studios ' YouTube page on June 11 , 2015 . A second teaser trailer was released online again at Walt Disney Animation Studios ' YouTube page on November 23 , 2015 , featuring a sequence of the film where the main characters encounter a Department of Mammal Vehicles ( based on the DMV ) run entirely by sloths . The official theatrical trailer for the film was released online at Walt Disney Animation Studios ' YouTube page on New Year 's Eve 2015 . Figures of Judy Hopps and Nick Wilde were released for Disney Infinity 3.0 on March 1 , 2016 . Digital marketing company Allied Integrated Media was contracted by Disney to reach out to members of the furry fandom on Meetup , encouraging them to post photos of themselves in their fursuits on social media , with the movie hashtag , as a form of viral marketing for the film . Danish Givskud Zoo registered the name Zootopia in 2014 , and Disney renamed the film as Zootropolis in most European nations . Home Media ( edit ) Zootopia was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , DVD , and Digital HD platforms on June 7 , 2016 . It includes some bonus material such as `` Scoretopia , '' an alternate opening , and the music video to Shakira 's `` Try Everything . '' The film debuted at the top of the home media sales chart for the week ending on June 12 , 2016 . In India , the satellite rights were sold to Star Movies . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Zootopia grossed $341.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $682.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $1.024 billion , against a budget of $150 million . On March 18 , 2016 , the film reached the $500 million mark , becoming the third consecutive Walt Disney Animation Studios film to reach the milestone after Frozen ( 2013 ) and Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) . On April 5 , it became the first film of 2016 to gross over $800 million in ticket sales , and on April 24 , became the first ever film of 2016 to cross $900 million . On June 5 , the film crossed the $1 billion mark , becoming the second film of 2016 to do so ( after the studio 's own Captain America : Civil War ) , the fourth animated film ( after Toy Story 3 , Frozen , and Minions ) , the eleventh Disney film ( third Disney animated film ) , and the twenty - sixth film overall to break the milestone . Worldwide , it is the fourth highest - grossing film of 2016 ( behind Civil War , Rogue One , and Finding Dory ) , the second highest - grossing animated film of 2016 , the second highest - grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film ( second highest overall ) of all time in its original release ( after Frozen ) , the second highest - grossing original film ( behind Avatar ) , the fifth highest - grossing animated film of all time , and the 28th highest - grossing film of all time . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $294.9 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the 5th most profitable release of 2016 . North America ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , pre-release tracking suggested the film would open to $60 -- 70 million from 3,827 theaters in its opening weekend . It played in 3,100 3D theaters , 365 IMAX theaters , and 325 premium large format screens . It earned $1.7 million from Thursday previews , a record for a non-Pixar Disney animated film , for an animated film opening outside of summer , and seventh biggest all - time for an animated film . Buoyed by good word of mouth , it earned $19.5 million on its opening day , also a record for a non-Pixar Disney animated film ( breaking Frozen 's record ) , and the second biggest for a March animated film ( behind Ice Age : The Meltdown ) . In its opening weekend , it scored a better than expected $75.1 million , which was the biggest non-Pixar Disney animated opening ( breaking Big Hero 6 's record ) , the biggest opening weekend among Walt Disney Animation Studios films ( breaking Frozen 's record ) , the biggest March animated opening ( breaking The Lorax 's record ) , the seventh biggest March opening , and the tenth biggest animated opening of all time . Furthermore , its opening weekend is also the fourth biggest for an original film , behind The Secret Life of Pets , Inside Out , and Avatar . It also performed exceptionally well in IMAX , where the film brought in $5.2 million from 366 screens , the second best animated IMAX opening behind only Toy Story 3 ( $8.4 million ) . In its second weekend , it fell gradually by 31 % to $51.3 million and recorded one of the best holds for an animated film , more or less on par with Wreck - It Ralph 's second weekend drop of 32 % , but a bigger drop than The Lego Movie 's 27 % . It continued to top the box office for the third weekend , earning $37.2 million , falling by 28 % from its previous weekend while passing the $200 million mark . This made it the second biggest third weekend for a film that did not open at over $100 million , behind Avatar ( $68 million ) and ahead of Skyfall ( $35 million ) . The film was overtaken by the superhero film Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice in its fourth weekend , despite only a marginal decline . It spent a total of 13 consecutive weeks in the top ten , more than any other film except for Avatar ( 14 weeks ) and Frozen ( 16 weeks ) over the last decade . It ended its theatrical run on August 4 , 2016 , after playing in theaters for a total of 154 days . It became the second highest - grossing Walt Disney Animation Studios film ( behind Frozen ) , the seventh highest - grossing film of 2016 , and the tenth highest - grossing animated film of all time . Outside North America ( edit ) Internationally , Zootopia received a scattered release as Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures took advantage of school holidays in various markets . The film opened in a limited number of international markets in the weekend ending February 14 , earning $4.5 million in three markets . It expanded to 22 markets in its second weekend , into 36 % of its total international markets , and added $31.2 million . It added another $33 million in its third weekend with no new markets . In its fourth weekend , it expanded to 45 countries and grossed $64.7 million , coming in second place at the international box office , behind the Chinese film Ip Man 3 . $3.3 million came from IMAX showings . It finally topped the box office in its fifth weekend after a strong second weekend gross in China . It added $89.3 million from 45 countries , an increase of 25 % from its previous weekend . It remained in first place for the second time in its sixth weekend , before Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice took the top spot . It passed the $500 million mark in its eighth weekend . In its opening weekend -- which varied between markets -- the film grossed $3.1 million in Spain and an additional $1.7 million in Belgium and Denmark . In Belgium , it had the biggest ever animated opening for a Disney or Pixar film . It broke opening records for a non-Pixar Disney animated film in China ( $23.6 million ) , France ( $8.1 million ) , Russia ( $7.8 million ) , Germany ( $6.6 million ) , Hong Kong ( $1.5 million ) , Poland ( $1.2 million ) , and India . It opened in the United Kingdom and Ireland with $7.5 million , Mexico with $4.6 million , Australia with $3.2 million , Brazil with $2.6 million , and in Italy , on a non-holiday weekend with $3.1 million . The film had number - one openings in Austria , Switzerland , Portugal , and South Africa . In the UK and Ireland , with significant competition from Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and the animated family film Kung Fu Panda 3 , the film had a £ 5.31 million ( $7.6 million ) opening weekend from 579 theaters , including £ 1.74 million ( $2.5 million ) worth of previews , debuting in second place behind Dawn of Justice and falling just short of Walt Disney Animation Studios ' best opening in the UK . It fell just 24 % in its second weekend . Zootopia 's largest markets overseas are China ( $235.6 million ) , followed by Japan ( $70.1 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $39.2 million ) , Germany ( $34.2 million ) , the UK ( $34.2 million ) , France ( $31.9 million ) , and South Korea ( $31.6 million ) . In China , it is the highest - grossing Disney film in local currency ( ¥ 1.530 billion ) , surpassing Avengers : Age of Ultron ( ¥ 1.464 billion ) , as well as the seventh highest - grossing film of all time . In Russia , it is the second highest - grossing film of all time in local currency ( ₽ 2.3 billion ) , behind only Avatar ( ₽ 3.6 billion ) . It topped the Russian and German box office for three weekends , and the Chinese and Korean box office for two weekends . In China , where it was locally known as Crazy Animal City ( 疯狂 动物 城 ) , the film exceeded expectations and was considered Hollywood 's biggest breakout success in China since 2015 's Jurassic World made $229 million . It had an opening day of $3.4 million on its way to $23.6 million for its three - day opening weekend , debuting in second place and scoring the biggest non-sequel animated opening , as well as the second biggest three - day opening and IMAX opening for an animated film , behind Kung Fu Panda 3 . In its ninth day of release ( a Saturday ) , it recorded the biggest single - day gross ever for an animated film , with $25 million ( compared to $10.6 million on its first Saturday ) , and passed the lifetime total of Big Hero 6 to become the highest - grossing Disney animated film in China . In its second weekend , it grossed $60 million , an enormous increase of 139 % from its previous weekend , and crossed the $100 million mark to become the third animated film in China to do so , after Kung Fu Panda 3 and Monkey King : Hero Is Back . This also marked the single best weekend for an animated film . In mid-March , the combined total of Kung Fu Panda 3 and Zootopia alone broke 2014 's record of $286 million in box office grosses for American animated features in China . In its third weekend , it grossed $40 million for a total of $175 million , making it the highest - grossing animated film of all time in China . On March 27 , its seventeenth day of release , it passed the $200 million mark , becoming the first animated film , the second Disney film , and the sixth Hollywood film overall to pass that milestone . It became the highest - grossing animated film of all time and the second highest - grossing film of 2016 , behind only The Mermaid . It opened in Japan on April 23 and earned $4 million in its opening weekend , debuting at second place in the box office , behind Detective Conan : The Darkest Nightmare , and had the third biggest Walt Disney Animation Studios debut in that market , behind Frozen and Big Hero 6 . Deadline.com pointed out that the average opening number might have been due to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes , which could have affected moviegoers . In a rare achievement , it topped the box office in its third weekend after two weeks at No. 2 . In the following two weekends , it continued to increase its ticket sales , and topped the box office there for four consecutive weekends . After four straight wins , it was finally overtaken by the R - rated superhero film Deadpool . It was the No. 1 western / Hollywood film for eight consecutive weekends . The Hollywood Reporter cited that strong word of mouth , audiences watching both the English and Japanese versions , and 3D and 4DX screenings , as well as a popular Japanese version of the `` Try Everything '' song by Dream Ami , all helped boost Zootopia 's performance . Its strong run in the market aided the film to propel past the $1 billion mark worldwide . It remained in top three for 11 consecutive weekends and has grossed a total of $70.1 million there . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 98 % based on 247 reviews , with a weighted average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The brilliantly well - rounded Zootopia offers a thoughtful , inclusive message that 's as rich and timely as its sumptuously state - of - the - art animation -- all while remaining fast and funny enough to keep younger viewers entertained . '' It was the site 's second highest - rated film of 2016 behind Moonlight . On Metacritic , the film has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times considered the movie `` funny , smart , ( and ) thought - provoking . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that Zootopia `` may be the most subversive movie of '' 2016 , giving the film three - and - a-half stars out of four and praising its timely message about the harm of prejudice in the face of the prevailing xenophobic political rhetoric at the time of the film 's release , and the film 's humor . Peter Debruge at Variety opined that Zootopia `` plays directly to the studio 's strengths . '' IGN reviewer Eric Goldman gave the film a 9.0 out of 10 ' Amazing ' score , saying `` Zootopia is a wonderful example of how Disney , at its best , can mix its past and present together in a very cool , compelling way . It takes the classic animation trope of animals walking , talking and acting like humans , but gives it a modern spin both in terms of its humor and animation style ... and also in its themes , which are meaningful and fascinatingly topical . '' Writing in British Sunday newspaper The Observer , reviewer Mark Kermode found the film to be a `` very funny , and very likable holiday treat . '' He added , `` The ensuing drama is nominally a tale of predators succumbing to their animal instincts while frightened prey fear their neighbours . In fact , it 's a delightfully well - orchestrated parable about trust and tolerance versus panic and prejudice . An encouragingly upbeat celebration of love and diversity in times of hate and uncertainty . If that all sounds overly on - message , then fear not -- the jokes are funny , the characters engaging , and the animation packed with delicious visual detail , '' before concluding , `` ( ... ) this is proper family fun with genuine cross-generational appeal . Hooray ! '' In the UK daily newspaper The Daily Telegraph , Robbie Collin noted , `` The lion does n't just lie down with the lamb , they run for City Hall on a joint ticket . It 's the diversity dream come true . Or is it ? ( ... ) Think Busytown by way of Chinatown . It 's almost certain to be the most existentially probing talking animal cartoon of the year . '' Collin added , `` Like Nick Nolte and Eddie Murphy in 48 Hrs. , albeit considerably cuter , Judy and Nick make a hilariously strained but effective double act -- not least thanks to Goodwin and Bateman 's tremendous vocal work , which trips along with the effortless swing and snap of great bebop . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com , despite generally liking the film ( three out of four stars ) , had trouble with the film 's central metaphor that conflicted with its message , stating that `` ( Zootopia ) is constantly asking its characters to look past species stereotypes , and not use species - ist language or repeat hurtful assumptions ... This all seems clever and noble until you realize that all the stereotypes about various animals are to some extent true , in particular the most basic one : carnivores eat herbivores because it 's in their nature . '' He ended his review pointing out that `` if ( Zootopia ) were a bit vaguer , or perhaps dumber and less pleased with itself , it might have been a classic , albeit of a very different , less reputable sort . As - is , it 's a goodhearted , handsomely executed film that does n't add up in the way it wants to . '' Also in The Daily Telegraph , Rosa Prince singled out the film 's lead character , Judy Hopps , as a welcome change for Disney animated feature film heroines , such as the Disney Princess franchise . She found that unlike those characters ' focus on romance or family loyalty , Hopps ' focus is on her dream career as a police officer and serving her city . Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Zootopia This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2017 ) Lawsuit ( edit ) On March 21 , 2017 , a lawsuit was filed against Disney by Esplanade Productions , a company owned by Gary L. Goldman , screenwriter of Total Recall . The lawsuit claims that Goldman twice pitched a concept for a live - action / animation hybrid film titled Looney ( which featured an animated component called Zootopia ) , to Disney in 2000 and 2009 but was twice rejected , and alleges that Disney then copied the concept and marketed the film as its own . Filed with the lawsuit was a graphic of early concept artwork of characters that are claimed to appear similar to major characters from the film , including Nick Wilde , Judy Hopps , Flash , and Chief Bogo . A Disney spokesperson described the lawsuit as being `` ridden with patently false allegations . '' In their defense , Disney requested a dismissal of the lawsuit on May 23 , 2017 . On June 26 , 2017 , it was ruled that Goldman had not provided enough evidence to justify the case going to court . However , Goldman was granted permission to file another complaint if he collects any further information . Merchandise ( edit ) A card game based on the film called Zootopia : Suspect Search was released , as well as a game for mobile phones titled Zootopia Crime Files . Sequel ( edit ) In June 2 , 2016 , Howard and Moore were in the talks about a possibility of a Zootopia sequel . In the same month , Ginnifer Goodwin in an interview about challenges and ideas for Zootopia 2 , she revealed that she wishes to reprise her role as Judy Hopps in a sequel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Zootopia at D23 EXPO ! '' . D23 . August 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Ionia , MI - Official Website - `` Zootopia '' `` . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zootropolis ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Zootopia ' Tops the Box Office '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zootopia ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Zootopia ' renamed ' Zootropolis ' for UK '' . m.screendaily.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : Disney 's ' Zootopia ' Trailer Introduces Animal - Run World '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , John ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' : Review '' . ScreenDaily . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Dates 2016 Animated Pics ' Zootopia ' & ' Moana ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Newswire , PR ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Zootopia To Be Released In IMAX ® 3D Theatres Domestically And In Select International Markets Including China '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zootopia '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Zootopia '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Pressberg . `` Anti-Racist ' Zootopia ' Is Crushing It In Countries Where Diversity Often Does n't Play '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : Best Of 2016 Film List Includes ' Silence ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Full List of Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Joins Jason Bateman in Disney Animation 's ' Zootopia ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Disney , ' Tangled ' Director Plot New Animated Feature With Jason Bateman ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Zootopia ' Cages Idris Elba , J.K. Simmons , Octavia Spencer & Others '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Animation Has Found Its Own John Ratzenberger - Style Good Luck Charm '' . Cinemablend . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Shakira Joins Voice Cast of Disney Animation 's ' Zootopia ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jared Bush ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` @ jordanolling Raymond Persi : ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Four New Photos And Trailer Are Here For Disney 's ZOOTOPIA '' . December 31 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zootopia Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jared Bush ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Amazing writer Phil Johnston ... also the voice of Gideon . ; ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia Screenpaly '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Studios Awards . p. 9 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Zootopia Writers Talk About Early Unused Concepts and More ( Interview ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich Moore ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Both of them ( ! ! ! ) are voiced by my bud , the one and only @ TheJohnDiMaggio ! ☕ ️ 🐑 🐑 '' Hey Doug , we got yer latte ! `` '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rich Moore ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` The Frantic Pig is at the flower shop & the Gazelle rally . The pig at the press conference is voiced by @ TheJohnDiMaggio 🐷 '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kristen Bell Voices a Sloth in Disney 's ' Zootopia ' '' . Stitchkingdom.com . February 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rich Moore ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` @ joshdallas oh of course , how could I forget that it 's FRANTIC PIG ! I 'm such a fake fan '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Mansbridge voices moose in Disney film ' Zootopia ' '' . Toronto Sun . The Canadian Press . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BBC Radio 2 - The Chris Evans Breakfast Show , Oscars and The Kebab Awards ^ Jump up to : Loughrey , Clarisse . `` Zootropolis ' new anchors change animal depending on what country you 're in Archived March 8 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' The Independent . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moran , Jonathon ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Singer David Campbell adds voice to new Aussie Disney movie Zootopia '' . Daily Telegraph . Australia . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` The One Character Zootopia Changed For International Audiences '' . Cinemablend . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Byron Howard . `` @ jordanolling That weasel is Travis ( I did his voice ) . : ) '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` You Know The Rhino In `` Zootropolis '' ? Turns Out It 's Played By Rhino From `` Gladiators '' `` . Buzzfeed.com . July 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich Moore ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` It is Josie , and the land lady 's name is Mrs. Armadillo ( pronounced arma - dee - yo ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Julius , Jessica ( 2016 ) . The Art of Zootopia . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . p. 9 . ISBN 9781452154053 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` D23 Expo : Disney Reveals Animated ' Zootopia ' for 2016 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Animation preview : ' Frozen , ' ' Big Hero 6 , ' at Disney 's D23 , Plus ' Zootopia ' announced '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Deitchman , Beth ( Spring 2016 ) . `` The Start of Zootopia : The filmmakers behind Walt Disney Animation Studios ' latest film take us on a wonderful journey through Zootopia '' . Disney twenty - three . Burbank : Walt Disney Company . 8 ( 1 ) : 26 -- 28 . ISSN 2162 - 5492 . OCLC 698366817 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` How Disney Fixed a Huge Mistake With Zootopia , Just One Year Before Release '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan . `` Exclusive : Lost characters of ' Zootopia ' found '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Darryn ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Annecy Will Host Genndy Tartakovsky , Masaaki Yuasa , ' Zootopia ' Directors , Richard Williams '' . Cartoon Brew . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Pixar vs. Disney Animation : John Lasseter 's Tricky Tug - of - War '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Celestino , Mike ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` With next year 's `` Zootopia '' , Walt Disney Animation Studios promises a different kind of talking animal movie `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lalwani , Mona ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Fur technology makes Zootopia 's bunnies believable '' . Engadget . AOL . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Julius , Jessica ( 2016 ) . The Art of Zootopia . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . p. 10 . ISBN 9781452154053 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Zootopia ' : Making A Movie That 's Never Been Seen `` Be-Fur '' `` . Geeks of Doom . December 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Did a Disney animated film really say that ? If it 's ' Zootopia , ' prepare to be shocked '' . Los Angeles Times . tronc , Inc . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Julius , Jessica ( 2016 ) . The Art of Zootopia . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . p. 6 . ISBN 9781452154053 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Alan Horn Uses Low - Key Approach , Keen Creative Vision to Find Hits of the Future '' . Variety . Los Angeles : Variety Media . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Animation Studios Reveals New Zootopia Concept Art '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . March 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` Moana directors Ron Clements , John Musker talk four decades Disney movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : Time Inc . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sneak peek : ' Zootopia ' pairs unlikely pals '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Michael Giacchino to score Disney 's ' Zootopia ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This News Do n't Lie : Shakira is Coming to a Disney Movie Near You '' . Disney Playlist . August 14 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Zootopia Lands Composer Michael Giacchino '' ( Press release ) . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Records Set To Release Zootopia Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Records . PR Newswire . March 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosser , Stephen ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Zootopia ' renamed ' Zootropolis ' for UK '' . ScreenDaily . Screen International . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Zootopia Is Now Zootropolis '' . Empire . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Jordan ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Zootopia review -- Disney 's furry fable gets its claws out for the bigots '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Batman v Superman ' Sinks 78 Percent in Second Weekend , Lands in Third Place '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( ISBN 9783844833126 ) Jump up ^ `` Zoomania film review ( in German ) '' . moviejones.de News site . February 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Animation Studios , `` Zootopia US Teaser Trailer '' Archived June 18 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Animation Studios , `` Zootopia Official US Sloth Trailer '' Archived November 24 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Animation Studios , `` Zootopia Official US Trailer # 2 '' Archived December 31 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Good Dinosaur , Zootopia , And Peter Pan On The Way '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Notopoulos , Katie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Proof Disney Is Actually Marketing `` Zootopia '' To Furries `` . BuzzFeed . BuzzFeed , Inc . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Zootopia ' to be called ' Zootropolis ' in the UK ( possibly because of an actual zoo ) ' '' . Eye on Animation . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Official website Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia , ' ' 13 Hours ' Take Two Top Spots on DVD , Blu - ray Disc Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' To Cross $500 M Globally Today '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Zootopia ' Tops $500 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Hops To $800 M+ Global ; Top 2016 Grosser Still Has Play To Come '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' A $337 M Offshore Beast As ' Huntsman ' Musters $80 M ; ' Zootopia ' Tops $900 M Global -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Hops Past $1 B Global Box Office ; Disney 's 11th Time Over The Mark '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Zootopia ' Is Now The Second - Biggest Original Movie Ever '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` No. 5 ' Zootopia ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Unleashed : ' Zootopia ' Toon Expected To Roar Past $60 M -- Weekend Preview '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Can ' London Has Fallen ' Redeem Gerard Butler After ' Gods of Egypt ' ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' $70 M Opening Is A Record For Original Disney Toon ; ' London ' Raises $22 M ; ' Whiskey ' Trips -- Friday Night B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock and Rebecca Ford , Pamela ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Roars Friday for Huge $63 M - $65 M Weekend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's ' Zootopia ' Targets March Animated Opening Record '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 5 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Could Score $75 M Weekend After Mammoth $19.5 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' $75.1 M Opening Is A Record For Original Disney Toon ; Pushes 2016 Past $2 Billion Mark -- Monday B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brevet , Brad ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Scores Disney Animation 's Largest Opening Ever '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Animation Movies at the Box Office - Box Office Mojo '' . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Nabs Record - Breaking $73 M US Debut For $232 M Worldwide Total '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life of Pets ' Bites Off Huge $103.2 M Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Snags $50 M , ' Deadpool Tops $700 M Global , ' Star Wars ' Crosses $930 M '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Allegiant ' Gang Mauled By ' Zootopia ' Animals As ' Miracles ' Happen -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Star Wars ' Dips Under $1 M , ' Deadpool ' Tops ' Spider - Man 3 , ' Zootopia ' Near $600 M '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' Opening Taking Pre-Summer , Easter & March & Warner Bros. Records -- Early Sunday B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Animation Studios '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool , ' ' Zoolander 2 , ' ' How To Be Single ' All Jump Higher -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Scores $85.3 M In 2nd Offshore Frame ; Nears $500 M Global -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' At $609 M Global ; ' Gods Of Egypt ' Bows To $24 M , ' Zootopia ' Lands $33 M 3rd Frame -- Int'l B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Is Disney Animation Champ ; ' Mermaid ' Makes History ; Best Picture ' Spotlight ' Wins Big -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Allegiant ' Pledges $26.7 M ; ' Zootopia ' Hops With $83 M 5th Frame -- Intl B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' A Flash Away From $600 M WW ; China Welcomes ' The Revenant ' With $31 M Bow -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Nears $700 M Global ; ' The Revenant ' Crosses $500 M Globally -- International Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Batman V Superman ' At $422.5 M Offshore ; ' Zootopia ' Crosses $500 M ; ' Deadpool ' Tops $750 M WW -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kozlov , Vladimir ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Russia Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Opens to Record $7.9 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( March 19 , 2016 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Batman v. Superman ' Smashes Superhero Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Batman v Superman sets superpowered record at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Eddie the Eagle soars at UK box office while Batman v Superman crashes '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia ( 2016 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Packs $136.1 M Offshore As WW Cume Nears $300 M ; ' Batman V Superman ' At $516 M Overseas -- Intl B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America : Civil War ' Rages Offshore With $220 M 2nd Frame , $497 M Cume ; ' Zootopia ' Crosses $950 M WW -- Intl B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 内地 总 票房 _ 电影 历史 票房 _ 中国 票房 '' . ChinaBoxOffice . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Batman V Superman ' Bested By ' The Boss ' But Tops ' Man Of Steel ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Рейтинги фильмов - самые большие кассовые сборы '' . Метрополитэн Медиа . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia ( 2016 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Roxborough ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` German Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Rules for Third Weekend ; ' Divergent : Allegiant ' Disappoints '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia ( 2016 ) - International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sonia Kil ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Korea Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Retains Weekend Top Spot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Ip Man 3 ' Opens to $75 M Amid Fraud Allegations , ' The Mermaid ' First to Cross $500 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Is Setting Animation Records in China '' . China Film Insider . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 12 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Roars to Record $25 M Saturday in China , Nears $100 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Bunny - Hopping To $100 M+ In China ; Sets Single - Day Animation Record '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Tramples China 's Animation Record With $60 Million Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` America 's Booming Export To China : Talking Animals '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Zooms To $592 M Global ; Sets Animation Record In China Where ' The Revenant ' Rides With $33 M -- Intl B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Crossing $300 M Globally Today For Disney Animation '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Detective Conan ' Wins Second Weekend , Beats ' Zootopia ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Opens Strong but Topped by Local Anime Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Climbs to No. 1 on its Third Weekend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Dawns With $103.3 M ; ' Angry Birds ' Sings $55.5 M ; ' Zootopia ' # 4 Animated Pic Ever WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gavin J. Blair ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Passes $42 M , Beats Previous Weekend Haul Again '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Hits $50 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Deadpool ' Dethrones ' Zootopia ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Dory ' Swims Past $100 M Overseas ; ' Pets ' Is Cat 's Meow In UK ; ' Warcraft ' Tops $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Zootopia ' Crosses $60 M ; ' Money Monster ' Ca n't Crack Top 5 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Warcraft ' Cumes $261.7 M Overseas With $156 M China Weekend ; ' Conjuring 2 ' Scares Up $50 M -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gavin J. Blair ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Bows on Top With $5.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $18.8 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' TMNT2 ' Kicks Up $26 M China Bow ; ' Pets ' Purrs -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies of 2016 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango ) . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia '' . Cinemascore on Twitter . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Review : In Zootopia , an Intrepid Bunny Chases Her Dreams '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Zootopia ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Zootopia Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` Zootropolis review -- Disney 's animated odd couple has a perfect chemistry '' . The Observer . London . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Zootropolis is the Chinatown of talking animal films - review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Zootopia Movie Review & Film Summary '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prince , Rosa ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Burn your princess dress : Disney 's new heroine is a badass feminist rabbit '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Slams `` False '' ' Zootopia ' Big $ $ $ Copyright Suit From ' Total Recall ' Scribe `` . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Seeks Dismissal of ' Zootopia ' Copyright Lawsuit '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lagopus , Andy ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Judge tosses out Zootopia Lawsuit '' . zootopianewsnetwork.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grassullo , Stephanie ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Top Toys for Kids That Are Wild for Zootopia '' . The Toy Insider . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaul , Brandy ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Launches Zootopia Crime Files : Hidden Object on Mobile '' . Adweek . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia directors talk sequel , TV potential - EW.com '' . June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Sciretta ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Zootopia 2 Talk Begins As Movie Becomes Second ... '' . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia 's Directors Are Already Thinking About Sequel Possibilities '' . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia : Ginnifer Goodwin Talks Challenges and Sequel Idea '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( known as Zootropolis in some regions ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zootopia . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Zootopia Official website Zootopia on IMDb Zootopia at the TCM Movie Database Zootopia at The Big Cartoon DataBase Zootopia at AllMovie Zootopia at Metacritic Zootopia at Rotten Tomatoes Imagining Zootopia , a Fusion documentary on the making of the film Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Gigantic ( 2020 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Gigantic ( 2020 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Films directed by Rich Moore Wreck - 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-6244873123086375299 | Counter-Strike: Global Offensive | Counter-Strike : Global Offensive - Wikipedia Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Developer ( s ) Hidden Path Entertainment Valve Corporation Publisher ( s ) Valve Corporation Composer ( s ) Mike Morasky Series Counter-Strike Engine Source Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows OS X PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Linux Release August 21 , 2012 Genre ( s ) First - person shooter Mode ( s ) Multiplayer Counter-Strike : Global Offensive ( CS : GO ) is a multiplayer first - person shooter video game developed by Hidden Path Entertainment and Valve Corporation . It is the fourth game in the Counter-Strike series and was released for Microsoft Windows , OS X , Xbox 360 , and PlayStation 3 in August 2012 , with the Linux version released in September 2014 . The game pits two teams against each other : the Terrorists and the Counter-Terrorists . Both sides are tasked with eliminating the other while also completing separate objectives , the Terrorists , depending on the game mode , must either plant the bomb or defend the hostages , while the Counter-Terrorists must either prevent the bomb from being planted , defuse the bomb , or rescue the hostages . There are eight game modes , all of which have distinct characteristics specific to that mode . Global Offensive has matchmaking support that allows players to play on dedicated Valve servers , as well as allowing members of the community to host their own servers with custom maps and game modes . Global Offensive has a competitive scene , with Valve - sponsored tournaments being the premier competitive events for the game . Global Offensive received positive reviews from critics . The game was praised for its overall gameplay and faithfulness to the previous iterations in the series . Some of the early features were criticized , and while the console versions received positive reviews , reviewers believed there were obvious differences between the console and PC versions of the game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Development and release 2.1 Post-release 2.2 Promotions 2.3 Gambling and third - party betting 3 Professional competition 3.1 Media coverage 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Gameplay Global Offensive , like prior games in the Counter-Strike series , is an objective - based , multiplayer first - person shooter . Two opposing teams , known as the Terrorists and the Counter Terrorists , compete in game modes to complete objectives , such as securing a location to plant or defuse a bomb and rescuing or guarding hostages . At the end of each round , players are rewarded based on their individual performance with in - game currency to spend on more powerful weapons in subsequent rounds . Winning rounds results in more money than losing , and completing objectives such as killing enemy players gives cash bonuses . Uncooperative actions , such as killing teammates , results in a penalty . An in - progress match on Dust II , in which the player is using an AK - 47 There are five categories of purchasable weapons , four being guns and the final being utilities : rifles , sub-machine guns ( SMGs ) , heavy , pistols , and grenades . All guns have different stats and all grenade types have different in - game effects . The hand grenade deals damage in a small radius , the smoke grenade temporarily places a smoke screen , the decoy grenade emulates the player 's primary gun , the flashbang temporarily blinds players who look at it explode , and the Molotov cocktail and Incendiary Grenade set a small radius of the map on fire for a short period of time . Alongside all of these weapons , the Zeus x27 , a taser , can also be purchased . Global Offensive contains eight main game modes : Competitive , Casual , Deathmatch , Arms Race , Demolition , Wingman , Flying Scoutsman , and Weapons Course . Competitive mode pits competitive players against each other in two teams of five and roughly 45 - minute matches . The Casual and Deathmatch modes are less serious than the Competitive modes , and do not register friendly fire against or collision with other players on the player 's team . Both are primarily used for practice . Arms Race mode is similar to the `` Gun Game '' mod for other games in the series . It consists of players racing to upgrade their guns via killing enemies . Demolition mode is again like the `` Gun Game '' mod though players are able to plant and defuse the bomb too , and only receive a gun upgrade at the start of the round if they killed an enemy the last round . Wingman is a two - on - two bomb defusal game - mode taking place over fifteen rounds . It is similar to Competitive in the sense that players are paired based on their skill levels . Flying Scoutsman is a low - gravity mode in which players are equipped only with a SSG 08 and a knife . The Flying Scoutsman , Demolition , and Arms Race game modes are placed in the War Games tab . The Weapons Course is an offline practice mode designed to help new players learn how to use grenades and guns , and learning how to defuse and plant the bomb . Apart from the Weapons Course , all seven other game modes can be played online or offline . Matchmaking is supported for all online game modes and is managed through the Steam software , and runs Valve Anti-Cheat to prevent cheating . In the competitive modes , players are encouraged to act more cautiously in Global Offensive than in most other multiplayer games due to the inability to respawn once killed . When playing competitively , each player has a specific rank based on their skill level and is paired up with players of around the same skill level . Another form of matchmaking , known as `` Prime '' , permits matches to be played only with other users with the Prime feature which results in more equal matches as there are fewer `` smurfs '' . The PC version of Global Offensive supports private dedicated servers that players may connect to through the community server menu in - game . These servers may be heavily modified and can drastically differ from the base game modes . There have been many community made mods for the game , one of the more popular ones being known as `` kz '' , a mod which allows players to complete obstacle courses that require advanced strafing and jumping techniques . Over time , the community developed strategies for competitive play . When trying to capture a site , a common strategy used is called `` rushing '' . Rushing is when a player or group of players move into a choke - point on the map as fast as possible . This strategy is used commonly when one of the teams is running an `` eco '' . An eco occurs when a team has a lack of money to buy weapons , utility , or armor , forcing the team to be left with minimal rifles and little utility . `` Eco '' rounds are those in which a team will buy very few or no guns in order to save money for future rounds . Occasionally , when a team is low on money , the opposition will purchase `` anti-eco '' weapons which perform well at close range to prevent casualties and financial bonuses . Rushing is also used if there is a lack of time on the clock and the bomb needs to be planted or defused in an act of desperation . Another common strategy for taking a site is using predetermined smoke grenades and flash bangs to hinder enemies ' sight . Global Offensive saw the introduction of new weapons and equipment not seen in previous installments , most notably the firebomb for each side ( referred to as a Molotov on the Terrorist side and as an Incendiary Grenade on the Counter-Terrorist side ) . These temporarily cover a small area in fire , dealing damage to anyone passing through . Global Offensive also saw the introduction of a range of new guns , including shotguns , pistols and sub-machine guns , along with a taser . Two new game modes , Arms Race and Demolition , both based on mods for previous iterations in the series , were added alongside a total of eight new maps for said game modes . Global Offensive saw the removal of features seen in previous iterations of the series . The ability to freely explore the map when dead was removed from many modes , though server hosts are able to change this setting . The unsilenced USP and the MP5 were replaced by other guns . The tactical shield was also removed . The concept of sprays were not present in the game until the addition of consumable items called graffiti . Development and release External video Counter-Strike : A Brief History , a YouTube video published by Valve Corporation on January 23 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive is the sequel to the popular first - person shooter Counter-Strike : Source , developed by Valve Corporation . Global Offensive 's development began when Hidden Path Entertainment attempted to port Counter-Strike : Source onto video game consoles , prior to the end of their lifespan . During the development , Valve saw the opportunity to turn the port into a full game and expand on the predecessor 's gameplay . Global Offensive began development in March 2010 , and was revealed to the public on August 12 , 2011 . The closed beta started on November 30 , 2011 , and was initially restricted to around ten thousand people who received a key at events intended to showcase Global Offensive . After issues such as client and server stability were addressed , the beta was opened up to progressively more people , and at E3 2012 , Valve announced that Global Offensive would be released on August 21 , 2012 , with the open beta starting roughly a month before that . Before the public beta , Valve invited professional Counter-Strike players to play - test the game and give feedback . There were plans for cross-platform multiplayer between Windows , OS X , Linux , and PlayStation 3 players , but was ultimately limited to include only the PC versions because of the difference in update frequency between the systems . On August 21 , 2012 , the official version was released on all platforms besides Linux , which would not be released until September 23 . Post-release Since the official release of Global Offensive , Valve has continued to update the game in multiple ways , including introducing new maps and weapons , and releasing balancing changes . One of the major additions to the game post-release was the `` Arms Deal '' update . Released on August 13 , 2013 , it added cosmetic weapon finishes , dubbed as skins . These items were then obtainable by unboxing cases using in - game keys , of which were only accessible through in - game microtransactions . They can also be obtained in similar ways to the items in Team Fortress 2 and Dota 2 in the sense that they are dropped randomly . Global Offensive has Steam Workshop support , allowing users to upload user - created content , such as maps , weapon finishes and custom gameplay scenarios . Popular skins are added to the game and are obtainable by unboxing them from in - game cases . The creators of the skins are paid when their item is added to a case . These skins helped form a virtual economy for Global Offensive . Events called `` Operations '' are held occasionally and can be accessed through purchasable expansion packs in the form of `` operation passes . '' These passes grant access to operation objectives which are spread over different game modes , such as Arms Race and Deathmatch , or in operation - specific game modes , first seen in Operation Hydra , released in May 2017 . Completing these challenges rewards the player with XP and the ability to upgrade the operation `` coin . '' The maps in the operations are community made , meaning some of the revenue made goes towards the map designers . An update in October 2014 added `` music kits '' , which replace the default in - game music with music from soundtrack artists commissioned by Valve . If a player with a music kit equipped becomes the round 's most valuable player , their music will play for others at the end of the round . There is a feature that allows kits to be borrowed , and kits can be sold and exchanged through the Community Market . 2016 saw the redevelopment of two original Counter-Strike maps , as well as the introduction of Prime matchmaking and additional items . As a part of the Operation Wildfire promotion , Nuke was remake and re-released in February with the primary goals being to balance the map and make it more aesthetically pleasing . In April , Prime matchmaking was added to the game . To partake in this mode , the user had to have a verified phone number connected to their account . It was introduced in an attempt to prevent legitimate players from playing with cheaters or high - skilled players playing on alternative , lower ranked accounts , a practice colloquially known as `` smurfing '' . Inferno , another original map , was re-released in October . Valve said they had three reasons behind the remake : `` to improve visibility ; to make it easier to move around in groups ; and to tune it with player feedback . '' Also in October , consumable items called graffiti were added to the game . These items replaced a feature present in the previous iterations of the series called sprays . Previously , players could customize their sprays . Graffiti ideas can be uploaded to the Steam Workshop in the similar manner as gun skins and players can buy and trade the existing graffiti in game . One month later , glove skins were added . In September 2017 , Valve Company worked with the publisher Perfect World to release Global Offensive in mainland China . Chinese citizens , with their identification verified , can receive the game for free and earn Prime matchmaking status immediately . The game is played through Perfect World 's launcher and contains numerous exclusive changes to the game , including the censorship of skulls and other symbols . Some other changes were in the cosmetics in certain maps , for example , the hammer and sickle on Cache and Train were removed . In preparation for the release , multiple cities in China celebrated and heavily promoted its upcoming release . Users who played the game during its launch month received free promotional cosmetics . In compliance with Chinese law , Valve also had to disclose its loot box gambling odds . October 2017 saw the redesign of Dust II , one of the most iconic maps in the game . Placed into the `` beta depot '' in early October , it was released for testing a few days later , In November , an update to Competitive matchmaking was announced . Dubbed the `` Trust Factor '' , it meant a player 's `` Trust Factor '' would be calculated through both in - game and Steam - wide actions . Factors such as playtime on Global Offensive , times a user has been reported for cheating , playtime on other Steam games , and other behaviors hidden by Valve are taken into consideration when a user 's `` Trust Factor '' is developed . This was done in an attempt to let the community bond back together in matchmaking , as Prime matchmaking separated Prime and non-Prime players from each other . Valve will not let users view their `` Trust Factor '' or reveal all of the factors deciding one 's `` Trust '' . Promotions The SteelSeries Rival 300 Fade , a promotional item for Global Offensive Since the game 's release , Global Offensive influenced accessories have been released . An official store is available which sells collectible products , including a real - life version of the `` Five Year Veteran Coin '' . Companies such as SteelSeries have partnered with Valve to promote real life peripherals , including headsets , mice and mouse pads . Gambling and third - party betting Main article : Skin gambling Following the introduction of the Arms Deal update in August 2013 , skins formed a virtual economy due to their rarity and other high - value factors that influenced their desirability . Due to this , the creation of a number of skin trading sites enabled by the Steamworks API were created . Some of these sites began to offer gambling functionality , allowing users to bet on the outcome of professional matches with skins . In June and July 2016 , two formal lawsuits were filed against these gambling sites and Valve , stating that these encourage underage gambling and undisclosed promotion by some streamers . Valve in turn began to take steps to prevent these sites from using Steamworks for gambling purposes , and several of these sites ceased operating as a result . Professional competition Luminosity Gaming competes against Natus Vincere at the MLG Columbus 2016 major See also : List of eSports leagues and tournaments Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Majors Most recent season or competition : ELEAGUE Major : Boston 2018 Sport eSports Founded 2013 No. of teams 24 Venue ( s ) Various Continents Global Most recent champion ( s ) Cloud9 ( 1st title ) Most titles Fnatic ( 3 ) TV partner ( s ) Twitch.tv , ESL , MLG.tv , TBS The Global Offensive professional scene consists of tournaments hosted by third - party organisations and Valve - organised or co-sponsored tournaments , referred to as majors . Majors have larger prize pools ; originally set at $250,000 , the prize pools for majors have risen , with MLG Columbus 2016 having the first pool of $1,000,000 . In 2014 , the `` first large match fixing scandal '' in the Global Offensive community took place , where team iBuyPower purposefully lost a match against NetCodeGuides.com . The team was later banned by Valve , though ESL unbanned the team from their tournaments in 2017 . They are still unable to play in Majors . In October 2015 , a number of professional eSports organization with Counter-Strike teams announced the formation of a trade union that set several demands for future tournament attendance . The announcement was a publicly posted email written by Natus Vincere CEO Alexander Kokhanovsky that was sent to organizers of major esports events . Among these demands was notice that teams part of the union would not attend a tournament with a prize pool of less than $75,000 for Counter-Strike : Global Offensive and $100,000 for Dota 2 . Among the teams that were announced were Natus Vincere , Team Liquid , Counter Logic Gaming , Cloud9 , Virtus.pro , Team SoloMid , Fnatic , Ninjas in Pyjamas , Titan , and Team EnVyUs . In 2016 , the World eSports Association ( WESA ) was founded by ESL and many eSports teams , including Fnatic , Natus Vincere , Team EnVyUs , and FaZe Clan , though the latter-most left soon after its formation . In the announcement statement , WESA said they would `` further professionalize eSports by introducing elements of player representation , standardized regulations , and revenue sharing for teams '' . Alongside this , they also plan to help the fans and organizers by `` seeking to create predictable schedules '' . Media coverage As the game and the scene grew in popularity , companies , including WME / IMG and Turner Broadcasting , began to televise Global Offensive professional games , with the first being ELEAGUE Major 2017 , held in the Fox Theatre and broadcast on US cable television network TBS in 2016 . Reception Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 83 / 100 ( PC ) 79 / 100 ( X360 ) 80 / 100 ( PS3 ) Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 9.5 / 10 ( PC ) Eurogamer 9 / 10 ( PC ) GameSpot 8.5 / 10 ( PC , PS3 , X360 ) GameSpy ( PC ) IGN 8 / 10 ( PC ) PC Gamer ( US ) 84 % ( PC ) Counter-Strike : Global Offensive received generally positive reception from critics , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Since the game 's release , Global Offensive has been steadily at the top of the Steam charts in terms of most concurrent players . The game won the fan 's choice `` eSports Game of the Year '' award at The Game Awards 2015 . Reviewers praised Global Offensive 's faithfulness to the previous game , Counter-Strike : Source , with Allistair Pinsof of Destructoid rating the game very highly and saying that Global Offensive is a `` polished and better looking '' version of the game . GameSpot writer Eric Neigher said in their review that this game stays true to its predecessors by adding lots of content , but tweaking small amounts and retaining their best features . The reviewers at gamesTM wrote in their review that the game stood `` as a glowing reminder that quality game design is rewarded in longevity and variety . '' They also continued onto congratulate Valve that they had not only updated the popular game , but `` had completely outclassed its contemporaries . '' Martin Gaston of VideoGamer.com wrote that although he was too old to truly enjoy the game , he believed that it was a `` fine installment of one of the best games ever made , '' and that some people will experience `` what will become the definitive moments of their gaming lives . '' Xav de Matos for Engadget wrote that for the price , `` Global Offensive is a great extension to that legacy . '' Mitch Dyer from IGN said that `` Global Offensive is definitely a Counter-Strike sequel -- it looks and feels familiar , with minor tweaks here and there to help balance old issues and surprise longtime players . '' Some of the features in the early releases of the game were criticized by reviewers . GameSpy 's Mike Sharkey did not believe that the new content added was good , pointing out that the game provides very little in the way of new content ; and that the Elo rating system seems ineffective , having many players of various skill levels all playing at once throughout the early days of release . Evan Lahti from PC Gamer noted that the majority of new official maps in Global Offensive were only for Arms Race or Demolition game modes ; while Classic maps were only given `` smart adjustments '' to minor details . Pinsof thought that in its release state , it would not be the final version of the game to be released . Paul Goodman said that long - time fans of the series , Global Offensive will start to show the game 's age , saying that he `` could n't help but feel that I had been there and done that a dozen times before . '' Although reviewers liked the console versions of the game , they believed there were obvious differences between the PC and console versions . Neigher believed that due playing with thumbsticks and shoulder buttons `` you definitely wo n't be getting the ultimate CS : GO experience . '' Ron Vorstermans for Gamer.nl said that the PC version is there to play at a higher competitive level , though he went on to say that the console versions are not inferior because of the PC 's superiority for competition . Dyer wrote that the PlayStation 3 version was at an advantage to the Xbox version because of the ability to connect a keyboard and mouse to the system . He continued on to say that the user - interface on both of the consoles was as good as the PC one . Mark Langshaw of Digital Spy opined that although the game has support for the PlayStation Move , using it only makes the `` already unforgiving game all the more challenging . '' The game was nominated for `` Best Spectator Game '' in IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards , for `` eSports Game of the Year '' at the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards , for `` Best eSports Game '' at The Game Awards 2017 , and for `` Game , eSports '' at the 17th Annual National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards . References ^ Jump up to : Pinsof , Allistair ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Review : Counter-Strike : Global Offensive '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Phil ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` GAME BYTES : ' Counter-Strike ' Lackluster '' . The Tuscaloosa News . New Media Investment Group . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 -- via Questia . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Money system in CS : GO explained '' . Natus Vincere . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Villanueva , Jamie ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` A guide to CS : GO 's weapons '' . 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Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beard , Harrison . `` China Prepares for CS : GO Launch With Hardcore Marketing '' . Dexerto . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Dustin ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Cities across China light up in honor of upcoming CS : GO launch '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Villanueva , Jamie ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` CS : GO officially released in China through Perfect World '' . Dot Esports . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Jake ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Counter-Strike launches in China as Valve partners up with Perfect World , F2P for verified '' . MCVUK . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott - Jones , Richard ( September 11 , 2017 ) . `` Here are CS : GO 's loot box odds '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Prescott , Shaun ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Legendary CS : GO map Dust2 is getting an updated and refined version '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Valve unveils new version of Counter-Strike's Dust 2 map '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Villanueva , Jamie ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Dust II remake is now available '' . Dot Esports . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Valve 's new CS : GO matchmaking system considers your overall behavior on Steam '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Brian ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` New Counter-Strike Matchmaking System Analyses Your Behavior in Other Steam Games '' . IGN . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dale , Laura ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Now Uses All Steam User Data When Matchmaking '' . Kotaku UK . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` Valve is now selling a real - life Counter-Strike : Global Offensive ' Five Year Veteran Coin ' '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SteelSeries Introduces Peripherals for Counter-Strike : Global Offensive and Dota 2 '' . Entertainment Close - up . Close - Up Media . June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Lahti , Evan ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Valve puts in $1 million for all future major CS : GO tournaments '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Sam ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Phil Kornychev -- Forget the TV show , this is the real Skins drama '' . Esports Insider . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Villanueva , Jamie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Swag , DaZeD , and azk to join forces following ESL unban '' . Dot Esports . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wynne , Jared ( July 2017 ) . `` ESL drops bans on ex-iBP and Epsilon players '' . Dot Esports . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Daniel ( October 4 , 2015 ) . `` Report : eSports team union forms , outlines requirements for CS : GO , Dota 2 tournaments '' . The Score Esports . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Colin ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` The who , what and why of the World Esports Association '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker , Alex ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Surprise , The World Esports Association Is Already In Trouble '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Turner , WME / IMG Form E-Sports League , With TBS to Air Live Events '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Counter-Strike : Global Offensive -- PC '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Counter-Strike : Global Offensive -- Xbox 360 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Counter-Strike : Global Offensive -- PS3 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bramwell , Tom ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Counter-Strike : Global Offensive reviews ( MAC , PS3 , X360 , PC , LNX ) '' . GameSpot . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sharkey , Mike ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Review '' . GameSpy . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Mitch ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lahti , Evan ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Counter-Strike : Global Offensive review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , Patrick ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` How Counter-Strike : Global Offensive is still dominating Steam '' . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lahti , Evan ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Valve explains how CS : GO became the second most - played game on Steam '' . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Here are the winners of The Game Awards 2015 '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Neigher , Eric ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaston , Martin ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Review '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Paul ( September 8 , 2012 ) . `` Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Review '' . The Escapist . Defy Media . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vorstermans , Ron ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Counter-Strike : GO ( consoleversie ) -- Welkome aanvulling '' . Gamer.nl ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Langshaw , Mark ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Counter-Strike Global Offensive review ( PSN ) : Striking the right chord '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Communications . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Spectator Game '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaito , Eri ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Nominees '' . Best in Slot . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 Winners Headlined By Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Game Of The Year '' . GameSpot . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . Official website Promotional website Quotations related to Counter-Strike : Global Offensive at Wikiquote Counter-Strike series Main series Counter-Strike Condition Zero Source Global Offensive Spin - offs Online Online 2 Malvinas Related iBuyPower and NetcodeGuides match fixing scandal `` Dust II '' Professional Counter-Strike competition Games Counter-Strike Condition Zero Source Global Offensive Tournaments DreamHack ELEAGUE ESL ESL Pro League IEM World Championships Electronic Sports World Cup ESEA League Esports Championship Series International e-Sports Federation World Electronic Sports Games X Games CS : GO Majors Winter 2013 Katowice 2014 Cologne 2014 Winter 2014 Katowice 2015 Cologne 2015 Cluj - Napoca 2015 Columbus 2016 Cologne 2016 Atlanta 2017 Kraków 2017 Boston 2018 London 2018 Defunct Championship Gaming Series Cyberathlete Professional League World Cyber Games World e-Sports Games World Series of Video Games Notable teams Europe Alternate aTTaX Astralis Epsilon eSports FaZe Clan Flipside Tactics Fnatic G2 Esports Godsent mousesports Natus Vincere Ninjas in Pyjamas OpTic Gaming Team EnVyUs Team LDLC.com Tempo Storm Virtus.pro North America Cloud9 Counter Logic Gaming compLexity Gaming Denial eSports NRG eSports Splyce Team Dignitas Team Liquid South America Luminosity Gaming SK Gaming Asia / Oceania Gambit Esports MiTH Renegades Defunct / Inactive 100 Thieves Copenhagen Wolves Echo Fox EFGaming Evil Geniuses Immortals Jax Money Crew mibr Misfits Gaming Selfless Gaming Team 3D Team Curse Team NoA Team Secret Team SoloMid Titan WeMade FOX Winterfox Notable commentators Anders Blume Toby `` TobiWan '' Dawson Valve Corporation Video games Half - Life Half - Life Opposing Force Blue Shift Decay Half - Life 2 Episode One Episode Two Deathmatch Lost Coast Portal Portal Portal 2 The Lab Counter-Strike Counter-Strike Condition Zero Source Global Offensive Day of Defeat Day of Defeat Source Team Fortress Team Fortress Classic Team Fortress 2 Left 4 Dead Left 4 Dead Left 4 Dead 2 Dota Dota 2 Artifact Other The Orange Box Alien Swarm Bridge Constructor Portal Technology Hardware Steam Controller Steam Machine Steam Link HTC Vive Software GoldSrc mods Source Filmmaker mods Steam SteamOS Valve Anti-Cheat People Current Mike Ambinder Jess Cliffe IceFrog Sam Lantinga Mike Morasky Brad Muir Gabe Newell Robin Walker Campo Santo Jane Ng Chris Remo Jake Rodkin Sean Vanaman Former Michael Abrash Kelly Bailey Doug Church Chet Faliszek Mike Harrington Marc Laidlaw Minh Le Jay Pinkerton Bay Raitt Kim Swift Erik Wolpaw Book 2010s portal Video games portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Counter-Strike:_Global_Offensive&oldid=844452038 '' Categories : 2012 video games Asymmetrical multiplayer video games ESports games Linux games MacOS games Multiplayer online games Multiplayer video games PlayStation 3 games PlayStation Network games Source ( game engine ) games Steam Workshop games Terrorism in fiction Valve Corporation games Video game sequels Video games developed in the United States Video games set in Germany Video games set in Italy Video games set in the Middle East Video games set in the United States Video games with downloadable content Windows games Xbox 360 Live Arcade games Counter-Strike Video games containing loot boxes Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2017 Use American English from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 00 : 46 . 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"Global Offensive contains eight main game modes: Competitive, Casual, Deathmatch, Arms Race, Demolition, Wingman, Flying Scoutsman, and Weapons Course.[5][6] Competitive mode pits competitive players against each other in two teams of five and roughly 45-minute matches.[7] The Casual and Deathmatch modes are less serious than the Competitive modes, and do not register friendly fire against or collision with other players on the player's team. Both are primarily used for practice.[8][9] Arms Race mode is similar to the \"Gun Game\" mod for other games in the series. It consists of players racing to upgrade their guns via killing enemies.[1] Demolition mode is again like the \"Gun Game\" mod though players are able to plant and defuse the bomb too, and only receive a gun upgrade at the start of the round if they killed an enemy the last round.[1] Wingman is a two-on-two bomb defusal game-mode taking place over fifteen rounds. It is similar to Competitive in the sense that players are paired based on their skill levels.[6] Flying Scoutsman is a low-gravity mode in which players are equipped only with a SSG 08 and a knife. The Flying Scoutsman, Demolition, and Arms Race game modes are placed in the War Games tab.[6] The Weapons Course is an offline practice mode designed to help new players learn how to use grenades and guns, and learning how to defuse and plant the bomb. Apart from the Weapons Course, all seven other game modes can be played online or offline.[5]"
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-3451077713421243622 | Parachute Jump | Parachute Jump - wikipedia Parachute Jump For the activity of jumping from a great height and using a parachute to slow one 's fall , see Parachuting . Parachute Jump U.S. National Register of Historic Places NYC Landmark The parachute jump towers over the Coney Island boardwalk . Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Location Coney Island , Brooklyn , New York Coordinates 40 ° 34 ′ 23 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 04 '' W / 40.57301 ° N 73.984407 ° W / 40.57301 ; - 73.984407 Coordinates : 40 ° 34 ′ 23 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 04 '' W / 40.57301 ° N 73.984407 ° W / 40.57301 ; - 73.984407 Built 1939 Architect Michael Mario ; Edwin W. Kleinert NRHP reference # 80002645 Significant dates Added to NRHP September 2 , 1980 Designated NYCL May 23 , 1989 The Parachute Jump is a defunct amusement ride in Coney Island , Brooklyn , New York , whose iconic open - frame steel structure remains a Brooklyn landmark . 250 feet ( 76 m ) tall and weighing 170 tons ( 150 tonnes ) , it has been called the `` Eiffel Tower of Brooklyn '' . It was originally built for the 1939 New York World 's Fair in Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park , Queens , and moved to its current site , then part of the Steeplechase Park amusement park , in 1941 . It is the only portion of Steeplechase Park still standing today . The ride ceased operations in 1964 , when the park shut down for good . The ride was based on functional parachutes which were held open by metal rings throughout the ascent and descent . Twelve cantilevered steel arms sprout from the top of the tower , each of which supported a parachute attached to a lift rope and a set of surrounding guide cables . Riders were belted into a two - person canvas seat hanging below the closed chute , then hoisted to the top , where a release mechanism would drop them , the descent slowed only by the parachute . Shock absorbers at the bottom , consisting of pole - mounted springs , cushioned the landing . Each parachute required three cable operators , keeping labor expenses high . Contents 1 Precursors 2 Operation 2.1 1939 World 's Fair 2.2 Steeplechase Park 2.3 Closure and restoration 2.3. 1 Lighting 3 Similar amusement rides 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Precursors ( edit ) Stanley Switlik and George P. Putnam , Amelia Earhart 's husband , built a 115 - foot - tall ( 35 m ) tower on Stanley 's farm in Ocean County , New Jersey , now the site of Six Flags Great Adventure . Designed to train airmen in parachute jumping , the first public jump from the tower was made by Ms. Earhart on June 2 , 1935 . The Parachute Drop was patented by retired U.S. Naval Commander James H. Strong and Stanley Switlik , who were inspired by primitive parachute practice towers he had seen in the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union had been using simple wooden towers to train paratroopers since the 1920s , and despite the dangers of the Soviet design , which used just a single guide cable and sometimes found the jumper colliding with the structure , the towers were employed for recreational use as well . Strong designed a safer version which included eight guide wires in a circle surrounding the parachute . In 1936 , Strong secured a U.S. patent for his design , and he built several test platforms at his home in Hightstown , New Jersey in 1936 and 1937 . The military platforms suspended a single rider in a harness and offered a few seconds of freefall after the release at the top , before the chutes opened to slow the fall . Civilians showed a great deal of interest in trying out the ride for themselves , and Strong was quick to turn his invention to non-military use as well , making some design changes in the process : a seat that could hold two , a larger parachute for a slower drop , the metal ring which held the parachute permanently open , and shock - absorbing springs to ease the final landing . Strong sold military versions of the tower to the Romanian and U.S. militaries . He installed towers at a New Jersey training center , probably Fort Dix . Four were later installed in Fort Benning , Georgia . One was toppled in a 1954 tornado . Two appear to be in use . He also converted an existing observation tower in Chicago 's Riverview Park into a six - chute amusement ride . This enterprise , the `` Pair - O - Chutes '' , did brisk enough business to inspire Strong to apply to build and operate a jump at the 1939 New York World 's Fair . Operation ( edit ) 1939 World 's fair ( edit ) The Parachute Jump in operation in 1939 or 1940 . The ride was built in 1939 for the World 's fair , and towered over the fair 's `` Amusement Zone '' . The Life Savers company sponsored the ride , investing $15,000 and decorating the new tower with brightly lit candy - shaped rings . Eleven parachutes were used , leaving the tower with one empty arm . Adult riders paid 40 cents , children a quarter . The trip up took about a minute and the drop down was over in 10 or 20 seconds . The official 1939 Fair guidebook describes the ride : Eleven gaily - colored parachutes operated from the top of a 250 - foot tower , enable visitors to experience all the thrills of `` bailing out '' without the hazard or discomfort . Each parachute has a double seat suspended from it . When two passengers have taken their places beneath the ' chute , a cable pulls it to the summit of the tower . An automatic release starts the drop , and the passengers float gently to the ground . Vertical guide wires prevent swaying , a metal ring keeps the ' chute open at all times , and shock - absorbers eliminate the impact of the landing . One of the most spectacular features of the Amusement Area , this is also a type of parachute jump similar to that which the armies of the world use in early stages of training for actual parachute jumping . At one point entangled cables left a Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius Rathborne aloft for five hours ; the next day they returned to ride again , probably at the behest of publicists for the ride or the fair . Another couple , Arno Rudolphi and Ann Hayward , were married on the ride in a celebrated `` parachute wedding '' . The entire wedding party was suspended aloft until the newlyweds completed their vows and descended . Steeplechase Park ( edit ) Coney Island 's Riegelmann Boardwalk and Parachute Jump on a sunny morning Close - up of Parachute Jump After the fair , the Tilyou family , owners of Coney Island 's Steeplechase Park , purchased the Parachute Jump for $150,000 . It was disassembled and moved to its current location adjacent to the Riegelmann boardwalk , between West 16th and West 19th Streets . The ride required some modifications in its new , windier shore - side location . The Jump , which attracted as many as half a million riders annually , was described as `` flying in a free fall '' . Occasionally , riders could get `` stranded in mid-air or tangled in cables '' , although sometimes this may have been for the amusement of operators . Nevertheless , the ride was fickle and subject to shutdowns on windy days , and was not very profitable . During World War II , when much of the city adhered to a blackout , the ride stayed lit to serve as a navigational beacon . Steeplechase Park , including the Parachute Jump , closed for good in 1964 , the victim of rising crime , neighborhood decline , and competing entertainment . Accounts vary as to whether the Jump immediately stopped operating or continued until 1968 . The New York Times said in a 2003 article that it operated until 1968 but later corrected that to 1964 . Kaufman 's History says `` The Jump continued to operate until 1968 , part of a group of small scale rides operated on the now nearly vacant lot . '' The New York City Department of Parks & Recreation agrees with Kaufman , stating `` the property was subleased to small ride operators and concessionaires , who ran the Parachute Jump until 1968 . '' The Coney Island History Project asserts that it closed in 1964 , and that the 1968 closing date was based on an inaccurate newspaper article . Closure and restoration ( edit ) Entrance to abandoned Parachute Jump , 1973 . Photo by Arthur Tress . The Pair - O - Chutes -- Strong 's earlier jump tower built at Riverview Park in Chicago -- was demolished in 1968 , leaving the Coney Island tower , even if inoperable , as the only such civilian tower in the world . The site barely escaped a condominium development by Fred Trump , but public opposition and the expense of demolition scuttled the project . The City of New York acquired the Steeplechase site in 1969 , and control of the Jump passed to the city 's parks department , which attempted to sell it in 1971 . No buyers were found , and demolition was considered but eventually rejected , due both to the high price to the city that demolition would cost and to a nascent preservation movement . Organizations including the Coney Island Chamber of Commerce and the Gravesend Historical Society made efforts to save the structure , which seemed to bear fruit in July 1977 when , after more than four years of consideration , the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the tower a city landmark . The chairwoman of the commission took the opportunity to call it Brooklyn 's Eiffel Tower . Hope for the tower 's future was short - lived , though : only three months later the city Board of Estimate overturned the landmark designation , citing doubts about the tower 's structural integrity . Demolition was again planned but never came to pass . In 1980 , the Parachute Jump was placed on the National Register of Historic Places , and in 1989 , New York once again recognized it as a city landmark . Beginning in 1993 , the City of New York painted and stabilized the structure , painting it in its original colors , but the structure still suffers from rust in the salt air . With Coney Island in a period of revival , including the minor league baseball stadium MCU Park next door , a $5 million restoration plan by the New York City Economic Development Corporation has been underway since 2002 ; as of 2003 , the upper part of the structure was completely dismantled , and steel structural elements were being completely replaced as necessary . There has been serious discussion of making the ride operable . This would require significant redesign to meet modern safety standards , however , and expert amusement - ride consultants wonder whether this would be possible in a modern litigious environment . The City 's Economic Development Corporation ( EDC ) assumed responsibility for the Jump in 2000 . Originally , it was planned that the city would reopen the Parachute Jump as an actual ride , but it was dismissed as too costly . The planned renovation would have cost $20 million , excluding the large amount of insurance that would need to be paid in order to operate the ride . In 2005 , the Parachute Jump was the focus of an architecture competition by the Coney Island Development Corporation and the Van Alen Institute which drew over 800 entries . The 7,800 - square - foot ( 720 m ) Parachute Pavilion , at the base of the Jump , will be an all - season activity center including a souvenir shop , restaurant , bar , and exhibition space . The winning design team was Kevin Carmody , Andrew Groarke , Chris Hardie and Lewis Kinneir , of London . Their design follows strict guidelines to harmonize with the landmark structure , including a maximum height of 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) . As of 2006 , this scheme has yet to be realized . The Parachute Jump was revealed in Luna Park in 2013 , after getting renovated for $2 million and having 8,000 LED lights placed upon it . In December 2014 , the Jump held its first New Year 's Eve Ball drop . Lighting ( edit ) Coney Island Parachute Jump Illumination captured on a foggy night during programming session ; design by Leni Schwendinger In 2003 , the EDC engaged engineering firm STV to rehabilitate the structure . STV in turn in 2004 , commissioned Leni Schwendinger Light Projects LTD to develop a lighting concept for the Parachute Jump . Leni Schwendinger Light Projects LTD contracted Phoster Industries for the LED portion of the lighting project . Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz 's Office , the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation , the EDC , Leni Schwendinger Light Projects LTD , and STV , comprised a partnership that worked for two years on the project from inception to completion . On July 7 , 2006 , the lighting installation designed by Leni Schwendinger made its public debut , showcasing each of its six animated seasonal scenarios ( featuring most spectral colors , except for green , which can not show on the red painted tower ) . The computer - programmed scenarios reflect a calendar of local significance , such as the Boardwalk season ( and non-Boardwalk season ) , and holidays such as the Mermaid parade , as well as natural phenomena , such as the lunar cycle . A scenario for American patriotic holidays is programmed for said celebrations , and for other holidays there is a sequence entitled `` Kaleidoscope '' . Sometimes the tower can be seen lighting up rhythmically , sometimes as if in rhythm to the music played in nearby MCU Park . Officials state that the lights are to be left on from dusk to midnight during summer , and from dusk to 11 p.m. the rest of the year . In observance of the `` Lights Out New York '' initiative , during the bird migratory seasons the tower lighting goes dark at 11 : 00 . There are currently 8,000 LED lights on the tower , an increase from the 450 that were there before . Similar amusement rides ( edit ) While the original Parachute Jump has not been in operation since the 1960s , three similar , but modern Parachute Jumps were created by Intamin Rides for Six Flags at each of their first three parks . Marketed under the name `` Parachute Drops '' , the first opened as the `` Texas Chute Out '' in 1976 at Six Flags Over Texas . It was demolished in 2012 . The second opened in 1976 as the `` Great Gasp '' at Six Flags Over Georgia before being demolished in 2005 . The third opened in 1978 as the `` Sky Chuter '' at Six Flags Over Mid-America . It closed in 1982 , and was relocated to Six Flags Great Adventure , where it opened in 1983 and was renamed `` Parachuter 's Perch '' from 1983 to 2005 , then renamed `` Edwards AFB Jump Tower '' in 2006 . It is still operational . Intamin also produced another `` Parachute Drop '' for Knott 's Berry Farm in the late 1970s . Named the `` Sky Jump '' , this version was unique because it not only had standup chairs ( similar to a few on the one at Six Flags Over Georgia ) , but was also an observation tower with a rotating cabin to carry visitors to the top . While the parachute jump portion of the tower was removed in 2001 , the observation tower still stands and is still operating today . In 2001 , Disney opened small , 60 - foot parachute rides in two of its brand - new parks , named Jumpin ' Jellyfish . At Disney California Adventure Park there are two towers located in the park 's Paradise Pier section . In Tokyo DisneySea there are three towers in the indoor section of the park 's Mermaid Lagoon . Both rides are themed with `` parachutes '' resembling jellyfish , although they are simply for theming . The rides both ascend and bounce down while pulled by the cables , and do not actually freefall like other parachute attractions . Tokyo Dome City , Japan , also has an Intamin parachute drop ride named Sky Flower . Like the ones previously at Six Flags Over Georgia and Knott 's Berry Farm , Sky Flower has standup seats , and remains the only Intamin parachute drop ride to have them . In popular culture ( edit ) The Parachute Jump as seen from the pier in June 2016 The Parachute Jump inspired an Erector Set design , first available in 1940 and revised in 1948 . The Parachute Jump has been seen in many feature films , starting with Alfred Hitchcock 's Mr. & Mrs. Smith in 1941 ( set in the World 's Fair ) . It also was featured heavily in the Oscar - nominated Little Fugitive ( 1953 ) . It is shown in one of the transition sequences of 1979 's The Warriors ( film ) . Much later it appeared in 2000 's Requiem for a Dream , 2002 's Two Weeks Notice and the 1998 Spike Lee movie He Got Game . It features in the climax of 2017 's Spiderman : Homecoming . It can also be seen on the back of Cyndi Lauper 's She 's So Unusual album . In October 1962 , Issue # 101 of Strange Tales comic magazine featured the Human Torch fighting an attack on a fictional ride strongly reminiscent of the Parachute Jump . It is featured on the cover of Type O Negative 's Least Worst Of album . It is featured on the cover of a Matrix and Fierce record containing tracks Tightrope and Climate , released on Metro Recordings in 2000 . In one of the scenes of the musical Sweet Charity , Charity and Oscar get trapped on the ride . The video game Grand Theft Auto IV includes the parachute jump in its representation of New York City , Liberty City . The American rock band Deftones had a promo photo shot for their album Diamond Eyes with the Parachute Jump far in the background . See also ( edit ) List of New York City Landmarks National Register of Historic Places listings in Kings County , New York References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Denson , Charles ( 2002 ) . Coney Island : Lost and Found . Ten Speed Press . ISBN 1 - 58008 - 455 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Coney Island Parachute Jump gets $2 million upgrade - NY Daily News Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` PARACHUTE TOWER FOR WORLD 'S FAIR ; 250 - Foot Jump to Be Offered as a Novel Amusement '' . New York Times . July 23 , 1938 . p. 10 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Seth ( 1993 ) . ( URL accessed May 4 , 2006 . ) According to Coney Island : Lost and Found , p. 275 , Kaufman is a Coney Island historian and worked on a structural analysis of the Parachute Jump for his senior thesis at Cooper Union . Jump up ^ `` AMELIA EARHART USES HER FIRST PARACHUTE ; Flier Makes Her Initial Jump , With a New Device From a 115 - Foot Tower '' . New York Times . 3 June 1935 . Retrieved 17 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The History of CSPA '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ First Parachute Training Tower Jump up ^ Switlik and Strong patent Jump up ^ U.S. Army Infantry , 11th Infantry Regiment , 1st Battalion ( Airborne ) , 507th Infantry Airborne Basic Airborne Course Archived November 13 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed May 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Google Maps image of Ft . Benning towers Accessed May 6 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : New York City Department of Parks & Recreation ( 2001 ) Parachute Jump - Historical Sign Archived July 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( URL accessed May 4 , 2006 . ) Jump up ^ http://www.dejokers.com Archived 2016 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Vita , Tricia ( 2004 ) . Thrill of a Lifetime . Preservation Online , from the National Trust for Historic Preservation . ( URL accessed Sept 2 , 2008 . ) ^ Jump up to : Gray , Christopher ( November 15 , 1987 ) . `` STREETSCAPES : The Coney Island Parachute Jump ; For the Boardwalk 's ' Eiffel Tower , ' Restoration or Regulating a Ruin ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ New York City Department of Parks & Recreation Jump up ^ `` Coney Island Parachute Jump '' . Coney Island History Project . 2007 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Amusement Park History . The Work on the Parachute Jump Archived May 5 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... URL Accessed May 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Van Alen Institute , The Parachute Pavilion Archived January 30 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed May 6 , 2006 Jump up ^ Coney Island Parachute Jump to have own New Year 's Eve ball drop - News 12 Brooklyn Archived April 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jump Start , Time Out New York , Issue 561 . Accessed July 8 , 2006 Jump up ^ Press release Archived July 16 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . from the Brooklyn Borough President . Accessed July 8 , 2006 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dr. John Cook , Girders & Gears . The design continues to be popular among enthusiasts . The Parachute Jump Model Archived April 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed May 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Strange Tales # 101 in Marvel 's Digital Comic library Jump up ^ `` Matrix / / Fierce * -- Tightrope / Climate '' . Discogs . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ PlanetGTA image Archived March 4 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed December 10 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parachute Jump . The New York Public Library World 's Fair 1939 - 40 Collection Parachute Jump Imagery Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 344 , `` Coney Island , Parachute Jump , Coney Island , Kings County , NY '' , 4 color transparencies , 1 photo caption page Coney Island attractions and neighborhoods Roller coasters Cannon Coaster Cyclone Drop the Dip Flip Flap Railway Loop the Loop Soarin ' Eagle Switchback Railway Thunderbolt ( 1925 -- 1982 ) Thunderbolt ( 2014 ) Tornado Other rides A Trip to the Moon B&B Carousell Dante 's Inferno Ghost Hole Parachute Jump Spook - a-Rama The Whip Witching Waves Wonder Wheel Parks Astroland Deno 's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park Dreamland Luna Park ( 1903 -- 1944 ) Luna Park ( 2010 ) Sea Lion Park Steeplechase Park Other visitor attractions Coney Island Velodrome MCU Park Nathan 's hot dog contest New York Aquarium Riegelmann Boardwalk Shoot the Freak Subsections Brighton Beach Gravesend ( nearby ) Manhattan Beach Seagate Sheepshead Bay ( nearby ) Subway stations Brighton Beach Coney Island -- Stillwell Avenue Neptune Avenue Ocean Parkway West Eighth Street -- New York Aquarium Asterisks indicate former attractions . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the parachute jump in coney island close | [
"It was originally built for the 1939 New York World's Fair in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, Queens,[4] and moved to its current site, then part of the Steeplechase Park amusement park, in 1941. It is the only portion of Steeplechase Park still standing today. The ride ceased operations in 1964, when the park shut down for good.\n"
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"1964"
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4706287550130355188 | Brown v. Board of Education | Brown v. Board of Education - wikipedia Brown v. Board of Education Jump to : navigation , search Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court of the United States Argued December 9 , 1952 Reargued December 8 , 1953 Decided May 17 , 1954 Full case name Oliver Brown , et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka , et al . Citations 347 U.S. 483 ( more ) 74 S. Ct. 686 ; 98 L. Ed . 873 ; 1954 U.S. LEXIS 2094 ; 53 Ohio Op. 326 ; 38 A.L.R. 2d 1180 Prior history Judgment for defendants , 98 F. Supp. 797 ( D. Kan . 1951 ) Subsequent history Judgment on relief , 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ( Brown II ) ; on remand , 139 F. Supp. 468 ( D. Kan . 1955 ) ; motion to intervene granted , 84 F.R.D. 383 ( D. Kan . 1979 ) ; judgment for defendants , 671 F. Supp. 1290 ( D. Kan . 1987 ) ; reversed , 892 F. 2d 851 ( 10th Cir. 1989 ) ; vacated , 503 U.S. 978 ( 1992 ) ( Brown III ) ; judgment reinstated , 978 F. 2d 585 ( 10th Cir. 1992 ) ; judgment for defendants , 56 F. Supp . 2d 1212 ( D. Kan . 1999 ) Holding Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , because separate facilities are inherently unequal . District Court of Kansas reversed . Court membership Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Robert H. Jackson Harold H. Burton Tom C. Clark Sherman Minton Case opinions Majority Warren , joined by unanimous Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . XIV This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education ( 1899 ) Berea College v. Kentucky ( 1908 ) Educational segregation in the US prior to Brown Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional . The decision effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 , which allowed state - sponsored segregation , insofar as it applied to public education . Handed down on May 17 , 1954 , the Warren Court 's unanimous ( 9 -- 0 ) decision stated that `` separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . '' As a result , de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution . This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement , and a model for many future impact litigation cases . However , the decision 's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools , and the Court 's second decision in Brown II ( 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ) only ordered states to desegregate `` with all deliberate speed '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Case 2.1 Filing and arguments 2.2 Supreme Court review 2.3 Unanimous opinion and consensus building 2.4 Holding 2.5 Local outcomes 3 Social implications 3.1 Deep South 3.2 Upland South 3.3 North 4 Legal criticism and praise 5 Brown II 6 Brown III 7 Related cases 8 The Brown Case and the Cold War 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background For much of the sixty years preceding the Brown case , race relations in the United States had been dominated by racial segregation . This policy had been endorsed in 1896 by the United States Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson , which held that as long as the separate facilities for the separate races were equal , segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment ( `` no State shall ... deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws '' ) . The plaintiffs in Brown asserted that this system of racial separation , while masquerading as providing separate but equal treatment of both white and black Americans , instead perpetuated inferior accommodations , services , and treatment for black Americans . Racial segregation in education varied widely from the 17 states that required racial segregation to the 16 in which it was prohibited . Brown was influenced by UNESCO 's 1950 Statement , signed by a wide variety of internationally renowned scholars , titled The Race Question . This declaration denounced previous attempts at scientifically justifying racism as well as morally condemning racism . Another work that the Supreme Court cited was Gunnar Myrdal 's An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy ( 1944 ) . Myrdal had been a signatory of the UNESCO declaration . The research performed by the educational psychologists Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark also influenced the Court 's decision . The Clarks ' `` doll test '' studies presented substantial arguments to the Supreme Court about how segregation affected black schoolchildren 's mental status . The United States and the Soviet Union were both at the height of the Cold War during this time , and U.S. officials , including Supreme Court Justices , were highly aware of the harm that segregation and racism played on America 's international image . When Justice William O. Douglas traveled to India in 1950 , the first question he was asked was , `` Why does America tolerate the lynching of Negroes ? '' Douglas later wrote that he had learned from his travels that `` the attitude of the United States toward its colored minorities is a powerful factor in our relations with India . '' Chief Justice Earl Warren , nominated to the Supreme Court by President Eisenhower , echoed Douglas 's concerns in a 1954 speech to the American Bar Association , proclaiming that `` Our American system like all others is on trial both at home and abroad , ... the extent to which we maintain the spirit of our constitution with its Bill of Rights , will in the long run do more to make it both secure and the object of adulation than the number of hydrogen bombs we stockpile . '' Case Filing and arguments Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal In 1951 , a class action suit was filed against the Board of Education of the City of Topeka , Kansas in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas . The plaintiffs were thirteen Topeka parents on behalf of their 20 children . The suit called for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation . The Topeka Board of Education operated separate elementary schools under an 1879 Kansas law , which permitted ( but did not require ) districts to maintain separate elementary school facilities for black and white students in 12 communities with populations over 15,000 . The plaintiffs had been recruited by the leadership of the Topeka NAACP . Notable among the Topeka NAACP leaders were the chairman McKinley Burnett ; Charles Scott , one of three serving as legal counsel for the chapter ; and Lucinda Todd . The named plaintiff , Oliver L. Brown , was a parent , a welder in the shops of the Santa Fe Railroad , an assistant pastor at his local church , and an African American . He was convinced to join the lawsuit by Scott , a childhood friend . Brown 's daughter Linda , a third grader , had to walk six blocks to her school bus stop to ride to Monroe Elementary , her segregated black school one mile ( 1.6 km ) away , while Sumner Elementary , a white school , was seven blocks from her house . As directed by the NAACP leadership , the parents each attempted to enroll their children in the closest neighborhood school in the fall of 1951 . They were each refused enrollment and directed to the segregated schools . Linda Brown Thompson later recalled the experience in a 2004 PBS documentary : ... well . like I say , we lived in an integrated neighborhood and I had all of these playmates of different nationalities . And so when I found out that day that I might be able to go to their school , I was just thrilled , you know . And I remember walking over to Sumner school with my dad that day and going up the steps of the school and the school looked so big to a smaller child . And I remember going inside and my dad spoke with someone and then he went into the inner office with the principal and they left me out ... to sit outside with the secretary . And while he was in the inner office , I could hear voices and hear his voice raised , you know , as the conversation went on . And then he immediately came out of the office , took me by the hand and we walked home from the school . I just could n't understand what was happening because I was so sure that I was going to go to school with Mona and Guinevere , Wanda , and all of my playmates . The case `` Oliver Brown et al. v . The Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas '' was named after Oliver Brown as a legal strategy to have a man at the head of the roster . The lawyers , and the National Chapter of the NAACP , also felt that having Mr. Brown at the head of the roster would be better received by the U.S. Supreme Court Justices . The 13 plaintiffs were : Oliver Brown , Darlene Brown , Lena Carper , Sadie Emmanuel , Marguerite Emerson , Shirley Fleming , Zelma Henderson , Shirley Hodison , Maude Lawton , Alma Lewis , Iona Richardson , and Lucinda Todd . The last surviving plaintiff , Zelma Henderson , died in Topeka , on May 20 , 2008 , at age 88 . The District Court ruled in favor of the Board of Education , citing the U.S. Supreme Court precedent set in Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) , which had upheld a state law requiring `` separate but equal '' segregated facilities for blacks and whites in railway cars . The three - judge District Court panel found that segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on negro children , but denied relief on the ground that the negro and white schools in Topeka were substantially equal with respect to buildings , transportation , curricula , and educational qualifications of teachers . Supreme Court Review The case of Brown v. Board of Education as heard before the Supreme Court combined five cases : Brown itself , Briggs v. Elliott ( filed in South Carolina ) , Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( filed in Virginia ) , Gebhart v. Belton ( filed in Delaware ) , and Bolling v. Sharpe ( filed in Washington D.C. ) . All were NAACP - sponsored cases . The Davis case , the only case of the five originating from a student protest , began when 16 - year - old Barbara Rose Johns organized and led a 450 - student walkout of Moton High School . The Gebhart case was the only one where a trial court , affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court , found that discrimination was unlawful ; in all the other cases the plaintiffs had lost as the original courts had found discrimination to be lawful . The Kansas case was unique among the group in that there was no contention of gross inferiority of the segregated schools ' physical plant , curriculum , or staff . The district court found substantial equality as to all such factors . The lower court , in its opinion , noted that , in Topeka , `` the physical facilities , the curricula , courses of study , qualification and quality of teachers , as well as other educational facilities in the two sets of schools ( were ) comparable . '' The lower court observed that `` colored children in many instances are required to travel much greater distances than they would be required to travel could they attend a white school '' but also noted that the school district `` transports colored children to and from school free of charge '' and that `` ( n ) o such service ( was ) provided to white children . '' In the Delaware case the district court judge in Gebhart ordered that the black students be admitted to the white high school due to the substantial harm of segregation and the differences that made the separate schools unequal . The NAACP 's chief counsel , Thurgood Marshall -- who was later appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967 -- argued the case before the Supreme Court for the plaintiffs . Assistant attorney general Paul Wilson -- later distinguished emeritus professor of law at the University of Kansas -- conducted the state 's ambivalent defense in his first appellate argument . In December 1952 , the Justice Department filed a friend of the court brief in the case . The brief was unusual in its heavy emphasis on foreign - policy considerations of the Truman administration in a case ostensibly about domestic issues . Of the seven pages covering `` the interest of the United States , '' five focused on the way school segregation hurt the United States in the Cold War competition for the friendship and allegiance of non-white peoples in countries then gaining independence from colonial rule . Attorney General James P. McGranery noted that The existence of discrimination against minority groups in the United States has an adverse effect upon our relations with other countries . Racial discrimination furnishes grist for the Communist propaganda mills . The brief also quoted a letter by Secretary of State Dean Acheson lamenting that The United States is under constant attack in the foreign press , over the foreign radio , and in such international bodies as the United Nations because of various practices of discrimination in this country . British barrister and parliamentarian Anthony Lester has written that `` Although the Court 's opinion in Brown made no reference to these considerations of foreign policy , there is no doubt that they significantly influenced the decision . '' Unanimous opinion and consensus building The members of the U.S. Supreme Court that on May 17 , 1954 , ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional . In spring 1953 , the Court heard the case but was unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953 , with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks . The Court reargued the case at the behest of Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter , who used reargument as a stalling tactic , to allow the Court to gather a consensus around a Brown opinion that would outlaw segregation . The justices in support of desegregation spent much effort convincing those who initially intended to dissent to join a unanimous opinion . Although the legal effect would be same for a majority rather than unanimous decision , it was felt that dissent could be used by segregation supporters as a legitimizing counter-argument . Conference notes and draft decisions illustrate the division of opinions before the decision was issued . Justices Douglas , Black , Burton , and Minton were predisposed to overturn Plessy . Fred M. Vinson noted that Congress had not issued desegregation legislation ; Stanley F. Reed discussed incomplete cultural assimilation and states ' rights and was inclined to the view that segregation worked to the benefit of the African - American community ; Tom C. Clark wrote that `` we had led the states on to think segregation is OK and we should let them work it out . '' Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson disapproved of segregation , but were also opposed to judicial activism and expressed concerns about the proposed decision 's enforceability . Chief Justice Vinson had been a key stumbling block . After Vinson died in September 1953 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as Chief Justice . Warren had supported the integration of Mexican - American students in California school systems following Mendez v. Westminster . However , Eisenhower invited Earl Warren to a White House dinner , where the president told him : `` These ( southern whites ) are not bad people . All they are concerned about is to see that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgrown Negroes . '' Nevertheless , the Justice Department sided with the African American plaintiffs . In his reading of the unanimous decision , Justice Warren noted the adverse psychological effects that segregated schools had on African American children . The Chief 's reliance on shoddy social science is widely seen as irresponsible . Brown 's cite of the Kenneth and Mamie Doll Study was criticized by Justice Clarence Thomas in a later concurring opinion for implying black inferiority . According to Susan Firestone , the study itself is dubious in conclusion and unreliable in reproduction . While all but one justice personally rejected segregation , the judicial restraint faction questioned whether the Constitution gave the Court the power to order its end . The activist faction believed the Fourteenth Amendment did give the necessary authority and were pushing to go ahead . Warren , who held only a recess appointment , held his tongue until the Senate confirmed his appointment . Warren convened a meeting of the justices , and presented to them the simple argument that the only reason to sustain segregation was an honest belief in the inferiority of Negroes . Warren further submitted that the Court must overrule Plessy to maintain its legitimacy as an institution of liberty , and it must do so unanimously to avoid massive Southern resistance . He began to build a unanimous opinion . Although most justices were immediately convinced , Warren spent some time after this famous speech convincing everyone to sign onto the opinion . Justices Jackson and Reed finally decided to drop their dissent . The final decision was unanimous . Warren drafted the basic opinion and kept circulating and revising it until he had an opinion endorsed by all the members of the Court . Reed was the last holdout and reportedly cried during the reading of the opinion . Holding Reporters who observed the court holding were surprised by two facts . First , the court made a unanimous decision . Prior to the ruling , there were reports that the court members were sharply divided and might not be able to agree . Second , the attendance of Justice Robert H. Jackson who had suffered a mild heart attack and was not expected to return to the bench until early June 1954 . `` Perhaps to emphasize the unanimity of the court , perhaps from a desire to be present when the history - making verdict was announced , Justice Jackson was in his accustomed seat when the court convened . '' Reporters also noted that Dean Acheson , former secretary of state , who had related the case to foreign policy considerations , and Herbert Brownell , the current attorney general , were in the courtroom . The key holding of the Court was that , even if segregated black and white schools were of equal quality in facilities and teachers , segregation by itself was harmful to black students and unconstitutional . They found that a significant psychological and social disadvantage was given to black children from the nature of segregation itself , drawing on research conducted by Kenneth Clark assisted by June Shagaloff . This aspect was vital because the question was not whether the schools were `` equal '' , which under Plessy they nominally should have been , but whether the doctrine of separate was constitutional . The justices answered with a strong `` no '' : ( D ) oes segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race , even though the physical facilities and other `` tangible '' factors may be equal , deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities ? We believe that it does ... `` Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children . The effect is greater when it has the sanction of the law , for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the negro group . A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn . Segregation with the sanction of law , therefore , has a tendency to ( retard ) the educational and mental development of negro children and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racial ( ly ) integrated school system . '' ... We conclude that , in the field of public education , the doctrine of `` separate but equal '' has no place . Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . Therefore , we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are , by reason of the segregation complained of , deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment . Local outcomes Judgment and order of the Supreme Court for the case . The Topeka junior high schools had been integrated since 1941 . Topeka High School was integrated from its inception in 1871 and its sports teams from 1949 on . The Kansas law permitting segregated schools allowed them only `` below the high school level '' . Soon after the district court decision , election outcomes and the political climate in Topeka changed . The Board of Education of Topeka began to end segregation in the Topeka elementary schools in August 1953 , integrating two attendance districts . All the Topeka elementary schools were changed to neighborhood attendance centers in January 1956 , although existing students were allowed to continue attending their prior assigned schools at their option . Plaintiff Zelma Henderson , in a 2004 interview , recalled that no demonstrations or tumult accompanied desegregation in Topeka 's schools : `` They accepted it , '' she said . `` It was n't too long until they integrated the teachers and principals . '' The Topeka Public Schools administration building is named in honor of McKinley Burnett , NAACP chapter president who organized the case . Monroe Elementary was designated a U.S. National Historic Site unit of the National Park Service on October 26 , 1992 . Social implications Not everyone accepted the Brown v. Board of Education decision . In Virginia , Senator Harry F. Byrd , Sr. organized the Massive Resistance movement that included the closing of schools rather than desegregating them . See , for example , The Southern Manifesto . For more implications of the Brown decision , see School integration in the United States . Deep South Texas Attorney General John Ben Shepperd organized a campaign to generate legal obstacles to implementation of desegregation . In 1957 , Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called out his state 's National Guard to block black students ' entry to Little Rock Central High School . President Dwight Eisenhower responded by deploying elements of the 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell , Kentucky , to Arkansas and by federalizing Arkansas 's National Guard . Also in 1957 , Florida 's response was mixed . Its legislature passed an Interposition Resolution denouncing the decision and declaring it null and void . But Florida Governor LeRoy Collins , though joining in the protest against the court decision , refused to sign it , arguing that the attempt to overturn the ruling must be done by legal methods . In Mississippi fear of violence prevented any plaintiff from bringing a school desegregation suit for the next nine years . When Medgar Evers sued to desegregate Jackson , Mississippi schools in 1963 White Citizens Council member Byron De La Beckwith murdered him . Two subsequent trials resulted in hung juries . Beckwith was not convicted of the murder until 1994 . In 1963 , Alabama Gov. George Wallace personally blocked the door to Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama to prevent the enrollment of two black students . This became the infamous Stand in the Schoolhouse Door where Wallace personally backed his `` segregation now , segregation tomorrow , segregation forever '' policy that he had stated in his 1963 inaugural address . He moved aside only when confronted by General Henry Graham of the Alabama National Guard , who was ordered by President John F. Kennedy to intervene . Upland South In North Carolina , there was often a strategy of nominally accepting Brown , but tacitly resisting it . On May 18 , 1954 the Greensboro , North Carolina school board declared that it would abide by the Brown ruling . This was the result of the initiative of D.E. Hudgins Jr , a former Rhodes Scholar and prominent attorney , who chaired the school board . This made Greensboro the first , and for years the only , city in the South , to announce its intent to comply . However , others in the city resisted integration , putting up legal obstacles to the actual implementation of school desegregation for years afterward , and in 1969 , the federal government found the city was not in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Transition to a fully integrated school system did not begin until 1971 , after numerous local lawsuits and both nonviolent and violent demonstrations . Historians have noted the irony that Greensboro , which had heralded itself as such a progressive city , was one of the last holdouts for school desegregation . In Moberly , Missouri , the schools were desegregated , as ordered . However , after 1955 , the African - American teachers from the local `` negro school '' were not retained ; this was ascribed to poor performance . They appealed their dismissal in Naomi Brooks et al. , Appellants , v. School District of City of Moberly , Missouri , Etc. , et al. ; but it was upheld , and SCOTUS declined to hear a further appeal . North Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies , which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities . In Harlem , New York , for example , not a single new school had been built since the turn of the century , nor did a single nursery school exist , even as the Second Great Migration caused overcrowding of existing schools . Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers . Northern officials were in denial of the segregation , but Brown helped stimulate activism among African - American parents like Mae Mallory who , with support of the NAACP , initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and State of New York on Brown 's principles . Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959 . During the boycott , some of the first freedom schools of the period were established . The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high - quality , historically - white schools . ( New York 's African - American community , and Northern desegregation activists generally , now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight , however . ) The intellectual roots of Plessy v. Ferguson , the landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation in 1896 under the doctrine of `` separate but equal '' were , in part , tied to the scientific racism of the era . However , the popular support for the decision was more likely a result of the racist beliefs held by many whites at the time . In deciding Brown v. Board of Education , the Supreme Court rejected the ideas of scientific racists about the need for segregation , especially in schools . The Court buttressed its holding by citing ( in footnote 11 ) social science research about the harms to black children caused by segregated schools . Both scholarly and popular ideas of hereditarianism played an important role in the attack and backlash that followed the Brown decision . The Mankind Quarterly was founded in 1960 , in part in response to the Brown decision . Legal criticism and praise U.S. circuit judges Robert A. Katzmann , Damon J. Keith , and Sonia Sotomayor at a 2004 exhibit on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thurgood Marshall , and Brown v. Board of Education William Rehnquist wrote a memo titled `` A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases '' when he was a law clerk for Justice Robert H. Jackson in 1952 , during early deliberations that led to the Brown v. Board of Education decision . In his memo , Rehnquist argued : `` I realize that it is an unpopular and unhumanitarian position , for which I have been excoriated by ' liberal ' colleagues but I think Plessy v. Ferguson was right and should be reaffirmed . '' Rehnquist continued , `` To the argument ... that a majority may not deprive a minority of its constitutional right , the answer must be made that while this is sound in theory , in the long run it is the majority who will determine what the constitutional rights of the minorities are . '' Rehnquist also argued for Plessy with other law clerks . However , during his 1971 confirmation hearings , Rehnquist said , `` I believe that the memorandum was prepared by me as a statement of Justice Jackson 's tentative views for his own use . '' Justice Jackson had initially planned to join a dissent in Brown . Later , at his 1986 hearings for the slot of Chief Justice , Rehnquist put further distance between himself and the 1952 memo : `` The bald statement that Plessy was right and should be reaffirmed , was not an accurate reflection of my own views at the time . '' In any event , while serving on the Supreme Court , Rehnquist made no effort to reverse or undermine the Brown decision , and frequently relied upon it as precedent . Chief Justice Warren 's reasoning was broadly criticized by contemporary legal academics with Judge Learned Hand decrying that the Supreme Court had `` assumed the role of a third legislative chamber '' and Herbert Wechsler finding Brown impossible to justify based on neutral principles . Some aspects of the Brown decision are still debated . Notably , Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas , himself an African American , wrote in Missouri v. Jenkins ( 1995 ) that at the very least , Brown I has been misunderstood by the courts . Brown I did not say that `` racially isolated '' schools were inherently inferior ; the harm that it identified was tied purely to de jure segregation , not de facto segregation . Indeed , Brown I itself did not need to rely upon any psychological or social - science research in order to announce the simple , yet fundamental truth that the Government can not discriminate among its citizens on the basis of race. ... Segregation was not unconstitutional because it might have caused psychological feelings of inferiority . Public school systems that separated blacks and provided them with superior educational resources making blacks `` feel '' superior to whites sent to lesser schools -- would violate the Fourteenth Amendment , whether or not the white students felt stigmatized , just as do school systems in which the positions of the races are reversed . Psychological injury or benefit is irrelevant ... Given that desegregation has not produced the predicted leaps forward in black educational achievement , there is no reason to think that black students can not learn as well when surrounded by members of their own race as when they are in an integrated environment . ( ... ) Because of their `` distinctive histories and traditions , '' black schools can function as the center and symbol of black communities , and provide examples of independent black leadership , success , and achievement . Some Constitutional originalists , notably Raoul Berger in his influential 1977 book `` Government by Judiciary , '' make the case that Brown can not be defended by reference to the original understanding of the 14th Amendment . They support this reading of the 14th amendment by noting that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 did not ban segregated schools and that the same Congress that passed the 14th Amendment also voted to segregate schools in the District of Columbia . Other originalists , including Michael W. McConnell , a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit , in his article `` Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions , '' argue that the Radical Reconstructionists who spearheaded the 14th Amendment were in favor of desegregated southern schools . Evidence supporting this interpretation of the 14th amendment has come from archived Congressional records showing that proposals for federal legislation which would enforce school integration were debated in Congress a few years following the amendment 's ratification . The case also has attracted some criticism from more liberal authors , including some who say that Chief Justice Warren 's reliance on psychological criteria to find a harm against segregated blacks was unnecessary . For example , Drew S. Days has written : `` we have developed criteria for evaluating the constitutionality of racial classifications that do not depend upon findings of psychic harm or social science evidence . They are based rather on the principle that ' distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality , ' Hirabayashi v. United States , 320 U.S. 81 ( 1943 ) ... '' In his book The Tempting of America ( page 82 ) , Robert Bork endorsed the Brown decision as follows : By 1954 , when Brown came up for decision , it had been apparent for some time that segregation rarely if ever produced equality . Quite aside from any question of psychology , the physical facilities provided for blacks were not as good as those provided for whites . That had been demonstrated in a long series of cases ... The Court 's realistic choice , therefore , was either to abandon the quest for equality by allowing segregation or to forbid segregation in order to achieve equality . There was no third choice . Either choice would violate one aspect of the original understanding , but there was no possibility of avoiding that . Since equality and segregation were mutually inconsistent , though the ratifiers did not understand that , both could not be honored . When that is seen , it is obvious the Court must choose equality and prohibit state - imposed segregation . The purpose that brought the fourteenth amendment into being was equality before the law , and equality , not separation , was written into the law . In June 1987 , Philip Elman , a civil rights attorney who served as an associate in the Solicitor General 's office during Harry Truman 's term , claimed he and Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter were mostly responsible for the Supreme Court 's decision , and stated that the NAACP 's arguments did not present strong evidence . Elman has been criticized for offering a self - aggrandizing history of the case , omitting important facts , and denigrating the work of civil rights attorneys who had laid the groundwork for the decision over many decades . However , Frankfurter was also known for being one of court 's most outspoken advocates of the judicial restraint philosophy of basing court rulings on existing law rather than personal or political considerations . Public officials in the United States today are nearly unanimous in lauding the ruling . In May 2004 , the fiftieth anniversary of the ruling , President George W. Bush spoke at the opening of the Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site , calling Brown `` a decision that changed America for the better , and forever . '' Most Senators and Representatives issued press releases hailing the ruling . In an article in Townhall , Thomas Sowell argued that When Chief Justice Earl Warren declared in the landmark 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education that racially separate schools were `` inherently unequal , '' Dunbar High School was a living refutation of that assumption . And it was within walking distance of the Supreme Court . '' Brown II In 1955 , the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation . In their decision , which became known as `` Brown II '' the court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur `` with all deliberate speed , '' a phrase traceable to Francis Thompson 's poem , The Hound of Heaven . Supporters of the earlier decision were displeased with this decision . The language `` all deliberate speed '' was seen by critics as too ambiguous to ensure reasonable haste for compliance with the court 's instruction . Many Southern states and school districts interpreted `` Brown II '' as legal justification for resisting , delaying , and avoiding significant integration for years -- and in some cases for a decade or more -- using such tactics as closing down school systems , using state money to finance segregated `` private '' schools , and `` token '' integration where a few carefully selected black children were admitted to former white - only schools but the vast majority remained in underfunded , unequal black schools . For example , based on `` Brown II , '' the U.S. District Court ruled that Prince Edward County , Virginia did not have to desegregate immediately . When faced with a court order to finally begin desegregation in 1959 the county board of supervisors stopped appropriating money for public schools , which remained closed for five years , from 1959 to 1964 . White students in the county were given assistance to attend white - only `` private academies '' that were taught by teachers formerly employed by the public school system , while black students had no education at all unless they moved out of the county . But the public schools reopened after the Supreme Court overturned `` Brown II '' in Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County , declaring that `` ... the time for mere ' deliberate speed ' has run out , '' and that the county must provide a public school system for all children regardless of race . Brown III In 1978 , Topeka attorneys Richard Jones , Joseph Johnson and Charles Scott , Jr. ( son of the original Brown team member ) , with assistance from the American Civil Liberties Union , persuaded Linda Brown Smith -- who now had her own children in Topeka schools -- to be a plaintiff in reopening Brown . They were concerned that the Topeka Public Schools ' policy of `` open enrollment '' had led to and would lead to further segregation . They also believed that with a choice of open enrollment , white parents would shift their children to `` preferred '' schools that would create both predominantly African American and predominantly European American schools within the district . The district court reopened the Brown case after a 25 - year hiatus , but denied the plaintiffs ' request finding the schools `` unitary '' . In 1989 , a three - judge panel of the Tenth Circuit on 2 -- 1 vote found that the vestiges of segregation remained with respect to student and staff assignment . In 1993 , the Supreme Court denied the appellant School District 's request for certiorari and returned the case to District Court Judge Richard Rodgers for implementation of the Tenth Circuit 's mandate . After a 1994 plan was approved and a bond issue passed , additional elementary magnet schools were opened and district attendance plans redrawn , which resulted in the Topeka schools meeting court standards of racial balance by 1998 . Unified status was eventually granted to Topeka Unified School District No. 501 on July 27 , 1999 . One of the new magnet schools is named after the Scott family attorneys for their role in the Brown case and civil rights . Related cases Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) -- separate but equal for public facilities Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education 175 U.S. 528 ( 1899 ) -- sanctioned de jure segregation of races Lum v. Rice , 275 U.S. 78 ( 1927 ) -- separate schools for Chinese pupils from white schoolchildren Powell v. Alabama , 287 U.S. 45 ( 1932 ) -- access to counsel Missouri ex rel . Gaines v. Canada , 305 U.S. 337 ( 1938 ) - states that provide a school to white students must provide in - state education to blacks Smith v. Allwright , 321 U.S. 649 ( 1944 ) -- non-white voters in primary schools Hedgepeth and Williams v. Board of Education ( 1944 ) - prohibited racial segregation in New Jersey schools . Mendez v. Westminster , 64 F. Supp. 544 ( 1946 ) -- prohibits segregating Mexican American children in California Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla. , 332 U.S. 631 ( 1948 ) -- access to taxpayer state funded law schools Shelley v. Kraemer , 334 U.S. 1 ( 1948 ) -- restrictive covenants Sweatt v. Painter , 339 U.S. 629 ( 1950 ) -- segregated law schools in Texas McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents , 339 U.S. 637 ( 1950 ) -- prohibits segregation in a public institution of higher learning Hernandez v. Texas , 347 U.S. 475 ( 1954 ) -- the Fourteenth Amendment protects those beyond the racial classes of white or Negro . Briggs v. Elliott , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1952 ) Brown Case # 1 -- Summerton , South Carolina . Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County , 103 F. Supp. 337 ( 1952 ) Brown Case # 2 -- Prince Edward County , Virginia . Gebhart v. Belton , 33 Del . Ch. 144 ( 1952 ) Brown Case # 3 -- Claymont , Delaware Bolling v. Sharpe , 347 U.S. 497 ( 1954 ) Brown companion case -- dealt with the constitutionality of segregation in the District of Columbia , which -- as a federal district , not a state -- is not subject to the Fourteenth Amendment . Browder v. Gayle , 142 F. Supp. 707 ( 1956 ) - Montgomery , Alabama bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment . NAACP v. Alabama , 357 U.S. 449 ( 1958 ) -- privacy of NAACP membership lists , and free association of members Cooper v. Aaron , 358 U.S. 1 ( 1958 ) -- Federal court enforcement of desegregation Boynton v. Virginia , 364 U.S. 454 ( 1960 ) -- outlawed racial segregation in public transportation Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States , 379 U.S. 241 ( 1964 ) -- held constitutional the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which banned racial discrimination in public places , particularly in public accommodations even in private property . Loving v. Virginia , 388 U.S. 1 ( 1967 ) -- banned anti-miscegenation laws ( race - based restrictions on marriage ) . Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education , 396 U.S. 1218 ( 1969 ) -- changed Brown 's requirement of desegregation `` with all deliberate speed '' to one of `` desegregation now '' Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education , 402 U.S. 1 ( 1971 ) -- established bussing as a solution Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson , 404 U.S 1215 ( 1971 ) -- `` Brown v. Board of Education was not written for blacks alone '' , desegregation of Asian schools in opposition to parents of Asian students Milliken v. Bradley , 418 U.S. 717 ( 1974 ) -- rejected bussing across school district lines . Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 , 551 U.S. 701 , 127 S. Ct. 2738 ( 2007 ) -- rejected using race as the sole determining factor for assigning students to schools . List of United States Supreme Court Cases * See Case citation for an explanation of these numbers . The Brown case and the Cold War The libertarian scholar Sean Gabb argues that , while American domestic politics did much to bring about the judgment , the case should be seen in the context of the Cold War : At the end of the War , the Americans cooperated in setting up the Nuremburg tribunal which tried the surviving Nazi leaders for crimes against humanity . At the same time Jim Crow continued unchallenged in the southern states . Indeed , the American armed forces were segregated with separate black and white units . Embarrassment headed towards crisis with the beginning of the cold war . The Soviet Union preached an end to colonial rule all over the world and absolute racial equality . It insisted in having much of this written into the founding documents of the United Nations . Bearing in mind how it treated its own national minorities , the Soviet Union was not entirely honest in this advocacy . But this was unimportant . The Soviet Union was a police state which allowed no opposition , and foreign communists could be trusted to help cover up its crimes . What matters about the cold war for America is that its race relations became a serious embarrassment to its foreign policy . In order to oppose Communism the Americans had to preach their own versions of human rights which included all the usual liberal freedoms -- i.e. freedom of speech , freedom of association , equality before the law , and so forth . It also needed the cooperation of an increasing number of non-white post-colonial governments . At every opportunity the Soviets tried to embarrass the Americans by drawing attention to their internal race relations . He cites a memorandum written in 1963 by Thomas L. Hughes , Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research at the State Department . This summarizes the embarrassment felt by the American foreign policy establishment , and suggests a more friendly view of the Civil Rights Movement . See also African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) Little Rock Nine Rubey Mosley Hulen , federal judge who made a similar ruling in an earlier case Timeline of the African American Civil Rights Movement Ruby Bridges , the first black child to attend an all - white elementary school in the South References Jump up ^ Brown v Board of Education Decision ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Schuck , P.H. ( 2006 ) . Meditations of a Militant Moderate : Cool Views on Hot Topics . G - Reference , Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3961 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cottrol , Robert J. 2006 . `` Brown v. Board of Education '' . American Federalism : An Encyclopedia . http://encyclopedia.federalism.org/index.php?title=Brown_v._Board_of_Education Jump up ^ Harald E.L. Prins . `` Toward a World without Evil : Alfred Métraux as UNESCO Anthropologist ( 1946 -- 1962 ) '' . UNESCO . As a direct offshoot of the 1948 `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights , '' it sought to dismantle any scientific justification or basis for racism and proclaimed that race was not a biological fact of nature but a dangerous social myth . As a milestone , this critically important declaration contributed to the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court desegregation decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka . ' ( in English ) Jump up ^ Myrdal , Gunnar ( 1944 ) . An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ `` Desegregation to diversity ? '' . American Psychological Association . 2004 . Retrieved May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Clark , 90 ; His Studies Influenced Ban on Segregation -- Los Angeles Times '' . Los Angeles Times . May 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mary L. Dudziak , `` The Global Impact of Brown v. Board of Education '' SCOTUS Blog Jump up ^ Mary L Dudziak `` Brown as a Cold War Case '' Journal of American History , June 2004 Archived December 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Anderson , Legacy of Brown : Many people part of local case , Thirteen parents representing 20 children signed up as Topeka plaintiffs , The Topeka Capital - Journal ( Sunday , May 9 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Black , White , and Brown , PBS NewsHour ( May 12 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka MSN Encarta , archived on October 31 , 2009 from the original Archived October 31 , 2009 , at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Interactive map of locations in Topeka important to the Brown case -- Topeka Capital Journal online '' . Cjonline.com . October 26 , 1992 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Black / White & Brown Archived September 10 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , transcript of program produced by KTWU Channel 11 in Topeka , Kansas . Originally aired May 3 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Brown Foundation for Educational Equity , Excellence and Research , Myths Versus Truths Archived June 27 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . ( revised April 11 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Ric Anderson , Legacy of Brown : Many people part of local case , Thirteen parents representing 20 children signed up as Topeka plaintiffs , The Topeka Capital - Journal ( Sunday , May 9 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Fox , Margalit ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Zelma Henderson , Who Aided Desegregation , Dies at 88 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Last surviving Brown v. Board plaintiff dies at 88 - TwinCities.com '' . May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ School facilities for Negroes here held comparable , The Topeka State Journal ( August 3 , 1951 ) Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education , 98 F. Supp. 797 Archived January 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . ( August 3 , 1951 ) . Jump up ^ Student Strike at Moton High ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Brown v. Board of Education , 98 F. Supp. 797 , 798 ( D. Kan . 1951 ) , rev 'd , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) . Jump up ^ Neier , By Aryeh . `` Brown v. Board of Ed : Key Cold War weapon '' . ^ Jump up to : Antonly Lester , `` Brown v. Board of Education Overseas '' PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOL. 148 , NO . 4 , DECEMBER 2004 Archived May 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ See Smithsonian , `` Separate is Not Equal : Brown v. Board of Education Archived June 30 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Cass R. Sunstein ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` Did Brown Matter ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George R. Goethals , Georgia Jones Sorenson ( 2006 ) . The quest for a general theory of leadership . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84542 - 541 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Digital History '' . www.digitalhistory.uh.edu . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Gang That Always Liked Ike '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Warren , Earl ( 1977 ) . The Memoirs of Earl Warren . New York : Doubleday & Company . p. 291 . ISBN 0385128355 . Jump up ^ Mungazi , D.A. ( 2001 ) . Journey to the promised land : The African American struggle for development since the Civil War ( pp. 46 ) . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group Jump up ^ Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 , 551 U.S. 701 ( 2006 ) ( J. Thomas , concurring ) Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Kenneth Clark - Commentary Magazine '' . Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 2001 ) . Brown v. Board of Education : A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515632 - 3 . Jump up ^ Caro , Robert A. ( 2002 ) . Master of the Senate . Vintage Books . p. 696 . ISBN 9780394720951 . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Huston , Luther A. ( 18 May 1954 ) . `` High Court Bans School Segregation ; 9 - to - 0 Decision Grants Time to Comply '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AP WAS THERE : Original 1954 Brown v. Board story '' Archived December 9 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Topeka Capital Journal article on integration of THS sports teams '' . Cjonline.com . July 10 , 2001 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Topeka Capital Journal on line article '' . Cjonline.com . February 28 , 2002 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Racial bar down for teachers here '' , Topeka Daily Capital ( January 19 , 1956 ) Jump up ^ `` First step taken to end segregation '' , Topeka Daily Capital ( September 9 , 1953 ) Jump up ^ `` Little Effect On Topeka '' Topeka Capital - Journal ( May 18 , 1954 ) Jump up ^ Erin Adamson , `` Breaking barriers : Topekans reflect on role in desegregating nation 's schools '' Archived April 27 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine. , Topeka Capital Journal ( May 11 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` Massive Resistance '' to Integration ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Howell , Mark C. , John Ben Shepperd , Attorney General of the State of Texas : His Role in the Continuation of Segregation in Texas , 1953 - 1957 , Master 's Thesis , The University of Texas of the Permian Basin , Odessa , Texas , July 2003 . Jump up ^ The Little Rock Nine ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Michael Klarman , The Supreme Court , 2012 Term - Comment : Windsor and Brown : Marriage Equality and Racial Equality 127 Harv . L. Rev. 127 , 153 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Id . citing Karlman , From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality at 352 - 354 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` De La Beckwith v. State , 707 So . 2d 547 ( Miss . 1997 ) '' . Jump up ^ Standing In the Schoolhouse Door ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ The American Experience ; George Wallace : Settin ' the Woods on Fire ; Wallace Quotes , Public Broadcasting Service , pbs.org , 2000 . Retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . library.uncg.edu . Jump up ^ `` '' Summary of ' Civilities and Civil Rights ' : by William H. Chafe '' George Mason University website `` . Jump up ^ `` Naomi Brooks et al. , Appellants , v. School District of City of Moberly , Missouri , Etc. , et al. , Appellees , 267 F. 2d 733 ( 8th Cir. 1959 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Revisionist History Season 2 Episode 3 '' . Revisionist History . Jump up ^ Melissa F. Weiner , Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City ( Rutgers University Press , 2010 ) p. 51 - 66 Jump up ^ Adina Back `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 - 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) p. 65 - 91 Jump up ^ Austin Sarat ( 1997 ) . Race , Law , and Culture : Reflections on Brown v. Board of Education . Oxford University Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510622 - 0 . What lay behind Plessy v. Ferguson ? There were , perhaps , some important intellectual roots ; this was the era of scientific racism . Jump up ^ Charles A. Lofgren ( 1988 ) . The Plessy Case . Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505684 - 6 . But he ( Henry Billings Brown ) at minimum established popular sentiment and practice , along with legal and scientific testimony on race , as a link in his train of reasoning . ^ Jump up to : Race , Law , and Culture : Reflections on Brown v. Board of Education By Austin Sarat . Page 55 and 59 . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510622 - 9 Jump up ^ Schaffer , Gavin ( 2007 ) . `` '' ' Scientific ' Racism Again ? `` : Reginald Gates , the Mankind Quarterly and the Question of `` Race '' in Science after the Second World War `` . Journal of American Studies . 41 ( 2 ) : 253 -- 278 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021875807003477 . Jump up ^ Science for Segregation : Race , Law , and the Case Against Brown v. Board of Education . By John P. Jackson . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 4271 - 8 Page 148 Jump up ^ William Rehnquist , `` A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases '' Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Peter S. Canellos , Memos may not hold Roberts 's opinions , The Boston Globe , August 23 , 2005 . Here is what Rehnquist said in 1986 about his conversations with other clerks about Plessy : I thought Plessy had been wrongly decided at the time , that it was not a good interpretation of the equal protection clause to say that when you segregate people by race , there is no denial of equal protection . But Plessy had been on the books for 60 years ; Congress had never acted , and the same Congress that had promulgated the 14th Amendment had required segregation in the District schools ... I saw factors on both sides ... I did not agree then , and I certainly do not agree now , with the statement that Plessy against Ferguson is right and should be reaffirmed . I had ideas on both sides , and I do not think I ever really finally settled in my own mind on that ... ( A ) round the lunch table I am sure I defended it ... I thought there were good arguments to be made in support of it . S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Justice William O. Douglas wrote : `` In the original conference there were only four who voted that segregation in the public schools was unconstitutional . Those four were Black , Burton , Minton , and myself . '' See Bernard Schwartz , Decision : How the Supreme Court Decides Cases , page 96 ( Oxford 1996 ) . Likewise , Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote : `` I have no doubt that if the segregation cases had reached decision last term , there would have been four dissenters -- Vinson , Reed , Jackson , and Clark . '' Id . Justice Jackson 's longtime legal secretary had a different view , calling Rehnquist 's Senate testimony an attempt to `` smear the reputation of a great justice . '' See Alan Dershowitz , Telling the Truth About Chief Justice Rehnquist , Huffington Post , September 5 , 2005 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . See also Felix Frankfurter on the death of Justice Vinson . Jump up ^ Adam Liptak , The Memo That Rehnquist Wrote and Had to Disown , NY Times ( September 11 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Cases where Justice Rehnquist has cited Brown v. Board of Education in support of a proposition Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Also see Jeffery Rosen , Rehnquist the Great ? , Atlantic Monthly ( April 2005 ) : `` Rehnquist ultimately embraced the Warren Court 's Brown decision , and after he joined the Court he made no attempt to dismantle the civil - rights revolution , as political opponents feared he would '' . Jump up ^ Michael Klarman , The Supreme Court , 2012 Term - Comment : Windsor and Brown : Marriage Equality and Racial Equality , 127 Harv . L. Rev. 127 , 142 ( 2013 ) citing Learned Hand , The Bill of Rights at 55 ( Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture , 1958 ) . Jump up ^ Id. , Pamela Karlan , `` What Can Brown Do For You : Neutral Principles and the Struggle Over the Equal Protection Clause , 58 DUKE L.J. 1049 ( 2008 ) citing Herbert Wechsler , Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law , 73 HARV . L. REV. 1 ( Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture , 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Missouri v. Jenkins , 515 U.S. 70 ( 1995 ) ( Thomas , J. , concurring ) . Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( May 1995 ) . `` Originalism and the desegregation decisions '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 4 ) : 947 -- 1140 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073539 . JSTOR 1073539 . Response to McConnell : Klarman , Michael J. ( October 1995 ) . `` Response : Brown , originalism , and constitutional theory : a response to Professor Mcconnell '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 7 ) : 1881 -- 1936 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073643 . JSTOR 1073643 . Response to Klarman : McConnell , Michael W. ( October 1995 ) . `` Reply : The originalist justification for Brown : a reply to Professor Klarman '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 7 ) : 1937 -- 1955 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073644 . JSTOR 1073644 . Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` From 19th - Century View , Desegregation Is a Test '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Days , III , Drew S. ( 2001 ) , `` Days , J. , concurring '' , in Balkan , Jack ; Ackerman , Bruce A. , What ' Brown v. Board of Education ' should have said , New York : New York University Press , p. 97 , ISBN 9780814798904 . Preview . Jump up ^ Harvard Law Review , Vol. 100 , No. 8 ( June 1987 ) , pp. 1938 -- 1948 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Randall Kennedy . `` A Reply to Philip Elman . '' Harvard Law Review 100 ( 1987 ) : 1938 -- 1948 . Jump up ^ A Justice for All , by Kim Isaac Eisler , page 11 ; ISBN 0 - 671 - 76787 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court History : Expanding civil rights , biographies of the robes : Felix Frankfurter '' . pbs.org/wnet . Educational Broadcasting Corp. , PBS . Jump up ^ Remarks by the President at Grand Opening of the Brown v Board of Education National Historic Site , Topeka , Kansas ( May 17 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Sowell ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dunbar High School After 100 Years '' . townhall.com . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) Jump up ^ Jim Chen , Poetic Justice , 29 Cardozo Law Review ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ The `` Brown II , '' `` All Deliberate Speed '' Decision ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Smith , Bob ( 1965 ) . They Closed Their Schools . University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Topeka Public Schools Desegregation History : `` The Naming of Scott Computer Technology Magnet '' Archived October 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ For analysis of this decision , see also Joel K. Goldstein , `` Not Hearing History : A Critique of Chief Justice Roberts 's Reinterpretation of Brown , '' 69 Ohio St. L.J. 791 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Gabb , Sean ( 1 November 2017 ) . `` The Role of International Affairs in Reducing Racial Inequality in the USA in the Years 1877 - 1981 '' . Sean Gabb . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Further reading Keppel , Ben . Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture ( LSU Press , 2016 ) . xiv , 225 pp . Kluger , Richard ( 1975 ) . Simple Justice : The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America 's Struggle for Equality . New York : Knopf . ISBN 9780394472898 . External video Booknotes interview with Charles Ogletree on All Deliberate Speed , May 9 , 2004 , C - SPAN Ogletree , Charles J. , Jr. ( 2004 ) . All Deliberate Speed : Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 9780393058970 . Patterson , James T. , and William W. Freehling . Brown v. Board of Education : A civil rights milestone and its troubled legacy ( Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2008 ) . `` '' Our decision does not end but begins the struggle over segregation '' Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 : Justice Robert H. Jackson `` . In Tushnet , Mark V. I dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 133 -- 150 . ISBN 9780807000366 . Preview . External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 347 U.S. 483 ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brown v. Board of Education . Case Brief for Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka at Lawnix.com Case information and transcripts on The Curiae Project Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site ( US Park Service ) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) ( full text with hyperlinks to cited material ) A copy of Florida 's 1957 Interposition Resolution in Response to the Brown decision , with Gov. Collin 's handwritten rejection of it . Made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida . U.S. District Court of Kansas : Records of Brown v. Board of Education , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Online documents relating to Brown vs. Board of Education , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Documents from the district court , including the original complaint and trial transcript , at the Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse 60th Anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education curated by Michigan State University 's Diversity of Excellence through Artistic Expression Brown v. Board of Education , Civil Rights Digital Library . `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Brown v. Board of Education '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : 12 Historic Supreme Court Decisions ( hide ) African - American civil rights movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) Notable events ( timeline ) 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mohandas K. Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers ( hide ) United States Fourteenth Amendment case law Citizenship Clause Slaughter - House Cases ( 1873 ) Elk v. Wilkins ( 1884 ) United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) Perez v. Brownell ( 1958 ) Saenz v. Roe ( 1964 ) Afroyim v. Rusk ( 1967 ) Rogers v. Bellei ( 1971 ) Due Process Clause Economic substantive due process Mugler v. Kansas ( 1887 ) Allgeyer v. Louisiana ( 1897 ) Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ) Coppage v. Kansas ( 1915 ) Adams v. Tanner ( 1917 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Right to privacy Meyer v. Nebraska ( 1923 ) Pierce v. Society of Sisters ( 1925 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Right to abortion United States v. Vuitch ( 1971 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) H.L. v. Matheson ( 1981 ) City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health ( 1983 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Hodgson v. Minnesota ( 1990 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Stenberg v. Carhart ( 2000 ) Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England ( 2006 ) Gonzales v. Carhart ( 2007 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Civil rights liability under Section 1983 Monroe v. Pape ( 1961 ) McNeese v. Board of Educ. ( 1963 ) Pierson v. Ray ( 1967 ) Jenkins v. McKeithen ( 1969 ) Scheuer v. Rhodes ( 1974 ) Wood v. Strickland ( 1975 ) O'Connor v. Donaldson ( 1975 ) Paul v. Davis ( 1976 ) Imbler v. Pachtman ( 1976 ) Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York ( 1978 ) Procunier v. Navarette ( 1978 ) Owen v. City of Independence ( 1980 ) Harlow v. Fitzgerald ( 1982 ) Felder v. Casey ( 1988 ) Will v. Michigan Department of State Police ( 1989 ) Gonzaga University v. Doe ( 2002 ) Inyo County v. Paiute - Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community ( 2003 ) City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams ( 2005 ) Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee ( 2009 ) Ashcroft v. Iqbal ( 2009 ) Los Angeles County v. Humphries ( 2010 ) Connick v. Thompson ( 2011 ) Other Holden v. Hardy ( 1898 ) Muller v. Oregon ( 1908 ) Buck v. Bell ( 1927 ) Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) West Coast Hotel v. Parrish ( 1937 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) In re Winship ( 1971 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Troxel v. Granville ( 2000 ) Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. ( 2009 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Equal Protection Clause United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) Yick Wo v. Hopkins ( 1886 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Buchanan v. Warley ( 1917 ) Lum v. Rice ( 1927 ) Skinner v. Oklahoma ( 1942 ) Perez v. Sharp ( 1948 ) Goesaert v. Cleary ( 1948 ) Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla . ( 1948 ) Sweatt v. Painter ( 1950 ) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ( 1950 ) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 1954 ) Hernandez v. Texas ( 1954 ) Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education ( 1971 ) Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson ( 1971 ) Reed v. Reed ( 1971 ) Frontiero v. Richardson ( 1973 ) Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) Milliken v. Bradley ( 1974 ) Plyler v. Doe ( 1982 ) Romer v. Evans ( 1996 ) Grutter v. Bollinger ( 2003 ) Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ( 2007 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Board_of_Education&oldid=819867846 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision 1954 in United States case law 20th century American trials Education in Kansas History of education in the United States History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) Lawsuits Legal history of Kansas Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower United States equal protection case law United States school desegregation case law United States Supreme Court cases 1954 in Kansas American Civil Liberties Union litigation African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) African - American history of Kansas United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court 1954 in education Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2012 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 18 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why did the brown vs board of education occur | [
"Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The decision effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that \"separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.\" As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement,[1] and a model for many future impact litigation cases.[2] However, the decision's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in Brown II (349 U.S. 294 (1955)) only ordered states to desegregate \"with all deliberate speed\"."
