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-97427552443673938 | List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin | List of United States presidential elections by electoral College margin - wikipedia List of United States presidential elections by electoral College margin This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( October 2011 ) The table below is a list of United States presidential elections ordered by margin of victory in the Electoral College vote . Contents 1 Definition of the margin 1.1 Informal definition 1.2 Mathematical definition 2 Table of election results 3 See also 4 External links Definition of the margin ( edit ) Informal definition ( edit ) The margin of victory in a U.S. presidential election , with the exception below , would be the difference between the number of electoral votes won by the candidate with at least a majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 of 538 ) and the number received by the second place candidate . Theoretically this number would be in the range of 2 to 538 . The numbers above assume that all electors vote . The exception would occur if no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote ( this includes a tie ) . In that case , the House of Representatives , voting as state delegations , would choose from up to three candidates who received the most electoral votes . Thus the winner could be an initially third - place candidate who received one electoral vote . Because the Electoral College has grown in size , the results are normalized to compensate . For example , take two elections , 1848 and 1968 . In the election of 1968 Richard Nixon got a majority by 32 votes . At first glance , the election of 1848 appears closer , because Zachary Taylor got a majority by only 18 votes . But Nixon could have gotten as many as 269 votes above a majority ( if he had won unanimously ) , while Taylor could only have gotten 145 votes above a majority . Thus , we normalize the two elections to compare them . We calculate Nixon 's margin of victory by dividing the 32 by 269 to get 0.119 . We do the same with Taylor , dividing 18 by 145 , to get 0.124 . And we find that Nixon 's election was actually closer because a smaller fraction of the electors separated Nixon from a contingent election . While the above explanation applies to modern elections , initially the process was different . Prior to the passage of the 12th Amendment , the winner of the presidential election was the person who got both a majority of electors to vote for him and who got the most number of votes , because each elector cast two presidential votes . Thus , for elections prior to 1804 , if two candidates got above 50 % of the electors , the margin of victory is the victorious candidate 's margin over the other candidate who got above 50 % of the electors . Of the four elections prior to the 12th Amendment , two involved two candidates getting above 50 % of the electors : 1792 and 1800 . Mathematical definition ( edit ) The margin of victory in the election is calculated as follows : Let c be the total number of electors voting in the election . Let w be the number of electoral votes cast for the candidate with the most electoral votes , and let r be the number of votes for the runner - up . The Constitution provides that if the candidate with the most votes does not receive a simple majority of the electors voting , the House of Representatives chooses the president . So , the margin of victory is the number of electoral votes over both the runner - up and half the electoral votes cast . For elections after the passage of the 12th Amendment , the runner - up will always have less than half of the electoral votes cast , so the absolute margin of victory will be the difference of the winner 's electoral votes and half the electoral votes cast . To express this in mathematical formulae : absolute margin of victory = ( 0 ; w ≤ c 2 w − max ( r , c 2 ) ; w > c 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( absolute margin of victory ) ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) 0 ; &w \ leq ( \ frac ( c ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ w - \ max \ ( r , ( \ frac ( c ) ( 2 ) ) \ ) ; &w > ( \ frac ( c ) ( 2 ) ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) The minimum possible value for the margin of victory is clearly zero . The maximum possible value of the margin of victory occurs in the case in which each elector casts a vote for the winning candidate and the runner - up gets no more than half of the vote . In this case , the maximum margin of victory is c / 2 . In order to meaningfully compare election to election , we need that maximum margin to be constant from election to election . Thus , we divide the absolute margin of victory by c / 2 to get a normalized margin of victory that ranges from 0 to 1 : normalized margin of victory = ( 0 ; w ≤ c 2 w − max ( r , c 2 ) c 2 ; w > c 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( normalized margin of victory ) ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) 0 ; &w \ leq ( \ frac ( c ) ( 2 ) ) \ \ ( \ frac ( w - \ max \ ( r , ( \ frac ( c ) ( 2 ) ) \ ) ) ( \ frac ( c ) ( 2 ) ) ) ; &w > ( \ frac ( c ) ( 2 ) ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) Table of election results ( edit ) Note that the elections of 1789 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 took place before the 12th Amendment and thus each elector had two votes ( one for president and one for vice president , but did not distinguish between them ) . The table 's `` runner - up '' column shows the number of electoral votes for the candidate who got the second highest number of combined electoral votes ( and thus was elected vice-president ) for each of these years except 1800 . The 1800 election was a tie between the presidential and vice presidential candidates of the same party . The value in the `` runner - up '' column for 1800 is the number of electoral votes received by the presidential candidate of the other major political party ( even though the two winning candidates each received more electoral votes than he did ) . The number in parentheses in the `` Rank '' column is the rank that would have been assigned to this election under the rules of the 12th Amendment . Also note that in the following table , the election of 1824 is ranked closer than the election of 1800 because the election of 1800 resulted in a two - way draw between the same party 's candidates for President and Vice President ( since presidential and vice presidential electoral votes were not distinguished ) , while the election of 1824 resulted in the House of Representatives selecting the person who won the second largest number of electoral votes ( out of the top 3 ) when no candidate got a majority . Rank Year Winner Number of electors voting Normalized victory margin Percentage total winner runner - up ( c ) ( w ) ( r ) 58 . 1824 second place winner : Andrew Jackson , John Quincy Adams , William Crawford 261 84 99 0.000 32.18 % 57 ( 53 ) . 1800 draw : Thomas Jefferson , Aaron Burr 138 73 65 0.000 52.90 % 56 . 1876 Rutherford B. Hayes 369 185 184 0.003 50.14 % 55 . 2000 George W. Bush 538 271 266 0.009 50.37 % 54 . 1796 John Adams 138 71 68 0.029 51.45 % 53 . 1916 Woodrow Wilson 531 277 254 0.043 52.17 % 52 . George W. Bush 538 286 251 0.063 53.16 % 51 . 1884 Grover Cleveland 401 219 182 0.092 54.61 % 50 . 1976 Jimmy Carter 538 297 240 0.104 55.20 % 49 . 1968 Richard Nixon 538 301 191 0.119 55.95 % 48 . 1848 Zachary Taylor 290 163 127 0.124 56.21 % 47 . 1960 John F. Kennedy 537 303 219 0.128 56.42 % 46 . 2016 Donald Trump 538 304 227 0.130 56.50 % 45 . 1948 Harry S. Truman 531 303 189 0.141 57.06 % 44 . 1836 Martin Van Buren 294 170 73 0.156 57.82 % 43 . 1880 James A. Garfield 369 214 155 0.160 57.99 % 42 . 1888 Benjamin Harrison 401 233 168 0.162 58.10 % 41 . 1856 James Buchanan 296 174 114 0.176 58.78 % 40 . 1812 James Madison 217 128 89 0.180 58.99 % 39 . 1860 Abraham Lincoln 303 180 72 0.188 59.41 % 38 . 1896 William McKinley 447 271 176 0.213 60.63 % 37 . 2012 Barack Obama 538 332 206 0.234 61.71 % 36 . 1844 James K. Polk 275 170 105 0.236 61.82 % 35 . 1892 Grover Cleveland 444 277 145 0.248 62.39 % 34 . 1900 William McKinley 447 292 155 0.306 65.32 % 33 . 1908 William Howard Taft 483 321 162 0.329 66.46 % 32 . 2008 Barack Obama 538 365 173 0.357 67.84 % 31 . 1828 Andrew Jackson 261 178 83 0.364 68.20 % 30 . 1992 Bill Clinton 538 370 168 0.375 68.77 % 29 . 1808 James Madison 175 122 47 0.394 69.71 % 28 . Bill Clinton 538 379 159 0.409 70.45 % 27 . 1904 Theodore Roosevelt 476 336 140 0.412 70.59 % 26 . 1924 Calvin Coolidge 531 382 136 0.439 71.94 % 25 . 1868 Ulysses S. Grant 294 214 80 0.456 72.79 % 24 . 1920 Warren G. Harding 531 404 127 0.522 76.08 % 23 . 1832 Andrew Jackson 286 219 49 0.531 76.57 % 22 . 1988 George H.W. Bush 538 426 111 0.584 79.18 % 21 . 1840 William Henry Harrison 294 234 60 0.592 79.59 % 20 . 1944 Franklin D. Roosevelt 531 432 99 0.627 81.36 % 19 . 1912 Woodrow Wilson 531 435 88 0.638 81.92 % 18 . 1872 Ulysses S. Grant 352 286 42 0.639 81.95 % 17 . 1952 Dwight D. Eisenhower 531 442 89 0.665 83.24 % 16 . 1928 Herbert Hoover 531 444 87 0.672 83.62 % 15 . 1816 James Monroe 217 183 34 0.687 84.33 % 14 . 1940 Franklin D. Roosevelt 531 449 82 0.691 84.56 % 13 . 1852 Franklin Pierce 296 254 42 0.716 85.81 % 12 . 1956 Dwight D. Eisenhower 531 457 73 0.721 86.06 % 11 . 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt 531 472 59 0.778 88.89 % 10 . 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson 538 486 52 0.807 90.33 % 9 . 1980 Ronald Reagan 538 489 49 0.818 90.89 % 8 . 1864 Abraham Lincoln 233 212 21 0.820 90.99 % 7 . 1804 Thomas Jefferson 176 162 14 0.841 92.05 % 6 . 1972 Richard Nixon 538 520 17 0.933 96.65 % 5 . 1984 Ronald Reagan 538 525 13 0.952 97.58 % 4 . 1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt 531 523 8 0.970 98.49 % 3 . 1820 James Monroe 232 231 0.991 99.57 % 2 . 1792 George Washington 132 132 77 1.000 * 100 % 1 . 1789 George Washington 69 69 34 1.000 * 100 % None of the presidential candidates in 1824 received a majority of the electoral vote , so the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives , who selected Adams . Under the original procedure for the Electoral College , each elector had two votes and voted for two individuals . The candidate receiving the majority of votes became president and the candidate with the second highest number of votes became vice-president . While Jefferson had more electoral votes than his principal opponent , John Adams , he was tied with his own vice-presidential running mate , Aaron Burr , in electoral votes . Because of the tie , the 1800 presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives , who selected Jefferson as president . Subsequently the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution was enacted in order to provide for the president and vice-president to be elected as a single ticket . Votes which were not counted do n't change the majority needed to win . Although there are only 232 counted votes in 1820 , winner needed 118 ( majority of 235 ) votes to win , same in 1872 : By resolution of the House , 3 votes cast for Greeley were not counted ( makes 349 counted votes ) but 177 votes are still needed to win ( majority of 352 ) . There was a dispute as to whether Missouri 's electoral votes in 1820 were valid , due to the timing of its assumption of statehood . The figures listed include those votes . George Washington received the vote of every elector , but the second vote of each elector was split among other candidates . Only ten of the thirteen states cast electoral votes in the first ever presidential election . North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible to participate since they had not yet ratified the United States Constitution . New York failed to appoint its electors before the appropriate deadline because of a deadlock in its state legislature . See also ( edit ) List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote External links ( edit ) How close were U.S. Presidential Elections ? - Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Freemasons Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Number of votes received Height Unsuccessful major party candidates Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin&oldid=839291518 '' Categories : Electoral College ( United States ) Lists of elections in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 14 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the largest margin of victory in a presidential election | [
"\n\n\nRank\n\nYear\n\nWinner\n\nNumber of electors voting\n\nNormalized victory margin\n\nPercentage\n\ntotal\n\nwinner\n\nrunner-up\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n(c)\n\n(w)\n\n(r)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n58.\n\n1824\n\nsecond place winner: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William Crawford [a]\n\n261\n\n84\n\n99\n\n0.000\n\n32.18%\n\n\n57 (53).\n\n1800\n\ndraw: Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr [b]\n\n138\n\n73\n\n65\n\n0.000\n\n52.90%\n\n\n56.\n\n1876\n\nRutherford B. Hayes\n\n369\n\n185\n\n184\n\n0.003\n\n50.14%\n\n\n\n55.\n\n2000\n\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n538\n\n271\n\n266\n\n0.009\n\n50.37%\n\n\n54.\n\n1796\n\nJohn Adams\n\n138\n\n71\n\n68\n\n0.029\n\n51.45%\n\n\n53.\n\n1916\n\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n531\n\n277\n\n254\n\n0.043\n\n52.17%\n\n\n52.\n\n2004\n\nGeorge W. Bush\n\n538\n\n286\n\n251\n\n0.063\n\n53.16%\n\n\n51.\n\n1884\n\nGrover Cleveland\n\n401\n\n219\n\n182\n\n0.092\n\n54.61%\n\n\n50.\n\n1976\n\nJimmy Carter\n\n538\n\n297\n\n240\n\n0.104\n\n55.20%\n\n\n49.\n\n1968\n\nRichard Nixon\n\n538\n\n301\n\n191\n\n0.119\n\n55.95%\n\n\n48.\n\n1848\n\nZachary Taylor\n\n290\n\n163\n\n127\n\n0.124\n\n56.21%\n\n\n47.\n\n1960\n\nJohn F. Kennedy\n\n537\n\n303\n\n219\n\n0.128\n\n56.42%\n\n\n46.\n\n2016\n\nDonald Trump\n\n538\n\n304\n\n227\n\n0.130\n\n56.50%\n\n\n45.\n\n1948\n\nHarry S. Truman\n\n531\n\n303\n\n189\n\n0.141\n\n57.06%\n\n\n44.\n\n1836\n\nMartin Van Buren\n\n294\n\n170\n\n73\n\n0.156\n\n57.82%\n\n\n43.\n\n1880\n\nJames A. Garfield\n\n369\n\n214\n\n155\n\n0.160\n\n57.99%\n\n\n42.\n\n1888\n\nBenjamin Harrison\n\n401\n\n233\n\n168\n\n0.162\n\n58.10%\n\n\n41.\n\n1856\n\nJames Buchanan\n\n296\n\n174\n\n114\n\n0.176\n\n58.78%\n\n\n40.\n\n1812\n\nJames Madison\n\n217\n\n128\n\n89\n\n0.180\n\n58.99%\n\n\n39.\n\n1860\n\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n303\n\n180\n\n72\n\n0.188\n\n59.41%\n\n\n38.\n\n1896\n\nWilliam McKinley\n\n447\n\n271\n\n176\n\n0.213\n\n60.63%\n\n\n37.\n\n2012\n\nBarack Obama\n\n538\n\n332\n\n206\n\n0.234\n\n61.71%\n\n\n36.\n\n1844\n\nJames K. Polk\n\n275\n\n170\n\n105\n\n0.236\n\n61.82%\n\n\n35.\n\n1892\n\nGrover Cleveland\n\n444\n\n277\n\n145\n\n0.248\n\n62.39%\n\n\n34.\n\n1900\n\nWilliam McKinley\n\n447\n\n292\n\n155\n\n0.306\n\n65.32%\n\n\n33.\n\n1908\n\nWilliam Howard Taft\n\n483\n\n321\n\n162\n\n0.329\n\n66.46%\n\n\n32.\n\n2008\n\nBarack Obama\n\n538\n\n365\n\n173\n\n0.357\n\n67.84%\n\n\n31.\n\n1828\n\nAndrew Jackson\n\n261\n\n178\n\n83\n\n0.364\n\n68.20%\n\n\n30.\n\n1992\n\nBill Clinton\n\n538\n\n370\n\n168\n\n0.375\n\n68.77%\n\n\n29.\n\n1808\n\nJames Madison\n\n175\n\n122\n\n47\n\n0.394\n\n69.71%\n\n\n28.\n\n1996\n\nBill Clinton\n\n538\n\n379\n\n159\n\n0.409\n\n70.45%\n\n\n27.\n\n1904\n\nTheodore Roosevelt\n\n476\n\n336\n\n140\n\n0.412\n\n70.59%\n\n\n26.\n\n1924\n\nCalvin Coolidge\n\n531\n\n382\n\n136\n\n0.439\n\n71.94%\n\n\n25.\n\n1868\n\nUlysses S. Grant\n\n294\n\n214\n\n80\n\n0.456\n\n72.79%\n\n\n24.\n\n1920\n\nWarren G. Harding\n\n531\n\n404\n\n127\n\n0.522\n\n76.08%\n\n\n23.\n\n1832\n\nAndrew Jackson\n\n286\n\n219\n\n49\n\n0.531\n\n76.57%\n\n\n22.\n\n1988\n\nGeorge H. W. Bush\n\n538\n\n426\n\n111\n\n0.584\n\n79.18%\n\n\n21.\n\n1840\n\nWilliam Henry Harrison\n\n294\n\n234\n\n60\n\n0.592\n\n79.59%\n\n\n20.\n\n1944\n\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n531\n\n432\n\n99\n\n0.627\n\n81.36%\n\n\n19.\n\n1912\n\nWoodrow Wilson\n\n531\n\n435\n\n88\n\n0.638\n\n81.92%\n\n\n18.\n\n1872\n\nUlysses S. Grant [c]\n\n352\n\n286\n\n42\n\n0.639\n\n81.95%\n\n\n17.\n\n1952\n\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n531\n\n442\n\n89\n\n0.665\n\n83.24%\n\n\n16.\n\n1928\n\nHerbert Hoover\n\n531\n\n444\n\n87\n\n0.672\n\n83.62%\n\n\n15.\n\n1816\n\nJames Monroe\n\n217\n\n183\n\n34\n\n0.687\n\n84.33%\n\n\n14.\n\n1940\n\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n531\n\n449\n\n82\n\n0.691\n\n84.56%\n\n\n13.\n\n1852\n\nFranklin Pierce\n\n296\n\n254\n\n42\n\n0.716\n\n85.81%\n\n\n12.\n\n1956\n\nDwight D. Eisenhower\n\n531\n\n457\n\n73\n\n0.721\n\n86.06%\n\n\n11.\n\n1932\n\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n531\n\n472\n\n59\n\n0.778\n\n88.89%\n\n\n10.\n\n1964\n\nLyndon B. Johnson\n\n538\n\n486\n\n52\n\n0.807\n\n90.33%\n\n\n9.\n\n1980\n\nRonald Reagan\n\n538\n\n489\n\n49\n\n0.818\n\n90.89%\n\n\n8.\n\n1864\n\nAbraham Lincoln\n\n233\n\n212\n\n21\n\n0.820\n\n90.99%\n\n\n7.\n\n1804\n\nThomas Jefferson\n\n176\n\n162\n\n14\n\n0.841\n\n92.05%\n\n\n6.\n\n1972\n\nRichard Nixon\n\n538\n\n520\n\n17\n\n0.933\n\n96.65%\n\n\n5.\n\n1984\n\nRonald Reagan\n\n538\n\n525\n\n13\n\n0.952\n\n97.58%\n\n\n4.\n\n1936\n\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\n531\n\n523\n\n8\n\n0.970\n\n98.49%\n\n\n3.\n\n1820\n\nJames Monroe [d]\n\n232\n\n231\n\n1\n\n0.991\n\n99.57%\n\n\n2.\n\n1792\n\nGeorge Washington [e]\n\n132\n\n132\n\n77\n\n1.000*\n\n100%\n\n\n1.\n\n1789\n\nGeorge Washington [e] [f]\n\n69\n\n69\n\n34\n\n1.000*\n\n100%\n\n"
] | [
"1.000"
] |
7045053931236858715 | A Christmas Story | A Christmas Story - wikipedia A Christmas Story Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see A Christmas Story ( disambiguation ) . A Christmas Story Theatrical release poster Directed by Bob Clark Produced by Rene Dupont Bob Clark Written by Jean Shepherd Leigh Brown Bob Clark Based on In God We Trust : All Others Pay Cash by Jean Shepherd Starring Melinda Dillon Darren McGavin Peter Billingsley Music by Carl Zittrer Paul Zaza Cinematography Reginald H. Morris Edited by Stan Cole Production company Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Distributed by MGM / UA Entertainment Co . Release date November 18 , 1983 ( 1983 - 11 - 18 ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.3 million Box office $20.6 million A Christmas Story is a 1983 American Christmas comedy film directed by Bob Clark and based on Jean Shepherd 's semi-fictional anecdotes in his 1966 book In God We Trust : All Others Pay Cash , with some elements from his 1971 book Wanda Hickey 's Night of Golden Memories . It stars Melinda Dillon , Darren McGavin , and Peter Billingsley . A seasonal classic in North America , it is shown numerous times on television , usually on the networks owned by the Turner Broadcasting System . Since 1997 , a marathon of the film titled `` 24 Hours of A Christmas Story '' has aired annually on TNT and / or TBS , comprising twelve consecutive airings of the film on both Christmas Eve and Christmas Day each year . The film was released on November 18 , 1983 . It earned two Canadian Genie Awards in 1984 and in 2012 was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Locations 3.2 Red Ryder BB gun 3.3 Dating the story 4 Soundtrack 5 Release and reception 6 Broadcasting and home video release 6.1 Television 6.1. 1 24 Hours of A Christmas Story 6.2 Subsequent and earlier works 6.2. 1 Stage adaptations 6.3 Home video releases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The front of the Parkers ' house where A Christmas Story was filmed in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland 's west side . The building , restored and reconfigured inside to match the soundstage interiors , is open to the public as A Christmas Story House The film is presented in a series of vignettes , with narration provided by the adult Ralphie Parker reminiscing on one particular Christmas when he was nine years old . Ralphie wanted only one thing for that Christmas : a Red Ryder Carbine Action 200 - shot Range Model air rifle . Ralphie 's desire is rejected by his mother , his teacher Miss Shields , and even a Santa Claus at Higbee 's department store , all giving him the same warning : `` You 'll shoot your eye out . '' Christmas morning arrives and Ralphie dives into his presents . Although he does receive some presents he enjoys , Ralphie ultimately is disappointed that he did not receive the one thing he wanted more than anything . After it appears all of the presents have been opened , Ralphie 's father , `` The Old Man , '' directs Ralphie to look at one last present that he had hidden . Ralphie opens it to reveal the Red Ryder gun he wanted . Ralphie takes the gun outside and fires it at a target perched on a metal sign in the backyard . However , the BB ricochets back at Ralphie and knocks his glasses off . While searching for them , thinking he has indeed shot his eye out , Ralphie accidentally steps on his glasses and breaks them . He lies to his mother that a falling icicle broke his glasses , and she believes him . Ralphie is in bed on Christmas night with his gun by his side . The adult Ralphie narrates that this was the best present he had ever received or would ever receive . Other vignettes : The Old Man wins a `` major award '' in a contest , which turns out to be a lamp in the shape of a woman 's leg wearing a fishnet stocking , which was derived from the logo for Nehi ( pronounced `` knee - high '' ) pop , a popular soft drink of the period . The Old Man is overjoyed by the lamp , but Mrs. Parker does not like it and a feud over it -- referred to by adult Ralphie as `` The Battle of the Lamp '' -- develops and results in the lamp 's `` accidental '' destruction . The Old Man also fights a never - ending battle with the malfunctioning furnace in the Parker home . His frustrations cause him to swear quite often , including one profanity - laden rant that the adult Ralphie says `` is still hanging in space over Lake Michigan . '' Still another source of frustration for The Old Man is the dogs that belong to the next door hillbilly neighbors , the Bumpuses . The Bumpuses own `` at least 785 smelly hound dogs '' that harass The Old Man whenever he comes home from work . On Christmas Day , the dogs ruin the family 's dinner by romping through their kitchen and eating their turkey . This results in the family having Christmas dinner at a Chinese restaurant instead . Ralphie and his friends Flick and Schwartz are tormented by the neighborhood bullies Scut Farkus and Grover Dill . Ralphie eventually snaps and beats up Farkus . Flick accepts a dare from Schwartz to stick his tongue onto the school flagpole . His tongue freezes onto the pole , requiring assistance from the police and fire department to free him . After getting a Christmas tree on the ride home , one of The Old Man 's tires becomes flat , so he goes to fix it . Mrs. Parker encourages Ralphie to help . When Ralphie flips the tire he says , `` Oh Fudge ! '' but he actually said the bad word . At home , Ralphie is given Lifebuoy soap in his mouth . His mother asks where he heard the word . He actually has heard from The Old Man every day but chickens out and says Schwartz . This leads to his mother calling Schwartz 's mother on the phone . For homework , Ralphie and his class are assigned to write on what they want for Christmas . Ralphie knows what he is going to write about : The Red Ryder BB Gun . He imagines the ultimate A+ , but gets a C+ , with Miss Shields writing , `` You 'll shoot your eye out ! '' on the paper . Ralphie , a fan of the Little Orphan Annie radio program , eagerly awaits the arrival of a decoder pin he has applied to receive . When it comes in the mail , he uses it to decode a secret message at the end of the day 's broadcast , but is disappointed to find it is only an advertisement for Ovaltine , the show 's sponsor . Cast ( edit ) Peter Billingsley as Ralphie Parker Jean Shepherd as adult Ralphie ( voice ) Ian Petrella as Randy Parker Melinda Dillon as Mrs. Parker Darren McGavin as Mr. Parker ( The Old Man ) Scott Schwartz as Flick R.D. Robb as Schwartz Zack Ward as Scut Farkus Yano Anaya as Grover Dill Tedde Moore as Miss Shields Jeff Gillen as Santa Claus Casting ( edit ) The basis of the screenplay is a series of monologues written and performed by Jean Shepherd on radio . Shepherd wrote the screenplay adaptation with Bob Clark and Leigh Brown . Several subplots are incorporated into the body of the film , based on other separate short stories by Shepherd . Shepherd provides the film 's narration from the perspective of an adult Ralphie , a narrative style later used in the dramedy television series The Wonder Years . Shepherd , Brown and Clark all have cameo appearances in the film : Shepherd plays the man who directs Ralphie and Randy to the back of the Santa line at the department store ; Brown -- Shepherd 's wife in real life -- plays the woman in the Santa line with Shepherd ; Clark plays Swede , the neighbor the Old Man talks to outside during the Leg Lamp scene . In the DVD commentary , director Bob Clark mentions that Jack Nicholson was considered for the role of the Old Man ; Clark expresses gratitude that he ended up with Darren McGavin instead , who later appeared in several other Clark films . He cast Melinda Dillon on the basis of her similar role in Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Some 8,000 actors auditioned for the role of Ralphie ; `` He walked in , and he had us from the beginning , '' Clark later recalled of Peter Billingsley who was already a successful actor in commercials and from co-hosting the TV series Real People . Clark initially wanted him for the role of Ralphie , but decided he was `` too obvious '' a choice and auditioned many other young actors before realizing that Billingsley was the right choice after all . Ian Petrella was cast immediately before filming began . Tedde Moore had previously appeared in Clark 's film Murder by Decree and was the only onscreen character from A Christmas Story who was played by the same actor in the sequel , My Summer Story . Jeff Gillen was an old friend of Clark 's who had been in one of his earliest films . The schoolyard bully , Scut Farkus , was played by Zack Ward , now an actor , writer and director , who had actually been bullied himself while in elementary school . In 2017 , he said he was surprised at the impact his role had had over the years . `` I saw that I was ranked -- as Christmas villains go -- higher than the Grinch . That 's amazing . '' Production ( edit ) The screenplay for A Christmas Story is based on material from author Jean Shepherd 's collection of short stories , In God We Trust , All Others Pay Cash . Three of the semi-autobiographical short stories on which the film is based were originally published in Playboy magazine between 1964 and 1966 . Shepherd later read `` Duel in the Snow , or Red Ryder nails the Cleveland Street Kid '' and told the otherwise unpublished story `` Flick 's Tongue '' on his WOR Radio talk show , as can be heard in one of the DVD extras . Bob Clark states on the DVD commentary that he became interested in Shepherd 's work when he heard `` Flick 's Tongue '' on the radio in 1968 . Additional source material for the film , according to Clark , came from unpublished anecdotes that Shepherd told live audiences `` on the college circuit . '' Locations ( edit ) The film is set in Hohman , Indiana , a fictionalized version of Shepherd 's hometown of Hammond , named for Hohman Avenue , which runs through downtown Hammond . Local references in the film include Warren G. Harding Elementary School and Cleveland Street ( where Shepherd spent his childhood ) . Other local references include mention of a person `` swallowing a yo - yo '' in nearby Griffith , the Old Man being one of the fiercest `` furnace fighters in northern Indiana '' and that his obscenities were `` hanging in space over Lake Michigan , '' a mention of the Indianapolis 500 , and the line to Santa Claus `` stretching all the way to Terre Haute , Indiana . '' The Old Man is also revealed to be a fan of the Bears ( whom he jokingly calls the `` Chicago Chipmunks '' ) and White Sox , consistent with living in northwest Indiana . Director Bob Clark reportedly sent scouts to twenty cities before selecting Cleveland for exterior filming . Cleveland was chosen because of Higbee 's Department Store in downtown Cleveland . ( Since Higbee 's was exclusive to northeast Ohio , the department store referenced in Shepherd 's book and the film is most likely Goldblatt 's , located in downtown Hammond ( with the Cam - Lan Chinese Restaurant three doors down on Sibley Ave ) . ) Until they connected with Higbee 's , location scouts had been unsuccessful in finding a department store that was willing to be part of the film . Higbee 's vice president Bruce Campbell agreed to take part in the project on the condition he be allowed to edit the script for cursing . Ultimately , Higbee 's was the stage for three scenes in the film : The opening scene in which Ralphie first spies the Red Ryder BB Gun in the store 's Christmas window display . Higbee 's was known for its elaborate , child - centered Christmas themes and decorations , with Santa as the centerpiece . The parade scene , filmed just outside Higbee 's on Public Square at 3 AM . The parade was filmed at night because during the daytime the 1960s Erieview Tower and Federal Building were visible from the Public Square , as was the BP Tower , which was under construction at the time . Ralphie and Randy 's visit to see Santa , which was filmed inside Higbee 's . The store kept the Santa slide that was made for the film and used it for several years after the film 's release . Higbee 's became Dillard 's in 1992 and closed for good in 2002 . In addition to the scenes involving Higbee 's , the exterior shots ( and select interior shots where Ralphie lived , including the opening of the leg lamp ) of the house and neighborhood , were filmed in the Tremont section of Cleveland 's West Side . The house used as the Parker home in these scenes has been restored , reconfigured inside to match the soundstage interiors , and opened to the public as `` A Christmas Story House '' . Appropriately , the fictional boyhood home of Ralphie Parker is on Cleveland Street , the name of the actual street where Shepherd grew up . However , Cleveland was only one of several locations used . The school scenes were shot at the Victoria School in St. Catharines , Ontario . The Christmas tree - purchasing scene was filmed in Toronto , Ontario , as was the sound stage filming of interior shots of the Parker home . The `` ... only I did n't say fudge '' scene was filmed at the foot of Cherry Street in Toronto ; several lake freighters are visible in the background spending the winter at Toronto 's port , which lends authenticity to the time of year when the film was produced . In 2008 , two Canadian fans released a documentary that visits every location . Their film , Road Trip for Ralphie , was shot over two years and includes footage of the filmmakers saving Miss Shields ' blackboard from the garbage bin on the day the old Victoria School was gutted for renovation , discovering the antique fire truck that saved Flick , locating all the original costumes from the film , and tracking down the real - life location of the film 's Chop Suey Palace in Toronto . Red Ryder BB gun ( edit ) Main article : Red Ryder BB Gun The Red Ryder BB gun was available beginning in 1938 and remains available today , but never in the exact configuration mentioned in the film . The Daisy `` Buck Jones '' model did have a compass and a sundial in the stock , but these features were not included in the Red Ryder model . The compass and sundial were placed on Ralphie 's BB gun , but on the opposite side of the stock due to Peter Billingsley being left - handed . Dating the Story ( edit ) Director Bob Clark stated in the film 's DVD commentary that both he and author Shepherd wished for the film to be seen as `` amorphously late - ' 30s , early - ' 40s '' . A specific year is never mentioned in the film ; however , numerous sources including The New York Times and CBS News have dated the film variously at 1940 to the early 1940s . Soundtrack ( edit ) A Christmas Story Soundtrack album by Various artists Released November 10 , 2009 Recorded Genre Instrumental , holiday Label Rhino Records Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Release and reception ( edit ) Initially overlooked as a sleeper film , A Christmas Story was released a week before Thanksgiving 1983 to moderate success , earning about $2 million in its first weekend . Vincent Canby 's mostly negative New York Times review complained that `` the movie 's big comic pieces tend only to be exceedingly busy . Though Mr. Billingsley , Mr. Gavin , Miss Dillon and the actress who plays Ralphie 's school teacher ( Tedde Moore ) are all very able , they are less funny than actors in a television situation comedy . '' Roger Ebert suggested the film had only modest success because holiday - themed films were not popular at the time but he praised the nostalgia of the movie , and the Santa scene , which is the `` best visit to Santa I 've ever seen '' . In 2000 , Ebert added the film to his list of Great Movies . The film would go on to win two categories in the 5th Genie Awards , for Director Bob Clark and Best Original Screenplay for the work of Leigh Brown , Bob Clark and Jean Shepherd . By Christmas 1983 the film was no longer playing at most venues , but remained in about a hundred theaters until January 1984 . Gross earnings were just over $19.2 million . In the years since , due to television airings and home video release , A Christmas Story has become widely popular and is now an annual Christmas special . The film was produced and released by Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer . The rights to the film were acquired by Turner Entertainment Co. after Ted Turner 's purchase of MGM 's pre-1986 film library . Subsequently , Time Warner purchased Turner Entertainment , and currently holds rights to the film . Over the years , the film 's critical reputation has grown considerably and it is considered by some to be one of the best films of 1983 . Based on 55 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an overall approval rating from critics of 89 % , with an average score of 8.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Both warmly nostalgic and darkly humorous , A Christmas Story deserves its status as a holiday perennial . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 8 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In his movie guide , Leonard Maltin awarded the film a rare four - star rating , calling the film `` Delightful '' and `` Truly funny for kids and grown - ups alike '' with `` Wonderful period flavor . '' On December 24 , 2007 , AOL ranked the film their # 1 Christmas film of all time . IGN ranked the film the top holiday - themed film of all time . In 2012 , a Marist Poll named the film the favorite holiday film in the U.S. American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` You 'll shoot your eye out . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Broadcasting and home Video release ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The film first aired on television on HBO in 1985 , and quickly attracted a growing following . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , the film began airing quietly on SuperStation WTBS and Superstation WGN . In 1988 , then - fledgling Fox aired the film the night after Thanksgiving . In 1989 -- 1990 , TBS showed it Thanksgiving night , while in 1991 -- 1992 , they aired it the night after . 