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"Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896"
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-4236604921955886980 | Battle of Fort Sumter | Battle of Fort Sumter - wikipedia Battle of Fort Sumter Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Fort Sumter Part of the American Civil War Bombardment of Fort Sumter by Currier & Ives Date April 12 -- 13 , 1861 Location Charleston , South Carolina 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W / 32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Coordinates : 32 ° 45 ′ 8 '' N 79 ° 52 ′ 29 '' W / 32.75222 ° N 79.87472 ° W / 32.75222 ; - 79.87472 Result Confederate victory Confederacy captures Fort Sumter Beginning of the American Civil War Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States Commanders and leaders Robert Anderson P.G.T. Beauregard Units involved 1st United States Artillery Provisional Forces of the Confederate States Strength 85 500 -- 6,000 ( estimated ) Casualties and losses 0 0 Operations in Charleston Harbor ( April 1861 ) Fort Sumter Lower Seaboard Theater Fort Sumter USS St. Lawrence Head of Passes Santa Rosa Island Port Royal Fort Pulaski Forts Jackson and St. Philip New Orleans 1st Pocotaligo Secessionville Simmon 's Bluff Tampa Baton Rouge 1st Donaldsonville St. Johns Bluff 2nd Pocotaligo Georgia Landing 1st Fort McAllister Fort Bisland Irish Bend Vermillion Bayou 1st Charleston Harbor Wassaw Sound 1st Fort Wagner Grimball 's Landing 2nd Fort Wagner 2nd Charleston Harbor 2nd Fort Sumter Plains Store Port Hudson LaFourche Crossing 2nd Donaldsonville Kock 's Plantation Stirling 's Plantation USS New Ironsides Fort Brooke Gainesville Olustee USS Housatonic Vernon Grimball 's Causeway Natural Bridge Events leading to the American Civil War Slavery Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Missouri Compromise Tariff of 1828 Nat Turner 's slave rebellion Nullification Crisis The Amistad Prigg v. Pennsylvania Texas annexation Mexican -- American War Wilmot Proviso Manifest destiny Underground Railroad Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Uncle Tom 's Cabin Kansas -- Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Bleeding Kansas Caning of Charles Sumner Dred Scott v. Sandford The Impending Crisis of the South Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern States Star of the West Corwin Amendment Battle of Fort Sumter The Battle of Fort Sumter ( April 12 -- 13 , 1861 ) was the bombardment of Fort Sumter near Charleston , South Carolina by the Confederate States Army , and the return gunfire and subsequent surrender by the United States Army that started the American Civil War . Following declarations of secession by seven Southern states , South Carolina demanded that the U.S. Army abandon its facilities in Charleston Harbor . On December 26 , 1860 , Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army surreptitiously moved his small command from the vulnerable Fort Moultrie on Sullivan 's Island to Fort Sumter , a substantial fortress built on an island controlling the entrance of Charleston Harbor . An attempt by U.S. President James Buchanan to reinforce and resupply Anderson using the unarmed merchant ship Star of the West failed when it was fired upon by shore batteries on January 9 , 1861 . South Carolina authorities then seized all Federal property in the Charleston area except for Fort Sumter . During the early months of 1861 , the situation around Fort Sumter increasingly began to resemble a siege . In March , Brigadier General P.G.T. Beauregard , the first general officer of the newly formed Confederate States Army , was placed in command of Confederate forces in Charleston . Beauregard energetically directed the strengthening of batteries around Charleston harbor aimed at Fort Sumter . Conditions in the fort , growing ever dire due to shortages of men , food , and supplies , deteriorated as the Union soldiers rushed to complete the installation of additional guns . The resupply of Fort Sumter became the first crisis of the administration of the newly inaugurated U.S. President Abraham Lincoln following his victory in the election of November 6 , 1860 . He notified the Governor of South Carolina , Francis W. Pickens that he was sending supply ships , which resulted in an ultimatum from the Confederate government for the immediate evacuation of Fort Sumter , which Major Anderson refused . Beginning at 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , the Confederates bombarded the fort from artillery batteries surrounding the harbor . Although the Union garrison returned fire , they were significantly outgunned and , after 34 hours , Major Anderson agreed to evacuate . There were no deaths on either side as a direct result of this engagement , although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused two Union deaths . Following the battle , there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action . Lincoln 's immediate call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion resulted in an additional four southern states also declaring their secession and joining the Confederacy . The battle is usually recognized as the first battle that opened the American Civil War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Secession 1.2 The Forts of Charleston 1.3 President Buchanan and the Star of the West 1.4 Preparations for war 1.5 Decisions for war 2 Bombardment 3 Surrender 4 Aftermath 4.1 Tributes 5 Footnotes 5.1 Citations 5.2 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background Secession On December 20 , 1860 , shortly after Abraham Lincoln 's victory in the presidential election of 1860 , South Carolina adopted an ordinance declaring its secession from the United States of America and , by February 1861 , six more Southern states had adopted similar ordinances of secession . On February 7 , the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their temporary capital at Montgomery , Alabama . A February peace conference met in Washington , D.C. , but failed to resolve the crisis . The remaining eight states declined pleas to join the Confederacy . The seceding states seized numerous Federal properties within their boundaries , including buildings , arsenals , and fortifications . President James Buchanan protested but took no military action in response . Buchanan was concerned that an overt action could cause the remaining slave states to leave the Union , and while he acknowledged there was no constitutional authority for a state to secede , he could find no constitutional authority for him to act to prevent it . The forts of Charleston Several forts had been constructed in Charleston 's harbor , including Fort Sumter and Fort Moultrie , which were not among the sites seized initially . Fort Moultrie on Sullivan Island was the oldest -- it was the site of fortifications since 1776 -- and was the headquarters of the U.S. Army garrison . However , it had been designed as a gun platform for defending the harbor , and its defenses against land - based attacks were feeble ; during the crisis , the Charleston newspapers commented that sand dunes had piled up against the walls in such a way that the wall could easily be scaled . When the garrison began clearing away the dunes , the papers objected . Major Robert Anderson of the 1st U.S. Artillery regiment had been appointed to command the Charleston garrison that fall because of rising tensions . A native of Kentucky , he was a protégé of Winfield Scott , the general in chief of the Army , and was thought more capable of handling a crisis than the garrison 's previous commander , Col. John L. Gardner , who was nearing retirement . Anderson had served an earlier tour of duty at Fort Moultrie and his father had been a defender of the fort ( then called Fort Sullivan ) during the American Revolutionary War . Throughout the fall , South Carolina authorities considered both secession and the expropriation of federal property in the harbor to be inevitable . As tensions mounted , the environment around the fort increasingly resembled a siege , to the point that the South Carolina authorities placed picket ships to observe the movements of the troops and threatened to attack when forty rifles were transferred to one of the harbor forts from the U.S. arsenal in the city . In contrast to Moultrie , Fort Sumter dominated the entrance to Charleston Harbor and , though unfinished , was designed to be one of the strongest fortresses in the world . In the fall of 1860 work on the fort was nearly completed , but the fortress was thus far garrisoned by a single soldier , who functioned as a lighthouse keeper , and a small party of civilian construction workers . Under the cover of darkness on December 26 , six days after South Carolina declared its secession , Anderson abandoned the indefensible Fort Moultrie , ordering its guns spiked and its gun carriages burned , and surreptitiously relocated his command by small boats to Sumter . President Buchanan and the Star of the West Maj . Robert Anderson South Carolina authorities considered Anderson 's move to be a breach of faith . Governor Francis W. Pickens believed that President Buchanan had made implicit promises to him to keep Sumter unoccupied and suffered political embarrassment as a result of his trust in those promises . Buchanan , a former U.S. Secretary of State and diplomat , had used carefully crafted ambiguous language to Pickens , promising that he would not `` immediately '' occupy it . From Major Anderson 's standpoint , he was merely moving his existing garrison troops from one of the locations under his command to another . He had received instructions from the War Department on December 11 , written by Major General Don Carlos Buell , Assistant Adjutant General of the Army , approved by Secretary of War John B. Floyd : ... you are to hold possession of the forts in this harbor , and if attacked you are to defend yourself to the last extremity . The smallness of your force will not permit you , perhaps , to occupy more than one of the three forts , but an attack on or attempt to take possession of any one of them will be regarded as an act of hostility , and you may then put your command into either of them which you may deem most proper to increase its power of resistance . You are also authorized to take similar steps whenever you have tangible evidence of a design to proceed to a hostile act . Governor Pickens therefore ordered that all remaining Federal positions except Fort Sumter were to be seized . State troops quickly occupied Fort Moultrie ( capturing 56 guns ) , Fort Johnson on James Island , and the battery on Morris Island . On December 27 , an assault force of 150 men seized the Union - occupied Castle Pinckney fortification , in the harbor close to downtown Charleston , capturing 24 guns and mortars without bloodshed . On December 30 , the Federal arsenal in Charleston was captured , resulting in the acquisition of more than 22,000 weapons by the militia . The Confederates promptly made repairs at Fort Moultrie and dozens of new batteries and defense positions were constructed throughout the Charleston harbor area , including an unusual floating battery , and armed with weapons captured from the arsenal . President Buchanan was surprised and dismayed at Anderson 's move to Sumter , unaware of the authorization Anderson had received . Nevertheless , he refused Pickens 's demand to evacuate Charleston harbor . Since the garrison 's supplies were limited , Buchanan authorized a relief expedition of supplies , small arms , and 200 soldiers . The original intent was to send the Navy sloop - of - war USS Brooklyn , but it was discovered that Confederates had sunk some derelict ships to block the shipping channel into Charleston and there was concern that Brooklyn had too deep a draft to negotiate the obstacles . Instead , it seemed prudent to send an unarmed civilian merchant ship , Star of the West , which might be perceived as less provocative to the Confederates . As Star of the West approached the harbor entrance on January 9 , 1861 , it was fired upon by a battery on Morris Island , which was staffed by cadets from The Citadel , among them William Stewart Simkins , who were the only trained artillerymen in the service of South Carolina at the time . Batteries from Fort Moultrie joined in and Star of the West was forced to withdraw . Major Anderson prepared his guns at Sumter when he heard the Confederate fire , but the secrecy of the operation had kept him unaware that a relief expedition was in progress and he chose not to start a general engagement . In a letter delivered January 31 , 1861 , Governor Pickens demanded of President Buchanan that he surrender Fort Sumter because , `` I regard that possession is not consistent with the dignity or safety of the State of South Carolina . '' Preparations for War Fort Sumter before the battle Conditions at the fort were difficult during the winter of 1860 -- 61 . Rations were short and fuel for heat was limited . The garrison scrambled to complete the defenses as best they could . Fort Sumter was designed to mount 135 guns , operated by 650 officers and men , but construction had met with numerous delays for decades and budget cuts had left it only about 90 percent finished in early 1861 . Anderson 's garrison consisted of just 85 men , primarily made up of two small artillery companies : Company E , 1st U.S. Artillery , commanded by Capt . Abner Doubleday , and Company H , commanded by Capt . Truman Seymour . There were six other officers present : Surgeon Samuel W. Crawford , First Lt. Theodore Talbot of Company H , First Lt. Jefferson C. Davis of the 1st U.S. Artillery , and Second Lt. Norman J. Hall of Company H. Capt . John G. Foster and First Lt. George W. Snyder of the Corps of Engineers were responsible for construction of the Charleston forts , but they reported to their headquarters in Washington , not directly to Anderson . The remaining personnel were 68 noncommissioned officers and privates , eight musicians , and 43 noncombatant workmen . By April the Union troops had positioned 60 guns , but they had insufficient men to operate them all . The fort consisted of three levels of enclosed gun positions , or casemates . The second level of casemates was unoccupied . The majority of the guns were on the first level of casemates , on the upper level ( the parapet or barbette positions ) , and on the center parade field . Unfortunately for the defenders , the original mission of the fort -- harbor defense -- meant that it was designed so that the guns were primarily aimed at the Atlantic , with little capability of protecting from artillery fire from the surrounding land or from infantry conducting an amphibious assault . Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard In March , Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard took command of South Carolina forces in Charleston ; on March 1 , President Jefferson Davis had appointed him the first general officer in the armed forces of the new Confederacy , specifically to take command of the siege . Beauregard made repeated demands that the Union force either surrender or withdraw and took steps to ensure that no supplies from the city were available to the defenders , whose food was running low . He also increased drills amongst the South Carolina militia , training them to operate the guns they manned . Ironically , Major Anderson had been Beauregard 's artillery instructor at West Point ; the two had been especially close , and Beauregard had become Anderson 's assistant after graduation . Both sides spent March drilling and improving their fortifications to the best of their abilities . Beauregard , a trained military engineer , built - up overwhelming strength to challenge Fort Sumter . Fort Moultrie had three 8 - inch Columbiads , two 8 - inch howitzers , five 32 - pound smoothbores , and four 24 - pounders . Outside of Moultrie were five 10 - inch mortars , two 32 - pounders , two 24 - pounders , and a 9 - inch Dahlgren smoothbore . The floating battery next to Fort Moultrie had two 42 - pounders and two 32 - pounders on a raft protected by iron shielding . Fort Johnson on James Island had one 24 - pounder and four 10 - inch mortars . At Cummings Point on Morris Island , the Confederates had emplaced seven 10 - inch mortars , two 42 - pounders , an English Blakely rifled cannon , and three 8 - inch Columbiads , the latter in the so - called Iron Battery , protected by a wooden shield faced with iron bars . About 6,000 men were available to man the artillery and to assault the fort , if necessary , including the local militia , young boys and older men . Decisions for War On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as president . He was almost immediately confronted with the surprise information that Major Anderson was reporting that only six weeks of rations remained at Fort Sumter . A crisis similar to the one at Fort Sumter had emerged at Pensacola , Florida , where Confederates threatened another U.S. fortification -- Fort Pickens . Lincoln and his new cabinet struggled with the decisions of whether to reinforce the forts , and how . They were also concerned about whether to take actions that might start open hostilities and which side would be perceived as the aggressor as a result . Similar discussions and concerns were occurring in the Confederacy . After the formation of the Confederate States of America in early February , there was some debate among the secessionists whether the capture of the fort was rightly a matter for South Carolina or for the newly declared national government in Montgomery , Alabama . South Carolina governor Pickens was among the states ' rights advocates who thought that all property in Charleston harbor had reverted to South Carolina upon that state 's secession as an independent commonwealth . This debate ran alongside another discussion about how aggressively the installations -- including Forts Sumter and Pickens -- should be obtained . President Davis , like his counterpart in Washington , preferred that his side not be seen as the aggressor . Both sides believed that the first side to use force would lose precious political support in the border states , whose allegiance was undetermined ; before Lincoln 's inauguration on March 4 , five states had voted against secession , including Virginia , and Lincoln openly offered to evacuate Fort Sumter if it would guarantee Virginia 's loyalty . The South sent delegations to Washington , D.C. , and offered to pay for the Federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with the Confederate agents because he did not consider the Confederacy a legitimate nation and making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . However , Secretary of State William H. Seward , who wished to give up Sumter for political reasons -- as a gesture of good will -- engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . On April 4 , as the supply situation on Sumter became critical , President Lincoln ordered a relief expedition , to be commanded by former naval captain ( and future Assistant Secretary of the Navy ) Gustavus V. Fox , who had proposed a plan for nighttime landings of smaller vessels than the Star of the West . Fox 's orders were to land at Sumter with supplies only , and if he was opposed by the Confederates , to respond with the U.S. Navy vessels following and to then land both supplies and men . This time , Maj . Anderson was informed of the impending expedition , although the arrival date was not revealed to him . On April 6 , Lincoln notified Governor Pickens that `` an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only , and that if such attempt be not resisted , no effort to throw in men , arms , or ammunition will be made without further notice , ( except ) in case of an attack on the fort . '' Lincoln 's notification had been made to the governor of South Carolina , not the new Confederate government , which Lincoln did not recognize . Pickens consulted with Beauregard , the local Confederate commander . Soon President Davis ordered Beauregard to repeat the demand for Sumter 's surrender , and if it did not , to reduce the fort before the relief expedition arrived . The Confederate cabinet , meeting in Montgomery , endorsed Davis 's order on April 9 . Only Secretary of State Robert Toombs opposed this decision : he reportedly told Jefferson Davis the attack `` will lose us every friend at the North . You will only strike a hornet 's nest ... Legions now quiet will swarm out and sting us to death . It is unnecessary . It puts us in the wrong . It is fatal . '' Beauregard dispatched aides -- Col. James Chesnut , Col. James A. Chisholm , and Capt . Stephen D. Lee -- to Fort Sumter on April 11 to issue the ultimatum . Anderson refused , although he reportedly commented , `` I shall await the first shot , and if you do not batter us to pieces , we shall be starved out in a few days . '' The aides returned to Charleston and reported this comment to Beauregard . At 1 a.m. on April 12 , the aides brought Anderson a message from Beauregard : `` If you will state the time which you will evacuate Fort Sumter , and agree in the meantime that you will not use your guns against us unless ours shall be employed against Fort Sumter , we will abstain from opening fire upon you . '' After consulting with his senior officers , Maj . Anderson replied that he would evacuate Sumter by noon , April 15 , unless he received new orders from his government or additional supplies . Col. Chesnut considered this reply to be too conditional and wrote a reply , which he handed to Anderson at 3 : 20 a.m. : `` Sir : by authority of Brigadier General Beauregard , commanding the Provisional Forces of the Confederate States , we have the honor to notify you that he will open fire of his batteries on Fort Sumter in one hour from this time . '' Anderson escorted the officers back to their boat , shook hands with each one , and said `` If we never meet in this world again , God grant that we may meet in the next . '' Bombardment Bombardment of the Fort by the Confederates At 4 : 30 a.m. on April 12 , 1861 , Lt. Henry S. Farley , acting upon the command of Capt . George S. James , fired a single 10 - inch mortar round from Fort Johnson . ( James had offered the first shot to Roger Pryor , a noted Virginia secessionist , who declined , saying , `` I could not fire the first gun of the war . '' ) The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie , Fort Johnson , the floating battery , and Cummings Point . Under orders from Beauregard , the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor , with 2 minutes between each shot ; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition , which he calculated would last for only 48 hours . Edmund Ruffin , another noted Virginia secessionist , had traveled to Charleston to be present for the beginning of the war , and fired one of the first shots at Sumter after the signal round , a 64 - pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point . The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston 's residents ( including diarist Mary Chesnut ) , who rushed out into the predawn darkness to watch the shells arc over the water and burst inside the fort . Major Anderson held his fire , awaiting daylight . His troops reported for a call at 6 a.m. and then had breakfast . At 7 a.m. , Capt . Abner Doubleday fired a shot at the Ironclad Battery at Cummings Point . He missed . Given the available manpower , Anderson could not take advantage of all of his 60 guns . He deliberately avoided using guns that were situated in the fort where casualties were most likely . The fort 's best cannons were mounted on the uppermost of its three tiers -- the barbette tier -- where his troops were most exposed to incoming fire from overhead . The fort had been designed to withstand a naval assault , and naval warships of the time did not mount guns capable of elevating to shoot over the walls of the fort . However , the land - based cannons manned by the Confederates were capable of high - arcing ballistic trajectories and could therefore fire at parts of the fort that would have been out of naval guns ' reach . Fort Sumter 's garrison could only safely fire the 21 working guns on the lowest level , which themselves , because of the limited elevation allowed by their embrasures , were largely incapable of delivering fire with trajectories high enough to seriously threaten Fort Moultrie . Moreover , although the Federals had moved as many of their supplies to Fort Sumter as they could manage , the fort was quite low on ammunition , and was nearly out at the end of the 34 - hour bombardment . A more immediate problem was the scarcity of cloth gunpowder cartridges or bags ; only 700 were available at the beginning of the battle and workmen sewed frantically to create more , in some cases using socks from Anderson 's personal wardrobe . Because of the shortages , Anderson reduced his firing to only six guns : two aimed at Cummings Point , two at Fort Moultrie , and two at the Sullivan 's Island batteries . Ships from Fox 's relief expedition began to arrive on April 12 . Although Fox himself arrived at 3 a.m. on his steamer Baltic , most of the rest of his fleet was delayed until 6 p.m. , and one of the two warships , USS Powhatan , never did arrive . Unbeknownst to Fox , it had been ordered to the relief of Fort Pickens in Florida . As landing craft were sent toward the fort with supplies , the artillery fire deterred them and they pulled back . Fox decided to wait until after dark and for the arrival of his warships . The next day , heavy seas made it difficult to load the small boats with men and supplies and Fox was left with the hope that Anderson and his men could hold out until dark on April 13 . Although Sumter was a masonry fort , there were wooden buildings inside for barracks and officer quarters . The Confederates targeted these with Heated shot ( cannonballs heated red hot in a furnace ) , starting fires that could prove more dangerous to the men than explosive artillery shells . At 7 p.m. on April 12 , a rain shower extinguished the flames and at the same time the Union gunners stopped firing for the night . They slept fitfully , concerned about a potential infantry assault against the fort . During the darkness , the Confederates reduced their fire to four shots each hour . The following morning , the full bombardment resumed and the Confederates continued firing hot shot against the wooden buildings . By noon most of the wooden buildings in the fort and the main gate were on fire . The flames moved toward the main ammunition magazine , where 300 barrels of gunpowder were stored . The Union soldiers frantically tried to move the barrels to safety , but two - thirds were left when Anderson judged it was too dangerous and ordered the magazine doors closed . He ordered the remaining barrels thrown into the sea , but the tide kept floating them back together into groups , some of which were ignited by incoming artillery rounds . He also ordered his crews to redouble their efforts at firing , but the Confederates did the same , firing the hot shots almost exclusively . Many of the Confederate soldiers admired the courage and determination of the Yankees . When the fort had to pause its firing , the Confederates often cheered and applauded after the firing resumed and they shouted epithets at some of the nearby Union ships for failing to come to the fort 's aid . Surrender Fort Sumter Flag Wikisource has original text related to this article : Major Anderson 's telegram announcing the surrender The fort 's central flagpole was knocked down at 1 p.m. on April 13 , raising doubts among the Confederates about whether the fort was ready to surrender . Col. Louis Wigfall , a former U.S. senator , had been observing the battle and decided that this indicated the fort had had enough punishment . He commandeered a small boat and proceeded from Morris Island , waving a white handkerchief from his sword , dodging incoming rounds from Sullivan 's Island . Meeting with Major Anderson , he said , `` You have defended your flag nobly , Sir . You have done all that it is possible to do , and General Beauregard wants to stop this fight . On what terms , Major Anderson , will you evacuate this fort ? '' Anderson was encouraged that Wigfall had said `` evacuate , '' not `` surrender . '' He was low on ammunition , fires were burning out of control , and his men were hungry and exhausted . Satisfied that they had defended their post with honor , enduring over 3,000 Confederate rounds without losing a man , Anderson agreed to a truce at 2 : 00 p.m. Fort Sumter raised Wigfall 's white handkerchief on its flagpole as Wigfall departed in his small boat back to Morris Island , where he was hailed as a hero . The handkerchief was spotted in Charleston and a delegation of officers representing Beauregard -- Stephen D. Lee , Porcher Miles , a former mayor of Charleston , and Roger Pryor -- sailed to Sumter , unaware of Wigfall 's visit . Anderson was outraged when these officers disavowed Wigfall 's authority , telling him that the former senator had not spoken with Beauregard for two days , and he threatened to resume firing . Meanwhile , General Beauregard himself had finally seen the handkerchief and sent a second set of officers , offering essentially the same terms that Wigfall had presented , so the agreement was reinstated . The Union garrison formally surrendered the fort to Confederate personnel at 2 : 30 p.m. , April 13 . No one from either side was killed during the bombardment . During the 100 - gun salute to the U.S. flag -- Anderson 's one condition for withdrawal -- a pile of cartridges blew up from a spark , mortally wounding privates Daniel Hough and Edward Galloway , and seriously wounding the other four members of the gun crew ; these were the first military fatalities of the war . The salute was stopped at fifty shots . Hough was buried in the Fort Sumter parade ground within two hours after the explosion . Galloway and Private George Fielding were sent to the hospital in Charleston , where Galloway died a few days later ; Fielding was released after six weeks . The other wounded men and the remaining Union troops were placed aboard a Confederate steamer , the Isabel , where they spent the night and were transported the next morning to Fox 's relief ship Baltic , resting outside the harbor bar . Our Banner in the Sky ( 1861 ) by Frederic Edwin Church Anderson carried the Fort Sumter Flag with him North , where it became a widely known symbol of the battle , and rallying point for supporters of the Union . This inspired Frederic Edwin Church to paint Our Banner in the Sky , described as a `` symbolic landscape embodying the stars and stripes . '' A chromolithograph was then created and sold to benefit the families of Union soldiers . Confederate Flag flying in Fort Sumter after the 1861 surrender Aftermath The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the first military action of the American Civil War . Following the surrender , Northerners rallied behind Lincoln 's call for all states to send troops to recapture the forts and preserve the Union . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . Some Northern states filled their quotas quickly . There were so many volunteers in Ohio that within 16 days they could have met the full call for 75,000 men by themselves . Other governors from border states were undiplomatic in their responses . For example , Gov. Claiborne Jackson wrote , `` Not one man will the state of Missouri furnish to carry on any such unholy crusade '' , and Gov. Beriah Magoffin wrote , `` Kentucky will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister Southern states . '' The governors of other states still in the Union were equally unsupportive . The call for 75,000 troops triggered four additional slave states to declare their secession from the Union and join the Confederacy . The ensuing war lasted four years , effectively ending in April 1865 with the surrender of General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia at Appomatox Courthouse . Charleston Harbor was completely in Confederate hands for almost the entire four - year duration of the war , leaving a hole in the Union naval blockade . Union forces conducted major operations in 1862 and 1863 to capture Charleston , first overland on James Island ( the Battle of Secessionville , June 1862 ) , then by naval assault against Fort Sumter ( the First Battle of Charleston Harbor , April 1863 ) , then by seizing the Confederate artillery positions on Morris Island ( beginning with the Second Battle of Fort Wagner , July 1863 , and followed by a siege until September ) . After pounding Sumter to rubble with artillery fire , a final amphibious operation attempted to occupy it ( the Second Battle of Fort Sumter , September 1863 ) , but was repulsed and no further attempts were made . The Confederates evacuated Fort Sumter and Charleston in February 1865 as Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman outflanked the city in the Carolinas Campaign . On April 14 , 1865 , four years to the day after lowering the Fort Sumter Flag in surrender , Robert Anderson ( by then a major general , although ill and in retired status ) returned to the ruined fort to raise the flag he had lowered in 1861 . Two of the cannons used at Fort Sumter were later presented to Louisiana State University by General William Tecumseh Sherman , who was president of the university before the war began . Tributes Civil War Centennial Issue of 1961 The U.S. Post Office Department released the Fort Sumter Centennial issue as the first in the series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial on April 12 , 1961 , at the Charleston post office . The stamp was designed by Charles R. Chickering . It illustrates a seacoast gun from Fort Sumter aimed by an officer in a typical uniform of the time . The background features palmetto leaves akin to bursting shells . The state tree of South Carolina , the palmettos suggest the geopolitical area opening Civil War hostilities . This stamp was produced by an engraving and printed by the rotary process in panes of fifty stamps each . The Postal Department authorized an initial printing of 120 million stamps . Footnotes Citations ^ Jump up to : Welcher , p. 699 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter Battle Summary '' . National Park Service . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FORT SUMPTER FALLEN . '' . nytimes.com. April 15 , 1861 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 235 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 25 , 127 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 67 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 246 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 29 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 6 , 8 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 1 -- 2 , 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 110 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 121 -- 22 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Burton , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 131 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 264 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 17 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 155 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 124 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Sumter National Monument '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher & Eicher , p. 810 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 261 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 212 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 212 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 225 -- 31 , 249 . Jump up ^ Burton , p. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 133 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Ward , Burns & Burns 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 139 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 39 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 256 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Daily Globe Oct 20 , 1884 p. 4 Jump up ^ The Princeton Union 9 September 1897 . p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Davis , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 268 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 147 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 46 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 152 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 49 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Detzer , pp. 292 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 51 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 157 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Burton , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 308 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Ripley , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 311 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Our Banner in the Sky '' . Olana State Historic Site . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 274 . Jump up ^ `` Fight for the Colors , the Ohio Battle Flags Collection , Civil War Room '' . Ohio Historical Society . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Todd . `` Lincoln Declares War '' . opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com . Opinionator . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 52 -- 53 , 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 820 , 841 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 834 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana State University Army ROTC Unit History '' . Louisiana State University . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved Oct 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil War Centennial Issue '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , National Postal Museum online , viewed March 16 , 2014 . Notes Jump up ^ The weapons in the arsenal consisted of about 18,000 muskets , 3,400 rifles , over 1,000 pistols , and a few artillery pieces including five 24 - pound field howitzers . Jump up ^ When asked about that offer , Abraham Lincoln commented , `` A state for a fort is no bad business . '' Jump up ^ Detzer comments that Ruffin claimed he fired the first shot , when Ruffin did not actually do so . References Buchanan , James ( 1911 ) . The Works of James Buchanan : Comprising His Speeches , State Papers , and Private Correspondence . Burton , E. Milby ( 1970 ) . The Siege of Charleston 1861 -- 1865 . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 87249 - 345 - 8 . Cooper , William J. ( September 11 , 2012 ) . We Have the War Upon Us : The Onset of the Civil War , November 1860 - April 1861 . New York City , NY : Vintage . ISBN 9780307960887 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Brother against Brother : The War Begins . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4700 - 2 . Detzer , David ( 2001 ) . Allegiance : Fort Sumter , Charleston , and the Beginning of the Civil War . New York City , NY : Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 15 - 100641 - 5 . Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York City , NY : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Eicher , John H. ; Eicher , David J ( 2001 ) . Civil War High Commands . Stanford , CA , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 . Kennedy , Frances H. ( 1998 ) . The Civil War Battlefield Guide ( 2 ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton Mifflin Co . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York City , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Ripley , Warren ( 1992 ) . Wilcox , Arthur M. , ed . War 's First Death Accidental . The Civil War at Charleston ( 16th ed . ) . Charleston , SC : Evening - Post Publishing Co . OCLC 636046368 . Ward , Geoffrey ; Burns , Ken ; Burns , Ric ( 1990 ) . The Civil War , an Illustrated History . New York City , NY : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Welcher , Frank J. ( 1989 ) . The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington , ID : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Online resources National Park Service battle description Further reading Further information : Bibliography of the American Civil War Chesnut , Mary , Diary of Mary Chesnut . Fairfax , VA : D. Appleton and Company , 1905 . OCLC 287696932 . Doubleday , Abner . Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860 -- 61 . New York : Harper and Brothers , 1876 . OCLC 1320168 , E'book Harris , W.A. ( 1862 ) . The record of Fort Sumter , from its occupation by Major Anderson , to its reduction by South Carolina troops during the administration of Governor Pickens . South Carolinian Steam Job Printing Office . , E'book Hatcher , Richard W . `` The Problem in Charleston Harbor : Fort Sumter and the Opening Shots of the Civil War . '' Hallowed Ground Magazine ( Civil War Trust ) , Winter 2010 . Hendrickson , Robert . Sumter : The First Day of the Civil War . New York : Promontory Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 88394 - 095 - 7 . Klein , Maury . Days of Defiance : Sumter , Secession , and the Coming of the Civil War : New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 44747 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Sumter . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who fired the first shot during the civil war | [
"At 4:30 a.m. on April 12, 1861, Lt. Henry S. Farley, acting upon the command of Capt. George S. James,[45][46] fired a single 10-inch mortar round from Fort Johnson. (James had offered the first shot to Roger Pryor, a noted Virginia secessionist, who declined, saying, \"I could not fire the first gun of the war.\") The shell exploded over Fort Sumter as a signal to open the general bombardment from 43 guns and mortars at Fort Moultrie, Fort Johnson, the floating battery, and Cummings Point. Under orders from Beauregard, the guns fired in a counterclockwise sequence around the harbor, with 2 minutes between each shot; Beauregard wanted to conserve ammunition, which he calculated would last for only 48 hours. Edmund Ruffin, another noted Virginia secessionist, had traveled to Charleston to be present for the beginning of the war, and fired one of the first shots at Sumter after the signal round, a 64-pound shell from the Iron Battery at Cummings Point. The shelling of Fort Sumter from the batteries ringing the harbor awakened Charleston's residents (including diarist Mary Chesnut), who rushed out into the predawn darkness to watch the shells arc over the water and burst inside the fort.[47][N 3]"
] | [
"Lt. Henry S. Farley"
] |
-314138917663055266 | Paradise by the Dashboard Light | Paradise by the Dashboard Light - wikipedia Paradise by the Dashboard Light `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' Side - A label of U.S. 7 - inch vinyl single Single by Meat Loaf from the album Bat Out of Hell B - side `` Bat Overture '' Released August 1978 Format 7 '' / 12 '' Recorded 1976 Genre Rock and roll , hard rock , glam rock , funk rock Length 8 : 28 ( album version ) 5 : 32 ( single edit ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Todd Rundgren Meat Loaf singles chronology `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' ( 1978 ) `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' ( 1978 ) `` Bat Out of Hell '' ( 1979 ) `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' is a song written by Jim Steinman . It was first released in 1977 on the album Bat Out of Hell , with vocals by the American musician Meat Loaf alongside Ellen Foley . The song is most notable for its unique structure and length , and has become a staple of classic rock radio . Entitled `` Let Me Sleep on It , '' the song was also recorded by Brotherhood of Man. ( 1 ) Contents 1 Background and recording 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Reception 5 Personnel 6 Chart performance 7 Cover versions 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background and recording ( edit ) `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' is one of the longest songs to be released uncut on one side of a 45 RPM record . The only difference between the single ( 45 RPM ) and album versions is that the single version fades out almost immediately after the final line is sung . In some countries , a shorter 5 : 32 edit was released . The largest change is the complete removal of the `` baseball play - by - play '' section . Jim Steinman had stated that he wanted to write `` the ultimate car / sex song in which everything goes horribly wrong in the end . '' According to Meat Loaf on VH1 Storytellers , the original length of the track was to be 27 minutes . Composition ( edit ) The song is divided into three parts : Part I. Paradise The song opens with the characters reminiscing about days as a young high school couple on a date . They are parking by a lake and having fun , experiencing `` paradise by the dashboard light '' , until the male character insists they 're `` gon na go all the way tonight '' ( the audio track suddenly cuts out , quickly pans through the left and right channels once before slowly returning to both channels ) . Baseball broadcast His pushing the matter is mirrored by New York Yankees announcer Phil Rizzuto broadcasting a portion of a baseball game that serves as a metaphor for his attempts to achieve his goal , accompanied by funk instrumentation and the two characters talking in the two individual left and right channels . Rizzuto 's baseball play - by - play call was recorded in 1976 at The Hit Factory in New York City by producer Todd Rundgren , Meat Loaf and Steinman . Rizzuto publicly maintained he was unaware that his contribution would be equated with sex in the finished song , but Meat Loaf asserts that Rizzuto only feigned ignorance to stifle some criticism from a priest and was fully aware of the context of what he was recording . Part II . Let Me Sleep on It Just as the boy is about to score ( via the suicide squeeze ) , the girl bursts out telling him to `` Stop right there ! '' She refuses to go any further unless the boy first promises to love her forever and marry her . Reluctant to make such a long - term commitment , the boy repeatedly asks her to continue on for the time being and promises to give his answer in the morning . However , she is not giving in that easily , so he finally cracks and gives his promise : `` I started swearing to my God and on my mother 's grave / That I would love you to the end of time '' . Part III . Praying for the End of Time Back in the present , the male character can no longer stand the woman 's presence . As the man can not possibly break his vow and hence is now praying for the end of time to relieve him from his obligation . The song fades out on the situation , juxtaposing his gloomy `` It was long ago , it was far away , it was so much better than it is today ! '' in the left channel with her nostalgic `` It never felt so good , it never felt so right , we were glowing like the metal on the edge of a knife '' in the right channel . In early live performances of the song , this part ( and thus the conclusion of the song itself ) was followed by a spoken - word epilogue by Meat Loaf and Karla DeVito , where they , still in character as the two protagonists , argued about what to keep after the couple 's divorce ( having been presumably married for a number of years ) . The argument was cut short by DeVito shouting `` ... And I 'll keep the baby ! '' , which left Meat Loaf 's character speechless as he apparently ignored the existence of a baby ; immediately after , he ended the argument by screaming incoherently at her . The exchange was repeated with different female vocalists , in different versions and with different endings , in most of Meat Loaf 's subsequent live tours and remains in the set to the present day , when it is still occasionally performed by Meat Loaf and his current featured vocalist Patti Russo . Music video ( edit ) 35mm prints of a live - on - soundstage performance of `` Paradise '' were struck and initially sent to many theaters holding midnight screenings of The Rocky Horror Picture Show , as a short subject to play before the feature . Very few of these prints are still extant and / or in playable condition . The video also received healthy airplay in the first years of MTV , despite its relative age to the new artists the channel was showcasing . Although Ellen Foley is recorded on the album , another singer , Karla DeVito , was used for the music video and for live performances . This would also happen for Meat Loaf 's 1993 hit `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' , where Dana Patrick mimed to Lorraine Crosby 's vocals . In the original video as released to television and in 35mm prints , the male / female `` Hot Summer Night '' prologue from `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' was spoken live by Jim Steinman and Karla DeVito before the song performance . On the Hits Out of Hell music video compilation , the prologue was removed and spliced in front of the video for `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' , ostensibly to properly replicate the album Bat Out of Hell , and the video for `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' goes right into the performance . Reception ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The single had modest success in the United States , peaking at number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100 . However , the song is very well known and is a classic rock staple . In the United Kingdom , it did not chart at all . However , in the Netherlands , the single became Meat Loaf 's biggest all - time hit , reaching number one at the end of 1978 . `` Paradise '' became a hit there again in 1988 . In various all time charts , such as the Radio 2 Top 2000 or Radio Veronica 's All Time Top 1000 , it consistently charts inside the top 30 . In Belgium , the single stalled at number 2 where it stayed for 5 weeks , the whole time being held back from the Number 1 by Y.M.C.A. by the Village People . Personnel ( edit ) Meat Loaf - male lead vocals , backing vocals ( as Marvin Lee ) Ellen Foley - female lead vocals , backing vocals Todd Rundgren - guitar , backing vocals Kasim Sulton - bass guitar Roy Bittan - piano , keyboards Jim Steinman - keyboards , `` lascivious effects '' Roger Powell - synthesizer Edgar Winter - saxophone Max Weinberg - drums Phil Rizzuto - baseball play - by - play Rory Dodd - additional backing vocals Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 - 78 ) Peak position Dutch Top 40 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 39 Ultratop ( Belgium ) Cover versions ( edit ) The Glee club ' New Directions ' covered the song for the third season episode called `` Nationals '' . They closed their set for the national show choir competition with the song . Jyll Saskin of MTV called it a `` quirky yet catchy song choice '' that `` was the episode 's standout . '' Michael Slezak of TVLine gave it an `` A '' grade and said it was the `` real group number '' of the three and added , `` The vocals , choreography and energy were all top - notch . '' It charted on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 and debuted at number ninety - four . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rolling Stone Jump up ^ New York Times Jump up ^ `` Meat Loaf -- Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' . discogs.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Jeff ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` Phil and Meat Loaf will always have `` Paradise '' `` . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ The full argument is featured in the 2009 Eagle Vision Meat Loaf : Bat Out of Hell - The Original Tour DVD release of a 1978 concert in Offenbach am Main , Germany . Jump up ^ `` Karla DeVito 's biography '' . Karl Devito . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` I 'd Do Anything For Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' . songfacts.com . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.ultratop.be/nl/song/3394/Meat-Loaf-Paradise-By-The-Dashboard-Light ^ Jump up to : Saskin , Jyll ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : ' Props / Nationals ' '' . Hollywood Crush . MTV Networks . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Glee ( Hour 2 ) Recap : The Prize Winners of Lima , Ohio '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Album & Song Chart History : Billboard Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) James F. Harris ( 1993 ) . Philosophy at 33 ⁄ Rpm : Themes of Classic Rock Music . Open Court Publishing . pp. 116&ndash , 118 . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9241 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bat Out of Hell Meat Loaf Songs by Jim Steinman Produced by Todd Rundgren Side 1 `` Bat Out of Hell '' `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` All Revved Up with No Place to Go '' Side 2 `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' ( duet with Ellen Foley ) `` For Crying Out Loud '' Related articles Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra Cleveland International Records Meat Loaf Studio albums Stoney & Meatloaf ( 1971 ) Bat Out of Hell ( 1977 ) Dead Ringer ( 1981 ) Midnight at the Lost and Found ( 1983 ) Bad Attitude ( 1984 ) Blind Before I Stop ( 1986 ) Bat Out of Hell II : Back into Hell ( 1993 ) Welcome to the Neighbourhood ( 1995 ) Could n't Have Said It Better ( 2003 ) Bat Out of Hell III : The Monster Is Loose ( 2006 ) Hang Cool Teddy Bear ( 2010 ) Hell in a Handbasket ( 2011 ) Braver Than We Are ( 2016 ) Live albums Live at Wembley ( 1987 ) Live Around the World ( 1996 ) VH1 : Storytellers ( 1999 ) Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra ( 2004 ) 3 Bats Live ( 2008 ) Compilations Hits Out of Hell ( 1984 ) Heaven & Hell ( 1989 ) Heaven Can Wait -- The Best Ballads of Meat Loaf Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) The Very Best of Meat Loaf ( 1998 ) Videography Live Hits Out of Hell Bad Attitude -- Live ! Bat Out of Hell II : Picture Show VH1 : Storytellers To Hell and Back Bat Out of Hell : Live with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra 3 Bats Live Meat Loaf : In Search of Paradise Tours The Seize the Night Tour ( 2006 -- 07 ) The Casa de Carne Tour ( 2008 ) The Hang Cool Tour ( 2010 -- 11 ) Guilty Pleasure Tour ( 2011 ) Mad , Mad World Tour ( 2012 ) Last at Bat Tour ( 2013 ) Singles `` What You See Is What You Get '' `` It Takes All Kinds of People '' `` You Took the Words Right Out of My Mouth '' `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' `` Bat Out of Hell '' `` I 'm Gonna Love Her for Both of Us '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` Read ' Em and Weep '' `` Peel Out '' `` In Europe ' 82 '' `` If You Really Want To '' `` Razor 's Edge '' `` Midnight at the Lost and Found '' `` Modern Girl '' `` Nowhere Fast '' `` Rock ' n ' Roll Mercenaries '' `` Blind Before I Stop '' `` Special Girl '' `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' `` Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back '' `` Rock and Roll Dreams Come Through '' `` Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer Than They Are '' `` I 'd Lie for You ( And That 's the Truth ) '' `` Not a Dry Eye in the House '' `` Runnin ' for the Red Light ( I Gotta Life ) '' `` A Kiss Is a Terrible Thing to Waste '' `` No Matter What '' `` Is Nothing Sacred '' `` Did I Say That ? '' `` Could n't Have Said It Better '' `` Man of Steel '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` Cry Over Me '' `` Los Angeloser '' Related articles Discography Neverland Express Stoney & Meatloaf Ted Nugent Jim Steinman Patti Russo Shaun Murphy Amanda Aday Pearl Aday Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paradise_by_the_Dashboard_Light&oldid=865401931 '' Categories : 1977 singles Meat Loaf songs Songs written by Jim Steinman Vocal duets Song recordings produced by Todd Rundgren 1977 songs Epic Records singles Rock operas Songs about sexuality Songs about cars Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 18 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who sang on paradise by the dashboard light | [
"\"Paradise by the Dashboard Light\" is a song written by Jim Steinman. It was first released in 1977 on the album Bat Out of Hell, with vocals by the American musician Meat Loaf alongside Ellen Foley. The song is most notable for its unique structure and length, and has become a staple of classic rock radio.[1][2] Entitled \"Let Me Sleep on It,\" the song was also recorded by Brotherhood of Man.[1]\n",
"\"Paradise by the Dashboard Light\" is a song written by Jim Steinman. It was first released in 1977 on the album Bat Out of Hell, with vocals by the American musician Meat Loaf alongside Ellen Foley. The song is most notable for its unique structure and length, and has become a staple of classic rock radio.[1][2] Entitled \"Let Me Sleep on It,\" the song was also recorded by Brotherhood of Man.[1]\n"
] | [
"Meat Loaf",
"Ellen Foley"
] |
206233187793795081 | Scotty Grainger | Scotty Grainger - wikipedia Scotty Grainger Jump to : navigation , search Scotty Grainger Daniel Hall as Scotty Grainger The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Hannah and Jessica Gist ( 1993 -- 94 ) Joseph Tello ( 1993 -- 94 ) Gemini Barnett ( 1994 ) Blair Redford ( 2005 -- 06 ) Daniel Hall ( 2017 -- ) ( and child actors ) Duration 1991 -- 94 2005 -- 06 2017 -- First appearance 1991 Created by William J. Bell Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Scott Grainger , Jr . Occupation Writer Former Journalist for a British news service Formerly worked for the justice department Former College student working on masters in education Teaching assistant Residence Genoa City , Wisconsin Blair Redford as Scotty Grainger ( show ) Family Parents Scott Grainger Sr . Lauren Fenmore Stepfather Michael Baldwin Half - brothers Dylan Fenmore ( legal ) Fenmore Baldwin Grandparents James Grainger Neil Fenmore Joanna Manning Aunts Christine Blair Jill Abbott First cousins Phillip Chancellor III Billy Abbott Scott `` Scotty '' Grainger , Jr. is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . He was played by actor Blair Redford from July 2005 until January 2006 . In January 2017 , Soap Opera Digest announced that Daniel Hall had been recast in the role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character History 1.1 Childhood 1.2 2005 -- 06 1.3 2012 1.4 2017 -- 2 References 3 External links Character history ( edit ) Childhood ( edit ) In 1989 , Lauren Fenmore ( Tracey E. Bregman ) and Dr. Scott Grainger ( Peter Barton ) got married , but Sheila Carter ( Kimberlin Brown ) wanted Scott for herself . She drugged him in order to get herself pregnant , and she and Lauren were both pregnant by Scott at the same time . Scott then divorced Lauren out of obligation to Sheila . Then , Sheila miscarried , but she bought a baby off the black market , and she swapped the child with Lauren 's newborn son . She `` delivered '' Scott Grainger Jr. in 1991 , and Lauren raised Sheila 's black market baby , Dylan , until he died from meningitis at the age of one year in 1992 . Soon after , Sheila 's mother , Molly Carter ( Marilyn Alex ) , revealed the truth to Lauren and Scott . The couple were reunited with their son , and they got re-married in 1992 . Unfortunately , Scott contracted a terminal illness in the same year , and he died shortly after . Lauren then moved to Los Angeles , and she took Scotty with her . Over the next few years , Lauren traveled the world . It was revealed during that time that Scotty spent his childhood in boarding school . Lauren returned to Genoa City in 2001 while Scotty was still in school . 2005 -- 06 ( edit ) After her return , Lauren married Michael Baldwin ( Christian LeBlanc ) in 2005 . Michael soon quizzed Lauren about her rarely mentioned son , Scotty , hopeful that he would attend the wedding , and they could finally meet , but Lauren was evasive . After a failed internet search , Michael 's half - brother , Kevin Fisher ( Greg Rikaart ) , called Scotty from Lauren 's cell phone , and they traced the boy to Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Michael went to Canada to meet his future stepson , now a 24 - year - old college student , working on his Masters in Education with a specialty in creative writing . Scotty , using `` Scott '' professionally , disclosed that he had never been back to Genoa City since he was a toddler . Still , Lauren visited him often during his stays in boarding school . Scott had always wondered why his mother was so secretive , but he gave up asking a long time ago . Not long after Michael returned to Genoa City , Lauren decided to tell Scott about her impending marriage , but Scott admitted that he had already met Michael . Lauren felt betrayed by Michael , but he later reminded her about how she disliked his family secrets . After Lauren left Scott 's apartment , Sheila Carter walked out of Scott 's bedroom . Sheila was taking college courses , and Scott , who looked just like his father , was her tutor . Sheila gave Scott an idea for a novel . Unknown to him , the story was of Sheila and his mother 's past , but Sheila made Lauren out to be the evil - doer who stole Sheila 's baby when it was really the other way around . Meanwhile , Michael discovered Lauren and Sheila 's history , and he visited `` Sheila '' in a Californian prison for the criminally insane . This woman was not Sheila , but `` Sugar '' ( also played by Kimberlin Brown ) , who had plastic surgery to look like Sheila . She escaped from prison for two months before turning herself in . Scott came to Genoa City for his mother 's wedding and Sheila followed him there in disguise . She soon hooked up with Kevin Fisher 's abusive father , `` Terrible Tom '' Fisher ( Roscoe Born ) . Not realizing that Shelia was intent on murder , Tom was conned into joining her plot to get back at Lauren by planting a bomb on Lauren and Michael 's honeymoon yacht . Lauren was presumed dead , but Tom saved her in time . He kept Lauren and Sheila captive until Lauren convinced him that Sheila was evil . John Abbott ( Jerry Douglas ) discovered that Lauren was being held hostage , and in his attempt to rescue her , Tom was fatally shot in 2006 . Lauren and Sheila worked together to escape from the bomb shelter that they were being held in . Sheila left town after the shelter caved in , and she was severely hurt . Luckily , Lauren came out unscathed , and she reunited with Scott and Michael . Scott decided to stay in Genoa City with his mother , but he soon faded into the background . Several months later in 2006 , Lauren revealed that Scott moved back to Toronto . 2012 ( edit ) When Daisy was freed from prison , Lauren felt extremely endangered . She was scared that Daisy would torture her and her family , so she decided to send Fenmore Baldwin , her son with Michael Baldwin to live with Scotty until the matter with Daisy is resolved . 2017 -- ( edit ) By 2017 Scott was writing articles for a news service , and was working on a refugee project in a war zone . His mother , Lauren became concerned when she stopped hearing from him , then received a call that was disconnected . Lauren received word that the State Department believed that Scott was missing , although alive and possibly held captive . Scott had left for an interview , but he nor his driver had been heard from since . Lauren received another call from Scott which was again disconnected . He was eventually rescued by Kevin Fisher . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SOD ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive ! Y&R Recasts Lauren 's Son '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Scotty Grainger profile - Soapcentral.com The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Sally Sussman Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters ( hide ) Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Fenmore Baldwin Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Jeffrey Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Scotty Grainger Devon Hamilton Reed Hellstrom Anita Lawson Chloe Mitchell Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Chelsea Lawson Christian Newman Connor Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Noah Newman Sharon Newman Summer Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Stitch Rayburn Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kyle Abbott Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Isabella Braña Mackenzie Browning Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Cassandra Rawlins Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scotty_Grainger&oldid=796742393 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Fictional writers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 20 : 00 . About Wikipedia | who played scott grainger on young and restless | [
"Scott \"Scotty\" Grainger, Jr. is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless. He was played by actor Blair Redford from July 2005 until January 2006. In January 2017, Soap Opera Digest announced that Daniel Hall had been recast in the role.[1]"
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"Blair Redford"
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6826503831597014531 | Santa Clarita Diet | Santa Clarita Diet - Wikipedia Santa Clarita Diet Santa Clarita Diet Genre Horror - comedy Created by Victor Fresco Starring Drew Barrymore Timothy Olyphant Liv Hewson Skyler Gisondo Composer ( s ) John Debney Jeff Russo Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Victor Fresco Tracy Katsky Aaron Kaplan Drew Barrymore Chris Miller Ember Truesdell Timothy Olyphant Andy Weil Jane Wiseman Brittany Segal Ruben Fleischer Producer ( s ) Leila Cohan - Miccio Nancy Juvonen Jimmy Simons Cinematography Todd McMullen Paul Maibaum Editor ( s ) Shawn Paper Andrew Doerfer Lawrence Maddox Steven Sprung Camera setup Single - camera Running time 26 -- 34 minutes Production company ( s ) Kapital Entertainment KatCo Flower Films Garfield Grove Olybomb Entertainment Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( 16 : 9 UHDTV in high dynamic range ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) -- present External links Website Santa Clarita Diet is an American horror - comedy web television series created by Victor Fresco for the streaming service Netflix , starring Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant . Fresco serves as the showrunner , and is an executive producer alongside Drew Barrymore , Timothy Olyphant , Aaron Kaplan , Tracy Katsky , Chris Miller , Ember Truesdell and Ruben Fleischer . The single - camera series premiered on February 3 , 2017 and consists of 10 episodes . The first season has received generally positive reviews , with critics praising the cast and premise , but criticizing the number of graphic scenes . On March 29 , 2017 , it was announced that Netflix renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on March 23 , 2018 . On May 8 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a 10 - episode third season set to premiere in 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Advertising controversy 5 Critical reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Joel and Sheila Hammond are everyday suburban real estate agents in Santa Clarita , California . The couple face a series of obstacles when Sheila has a physical transformation into a zombie and starts craving human flesh . With Joel and the family trying to help Sheila through the trying time , they have to deal with neighbors , cultural norms and getting to the bottom of a potentially mythological mystery . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Drew Barrymore as Sheila Hammond , Joel 's wife and Abby 's mother Timothy Olyphant as Joel Hammond , Sheila 's husband and Abby 's father Liv Hewson as Abby Hammond , Sheila and Joel 's daughter Skyler Gisondo as Eric Bemis , the Hammonds ' neighbor , Lisa 's son and Dan 's stepson Recurring ( edit ) Ricardo Chavira as Dan Palmer ( season 1 ) , a sheriff 's deputy , Eric 's stepfather and the Hammonds ' neighbor . Dan is killed by Joel with a shovel and later eaten by Sheila . Mary Elizabeth Ellis as Lisa Palmer , Dan 's wife and Eric 's mother Andy Richter as Carl Coby , the Hammonds ' boss Richard T. Jones as Rick , a Santa Monica police officer , the Hammond 's neighbor , and Joel 's friend Joy Osmanski as Alondra , Rick 's wife Kaylee Bryant as Sarah , a classmate of Abby and Eric Nathan Fillion as Gary West , a realtor and the Hammonds ' co-worker . He is the first person Sheila kills for food . His severed head still survives and is stored in the Hammonds ' basement and later storage unit . Natalie Morales as Anne Garcia , a sheriff 's deputy , Dan 's partner , and very religious . She becomes romantically involved with Lisa after Dan goes missing . Thomas Lennon as Principal Andrei Novak , Abby 's school principal Ramona Young as Ramona , a wise Rite - Aid employee . She also turns out to be a zombie . Grace Zabriskie as Mrs. Bakavic ( season 1 ) , Novak 's Serbian grandmother DeObia Oparei as Loki Hayes ( season 1 ) , a convicted felon . He turns into a zombie when Sheila is unsuccessful in killing him . Portia de Rossi as Dr. Cora Wolf ( season 1 ) , a scientist focused on the undead Zachary Knighton as Paul ( season 2 ) , Marsha 's husband and a descendant of the Knights of Serbia , who has been tasked with ending the zombie outbreak Jaee Young Han as Marsha ( season 2 ) , Paul 's wife who 's helping him with the mission to end the zombie outbreak Matt Shively as Christian ( season 2 ) , a student at Abby and Eric 's school who is also Chris and Christa 's son Guest ( edit ) Patton Oswalt as Dr. Hasmedi , a virologist Ryan Hansen as Bob Jonas , Lisa Palmer 's lover Derek Waters as Anton , a conspiracy theorist Ravi Patel as Ryan , a convention goer Jonathan Slavin as Ron , an asylum inmate Joel McHale as Chris , a realtor who is married to Christa Maggie Lawson as Christa , a realtor who is married to Chris Gerald McRaney as Ed Thune , a retired army colonel Leo Howard as Sven , a student who asked Abby out in Season 2 after the tray incident , hurting Eric 's soul Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 10 February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 10 March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` So Then a Bat or a Monkey '' Ruben Fleischer Victor Fresco February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Joel and Sheila Hammond are realtors leading a normal suburban life with their daughter Abby . They are trying hard to sell a house but while showing it Sheila violently throw ups copious amounts of yellow liquid , including what might be an organ . Joel takes Sheila to the emergency department but since it is slow they go home . Sheila is acting oddly , including an increased libido ; her blood is thick and she has no heartbeat . Their neighbor 's son Eric explains to them that Sheila is dead and undead and driven by her Id , which Sheila is okay with . Eric tells them Sheila must always be fed , and if she degrades she may have to die . Sheila and Abby sneak out and buy a car , and later Sheila parties with her neighbors . Gary , Sheila 's co-worker , entices Sheila to dance with him when Joel finds them . They leave and Sheila thinks her new behavior might be who she really is . At Sheila 's home , Gary tries to force himself on her , threatening to tell others she was unfaithful if she refuses . Sheila licks his fingers , suddenly biting two of them off before devouring Gary in the backyard . Joel comes home to find Sheila eating Gary ; as he looks on in horror , Sheila tells him she wants to make this work . `` We Ca n't Kill People ! '' Ruben Fleischer Victor Fresco February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) They bury Gary 's remains in the desert . Abby and Eric follow them discovering Sheila killed Gary . While covering up the murder Dan sees Joel spraying his grass in the middle of the night and gets suspicious . Joel consults a virologist but he thinks Joel is crazy . Dan comes to inspect the grass and Joel tells him they have ants . Abby ditches school with Eric . Joel tries to get Sheila to eat meat but she says since she ate Gary she does not want anything but humans . Joel suggests that maybe it is the freshness that matters . Sheila continues to act impulsively including killing a rooster . After they make the sale on the listing Sheila tells Joel she could n't eat the rooster . Joel reiterates that they can not kill people . Joel and Sheila try to find an alternate food source at the morgue but Sheila ca n't stand the cadaver flesh . Sheila 's hunger is growing so Joel tells her they are going to kill people so she can eat . They have been together since high school and he is not going to leave her now . Abby comes and sleeps in their bed because she is worried about the changes . `` We Can Kill People '' Marc Buckland Clay Graham February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Joel and Sheila discuss balancing killing people and being parents . Abby is grumpy with them for being overbearing . They make a plan to find a bad person to kill . Dan talks to them about never having a sloppy kill referring to the ants . They get supplies for killing people . Joel smokes pot in the bathroom to calm down . Eric and Abby have lunch while ditching school where Abby 's friend leaves with her 26 - year - old drug dealer boyfriend , but he breaks up with her . Joel and Sheila talk to Rick , their other neighbor who is a cop , looking for where to find people to kill . He says that a pedophile lives in the area and the couple consider killing him . Sheila and Joel overhear the teenagers talking about how bad the ex-boyfriend was and decide to kill him . Once Joel talked to him he decides to let him go much to Sheila 's annoyance . The teenagers go to the ex-boyfriend's house ; one of them teargasses it and retrieves her friend 's sweater . On the way home , Sheila and Joel have a road rage incident then Sheila kills the driver of the other car . They put him in the freezer in their storage unit hoping he will not be missed . They go to family dinner and all three of them tell the others how wonderful everything is . `` The Farting Sex Tourist '' Ken Kwapis Michael A. Ross February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Sheila makes a smoothie from the body in storage then goes walking with her neighbors . She suggests the women should live life to the fullest . She tells them her new attitude is due to her new high protein diet . Joel goes to paranormal stores researching zombies . He finds two prints from Serbia that show someone vomiting up a red ball and then eating someone . Rick talks to the couple about their new car and then Dan interrupts bringing them more ant spray . Abby 's school calls them in and Principal Novak tells them Abby is missing school . They insist everything is normal . Sheila gets upset with Novak and she wants to eat him when he threatens to suspend Abby . Sheila tells Abby she should drop out causing Joel to confront Sheila about her behavior concluding he is not sure their family can survive it . Sheila talks to Eric who tells her the undead have no impulse control and she can not change . Meanwhile Joel talks to Abby and they steal Rick 's motorcycle before they bond over freaking out about Sheila . Joel realizes Novak is Serbian . Dan sprays Joel 's yard for ants and finds Gary 's finger . 5 5 `` Man Eat Man '' Marc Buckland Chadd Gindin February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Abby goes to the storage unit and finds the dead man in the freezer . Joel talks to Novak 's Grandmother for help translating the prints . She tells him it is an old story about zombies from a book that might have a cure . Sheila is reluctant about a cure at first as she likes the side effects of being a zombie but finally agrees she wants a cure . Joel finds a possible source for the book , Anton . Abby tells Eric about the dead guy she found . Eric tells Abby he found out his mom is having an affair . Joel asks Rick to run a check for Anton . Dan blackmails Joel into killing a guy named Loki . Joel tells Sheila that Dan knows about Gary . Sheila wants to kill Loki for food and is willing to go alone . Abby complains to Eric about her parent 's lying and he tries to kiss her . Sheila and Joel try to kill Loki and fail . Sheila is worried she bit Loki . Abby notices blood on Sheila 's briefcase but does not confront her mom about it . Loki is on the floor of a hotel room surrounded by vomit like Sheila was before . 6 6 `` Attention to Detail '' Craig Zisk Leila Cohan - Miccio February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Joel and Sheila stake out Loki and debate the possibility that he was turned into a zombie . With no resolution they go to a party at Dan 's house and Joel has to lie to Dan about Loki . Sheila realizes she left a pen with her contact information at Loki 's house . Abby and Eric have a hard time recovering from the kiss . Dan wants Joel to kill another guy who he claims is a bad guy but when Sheila goes to kill him it turns out to be the guy Lisa is having an affair with and she does not kill him . Abby and Eric plant a flash bang in Dan 's rose garden to freak him out . In the process they find a stash of money concluding Dan is a dirty cop . Joel runs into Loki 's friends and is held hostage . They knock him out but he is OK and he finds the pen . Joel and Sheila decide they are going to do everything together moving forward . Joel confronts Dan telling him he will not be killing people for him anymore . They get into a fight and Joel kills him with a shovel . 7 7 `` Strange or Just Inconsiderate ? '' Lynn Shelton Ben Smith February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Joel and Sheila bring Dan 's body to their house and they make a plan to dispose of him . Sheila begins to worry about Joel , who is obsessed with retaining the family 's `` normality . '' Rick finds Anton for Joel . Abby finds Dan 's body in the tub and confronts her parents about lying to her . Abby tells Eric that Dan is dead and he is fine with it . Abby and Eric have a plan to help cover up Dan 's murder by revealing he is a dirty cop to the other cops . With the sheriff 's department all over the neighborhood following Dan 's disappearance , Sheila undertakes to eat him completely to hide the evidence but fails . Joel decides to take the remaining body parts out of the house in a cooler . The cops find Dan 's stash and with it Gary 's finger . Rick tells Joel that Gary 's disappearance is being blamed on Dan . While Sheila is taking a bath her little toe falls off . 8 8 `` How Much Vomit ? '' Steve Pink Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Sheila keeps the fact that her toe has fallen off from Joel . As the police discover more about Dan 's corrupt activities , Joel and Sheila hear that Loki is still alive and appears to have turned undead as well . They find him doing an acoustic performance at a local club , and he becomes obsessed with Sheila , forcing them to kill him when he tries to murder Joel . As Joel is coming to terms with Sheila 's toe having fallen off , they are both shocked to notice that her right eye is now hanging out of her head . 9 9 `` The Book ! '' Tamra Davis Sarah Walker February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Joel and Eric head to a paranormal convention to meet Anton , a popular and mysterious figure in the paranormal community , who claims to have an ancient book containing the cure for Sheila 's condition . Anton accuses Joel of being a government agent , and when confronted later , admits he is a fraud and does not have the book -- however Joel is approached by another attendee , who puts him in touch with the book 's real owner , Dr. Cora Wolf . Meanwhile , Sheila tries to bond with Abby , as the two try to get her money back from the brother of the deceased chop shop owner . 10 10 `` Baka , Bile and Baseball Bats '' Dean Parisot Clay Graham February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) Dr. Cora Wolf moves in with the Hammonds to work on a cure for the virus , which has previously only been tested on rats . Wolf tells Sheila that as her condition progresses , she will become uncontrollably violent and could harm her family and others . With Eric 's assistance , Wolf synthesizes the cure , only requiring the final ingredient : the bile of a pure - born Serbian . Joel and Sheila visit Principal Novak 's `` baka '' and attempt to get her to vomit by getting her drunk , however Novak calls the police and Joel is arrested and committed to a mental institution . Sheila gets Abby to chain her up in the basement , to prevent her harming anyone . She takes a call from a real estate client , telling them that she hopes either she or her husband will be free next week . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` No Family is Perfect '' Ken Kwapis Victor Fresco March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Joel is under a 72 - hour hold at the mental institution and confides in his roommate Ron , who suffers from apparent delusions . Sheila is chained up in the basement as Abby and Eric search the internet for a pure Serbian who will sell their bile . They get a hit and Abby goes to collect . Joel is released from the institution and buys bile from the morgue . Sheila gets Eric to unchain her . Goran , the bile seller , is extremely forward with Abby and even follows her home . Sheila attacks and consumes him . Eric uses the man 's bile to render a cure for Sheila 's deterioration . Joel comes home horrified , but Eric assures the Hammonds that Sheila wo n't get any worse . Joel proposes that Sheila stay in the basement until she can control herself . Eric goes to buy cleaning supplies , where he meets deadpan store employee Ramona . Joel and Abby decide to stay the night with Sheila in the basement . Later on , Ramona calls Eric and asks if Abby is his girlfriend , adding that she is recently single . While eating a man 's finger from her fridge , she asks Eric if he 'd like to hang out sometime . 