24 Hours of a Christmas Story ( edit ) Turner Broadcasting has maintained ownership of the broadcast rights , and since the mid-1990s , aired the film increasingly on TBS , TNT , and TCM . By 1995 , it was aired on those networks a combined six times on December 24 -- 26 , and in 1996 , it was aired eight times over those three days . Due to the increasing popularity of the film , in 1997 , TNT began airing a 24 - hour marathon dubbed `` 24 Hours of A Christmas Story , '' consisting of the film shown twelve consecutive times beginning at 7 or 8 p.m. on Christmas Eve and ending Christmas Day . This was in addition to various other airings earlier in the month of December . In 2004 , after TNT switched to a predominantly drama format , sister network TBS , under its comedy - based `` Very Funny '' moniker , took over the marathon . Clark stated that , in 2002 , an estimated 38.4 million people tuned into the marathon at one point or another , nearly one sixth of the country . TBS reported 45.4 million viewers in 2005 , and 45.5 million in 2006 . In 2007 , new all - time ratings records were set , with the highest single showing ( 8 p.m. Christmas Eve ) drawing 4.4 million viewers . Viewership increased again in 2008 , with 8 p.m. Christmas Eve drawing 4.5 million viewers , and 10 p.m. drawing 4.3 million , and 54.4 million total . As of 2009 , the film had been shown 250 times on the Turner family of networks . In 2007 , the marathon continued , and the original tradition was revived . TNT also aired the film twice the Sunday of Thanksgiving weekend ( November 25 ) . In 2009 , the 24 - hour marathon continued on TBS , for the 13th overall year , starting at 8 p.m. eastern on Christmas Eve . In 2009 , the film aired on TBS during a 24 - hour marathon on Christmas Eve . The first viewing at 8 p.m. Eastern on December 24 earned a 1.6 rating ( 18 -- 49 ) and beat the major broadcast networks ( NBC , ABC , CBS , and Fox ) . In 2010 , the marathon averaged 3 million viewers , up 2 % from the previous year , ranking TBS as the top cable network for the 24 - hour period . The 10 a.m. airing on December 25 was seen by 4.4 million viewers , and the 8 p.m. airing on December 24 was close behind with 4.3 million viewers . The marathons in 2011 and 2012 continued to see increases in ratings . For the 2014 and 2015 editions of the marathon , Turner Broadcasting elected to simulcast it on both TNT and TBS , marking the first time since 2003 that TNT aired it as well as the first time the marathon is being carried by multiple stations ; the two networks set their airings one hour apart ( so that the TNT airings began while TBS was at the middle of the film ) . Both networks were running 24 hour marathons in 2017 , as well . Subsequent and earlier works ( edit ) A sequel involving Ralphie and his family , titled My Summer Story ( originally released as It Runs in the Family ) , was made in 1994 . With the exceptions of Tedde Moore as Ralphie 's teacher ( Miss Shields ) and Jean Shepherd as the narrator ( the voice of the adult Ralphie ) , it features an entirely different cast . A series of television films involving the Parker family , also from Shepherd stories , were made by PBS , including Ollie Hopnoodle 's Haven of Bliss ( 1988 ) , The Star - Crossed Romance of Josephine Cosnowski ( 1985 ) , The Great American Fourth of July and Other Disasters ( 1982 ) , and The Phantom of the Open Hearth ( 1976 ) . A Christmas Story 2 is another sequel which ignores the references and events of My Summer Story and was released direct - to - video in 2012 and directed by Brian Levant . It was filmed in New Westminster , British Columbia , Canada . Stage adaptations ( edit ) In 2000 , a stage play adaptation of A Christmas Story was written by Philip Grecian . In November 2012 , A Christmas Story : The Musical , based on the film , opened on Broadway . Written by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( music and lyrics ) and Joseph Robinette ( book ) , the musical opened to positive reviews . The run ended December 30 , 2012 . The musical was directed by John Rando with choreography by Warren Carlyle and featured Dan Lauria as Jean Shepherd . The musical received Tony Award nominations for Best Musical , Best Book of a Musical ( Robinette ) , and Best Original Score ( Music and / or Lyrics ) Written for the Theatre . The musical was then adapted for television as the three hour A Christmas Story Live ! , which aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 17 , 2017 . Reviews were mixed ; on Rotten Tomatoes , the production received a 46 % rating based on 13 critics ' reviews and a very low 14 % based on 44 audience reviews . Home Video releases ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Betamax ( 1984 , 1988 ) VHS ( 1984 , 1988 , 1993 , 1994 , 1999 , 2000 ) LaserDisc ( 1985 ) : pan and scan LaserDisc ( 1993 ) : deluxe letterbox edition DVD ( 1997 , reissued by Warner Home Video in 1999 ) : fullscreen , includes original theatrical trailer DVD ( 2003 ) 20th Anniversary 2 - Disc Special Edition DVD ( 2003 ) : Widescreen & Fullscreen ; includes cast interviews , audio commentary , and featurettes . HD DVD ( 2006 ) Blu - ray ( 2006 ) DVD ( 2008 ) Ultimate Collector 's Edition : Metal tin case features the same 2003 two - disc special edition , but includes special memorabilia . Blu - ray ( 2008 ) Ultimate Collector 's Edition : Metal tin which features the same 2006 Blu - ray disc , but also includes a strand of Leg Lamp Christmas lights . Blu - ray ( 2013 ) 30th Anniversary Edition : Steelbook with Blu - ray in 1080p ( like the previous Blu - ray and HD - DVD ) with a DTS - HD Master Audio mono track ( whereas the previous releases had Dolby Digital mono ) , and more special features than the previous Blu - ray and HD - DVD . See also ( edit ) Film portal Christmas portal 1980s portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` A Christmas Story '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Matt . `` TV This Week , Dec. 24 - 30 : ' A Christmas Story ' marathon and more '' . latimes.com . Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation '' . Los Angeles Times ( December 19 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ `` flicklives.com '' . www.flicklives.com . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jean ( 1966 ) . `` My Old Man And The Lascivious Special Award That Heralded The Birth Of Pop Art '' . In God We Trust All Others Pay Cash ( Mass Market Paperback ) . Bantam Books . p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia -- A Christmas Story House '' . Turner Entertainment Co . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ TheFW Staff . `` 10 Things You Did n't Know About ' A Christmas Story ' '' . thefw.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Facts & Trivia : A Christmas Story '' . achristmasstoryhouse.com . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kashner , Sam . `` How A Christmas Story Went from Low - Budget Fluke to an American Tradition '' . Vanity Fair . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Bob ; Billingsley , Peter ( 2003 ) . Audio Commentary : A Christmas Story ( DVD special feature ) . MGM . Jump up ^ `` Canadian ' A Christmas Story ' bully Zack Ward on making the classic film '' . National Post . December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jean ( 2003 ) . A Christmas Story . New York : Broadway Books . indicia . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1622 - 0 . Jump up ^ Warner Home Video ( 2003 ) . Radio Readings by Jean Shepherd ( DVD extra ) . Warner Video . Jump up ^ `` Famous Hammond Personalities : Jean Shepherd '' . HammondIndiana.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Hammond Personalities : Jean Shepherd '' . HammondIndiana.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Higbees '' . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Higbees '' . achristmasstoryhouse.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Warren G. Harding '' . achristmasstoryhouse.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story '' . Movie Rewind . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian actor Zack Ward -- AKA Christmas Story bully Scut Farkus -- proud of his movie villain cred '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Road Trip for Ralphie '' . roadtripforralphie.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Daisy Red Ryder : A History ( DVD extra ) . Warner Video . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Air Guns : Pyramyd Air Report '' . pyramydair.com . March 4 , 2005 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ DVD commentary by Bob Clark Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent . `` FILM : ' CHRISTMAS STORY , ' INDIANA TALE '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Reliving `` the holiday favorite ' A Christmas Story ' '' `` . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` ' Christmas Story ' fans to convene in Cleveland '' . Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` 30 years of ' A Christmas Story ' '' . mysanantonio.com . Jump up ^ Monger , James Christopher . `` Review : A Christmas Story Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( January 8 , 1984 ) . `` IN THE ARTS : CRITICS ' CHOICES '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Popular misconceptions can get a movie off to a slow start , and they may have helped turn ' A Christmas Story ' into the sleeper of this season . ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office Information for A Christmas Story '' . Box Office Mojo.com . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( November 18 , 1983 ) . `` FILM : ' CHRISTMAS STORY , ' INDIANA TALE '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` A Christmas Story Movie Review ( 1983 ) - Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 24 , 2000 ) . `` A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ' A Christmas Story ' was released in the Christmas season of 1983 , and did modest business at first ( people do n't often go to movies with specific holiday themes ) . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1983 by Rank '' . Films101.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard . 2013 Movie Guide . Penguin Books . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 23774 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Best Christmas Movies : Top 25 of All Time '' . AOL . December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Holiday Movies of All - Time '' . IGN . November 23 , 2005 . Retrieved December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Christmas Story ' and ' It 's a Wonderful Life ' Top List of Favorite Holiday Films '' . Marist University . 2012 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Ballot '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Orlando Sentinel Television Listings -- Researched from original microfilm at The Orlando Public Library on November 17 , 2007 '' . Orlando Sentinel. 1987 -- 2001 . Jump up ^ West - Volland , Patricia A. ( December 9 , 2007 ) . `` House that appeared in classic film ' A Christmas Story ' open to public '' . Coshocton Tribune . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Woulfe , Molly ( December 25 , 2007 ) . `` ' A Christmas Story ' now part of pop culture '' . NWI.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Nordyke , Kimberly ( December 31 , 2007 ) . `` ' Christmas Story ' still a hit with cable viewers '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( December 30 , 2008 ) . `` Few lumps of coal for networks during a merry Christmas week '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' A Christmas Story ' marathon slated for 13th year on TBS '' . Examiner.com . December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story -- Upcoming Airings '' . TBS . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Football Boosts CBS , NBC : NFL Games Give Networks a Bump '' . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 30 , 2010 ) . `` Ratings Notes for TBS , TNT , Cartoon Network ; Including ' A Christmas Story ' Marathon , ' Conan , ' ' Men of a Certain Age ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 28 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA , ' A Christmas Story ' Marathon Dominate Christmas + ' Leverage ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' A Christmas Story ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , College Football , ' Teen Mom 2 ' & More '' . Zap2It . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Marathon Of A Christmas Story Begins Wednesday On TBS '' . fansided.com . December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` In Defense Of The 24 - Hour - Long ' A Christmas Story ' Marathon '' . decider.com . December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' A Christmas Story 2 ' goes straight to DVD '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ; Smith , Stacy Jenel ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' A Christmas Story ' Sequel in Pre-production '' . Beck / Smith Hollywood . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grecian , Philip ( 2000 - 08 - 01 ) . A Christmas Story : A Play in Two Acts . ISBN 9781583420317 . Jump up ^ Isherwood , Charles ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Dreams of a Big Haul From Santa Claus : ' A Christmas Story , the Musical , ' at the Lunt - Fontanne Theater '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ ' A Christmas Story , The Musical ' Listing playbillvault.com Jump up ^ ' A Christmas Story The Musical ' Listing ibdb.com , accessed April 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Nominations Announced for 67th Annual Tony Awards ; ' Kinky Boots ' Earns 13 Nominations '' Archived October 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , April 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Fox 's ' A Christmas Story Live ! ' Brings Oscar & Tony Winners Benj Pasek And Justin Paul To TV Audience '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story Live ! '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story -- HD DVD Review '' . High - Def Digest . December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ High - Def Digest Staff ( December 5 , 2006 ) . `` A Christmas Story -- Blu - ray Review '' . High - Def Digest . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Spurlin , Thomas ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` A Christmas Story ( Ultimate Collector 's Edition ) -- DVD Review '' . DVDTalk.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Christmas Story ( Ultimate Collector 's Edition ) -- Blu - ray Review '' . High - Def Digest . October 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Christmas Story Official DVD site TBS. com 's A Christmas Story website A Christmas Story on IMDb A Christmas Story at AllMovie A Christmas Story at the TCM Movie Database A Christmas Story at the American Film Institute Catalog A Christmas Story at Box Office Mojo A Christmas Story at Rotten Tomatoes `` The Man Who Told A Christmas Story : What I learned from Jean Shepherd '' by Donald Fagen -- Slate Links to related articles A Christmas Story Films A Christmas Story ( 1983 ) Ollie Hopnoodle 's Haven of Bliss ( 1988 ) My Summer Story / It Runs in the Family ( 1994 ) A Christmas Story 2 ( 2012 ) Related works In God We Trust : All Others Pay Cash A Christmas Story : The Musical A Christmas Story Live ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does ralphie parker want for christmas in a christmas story | [
"The film is presented in a series of vignettes, with narration provided by the adult Ralphie Parker reminiscing on one particular Christmas when he was nine years old. Ralphie wanted only one thing for that Christmas: a Red Ryder Carbine Action 200-shot Range Model air rifle. Ralphie's desire is rejected by his mother, his teacher Miss Shields, and even a Santa Claus at Higbee's department store, all giving him the same warning: \"You'll shoot your eye out.\""
] | [
"Red Ryder Carbine Action 200-shot Range Model air rifle"
] |
-7902756925067619900 | Julie Andrews | Julie Andrews - wikipedia Julie Andrews Dame Julie Andrews DBE Andrews in Sydney , Australia , May 2013 Julia Elizabeth Wells ( 1935 - 10 - 01 ) 1 October 1935 ( age 82 ) Walton - on - Thames , Surrey , England , United Kingdom Occupation Actress , singer , author Years active 1945 -- present Spouse ( s ) Tony Walton ( m . 1959 ; div. 1967 ) Blake Edwards ( m . 1969 ; d . 2010 ) Children 3 , including Emma Walton Hamilton Dame Julia Elizabeth Andrews , DBE ( née Wells ; born 1 October 1935 ) is an English actress , singer , and author . Andrews , a child actress and singer , appeared in the West End in 1948 and made her Broadway debut in The Boy Friend ( 1954 ) . She rose to prominence starring in Broadway musicals such as My Fair Lady ( 1956 ) , playing Eliza Doolittle , and Camelot ( 1960 ) , playing Queen Guinevere . In 1957 , Andrews starred in the premiere of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's written - for - television musical Cinderella , a live , network broadcast seen by over 100 million viewers . Andrews made her feature film debut in Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the title role . She starred in The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , playing Maria von Trapp , and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical . Between 1964 and 1986 , she starred in The Americanization of Emily ( 1964 ) , Hawaii ( 1966 ) , Torn Curtain ( 1966 ) , Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 1967 ) , Star ! ( 1968 ) , The Tamarind Seed ( 1974 ) , 10 ( 1979 ) , Victor / Victoria ( 1982 ) , That 's Life ! ( 1986 ) , and Duet for One ( 1986 ) . In 2000 , Andrews was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the performing arts . In 2002 , she was ranked # 59 in the BBC 's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons . In 2003 , she revisited her first Broadway success , this time as a stage director , with a revival of The Boy Friend . From 2001 to 2004 , Andrews starred in The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) , The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) . From 2004 to 2010 , she lent her voice to the Shrek animated films and Despicable Me ( 2010 ) . Andrews has won an Academy Award , a BAFTA , five Golden Globes , three Grammys , two Emmys , the Screen Actors Guild Lifetime Achievement Award , the Kennedy Center Honors Award , and the Disney Legends Award . Apart from her musical career , she is also an author of children 's books and has published an autobiography , Home : A Memoir of My Early Years ( 2008 ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early career in Britain 2.2 Early career in the United States 2.3 Film stardom 2.4 Mid-career 2.5 Loss of singing voice 2.6 Career revival 2.7 2010 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Voice 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Stage 6 Accolades 6.1 Academy Awards 6.2 Golden Globe Awards 6.3 Grammy Awards 6.4 Emmy Award 6.5 Tony Awards 6.6 BAFTA Awards 6.7 Screen Actors Guild Awards 6.8 Drama Desk Awards 6.9 Hollywood Walk of Fame 6.10 Kennedy Center Honors 6.11 Other awards 6.12 Honorary degrees 7 Bibliography 8 References 9 External links Early Life Julia Elizabeth Wells was born on 1 October 1935 in Walton - on - Thames , Surrey , England . Her mother , Barbara Ward Wells ( née Morris ; 1910 -- 1984 ) was born in Chertsey and married Edward Charles `` Ted '' Wells ( 1908 -- 1990 ) , a teacher of metalwork and woodwork in 1932 . However , Andrews was conceived as a result of an affair her mother had with a family friend . Andrews discovered her true parentage from her mother in 1950 , although it was not publicly disclosed until her 2008 autobiography . With the outbreak of World War II , Barbara and Ted Wells went their separate ways and were soon divorced . Each remarried : Barbara to Ted Andrews , in 1943 , and Ted Wells , in 1944 , to Winifred Maud ( Hyde ) Birkhead , a war widow and former hairstylist working a lathe at a war work factory that employed them both in Hinchley Wood , Surrey . Ted Wells assisted with evacuating children to Surrey during the Blitz , while Barbara joined Ted Andrews in entertaining the troops through the Entertainments National Service Association ( ENSA ) . Andrews lived briefly with Ted Wells and her brother John in Surrey . In 1940 , Ted Wells sent young Julia to live with her mother and stepfather , who , the elder Wells thought , would be better able to provide for his talented daughter 's artistic training . According to her 2008 autobiography Home , while Julie had been used to calling Ted Andrews `` Uncle Ted '' , her mother suggested it would be more appropriate to refer to her stepfather as `` Pop '' , while her father remained `` Dad '' or `` Daddy '' to her . Julie disliked this change . The Andrews family was `` very poor and we lived in a bad slum area of London , '' Andrews recalled , adding , `` That was a very black period in my life . '' According to Andrews , her stepfather was violent and an alcoholic . Ted Andrews twice , while drunk , tried to get into bed with his stepdaughter , resulting in Andrews fitting a lock on her door . But , as the stage career of Ted and Barbara Andrews improved , they were able to afford to move to better surroundings , first to Beckenham and then , as the war ended , back to the Andrews ' hometown of Hersham . The Andrews family took up residence at the Old Meuse , in West Grove , Hersham , a house ( now demolished ) where Andrews ' maternal grandmother had served as a maid . Andrews ' stepfather sponsored lessons for her , first at the Cone - Ripman School ( now known commonly as ArtsEd ) , an independent arts educational school in London , then with concert soprano and voice instructor Madame Lilian Stiles - Allen . `` She had an enormous influence on me '' , Andrews said of Stiles - Allen , adding , `` She was my third mother -- I 've got more mothers and fathers than anyone in the world . '' In her memoir Julie Andrews -- My Star Pupil , Stiles - Allen records : `` The range , accuracy , and tone of Julie 's voice amazed me ... she had possessed the rare gift of absolute pitch '' ( though Andrews herself refutes this in her 2008 autobiography Home ) . According to Andrews : `` Madame was sure that I could do Mozart and Rossini , but , to be honest , I never was '' . Of her own voice , she says `` I had a very pure , white , thin voice , a four - octave range -- dogs would come for miles around . '' After Cone - Ripman School , Andrews continued her academic education at the nearby Woodbrook School , a local state school in Beckenham . Career Early career in Britain Beginning in 1945 , and for the next two years , Julie Andrews performed spontaneously and unbilled on stage with her parents . `` Then came the day when I was told I must go to bed in the afternoon because I was going to be allowed to sing with Mummy and Pop in the evening , '' Andrews explained . She would stand on a beer crate to sing into the microphone , sometimes a solo or as a duet with her stepfather , while her mother played piano . `` It must have been ghastly , but it seemed to go down all right . '' Julie Andrews gained her big break when her stepfather introduced her to Val Parnell , whose Moss Empires controlled prominent venues in London . Andrews made her professional solo debut at the London Hippodrome singing the difficult aria `` Je suis Titania '' from Mignon as part of a musical revue called `` Starlight Roof '' on 22 October 1947 . She played the Hippodrome for one year . Andrews recalled : `` Starlight Roof '' saying , `` There was this wonderful American person and comedian , Wally Boag , who made balloon animals . He would say , ' Is there any little girl or boy in the audience who would like one of these ? ' And I would rush up onstage and say , ' I 'd like one , please . ' And then he would chat to me and I 'd tell him I sang ... I was fortunate in that I absolutely stopped the show cold . I mean , the audience went crazy . '' On 1 November 1948 , Julie Andrews ( aged 13 ) became the youngest solo performer ever to be seen in a Royal Command Variety Performance before King George VI and Queen Elizabeth at the London Palladium , where she performed along with Danny Kaye , the Nicholas Brothers , and the comedy team George and Bert Bernard . Julie Andrews followed her parents into radio and television . She performed in musical interludes of the BBC Light Programme comedy show Up the Pole and later Educating Archie , of which she was a cast member from 1950 to 1952 . She reportedly made her television début on the BBC programme RadiOlympia Showtime on 8 October 1949 . Andrews appeared on West End theatre at the London Casino , where she played one year each as Princess Badroulbadour in Aladdin and the egg in Humpty Dumpty . She also appeared on provincial stages in Jack and the Beanstalk and Little Red Riding Hood , as well as starring as the lead role in Cinderella . In 1952 , she voiced Princess Zeila in the English dub of the Italian animated movie The Singing Princess ( La Rosa di Bagdad , 1949 ) , in her first film and first venture into voice - over work . Early career in the United States Andrews as Eliza Doolittle meets Rex Harrison as Professor Henry Higgins in the musical adaptation of Pygmalion , My Fair Lady On 30 September 1954 on the eve of her 19th birthday , Julie Andrews made her Broadway debut portraying Polly Browne in the already highly successful London musical The Boy Friend . To the critics , Andrews was the stand - out performer in the show . Near the end of her Boy Friend contract , as a Londoner Andrews was asked to audition for the role of Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle in My Fair Lady on Broadway and got the part . In November 1955 , Andrews was signed to appear with Bing Crosby in what one source calls the first made - for - television film , High Tor , which aired on the Ford Star Jubilee in March 1956 . Andrews auditioned for a part in the Richard Rodgers musical Pipe Dream . Although Rodgers wanted her for Pipe Dream , he advised her to take the part in the Frederick Loewe and Alan Jay Lerner musical My Fair Lady if it were offered to her . In 1956 , she appeared on stage in My Fair Lady as Eliza Doolittle to Rex Harrison 's Henry Higgins . Rodgers was so impressed with Andrews ' talent that concurrent with her run in My Fair Lady she was featured in the Rodgers and Hammerstein television musical , Cinderella . Andrews as Queen Guinevere with Richard Burton as King Arthur in the musical Camelot Cinderella was broadcast live on CBS on 31 March 1957 under the musical direction of Alfredo Antonini and had an estimated 107 million viewers . The show was broadcast in colour from CBS Studio 72 , at 2248 Broadway in New York City . Only a black - and - white kinescope remains , which has been released on DVD . Andrews was nominated for an Emmy Award for her performance . In 1957 , Andrews released her debut solo album , The Lass with the Delicate Air , which harked back to her British music hall days . The album includes performances of English folk songs as well as the World War II anthem , `` London Pride '' , a patriotic song written by Noël Coward in 1941 during the Blitz , which Andrews herself had survived . Between 1956 and 1962 , Andrews guest - starred on The Ed Sullivan Show ( 15 July 1956 ) , and also appeared on The Dinah Shore Chevy Show , What 's My Line ? , The Jack Benny Program , The Bell Telephone Hour and The Garry Moore Show . In June 1962 , Andrews co-starred in Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall , a CBS special with Carol Burnett . In 1960 , Lerner and Loewe again cast her in a period musical as Queen Guinevere in Camelot , along with Richard Burton ( as King Arthur ) and newcomer Robert Goulet . However , because film studio head Jack L. Warner decided Andrews lacked sufficient name recognition for her casting in the film version of My Fair Lady , Eliza was instead played by the established film actress Audrey Hepburn . As Warner later recalled , the decision was easy , `` In my business , I have to know who brings people and their money to a cinema box office . Audrey Hepburn had never made a financial flop . '' Film stardom Andrews in Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) In 1963 , Andrews began her work in the title role of Disney 's musical film Mary Poppins . Walt Disney had seen her performance as Queen Guinevere and thought she would be perfect for the role of the British nanny who is `` practically perfect in every way ! '' Andrews initially declined because of pregnancy , returning to London to give birth , but Disney firmly insisted , saying , `` We 'll wait for you . '' Mary Poppins became the biggest box - office draw in Disney history . Andrews won the 1964 Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical for her performance . She and her co-stars also won the 1965 Grammy Award for Best Album for Children . As a measure of `` sweet revenge , '' as Poppins songwriter Richard M. Sherman put it , Andrews closed her acceptance speech at the Golden Globes by saying , `` And , finally , my thanks to a man who made a wonderful movie and who made all this possible in the first place , Mr. Jack Warner . '' My Fair Lady was in direct competition for the awards . Andrews ' `` Maria '' dress and Goya guitar from The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) Andrews starred opposite James Garner in The Americanization of Emily ( 1964 ) , for which she was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress in a Leading Role . A comedy - drama war film set in London during World War II , Andrews has described it as her favourite film , a sentiment shared by her co-star Garner . In 1965 , Andrews starred in The Sound of Music , which was the highest - grossing film of the year . It was also the biggest hit in the history of 20th Century Fox . In 2013 , it was the third highest - grossing film of all time in the US , adjusted for inflation . For her performance as Maria von Trapp , Andrews won her second Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical . She was nominated a second time for the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress in a Leading Role and was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , though in both awards she lost to Julie Christie , for Darling . After completing The Sound of Music , Andrews appeared as a guest star on the NBC - TV variety series The Andy Williams Show . She followed this television appearance with an Emmy Award - winning special , The Julie Andrews Show , which featured Gene Kelly and the New Christy Minstrels as guests . It aired on NBC - TV in November 1965 . In 1966 , Andrews starred in Hawaii , the second highest - grossing film of its year . Also in 1966 , she starred opposite Paul Newman in Torn Curtain , which was directed by Alfred Hitchcock . The following year , she played the title character in Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 1967 ) , for which she received a Golden Globe nomination . At the time , Thoroughly Modern Millie and Torn Curtain were the biggest and second biggest hits in Universal Pictures history , respectively . Mid-career Rock Hudson and Andrews kissing in Darling Lili ( 1970 ) Andrews next appeared in two of Hollywood 's most expensive flops : Star ! ( 1968 ) , a biopic of Gertrude Lawrence ; and Darling Lili ( 1970 ) , co-starring Rock Hudson and directed by her second husband , Blake Edwards . In 1970 , Andrews was the first choice to play the English witch Eglantine Price in Disney 's Bedknobs and Broomsticks , with the role eventually going to Angela Lansbury . Andrews continued working in television . In 1969 , she shared the spotlight with singer Harry Belafonte for an NBC - TV special , An Evening with Julie Andrews and Harry Belafonte . In 1971 , she appeared as a guest for the Grand Opening Special of Walt Disney World , and that same year she and Carol Burnett headlined a CBS special , Julie and Carol At Lincoln Center . In 1972 -- 73 , Andrews starred in her own television variety series , The Julie Andrews Hour , on the ABC network . The show won seven Emmy Awards but was cancelled after one season . Between 1973 and 1975 , Andrews continued her association with ABC by headlining five variety specials for the network . She guest - starred on The Muppet Show in 1977 , and the following year , she appeared again with the Muppets on a CBS television variety special . The programme , Julie Andrews : One Step Into Spring , aired in March 1978 , to mixed reviews and mediocre ratings . She made only two other films in the 1970s , The Tamarind Seed ( 1974 ) and 10 ( 1979 ) . In February 1980 , Andrews headlined `` Because We Care '' , a CBS - TV special with 30 major stars raising funds for Cambodian Famine victims through Operation California ( now Operation USA , on whose Board she serves ) . Later that year , she starred in the film Little Miss Marker . In 1981 , she appeared in Blake Edwards ' S.O.B. ( 1981 ) in which she played Sally Miles , a character who agrees to `` show my boobies '' in a scene in the film - within - a-film . That was Andrews 's first on - screen nude scene and got much attention as she poked fun at her own squeaky - clean image . In 1982 , Andrews played a dual role of Victoria Grant and Count Victor Grezhinski in the film Victor / Victoria once again playing opposite James Garner . Her performance earned her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical , as well as a nomination for the 1982 Academy Award for Best Actress , her third Oscar nomination . In 1983 , Andrews was chosen as the Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year by the Harvard University Theatrical Society . That year , she co-starred with Burt Reynolds in The Man Who Loved Women . Her next two films were That 's Life ! and Duet for One ( both 1986 ) , which earned her Golden Globe nominations . Julie Andrews ' star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame In December 1987 , Andrews starred in an ABC Christmas special , Julie Andrews : The Sound Of Christmas , which went on to win five Emmy Awards . Two years later , she was reunited for the third time with Carol Burnett for a variety special which aired on ABC in December 1989 . In 1991 , Andrews made her television dramatic debut in the ABC made - for - TV film , Our Sons , co-starring Ann - Margret . Andrews was named a Disney Legend within the year . In the summer of 1992 , Andrews starred in her first television sitcom , the short - lived Julie aired on ABC for only seven episodes and co-starred James Farentino . In December 1992 , she hosted the NBC holiday special , Christmas In Washington . In 1993 , she starred in a limited run at the Manhattan Theatre Club in the American premiere of Stephen Sondheim 's revue , Putting It Together . Between 1994 and 1995 Andrews recorded two solo albums -- the first saluted the music of Richard Rodgers and the second paid tribute to the words of Alan Jay Lerner . In 1995 , she starred in the stage musical version of Victor / Victoria . It was her first appearance in a Broadway show in 35 years . Opening on Broadway on 25 October 1995 at the Marquis Theatre , it later went on the road for a world tour . When she was the only Tony Award nominee for the production , she declined the nomination saying that she could not accept because she felt the entire production was snubbed . Loss of singing voice Andrews was forced to quit the show towards the end of the Broadway run in 1997 when she developed hoarseness in her voice . She subsequently underwent surgery at New York 's Mount Sinai Hospital