12 `` Coyote in Yoga Pants '' Marc Buckland Michael A. Ross March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila begins chasing animals to curb her antsy behavior . Joel and Sheila run into their neighbor Lisa , who has no news on her `` missing '' husband Dan and has since started seeing his partner , Deputy Anne Garcia . Abby and Eric realize that their emails to Goran could trace his disappearance back to them . Sheila and Joel convince their boss Carl to give them one of Gary 's old assignments . Abby and Eric break into Goran 's apartment to delete the evidence . Abby tells Eric how scared she was when Goran followed her home , but Eric 's phone keeps blowing up with texts from Ramona . Another couple enters the apartment , also claiming to be Goran 's friends . Abby and Eric leave , but the other couple knows about the bile . Sheila and Joel compete with their high school rivals , Chris and Christa , for a listing and prevail when Sheila is able to run down the owner 's fleeing dog . Abby reluctantly encourages Eric to ask Ramona out . Sheila and Joel discover that the spot where they buried her first kill , Gary , is planned for development . They go to the desert to dig him up , but discover that Gary 's severed head has reanimated . 13 `` Moral Gray Area '' Ken Kwapis Clay Graham March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila and Joel decide they need to kill the zombified Gary . Gary agrees , but asks them to bring the deed to his Michigan lake house to his niece Kayla . Sheila and Joel decide to honor Gary 's last request . Eric finds a corpse in Ramona 's bathtub and calls Abby , who sets out to rescue him . Sheila and Joel bring the deed to Kayla , but she still needs her car , which is with her ex-boyfriend , Boone . Sheila volunteers herself and Joel to retrieve the car . Abby bursts into Ramona 's apartment but realizes that Eric and Ramona actually had sex . Ramona discloses that she is also deteriorating and Eric offers to help her . At Boone 's house , Sheila and Joel discover that he is the `` young , single Hitler '' type that Sheila can eat guilt - free . While debating whether they should kill again impulsively , Boone 's friend AJ shows up and offers them a raffle book for the Nazi softball team . Sheila buys one as a future kill reference . After Eric gives Ramona the serum to halt her deterioration , she admits that she was just using him for his ties to Abby 's mother and they break up . Abby discovers Gary in the basement . 14 `` The Queen of England '' Adam Arkin Chadd Gindin March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Gary decides he does n't want to die , leaving the Hammonds in a bind . Abby tells her parents that Ramona is undead . Sheila and Joel go to her and realize that becoming undead makes people who they always wanted to be . Remembering reports of murdered joggers , Sheila tells Ramona that without `` a Joel '' to help her , she needs to be more careful . Ramona shows them that the ball she threw up during transformation has sprouted legs . Abby stands up for a classmate by hitting another student , Christian , with a lunch tray . Ramona threatens Eric into being her Joel . Joel feels uneasy about his new life , but Gary offers some perspective . Ramona and Eric go to the Hammonds ' dinner party and a fight ensues to free him . Abby chokes Ramona , who then confesses that she does n't want to do the undead thing alone anymore . Lisa walks in and the Hammonds reschedule dinner . Ramona decides to move to Seattle and Sheila and Joel go to her apartment for the ball creature . While there , Joel discovers a receipt showing that Ramona went to the restaurant Japopo 's on the same day and ordered the same clam dish Sheila did before their transformations . 15 5 `` Going Pre-med '' Marc Buckland Ben Smith March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila stakes out Boone 's house while Joel goes undercover at Japopo 's but Joel is recognized for writing a negative Yelp review . The proprietor agrees to give Joel their receipts if he writes a positive review . Sheila accidentally convinces Anne to investigate the recent murders herself and Joel encourages Sheila to end their friendship . Sheila and Joel voice concern for Abby before renting a second storage unit ; one for Gary and the ball creature , and the other for a kill room . Ron finds Joel and Sheila at work and Joel persuades him to keep their secret . Principal Novak nearly gives Abby a month 's detention but with Eric 's intervention , she instead joins the Environmental Club . Abby meets a new boy , Sven . Sheila and Joel lure Boone to their storage unit . She kills him as well as his fellow Nazi friend . Abby ditches the Environmental Club for something more extreme , with Eric 's support . Joel vents to Gary and writes a new review for Japopo 's . At the restaurant , Ron meets with the couple from Goran 's apartment , Marsha and Paul . They are looking for Serbian bile and information on the Hammonds . The man sports a ball creature tattoo on his arm . 16 6 `` Pasión '' Steve Pink Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Abby and Joel find another person from the Japopo 's receipts who ordered the clam dish . Joel goes to stake out Colonel Ed Thune 's house while Sheila attends a work meeting . To be consistent with a previous lie , Joel agrees to give Anne dance lessons . Abby tells Eric she has a date with Sven . Sheila 's eye pops out at the meeting with Carl due to the frustration of not killing him . Joel goes to Ed 's house undercover to confirm that Japopo 's clams are the cause of the undead epidemic . Eric helps Sheila with her eye . Abby goes on a date with Sven but they do n't connect . Joel questions Ed and searches his things . Sheila and Carl attend a meeting with an investor , who hates Carl 's idea , prompting Sheila to offer her own . Carl berates Sheila , who accidentally bites off her own finger . The skin of Ed 's hand slides off during a handshake , proving that he is undead . Joel kills Ed , who had already gone feral , as well as his ball creature . Abby tells Eric about her extreme plan to stop local fracking . Joel comes home to find Anne , but gets her to leave . Sheila shows Joel her mangled finger . 17 7 `` A Change of Heart '' Jaffar Mahmood Melissa Hunter March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Eric helps Sheila reattach her finger and lets it slip about the tray incident . Sheila and Joel confront Abby , but she feels no remorse . Eric goes undercover at Japopo 's but the owner wo n't disclose his clam distributor . Out of concern , Sheila and Joel force Abby to apologize to Christian only to discover that his parents are Chris and Christa , who try to blackmail the Hammonds with threats of Abby 's expulsion . Eric breaks into Japopo 's back office . The Hammonds go to Principal Novak 's house where Sheila and Joel tell Abby how difficult it 's been juggling all their problems and ask Abby to help them out . Abby apologizes to Novak but gets expelled anyway . He accidentally slams Sheila 's finger in his door and she pretends to be hurt , forcing Novak to un-expel Abby . Eric calls Joel to shows him that Japopo 's used a different clam distributor , Ruby 's Clams , the day that the Hammonds ate there before Sheila 's transformation . Sheila pulls into the parking lot for an investor meeting but Carl shows up unexpectedly . She closes her eyes and wakes up 12 hours later at home with blood on her face and a heart in her hand . 18 8 `` Easels and War Paint '' Steve Pink Caitlin Meares March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila ca n't recall anything since the parking lot and is missing a boot . She and Joel suspect she killed Carl until Carl shows up to work and fires Sheila for missing the meeting . Lisa stops by the Hammonds ' house to thank Sheila for convincing her to get baptized for Anne . During her blackout , Sheila also convinced Anne to focus on painting rather than the murder investigations . Abby finds AJ , the Nazi who sold Sheila the raffle book , dead in their freezer . Sheila and Joel go to AJ 's work to retrieve her missing boot . Abby and Eric make plans to vandalize a fracking site . Abby asks Lisa for Dan 's night vision goggles and Lisa agrees to lend them to her if Abby agrees to a makeover before her `` date '' with Eric . Sheila and Joel delete the security videos and retrieve Sheila 's boot . Abby tells Eric she wants to use Dan 's explosives , but Eric backs out of the plan . Joel quits his job and he and Sheila decide to establish their own real estate company . Anne 's `` Suspicious Objects '' series includes paintings of Gary 's finger , the Nazi raffle book , Dan 's missing persons poster , and Joel . 19 9 `` Suspicious Objects '' Jamie Babbit Romi Barta March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Joel goes undercover to scout Ruby 's Clams and meets the proprietor . Anne shows Sheila her paintings . Abby is upset with Eric for bailing on their plans . Ruby shows Joel her clam farm , which has grown from 4 clams found in a deep aquatic cave in Serbia to 5,000 in matter of months . She informs Joel that the clams are to be shipped out to restaurants the next day . As Sheila alerts Joel about the paintings , Marsha and Paul arrive at Ruby 's . Anne explains to Sheila and Joel that she was simply painting suspicious objects , including a tumbler containing Goran 's bile . She has pieced together parts of the case , but her boss did not buy her theories . Eric attempts to kill a red clam that Joel stole from Ruby 's , but nothing works . The clam extends a tentacle to a regular clam and consumes it . Abby and Eric get Sven to give them access to a kiln so they can incinerate the clams . Ruby catches Sheila and Joel stealing her clams before Marsha and Paul blow up the building . Anne makes the connection of Boone having dated Gary 's niece and her boss becomes interested in the case . 20 10 `` Halibut ! '' Marc Buckland Victor Fresco March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) Sheila and Joel plan to destroy Anne 's case . Eric helps Abby construct an explosive for the fracking site . After numerous takes , Gary finally records a message to a burner phone that 'll lead the police to believe that he and Dan are on the run . Gary then confirms that he 's ready to die . Abby and Eric plant the burner phone containing the message in Dan 's closet for Anne to find , where they also discover C - 4 to use it at the fracking site . At Lisa 's baptism , Anne informs Sheila and Joel that she has a guy looking into possible deleted messages . Not knowing that deleted messages could be salvaged , the Hammonds plan their escape . Abby goes to say goodbye to Eric and they kiss . Anne confirms that nothing could be recovered from the burner phone but eventually recognizes a sound on the voicemail to be Sheila 's bracelets . Anne catches Sheila and Joel in the middle of Gary 's funeral and they tell her the truth . Anne shoots Sheila , who is unharmed , and Joel shows her Gary . Reading Eric and Abby 's explosion as a sign , Anne accepts Sheila as an instrument of God . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Fresco came up with the premise from wanting to make `` a family show with an interesting approach that we have n't seen before '' . The zombie angle also allowed Fresco to explore the concept of Narcissism stating that `` the undead are the ultimate narcissists . They want what they want when they want it and will do anything to just have what they want and do n't care about other people 's needs '' For the setting Fresco drew from his own experience growing up in San Fernando Valley . Santa Clarita was chosen because of its middle class inhabitants . The Hammonds ' profession of realtors was chosen because `` It gets them out into the world '' as well as the `` forced friendliness '' inherent to the profession . Advertising controversy ( edit ) In February 2017 , advertising for the show sparked criticism in Germany , where Netflix promoted the show with posters depicting a human finger sliced up like a currywurst , a popular German fast food dish . After receiving more than 50 complaints that the advertising was glorifying violence and inducing fear , especially in children , the German Advertising Council , a self - regulatory institution , forwarded the complaints to the company . Netflix then decided to end the campaign and remove all posters . Critical reception ( edit ) The first season of Santa Clarita Diet received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 75 % based on 64 reviews , with an average rating of 7.18 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Santa Clarita Diet serves up an excellent cast , frequent laughs , and an engaging premise -- but the level of gore might not be to everyone 's taste . '' Metacritic reports that the first season received `` generally favorable reviews '' with a score of 67 out of 100 , based on 30 critics . The second season received generally positive reviews as well . The season holds a score of 82 % based on 11 reviews , with an average rating of 7.08 / 10 on Rotten Tomatoes . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Santa Clarita Diet rides the momentum of its freshman season with non-stop comedic gore and a big heart that bleeds -- profusely -- for its lovable characters . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Drew Barrymore & Timothy Olyphant To Star In ' Santa Clarita Diet ' Netflix Series '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Lesley Goldberg . `` Drew Barrymore , Timothy Olyphant to Star in Netflix Comedy Series ' Santa Clarita Diet ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix sets premiere for Drew Barrymore comedy Santa Clarita Diet -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister . `` Drew Barrymore & Timothy Olyphant to Star in Netflix Comedy Series ' Santa Clarita Diet ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Drew Barrymore Comedy ' Santa Clarita Diet ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` Get back on the Santa Clarita Diet next month on Netflix '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Santa Clarita Diet ' Renewed For Season 3 By Netflix '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Santa Clarita Diet ' brings attention to city '' . CNN Entertainment . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Drew Barrymore Is TV 's Newest Zombie ( But , Do n't Call Her a Zombie ) '' . E ! Online . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Santa Clarita Diet ' : Joel McHale , Maggie Lawson , Gerald McRaney & Zachary Knighton To Guest Star In Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bacle , Ariana . `` Santa Clarita Diet creator calls new zombie comedy ' a romantic piece ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaga , Corinne ( 20 February 2017 ) . `` '' Angstauslösend '' Netflix muss Werbeplakate für TV - Serie `` Santa Clarita Diet '' abhängen '' ( in German ) . Mitteldeutsche Zeitung . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Clarita Diet : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Clarita Diet : season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Clarita Diet : Season 2 ( 201 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . 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627426644923543014 | The Flintstones (film) | The Flintstones ( film ) - wikipedia The Flintstones ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Flintstones Theatrical release poster by Drew Struzan Directed by Brian Levant Produced by Bruce Cohen Written by Tom S. Parker Jim Jennewein Steven E. de Souza Based on The Flintstones by William Hanna Joseph Barbera Starring John Goodman Rick Moranis Elizabeth Perkins Rosie O'Donnell Kyle MacLachlan Halle Berry Elizabeth Taylor Music by David Newman Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Kent Beyda Production company Amblin Entertainment Hanna - Barbera Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 27 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 27 ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $46 million Box office $341.6 million The Flintstones is a 1994 American buddy comedy film directed by Brian Levant and written by Tom S. Parker , Jim Jennewein , and Steven E. de Souza . It is a live - action motion picture adaptation of the 1960 -- 1966 animated television series of the same name . The film stars John Goodman as Fred Flintstone , Rick Moranis as Barney Rubble , Elizabeth Perkins as Wilma Flintstone , and Rosie O'Donnell as Betty Rubble , along with Kyle MacLachlan as a villainous executive - vice president of Fred 's company , Halle Berry as his seductive secretary and Elizabeth Taylor ( in her final theatrical film appearance ) , as Pearl Slaghoople , Wilma 's mother . The B - 52 's ( as The BC - 52 's in the film ) performed their version of the cartoon 's theme song . The film , shot in California at an estimated $46 million budget , was theatrically released on May 27 , 1994 , and earned almost $342 million worldwide against a $46 million budget , making it a huge box office success , despite earning negative reviews from critics . Observers criticized the storyline and tone , which they deemed too adult and mature for family audiences , as well as the casting of O'Donnell as Betty and Taylor as Pearl , but praised its visual effects , costume design , art direction , and Goodman 's performance as Fred . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Accolades 4.4 Marketing 5 Home media releases 6 Prequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In Bedrock , Slate and Co. executive vice-president Cliff Vandercave and secretary Miss Stone discuss their plan to swindle the company of its vast fortune and flee , and that they need one of their employees to be responsible for it . Fred Flintstone loans his best friend and neighbor Barney Rubble money so that he and his wife Betty can adopt a child named Bamm - Bamm , who can only pronounce his own name . Although the child is initially difficult to control due to being raised by mastodons , as well as having super strength , he eventually warms up to his new family . Barney vows to repay his friend . Despite his mother - in - law Pearl Slaghoople 's objections , Fred 's wife Wilma remains supportive of his decision . Cliff holds an aptitude test , where the worker with the highest mark will become the new vice president of the company . Barney gets the highest score but he switches his paper with Fred , who he knows will fail . Fred receives the promotion , but his first order is to dismiss Barney , since Barney now effectively has the lowest score . Fred does n't want to fire him , but Vandercave tells Fred if he does n't fire him , he will fire Barney for him and Fred will be fired too . Fred reluctantly accepts , but does his best to help Barney support his family , even inviting the Rubbles to live with them so that they can rent out their home . However , Fred 's job and newfound wealth put a strain on his relationships with Wilma and the Rubbles . Cliff eventually tricks Fred into dismissing the workers , over the objections of his office Dictabird . Later , Barney confronts Fred after seeing worker riots on the news revealing that he switched tests with Fred and the Rubbles move out , despite having nowhere to live . Wilma and Pebbles also move out to her mother 's house , leaving Fred behind . Fred goes to the quarry and realizes his mistake and Cliff 's plan , but also finds out that Cliff has manipulated events to make it look as if Fred stole the money , and has reported it to the police . A manhunt for Fred ensues by the police and the workers . Wilma and Betty see this on the news , and break into Slate and Co. to get the Dictabird , the only witness who can clear Fred 's name , unaware that Cliff saw them from his office window . As Fred attempts to enter a cave where the workers are seeking refuge , they see through his disguise and attempt to hang him . Barney is almost hanged as well after he admits his part . Fred and Barney reconcile , but before they can be hanged , Wilma and Betty arrive with the Dictabird , who tells them the true story . The workers release Fred and Barney after realizing that Cliff was the one who fired them . Cliff kidnaps Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm and demands the Dictabird in exchange for the children 's safe return . Fred and Barney confront Cliff at the quarry , where Cliff has tied Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm to a huge machine . Though they hand him the Dictabird , Cliff activates the machine to stall them . Barney rescues the children while Fred destroys the machine . The Dictabird escapes from Cliff and lures him back to the quarry , where Miss Stone knocks him out , having had a change of heart after learning that Cliff was planning to betray her . The police arrive and Cliff attempts to flee , but he is petrified by a substance falling from the machine . With the Dictabird 's help , all charges against Fred are dropped , while Miss Stone is arrested as Cliff 's accomplice , though Fred is confident she will be granted leniency for helping them stop Cliff . Impressed with the substance that Fred inadvertently created by destroying the machine , Mr. Slate dubs the substance `` concrete '' in honor of his daughter Concretia and makes plans to produce it with Fred as the president of its division , thus ending the Stone Age . Having realized the negatives of his wealth and status as a vice president , Fred declines and asks that the workers be rehired and given the job benefits he initially set out to achieve , which is granted . As the Flintstones and Rubbles have finally made amends , Fred and Barney get into a humorous quarrel when Fred once again asks Barney for a small amount of money for breakfast . Cast ( edit ) John Goodman as Fred Flintstone Rick Moranis as Barney Rubble Elizabeth Perkins as Wilma Flintstone Rosie O'Donnell as Betty Rubble Kyle MacLachlan as Cliff Vandercave Halle Berry as Miss Stone Elizabeth Taylor as Pearl Slaghoople Mel Blanc as Dino ( archive audio ) - Blanc previously supplied the voice of Barney and Dino in the original cartoon series . Elaine & Melanie Silver as Pebbles Flintstone Hlynur & Marinó Sigurðsson as Bamm - Bamm Rubble - Elizabeth Daily provides Bamm - Bamm 's voice , though uncredited Dann Florek as Mr. Slate Richard Moll as Hoagie Irwin Keyes as Joe Rockhead Jim Doughan as Maitre d ' Harvey Korman as the Dictabird ( voice ) - Korman previously voiced the Great Gazoo in the original cartoon series . Jonathan Winters as Grizzled Man , a co-worker of Fred and Barney 's Jack O'Halloran as Yeti The B - 52 's as The BC - 52 's Jean Vander Pyl as Mrs. Feldspar - Vander Pyl previously voiced Wilma and Pebbles in the original cartoon series . Laraine Newman as Susan Rock Jay Leno as a talk show host William Hanna as a boardroom executive Joseph Barbera as a man driving a Mersandes Sam Raimi as Cliff Vandercave look - alike Production ( edit ) Development and writing ( edit ) In 1985 , producers Keith Barish and Joel Silver bought the rights for a live - action feature film version of The Flintstones and commissioned Steven E. de Souza to write a script with Richard Donner hired to direct . De Souza 's script was eventually rejected and Mitch Markowitz was hired to write a script . Said to be a cross of The Grapes of Wrath , Markowitz commented that `` I do n't even remember it that well , but Fred and Barney leave their town during a terrible depression and go across the country , or whatever that damn prehistoric thing is , looking for jobs . They wind up in trailer parks trying to keep their families together . They exhibit moments of heroism and poignancy '' . Markowitz 's version was apparently too sentimental for director Donner , who disliked it . Eventually , the rights were bought by Amblin Entertainment and Steven Spielberg who , after working with Goodman on Always , was determined to cast him in the lead as Fred . Brian Levant was hired as director , knowing he was the right person because of his love for the original series . They knew he was an avid fan of the series because of his Flintstones items collection and the knowledge he had from the series . When Levant was hired , all previous scripts were thrown out . Levant then recruited what he called an `` all - star writing team '' which consisted of his writer friends from television shows such as Family Ties , Night Court , and Happy Days . `` This is a sitcom on steroids '' , said Levant . `` We were just trying to improve it . '' Dubbed the Flintstone Eight , the group wrote a new draft but four more round table sessions ensued , each of which was attended by new talent . Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel took home a reported $100,000 for just two days work . Rick Moranis was also present at Levant 's roundtables , and later described the film as `` one of those scripts that had about 18 writers '' . The effects for Dino , Dictabird , and the other prehistoric creatures were provided by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . Casting ( edit ) Actors John Candy , Jim Belushi , Dan Aykroyd , Bill Murray , and Chevy Chase were all considered for the role of Fred Flintstone , but John Candy had died before production began , the last four actors were all deemed too skinny and a fat suit was deemed too inappropriate to be used . If Goodman had turned the role down , the film would not have been made . Geena Davis , Faith Ford , and Catherine O'Hara were all considered for the role of Wilma . Elizabeth Perkins won the role . Danny DeVito was the original first choice for Barney , but he turned down the role as he felt he was too gruff to do the character properly and reportedly suggested Rick Moranis for the role . DeVito was also considered for Fred Flintstone . Although Janine Turner was considered , Rosie O'Donnell won the role of Betty Rubble with her impersonation of the cartoon character 's signature giggle . Both Tracey Ullman and Daphne Zuniga were also considered for the role . Sharon Stone was to play Miss Stone , but turned it down because of scheduling conflicts . The role was also offered to Nicole Kidman . Anna Nicole Smith was also considered . Both Audrey Meadows and Elizabeth Montgomery were considered for the role of Pearl Slaghoople . Filming ( edit ) Parts of the film were shot at Glen Canyon in Utah as well as Los Angeles County , California . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 23 % `` Rotten '' rating based on 44 reviews with an average rating of 3.7 / 10 . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film has received an average score of 38 out of 100 , which indicates `` generally unfavorable reviews '' , based on 15 reviews . On Siskel and Ebert , Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film two marginal thumbs down . They both mentioned that its main story lines ( embezzlement , mother - in - law problems , office politics and extra-marital affairs ) were storylines for adult films , and ones that children would not be able to understand . However , many critics praised the film 's look , faithfulness to the cartoon , Rosanna Norton 's costume designs and Goodman 's performance . A few reviews were positive , including Time magazine which said `` The Flintstones is fun '' , and Joel Siegel from Good Morning America who called the film `` pre-historical , hysterical ... great fun '' . Box office ( edit ) Despite the negative reviews , The Flintstones was a box office success , grossing $130,531,208 domestically , including the $37,182,745 it made during its 4 - day Memorial Day opening weekend in 1994 . It performed even better internationally , making another $211,100,000 overseas , for a total of $341,631,208 worldwide , against a $46 million budget . Accolades ( edit ) O'Donnell won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress for her performance in this film . The film also won Worst Screenplay and was nominated for two others : Taylor as Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress ( the second performance in the film nominated for this award ) and for the film as Worst Remake or Sequel . However , the film also received four Saturn Award nominations , including Best Fantasy Film , Best Costume Design and Best Supporting Actress for O'Donnell's and Berry 's performances . In a 1997 interview , Joseph Barbera , co-creator of The Flintstones and co-founder of Hanna - Barbera Productions , stated that , although he was impressed by the film 's visuals , he felt the story `` was n't as good as I could have made it . '' Marketing ( edit ) McDonald 's marketed a number of Flintstones promotions for the film , including the return of the McRib sandwich and the `` Grand Poobah Meal '' combo with it , a line of premium glass mugs , and toys based on characters and locations from the film . In the commercials and released items for the Flintstones promotion , McDonald 's was renamed `` RocDonald 's '' with stone age imagery , similarly to other businesses and proper names in the Flintstones franchise . A video game based on the film was developed by Ocean software and released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Game Boy and Mega Drive / Genesis ( Sega Channel exclusive ) in 1995 . In the United Kingdom , Tetley promoted adverts with audio from the film , including mugs starring characters from the film . Jurassic Park , the name of another movie was also seen briefly as a park in the film . Home media releases ( edit ) The film was released , first on VHS and LaserDisc on November 8 , 1994 by MCA / Universal Home Video . It later made its debut on DVD on September 24 , 1999 and finally to Blu - ray on August 19 , 2014 . Prequel ( edit ) A prequel , The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , was released in 2000 . The original main cast did not reprise their roles of the characters , though O'Donnell provided the voice of an octopus who gave massages to younger versions of Wilma and Betty . Irwin Keyes returned as Joe Rockhead , the only cast member to reprise his role from the first film . Unlike its predecessor , it disappointed at the box office . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1994 Theatrically released films based on Hanna - Barbera cartoons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE FLINTSTONES ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 31 , 1994 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , David J. ( May 31 , 1994 ) . `` ' Flintstones ' Leaves the Rest in Its Dust Movies : The live - action film takes in $37.5 million over the weekend . Ticket - price inflation notwithstanding , it establishes a record for a Memorial Day opening , based on preliminary estimates '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( January 17 , 1993 ) . `` A look inside Hollywood and the movies : ' YABBA DABBA WHO ? ' : Hey ! Raquel Welch Was Good in ' One Million Years B.C. ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gordinier , Jeff ; Ascher - Walsh , Rebecca ( June 3 , 1994 ) . `` Bringing `` The Flintstones '' to the Big Screen `` . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Chris Hardwick ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Nerdist Podcast : Rick Moranis '' . Nerdist Podcast ( Podcast ) . Nerdist Industries . Event occurs at 1 : 13 : 36 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Britt ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` See the Cast of ' The Flintstones ' Then and Now '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of John Candy '' . Splitsider . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mell , Eila ( 2005 ) . Casting Might - Have - Beens : A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered for Roles Given to Others . McFarland . ISBN 9780786420179 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Danny DeVito '' . Splitsider . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klossner , Michael ( 2006 ) . Prehistoric Humans in Film and Television : 581 Dramas , Comedies and Documentaries , 1905 - 2004 . McFarland . ISBN 9781476609140 . Jump up ^ D'Arc , James V. ( 2010 ) . When Hollywood came to town : a history of moviemaking in Utah ( 1st ed . ) . Layton , Utah : Gibbs Smith . ISBN 9781423605874 . Jump up ^ `` The Flintstones ( 1994 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Flintstones reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( May 27 , 1994 ) . `` Movie review : ' The Flintstones ' succeeds at being cartoonish . But do three dozen writers make for a good script ? Do n't take it for granite '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( May 27 , 1994 ) . `` Review / Film : The Flintstones ; Lovable And Loud , With Wits Of Stone '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( May 17 , 1994 ) . `` The Flintstones '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( May 27 , 1994 ) . `` Yabba - dabba Dud '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Natale , Richard ( June 13 , 1994 ) . `` Speed Drives to a Fast Start : Movies : The thriller passes ' The Flintstones , ' while ' City Slickers II ' gallops to third at the box office '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( February 26 , 1997 ) . `` ' Joseph Barbera Interview ' '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levant , Brian ( August 19 , 2014 ) , The Flintstones , Universal Studios Home Entertainment , retrieved October 14 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Flintstones ( film ) The Flintstones on IMDb The Flintstones at the TCM Movie Database The Flintstones at Box Office Mojo The Flintstones at Rotten Tomatoes The Flintstones Characters The Flintstones Fred Flintstone Wilma Flintstone Pebbles Flintstone Dino The Rubbles Barney Rubble Betty Rubble Bamm - Bamm Rubble Other characters Pearl Slaghoople Captain Caveman The Frankenstones The Great Gazoo The Gruesomes Shmoo Locations Bedrock Television series The Flintstones ( 1960 -- 1966 ) The Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm Show ( 1971 -- 1972 ) The Flintstone Comedy Hour / The Flintstone Comedy Show ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Fred Flintstone and Friends ( 1977 -- 1978 ) The New Fred and Barney Show ( 1979 ) Fred and Barney Meet The Thing ( 1979 ) Fred and Barney Meet the Shmoo ( 1979 -- 1980 ) The Flintstone Comedy Show ( 1980 -- 1982 ) The Flintstone Funnies ( 1982 -- 1984 ) The Flintstone Kids ( 1986 -- 1988 ) The What a Cartoon ! Show Dino : Stay Out ! ( 1995 ) Dino : The Great Egg - Scape ( 1997 ) Cave Kids ( 1996 ) Television specials and films Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) The Flintstones on Ice ( 1973 ) Energy : A National Issue ( 1977 ) A Flintstone Christmas ( 1977 ) Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue ( 1978 ) The Flintstones : Little Big League ( 1978 ) The Flintstones Meet Rockula and Frankenstone ( 1979 ) The Flintstone Primetime Specials The Flintstones ' New Neighbors ( 1980 ) Fred 's Final Fling ( 1980 ) Wind - Up Wilma ( 1981 ) Jogging Fever ( 1981 ) Yogi 's First Christmas ( 1980 ) Yogi Bear 's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper ( 1982 ) The Flintstones ' 25th Anniversary Celebration ( 1986 ) The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones ( 1987 ) The Flintstone Kids ' `` Just Say No '' Special ( 1988 ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( 1989 ) I Yabba - Dabba Do ! ( 1993 ) Hollyrock - a-Bye Baby ( 1993 ) A Flintstone Family Christmas ( 1993 ) A Flintstones Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) The Flintstones : On the Rocks ( 2001 ) Theatrical films Animated The Man Called Flintstone ( 1966 ) Live - action The Flintstones ( 1994 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Direct - to - video films The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Video games The Flintstones ( 1988 ) The Flintstones : The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy ( 1991 ) The Flintstones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones : Surprise at Dinosaur Peak ( 1993 ) The Flintstones : The Treasure of Sierra Madrock ( 1994 ) The Flintstones : Bedrock Bowling ( 2000 ) Comics The Flintstones ( 2016 ) Other media Meet the Flintstones Pinball Pebbles cereal Flintstones Chewable Vitamins The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera ( 1990 ) See also The Jetsons Films directed by Brian Levant Problem Child 2 ( 1991 ) Beethoven ( 1992 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 ) Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Snow Dogs ( 2002 ) Are We There Yet ? ( 2005 ) Scooby - Doo ! The Mystery Begins ( 2009 ) The Spy Next Door ( 2010 ) Scooby - Doo ! Curse of the Lake Monster ( 2010 ) A Christmas Story 2 ( 2012 ) Max 2 : White House Hero ( 2017 ) Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screenplay 1980 -- 2000 Ca n't Stop the Music -- Bronte Woodard and Allan Carr ( 1980 ) Mommie Dearest -- Frank Yablans , Frank Perry , Tracy Hotchner and Robert Getchell ( 1981 ) Inchon -- Robin Moore and Laird Koenig ( 1982 ) The Lonely Lady -- John Kershaw , Shawn Randall and Ellen Shephard ( 1983 ) Bolero -- John Derek ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II -- Sylvester Stallone , James Cameron and Kevin Jarre ( 1985 ) Howard the Duck -- Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz ( 1986 ) Leonard Part 6 -- Jonathan Reynolds and Bill Cosby ( 1987 ) Cocktail -- Heywood Gould ( 1988 ) Harlem Nights -- Eddie Murphy ( 1989 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane -- Daniel Waters , James Cappe & David Arnott ( 1990 ) Hudson Hawk -- Steven E. de Souza , Daniel Waters , Bruce Willis and Robert Kraft ( 1991 ) Stop ! Or My Mom Will Shoot -- Blake Snyder , William Osborne and William Davies -- ( 1992 ) Indecent Proposal -- Amy Holden Jones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones -- Jim Jennewein , Steven E. de Souza , Tom S. Parker and various others ( 1994 ) Showgirls -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1995 ) Striptease -- Andrew Bergman ( 1996 ) The Postman -- Eric Roth and Brian Helgeland ( 1997 ) An Alan Smithee Film : Burn Hollywood Burn -- Joe Eszterhas ( 1998 ) Wild Wild West -- Jim Thomas , John Thomas , S.S. Wilson , Brent Maddock , Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman ( 1999 ) Battlefield Earth -- Corey Mandell and J. David Shapiro ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Freddy Got Fingered -- Tom Green & Derek Harvie ( 2001 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones -- George Lucas and Jonathan Hales ( 2002 ) Gigli -- Martin Brest ( 2003 ) Catwoman -- Theresa Rebeck , John Brancato , Michael Ferris and John Rogers ( 2004 ) Dirty Love -- Jenny McCarthy ( 2005 ) Basic Instinct 2 -- Leora Barish and Henry Bean ( 2006 ) I Know Who Killed Me -- Jeffrey Hammond ( 2007 ) The Love Guru -- Mike Myers & Graham Gordy ( 2008 ) Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen -- Ehren Kruger , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci ( 2009 ) The Last Airbender -- M. Night Shyamalan ( 2010 ) Jack and Jill -- Steve Koren and Adam Sandler , story by Ben Zook ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy - David Caspe ( 2012 ) Movie 43 - Steve Baker , Ricky Blitt , Will Carlough , Tobias Carlson , Jacob Fleisher , Patrik Forsberg , Will Graham , James Gunn , Claes Kjellstrom , Jack Kukoda , Bob Odenkirk , Bill O'Malley , Matthew Alec Portenoy , Greg Pritikin , Rocky Russo , Olle Sarri , Elizabeth Wright Shapiro , Jeremy Sosenko , Jonathan van Tulleken and Jonas Wittenmark ( 2013 ) Saving Christmas - Darren Doane and Cheston Hervey ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey - Kelly Marcel ( 2015 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice - Chris Terrio and David S. Goyer ( 2016 ) Theatrical feature films produced by or based upon works by Hanna - Barbera Hey There , It 's Yogi Bear ! ( 1964 ) The Man Called Flintstone ( 1966 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) C.H.O.M.P.S. ( 1979 ) Heidi 's Song ( 1982 ) GoBots : Battle of the Rock Lords ( 1986 ) Rock Odyssey ( 1987 ) Jetsons : The Movie ( 1990 ) Tom and Jerry : The Movie ( 1992 ) Once Upon a Forest ( 1993 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Yogi Bear ( 2010 ) Top Cat : The Movie ( 2011 ) Top Cat Begins ( 2015 ) S.C.O.O.B. ( 2018 ) VIAF : 219200620 GND : 4799724 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flintstones_(film)&oldid=819315212 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films The Flintstones films 1990s buddy films 1990s comedy films Amblin Entertainment films American buddy films American children 's comedy films American films Buddy comedy films Dinosaur films Films about adoption Films directed by Brian Levant Films set in prehistory Films shot in California Live - action films based on animated series Hanna - Barbera films Universal Pictures films Films scored by David Newman Ten - pin bowling films Films shot in Utah Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 18 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays barney rubble in flintstones the movie | [
"The Flintstones is a 1994 American buddy comedy film directed by Brian Levant and written by Tom S. Parker, Jim Jennewein, and Steven E. de Souza. It is a live-action motion picture adaptation of the 1960–1966 animated television series of the same name. The film stars John Goodman as Fred Flintstone, Rick Moranis as Barney Rubble, Elizabeth Perkins as Wilma Flintstone, and Rosie O'Donnell as Betty Rubble, along with Kyle MacLachlan as a villainous executive-vice president of Fred's company, Halle Berry as his seductive secretary and Elizabeth Taylor (in her final theatrical film appearance), as Pearl Slaghoople, Wilma's mother. The B-52's (as The BC-52's in the film) performed their version of the cartoon's theme song."