to remove non-cancerous nodules from her throat . ( However , Andrews has recently stated that it was due to `` a certain kind of muscular striation ( that ) happens on the vocal cords '' as a result of strain from Victor / Victoria , adding `` I did n't have cancer , I did n't have nodules , I did n't have anything . '' ) She emerged from the surgery with permanent damage that destroyed the purity of her singing and gave a rasp to her speaking voice . In 1999 she filed a malpractice suit against the doctors at Mount Sinai Hospital , including Scott Kessler and Jeffrey Libin , who had operated on her throat . Originally , the doctors assured Andrews that she should regain her voice within six weeks , but Andrews ' stepdaughter Jennifer Edwards said in 1999 `` it 's been two years , and it ( her singing voice ) still has n't returned . '' The lawsuit was settled in September 2000 for an undisclosed amount . Andrews admits that she has never recovered from the botched attempt to remove nodules from her vocal cords back in 1997 . Her famous , four - octave soprano was then reduced to a fragile alto -- she was quoted at the time as saying `` I can sing the hell out of `` Old Man River . '' Subsequently , from 2000 onwards , Steven M. Zeitels , director of the Massachusetts General Hospital ( MGH ) Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation , operated on her four times and while able to improve her speaking voice , was unable to restore her singing . Despite the loss of her singing voice , she kept busy with many projects . In 1998 , she appeared in a stage production of Dr. Dolittle in London . As recounted on the Julie Andrews website , she performed the voice of Polynesia the parrot and `` recorded some 700 sentences and sounds , which were placed on a computer chip that sat in the mechanical bird 's mouth . In the song ' Talk to the Animals , ' Polynesia the parrot even sings . '' The next year Andrews was reunited with James Garner for the CBS made - for - TV film , One Special Night , which aired in November 1999 . In the 2000 New Year Honours List , Andrews was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( DBE ) for services to the performing arts by Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace . In 2002 , Andrews was among the guests at the Queen 's Golden Jubilee Hollywood party held at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel . She also appears at No. 59 on the 2002 poll of the `` 100 Greatest Britons '' sponsored by the BBC and chosen by the British public . In 2001 , Andrews received Kennedy Center Honors . The same year , she reunited with Sound of Music co-star Christopher Plummer in a live television performance of On Golden Pond ( an adaptation of the 1979 play ) . Career revival In 2001 , Andrews appeared in The Princess Diaries , her first Disney film since Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) . She starred as Queen Clarisse Marie Renaldi and reprised the role in a sequel , The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) . In The Princess Diaries 2 , Andrews sang on film for the first time since having throat surgery . The song , `` Your Crowning Glory '' ( a duet with teen idol Raven - Symoné ) , was set in a limited range of an octave to accommodate her recovering voice . The film 's music supervisor , Dawn Soler , recalled that Andrews `` nailed the song on the first take . I looked around and I saw grips with tears in their eyes . '' Andrews continued her association with Disney when she appeared as the nanny in two television films based on the Eloise books , a series of children 's books by Kay Thompson about a child who lives in the Plaza Hotel in New York City . Eloise at the Plaza premiered in April 2003 , and Eloise at Christmastime was broadcast in November 2003 ; Andrews was nominated for an Emmy Award . The same year she made her debut as a theatre director , directing a revival of The Boy Friend , the musical in which she made her 1954 Broadway debut , at the Bay Street Theatre in Sag Harbor , New York . Her production , which featured costume and scenic design by her former husband Tony Walton , was remounted at the Goodspeed Opera House in 2005 and went on a national tour in 2006 . Andrews in 2003 From 2005 to 2006 , Andrews served as the Official Ambassador for Disneyland 's 18 - month - long , 50th - anniversary celebration , the `` Happiest Homecoming on Earth '' , travelling to promote the celebration , and recording narration and appearing at several events at the park . On 17 March 2005 , Andrews appeared onstage during the curtain calls for the musical of Mary Poppins at the Prince Edward Theatre in London 's West End , where she gave a speech recalling her own memories from making the film and praised the cast for their new interpretation . In 2004 , Andrews performed the voice of Queen Lillian in the animated blockbuster Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) , reprising the role for its sequels , Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) and Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) . Later , in 2007 , she narrated Enchanted , a live - action Disney musical comedy that both poked fun at and paid homage to classic Disney films such as Mary Poppins . On May 1 , 2005 , Disneyland debuted a new fireworks show , Remember ... Dreams Come True , for Disneyland 's 50th anniversary , with Andrews being the host and narrator of the show . In January 2007 , Andrews was honoured with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Screen Actors Guild 's awards and stated that her goals included continuing to direct for the stage and possibly to produce her own Broadway musical . She published Home : A Memoir of My Early Years , which she characterised as `` part one '' of her autobiography , on 1 April 2008 . Home chronicles her early years in Britain 's music hall circuit and ends in 1962 with her winning the role of Mary Poppins . For a Walt Disney video release , she again portrayed Mary Poppins and narrated the story of The Cat That Looked at a King in 2004 . In July through early August 2008 , Andrews hosted Julie Andrews ' The Gift of Music , a short tour of the United States where she sang various Rodgers and Hammerstein songs and symphonised her recently published book , Simeon 's Gift . These were her first public singing performances in a dozen years , due to her failed vocal cord surgery . In January 2009 , Andrews was named on The Times ' list of the top 10 British Actresses of all time . The list included Helen Mirren , Helena Bonham Carter , Judi Dench , and Audrey Hepburn . On 8 May 2009 , Andrews received the honorary George and Ira Gershwin Award for Lifetime Achievement in Music at the annual UCLA Spring Sing competition in Pauley Pavilion . 2010 -- present Andrews 's handprints in front of Grauman 's Chinese Theatre In January 2010 , Andrews was the official United States presenter for the Great Performances From Vienna : The New Year 's Celebration 2010 concert . This was her second appearance in this role , after presenting the previous year 's concert . Andrews also had a supporting role in the film Tooth Fairy , which opened to unfavourable reviews although the box office receipts were successful . On her promotion tour for the film , she also spoke of Operation USA and the aid campaign to the Haiti disaster . On 8 May 2010 , Andrews made her London comeback after a 21 - year absence ( her last performance there was a Christmas concert at the Royal Festival Hall in 1989 ) . She performed at The O2 Arena , accompanied by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and an ensemble of five performers . Earlier ( on 15 December 2009 and on many other occasions ) , she appeared on British television saying that rumours that she would be singing at the performance were not true and that she would be doing a form of `` speak singing '' . Yet she actually sang two solos and several duets and ensemble pieces . The evening , though well received by the 20,000 fans present , who gave her standing ovation after standing ovation , did not convince the critics . On 18 May 2010 , Andrews ' 23rd book ( this one also written with her daughter Emma ) was published . In June 2010 the book , entitled The Very Fairy Princess , reached number 1 on the New York Times Best Seller List for Children 's Books . On 21 May 2010 , her film Shrek Forever After was released ; in it Andrews reprises her role as the Queen . On 9 July 2010 , Despicable Me , an animated film in which Andrews lent her voice to Marlena Gru , the thoughtless and soul - crushing mother of the main character Gru ( voiced by Steve Carell ) , opened to rave reviews and strong box office . On 28 October 2010 , Andrews appeared , along with the actors who portrayed the cinematic von Trapp family members , on Oprah to commemorate the film 's 45th anniversary . A few days later , her 24th book , Little Bo in Italy , was published . On 15 December 2010 , Andrews ' husband Blake Edwards died at the age of 88 , of complications of pneumonia at the Saint John 's Health Center in Santa Monica , California . Andrews was by her husband 's side when he died . An Evening with Julie Andrews in Sydney , Australia , 16 May 2013 In February 2011 , Andrews received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and , with her daughter Emma , a Grammy for best spoken - word album for children ( for A Collection of Poems , Songs and Lullabies ) , at the 53rd Grammy Awards . At the age of 77 , Andrews undertook her first tour of Australia and New Zealand in 2013 , hosted by Nicholas Hammond who was a boy of 14 when they appeared together in The Sound of Music . In place of singing , she planned a series of speaking engagements in Australia 's five mainland state capitals . The following year she took the show on a tour of England , which was hosted by Aled Jones . The tour began with a May date at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham and included an appearance at the Echo Arena in Liverpool . In 2015 , Andrews made a surprise appearance at the Oscars , greeting Lady Gaga who paid her homage by singing a medley from The Sound of Music . This became a social media sensation , trending all over the world . Lyndon Terracini announced in August 2015 that Andrews would direct My Fair Lady in 2016 for Opera Australia at the Sydney Opera House . In 2016 , Andrews created the preschool television series Julie 's Greenroom with her daughter , Emma Walton Hamilton and Judy Rothman . Andrews is joined by her assistant Gus ( Giullian Yao Gioiello ) and `` Greenies , '' a cast of original puppets built by The Jim Henson Company . The series premiered on Netflix in 2017 . In 2017 , Andrews also reprised her role as Marlena Gru in the second Despicable Me sequel Despicable Me 3 . Personal Life Andrews has been married twice , first to set designer Tony Walton from 1959 until 1967 , then to director Blake Edwards from 1969 until his death in 2010 . Andrews married Walton on 10 May 1959 in Weybridge , Surrey . They had first met in 1948 when Andrews was appearing at the London Casino in the show Humpty Dumpty . In September of 1962 Andrews and Walton returned to London , where their daughter Emma Katherine Walton was born two months later . Andrews married Edwards in 1969 ; his children from a previous marriage , Jennifer and Geoffrey , were 3 and 5 years older than Emma . In the 1970s , Edwards and Andrews adopted two daughters ; Amy in 1974 and Joanna in 1975 . Andrews is a grandmother to nine and great - grandmother to three . Voice Termed `` Britain 's Youngest Prima Donna '' , Andrews ' classically trained soprano , lauded for its `` pure and clear '' sound , has been described as light , bright and operatic in tone . When a young Andrews was taken by her parents to be examined by a throat specialist , the doctor concluded that she had `` an almost adult larynx . '' In spite of the fact that her voice teacher , English soprano Lilian Stiles - Allen , continually encouraged her to pursue opera , Andrews herself felt that her voice was unsuited for the genre and `` too big a stretch '' . At the time , Andrews described her own voice as `` extremely high and thin '' , feeling that it lacked `` the necessary guts and weight for opera '' , preferring musical theatre instead . As Andrews aged , so did her voice , which began to naturally deepen . Losing her vast upper register , her `` top notes '' became increasingly difficult to sing while `` her middle register matured into the warm golden tone '' for which she has become known , according to Tim Wong of The Daily Telegraph . Musically , Andrews had always preferred singing music that was `` bright and sunny '' , choosing to avoid songs that were sad , depressing , upsetting , or written in a minor key , for fear of losing her voice `` in a mess of emotion '' . She cited this as yet another reason for avoiding opera . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1949 La Rosa di Bagdad Princess Zeila Dubbed voice for the 1952 English - language version 1964 Mary Poppins Mary Poppins Academy Award for Best Actress BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Grammy Award for Best Album for Children Golden Laurel Award for Best Female Musical Performance Nominated -- Golden Laurel Award for Female Star ( 3rd place ) Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress ( 2nd place ) The Americanization of Emily Emily Barham Nominated -- BAFTA Award for Best British Actress 1965 Salzburg Sight and Sound Herself Short subject The Sound of Music Maria von Trapp Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Golden Laurel Award for Best Female Musical Performance David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actress Nominated -- BAFTA Award for Best British Actress Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress ( 2nd place ) 1966 Torn Curtain Dr. Sarah Louise Sherman Hawaii Jerusha Bromley 1967 Think Twentieth Herself Short subject Thoroughly Modern Millie Millie Dillmount Golden Laurel Award for Best Female Comedy Performance Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 1968 Star ! Gertrude Lawrence Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 1970 Darling Lili Lili Smith ( Schmidt ) Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 1971 The Moviemakers Herself ( uncredited ) Short subject 1972 Julie Herself Documentary The Tamarind Seed Judith Farrow The Return of the Pink Panther Maid Scene cut 1976 The Pink Panther Strikes Again Ainsley Jarvis ( singing voice , uncredited ) 1979 10 Samantha Taylor Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 1980 Little Miss Marker Amanda Worthington 1981 S.O.B. Sally Miles 1982 Victor / Victoria Victoria Grant / Count Victor Grezhinski Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign Actress Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actress Trail of the Pink Panther Charwoman ( uncredited ) The Man Who Loved Women Marianna 1986 That 's Life ! Gillian Fairchild Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Duet for One Stephanie Anderson Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama 1991 A Fine Romance Mrs. Pamela Piquet Cin cin -- United States title Our Sons Audrey The Postman Maria ( Archive Footage ) ( Uncredited ) 2000 Relative Values Felicity Marshwood 2001 The Princess Diaries Queen Clarisse Renaldi Kids ' Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Actress 2003 Eloise at the Plaza Nanny Eloise at Christmastime Nanny Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Shrek 2 Queen Lillian Voice The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Queen Clarisse Renaldi 2007 Shrek the Third Queen Lillian Voice Enchanted Narrator Voice Tooth Fairy Lily Shrek Forever After Queen Lillian Voice Despicable Me Marlena Voice 2017 Despicable Me 3 Marlena Voice Television Year Title Role Notes 1956 Ford Star Jubilee Lise High Tor with Bing Crosby 1957 Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella Cinderella TV spectacular Original live broadcast , 31 March Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Best Actress in a Single Performance -- Lead or Support 1959 The Gentle Flame Trissa BBC broadcast on 25 December 1961 The Ed Sullivan Show Herself CBS broadcast on 19 March ; special tribute to Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe ; performed songs from Brigadoon , My Fair Lady and Camelot 1962 Julie and Carol at Carnegie Hall 1964 The Andy Williams Show Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment -- Actors and Performers 1965 The Julie Andrews Show Host 1969 A World in Music Herself Episode : `` An Evening with Julie Andrews and Harry Belafonte '' 1971 Julie and Carol at Lincoln Center Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Program -- Variety or Musical -- Variety and Popular Music 1972 -- 73 The Julie Andrews Hour Host Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Musical Series Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Series 1973 Julie on Sesame Street Herself Julie and Dick at Covent Garden Julie and Jackie : How Sweet It Is Julie : My Favorite Things 1977 The Muppet Show 1978 Julie Andrews : One Step Into Spring Herself -- host 1981 The CBS Festival of Lively Arts for Young People Herself Nominated -- Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Children 's Programming -- Performers Julie Andrews : The Sound of Christmas Julie & Carol : Together Again Julie Andrews in Concert 1991 Our Sons Audrey Grant aka Too Little , Too Late Julie Julie Carlisle Series cancelled after 3 months The King & I Anna TV musical 1993 Sound of Orchestra Host 1995 The Sound of Julie Andrews Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Victor / Victoria Victoria Grant / Count Victor Grezhinski TV movie 1999 One Special Night Catherine 2001 On Golden Pond Ethel Thayer 2003 Eloise at the Plaza Nanny TV movie Eloise at Christmastime TV movie Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Broadway : The American Musical Herself Narrator / Host of six - part PBS documentary series about Musical Theatre Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series 2009 -- 10 , 2012 -- 17 Great Performances Narrator / Host of annual New Year 's Day episode `` From Vienna : The New Year 's Celebration , '' succeeding Walter Cronkite Todos contra Juan Argentinian TV sitcom 2012 The Colbert Report Guest 2014 The Graham Norton Show Guest 2017 Julie 's Greenroom Co-creator ; Netflix series Stage Year Title Role Notes 1954 -- 55 The Boy Friend Polly Brown Theatre World Award for Outstanding Broadway Debut 1956 -- 59 My Fair Lady Eliza Doolittle Nominated -- Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical 1960 -- 62 Camelot Queen Guinevere Nominated -- Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical 1993 Putting It Together Amy 1995 -- 97 Victor / Victoria Victoria Grant / Count Victor Grezhinski Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical Nominated -- Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical ( nomination declined ) Accolades Academy Awards Note : The year given is the year of the ceremony Year Award Performance Result 1965 Best Actress Mary Poppins Won 1966 The Sound of Music Nominated Victor / Victoria Nominated Golden Globe Awards Note : The year given is the year of the ceremony Year Award Performance Result 1965 Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Mary Poppins Won 1966 The Sound of Music Won 1967 Henrietta Award -- World Film Favorite -- Female -- Won 1968 Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Thoroughly Modern Millie Nominated Henrietta Award -- World Film Favorite -- Female -- Won 1969 Nominated Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Star ! Nominated 1970 Henrietta Award -- World Film Favorite -- Female -- Won 1971 Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Darling Lili Nominated 1973 Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy The Julie Andrews Hour Nominated 1980 Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 10 Nominated Victor / Victoria Won That 's Life ! Nominated Best Actress in a Motion Picture -- Drama Duet for One Nominated Grammy Awards Note : The year given is the year of the ceremony Year Award Performance Result 1965 Best Recording for Children Mary Poppins Won Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album Broadway : The Music of Richard Rodgers Nominated 1998 Here I 'll Stay Nominated 2011 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award -- Won Best Spoken Word Album for Children Julie Andrews ' Collection of Poems , Songs and Lullabies Won Emmy Award Note : The year given is the year of the ceremony Year Award Performance Result Daytime Emmy Award 1981 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Children 's Programming -- Performers The CBS Festival of Lively Arts for Young People Nominated Primetime Emmy Award 1958 Actress -- Best Single Performance -- Lead or Support Cinderella Nominated 1965 Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment -- Actors and Performers The Andy Williams Show Nominated 1972 Outstanding Single Program -- Variety or Musical -- Variety and Popular Music Julie and Carol at Lincoln Center Nominated 1973 Outstanding New Series The Julie Andrews Hour Nominated Outstanding Variety Musical Series Won 1995 Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program The Sound of Julie Andrews Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie Eloise at Christmastime Nominated 2005 Outstanding Nonfiction Series Broadway : The American Musical Won Tony Awards Note : The year given is the year of the ceremony Year Award Performance Result 1957 Best Actress in a Musical My Fair Lady Nominated 1961 Camelot Nominated Victor / Victoria Nominated † † Andrews declined the nomination for her role in Victor / Victoria , citing that she felt that the rest of the company had been overlooked BAFTA awards Year Award Performance Result 1965 Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Mary Poppins Won 1966 Best British Actress The Sound of Music Nominated The Americanization of Emily Nominated A ^ The Americanization of Emily was released in 1965 in the UK ( 1964 in the US ) . Screen Actors Guild Awards Note : The year given is the year of the ceremony Year Award Performance Result 2007 Life Achievement Award -- Won Drama Desk Awards Note : The year given is the year of the ceremony Year Award Performance Result Outstanding Actress in a Musical Victor / Victoria Won Hollywood Walk of Fame Note : The year given is the year of the ceremony Year Award Performance Result 1979 Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame ( Motion Pictures Category ) -- Inducted Kennedy Center Honors Note : The year given is the year of the ceremony Year Award Performance Result 2001 Kennedy Center Honoree -- Won Other awards Year Award Performance Result 1955 Theatre World Award Outstanding Broadway Debut The Boy Friend Won 1964 New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actress ( 2nd Place ) Mary Poppins Nominated 1965 Laurel Awards Best Female Musical Performance Won Female Star ( 3rd Place ) -- Nominated New York Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actress ( 2nd Place ) The Sound of Music Nominated 1966 David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Actress ( Migliore Attrice Straniera ) Won Laurel Awards Best Female Musical Performance Won Female Star ( 2nd Place ) -- Nominated 1967 Laurel Awards Female Star -- Won 1968 Best Female Comedy Performance Thoroughly Modern Millie Won 1970 Laurel Awards Female Star ( 6th Place ) -- Nominated 1971 Laurel Awards Female Star ( 10th Place ) -- Nominated 1982 Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards Best Actress Victor / Victoria Won David di Donatello Awards Best Foreign Actress ( Migliore Attrice Straniera ) Won Sant Jordi Awards Best Performance in a Foreign Film ( Mejor Interpretación en Película Extranjera ) Nominated Hasty Pudding Theatricals Woman of the Year -- Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress -- Won 1991 Disney Legends In Film -- Won 1993 Women in Film Crystal Award -- Won 2001 Society of Singers Society of Singers Life Achievement -- Won San Sebastián International Film Festival Donostia Award -- Won 2002 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress The Princess Diaries Nominated Golden Plate Award The Arts -- Won 2005 Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards The William Holden Lifetime Achievement Award -- Won 2009 UCLA George and Ira Gershwin Award Lifetime Musical Achievement -- Won 2011 Prince Rainier Award Outstanding contribution to motion picture , television and theatre arts -- Won 2017 Hamptons International Film Festival Lifetime Achievement Award -- Won Helpmann Awards Best Direction of a Musical My Fair Lady ( Opera Australia & John Frost ) Nominated Honorary Degrees Andrews has received many honorary degrees in recognition of her distinguished career in entertainment . These include : 1970 : University of Maryland -- Doctor of Fine Arts 1999 : Yale University -- Doctor of Fine Arts 2012 : Stony Brook University -- Doctor of Letters Bibliography Andrews has published several books ( mainly children 's books and also autobiographies ) under her name , as well as the pen names Julie Andrews Edwards and Julie Edwards . Andrews , Julie . Home : A Memoir of My Early Years . Hyperion 2008 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6565 - 2 . Andrews , Julie and Emma Walton Hamilton ( Authors ) and Christine Davenier ( Illustrator ) . Very Fairy Princess . Little Browne 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 04050 - 1 . Andrews , Julie and Emma Walton Hamilton ( Authors ) and James McMullan ( Illustrator ) . Julie Andrews ' Collection of Poems , Songs , and Lullabies . Little Brown 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 04049 - 5 . Edwards , Julie Andrews ( Author ) and Judith Gwyn Brown ( Illustrator ) . Mandy. Harper & Row , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 440296 - 7 . Edwards , Julie Andrews ( Author ) and Johanna Westerman ( Illustrator ) . `` Mandy : 35th Anniversary Edition '' . HarperCollins 2006 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 113162 - 8 . Edwards , Julie . The Last of the Really Great Whangdoodles . New York : Harper and Row. 1974 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 184461 - X . Edwards , Julie Andrews . Little Bo : The Story of Bonnie Boadicea . Hyperion 1999 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 0514 - 5 . ( several others in this series ) Edwards , Julie Andrews and Emma Walton Hamilton . Dumpy the Dumptruck ) . Hyperion 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 0609 - 5 . ( several others in the Dumpy series ) Edwards , Julie Andrews and Emma Walton Hamilton , ( Authors ) . Gennady Spirin ( Illustrator ) . Simeon 's Gift. 2003 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 008914 - 8 . Edwards , Julie Andrews and Emma Walton Hamilton . Dragon : Hound of Honor . HarperTrophy 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 057121 - 7 . Edwards , Julie Andrews and Emma Walton Hamilton ( Authors ) and Tony Walton ( Illustrator ) . The Great American Mousical . HarperTrophy 2006 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 057918 - 8 . Edwards , Julie Andrews and Emma Walton Hamilton . Thanks to You : Wisdom from Mother and Child . Julie Andrews Collection 2007 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 124002 - 8 . References ^ Jump up to : `` Dame Julie : The Sound of Music '' . BBC . 31 December 1999 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Andrews '' . Reel Classics . Jump up ^ `` Biography and Video Interview of Julie Andrews at Academy of Achievement '' . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Jump up ^ General Register Office ( GRO ) Register of Births : DEC 1935 2a 435 Surrey NW -- Julia E Wells , mmn = Morris Jump up ^ GRO Register of Births : SEP 1910 2a 51 Chertsey -- Barbara W Morris , mmn = not given Jump up ^ GRO Register of Marriages : DEC 1932 2a 190 Chertsey -- Edward C. Wells = Barbara W. Morris ^ Jump up to : Spindle , Les . Julie Andrews : A Bio-Bibliography . Greenwood Press ( 1989 ) ) ISBN 0 - 313 - 26223 - 3 . pp. 1 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Windeler ( 1970 ) , pp 20 -- 21 ^ Jump up to : Brockes , Emma ( 30 March 2008 ) . `` Books About Julie Andrews -- Memoir -- Biography '' . The New York Times . New York City . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 3 August 2010 . Jump up ^ GRO Register of Marriages : DEC 1943 1a 888 Westminster -- Edward V Andrews = Barbara W Morris or Wells Jump up ^ Andrews , Julie ( 2008 ) . Home : a memoir of my early years , Doubleday , p. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ GRO Register of Marriages : JUN 1944 2a 316 Surrey NE -- Edward C Wells = Winifred M Birkhead Jump up ^ GRO Register of Births : JUN 1938 2a 564 Surrey NW -- John D. Wells , mmn = Morris Jump up ^ Stirling , Richard ; Julie Andrews : An Intimate Biography ; Portrait , 2007 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7499 - 5135 - 1 ; p. 22 Jump up ^ Windeler ( 1970 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 ^ Jump up to : Stirling , p. 24 Jump up ^ Timothy White ( 1998 ) The Entertainers p. 111 . Billboard Books , 1998 Jump up ^ Windeler ( 1970 ) , pp 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Spindle , p. 2 , suggests that Andrews began a few years of stage work with her parents in 1946 . Jump up ^ Windeler ( 1970 ) , pp 24 -- 26 Jump up ^ Boag , Wally and Sands , Gene . Wally Boag , Clown Prince of Disneyland , Disney Enterprises , Inc. 2009 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Windeler ( 1970 ) , p. 26 . `` Julie , who was described in the official announcement 14 October as ' a 13 - year - old coloratura soprano with the voice of an adult , ' was the youngest solo performer ever chosen to perform before royalty at the Palladium . She sang the British National Anthem . She ran onto stage in front of Danny Kaye wearing a white A-frame dress and begins to sing , the audience join in . The evening was held in the presence of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth ( The Queen Mother ) . The show was presented by Val Parnell . '' ^ Jump up to : Spindle , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Windeler ( 1970 ) , pp 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . Julie Andrews Biography Archived 1 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... All - Music Guide article from Legacy Recordings . Jump up ^ Jack Zipes , Pauline Greenhill , Kendra Magnus - Johnston ( 2015 ) . `` Fairy - Tale Films Beyond Disney : International Perspectives '' . p. 101 Routledge ^ Jump up to : Spindle , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` In Step With : Julie Andrews '' . Parade Magazine . 17 October 2004 . Jump up ^ Windeler , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Julie Andrews Cinderella to Air on PBS in December '' Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill. 6 October 2004 . Jump up ^ Haberman , Irving . `` The Theatre World Brings A Few Musical and a Stage Success to Television This Week '' . The New York Times , 31 March 1957 . ^ Jump up to : `` Julie Andrews '' . Television Academy . ^ Jump up to : `` The Lass with the Delicate Air '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 Jump up ^ Andrews , Julie ( 2008 ) . Home : a memoir of my early years , Doubleday , p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) at Reel Classics '' . Retrieved 18 December 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Poppins 40th Anniversary Edition DVD . Jump up ^ Hollywood Be Thy Name : The Warner Brothers Story -- 1966 . The University Press of Kentucky Report . 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 0958 - 9 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Blank , Ed . Andrews , as Maria -- a result of ' happy circumstances ' . Pittsburgh Tribune - Review . 17 November 2005 . Jump up ^ Times Online 's 2005 review of Dame Julie Andrews ' career Jump up ^ `` All Time Box Office Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mell , Ella ( 2005 ) . Casting Might - Have - Beens : A Film by Film Directory of Actors Considered for Roles Given to Others . McFarland . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Garlen , Jennifer C. ; Graham , Anissa M. ( 2009 ) . Kermit Culture : Critical Perspectives on Jim Henson 's Muppets . McFarland & Company . p. 218 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 4259 - X . ^ Jump up to : Julie Andrews : A Life Of Achievements . CBS News . 26 January 2007 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 7 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( 9 May 1996 ) . `` Adding Drama to a Musical , Andrews Spurns the Tonys '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music Reunion '' . The Oprah Winfrey Show . Season 25 . 28 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews sues over lost voice . BBC News . 15 December 1999 . Retrieved 29 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Julie Andrews settles lawsuit , Chicago Sun - Times , 9 September 2000 ^ Jump up to : Paget , Clive : Julie Andrews to tour Australia at Limelight , 18 May 2013 Jump up ^ Colapinto , John ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Giving Voice : A Surgeon Pioneers Methods to Help Singers Sing Again '' . The New Yorker . p. 56 . Jump up ^ `` Dame Julie : The sound of music '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Queen honours movie Dames '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` Film capital to mark Queen 's Golden Jubilee with Grand Ball '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 1 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` BBC -- 100 great British heroes '' . BBC News . 21 August 2002 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Singing comeback for Dame Julie . 19 March 2004 . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Inverne , James ( 18 March 2005 ) . `` Julie Andrews Makes Stage Appearance at Mary Poppins '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 29 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Julie Andrews Collection '' . The Julie Andrews Collection . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video Library '' . cbs2.com . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Christopher , James ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` The best British film actresses of all time '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PBS.org '' . PBS.org. 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ PBS.org , PBS.org , 9 December 2008 , retrieved 2 August 2010 Jump up ^ `` Rottentomatoes.com '' . Uk.rottentomatoes.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box office mojo '' . Box office mojo . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vue '' . Opusa.org. 26 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dame Julie Andrews to make UK stage return ' '' . BBC News . 25 November 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Clements ( 9 May 2010 ) Review : Dame Julie Andrews at The O2 Arena . The Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ `` Dame Julie Andrews returns to British stage after 30 years '' . The Daily Telegraph . 9 May 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Clements , Paul ( 9 May 2010 ) . `` Review : Dame Julie Andrews at the O2 Arena '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Books '' . The New York Times . 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Shrek ' Shrinks with Fourth Movie '' . Box Office Mojo. 