] | [
"Rick Moranis"
] |
-2629984969745884311 | 2012 Nobel Peace Prize | 2012 Nobel peace Prize - wikipedia 2012 Nobel peace Prize Jump to : navigation , search The Nobel Peace Prize The medal and the certificate exposed at the European Commission Awarded for Outstanding contributions to peace Date 12 October 2012 Location Oslo Country Norway Presented by Norwegian Nobel Committee Reward ( s ) 8 million SEK ( $ 1.2 M , € 0.9 M ) First awarded 1901 2012 laureate European Union Website Nobelprize.org ← 2011 Nobel Peace Prize 2013 → The member states of the European Union ( European Communities pre-1993 ) , animated in order of accession . Only territories in and around Europe are shown . This box : view talk edit Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Rep . Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Mac . Malta → Moldova Mont . Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switz - erland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom The 2012 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the European Union ( EU ) `` for over six decades ( having ) contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation , democracy and human rights in Europe '' by a unanimous decision of the Norwegian Nobel Committee . The decision highlighted the reconciliation of France and Germany , stating that `` over a seventy - year period , Germany and France had fought three wars . Today war between Germany and France is unthinkable . This shows how , through well - aimed efforts and by building up mutual confidence , historical enemies can become close partners . '' The decision also highlighted the EU 's contribution to the `` introduction of democracy '' in Greece , Spain and Portugal , the advancing of democracy and human rights in Turkey , the strengthening of democracy in Eastern Europe following the Revolutions of 1989 and overcoming of `` the division between East and West '' and ethnically based national conflicts , and finally the EU 's contribution to the `` process of reconciliation in the Balkans . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominations 2 Norwegian Nobel Committee members 3 Announcement 4 Official reactions 4.1 European Union 4.2 European Union members and candidates 4.3 Other 5 Public reactions 6 Award ceremony 7 See also 8 References Nominations ( edit ) For the 2012 award the Nobel Committee received 231 valid nominations , compared to the record 247 candidates in 2011 . 43 of the nominations were organisations , while the remaining 188 were individuals , either alone , together with others or together with organisations . Norwegian Nobel Committee members ( edit ) Members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee were appointed by the Norwegian Parliament to roughly reflect the party makeup of that body . The Committee had the following membership in 2012 : Thorbjørn Jagland ( chair ) , Kaci Kullmann Five ( deputy chair ) , Inger - Marie Ytterhorn , Berit Reiss - Andersen , and Gunnar Stålsett ( member during Ågot Valle 's sick leave ) . Announcement ( edit ) The award was announced on 12 October 2012 . The Nobel citation referred to the strict demands the European Union placed on all would - be members , gave special mention to Greece , Spain and Portugal -- all of which joined in the 1980s after dictatorships ended -- and referred to the countries in Eastern Europe that embraced it after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union . Official reactions ( edit ) European Union ( edit ) The President of the European Council , Herman Van Rompuy , said that the award recognised the European Union as the `` biggest peacemaker in history . '' The President of the European Parliament , German social democrat Martin Schulz , said he was `` deeply touched . The European Union has reunified the continent through peaceful means and brought arch enemies together . This historic act of reunification has been rightfully recognised . '' He said that `` from the Balkans to the Caucasus , the EU serves as a beacon for democracy and reconciliation . '' The President of the European Commission , José Manuel Barroso , called the award `` a very important message to Europe that the European Union is something very precious , that we should cherish it for the good of Europeans and for the good of the entire world . '' The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy , Catherine Ashton , said she was `` delighted '' at the news , adding that `` in the countries of the EU , historic enemies have become close partners and friends . I am proud to be part of continuing this work . '' European Union members and candidates ( edit ) Founding members Belgium -- The Prime Minister of Belgium , Elio Di Rupo , said that `` this choice shows that the European project continues to inspire the world today . The European Union was originally the dream of people and politicians in search of peace and prosperity for all citizens . It has become a strong symbol of cooperation and progress . Europe , a continent that was torn by terrible wars , thanks to the European Union is an example for the world of peaceful dialogue and conflict prevention . '' France -- The President of France , François Hollande , said the prize was an `` immense honour , '' adding that `` through this award , every European can feel pride , that of being a member of a union which has been able to make peace between peoples who for a long time clashed , and to build a community founded on values of democracy , liberty and solidarity . '' Former President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing said that `` it is right that this extraordinary effort that has been accomplished by the Europeans and their leaders to establish a lasting peace on their continent -- historically ravaged by war -- is rewarded and honored . '' Helmut Kohl , who together with François Mitterrand is regarded as the main architect of the Maastricht Treaty that established the European Union in 1993 , said the award was `` a wise and far - sighted decision '' that `` is above all a confirmation for the European peace project . '' Germany -- The President of Germany , Joachim Gauck , called the award `` a great encouragement in difficult times '' and said the EU is `` a unique project of peace and freedom . '' The Chancellor of Germany , Angela Merkel , called the award a wonderful decision that `` honours the idea of European integration . '' The Minister for Foreign Affairs of Germany , Guido Westerwelle , called the award `` a fantastic decision which makes me proud and happy . European integration is the most successful project for peace in history . '' Former Chancellor Helmut Kohl called the award `` a wise and far - sighted decision '' that `` is above all a confirmation for the European peace project . As Europeans we all have reason to be proud today . I am proud , and I wish for God 's blessing for us on our further path to a united Europe . '' Italy -- The Prime Minister of Italy , Mario Monti , hailed the decision and said that the European Union 's `` formula of ( using ) integration to stop war and guarantee peace and practised for decades is the subject of study and admiration in other parts of the world . '' Luxembourg -- The Prime Minister of Luxembourg , Jean - Claude Juncker , called the award a `` good decision , '' stating that the EU from its inception was a peacemaker in Europe . He added that `` it is sometimes useful to get such recognition from the outside ( ... ) to remind us why we are considered a model for others . '' Netherlands -- The Prime Minister of the Netherlands , Mark Rutte , said the award was a `` great recognition of the major historical role the European Union has played in peace , security and democracy . '' New accession states ( by order of accession ) Denmark ( 1973 ) -- The Minister for Europe of Denmark , Nicolai Wammen , said the prize is `` fully deserved , because the EU has been a peace project from the beginning . The European cooperation has been successful in creating lasting peace between countries that for centuries have been at war with each other . '' Ireland ( 1973 ) -- The Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade of Ireland , Eamon Gilmore , `` warmly welcomed '' the decision , stating that `` the European Union has been the most successful peace process in our lifetime , and indeed in our living memory . '' United Kingdom ( 1973 ) -- The British government issued a statement , saying that `` this award recognises the EU 's historic role in promoting peace and reconciliation in Europe , particularly through its enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe . The EU must always strive to preserve and strengthen those achievements for the future . '' Greece ( 1981 ) - The Prime Minister of Greece , Antonis Samaras was representing Greece and in his announcement he stressed the need for advanced social cohesion for facing the problem of unemployment , in order to avoid right - extremists raise in the European Union . Spain ( 1986 ) -- The Prime Minister of Spain , Mariano Rajoy , said the award was `` excellent news , '' adding that `` the EU serves as a stimulus for the further consolidation of Europe 's political , economic and monetary union . '' Austria ( 1995 ) -- The President of Austria , Heinz Fischer , said the award was `` great and pioneering news for Europe , '' adding that `` we have always considered the united Europe as a peace project , and the grand recognition of this idea by the Nobel Prize committee gives us confidence and courage to continue working on the European peace project . '' Finland ( 1995 ) -- The President of Finland , Sauli Niinistö , said the prize was a magnificent recognition that the EU has worked hard for peace and brought virtues of the European tradition to the outside world . The Prime Minister of Finland , Jyrki Katainen , said `` there is every reason to be happy that we can take part in integration , building stability and strengthening the project of peace . '' Sweden ( 1995 ) -- The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sweden , Carl Bildt , warmly congratulated `` all of Europe '' and said the prize was `` highly deserved and highly important . '' Czech Republic ( 2004 ) -- The President of the Czech Republic , Václav Klaus , called the decision a `` great mistake , '' adding that `` it would make sense , if the award would have been given to an individual instead of an organisation . To award a bureaucratic institution is an ' empty ' prize . '' Hungary ( 2004 ) -- The Prime Minister of Hungary , Viktor Orbán , said the EU deserved the Nobel Peace Prize , and that the EU represented the peaceful coexistence of previously hostile countries . Poland ( 2004 ) -- The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland , Radosław Sikorski , issued a statement , saying `` congratulations to the EU , and therefore to all of us , '' adding that `` the Nobel Peace Prize signifies that European integration is a guarantee of peace in the region . '' Slovenia ( 2004 ) -- The President of Slovenia , Danilo Türk , said that the prize was deserved because the EU is `` the most successful peace project in the history of humanity . '' The Prime Minister of Slovenia , Janez Janša , stated that peace was one of the founding causes for the foundation of the European Union and that the award was a reminder that peace is a value . Candidates and other aspiring members Albania -- The Foreign Minister of Albania , Edmond Panariti , said the award meant a `` great responsibility that should encourage the will for enlargement . '' Bosnia and Herzegovina -- The chairman of the joint Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bakir Izetbegović , said the award `` should be a strong boost for EU countries to overcome existing problems and stick to the concept of further enlargement . '' Croatia -- The Foreign Minister of Croatia , Vesna Pusić , praised the EU for its role in keeping `` a lasting peace in a region that had wars almost continuously for centuries . '' Kosovo -- The Foreign Minister of Kosovo , Enver Hoxhaj , said that `` awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to the EU makes us proud and motivates us to continue the reforms in order that Kosovo become a member of the union . '' Macedonia -- The President of the Republic of Macedonia , Gjorge Ivanov , said the award honoured the project of `` unifying peoples in their mutual efforts for freedom , solidarity and prosperity . '' Montenegro -- The Foreign Minister of Montenegro , Nebojša Kaluđerović , said the `` idea to unite European countries with all their differences is the best proof the EU is worthy of this award . '' Serbia -- The Prime Minister of Serbia , Ivica Dačić , congratulated the EU , expressing hope that it would manage to preserve its unity . Turkey -- The Minister of European Union Affairs of Turkey , Egemen Bağış , said that `` his country 's membership perspective has contributed to this award . '' Other ( edit ) Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg of Norway said the EU has secured peace and built democracy . NATO -- The Secretary General of NATO , Anders Fogh Rasmussen , offered the European Union his `` warmest congratulations , '' stating that `` the European Union has played a vital role in healing the wounds of history and promoting peace , reconciliation and cooperation across Europe . It has contributed to the advancement of freedom , democracy and human rights across the continent and beyond . From the outset , NATO and the European Union have shared common values and helped shape the new Europe . '' Norway -- The Prime Minister of Norway , Jens Stoltenberg , congratulated the European Union , stating that the EU `` has helped to secure peace and build democracy in Europe over many years . '' Switzerland -- The President of Switzerland , Eveline Widmer - Schlumpf , congratulated the EU . A government statement said the prize recognised `` the essential role '' which the EU has played in the peaceful development of the continent . United Nations -- The Secretary - General of the United Nations , Ban Ki - moon , lauded the decision in a statement on behalf of the entire United Nations family , and emphasised the European Union 's role in helping to build peace , promote human rights and support economic and social development across the world . He called the award `` a richly - deserved recognition of its accomplishments and its importance in Europe and around the world . '' United States -- The U.S. Secretary of State , Hillary Clinton , congratulated the European Union , stating that `` certainly it 's quite remarkable to see how unified and peaceful Europe is in the 21st century and that did not happen by coincidence . It happened because of the very hard work and dedication of leaders and citizens across Europe . '' Public reactions ( edit ) The prize was mostly positively received by European media , except the British media , and the American media . In editorials , Aftenposten , Der Spiegel , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , Le Soir , De Standaard , de Volkskrant , La Stampa , Le Figaro , Die Welt , Die Presse and The Financial Times all described the prize as deserved . The Wall Street Journal described the award as `` an inspired decision '' and `` a reminder there is more to the EU than the euro and that its achievements over 60 years have been remarkable . '' Steven Pinker applauded the decision as part of a lecture about The Better Angels of Our Nature , remarking that the assignment of the prize recognized the value of an international community as well as the fact that what had started as an economic union had really had a pacifying effect . While European leaders greeted the decision , the award tended to be criticized by Eurosceptics including the far - right ( such as National Front leader Marine Le Pen ) and far - left . Nigel Farage , leader of the right - wing UKIP and co-chairman of the anti-EU EFD group within the European Parliament , claimed the decision brought the Nobel Peace Prize `` into total disrepute '' due to its `` insulting '' assumption that the EU has prevented conflicts . In a poll conducted in Norway by ResponsAnalyse for the newspaper Aftenposten , 26 % of respondents agreed with the decision to award the European Union the prize , while 37 % opposed it and a further 37 % had no opinion . The director of the Norwegian Nobel Institute , Geir Lundestad described the results of the poll as `` ... more positive than he had expected '' on the background of the `` ... negative attitude to the EU '' in Norway . Lundestad stated that the award was not about Norwegian membership in the EU , but a `` wider perspective '' . On 30 November 2012 , Nobel Peace Prize winners Desmond Tutu , Mairead Maguire and Adolfo Pérez Esquivel publicly opposed the awarding of the prize to the European Union . The 1984 , 1976 and 1980 laureates stated in an open letter to the Nobel Foundation , based in Sweden , that in their view the EU stood for `` ... security based on military force and waging wars rather than insisting on the need for an alternative approach '' and that `` ... the Norwegian Nobel Committee has redefined and reshaped the prize in a way that is not in accordance with the law '' . The International Peace Bureau , which won the prize in 1910 , and several peace activists , writers and lawyers also signed the letter . The signatories demanded that the Nobel Foundation stop the payment of the SEK 8 million prize money . Award ceremony ( edit ) During the announcement , committee chairman Thorbjørn Jagland was asked whether Helmut Kohl or any of the current EU officials would be present to accept the prize on the EU 's behalf . Jagland said the EU will have to decide who would accept the prize . The EU decided that the prize would be accepted by President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy , President of the European Commission José Manuel Barroso and President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz . Van Rompuy and Barroso held the acceptance speeches . Most Eu heads of states or governments except six attended the ceremony . French President François Hollande and Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel attended . David Cameron and five other EU heads of state have not attended , Cameron sending his deputy Nick Clegg in his stead . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Peace Prize 2012 . 2004 enlargement of the European Union Eurosphere History of the European Union Pax Europaea Stabilisation and Association Process League of peace World peace References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize for 2012 '' . The Norwegian Nobel Committee . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 2012 Nobel Peace Prize '' . Norwegian Nobel Committee . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bakken , Laila Ø ; Myklebust , Gunnar ( 27 February 2012 ) . `` Manning nominert til fredsprisen '' ( Manning nominated for the Peace Prize ) ( in Norwegian ) . NRK . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EurActiv '' . M. euractiv . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` European Parliament / The President : Schulz on Nobel Peace Prize : This prize is for all EU citizens '' . Europarl.europa.eu . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Rfe / Rl ( 3 October 2012 ) . `` EU Awarded Nobel Peace Prize '' . Rferl . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` President José Manuel Barroso -- Nobel Peace Prize 2012 for the European Union '' . Ec. europa . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reaction as EU wins Peace Prize '' . Reuters . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Fier `` , Di Rupo rappelle que la Belgique fut fondatrice de l'UE '' . 7SUR7.be. 28 September 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ europe online publishing house gmbh -- europeonline-magazine.eu . `` EXTRA : Hollande : Prize commits EU to pursue `` more united '' Europe `` . EUROPE ONLINE . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Gauck gratuliert EU zu Nobelpreis , Die Welt Jump up ^ `` Bundeskanzlerin Videos '' ( in German ) . Bundeskanzlerin.de . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Monti hails Nobel Peace Prize for EU '' . GazzettaDelSud . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` L'essentiel Online -- Pour Juncker , `` c est une bonne décision '' `` . Lessentie. 5 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Politicians pleased with Nobel peace prize for Europe , except Wilders '' . DutchNews . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Det siger de om Nobels fredspris 2012 , nordjyske.dk Jump up ^ `` Gilmore welcomes EU 's Nobel prize '' . The Irish Times . 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Award of the Nobel Peace Prize to the European Union , fco.gov.uk Jump up ^ http://www.newsbomb.gr/politikh/news/story/260820/to-kampanaki-tis-anergias-stoys-neoys-ekroyse-o-samaras-sto-oslo Jump up ^ `` European Union wins Nobel Peace Prize '' . fox news . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Großartige und zukunftsweisende Nachricht `` : Stimmen : Nobelpreis ist Ehre für alle EU - Bürger '' . Wienerzeitung.at . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Absage an Schwarzseher '' . Orf.at. 2012 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Van Rompuy expresses appreciation for EU Nobel Peace Prize , hs.fi Jump up ^ `` Swedish ministers hail EU Nobel Peace prize win '' . Thelocal. 24 September 2012 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Nobelova cena pro EU je tragický omyl , řekl Klaus - iDNES.cz '' . Zpravy. idnes . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Orbán : Az EU - nak ítélt békedíj egy eszmének kijáró elismerés , inforadio.hu Jump up ^ `` Poland congratulates EU , and itself , on Nobel Peace Prize '' . The News . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Türk : Nobelova nagrada je šla v prave roke , EU je najuspešnejši mirovni projekt v zgodovini '' . 24ur.com . 24ur . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Balkan EU hopefuls hail Nobel Prize , finchannel.com Jump up ^ `` Nobel prize catches EU by surprise '' . Hürriyet Daily News . 13 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NATO - News : Prix Nobel de la paix : le secrétaire général de l'OTAN félicite l'Union européenne , 12 - Oct. - 2012 '' . Nato.int . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NATO military alliance hails EU Nobel peace award -- EUbusiness.com - EU Business News '' . Eubusiness.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Stoltenberg : Gratulerer , EU ! -- Nobels fredspris -- NRK Nyheter '' . Nrk.no . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ EU peace prize highlights achievements , swissinfo.ch Jump up ^ `` United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon 's Statements '' . Un.org. 30 November 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations News Centre -- Secretary - General lauds awarding of Nobel Peace Prize to European Union '' . UN . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton congratulates EU on Nobel peace prize - International - World - Ahram Online '' . English.ahram.org.eg . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` EU har gjort en stor fredsinnsats , '' editorial , Aftenposten , 13 October 2012 , section 2 , page 2 Jump up ^ `` Ros for Nobels fredspris i europeisk presse - Utenriks - E24 '' . E24.no . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel à l'UE : un rappel historique '' . 7SUR7.be. 2012 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nobel for EU praised in European , not British , press , AFP Jump up ^ Nobel Prize for EU an Inspired Decision , The Wall Street Journal , 14 October 2012 Jump up ^ `` Steven Pinker on Violence and Humanity '' . The School of Life Library . The School of Life . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euroskeptics Deride Nobel Honor for European Union - SPIEGEL ONLINE '' . Spiegel.de . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/ipad/crisis-ridden-eu-wins-nobel-peace-prize/story-fnbzs1v0-1226494887797 Jump up ^ `` The Associated Press : EU detractors slam Nobel Peace Prize decision '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Steinhauser , Gabriele . `` European Union Wins Nobel Peace Prize - WSJ.com '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - UKIP 's Nigel Farage : ' EU 's Nobel Peace Prize baffling ' '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2012 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Norway divided over Peace Prize award '' . The Norway Post . Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation / Aftenposten. 13 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Desmond Tutu , other Nobel Peace Prize laureates contest 2012 winner choice of EU '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . 30 November 2012 . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ NRK broadcast , 12 October 2012 Jump up ^ Benjamin Fox : Barroso and Van Rompuy win battle for Nobel limelight EU Observer , 10 October 2012 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Nobel Peace Prize General topics Laureates Committee ( members ) Institute Center Concert Oslo Spektrum Oslo City Hall World Summit By year 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize 1901 -- 1925 1901 Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy 1902 Élie Ducommun / Charles Gobat 1903 Randal Cremer 1904 Institut de Droit International 1905 Bertha von Suttner 1906 Theodore Roosevelt 1907 Ernesto Moneta / Louis Renault 1908 Klas Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer 1909 A.M.F. Beernaert / Paul Estournelles de Constant 1910 International Peace Bureau 1911 Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried 1912 Elihu Root 1913 Henri La Fontaine 1914 1915 1916 1917 International Committee of the Red Cross 1918 1919 Woodrow Wilson 1920 Léon Bourgeois 1921 Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange 1922 Fridtjof Nansen 1923 1924 1925 Austen Chamberlain / Charles Dawes 1926 -- 1950 1926 Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann 1927 Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde 1928 1929 Frank B. Kellogg 1930 Nathan Söderblom 1931 Jane Addams / Nicholas Butler 1932 1933 Norman Angell 1934 Arthur Henderson 1935 Carl von Ossietzky 1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas 1937 Robert Cecil 1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 International Committee of the Red Cross 1945 Cordell Hull 1946 Emily Balch / John Mott 1947 Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee 1948 1949 John Boyd Orr 1950 Ralph Bunche 1951 -- 1975 1951 Léon Jouhaux 1952 Albert Schweitzer 1953 George Marshall 1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1955 1956 1957 Lester B. Pearson 1958 Georges Pire 1959 Philip Noel - Baker 1960 Albert Lutuli 1961 Dag Hammarskjöld 1962 Linus Pauling 1963 International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies 1964 Martin Luther King Jr . 1965 UNICEF 1966 1967 1968 René Cassin 1969 International Labour Organization 1970 Norman Borlaug 1971 Willy Brandt 1972 1973 Lê Đức Thọ ( declined award ) / Henry Kissinger 1974 Seán MacBride / Eisaku Satō 1975 Andrei Sakharov 1976 -- 2000 1976 Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan 1977 Amnesty International 1978 Anwar Sadat / Menachem Begin 1979 Mother Teresa 1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel 1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1982 Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles 1983 Lech Wałęsa 1984 Desmond Tutu 1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 1986 Elie Wiesel 1987 Óscar Arias 1988 UN Peacekeeping Forces 1989 Tenzin Gyatso ( 14th Dalai Lama ) 1990 Mikhail Gorbachev 1991 Aung San Suu Kyi 1992 Rigoberta Menchú 1993 Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk 1994 Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin / Yasser Arafat 1995 Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat 1996 Carlos Belo / José Ramos - Horta 1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams 1998 John Hume / David Trimble 1999 Médecins Sans Frontières 2000 Kim Dae - jung 2001 -- present 2001 United Nations / Kofi Annan 2002 Jimmy Carter 2003 Shirin Ebadi 2004 Wangari Maathai 2005 International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei 2006 Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus 2007 Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2008 Martti Ahtisaari 2009 Barack Obama 2010 Liu Xiaobo 2011 Ellen Johnson Sirleaf / Leymah Gbowee / Tawakkol Karman 2012 European Union 2013 Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 2014 Kailash Satyarthi / Malala Yousafzai 2015 Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet 2016 Juan Manuel Santos 2017 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons 2012 Nobel Prize laureates Chemistry Robert Lefkowitz ( United States ) Brian Kobilka ( United States ) Literature Mo Yan ( China ) Peace European Union Physics Serge Haroche ( France ) David J. Wineland ( United States ) Physiology or Medicine John Gurdon ( United Kingdom ) Shinya Yamanaka ( Japan ) Economic Sciences Alvin E. Roth ( United States ) Lloyd Shapley ( United States ) Nobel Prize recipients 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 European Union articles History Timeline Pre-1945 1945 -- 57 1958 -- 72 1973 -- 93 1993 -- 2004 Since 2004 Predecessors Timeline Founders European Coal and Steel Community ( 1951 -- 2002 ) European Economic Community ( 1958 -- 1993 / 2009 ) Euratom ( 1958 -- present ) European Communities ( 1967 -- 1993 / 2009 ) Justice and Home Affairs ( 1993 -- 2009 ) Geography Extreme points Geographic centre Largest municipalities Urban areas Larger urban zones Member states Regions ( first - level NUTS ) Special territories Politics Institutions European Council European Commission European Parliament Council of the European Union Court of Justice of the European Union European Central Bank European Court of Auditors Agencies Banking Border and coast security ( Frontex ) Disease prevention and control Environment Foreign affairs ( External Action Service ) Judicial cooperation ( Eurojust ) Law enforcement cooperation ( Europol ) Maritime safety Reconstruction Law Acquis Charter of Fundamental Rights Competition law Copyright law Directive Citizens ' Rights Directive Enhanced cooperation Environmental policy Four freedoms labour mobility Government procurement Journal Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification Legislative procedure Citizens ' Initiative Regulation Rural Development Policy Schengen Area Treaties opt - outs LGBT rights Politics Elections parliamentary constituencies Enlargement 1973 1981 1986 1995 2007 2013 Future Euromyths Political parties ( National parties by affiliation ) Euroscepticism Foreign relations Integration Parliamentary groups Pro-Europeanism Withdrawal ( Brexit ) 2012 Nobel Peace Prize Economy Budget Central bank Agricultural policy Fisheries policy Currencies Energy policy Euro Eurozone Free trade agreements Investment bank Investment fund Regional development Single market Societas Europaea Solidarity Fund Transport Galileo navigation system minimum wage average wage unemployment rate health expense per person Healthcare Health Insurance Card Driving licence European Common Aviation Area Culture Citizenship passports identity cards Cultural policies Demographics Douzelage Driving licence Education House of European History Institute of Innovation and Technology Laissez - passer Languages Media freedom Public holidays Religion Sport Telephone numbers Statistics Symbols Lists Concepts , acronyms , & jargon Agencies Books Companies Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants Largest cities by population within city limits Directives Tallest buildings Terrorist incidents Vehicle registration plates Theory Eurosphere Intergovernmentalism Multi-speed Neofunctionalism Optimum currency area Supranational union Outline Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize&oldid=804234088 '' Categories : 2012 awards 2012 in Norway Nobel Peace Prize 2012 in the European Union Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use British English from October 2012 Use dmy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Français Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won noble prize for peace in 2012 | [
"The 2012 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the European Union (EU) \"for over six decades [having] contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe\" by a unanimous decision of the Norwegian Nobel Committee."
] | [
"European Union (EU)"
] |
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