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rotten Tomatoes '' . Uk.rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 8 February 2010 ) . `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Hills are Alive ! Julie Andrews and The Sound of Music Cast Reunite on Oprah '' . Broadway.com . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music cast reunite on Oprah Winfrey show '' . BBC News . 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Jill Serjeant Julie Andrews has favourite things Archived 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Reuters Jump up ^ Joe Neumair ( 16 December 2010 ) Blake Edwards , ' Pink Panther ' director and husband to Julie Andrews , is dead at age 88 Daily News ( New York ) Jump up ^ Julie Andrews to get lifetime Grammy . BBC News . 22 December 2010 Jump up ^ Julie Andrews , Dolly Parton Win Lifetime Grammys , ABC News . 23 December 2010 Jump up ^ Julie Andrews to tour Australia for the first time ABC News , 16 May 2013 Jump up ^ Dow , Steve Australia to come alive to the story of Julie Andrews at Sydney Morning Herald , 9 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` An Evening With Julie Andrews at the Echo arena '' . Liverpool Echo. 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Buncombe , Andrew `` Lady Gaga stuns Oscars viewers with Sound of Music medley as Julie Andrews praises singer '' , The Independent , 23 February 2015 Jump up ^ Sinha - Roy , Piya . `` Lady Gaga , Julie Andrews notch Oscars ' top social media moment '' , Reuters , 23 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Julie Andrews to direct Sydney Opera House production of My Fair Lady '' by Alexandra Spring , The Guardian , 5 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` Netflix Sets ' Julie 's Greenroom ' Preschool Series From Julie Andrews , Jim Henson Co '' . Variety . 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 '' . Universal Pictures . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` When is Despicable Me 3 released in the UK and is there a trailer ? '' . The Sun . 2017 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Spindle , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Blake Edwards , Prolific Comedy Director , Dies at 88 '' . The New York Times . 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Windeler , Robert ( 1998 ) , Julie Andrews : a life on stage and screen , Thorndike Press , p. 149 Jump up ^ Current biography yearbook , Volume 44 p. 127 . H.W. Wilson Co. , 1983 . Jump up ^ Wilkins , Barbara . `` The Pristine Princess '' , People , 14 March 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' , tcmdb.com . Retrieved 15 August 2010 Jump up ^ Laws , Roz ( 28 March 2014 ) . `` An Evening With Julie Andrews comes to Birmingham NIA '' . Birmingham Post . Archived from the original on 28 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Julie Andrews reveals secrets behind ' Mary Poppins ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ O'connor , John J. ( 25 October 1995 ) . `` TELEVISION REVIEW ; Julie Andrews , With Tough Edges '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Broadway soprano : the lineage and evolution from Julie Andrews to Kristin Chenoweth '' . TheFreeLibrary.com . Farlex , Inc. 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Andrews honoured in Gstaad '' . Swissinfo. 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wong , Tim ( 26 May 2014 ) . `` Julie Andrews , the operatic sensation that never was '' . The Daily Telegraphy . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Sikov , Ed . Mr. Strangelove : A Biography of Peter Sellers ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` The Julie Andrews Hour '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( 2 June 2016 ) . `` Netflix Sets ' Julie 's Greenroom ' Preschool Series From Julie Andrews , Jim Henson Co '' . Jump up ^ `` Julie Andrews Declines Tony Nomination Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Spindle , pp. 123 -- 29 Jump up ^ `` Past Recipients : Crystal Award '' . Women In Film . Archived from the original on 30 June 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Probst , Andy. `` Julie Andrews to Receive Prince Rainier III Award at Princess Grace Awards Gala '' theatermania.com , 3 October 2011 Jump up ^ `` Honorary Degrees A -- K '' . University of Maryland , College Park . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SUNY Honorary Degrees '' . University at Albany , SUNY . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Julie Andrews . 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Jones / Montego Glover ( 2010 ) Sutton Foster ( 2011 ) Audra McDonald ( 2012 ) Laura Osnes ( 2013 ) Jessie Mueller ( 2014 ) Kristin Chenoweth ( 2015 ) Cynthia Erivo ( 2016 ) Bette Midler ( 2017 ) Jessie Mueller ( 2018 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) June Allyson ( 1951 ) Susan Hayward ( 1952 ) Ethel Merman ( 1953 ) Judy Garland ( 1954 ) Jean Simmons ( 1955 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1956 ) Kay Kendall / Taina Elg ( 1957 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1958 ) Marilyn Monroe ( 1959 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1960 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1961 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1962 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Andrews ( 1965 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1966 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1967 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Patty Duke ( 1969 ) Carrie Snodgress ( 1970 ) Twiggy ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Raquel Welch ( 1974 ) Ann - Margret ( 1975 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton / Marsha Mason ( 1977 ) Ellen Burstyn / Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Bette Midler ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1981 ) Julie Andrews ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1985 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) Julia Roberts ( 1990 ) Bette Midler ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Angela Bassett ( 1993 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Madonna ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Annette Bening ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Amy Adams ( 2013 ) Amy Adams ( 2014 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2017 ) Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year 1951 -- 1975 Gertrude Lawrence ( 1951 ) Barbara Bel Geddes ( 1952 ) Mamie Eisenhower ( 1953 ) Shirley Booth ( 1954 ) Debbie Reynolds ( 1955 ) Peggy Ann Garner ( 1956 ) Carroll Baker ( 1957 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1958 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1959 ) Carol Lawrence ( 1960 ) Jane Fonda ( 1961 ) Piper Laurie ( 1962 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1963 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1964 ) Lee Remick ( 1965 ) Ethel Merman ( 1966 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1967 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1968 ) Carol Burnett ( 1969 ) Dionne Warwick ( 1970 ) Carol Channing ( 1971 ) Ruby Keeler ( 1972 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1973 ) Faye Dunaway ( 1974 ) Valerie Harper ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Bette Midler ( 1976 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1977 ) Beverly Sills ( 1978 ) Candice Bergen ( 1979 ) Meryl Streep ( 1980 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1981 ) Ella Fitzgerald ( 1982 ) Julie Andrews ( 1983 ) Joan Rivers ( 1984 ) Cher ( 1985 ) Sally Field ( 1986 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1987 ) Lucille Ball ( 1988 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1989 ) Glenn Close ( 1990 ) Diane Keaton ( 1991 ) Jodie Foster ( 1992 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1993 ) Meg Ryan ( 1994 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1995 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1996 ) Julia Roberts ( 1997 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1998 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1999 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Drew Barrymore ( 2001 ) Sarah Jessica Parker ( 2002 ) Anjelica Huston ( 2003 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2004 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2005 ) Halle Berry ( 2006 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2007 ) Charlize Theron ( 2008 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2009 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2010 ) Julianne Moore ( 2011 ) Claire Danes ( 2012 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2013 ) Helen Mirren ( 2014 ) Amy Poehler ( 2015 ) Kerry Washington ( 2016 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2017 ) Mila Kunis ( 2018 ) Kennedy Center Honorees ( 2000s ) 2000 Mikhail Baryshnikov Chuck Berry Plácido Domingo Clint Eastwood Angela Lansbury 2001 Julie Andrews Van Cliburn Quincy Jones Jack Nicholson Luciano Pavarotti 2002 James Earl Jones James Levine Chita Rivera Paul Simon Elizabeth Taylor 2003 James Brown Carol Burnett Loretta Lynn Mike Nichols Itzhak Perlman Warren Beatty Ossie Davis & Ruby Dee Elton John Joan Sutherland John Williams 2005 Tony Bennett Suzanne Farrell Julie Harris Robert Redford Tina Turner 2006 Zubin Mehta Dolly Parton Smokey Robinson Steven Spielberg Andrew Lloyd Webber 2007 Leon Fleisher Steve Martin Diana Ross Martin Scorsese Brian Wilson 2008 Morgan Freeman George Jones Barbra Streisand Twyla Tharp Pete Townshend & Roger Daltrey 2009 Mel Brooks Dave Brubeck Grace Bumbry Robert De Niro Bruce Springsteen Complete list 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award 1962 : Eddie Cantor 1963 : Stan Laurel 1965 : Bob Hope 1966 : Barbara Stanwyck 1967 : William Gargan 1968 : James Stewart 1969 : Edward G. Robinson 1970 : Gregory Peck 1971 : Charlton Heston 1972 : Frank Sinatra 1973 : Martha Raye 1974 : Walter Pidgeon 1975 : Rosalind Russell 1976 : Pearl Bailey 1977 : James Cagney 1978 : Edgar Bergen 1979 : Katharine Hepburn 1980 : Leon Ames 1982 : Danny Kaye 1983 : Ralph Bellamy 1984 : Iggie Wolfington 1985 : Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward 1986 : Nanette Fabray 1987 : Red Skelton 1988 : Gene Kelly 1989 : Jack Lemmon 1990 : Brock Peters 1991 : Burt Lancaster 1992 : Audrey Hepburn 1993 : Ricardo Montalbán 1994 : George Burns 1995 : Robert Redford 1996 : Angela Lansbury 1997 : Elizabeth Taylor 1998 : Kirk Douglas 1999 : Sidney Poitier 2000 : Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee 2001 : Ed Asner 2002 : Clint Eastwood 2003 : Karl Malden 2004 : James Garner 2005 : Shirley Temple 2006 : Julie Andrews 2007 : Charles Durning 2008 : James Earl Jones 2009 : Betty White 2010 : Ernest Borgnine 2011 : Mary Tyler Moore 2012 : Dick Van Dyke 2013 : Rita Moreno 2014 : Debbie Reynolds 2015 : Carol Burnett 2016 : Lily Tomlin 2017 : Morgan Freeman BNE : XX1167767 BNF : cb121075627 ( data ) CiNii : DA11664964 GND : 118992406 ISNI : 0000 0003 6853 7325 LCCN : n50023954 MusicBrainz : 16bdc7b3 - 6bfc - 4f1c - 89ad - d0756af40327 NDL : 00431527 NKC : ola2002145113 SELIBR : 285845 SNAC : w6g76rfs SUDOC : 133510751 VIAF : 90664199 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julie_Andrews&oldid=856980143 '' Categories : 1935 births 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses 20th - century British women writers 21st - century English musicians 21st - century English novelists 21st - century English singers 21st - century British women writers Actresses awarded British damehoods Actresses from Surrey American Theater Hall of Fame inductees BAFTA winners ( people ) Best Actress Academy Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire Donaldson Award winners English child actresses English child singers English children 's writers English expatriates in Switzerland English expatriates in the United States English female singers English film actresses English memoirists English musical theatre actresses English musical theatre directors English sopranos English television actresses English voice actresses English women novelists Grammy Award winners Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Kennedy Center honorees Living people Musicians from Surrey People educated at the Arts Educational Schools People educated at Tring Park School for the Performing Arts People from Walton - on - Thames Primetime Emmy Award winners Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award Singers awarded knighthoods Singers with a four - octave vocal range Women memoirists People from Hersham Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2017 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Wikipedia temporarily semi-protected biographies of living people Use British English from November 2012 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 19 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what came first mary poppins or sound of music | [
"Andrews made her feature film debut in Mary Poppins (1964), and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the title role. She starred in The Sound of Music (1965), playing Maria von Trapp, and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical. Between 1964 and 1986, she starred in The Americanization of Emily (1964), Hawaii (1966), Torn Curtain (1966), Thoroughly Modern Millie (1967), Star! (1968), The Tamarind Seed (1974), 10 (1979), Victor/Victoria (1982), That's Life! (1986), and Duet for One (1986).\n"
] | [
"Mary Poppins"
] |
-6753533146132755352 | Overtime (sports) | Overtime ( sports ) - wikipedia Overtime ( sports ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Extra time '' redirects here . For workplace usage , see Extra time ( workplace ) . `` After Extra Time '' redirects here . For the Michael Nyman album , see After Extra Time ( album ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Overtime or extra time is an additional period of play specified under the rules of a sport to bring a game to a decision and avoid declaring the match a tie or draw where the scores are the same . In some sports , this extra period is only played if the game is required to have a clear winner , as in single - elimination tournaments where only one team or players can advance to the next round or win the tournament . In other sports , particularly those prominently played in North America where ties are generally disfavored , some form of overtime is employed for all games . The rules of overtime or extra time vary between sports and even different competitions . Some may employ `` sudden death '' , where the first player or team who scores immediately wins the game . In others , play continues until a specified time has elapsed , and only then is the winner declared . If the contest remains tied after the extra session , depending on the rules , the match may immediately end as a draw , additional periods may be played , or a different tiebreaking procedure such as a penalty shootout may be used instead . The terms `` overtime '' and `` in overtime '' ( abbreviated `` OT '' or `` IOT '' ) are primarily used in North America , whereas the terms `` extra time '' and `` after extra time '' ( abbreviated `` a.e.t. '' ) are usually used in other continents . However , in basketball , the terms `` overtime '' and `` in overtime '' are used worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Association football ( soccer ) 1.1 Knock - out contests ( including professional competition ) 1.2 U.S. collegiate rules 1.3 U.S. high school rules 2 American and Canadian football 2.1 National Football League 2.2 Other professional football leagues 2.3 College , high school , and Canadian football 2.4 XFL 3 Basketball 4 Ice hockey 5 Handball 6 Baseball and softball 7 Rugby league 8 Rugby union 8.1 Rugby sevens 9 Other sports 10 Longest games 10.1 Australian rules football 10.2 American football 10.3 Association football 10.4 Baseball 10.5 Basketball 10.6 Camogie 10.7 Hurling 10.8 Ice hockey 10.9 Lacrosse 10.10 Rugby league 10.11 Tennis 11 Summary 12 See also 13 References Association football ( Soccer ) ( edit ) Knock - out contests ( including professional competition ) ( edit ) In association football knock - out competitions or competition stages , teams play an extra 30 minutes , called extra time , when the deciding leg ( or replay of a tie ) has not produced a winner by the end of regulation or full - time . Extra time is governed by the rules of the tournament , rather than the laws of the game . It follows a short break where players remain on or around the field of play and comprises two straight 15 - minute periods , with teams changing ends in between . In a one - off tie or deciding replay , level scores nearly always go to extra time . In games played over two legs ( such as the UEFA Champions League or FIFA World Cup qualification ) or even at lower levels ( such as EFL Championship play - offs ) , teams only play extra time in the second leg where the aggregate score -- then normally followed by an away goals rule -- has not produced a winner first . Ties in the FA Cup used to be decided by as many replays as necessary until one produces a winner within normal time rather than have any extra time or shootouts though , nowadays , replays are limited to just the one with the second going to extra time if teams are still level . Equally , CONMEBOL has historically never used extra time in any of the competitions it directly organises , such as the Copa Libertadores . Today , it uses extra time only in the final match of a competition . The score in games or ties resorting to extra time are often recorded with the abbreviation a.e.t. ( after extra time ) usually accompanying the earlier score after regulation time . Ties that are still without a winner after extra time are usually broken by kicks from the penalty spot , commonly called a penalty shootout . In the late 1990s and early 2000s , many international matches tried to reduce this by employing the golden goal ( also called `` sudden death '' ) or silver goal rules ( the game ending if a team has the lead after the first 15 - minute period of extra time ) , but competitions have not retained these . U.S. collegiate rules ( edit ) In NCAA college soccer rules , all matches that remain tied after ninety minutes have an overtime period . A sudden death golden goal rule is applied , with the game ending as soon as an overtime goal is scored . If neither team scores in the two ten - minute halves , the match ends in a draw unless it is a conference or national championship tournament match . A playoff game tied after two overtime periods then moves to a penalty kick shoot - out with the winner determined by the teams alternating kicks from the penalty mark . U.S. high school rules ( edit ) High school rules vary depending on the state and conference , but most will have a sudden - death overtime procedure wherein the game ends upon scoring a golden goal , although in some instances the overtime will go until completion with the team in the lead after time expires ( i.e. , silver goal rules ) declared the winner . The overtime period length may vary , but it is commonly 10 minutes long . Depending on the state , if the game is still tied at the end of the first overtime : As many additional overtime periods -- golden or silver goal rules -- may be played as needed to determine a winner . After one or more overtime periods result in the score remaining tied , a shootout procedure may be played . In a shootout , the coaches or team captains select five players to shoot penalty kicks with teams alternating kicks from the penalty mark in an attempt to put the ball into the net . The procedure continues until each team has taken five kicks , or , if one side has scored more successful kicks , the other could possibly reach with its remaining kicks . If both teams make the same number of successful penalty kicks after all eligible players have taken their first kick , the procedure repeats ; the teams are not required to follow the same order of kickers as was used for the first kick , and may replace one or more of the original kickers . The procedure repeats until one side has successfully converted more penalty kicks in a set of five attempts . Depending on the state or conference , the game may go directly to a penalty shoot - out , rather than playing overtime . American and Canadian football ( edit ) National football League ( edit ) See also : List of NFL tied games The NFL introduced overtime for any divisional tiebreak games beginning in 1940 , and for championship games beginning in 1946 . The first postseason game to be played under these rules was the 1958 NFL Championship Game between the Baltimore Colts and New York Giants ( the so - called `` Greatest Game Ever Played '' ) . In 1974 the NFL adopted sudden death overtime for regular season and preseason games . If the score is tied after regulation time has expired , one additional period is played . Through the 2016 season , the period was 15 minutes in all games . For the 2017 season , the overtime period for regular season games was shortened to 10 minutes . The captains meet with the officials for a coin toss , and then one side kicks off to the other , as at the start of a game . Under the original regular season format used through 2011 , whoever scored first during the extra period won the game . Additionally , during regular season games , fourth quarter timing rules were in effect throughout the period , including a two - minute warning if necessary . In the regular season , if the overtime period is completed without either side scoring , the game ends in a tie . Because there can not be a tie in the playoffs , the teams would switch ends of the field and start multiple 15 - minute overtime periods until one side scored , and all clock rules were as if a game had started over . Therefore , if a game was still tied with two minutes to go in the second ( or fourth ) overtime , there would be a two - minute warning ( but not during the first overtime period as in the regular season ) . If it was still tied at the end of the second overtime , the team that lost the overtime coin toss would have the option to kick or receive , or to choose which direction to play ; at the end of the fourth overtime , there is a new coin toss , and play continues . The longest NFL game played to date is 82 minutes , 40 seconds in the 1971 -- 72 NFL playoffs on Christmas Day 1971 ( the Chiefs ' last - ever game at Municipal Stadium ) ; Miami kicker Garo Yepremian kicked a 37 - yard field goal at 7 : 40 of the second overtime . The longest game in all modern American professional football is 93 minutes , 33 seconds in a 1984 United States Football League playoff game , also using the true sudden death rule , in which the Los Angeles Express defeated the Michigan Panthers 27 -- 21 . As a consequence of the 1974 rule changes , the number of tie games dropped dramatically . Only 22 NFL games have ended in a tie since then , and just nine since 1990 . The most recent was on 30 October 2016 when the Washington Redskins and Cincinnati Bengals fought to a 27 - all tie . Scoreless ties were common in the early years of the NFL , but none has happened since 1943 , in part due to innovations added by Hugh `` Shorty '' Ray to encourage more scoring . In March 2010 , NFL owners voted to amend overtime rules for postseason games ; the changes were extended to the regular season in 2012 . The changes preserved sudden death with one notable exception : if the team that receives the opening kickoff scores a field goal , the team that initially kicked off gets one possession to tie or win the game ; any other score on the opening possession ends the game immediately . In postseason games , if both teams are still tied after the OT there will be another overtime period played , and that procedure is repeated until a winner is declared ; in regular - season games , if the score is tied after 15 minutes , the game ends . No 2010 postseason game went into overtime , so the first overtime game played after the implementation of this rule came in the wild - card round in 2011 . Incidentally , this was also the shortest overtime in NFL history ; Pittsburgh Steelers kicker Shaun Suisham kicked off and the ball went out of the back of the end zone , resulting in a touchback and no time off the clock . Tim Tebow , then with the Denver Broncos , threw an 80 - yard touchdown pass on the first play to Demaryius Thomas to give the Broncos the win in only 11 seconds . The first time the `` first possession field goal '' rule was enforced occurred on 9 September 2012 , the first week of the season , in a game between the Minnesota Vikings and Jacksonville Jaguars . Minnesota 's Blair Walsh kicked a 38 - yard field goal on the Vikings ' first drive . When Jacksonville regained possession , they failed to gain a first down , losing possession and the game on a failed fourth - down conversion . The first overtime in which both teams scored occurred on 18 November 2012 , in a game between the Houston Texans and Jacksonville Jaguars ; the Texans won 43 -- 37 . The first overtime game that ended in a tie after both teams scored in overtime occurred on 24 November 2013 , when the Minnesota Vikings and Green Bay Packers played to a 26 -- all tie . On 5 February 2017 , a Super Bowl went into overtime for the first time ever , with the New England Patriots defeating the Atlanta Falcons , 34 -- 28 ; the Patriots scored a touchdown on their initial possession , so the Falcons never received the ball in overtime . Other professional football leagues ( edit ) The Arena Football League and NFL Europe used a variant in which each team is guaranteed one possession . Whoever is leading after one possession wins the game ; if the teams remain tied after one possession , the game goes to sudden death . This procedure was used by the United Football League in its inaugural 2009 season . One exception for the AFL is that in the first game of the home - and - home semifinals series there is no overtime , and the game may end tied . The short - lived World Football League , for its inaugural 1974 season ( the same year the NFL established sudden death in the regular season ) , used a fifteen - minute quarter of extra time , divided into two halves . The New York Pro Football League , a 1910s - era league that eventually had several of its teams join the NFL , used the replay to settle ties in its playoff tournament . The replay was used in the 1919 tournament to decide the championship between the Buffalo Prospects and the Rochester Jeffersons had played to a tie on Thanksgiving ; Buffalo won the replay 20 -- 0 to win the championship . College , high school , and Canadian football ( edit ) In college ( since the 1996 season ) and high school football , as well as the Canadian Football League ( since the 1986 season ) , an overtime procedure is used to determine the winner . This method is sometimes referred to as a `` Kansas Playoff '' , or `` Kansas Plan '' because of its origins for high school football in that state . A brief summary of the rules : A coin toss determines which side shall attempt to score first , and at which end zone the scores shall be attempted . Each team in turn will receive one possession ( similar to innings in baseball ) , starting with first - and - 10 from a fixed point on the opponent 's side of the field : In college football , the possession begins at the opponent 's 25 - yard line . Under standard high school football rules , the possession begins at the 10 - yard line . However , the rulebook allows state associations to use different yardage ; the 15 , 20 , and 25 - yard lines are variously used . In the CFL , where a single point can be scored on a punt , the possession begins at the 35 - yard line . The game clock does not run during overtime , but the play clock is enforced . A team 's possession ends when it scores ( touchdown or field goal ) , misses a field goal , or turns over the ball ( either on downs or by the defense otherwise gaining possession ) . As usual , a touchdown by the offense is followed by a try for one or two points . In NCAA football , starting in the third overtime period , teams must attempt a two - point conversion after a touchdown . Since 2010 , CFL teams must also attempt the two - point conversion after any touchdown in overtime . In college football , the defense may score a touchdown on a play on which it gains possession by turnover ; such a play will satisfy the condition of each team having a possession and will therefore end the game . In high school football , the defense is generally not allowed to score if it gains possession , although the Oregon School Activities Association adopted the college rule experimentally in 2005 , and the University Interscholastic League of Texas , the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools , and the Massachusetts Interscholastic Athletic Association use NCAA football rules . If scoring is not allowed or the turnover play does not end with a score , regardless of the eventual position of the ball at the end of the play , the team assumes offense and will begin their procedure from the specified position on the field . Each team receives one charged time - out per offensive or defensive series ( except in the CFL ) . If the score remains tied at the end of the first overtime period , the procedure is repeated . The team with the second possession in one overtime will have the first possession in the next overtime . In the CFL there is a limit of two overtime procedures in regular - season games , and if the scores are still level , the game is a tie , but in playoff games , overtime periods are continued until a winner is determined . In American college and high school football , the overtime periods are continued until a winner is determined . All points scored in overtime count as if they were scored in regulation . ( This is in contrast to the analogous penalty shootout used in other sports , where shootout points are counted separately and only one point is awarded to the winner . ) On two occasions , just two plays were required to determine an overtime winner in an NCAA football game : on 26 September 2002 , when Louisville defeated Florida State 26 -- 20 and on 27 September 2003 , when Georgia Tech defeated Vanderbilt 24 -- 17 . It is possible for a college game to end after a single play in overtime if the team on defense secures a turnover and returns it for a touchdown : on 9 September 2005 , Ohio defeated Pittsburgh 16 -- 10 on an 85 - yard interception return by Dion Byrum on the third play of overtime . It is also possible for the defense to get a safety on the first play of overtime ( which would also end the game ) , but this would require the offense to lose 75 yards on the play , which is extremely unlikely ( such a scenario is attested in regular play from scrimmage in college football but never in an overtime period ) . As of 2016 , the Tennessee Volunteers have competed in the most overtime college football games , totalling 19 . XFL ( edit ) The short - lived XFL used a modified Kansas Playoff , where the series would start on the 20 - yard line and have four downs to score . However , if the first team to play overtime scored a touchdown in less than four downs , the second team would have to score in just as many plays ( for instance , if the first team scored a touchdown on three downs , the second team would only have three downs to score a touchdown ) . Neither team could kick a field goal until the fourth down ( a rule imposed to prevent teams from turning the overtime period into the equivalent of a penalty shootout ) . Although such a scenario never happened in the league 's short life , the XFL rules did not explain what would happen should a turnover occur and the set of four downs end prematurely . Rather than a coin toss , the winner of the opening scramble at the beginning of the game also got to choose to go first or second in overtime . Basketball ( edit ) In basketball , if the score is tied at the end of regulation play , the teams play multiple five - minute overtime periods . In levels below collegiate / Olympic play , an overtime period is half the length of a standard quarter , i.e. , four minutes for high school varsity . 3x3 ( originally FIBA 33 ) , a formalized version of the halfcourt three - on - three game , uses an untimed overtime ( the former FIBA 33 rules called for two - minute periods ) . The alternating possession rule is used to start all overtime periods under international rules for full - court basketball , while a jump ball is used under high school and NCAA rules , with the arrow reset based on the results of the jump ball to start each overtime . The National Basketball Association and the WNBA , which use a quarter - possession rule to start periods after the opening jump , also use a jump ball . In 3x3 , whose current rules do not allow for a jump ball at any time in the game , the first possession in overtime is based on the result of a pregame coin toss ; the winner of the toss can choose to take possession of the ball either at the start of the game or at the start of a potential overtime . The entire overtime period is played ; there is no sudden - death provision . The only exception is in 3x3 , in which the game ends once either team has scored 2 points in overtime , with baskets made from behind the `` three - point '' arc worth 2 points and all other successful shots worth 1 point . All counts of personal fouls against players are carried over for the purpose of disqualifying players ( except in 3x3 , where individual foul counts are not kept , but team foul counts are ) . If the score remains tied after an overtime period , this procedure is repeated . As many as six overtime periods have been necessary to determine a winner in an NBA game . In exhibition games ( non-competitive play ) , it is upon the discretion of the coaches and organizers if an overtime is to be played especially if it is a non-tournament game ( a one - off event ) . Starting in the 2009 -- 10 season , Euroleague Basketball , the organizer of the EuroLeague and EuroCup , introduced a new rule for two - legged ties that eliminated overtime unless necessary to break a tie on aggregate . The rule was first used in the 2009 -- 10 EuroCup quarterfinals ( which consist of two - legged ties ) , although no game in that phase of the competition ended in a regulation draw . Euroleague Basketball extended this rule to all two - legged ties in its competitions , including the EuroLeague , in 2010 -- 11 . One game in the qualifying rounds of that season ( the only phase of the EuroLeague that uses two - legged ties ) , specifically the second leg of the third qualifying round tie between Spirou Charleroi and ALBA Berlin , ended in a draw after regulation . No overtime was played in that game because Spirou had won the first leg , and the two - legged tie . Although other competitions use two - legged ties at various stages , the FIBA Europe competitions are the only ones known to use overtime only if the aggregate score after the second game is tied . A rule change in the FIBA rules effective 1 October 2017 ( Article D. 4.2 ) permits drawn games at the end of the either leg of the two - legged tie . The definition states , `` If the score is tied at the end of the first game , no extra period shall be played . '' Ice Hockey ( edit ) Main article : Overtime ( ice hockey ) Ties are common in ice hockey due to the game 's low - scoring nature . If the score is tied at the end of regulation play , certain leagues play overtime . NHL ( regular season ) : If a game is tied after regulation time ( three 20 - minute periods ) , the teams play in a sudden death five - minute overtime period , with a goaltender and three skaters per side ( as opposed to the standard five ) . If regulation time ended while a power play was in progress , the team with the advantage will start overtime with more than three skaters ( almost always four , very rarely five ) , and maintain its advantage for the duration of the penalty if no one scores . If nobody scores in the overtime period , the teams engage in a `` penalty shootout '' where three skaters , selected by the head coaches on the teams , go one - on - one against the opposing goaltender , taking the puck at center ice for a `` penalty shot . '' If the shootout remains tied after the initial three rounds , the shootout continues in a sudden - death fashion ; no player may participate in a shootout twice unless the entire active roster ( excluding the backup goaltender ) has been exhausted . The greatest number of shooters in a single shootout was 40 during a game between the Florida Panthers and Washington Capitals . Panthers player Nick Bjugstad gave Florida a 2 -- 1 shootout and game victory on a trick move . The 5 - minute overtime period was introduced for regular season games beginning with the 1983 -- 84 NHL season , but with teams at full strength on the ice . Overtime in the regular season was reduced to four skaters a side starting in the 1999 - 2000 season . The `` shootout '' was introduced for the 2005 -- 06 NHL regular season . Previously , ties during the regular season were allowed to stand if not resolved in overtime . Starting in the 2015 -- 16 season , overtime was reduced to three skaters a side . NHL ( post-season ) : Following an intermission , multiple full 20 - minute periods are played . Teams remain at full strength unless this is affected by penalties during the third period . A goal ends the game in sudden death ; if neither team scores , this procedure is repeated after the intermission . The teams change ends after each period . This has made for lengthy games in the history of the NHL playoffs , with some games going as far as five or six overtimes before the deciding goal is scored . NCAA ( regular season ) : If a game is tied at the end of regulation , the teams play a sudden - death 5 - minute overtime . Both teams play at full strength , unless affected by penalties . If neither team scores during overtime , the game ends in a tie . NCAA ( in - season tournaments ) : For tournaments held during the season ( such as the Beanpot and Great Lakes Invitational ) , in which advancement or determination of a champion is necessary , organizers have the option of either using the post-season overtime procedure or using the regular - season procedure followed by a penalty shootout . Statistics from a shootout are not counted by the NCAA , and a game decided by a shootout is considered a tie for NCAA tournament selection purposes . NCAA ( post-season ) : Same as the NHL overtime procedure above , except that overtimes are played with the teams defending the ends of the ice that they would as if they were starting over , and repeat that pattern every three periods . Games decided in overtime are considered wins or losses rather than ties , regardless of how many overtimes are played . International ( round robin ) : As of the 2007 IIHF World Championships , the IIHF instituted the `` three point rule '' , which not only awarded the winning team three points for a regulation win , but awarded them two points for a win in a 5 - minute overtime period or a Game Winning Shot ( shootout ) . Games in IIHF round robins can therefore no longer end in a tie . In the World Cup of Hockey in 2004 , the NHL 's tiebreaking procedure at the time was followed : there was a five - minute sudden death period at four skaters per side , and if the score remained tied after the overtime period , it stood as a tie . The game between Sweden and Finland ended in a 4 -- 4 tie after 65 minutes . The 2016 World Cup of Hockey had the new NHL tiebreaking procedures : in round - robin play , 5 - minute sudden death period with three skaters per side , plus best - of - 3 - round shootouts and extra rounds if needed . International ( medal rounds ) : Various tiebreaking procedures have been used for international tournaments , with all of them save one ( World Cup of Hockey 2004 ) following a common theme : one period varying in length of sudden - death overtime followed by a shootout of five skaters ( since 2010 , 3 ) per side ( as opposed to the NHL 's three skaters per side originally ; it also differs in that if the shootout does not resolve the tie , the same five skaters ( now 3 ) then shoot again ) . The length of the overtime period has varied between 5 , 10 , and 20 minutes , and 5 - on - 5 and 4 - on - 4 formats have been used . The most recent format used was at the 2010 Olympics ( particularly in the gold medal game ) ; there were 20 minutes of 4 - on - 4 followed by a shootout . In 2006 , it was 20 minutes of 5 - on - 5 . All men 's games ended in regulation during the medal rounds , while the women 's semifinal between the United States and Sweden required a shootout to determine the winner . At the World Cup of Hockey in 2004 , the NHL 's postseason tiebreaking procedure was used ( multiple 20 - minute periods of 5 - on - 5 until a goal is scored ) . The only overtime game in the playoff round was the semifinal between the Czech Republic and Canada . Canada won 4 -- 3 with a goal at 2 : 16 of overtime . The 2016 World Cup of Hockey had the same overtime procedure as the 2004 event . Handball ( edit ) When a tie needs to be broken in handball , two straight 5 - minute overtimes are played . If the teams are still tied after that , this overtime procedure is repeated once more ; a further draw will result in a penalty shootout . Baseball and softball ( edit ) Main article : Extra innings Baseball and softball are unique among the popular North American team sports in that they do not use a game clock . However , if the regulation number of innings are complete ( normally nine in baseball and seven in softball ) and the score is even , extra innings are played to determine a winner . Complete innings are played , so if a team scores in the top half of the inning , the other team has the chance to play the bottom half of the inning ; they will win if they outscore them before their third out . The longest professional baseball game ever played , a 1981 minor league baseball game between the Pawtucket Red Sox and the Rochester Red Wings required 33 innings and over eight hours to complete . The Red Wings had scored in the top half of the 21st inning , but Pawtucket tied the game in the bottom half , extending the game . Major League Baseball games normally end in a tie only if the match is called off due to weather conditions . In the early decades of baseball ( up to the 1920s ) , a game could also be called off due to nightfall , but this ceased to be a problem once stadiums began installing lights in the 1930s . Two Major League Baseball All - Star Games have ended in a tie ; the second 1961 game was called due to rain with the teams tied 1 - 1 after the ninth inning , and the 2002 game was called after the eleventh inning after both teams had exhausted their supply of pitchers . The exceptions to this are in Nippon Professional Baseball , Chinese Professional Baseball League , and the Korea Baseball Organization , where the game can not go beyond 12 innings ( 15 in Japan Series , first 7 games only ; no such limit thereafter ) . During the 2011 season the NPB had a game time limit of 31⁄2 hours during the regular season ; ties are allowed to stand in the regular season and postseason ties are resolved in a full replay , extending a series if necessary . Extra innings are not played in KBO doubleheaders ' first game . In 2017 , the Arizona League and Gulf Coast League will serve as testing grounds for the softball version of the World Baseball Softball Confederation extra inning rule that will automatically place a runner on second base to start an extra inning of play . Rugby League ( edit ) Rugby league games in some competitions are decided using overtime systems if scores are level at full - time ( 80 minutes ) . One overtime system is golden point , where any score ( try , penalty goal , or field goal ) by a team immediately wins the game . This entails a five - minute period of golden point time , after which the teams switch ends and a second five - minute period begins . Depending on the game 's status , a scoreless overtime period ends the game as a draw , otherwise play continues until a winner is found . Rugby Union ( edit ) In the knockout stages of rugby competitions , most notably the Rugby World Cup , two full - length extra time periods of 10 minutes each are played ( with an interval of 5 minutes in between ) if the game is tied after full - time . If scores are level after 100 minutes , the rules call for a period of sudden - death extra time to be played . Originally , this sudden - death period was 20 minutes , but is now 10 minutes . If the sudden - death extra time period results in no scoring a kicking competition is used to determine the winner . However , no match in the history of the Rugby World Cup has gone past 100 minutes into a sudden - death extra time period . Rugby sevens ( edit ) In the sevens variant of rugby union , extra time is used only in knockout stages of competitions , such as the World Rugby Sevens Series and Rugby World Cup Sevens . Extra time begins one minute after the end of full - time , and is played in multiple 5 - minute periods . Unlike the 15 - man game , extra time in sevens is true sudden - death , with the first score by either team winning the match . If neither team has scored at the end of a period , the teams change ends . This procedure is repeated until one team scores . Other sports ( edit ) In Australian rules football , drawn matches during a season remain as draws , with the premiership points being split . Extra time is generally played only in finals matches : in the Australian Football League finals ; if the scores are level when regular time has expired , two periods of five minutes each ( plus time on ) are played . If the scores remain level after the extra time has expired , play continues under sudden death rules , and the final siren does not sound until the next score . In some competitions , there are no extra time periods and play simply continues under sudden death rules until the next score . The 2013 VFL reserves Grand Final was a notable match decided in this manner . Before the 2016 season , the only exception to this rule was the AFL Grand Final , which used a full replay in case of a drawn match , and only used extra time if the score was tied at the end of regular time in the replay . The AFL extended its extra-time procedure to the Grand Final in 2016 , thereby abolishing Grand Final replays . In gaelic football and hurling , two halves of ten minutes are played each way after a draw . In major gaelic football and hurling tournaments , a further two halves of five minutes may be played each way if the scores are still level . In futsal matches , two overtime periods of 5 minutes each are played , with teams changing ends in between . If the teams are still tied after the overtime , there takes place a penalty shootout . In water polo , if the score is tied at the end of regulation play the game goes to penalty shootouts . In college play teams play two straight 3 - minute periods , and if still tied multiple 3 - minute golden goal periods are played . If a game of curling is tied at the end of its prescribed number of rounds ( called ends ) , extra ends are played until there is a winner . Ties are allowed to stand in most forms of cricket , but Twenty20 cricket provides for tiebreaker procedures should a winner be necessary ( such as in tournament settings ) : a limited extra session called a Super Over . Some One Day International tournaments ( including the 2011 World Cup ) have also introduced the super over . Other competitions have used a bowlout . In netball matches , two straight 7 - minute periods of extra time are played , with teams changing ends in between ( with no break between periods ) . If the scores are still tied after the overtime , the match continues uninterrupted . Whoever is up two goals will be the winners . This is known as double overtime should a match end this way . All ANZ Championship matches ( 2008 -- 2014 ) , ANZ Championship finals ( since 2015 ) , Commonwealth Games finals and World Netball Championships finals implement this tiebreaker to ensure a winner . In touch football under the Federation of International Touch structure , finals matches that are drawn at full - time progress into an extra time period known as a `` drop - off '' . During a drop - off , each team reduces their on - field playing strength by one player every two minutes , until teams are down to three players . Both teams must have had possession of the ball before a result can be declared . See More : Mode of play and duration Longest games ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Australian rules football ( edit ) The longest total playing time in an AFL match is 140 : 49 ( four quarters of 20 minutes playing time plus 60 : 49 of time on ) in Round 3 , 2016 , between North Melbourne and Melbourne . A total of 41.21 ( 267 ) was kicked during the game , which North Melbourne won by five points . The longest total playing time in the three major leagues ( AFL / VFL , SANFL , WAFL ) is 141 : 34 ( four quarters of 25 minutes playing time plus 41 : 34 time on ) in Round 17 , 1975 of the SANFL season between Glenelg and Central District . There was a three minute delay during the third quarter after a crowd invasion when Glenelg full - forward Fred Phillis kicked his 100th goal for the season , and Glenelg kicked a record 49.23 ( 317 ) . The score , the final margin of 238 points and the aggregate of 60.36 ( 396 ) are all records as of 2017 . American football ( edit ) Six National Football League playoff games have gone into a second overtime , the longest being an AFC divisional playoff game on 25 December 1971 . The Miami Dolphins defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 27 -- 24 at 7 : 40 into the second overtime ( at 82 : 40 of total play , the longest game in NFL history ) . The length of the game , coupled with the fact that it was played on Christmas Day , led to a great deal of controversy and the league placed an 18 - year moratorium on Christmas games . The most recent 2OT NFL game came in an AFC divisional playoff game on 12 January 2013 , with the Baltimore Ravens defeating the Denver Broncos 38 -- 35 on a field goal at 1 : 42 in the second overtime . In the former American Football League , the championship game played on 23 December 1962 , the Dallas Texans defeated the Houston Oilers 20 -- 17 on a 25 - yard field goal at 2 : 54 into the second overtime . ( This game , along with all other AFL games , was incorporated into the NFL record books following the 1970 merger of the two leagues . ) The former United States Football League had a three - overtime playoff game on 30 June 1984 , with the Los Angeles Express defeating the Michigan Panthers 27 -- 21 on a walk - off touchdown 3 : 33 into the third overtime . At 93 : 33 of total play , this is the longest professional football game ever played in the United States . Collegiate ( NCAA Division I FBS , formerly Division I-A ) : Four games have gone to seven overtimes . On 3 November 2001 , the Arkansas Razorbacks beat the Ole Miss Rebels 58 -- 56 in seven overtimes ; the game had been tied 17 -- 17 after end of regulation . On 1 November 2003 , Arkansas beat the Kentucky Wildcats 71 -- 63 , also in seven overtimes ; the score was tied 24 -- 24 at the end of regulation . On 7 October 2006 , North Texas defeated FIU 25 - 22 in a game that had been tied 16 - 16 at the end of regulation . On October 7 , 2017 , Western Michigan defeated Buffalo 71 -- 68 in a game that had been tied 31 -- 31 at the end of regulation . Collegiate ( NCAA Division I FCS , formerly Division I - AA ) -- 27 September 1998 : Bethune - Cookman University recorded a 63 -- 57 victory over Virginia State University , ending in the eighth overtime . High school -- 29 October 2010 : Jacksonville High School ( TX ) defeated Nacogdoches High School ( TX ) 84 - 81 after 12 overtimes . Nacogdoches could have won in earlier overtime periods , but needed a win by 8 points to keep its postseason hopes alive and so they intentionally forced additional overtime periods rather than win by fewer than 8 points . Association football ( edit ) In the past , some football competitions also allowed successive extra times , before the use of penalty shootouts . The decision of the Campeonato Pernambucano de Futebol de 1977 , which ended with the victory of Sport on Náutico during the fourth extra time of 15 minutes each , resulting in a game of 158 minutes duration . The 1922 Final for the German Championship between Hamburger SV and 1. FC Nürnberg had to be broken off after 189 minutes at 2 - 2 because the coming dusk made play impossible . The rematch seven weeks later was also broken off in overtime at a standing of 1 - 1 due to Nürnberg being unable to field more than seven players ( with the rules of the time substitutions were not allowed ) . The 1982 and 1985 NCAA Division I men 's soccer finals both went to the 8th ( 10 - minute ) period of extra time before being decided , lasting into the 160th and 167th minutes respectively . In Game 1 of the 1971 North American Soccer League playoffs semifinal ( best of three series ) between the Dallas Tornado and the Rochester Lancers , league scoring champion Carlos Metidieri of Rochester mercifully ended the match in the 6th overtime at the 176th minute , less than four minutes shy of playing two complete games . Seven days later in Game 3 , the two teams also played a 4 - OT , 148 minute match with Dallas winning this time . Incredibly , only four days after that , Dallas lost Game 1 of the NASL Championship Series in the 3rd OT to Atlanta in the 123rd minute . All totaled , Dallas played 537 minutes of football ( 3 minutes short of six games ) in 13 days ' time . Baseball ( edit ) MLB -- American League -- 8 May 1984 : Chicago White Sox beat the Milwaukee Brewers 7 -- 6 in 25 innings . The game took 8 hours and 6 minutes to decide . MLB -- National League -- 1 May 1920 : Game between the Brooklyn Robins and Boston Braves ended in a 1 -- 1 tie after 26 innings . Minor league -- International League -- 18 April 1981 : In the longest professional baseball game ever played with 8 hours and 25 minutes of playing time , the Pawtucket Red Sox defeated the Rochester Red Wings 3 -- 2 in 33 innings . The game was suspended at the end of the 32nd inning at 4 : 09 AM local time and resumed one month later . The decisive 33rd inning took just 18 minutes to play . Collegiate -- 30 May 2009 : The Texas Longhorns defeated the Boston College Eagles 3 -- 2 in 25 innings in the Austin regional of the 2009 NCAA Division I Baseball Championship tournament . Basketball ( edit ) International basketball : Summer Olympics : Four games needed three overtimes to finish , three of them in the men 's tournament and one in the women 's tournament . FIBA Basketball World Cup : In the 2006 FIBA World Championship , Germany defeated Angola 108 -- 103 after three overtimes . FIBA continental championships : In EuroBasket 1953 , Yugoslavia defeated Israel 57 -- 55 after four overtimes . NBA -- 6 January 1951 : The Indianapolis Olympians and the Rochester Royals played six overtimes , with Indianapolis winning 75 -- 73 in a four - hour game . US Collegiate NCAA Division I -- 21 December 1981 : Cincinnati edged Bradley 75 -- 73 in seven overtimes. ( 1 ) NCAA Division II -- 18 February 1956 : Black Hills edged Yankton ( a college which no longer exists ) 80 -- 79 after seven extra periods . ( 2 ) NCAA Division III -- 24 November 2010 : Skidmore edged Southern Vermont 128 -- 123 , also in seven overtimes. ( 3 ) US , High School Indiana -- 15 March 1964 : Swayzee won over Liberty Center 65 - 61 , after a state record 9 overtimes in a regional tournament game in Marion . ( 4 ) Camogie ( edit ) `` Extra extra time '' was played in the 2015 Ashbourne Cup final . Hurling ( edit ) A semi-final of the 2014 Ulster Senior Hurling Championship went to 30 minutes of extra time . After Down and Derry finished level ( 3 - 23 to 4 - 20 ) after the usual 20 minutes ( two periods of 10 minutes ' duration ) of extra time , it was agreed by both teams to play another ten minutes of extra time ( two periods of 5 minutes ) . After this , the game was still tied : 3 - 28 to 5 - 22 after 100 minutes ' play . Ice Hockey ( edit ) GET - ligaen ( premier Norwegian ice hockey league ) - 12 March 2017 : Storhamar beat Sparta 2 - 1 in octuple overtime after Joakim Jensen scored the game winner at 17 : 14 of the 8th overtime period , for a total of 157 : 14 of overtime and a game length of 217 : 14 . NHL -- 23 March 1936 : The Detroit Red Wings beat the Montreal Maroons 1 -- 0 in sextuple overtime and after a total of 116 : 30 minutes had been played in overtime . Collegiate ( NCAA Division I , men 's ) -- 6 March 2015 : In a Hockey East men 's first round , UMass beat Notre Dame 4 -- 3 in quintuple overtime , after 151 : 42 minutes of play . Yale University @ Union College & Quinnipiac University @ Union College also extended 5 overtimes . Collegiate ( NCAA Division I , women 's ) -- 10 March 1996 : In the ECAC women 's championship game , New Hampshire defeated Providence 3 -- 2 in the 5th overtime , after 145 : 35 minutes of play . High School ( Ohio High School Athletic Association ) - The 2014 state championship game between Sylvania Northview ( OH ) and Cleveland St. Ignatius ( OH ) ended in a 1 - 1 tie after 7th ( 8 minute ) overtime period by mutual agreement , mostly due to concerns over player safety . In response , all tournaments since 2015 allow a limit of five overtime periods , with 4 - on - 4 play starting on the 2nd overtime period , and a 3 - player shootout commencing after all periods were played . In terms of number of periods , the 1977 North Dakota state high school hockey championship game between Grand Forks Central and Grand Forks Red River , tied 1 - 1 after regulation , went eight scoreless five - minute overtime periods . Officials , citing player safety concerns , stopped play after the eighth overtime and declared the teams co-champions . Lacrosse ( edit ) Collegiate ( NCAA Division I , men 's ) -- 28 March 2009 : The Virginia Cavaliers team played in the longest game in the history of NCAA Division I lacrosse -- a 10 -- 9 victory over the Maryland Terrapins in seven overtime periods . Rugby League ( edit ) The longest rugby league game at senior level is 104 minutes , during the 1997 Super League Tri-series final between NSW and QLD . Normal game time is 80 minutes , but with scores level a further 20 minutes was played . When the scores remained level after 100 minutes , golden point extra time was invoked , a Noel Goldthorpe field goal decided the game after 104 minutes . Tennis ( edit ) The Isner -- Mahut match at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships was a first round Men 's Singles match , in which the American 23rd seed John Isner played French qualifier Nicolas Mahut . In total , the match took 11 hours , 5 minutes of play over three days , with a final score of 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 ( 7 ) , 7 -- 6 ( 3 ) , 70 -- 68 for a total of 183 games . It remains by far the longest match in tennis history , measured both by time and number of games . The final set alone was longer than the previous longest match . The official longest tie - break on record , 50 points , came in the first round of Wimbledon in 1985 when Michael Mortensen and Jan Gunnarson defeated John Frawley and Victor Pecci 6 - 4 , 6 - 4 , 3 - 6 , 7 - 6 ( 24 ) . Of note is an even longer tie - break of 70 points , with Benjamin Balleret defeating Guillaume Couillard 7 - 6 ( 34 ) , 6 - 1 . The match , held in Plantation , FL in 2013 , was only a qualifying match in a Futures event , the lowest level tournament in pro tennis . All matches in qualifying are played without any chair umpire or any lines people . Without any official scorecard , this record is not official . Summary ( edit ) Length is in minutes unless otherwise specified . Sport Competition Length in minutes Percent of length Number of extra periods allowed Sudden death ? If still tied at the end of the overtime period ( s ) Applicable to Overtime period Entire match Gridiron football NFL regular season 10 60 17 % Modified sudden death The match will end in a tie . All matches NFL playoffs 15 25 % Until a winner is produced Modified sudden death Another overtime period will be played . NCAA football CFL Untimed N / A Until a winner is produced Each team has one possession In the CFL , games end in a tie after two overtime procedures during the regular season . In the NCAA and the CFL playoffs , another overtime procedure is played . Association football universal 30 90 33 % 1 ( divided into 2 halves ) Only during penalty shootouts The match will proceed to a best - of - 5 penalty shootout , then sudden death penalty shootouts if still tied . Decisive matches only Basketball NBA preseason 5 48 10 % Until winner is determined Rarely used Another overtime period will be played . Following the first overtime period , double overtime & thereafter could be sudden death due to time constraints ( but only during preseason games and Summer League games ) . Competitive matches only NBA regular season / playoffs No FIBA 3x3 Untimed 10 N / A Yes A tie at the end of overtime is impossible . An overtime in 3x3 will end once either team has scored 2 points in overtime , equal to one basket from behind the `` three - point '' arc or any combination of two regular baskets and free throws . NFHS 32 13 % Until a winner is produced No Another overtime period is played . NCAA basketball WNBA FIBA World Cup 5 40 13 % Gaelic games ( Gaelic football , hurling , camogie ) Senior inter-county Gaelic football and hurling 20 70 29 % 1 ( divided into 2 halves ) No The match is replayed at a later date . In some competitions , a free - taking contest will decide the winner . Knockout competitions only All other games 20 60 33 % 1 ( divided into 2 halves ) No The match is replayed at a later date . In some competitions , a free - taking contest will decide the winner . Knockout competitions only Ice hockey NHL regular season 5 60 8 % Yes The match will proceed to a 3 - on - 3 shootout , then additional sudden - death shootout rounds if still tied . Competitive matches only Professional playoffs 20 60 33 % Until a winner is produced Yes Another overtime period will be played . All matches Team handball universal 10 60 17 % 2 ( each divided into two halves ) Only during penalty shootouts The match will proceed to sudden - death penalty shootouts . Certain matches only Rugby league Certain leagues 10 80 13 % 1 ( divided into two halves ) No Either the match will end in a draw , or another overtime period will be played . Certain matches only Rugby sevens universal 5 14 36 % Until a winner is produced Yes Another overtime period will be played . Decisive matches only Rugby union universal 20 ( first ) 10 ( second ) 80 25 % ( first ) 13 % ( second ) 2 ( first period divided into two halves ) Only during second extra time period If the match remains tied after the first 20 minutes of extra time , 10 minutes of sudden - death extra time are played . If still level , the match will proceed to a kicking competition . Decisive matches only Jump up ^ 20 minutes in the championship match of a competition Jump up ^ 25 % of regular time in competition finals See also ( edit ) Tiebreaker Green -- white -- checker finish , the procedure used in motorsport to add extra laps if a Safety Car situation is in effect when the race has reached the scheduled lap count . Replay ( sports ) , a procedure in some sports to resolve a tied game in which a game is played from the beginning , with the original match discarded . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top 16 Round 5 : Two leaders and a scramble below ! '' . Euroleague Basketball Company . 29 January 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . On Friday , Laboral Kuxta Vitoria Gasteiz edged FC Barcelona Lassa 78 - 81 after overtime in a rare home defeat in the Top 16 for the hosts . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Official Rules and Case Book of the National Football League '' ( PDF ) . Rule 16 , Section 1 , Article 5 , Paragraphs ( e ) and ( f ) Jump up ^ `` Tim Tebow NFL Overtime Marketing '' . USA Today . 2012 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Rules of the United Football League '' . UFL . Retrieved 29 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3x3 Rules of the Game '' ( PDF ) . FIBA. 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ FIBA Official Basketball Rules ( 2010 ) Rule 4 , Section 12.1. 1 Retrieved 26 July 2010 Jump up ^ Struckhoff , Mary , ed. ( 2009 ) . 2009 -- 2010 NFHS Basketball Rules . Indianapolis , Indiana : National Federation of High schools . p. 34 . Rule 4 , Section 28 , Article 1 Jump up ^ 2009 -- 2011 Men 's & Women 's Basketball Rules Rule 4 , Section 42 , Article 1 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 Jump up ^ NBA Official Rules ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Rule 6 , Section I , a . Retrieved 26 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` This Date in History - January '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Eurocup 2009 -- 10 Competition System '' . eurocupbasketball.com . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ 2009 -- 2010 Official NHL Rulebook Section 10 , Rule 84.1 Retrieved 26 July 2010 ^ Jump up to : 2009 -- 2010 Official NHL Rulebook Section 10 , Rule 84.4 Retrieved 26 July 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` National Hockey League ( NHL ) Major Rule Changes '' . Rauzulusstreet.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ 2009 -- 2010 Official NHL Rulebook Section 10 , Rule 84.5 Retrieved 26 July 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` NHL Playoffs -- Longest OT games '' . ESPN . 12 April 2007 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Rule change in minors will put runner on 2B in extra innings '' . ESPN.com. 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFL abolishes grand final replays '' . Afl.com.au . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Williamstown Development League premiers '' . Sportingpulse. 14 September 2013 . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Twomey , Callum . `` No more Grand Final replays '' . Australian Football League . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Details of the match '' . Afltables.com. 2016 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 SANFL record score - Snoutslouts '' . wiki.snoutslouts.org . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ NFL Record & Fact Book 2010 . NFL . July 2010 . p. 549 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60320 - 833 - 8 . Jump up ^ Andreas Bock . `` Nürnberg - HSV 1922 : Das ewige Endspiel 11 Freunde '' ( in German ) . 11freunde.de . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Division I Men 's College Soccer - History '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA Wins Longest NCAA Soccer Final in 8th Overtime , 1 - 0 - latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com. 1985 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Year in American Soccer - 1971 '' . Homepages.sover.net . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Daragh O Conchúir ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Waterford IT are camogie champs as they lift the Ashbourne Cup with final win over UL '' . The42.ie . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Extra , extra time - read all about it ! '' . Hoganstand.com. 2014 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Pålsson , Fredrik ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` The longest game ever played '' . eurohockey.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Statement from Ohio High School Athletic Association Regarding Ice Hockey State Championship Game '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 most memorable championship games '' . Grand Forks Herald . 2011 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Isner -- Mahut match at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships Jump up ^ `` A Closer Look at the Longest Tie - Breaker in Tennis History '' . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overtime_(sports)&oldid=834339265 '' Categories : Terminology used in multiple sports Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from February 2017 Articles with limited geographic scope from July 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kurdî Lietuvių Македонски Malti मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 05 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did they start overtime in college football | [
"In college (since the 1996 season) and high school football, as well as the Canadian Football League (since the 1986 season), an overtime procedure is used to determine the winner. This method is sometimes referred to as a \"Kansas Playoff\", or \"Kansas Plan\" because of its origins for high school football in that state. A brief summary of the rules:"
] | [
"1996 season"
] |
-3774662403747120927 | America's Got Talent | America 's Got Talent - Wikipedia America 's Got Talent Jump to : navigation , search For the current season , see America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) . America 's Got Talent Genre Reality Talent contest Created by Simon Cowell Ken Warwick Cécile Frot - Coutaz Directed by Russell Norman Creative director ( s ) Brian Friedman Presented by Regis Philbin Jerry Springer Nick Cannon Tyra Banks Judges Piers Morgan David Hasselhoff Brandy Norwood Sharon Osbourne Howie Mandel Howard Stern Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 300 Production Executive producer ( s ) Simon Cowell Sam Donnelly Jason Raff Rob Wade Trish Kinane Richard Wallace Running time 44 -- 104 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia North America SYCOtv Distributor FremantleMedia Enterprises Release Original network NBC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 2006 -- 08 ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2009 -- ) Original release June 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 21 ) -- present External links Official website www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/ America 's Got Talent ( sometimes abbreviated as AGT ) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network , and part of the global Got Talent franchise . It is a talent show that features singers , dancers , magicians , comedians , and other performers of all ages competing for the advertised top prize of one million dollars . The show debuted in June 2006 for the summer television season . From season three ( 2008 ) onwards , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Among its significant features is that it gives an opportunity to talented amateurs or unknown performers , with the results decided by an audience vote . The format is a popular one and has often been reworked for television in the United States and the United Kingdom . This incarnation was created by Simon Cowell , and was originally due to be a 2005 British series called Paul O'Grady 's Got Talent but was postponed due to O'Grady's acrimonious split with broadcaster ITV ( later launching as Britain 's Got Talent in 2007 ) . Therefore , the U.S. version became the first full series of the franchise . The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan . Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two ( 2007 ) , and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five ( 2010 ) . Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven ( 2012 ) . Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight ( 2013 ) , while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge . Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven ( 2016 ) . Regis Philbin was the original host ( season one ) , followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons ( 2009 -- 2016 ) . Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season ( 2017 ) . On August 2 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series for a twelfth season , which premiered on May 30 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Guest judges 2 Selection process 2.1 Producers ' auditions 2.2 Judges ' Auditions 2.2. 1 Golden Buzzer 2.3 Judge cuts 2.4 YouTube auditions 2.5 Live shows 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 ( 2006 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2007 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2008 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 3.11 Season 11 ( 2016 ) 3.12 Season 12 ( 2017 ) 4 Post-show 4.1 America 's Got Talent Live 4.2 Holiday Spectacular 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Top - selling albums by former contestants 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows 6 International broadcasts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Duration Winner 's prize Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 $ 1,000,000 Bianca Ryan Taylor Ware & Celtic Spring Regis Philbin David Hasselhoff Piers Morgan Brandy Norwood N / A June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion Nick Cannon 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity Howie Mandel 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close Howard Stern 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose Mel B Heidi Klum 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos Simon Cowell 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 TBA TBA TBA Tyra Banks Notes ^ A fourth judge was added in season eight . ^ Beginning with season three , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . The length of the headlining stint has varied , with season four 's prize including a 10 - week schedule and season eleven 's lasting three days . A book was released in 2013 titled , Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent . It describes the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show and contains detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons . Current judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks Guest judges ( edit ) Starting with the tenth season , each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition . The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows . The first guest judge , Neil Patrick Harris , appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten , which aired on July 14 , 2015 . Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten , which aired on July 21 , 2015 . Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten , which aired on July 28 , 2015 . Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten , which aired on August 4 , 2015 . Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges . This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets . Season Guest Judge ( in order of appearance ) 10 Neil Patrick Harris Michael Bublé Marlon Wayans Piers Morgan 11 Ne - Yo Reba McEntire George Lopez Louis Tomlinson 12 Chris Hardwick DJ Khaled Laverne Cox Seal Selection process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Producers ' auditions ( edit ) The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers ' auditions held in various cities across the United States , some of which host only the producers ' auditions , and some of which also host judges ' auditions held in theaters . This round is held several months before the judges ' audition . Acts that have made it through the producers ' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience . Judges ' auditions ( edit ) Following the producers ' auditions , acts audition in front of ( as of 2013 ) four celebrity judges . These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised . Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer , which lights up their corresponding X above the stage . Any performer who receives X 's ( 3 from season 1 - 7 , or 4 from season 8 - ) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated . Since season three ( 2008 ) , large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process , as their reaction to an act 's performance may swing or influence a judge 's vote . If an act receives three or more `` yes '' votes , they advance to the next round of competition . However , in the majority of seasons , several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance . Golden buzzer ( edit ) Introduced in season nine , the `` Golden Buzzer '' is located on the center of the judges ' desk and may be used once per season by each judge . In season 9 , a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination , regardless of the number of X 's earned from the other judges . Starting in season 10 and onward , any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show ; and in season 11 , the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer . The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format . - Eliminated at Judgement Week / Judge Cuts - Quarterfinalist - Reached Semi-final - Reached Final - Reached top 5 - Reached top 3 - Won season Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Howard Stern 9 N / A Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson N / A Dustin 's Dojo 10 Drew Lynch Sharon Irving Arielle Baril Freckled Sky Season Nick Cannon Simon Cowell Heidi Klum Mel B Howie Mandel 11 Dorothy Williams Calysta Bevier Sal Valentinetti Laura Bretan Grace VanderWaal Season Tyra Banks Simon Cowell Heidi Klum Mel B Howie Mandel 12 Light Balance Mandy Harvey Angelina Green Darci Lynne Farmer Christian Guardino Judge Cuts ( edit ) From season two ( 2007 ) to season eight ( 2013 ) , Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows . This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip . Names for this round in previous seasons have included `` Las Vegas Callbacks '' and `` Vegas Verdicts '' . The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges ( except for season four in 2009 ) , who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows . An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition , as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as `` wild card '' acts . Prior to the inclusion of this round , the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show . The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week , leaving several acts without the chance to perform . In season nine ( 2014 ) , acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows . In 2015 the first year of judge cuts , the guest judges in order of appearance were Neil Patrick Harris , Marlon Wayons , Michael Buble , Piers Morgan YouTube auditions ( edit ) Jackie Evancho , the first YouTube winner ; placed 2nd in season five ( 2010 ) From season five ( 2010 ) to season seven ( 2012 ) , acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the `` live shows '' part of the season , prior to the semi-finals . The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho , who went on to place second in season five . Before the inclusion of this round , the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four ( 2008 -- 2009 ) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . Live shows ( edit ) During the live shows , a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 ( season two ) , to as many as 60 , compete for viewers ' and judges ' votes . In the first season , the judges could not end an act 's performance , but could either `` check '' or `` X '' the performance during their critique . Since season two ( 2007 ) , judges have been able to end an act 's performance early , and the `` check '' was removed . Generally , acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals . In seasons with YouTube auditions , the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then , as part of these quarterfinals . Then there may be additional shows for `` Wild Card '' acts -- acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination . From these shows , the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and / or the judges ( depending on the season ) . Acts then move on to a semifinal round , and even further rounds ( such as a `` Top 8 '' or a `` Top 10 '' , depending on the season ) through a series of weekly shows , which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote . In the majority of seasons , judges have had no vote from the semifinals . All these rounds culminate in a live final , which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons . The act with the most votes is declared the winner , given $1 million , and , since season three ( 2008 ) , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . During seasons one through six ( 2006 -- 11 ) , the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In season seven ( 2012 ) , the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . From seasons eight through ten ( 2013 -- 15 ) , live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York . From season eleven ( 2016 ) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre . For seasons five through eight ( 2010 -- 13 ) , the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show , stopping in 25 cities . For season nine , however ( 2014 ) , there was no tour ; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts . ( See # America 's Got Talent Live , below . ) Season synopses ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 1 ) Bianca Ryan , season one winner In May 2006 , NBC announced the new show . The audition tour took place in June . Auditions were held in the following locations : Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however , this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas , should one become a champion . More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere ( which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002 ) . The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 ( the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers ) , Nielsen Media Research reported . On the season finale , there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically . Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience , shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below . In season one , the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) Terry Fator , season two winner After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights , with no separate results show , the network changed that , pushing the show back to the summer , where the first season had enjoyed great success . This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular . In AGT 's place , another reality - based talent show , Grease : You 're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January . In March , NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show , and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host , with Sharon Osbourne ( formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge . The season finale was shown Tuesday , August 21 , with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner - up was singer Cas Haley . Season 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 3 ) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner Season three premiered on June 17 , 2008 . Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April . A televised MySpace audition also took place . Season three differed from the previous two in many ways . Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation , and a new title card was introduced , featuring the American flag as background . The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table . Like the previous season , the Las Vegas callbacks continued , but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds , instead of twenty . This season also contained several results episodes , but not on a regular basis . The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26 . Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer , was named the winner on October 1 . Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist , was runner - up . Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) Kevin Skinner , season four winner Season four premiered on Tuesday , June 23 , 2009 . It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions . New York and Miami auditions were held during March . Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26 . In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape , season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration . This year 's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments . The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season , but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts ' . This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis . The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo . On September 16 , country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner . The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Michael Grimm , season five winner For season five , the network had considered moving the show to the fall , after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009 . NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show . Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland ( Oregon ) . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time , online auditions were also held via YouTube . David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show . The show premiered Tuesday , June 1 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . Afterward , Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season . On September 15 , singer Michael Grimm was named the winner . He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity , Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 6 ) Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , season six winner Season six premiered on Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 , with a two - hour special . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 , Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26 . Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run , beginning on May 4 . Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9 . On Wednesday , September 14 , Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , a Frank Sinatra - style singer , was named the winner . Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 7 ) Olate Dogs , season seven winners Season seven premiered on May 14 , 2012 . The first round of auditions , which are judged by producers , were held in New York , Washington , D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012 . The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27 . Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven , due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City , the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark , New Jersey . In December 2011 , Simon Cowell , the show 's executive producer , announced that the show would be receiving a `` top - to - bottom makeover '' , confirming that there would be new graphics , lighting , theme music , show intro , logo , and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . On July 2 , at the first live performance show of the season , their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special . A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the `` X '' . On August 6 , Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season , in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . On September 13 , Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season , becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win . Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 8 ) Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday , June 4 , 2013 . The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show . Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season , but later said that she was staying with the show `` for now . '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6 , 2012 . On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members , Mel B ( Melanie Brown ) , would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge . Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added . On March 3 , it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge . An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11 , 2012 . The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland ( Oregon ) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus ( Ohio ) , and Chicago . This season , the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before . America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight . Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4 . The show traveled to New Orleans , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , and San Antonio . On September 18 , 2013 , martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season , the first dance act to win the competition . Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) Mat Franco , season nine winner Season nine premiered on Tuesday , May 27 , 2014 , at 8 pm ET . The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 , in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26 . The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29 . There was also a new twist in the show , where `` Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience , but after three acts performed , the producers scrapped the live audience concept . This season also came with the addition of a `` Golden Buzzer , '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act , typically used when there is a tie . For this season , contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes , Cornell Bhangra , filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals . On September 17 , magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season , the first magic act to win the competition . Singer Emily West was the runner - up . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 10 ) Season ten premiered on May 26 , 2015 . Producer auditions began on November 2 , 2014 , in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond ( Virginia ) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted . Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1 , 2014 , that he might not return , but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season . Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host . On February 9 , 2015 , Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well . It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning . It was announced on December 4 , 2014 , that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout . He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes , and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2 , 2015 , at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special `` extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona , California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges , who were seated at an outdoor stage . During NBC 's summer press tour , it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their `` Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows . An official trailer for the season was released , which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season , with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk . Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven . On June 24 , Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge . Stern said , `` In all seriousness , I 've told you , I 'm just too f * cking busy ... something 's got to give ... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year , whether or not I 'd come back , I kind of have told them I think this is my last season . Not I think , this is my last season '' . On September 16 , Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season , making him the second ventriloquist to win . Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up , and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place . Season 11 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1 , 2015 . The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online . On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . On January 12 , 2016 , it was announced that Mel B , Heidi Klum , and Howie Mandel would all return as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows will also move from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Howard Stern 's departure . The live shows will be held at the Dolby Theatre . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The season premiered on May 31 , 2016 . On September 14 , 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player , Grace Vanderwaal was announced as the winner making it the second time that a female act has won the show since Season 1 , and the second child act to win the competition . Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants was runner - up , and magician Jon Dorenbos was in Third Place . Comedian Tape Face was named the most memorable act this season . Season 12 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12 . Later that year , on October 4 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 ( Season 14 ) . On February 13 , 2017 , Nick Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season , citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC . The resignation comes in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his recent Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon , however , was technically under contract to host and could potentially have been sued by NBC for breach of contract , though this was ultimately considered unlikely . NBC executives did not accept his resignation and had expected Cannon to return , but ultimately began the search for a new host . NBC announced supermodel Tyra Banks as the new host on March 12 , 2017 after Cannon 's departure . The season premiered on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . Post-show ( edit ) America 's Got Talent live ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance . In 2009 , America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten - week run from October through January . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four ( 2009 ) finale . Jerry Springer emceed , commuting weekly between Stamford , Connecticut , tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas . In 2010 , on the first live show of season five , the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists . Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headline show . In 2012 , the tour returned , featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman , Joe Castillo , Lightwire Theater , David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's , Jarrett and Raja , Tom Cotter , and other fan favorites . In 2013 , after the success of the 2012 tour , another tour was scheduled , featuring season eight 's winner , Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key , Jimmy Rose , Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers , and Tone the Chiefrocca . Tone hosted the tour . In 2014 , America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight ( 2013 ) runner - up , and the top finalists for season nine : Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy , Emil and Dariel , Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip . In 2015 , no tour was held . Instead , three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner - up Drew Lynch , and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . In 2016 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top finalists for season 11 : Grace VanderWaal , The Clairvoyants and Tape Face . Holiday Spectacular ( edit ) NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19 , 2016 , hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others , and featuring the Season 11 judges , including Klum , who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti . The special drew 9.5 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Since the show began , its ratings have been very high , ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers , generally averaging around 11 million viewers . The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic , usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run . Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows . Although the show 's ratings have been high , the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years , where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks . The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four ( 2009 ) . The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five ( 2010 ) , with 16.41 million viewers . The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six ( 2011 ) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49 , both having a 4.6 rating . Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) June 21 , 2006 12.41 Final Performances : August 16 , 2006 2005 -- 06 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 17 , 2006 12.05 Thursday 9 : 00 pm June 5 , 2007 12.93 Final Performances : August 20 , 2007 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 21 , 2007 13.87 June 17 , 2008 12.80 Final Performances : September 30 , 2008 10.23 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( June 17 -- August 5 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 26 ) Season Finale : October 1 , 2008 12.55 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after August 27 ) June 23 , 2009 11.30 Final Performances : September 15 , 2009 13.84 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 16 , 2009 15.53 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 5 June 1 , 2010 12.35 Final Performances : September 14 , 2010 14.60 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 15 , 2010 16.41 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 May 31 , 2011 15.28 Final Performances : September 13 , 2011 13.67 2010 -- 11 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 31 -- July 5 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 12.65 Season Finale : September 14 , 2011 14.37 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after June 22 ) 11.49 7 May 14 , 2012 10.48 Final Performances : September 12 , 2012 11.05 2011 - 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.48 Season Finale : September 13 , 2012 10.59 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.58 8 June 4 , 2013 12.41 Final Performances : September 17 , 2013 11.19 2012 -- 13 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.22 Season Finale : September 18 , 2013 11.49 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 10 ) 10.34 9 May 27 , 2014 12.00 Final Performances : September 16 , 2014 11.46 2013 -- 14 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 27 -- July 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 22 ) 10.31 Season Finale : September 17 , 2014 12.21 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 23 ) 10.37 10 May 26 , 2015 11.09 Final Performances : September 15 , 2015 11.33 2014 -- 15 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 10.70 Season Finale : September 16 , 2015 9.54 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 12 ) 9.07 11 May 31 , 2016 11.67 Final Performances : September 13 , 2016 13.97 2015 -- 16 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.71 Season Finale : September 14 , 2016 14.41 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 10.97 12 May 30 , 2017 12.37 Final Performances : September 19 , 2017 TBA 2016 -- 17 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm TBA TBA Season Finale : September 20 , 2017 TBA Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 9 ) TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result Ref . 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special Nominated 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Nominated Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Won Top - selling Albums by former contestants ( edit ) Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . See also : RIAA certification Rank Former contestant Total US sales Albums Jackie Evancho ( season 5 , runner - up ) 3,000,000 + Prelude to a Dream ( 2009 ) # 121 O Holy Night ( 2010 ) # 2 ( Platinum certification ) Dream with Me ( 2011 ) # 2 ( Gold certification ) Heavenly Christmas ( 2011 ) # 11 Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) # 7 Awakening ( 2014 ) # 17 Someday at Christmas ( 2016 ) # 93 Two Hearts ( 2017 ) # 100 ( Evancho 's 7th consecutive # 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart ) Lindsey Stirling ( season 5 quarterfinalist ) 856,000 + Lindsey Stirling ( 2012 ) # 23 Shatter Me ( 2014 ) # 2 Brave Enough ( 2016 ) # 5 Grace VanderWaal ( season 11 winner ) 500,000 + Perfectly Imperfect ( 2016 ) # 4 The Texas Tenors ( season 4 , 4th place ) 250,000 + The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound ( 2009 ) did not chart The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound : Remastered Special Edition ( 2011 ) did not chart O Night Divine ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; # 22 on the Classical Albums chart You Should Dream ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; # 5 on the Classical Albums chart First 5 Years Live ( 2014 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; # 11 on the Classical Albums chart 5 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . ( season 6 winner ) 156,000 + That 's Life ( 2011 ) # 34 Christmas Made for Two ( 2013 ) did not chart 6 Bianca Ryan ( season 1 winner ) 150,000 + Bianca Ryan ( 2006 ) # 57 Christmas Everyday ( 2007 ) did not chart The True Meaning of Christmas ( 2009 ) did not chart 7 Cas Haley ( season 2 runner - up ) 40,000 + Cas Haley ( 2008 ) # 8 Connection ( 2010 ) did not chart La Si Dah ( 2013 ) did not chart 8 Michael Grimm ( season 5 winner ) 22,000 + Michael Grimm Live ( 2007 ) did not chart I Am Michael Grimm ( 2009 ) did not chart Leave Your Hat On ( 2010 ) # 101 Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) # 13 9 Neal E. Boyd ( season 3 winner ) 6,000 + My American Dream ( 2009 ) # 195 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent , but were ultimately eliminated before the final round , have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows , most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . American Idol ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on American Idol ( AI ) : AGT Season Year Contestant AI Season Year Outcome 2006 Jessica Sanchez 11 2012 Runner - up 2008 Holli Harden 9 Appeared 2009 Thia Megia 10 2011 Finished in the Top 11 4 , 9 2009 , 2014 Kelli Glover 2002 Appeared 6 2011 Shevonne Phillidor 15 2016 Appeared 9 2014 Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue 14 2015 Winner 10 2015 Jenna Renae 15 2016 Top 24 11 2016 Sal Valentinetti 14 2015 Appeared America 's Best Dance Crew ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew ( ABDC ) : AGT Season Year Contestant ABDC Season Year Outcome 2007 Jabbawockeez 2008 Champions 2008 Extreme Dance FX 5 Competed as Blended Projekt 3 , 4 2008 , 2009 SQ Entertainment 2008 Runner - up 2009 BreakSk8 2008 Finished in fourth place 2009 FootworKINGz 6 2011 Competed 5 Rated Next Generation ( RNG ) 7 2012 Finished in Top Four 5 Strikers All - Stars 2009 Finished in Top Four 7 2012 787 Crew 6 2011 Competed 9 2014 Flight Crew Jump Rope 5 Finished in fifth place , and competed as Saltare Other shows ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on these other shows : AGT Season Year Contestant Show Season Year Network Outcome 2006 Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight 's Stilt World Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2006 SyFy 5th Place 2007 Tammie Brown RuPaul 's Drag Race 2009 Logo 8th Place 2007 Tika `` Sweetie '' Rainn Flavor of Love 2006 VH1 8th Place 2008 Derrick Barry RuPaul 's Drag Race 8 2016 Logo 5th Place 5 Justin Hopkins The Voice 2012 NBC Advanced to Battle Rounds 5 Murray SawChuck Celebracadabra 2008 VH1 Appeared 5 Alice Tan Ridley 30 Seconds to Fame Pilot 2002 Fox Winner 6 2011 Dani Shay The Glee Project 2012 Oxygen Appeared 7 2012 Trisha Paytas Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2007 SyFy 7th Place 7 2012 Horse American Ninja Warrior 2012 G4 and NBC Competed 7 2012 Bria Kelly The Voice 6 2014 NBC Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher 7 2012 Academy of Villains Fake Off 2015 TruTV Appeared 7 2012 Lightwire Theatre Fake Off 2014 TruTV Winners 7 , 8 2012 , 2013 D'Angelo and Amanda Live to Dance 2011 CBS Winners 7 2015 Ben Blaque Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 8 2015 Alexandr Magala Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV 9th place 8 2013 Kennedy Davenport RuPaul 's Drag Race 7 2015 Logo 4th Place 8 2013 Tummy Talk The Gong Show 2017 ABC Appeared 8 2013 Angela Hoover First Impressions 2016 USA Network Appeared 8 2013 KriStef Brothers Fake Off 2014 TruTV 7th Place 8 2013 Taylor Williamson Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Semifinalist 9 2014 Adrian Romoff Child Genius 2016 Lifetime Winner 10 2015 Leroy Patterson Solitary 2007 Fox Reality 7th Place 10 2015 Myq Kaplan Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Finalist 10 2015 Freelusion Dance Company Fake Off 2014 TruTV Fourth place , appeared as Freelusion USA 10 2015 Piff the Magic Dragon Penn & Teller : Fool Us 2011 2014 ITV ( U.K. ) The CW ( U.S. ) Appeared 10 2015 Stevie Starr Britain 's Got Talent ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 11 2016 Cory Kahaney Last Comic Standing 2003 NBC Finalist 11 2016 Laura Bretan Romania 's Got Talent 6 2016 Pro TV Winner International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10.00 PM WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5.00 PM WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) Got Talent The X Factor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent / About the Show '' . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trade marks -- find by number '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Anna ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . USmagazine.com . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Sets Summer Premieres : ' Marlon , ' ' Midnight , Texas , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' Reality & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Winner Grace VanderWaal Books Vegas Concerts '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean and Ashley Majeski . Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing ( 2013 ) ISBN 1492203602 Jump up ^ `` Four Guest Judges Are Coming to AGT ! '' . nbc.com . May 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire Joins ' America 's Got Talent ' as Guest Judge '' . Jump up ^ Medley , Erin S. ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled Announced as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . tvinsider.com . NTVB Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . eonline.com . E ! Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Alexia ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on America 's Got Talent as She Calls Him Her ' Fave Singer ' '' . People Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 2 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 3 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 4 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performance FAQ '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael . `` America 's Got Talent Live At Radio City '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Glazowski , Paul . `` MySpace Opens Six - Day Virtual Audition For America 's Got Talent '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent - NBC.com '' . August 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fera , Jessica . `` Jackie Evancho Featured on ' Oprah Winfrey Show ' '' Archived August 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... WPXI.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Grimm says he feels blessed to be a part of ' America 's Got Talent , ' hitting Caesars today - Entertainment / Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent Live Concert Tour '' . Facebook . p . About America 's Got Talent Live . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Note that the `` live '' version of this page is likely to change ; the archived version will provide the supporting information for this reference . Jump up ^ Mousavizadeh , Nader ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reuters '' . Today.reuters.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's mid-season 2006 -- 07 schedule '' . NBCUMV.com . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Live ! at Planet Hollywood '' . Vegasnews.com . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent -- In Summer Only -- NBC Benches Heavy Hitter for Fall '' . NYTimes.com . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel Joins America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Summer Premiere Dates for America 's Got Talent , Last Comic Standing , 100 Questions , Persons Unknown '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2011 -- 2012 '' . Americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Andrei ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Piers Morgan quits America 's Got Talent to focus on CNN Tonight show '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` Howard Stern to judge ' America 's Got Talent ' , which will move to New York '' . fox43.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to film at NJPAC in Newark '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting ' AGT ' after NBC axes Jack '' . The New York Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO HOO ! We 're coming back to your TVs ... -- America 's Got Talent '' . Facebook . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne leaving NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' ? -- The TV Column '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Sharon Osbourne Addresses Departure Rumors '' . E ! Online . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2012 -- 2013 -- Audition Cities '' . americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent '' . on-camera-audiences.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBC announces premiere date for America 's Got Talent Season Nine '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ Drewett , Meg . `` America 's Got Talent announces New York , Los Angeles auditions '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 9 : ' Golden Buzzer ' can save contestants -- Zap2It '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Says He May Quit America 's Got Talent '' . Empty Lighthouse Music & Arts Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Stern Show on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Brown on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- America 's Got Talent -- Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Names Cris Judd as New Dance Scout '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . On - Camera - Audiences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' making golden buzzers more like ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ; other minor changes '' . CarterMatt.com . Jump up ^ Mink , Casey ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Howard Stern Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' -- Judge Confirms In Interview '' . Hollywood Life . PMC . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition In Person : 2015 -- 2016 Audition Cities '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Online '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Cowell is FINALLY returning to US TV as an America 's Got Talent judge with Mel B and Heidi Klum '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Mel B and Heidi Klum show some skin on the red carpet during America 's Got Talent kick off event for 11th season '' . DailyMail.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Find out when Simon Cowell makes his US TV return on America 's Got Talent '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowel Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This To Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stand my ground ' : Nick Cannon resolves to ' stay firm ' after quitting AGT and picks Ryan Seacrest as heir '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC summer 2017 schedule loads up : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' ' World of Dance ' and more '' . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lapowsky , Issie ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Jerry Springer to host ' America 's Got Talent Live ' ; new spinoff of reality show to play in Las Vegas '' . NYDailyNews.com . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Jerry Springer : Orlando group wows ' Talent ' tour '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Live TM Announces Full Tour Line - up Including Season 8 Winner , Kenichi Ebina '' . Business Wire . Berkashire Hathaway . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : The Jay Leno Show premieres big , rises to 18.4 million in the final # s '' . September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : AGT finale , Leno , Glee and The Beautiful Life '' . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals & Everybody Else , Glee Leads Scripted 18 - 49 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Survivor ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' Top Final Week of Broadcast ' Summer ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill . `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : NBA Finals & Reality Top Summer 's First Full Week -- Ratings '' . 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Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' Extant ' & ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season Nine Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' iZombie ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' or ' 500 Questions ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' A Wicked Off ' Adjusted Down ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 10 Ratings ( Tuesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent : Season 10 Ratings ( Wednesdays ) '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' 500 Questions ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' America 's Got Talent ' adjusts up , ' Better Late Than Never ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . 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Retrieved December 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ Billboard 200 for the week of January 7 , 2017 , Billboard , accessed December 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ Billboard 200 for the week of April 22 , 2017 , Billboard , accessed April 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Classical Albums , the week of April 22 , 2017 , Billboard , April 11 , 2017 ; Classical Albums , the week of December 17 , 2016 , Billboard , November 23 , 2016 ; and Classical Albums , the week of December 17 , 2016 , Billboard , November 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Spends Lucky 13th Week At No. 1 , Lindsey Stirling Bows At No. 2 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . ; `` '' Mi música es para liberarse `` , aseguró la bailarina y violinista que es furor en Youtube '' . LaCapital.com.ar . ; `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . ; `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . ; and `` Lindsey Stirling chart history '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Grace VanderWaal '' , Austin City Limits Music Festival , accessed May 9 , 2017 ; Caulfield , Keith . `` The Hamilton Mixtape Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' , Billboard , December 11 , 2016 ( 52,000 units ) ; `` Sales Plus Streaming Chart '' , Hits Daily Double , December 16 , 2016 ( 14,687 units ) ; and `` Sales Plus Streaming Chart '' , Hits Daily Double , December 23 , 2016 ( 18,972 units ) Jump up ^ `` The Texas Tenors Album & Song Chart History -- Classical Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . January 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart History '' . Billboard.com . November 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . 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Mizzoumag.missouri.edu . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex . `` In Full : ' Britain 's Got Talent ' Top 40 '' . DigitalSpy . Hearst Magazines UK . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Young opera singer who stunned America with her voice wins Romania 's Got Talent '' . Romania - Insider . Business Insider SRL . June 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NET . on Twitter : `` Mulai malam ini , setiap Sabtu & Minggu America 's ... '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung , Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Got Talent on IMDb America 's Got Talent at TV.com America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the host of america got talent | [
"The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff, Brandy Norwood, and Piers Morgan. Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two (2007), and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five (2010). Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven (2012). Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight (2013), while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge. Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven (2016).[3] Regis Philbin was the original host (season one), followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons (2007–2008), followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons (2009–2016). Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season (2017).[4]",
"The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff, Brandy Norwood, and Piers Morgan. Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two (2007), and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five (2010). Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven (2012). Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight (2013), while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge. Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven (2016).[3] Regis Philbin was the original host (season one), followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons (2007–2008), followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons (2009–2016). Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season (2017).[4]",
"The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff, Brandy Norwood, and Piers Morgan. Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two (2007), and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five (2010). Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven (2012). Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight (2013), while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge. Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven (2016).[3] Regis Philbin was the original host (season one), followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons (2007–2008), followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons (2009–2016). Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season (2017).[4]",
"The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff, Brandy Norwood, and Piers Morgan. Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two (2007), and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five (2010). Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven (2012). Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight (2013), while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge. Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven (2016).[3] Regis Philbin was the original host (season one), followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons (2007–2008), followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons (2009–2016). Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season (2017).[4]"
] | [
"Regis Philbin",
"Jerry Springer",
"Nick Cannon",
"Tyra Banks"
] |
-5886113556130652187 | Piaget's theory of cognitive development | Piaget 's theory of cognitive development - wikipedia Piaget 's theory of cognitive development Jean Piaget in Ann Arbor Piaget 's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence . It was first created by the Swiss developmental psychologist Jean Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) . The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire , construct , and use it . Piaget 's theory is mainly known as a developmental stage theory . To Piaget , cognitive development was a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience . He believed that children construct an understanding of the world around them , experience discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment , then adjust their ideas accordingly . Moreover , Piaget claimed that cognitive development is at the center of the human organism , and language is contingent on knowledge and understanding acquired through cognitive development . Piaget 's earlier work received the greatest attention . Child - centered classrooms and `` open education '' are direct applications of Piaget 's views . Despite its huge success , Piaget 's theory has some limitations that Piaget recognized himself : for example , the theory supports sharp stages rather than continuous development ( horizontal and vertical décalage ) . Contents 1 Nature of intelligence : operative and figurative 1.1 Assimilation and Accommodation 1.2 Sensorimotor stage 1.3 Pre-operational stage 1.3. 1 Symbolic function substage 1.3. 2 Intuitive thought substage 1.4 Concrete operational stage 1.4. 1 Testing for concrete operations 1.5 Formal operational stage 1.5. 1 Experiments 1.6 The stages and causation 2 Practical applications 3 Postulated physical mechanisms underlying schemas and stages 4 Relation to psychometric theories of intelligence 5 Challenges to Piagetian stage theory 6 Post-Piagetian and neo-Piagetian stages 7 References 8 External links Nature of intelligence : operative and figurative ( edit ) Piaget noted that reality is a dynamic system of continuous change . Reality is defined in reference to the two conditions that define dynamic systems . Specifically , he argued that reality involves transformations and states . Transformations refer to all manners of changes that a thing or person can undergo . States refer to the conditions or the appearances in which things or persons can be found between transformations . For example , there might be changes in shape or form ( for instance , liquids are reshaped as they are transferred from one vessel to another , and similarly humans change in their characteristics as they grow older ) , in size ( a toddler does not walk and run without falling , but after 7 yrs of age , the child 's sensory motor anatomy is well developed and now acquires skill faster ) , or in placement or location in space and time ( e.g. , various objects or persons might be found at one place at one time and at a different place at another time ) . Thus , Piaget argued , if human intelligence is to be adaptive , it must have functions to represent both the transformational and the static aspects of reality . He proposed that operative intelligence is responsible for the representation and manipulation of the dynamic or transformational aspects of reality , and that figurative intelligence is responsible for the representation of the static aspects of reality . Operative intelligence is the active aspect of intelligence . It involves all actions , overt or covert , undertaken in order to follow , recover , or anticipate the transformations of the objects or persons of interest . Figurative intelligence is the more or less static aspect of intelligence , involving all means of representation used to retain in mind the states ( i.e. , successive forms , shapes , or locations ) that intervene between transformations . That is , it involves perception , imitation , mental imagery , drawing , and language . Therefore , the figurative aspects of intelligence derive their meaning from the operative aspects of intelligence , because states can not exist independently of the transformations that interconnect them . Piaget stated that the figurative or the representational aspects of intelligence are subservient to its operative and dynamic aspects , and therefore , that understanding essentially derives from the operative aspect of intelligence . At any time , operative intelligence frames how the world is understood and it changes if understanding is not successful . Piaget stated that this process of understanding and change involves two basic functions : assimilation and accommodation . Assimilation and accommodation ( edit ) Through his study of the field of education , Piaget focused on two processes , which he named assimilation and accommodation . To Piaget , assimilation meant integrating external elements into structures of lives or environments , or those we could have through experience . Assimilation is how humans perceive and adapt to new information . It is the process of fitting new information into pre-existing cognitive schemas . Assimilation in which new experiences are reinterpreted to fit into , or assimilate with , old ideas . It occurs when humans are faced with new or unfamiliar information and refer to previously learned information in order to make sense of it . In contrast , accommodation is the process of taking new information in one 's environment and altering pre-existing schemas in order to fit in the new information . This happens when the existing schema ( knowledge ) does not work , and needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation . Accommodation is imperative because it is how people will continue to interpret new concepts , schemas , frameworks , and more . Piaget believed that the human brain has been programmed through evolution to bring equilibrium , which is what he believed ultimately influences structures by the internal and external processes through assimilation and accommodation . Piaget 's understanding was that assimilation and accommodation can not exist without the other . They are two sides of a coin . To assimilate an object into an existing mental schema , one first needs to take into account or accommodate to the particularities of this object to a certain extent . For instance , to recognize ( assimilate ) an apple as an apple , one must first focus ( accommodate ) on the contour of this object . To do this , one needs to roughly recognize the size of the object . Development increases the balance , or equilibration , between these two functions . When in balance with each other , assimilation and accommodation generate mental schemas of the operative intelligence . When one function dominates over the other , they generate representations which belong to figurative intelligence . Sensorimotor stage ( edit ) US Navy sailors play peek - a-boo with a child in the Children 's Ward at Hospital Likas . In his theory of Cognitive development , Jean Piaget proposed that humans progress through four developmental stages : the sensorimotor , preoperational , concrete operational and formal operational period . The first of these , the sensorimotor stage `` extends from birth to the acquisition of language . '' In this stage , infants progressively construct knowledge and understanding of the world by coordinating experiences ( such as vision and hearing ) with physical interactions with objects ( such as grasping , sucking , and stepping ) . Infants gain knowledge of the world from the physical actions they perform within it . They progress from reflexive , instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage . Children learn that they are separate from the environment . They can think about aspects of the environment , even though these may be outside the reach of the child 's senses . In this stage , according to Piaget , the development of object permanence is one of the most important accomplishments . Object permanence is a child 's understanding that an object continues to exist even though they can not see or hear it . Peek - a-boo is a game in which children who have yet to fully develop object permanence respond to sudden hiding and revealing of a face . By the end of the sensorimotor period , children develop a permanent sense of self and object and will quickly lose interest in Peek - a-boo . Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into six sub-stages `` . Sub-Stage Age Description 1 Simple reflexes Birth - 6 weeks `` Coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors '' . Three primary reflexes are described by Piaget : sucking of objects in the mouth , following moving or interesting objects with the eyes , and closing of the hand when an object makes contact with the palm ( palmar grasp ) . Over the first six weeks of life , these reflexes begin to become voluntary actions . For example , the palmar reflex becomes intentional grasping . 2 First habits and primary circular reactions phase 6 weeks - 4 months `` Coordination of sensation and two types of schema : habits ( reflex ) and primary circular reactions ( reproduction of an event that initially occurred by chance ) . The main focus is still on the infant 's body '' . As an example of this type of reaction , an infant might repeat the motion of passing their hand before their face . Also at this phase , passive reactions , caused by classical or operant conditioning , can begin . 3 Secondary circular reactions phase 4 -- 8 months Development of habits . `` Infants become more object - oriented , moving beyond self - preoccupation ; repeat actions that bring interesting or pleasurable results '' . This stage is associated primarily with the development of coordination between vision and prehension . Three new abilities occur at this stage : intentional grasping for a desired object , secondary circular reactions , and differentiations between ends and means . At this stage , infants will intentionally grasp the air in the direction of a desired object , often to the amusement of friends and family . Secondary circular reactions , or the repetition of an action involving an external object begin ; for example , moving a switch to turn on a light repeatedly . The differentiation between means and ends also occurs . This is perhaps one of the most important stages of a child 's growth as it signifies the dawn of logic . 4 Coordination of secondary circular reactions stages 8 -- 12 months `` Coordination of vision and touch -- hand - eye coordination ; coordination of schemas and intentionality '' . This stage is associated primarily with the development of logic and the coordination between means and ends . This is an extremely important stage of development , holding what Piaget calls the `` first proper intelligence '' . Also , this stage marks the beginning of goal orientation , the deliberate planning of steps to meet an objective . 5 Tertiary circular reactions , novelty , and curiosity 12 -- 18 months `` Infants become intrigued by the many properties of objects and by the many things they can make happen to objects ; they experiment with new behavior '' . This stage is associated primarily with the discovery of new means to meet goals . Piaget describes the child at this juncture as the `` young scientist , '' conducting pseudo-experiments to discover new methods of meeting challenges . 6 Internalization of schemas 18 -- 24 months `` Infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols and form enduring mental representations '' . This stage is associated primarily with the beginnings of insight , or true creativity . This marks the passage into the preoperational stage . Preoperational stage ( edit ) By observing sequences of play , Piaget was able to demonstrate that , towards the end of the second year , a qualitatively new kind of psychological functioning occurs , known as the pre-operational stage , the second of Piaget 's four developmental stages . It starts when the child begins to learn to speak at age two and lasts up until the age of seven . During the pre-operational stage of cognitive development , Piaget noted that children do not yet understand concrete logic and can not mentally manipulate information . Children 's increase in playing and pretending takes place in this stage . However , the child still has trouble seeing things from different points of view . The children 's play is mainly categorized by symbolic play and manipulating symbols . Such play is demonstrated by the idea of checkers being snacks , pieces of paper being plates , and a box being a table . Their observations of symbols exemplifies the idea of play with the absence of the actual objects involved . The pre-operational stage is sparse and logically inadequate in regard to mental operations . The child is able to form stable concepts as well as magical beliefs . The child , however , is still not able to perform operations , which are tasks that the child can do mentally , rather than physically . Thinking in this stage is still egocentric , meaning the child has difficulty seeing the viewpoint of others . The Pre-operational Stage is split into two substages : the symbolic function substage , and the intuitive thought substage . The symbolic function substage is when children are able to understand , represent , remember , and picture objects in their mind without having the object in front of them . The intuitive thought substage is when children tend to propose the questions of `` why ? '' and `` how come ? '' This stage is when children want to understand everything . Symbolic function substage ( edit ) At about two to four years of age , children can not yet manipulate and transform information in a logical way . However , they now can think in images and symbols . Other examples of mental abilities are language and pretend play . Symbolic play is when children develop imaginary friends or role - play with friends . Children 's play becomes more social and they assign roles to each other . Some examples of symbolic play include playing house , or having a tea party . The type of symbolic play in which children engage is connected with their level of creativity and ability to connect with others . Additionally , the quality of their symbolic play can have consequences on their later development . For example , young children whose symbolic play is of a violent nature tend to exhibit less prosocial behavior and are more likely to display antisocial tendencies in later years . In this stage , there are still limitations , such as egocentrism and precausal thinking . Egocentrism Egocentrism occurs when a child is unable to distinguish between their own perspective and that of another person . Children tend to stick to their own viewpoint , rather than consider the view of others . Indeed , they are not even aware that such a concept as `` different viewpoints '' exists . Egocentrism can be seen in an experiment performed by Piaget and Swiss developmental psychologist Bärbel Inhelder , known as the three mountain problem . In this experiment , three views of a mountain are shown to the child , who is asked what a traveling doll would see at the various angles . The child will consistently describe what they can see from the position from which they are seated , regardless of the angle from which they are asked to take the doll 's perspective . Egocentrism would also cause a child to believe , `` I like Sesame Street , so Daddy must like Sesame Street , too . '' Similar to preoperational children 's egocentric thinking is their structuring of a cause and effect relationships . Piaget coined the term `` precausal thinking '' to describe the way in which preoperational children use their own existing ideas or views , like in egocentrism , to explain cause - and - effect relationships . Three main concepts of causality as displayed by children in the preoperational stage include : animism , artificialism and transductive reasoning . Animism is the belief that inanimate objects are capable of actions and have lifelike qualities . An example could be a child believing that the sidewalk was mad and made them fall down , or that the stars twinkle in the sky because they are happy . Artificialism refers to the belief that environmental characteristics can be attributed to human actions or interventions . For example , a child might say that it is windy outside because someone is blowing very hard , or the clouds are white because someone painted them that color . Finally , precausal thinking is categorized by transductive reasoning . Transductive reasoning is when a child fails to understand the true relationships between cause and effect . Unlike deductive or inductive reasoning ( general to specific , or specific to general ) , transductive reasoning refers to when a child reasons from specific to specific , drawing a relationship between two separate events that are otherwise unrelated . For example , if a child hears the dog bark and then a balloon popped , the child would conclude that because the dog barked , the balloon popped . Intuitive thought substage ( edit ) At between about the ages of 4 and 7 , children tend to become very curious and ask many questions , beginning the use of primitive reasoning . There is an emergence in the interest of reasoning and wanting to know why things are the way they are . Piaget called it the `` intuitive substage '' because children realize they have a vast amount of knowledge , but they are unaware of how they acquired it . Centration , conservation , irreversibility , class inclusion , and transitive inference are all characteristics of preoperative thought . Centration is the act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation , whilst disregarding all others . Conservation is the awareness that altering a substance 's appearance does not change its basic properties . Children at this stage are unaware of conservation and exhibit centration . Both centration and conservation can be more easily understood once familiarized with Piaget 's most famous experimental task . In this task , a child is presented with two identical beakers containing the same amount of liquid . The child usually notes that the beakers do contain the same amount of liquid . When one of the beakers is poured into a taller and thinner container , children who are younger than seven or eight years old typically say that the two beakers no longer contain the same amount of liquid , and that the taller container holds the larger quantity ( centration ) , without taking into consideration the fact that both beakers were previously noted to contain the same amount of liquid . Due to superficial changes , the child was unable to comprehend that the properties of the substances continued to remain the same ( conservation ) . Irreversibility is a concept developed in this stage which is closely related to the ideas of centration and conservation . Irreversibility refers to when children are unable to mentally reverse a sequence of events . In the same beaker situation , the child does not realize that , if the sequence of events was reversed and the water from the tall beaker was poured back into its original beaker , then the same amount of water would exist . Another example of children 's reliance on visual representations is their misunderstanding of `` less than '' or `` more than '' . When two rows containing equal amounts of blocks are placed in front of a child , one row spread farther apart than the other , the child will think that the row spread farther contains more blocks . Class inclusion refers to a kind of conceptual thinking that children in the preoperational stage can not yet grasp . Children 's inability to focus on two aspects of a situation at once inhibits them from understanding the principle that one category or class can contain several different subcategories or classes . For example , a four - year - old girl may be shown a picture of eight dogs and three cats . The girl knows what cats and dogs are , and she is aware that they are both animals . However , when asked , `` Are there more dogs or animals ? '' she is likely to answer `` more dogs '' . This is due to her difficulty focusing on the two subclasses and the larger class all at the same time . She may have been able to view the dogs as dogs or animals , but struggled when trying to classify them as both , simultaneously . Similar to this is concept relating to intuitive thought , known as `` transitive inference '' . Transitive inference is using previous knowledge to determine the missing piece , using basic logic . Children in the preoperational stage lack this logic . An example of transitive inference would be when a child is presented with the information `` A '' is greater than `` B '' and `` B '' is greater than `` C '' . This child may have difficulty here understanding that `` A '' is also greater than `` C '' . Concrete operational stage ( edit ) The concrete operational stage is the third stage of Piaget 's theory of cognitive development . This stage , which follows the preoperational stage , occurs between the ages of 7 and 11 ( preadolescence ) years , and is characterized by the appropriate use of logic . During this stage , a child 's thought processes become more mature and `` adult like '' . They start solving problems in a more logical fashion . Abstract , hypothetical thinking is not yet developed in the child , and children can only solve problems that apply to concrete events or objects . At this stage , the children undergo a transition where the child learns rules such as conservation . Piaget determined that children are able to incorporate Inductive reasoning . Inductive reasoning involves drawing inferences from observations in order to make a generalization . In contrast , children struggle with deductive reasoning , which involves using a generalized principle in order to try to predict the outcome of an event . Children in this stage commonly experience difficulties with figuring out logic in their heads . For example , a child will understand that `` A is more than B '' and `` B is more than C '' . However , when asked `` is A more than C ? '' , the child might not be able to logically figure the question out in his or her head . Two other important processes in the concrete operational stage are logic and the elimination of egocentrism . Egocentrism is the inability to consider or understand a perspective other than one 's own . It is the phase where the thought and morality of the child is completely self focused . During this stage , the child acquires the ability to view things from another individual 's perspective , even if they think that perspective is incorrect . For instance , show a child a comic in which Jane puts a doll under a box , leaves the room , and then Melissa moves the doll to a drawer , and Jane comes back . A child in the concrete operations stage will say that Jane will still think it 's under the box even though the child knows it is in the drawer . ( See also False - belief task . ) Children in this stage can , however , only solve problems that apply to actual ( concrete ) objects or events , and not abstract concepts or hypothetical tasks . Understanding and knowing how to use full common sense has not yet been completely adapted . Piaget determined that children in the concrete operational stage were able to incorporate inductive logic . On the other hand , children at this age have difficulty using deductive logic , which involves using a general principle to predict the outcome of a specific event . This includes mental reversibility . An example of this is being able to reverse the order of relationships between mental categories . For example , a child might be able to recognize that his or her dog is a Labrador , that a Labrador is a dog , and that a dog is an animal , and draw conclusions from the information available , as well as apply all these processes to hypothetical situations . The abstract quality of the adolescent 's thought at the formal operational level is evident in the adolescent 's verbal problem solving ability . The logical quality of the adolescent 's thought is when children are more likely to solve problems in a trial - and - error fashion . Adolescents begin to think more as a scientist thinks , devising plans to solve problems and systematically test opinions . They use hypothetical - deductive reasoning , which means that they develop hypotheses or best guesses , and systematically deduce , or conclude , which is the best path to follow in solving the problem . During this stage the adolescent is able to understand love , logical proofs and values . During this stage the young person begins to entertain possibilities for the future and is fascinated with what they can be . Adolescents also are changing cognitively by the way that they think about social matters . Adolescent egocentrism governs the way that adolescents think about social matters , and is the heightened self - consciousness in them as they are , which is reflected in their sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility . Adolescent egocentrism can be dissected into two types of social thinking , imaginary audience that involves attention - getting behavior , and personal fable , which involves an adolescent 's sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility . These two types of social thinking begin to affect a child 's egocentrism in the concrete stage . However , it carries over to the formal operational stage when they are then faced with abstract thought and fully logical thinking . Testing for concrete operations ( edit ) Piagetian tests are well known and practiced to test for concrete operations . The most prevalent tests are those for conservation . There are some important aspects that the experimenter must take into account when performing experiments with these children . One example of an experiment for testing conservation is the water level task . An experimenter will have two glasses that are the same size , fill them to the same level with liquid , which the child will acknowledge is the same . Then , the experimenter will pour the liquid from one of the small glasses into a tall , thin glass . The experimenter will then ask the child if the taller glass has more liquid , less liquid , or the same amount of liquid . The child will then give his answer . The experimenter will ask the child why he gave his answer , or why he thinks that is . Justification : After the child has answered the question being posed , the experimenter must ask why the child gave that answer . This is important because the answers they give can help the experimenter to assess the child 's developmental age . Number of times asking : Some argue that if a child is asked if the amount of liquid in the first set of glasses is equal then , after pouring the water into the taller glass , the experimenter asks again about the amount of liquid , the children will start to doubt their original answer . They may start to think that the original levels were not equal , which will influence their second answer . Word choice : The phrasing that the experimenter uses may affect how the child answers . If , in the liquid and glass example , the experimenter asks , `` Which of these glasses has more liquid ? '' , the child may think that his thoughts of them being the same is wrong because the adult is saying that one must have more . Alternatively , if the experimenter asks , `` Are these equal ? '' , then the child is more likely to say that they are , because the experimenter is implying that they are . Piagetian operations Formal operational stage ( edit ) The final stage is known as the formal operational stage ( adolescence and into adulthood , roughly ages 11 to approximately 15 -- 20 ) : Intelligence is demonstrated through the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts . This form of thought includes `` assumptions that have no necessary relation to reality . '' At this point , the person is capable of hypothetical and deductive reasoning . During this time , people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts . Piaget stated that `` hypothetico - deductive reasoning '' becomes important during the formal operational stage . This type of thinking involves hypothetical `` what - if '' situations that are not always rooted in reality , i.e. counterfactual thinking . It is often required in science and mathematics . Abstract thought emerges during the formal operational stage . Children tend to think very concretely and specifically in earlier stages , and begin to consider possible outcomes and consequences of actions . Metacognition , the capacity for `` thinking about thinking '' that allows adolescents and adults to reason about their thought processes and monitor them . Problem - solving is demonstrated when children use trial - and - error to solve problems . The ability to systematically solve a problem in a logical and methodical way emerges . While children in primary school years mostly used inductive reasoning , drawing general conclusions from personal experiences and specific facts , adolescents become capable of deductive reasoning , in which they draw specific conclusions from abstract concepts using logic . This capability results from their capacity to think hypothetically . `` However , research has shown that not all persons in all cultures reach formal operations , and most people do not use formal operations in all aspects of their lives '' . Experiments ( edit ) Piaget and his colleagues conducted several experiments to assess formal operational thought . In one of the experiments , Piaget evaluated the cognitive capabilities of children of different ages through the use of a scale and varying weights . The task was to balance the scale by hooking weights on the ends of the scale . To successfully complete the task , the children must use formal operational thought to realize that the distance of the weights from the center and the heaviness of the weights both affected the balance . A heavier weight has to be placed closer to the center of the scale , and a lighter weight has to be placed farther from the center , so that the two weights balance each other . While 3 - to 5 - year olds could not at all comprehend the concept of balancing , children by the age of 7 could balance the scale by placing the same weights on both ends , but they failed to realize the importance of the location . By age 10 , children could think about location but failed to use logic and instead used trial - and - error . Finally , by age 13 and 14 , in early adolescence , some children more clearly understood the relationship between weight and distance and could successfully implement their hypothesis . The stages and causation ( edit ) Piaget sees children 's conception of causation as a march from `` primitive '' conceptions of cause to those of a more scientific , rigorous , and mechanical nature . These primitive concepts are characterized as supernatural , with a decidedly non-natural or non-mechanical tone . Piaget has as his most basic assumption that babies are phenomenists . That is , their knowledge `` consists of assimilating things to schemas '' from their own action such that they appear , from the child 's point of view , `` to have qualities which , in fact , stem from the organism '' . Consequently , these `` subjective conceptions , '' so prevalent during Piaget 's first stage of development , are dashed upon discovering deeper empirical truths . Piaget gives the example of a child believing that the moon and stars follow him on a night walk . Upon learning that such is the case for his friends , he must separate his self from the object , resulting in a theory that the moon is immobile , or moves independently of other agents . The second stage , from around three to eight years of age , is characterized by a mix of this type of magical , animistic , or `` non-natural '' conceptions of causation and mechanical or `` naturalistic '' causation . This conjunction of natural and non-natural causal explanations supposedly stems from experience itself , though Piaget does not make much of an attempt to describe the nature of the differences in conception . In his interviews with children , he asked questions specifically about natural phenomena , such as : `` What makes clouds move ? '' , `` What makes the stars move ? '' , `` Why do rivers flow ? '' The nature of all the answers given , Piaget says , are such that these objects must perform their actions to `` fulfill their obligations towards men '' . He calls this `` moral explanation '' . Practical applications ( edit ) Parents can use Piaget 's theory when deciding how to determine what to buy in order to support their child 's growth . Teachers can also use Piaget 's theory , for instance , when discussing whether the syllabus subjects are suitable for the level of students or not . For example , recent studies have shown that children in the same grade and of the same age perform differentially on tasks measuring basic addition and subtraction fluency . While children in the preoperational and concrete operational levels of cognitive development perform combined arithmetic operations ( such as addition and subtraction ) with similar accuracy , children in the concrete operational level of cognitive development have been able to perform both addition problems and subtraction problems with overall greater fluency . The stage of cognitive growth of a person differ from another . Cognitive development or thinking is an active process from the beginning to the end of life . Intellectual advancement happens because people at every age and developmental period looks for cognitive equilibrium . To achieve this balance , the easiest way is to understand the new experiences through the lens of the preexisting ideas . Infants learn that new objects can be grabbed in the same way of familiar objects , and adults explain the day 's headlines as evidence for their existing worldview . However , the application of standardized Piagetian theory and procedures in different societies established widely varying results that lead some to speculate not only that some cultures produce more cognitive development than others but that without specific kinds of cultural experience , but also formal schooling , development might cease at certain level , such as concrete operational level . A procedure was done following methods developed in Geneva ( i.e. water level task ) . Participants were presented with two beakers of equal circumference and height , filled with equal amounts of water . The water from one beaker was transferred into another with taller and smaller circumference . The children and young adults from non-literate societies of a given age were more likely to think that the taller , thinner beaker had more water in it . On the other hand , an experiment on the effects of modifying testing procedures to match local cultural produced a different pattern of results . In the revised procedures , the participants explained in their own language and indicated that while the water was now `` more '' , the quantity was the same . Piaget 's water level task has also been applied to the elderly by Formann and results showed an age - associated non-linear decline of performance . Postulated physical mechanisms underlying schemas and stages ( edit ) In 1967 , Piaget considered the possibility of RNA molecules as likely embodiments of his still - abstract schemas ( which he promoted as units of action ) -- though he did not come to any firm conclusion . At that time , due to work such as that of Swedish biochemist Holger Hydén , RNA concentrations had , indeed , been shown to correlate with learning , so the idea was quite plausible . However , by the time of Piaget 's death in 1980 , this notion had lost favor . One main problem was over the protein which , it was assumed , such RNA would necessarily produce , and that did not fit in with observation . It was determined that only about 3 % of RNA does code for protein . Hence , most of the remaining 97 % ( the `` ncRNA '' ) could theoretically be available to serve as Piagetian schemas ( or other regulatory roles in the 2000s under investigation ) . The issue has not yet been resolved experimentally , but its theoretical aspects were reviewed in 2008 -- then developed further from the viewpoints of biophysics and epistemology . Meanwhile , this RNA - based approach also unexpectedly offered explanations for other several biological issues unresolved , thus providing some measure of corroboration . Relation to psychometric theories of intelligence ( edit ) Piaget designed a number of tasks to verify hypotheses arising from his theory . The tasks were not intended to measure individual differences , and they have no equivalent in psychometric intelligence tests . Notwithstanding the different research traditions in which psychometric tests and Piagetian tasks were developed , the correlations between the two types of measures have been found to be consistently positive and generally moderate in magnitude . A common general factor underlies them . It has been shown that it is possible to construct a battery consisting of Piagetian tasks that is as good a measure of general intelligence as standard IQ tests . Challenges to Piagetian stage theory ( edit ) Piagetian accounts of development have been challenged on several grounds . First , as Piaget himself noted , development does not always progress in the smooth manner his theory seems to predict . Décalage , or progressive forms of cognitive developmental progression in a specific domain , suggest that the stage model is , at best , a useful approximation . Furthermore , studies have found that children may be able to learn concepts and capability of complex reasoning that supposedly represented in more advanced stages with relative ease ( Lourenço & Machado , 1996 , p. 145 ) . More broadly , Piaget 's theory is `` domain general , '' predicting that cognitive maturation occurs concurrently across different domains of knowledge ( such as mathematics , logic , and understanding of physics or language ) . Piaget did not take into account variability in a child 's performance notably how a child can differ in sophistication across several domains . During the 1980s and 1990s , cognitive developmentalists were influenced by `` neo-nativist '' and evolutionary psychology ideas . These ideas de-emphasized domain general theories and emphasized domain specificity or modularity of mind . Modularity implies that different cognitive faculties may be largely independent of one another , and thus develop according to quite different timetables , which are `` influenced by real world experiences '' . In this vein , some cognitive developmentalists argued that , rather than being domain general learners , children come equipped with domain specific theories , sometimes referred to as `` core knowledge , '' which allows them to break into learning within that domain . For example , even young infants appear to be sensitive to some predictable regularities in the movement and interactions of objects ( for example , an object can not pass through another object ) , or in human behavior ( for example , a hand repeatedly reaching for an object has that object , not just a particular path of motion ) , as it becomes the building block of which more elaborate knowledge is constructed . Piaget 's theory has been said to undervalue the influence that culture has on cognitive development . Piaget demonstrates that a child goes through several stages of cognitive development and come to conclusions on their own but in reality , a child 's sociocultural environment plays an important part in their cognitive development . Social interaction teaches the child about the world and helps them develop through the cognitive stages , which Piaget neglected to consider . More recent work has strongly challenged some of the basic presumptions of the `` core knowledge '' school , and revised ideas of domain generality -- but from a newer dynamic systems approach , not from a revised Piagetian perspective . Dynamic systems approaches harken to modern neuroscientific research that was not available to Piaget when he was constructing his theory . One important finding is that domain - specific knowledge is constructed as children develop and integrate knowledge . This enables the domain to improve the accuracy of the knowledge as well as organization of memories . However , this suggests more of a `` smooth integration '' of learning and development than either Piaget , or his neo-nativist critics , had envisioned . Additionally , some psychologists , such as Lev Vygotsky and Jerome Bruner , thought differently from Piaget , suggesting that language was more important for cognition development than Piaget implied . Post-piagetian and neo-Piagetian stages ( edit ) Main article : Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development In recent years , several theorists attempted to address concerns with Piaget 's theory by developing new theories and models that can accommodate evidence which violates Piagetian predictions and postulates . The neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development , advanced by Robbie Case , Andreas Demetriou , Graeme S. Halford , Kurt W. Fischer , Michael Lamport Commons , and Juan Pascual - Leone , attempted to integrate Piaget 's theory with cognitive and differential theories of cognitive organization and development . Their aim was to better account for the cognitive factors of development and for intra-individual and inter-individual differences in cognitive development . They suggested that development along Piaget 's stages is due to increasing working memory capacity and processing efficiency by `` biological maturation '' . Moreover , Demetriou 's theory ascribes an important role to hypercognitive processes of `` self - monitoring , self - recording , self - evaluation , and self - regulation '' , and it recognizes the operation of several relatively autonomous domains of thought ( Demetriou , 1998 ; Demetriou , Mouyi , Spanoudis , 2010 ; Demetriou , 2003 , p. 153 ) . Piaget 's theory stops at the formal operational stage , but other researchers have observed the thinking of adults is more nuanced than formal operational thought . This fifth stage has been named post formal thought or operation . Post formal stages have been proposed . Michael Commons presented evidence for four post formal stages in the model of hierarchical complexity : systematic , meta - systematic , paradigmatic , and cross-paradigmatic ( Commons & Richards , 2003 , p. 206 -- 208 ; Oliver , 2004 , p. 31 ) . There are many theorists , however , who have criticized `` post formal thinking , '' because the concept lacks both theoretical and empirical verification . The term `` integrative thinking '' has been suggested for use instead . Kohlberg 's Model of Moral Development A `` sentential '' stage , said to occur before the early preoperational stage , has been proposed by Fischer , Biggs and Biggs , Commons , and Richards . Searching for a micro-physiological basis for human mental capacity , Robert R. Traill ( 1978 , Section C5. 4 ; 1999 , Section 8.4 ) proposed that there may be `` pre-sensorimotor '' stages ( `` M L '' , `` M L '' , ... ) , which are developed in the womb and / or transmitted genetically . Jerome Bruner has expressed views on cognitive development in a `` pragmatic orientation '' in which humans actively use knowledge for practical applications , such as problem solving and understanding reality . Michael Lamport Commons proposed the model of hierarchical complexity ( MHC ) in two dimensions : horizontal complexity and vertical complexity ( Commons & Richards , 2003 , p. 205 ) . Kieran Egan has proposed five stages of understanding : `` somatic '' , `` mythic '' , `` romantic '' , `` philosophic '' , and `` ironic '' , which is developed through cognitive tools such as `` stories '' , `` binary oppositions '' , `` fantasy '' and `` rhyme , rhythm , and meter '' to enhance memorization to develop a long - lasting learning capacity . Lawrence Kohlberg developed three stages of moral development : `` Preconventional '' , `` Conventional '' and `` Postconventional '' . Each level is composed of two orientation stages , with a total of six orientation stages : ( 1 ) `` Punishment - Obedience '' , ( 2 ) `` Instrumental Relativist '' , ( 3 ) `` Good Boy - Nice Girl '' , ( 4 ) `` Law and Order '' , ( 5 ) `` Social Contract '' , and ( 6 ) `` Universal Ethical Principle '' . Andreas Demetriou has expressed neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development . Jane Loevinger 's stages of ego development occur through `` an evolution of stages '' . `` First is the Presocial Stage followed by the Symbiotic Stage , Impulsive Stage , Self - Protective Stage , Conformist Stage , Self - Aware Level : Transition from Conformist to Conscientious Stage , Individualistic Level : Transition from Conscientious to the Autonomous Stage , Conformist Stage , and Integrated Stage '' . Ken Wilber has incorporated Piaget 's theory in his multidisciplinary field of integral theory . The human consciousness is structured in hierarchical order and organized in `` holon '' chains or `` great chain of being '' , which are based on the level of spiritual and psychological development . Maslow 's Hierarchy Of Needs The process of initiation is a modification of Piaget 's theory integrating Abraham Maslow 's concept of self - actualization . Cheryl Armon has proposed five stages of `` the Good Life '' : `` Egoistic Hedonism '' , `` Instrumental Hedonism '' , `` Affective / Altruistic Mutuality '' , `` Individuality '' , and `` Autonomy / Community '' ( Andreoletti & Demick , 2003 , p. 284 ) ( Armon , 1984 , p. 40 -- 43 ) . Christopher R. Hallpike proposed that human evolution of cognitive moral understanding had evolved from the beginning of time from its primitive state to the present time . Robert Kegan extended Piaget 's developmental model to adults in describing what he called constructive - developmental psychology . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cognitive Development - Encyclopedia of Special Education : A Reference for the Education of Children , Adolescents , and Adults with Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals - Credo Reference '' . search.credoreference.com . Jump up ^ McLeod , S.A. `` Piaget Cognitive Theory '' . Simply Psychology . Retrieved 18 September 2012 . 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( 30 November 2003 ) . `` Piaget , Jean ( 1896 - 1980 ) '' . Learning and Memory . Jump up ^ `` Assimilation '' . The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology . 30 November 2000 . Jump up ^ Fox , Jill Englebright ( 30 November 2005 ) . `` Assimilation '' . Encyclopedia of Human Development . 1 . Jump up ^ ELKIND , DAVID ( 30 November 2001 ) . `` Piaget , Jean ( 1896 -- 1980 ) '' . Encyclopedia of Education . 5 . ^ Jump up to : Berger , Kathleen Stassen ( 2008 ) . The developing person through the life span ( 7th ed . ) . Worth . p. 44 . ISBN 9780716760801 . Jump up ^ Berger , Kathleen Stassen ( 2008 ) . The developing person through the life span ( 7th ed . ) . Worth . p. 45 . ISBN 9780716760801 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Piaget - Cognitive Theory - Simply Psychology '' . www.simplypsychology.org . Jump up ^ `` Block , Jack '' `` Assimilation , Accommodation , and the Dynamics of Personality Development '' Jump up ^ Block , Jack ( 1982 ) . `` Assimilation , accommodation , and the dynamics of personality development '' . Child Development . 53 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 295 . doi : 10.2307 / 1128971 . Jump up ^ `` Theory '' . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Berger , Kathleen Stassen ( 2008 ) . The developing person through the life span ( 7th ed . ) . Worth . p. 43 . ISBN 9780716760801 . Jump up ^ Tuckman , Bruce W. , and David M. Monetti . Educational Psychology . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth , 2010 . Print Jump up ^ Bernstein , Penner , and Clarke - Stewart , Roy . Psychology Study Guide ^ Jump up to : `` Sensorimotor Stage '' . ^ Jump up to : Santrock , J.W. ( 2008 ) . A Topical Approach To Life - Span Development ( pp. 211 -- 216 ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill ^ Jump up to : Piaget , J. ( 1977 ) . Gruber , H.E. ; Voneche , J.J. , eds . The essential Piaget . New York : Basic Books . Jump up ^ Loftus , Geoff. ( 2009 ) . `` Introduction to Psychology ( 15th Ed . ) ''. - Chapter 3 ^ Jump up to : Santrock , John W. ( 2004 ) . Life - Span Development ( 9th Ed . ) . Boston , MA : McGraw - Hill College -- Chapter 8 Jump up ^ `` What Is the Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development ? '' . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Russ , S.W. ( 2006 ) . `` Pretend play , affect , and creativity '' . New directions in aesthetics , creativity and the arts , Foundations and frontiers in aesthetics : 239 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Judy ; Hughes , Claire . `` '' I Got Some Swords And You 're Dead ! `` : Violent Fantasy , Antisocial Behavior , Friendship , And Moral Sensibility In Young Children '' . Child Development . 72 : 491 -- 505 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 8624.00292 . Jump up ^ Piaget , A Child 's Conception of Space , Norton Edition , 1967 ; p. 178 ^ Jump up to : Rathus , Spencer A. ( 2006 ) . Childhood : voyages in development . Belmont , CA : Thomson / Wadsworth . Jump up ^ `` Preoperational Stage '' . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McLeod , S.A. ( 2010 ) . Simply Psychology Jump up ^ Andrews , Glenda ; Graeme S. Halford ; Karen Murphy ; Kathy Knox ( 2009 ) . `` Integration Of Weight And Distance Information In Young Children : The Role Of Relational Complexity '' . Cognitive Development . 24 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 60 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cogdev. 2008.07. 005 . Jump up ^ Branco , J. C ; Lourenco , O ( 2004 ) . `` Cognitive and linguistic aspects in 5 - to 6 - year - olds ' class inclusion reasoning '' . Psicologia Educacao Cultura. 8 ( 2 ) : 427 -- 445 . Jump up ^ Herbert Ginsburg and Sylvia Opper ( 1979 ) , Piaget 's Theory of Intellectual Development , Prentice Hall , ISBN 0 - 13 - 675140 - 7 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Concrete Operations ( Video file ) . ( 1993 ) . Davidson Films , Inc . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 , from Education in Video : Volume I . Jump up ^ SCOTT , J. , & MARSHALL , G. ( 2009 ) . A dictionary of sociology . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Santrock , J.W. ( 2008 ) . A Topical Approach to Life Span Development ( pp. 221 -- 223 ) . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : Tran , U.S. , & Formann , A.K. ( 2008 ) . Piaget 's water - level tasks : Performance across the lifespan with emphasis on the elderly . Personality and Individual Differences , 45 , 232 - 237 . Jump up ^ Davidson Films , Inc. ( 10 August 2010 ) . `` Classic Piaget Volume 1 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Concrete Operational Stage - Simply Psychology '' . www.simplypsychology.org . Jump up ^ Piaget , Jean ( 1972 ) . The Psychology of Intelligence . Totowa , NJ : Littlefield . Jump up ^ Arnett , Jeffrey Jensen ( 2013 ) . Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood . NJ : Person Education Inc . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 0 - 205 - 89249 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Berger , Kathleen Stassen ( 2014 ) . Invitation to the Life Span , Second Edition . New York : Worth Publishers . Jump up ^ Arnett , Jeffrey ( 2013 ) . `` 3 '' . Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood : A Cultural Approach ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Pearson Education Inc. p. 91 . Jump up ^ Inhelder , Barbel ; Piaget , Jean ( 1958 ) . The growth of logical thinking from childhood to adolescence : An essay on the construction of formal operational structures . New York : Basic Books . Jump up ^ Piaget , Jean ; Inhedler , Bärbel ( 1969 ) . The psychology of the child . Basic Books . Jump up ^ Piaget , J ( 1928 ) . `` La causalité chez l'enfant '' . British Journal of Psychology . 18 : 276 -- 301 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8295.1928. tb00466. x . Jump up ^ BUCKLEITNER , W. ( 2008 , June 12 ) . New York Times . Jump up ^ Hinde , E.R. , & Perry , N. ( 2007 ) . Elementary School Journal , 108 ( 1 ) , 63 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Ramos - Christian , Vanessa ; Robert Schleser ; Mary E. Varn ( 2008 ) . `` Math fluency : Accuracy versus speed in preoperational and concrete operational first and second grade children '' . Early Childhood Education Journal . 35 ( 6 ) : 543 -- 549 . doi : 10.1007 / s10643 - 008 - 0234 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wubbena , Zane ( 2013 ) . `` Mathematical fluency as a function of conservation ability in young children '' . Learning and Individual Differences. 26 : 153 -- 155 . doi : 10.1016 / j. lindif. 2013.01. 013 . Jump up ^ Berger , Kathleen Stassen. ( 2011 ) . The Developing Person Through the Life Span ( 8th ed. , pp. 45 -- 46 ) . Worth Publishers . Jump up ^ `` Culture and Cognitive Development - Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science - Credo Reference '' . search.credoreference.com . Jump up ^ Piaget , J. ( 1967 / 1971 ) . Biologie et connaissance : Essai sur les relations entre les régulations organiques et les processus cognitifs . Gallimard : Paris -- Biology and Knowledge . Chicago University Press ; and Edinburgh University Press . ^ Jump up to : Traill , R.R. ( 2008 ) . Thinking by Molecule , Synapse , or both ? -- From Piaget 's Schema , to the Selecting / Editing of ncRNA . Ondwelle : Melbourne . Jump up ^ Traill , R.R. ( 2011a ) . `` Coherent Infra - Red as logically necessary to explain Piagetian psychology and neuro - microanatomy -- ... '' Journal of Physics : Conference Series , 329 , 012018 . ( Prague conference : `` Electrodynamic Activity of Living Cells '' ; ( 1 -- 3 July 2011 ) ) . doi : 10.1088 / 1742 - 6596 / 329 / 1 / 012018 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Traill , R.R. ( 2012 ) . A molecular basis for Piaget 's `` schème '' ( as memory - code ) : Some surprising implications ; ' PowerPoint ' presentation at the 42nd Annual Conference of the Jean Piaget Society plus the accompanying notes Jump up ^ Humphreys , L.G. ; Rich , S.A. ; Davey , T.C. ( 1985 ) . `` A Piagetian Test of General Intelligence '' . Developmental Psychology . 21 : 872 -- 877 . doi : 10.1037 / 0012 - 1649.21. 5.872 . Jump up ^ Lautrey , J. ( 2002 ) . Is there a general factor of cognitive development ? In Sternberg , R.J. & Grigorenko , E.L. ( Eds . ) , The general factor of intelligence : How general is it ? Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum . Jump up ^ Weinberg , R.A. ( 1989 ) . `` Intelligence and IQ . Landmark Issues and Great Debates '' . American Psychologist. 44 : 98 -- 104 . doi : 10.1037 / 0003 - 066x. 44.2. 98 . ^ Jump up to : Singer - Freeman , Karen E. ( 30 November 2005 ) . `` Concrete Operational Period '' . Encyclopedia of Human Development . 1 . Jump up ^ Lourenço , O. ; Machado , A. ( 1996 ) . `` In defense of Piaget 's theory : A reply to 10 common criticisms '' . Psychological Review . 103 ( 1 ) : 143 -- 164 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295X. 103.1. 143 . Jump up ^ Kay C. Wood , Harlan Smith , and Daurice Grossniklaus . `` Piaget 's Stages of Cognitive Development '' . pp. 6 Retrieved May 29 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Callaghan , Tara C. ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Cognitive Development Beyond Infancy '' . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Child Development . Jump up ^ Kail , Robert ( 2007 ) . Children and Their Development ( 4 ed . ) . Pearson . Jump up ^ `` Assan , E.A. , & Sarfo , J.O. ( 2015 ) . Piagetian conservation tasks in Ghanaian children : The role of geographical location , gender and age differences . European Journal of Contemporary Education , 12 ( 2 ) , 137 - 149 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Bruner , Jerome S . '' The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology . 30 November 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Neo-Piagetian Theories of Development '' . Psychology of Classroom Learning . 2 . 30 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Demetriou , A. ( 2003 ) . Mind , self , and personality : Dynamic interactions from late childhood to early adulthood . Journal of Adult development , 10 ( 3 ) , 151 -- 171 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Jan D. Sinnott `` The Development of Logic in Adulthood : Postformal Thought and Its Applications '' ( Plenum Press 1998 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , David J. ( 30 November 2005 ) . `` Middle Adulthood '' . Encyclopedia of Human Development . 2 . Jump up ^ `` Commons , M.L. ( 2008 ) . Introduction to the model of hierarchical complexity and its relationship to postformal action . World Futures , 64 ( 5 -- 7 ) , 305 -- 320 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Demick , Jack ; Andreoletti , Carrie ( 31 January 2003 ) . `` Handbook of Adult Development '' . Springer Science & Business Media -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Oliver , C.R. ( 2004 ) . Impact of catastrophe on pivotal national leaders ' vision statements : Correspondences and discrepancies in moral reasoning , explanatory style , and rumination . Unpublished doctoral dissertation , Fielding Graduate Institute '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kallio , E. Integrative thinking is the key : an evaluation of current research into the development of thinking in adults . Theory & Psychology , 21 Issue 6 December 2011 pp. 785 -- 801 Jump up ^ Kallio , E. & Helkama , K. 1991 . Formal operations and postformal reasoning : A replication . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 32 ( 1 ) , 18 -- 21 Jump up ^ Kallio , E. 1995 . Systematic reasoning : Formal or postformal cognition ? Journal of Adult Development 2 ( 3 ) , 187 -- 192 Jump up ^ Kramer , D. Post-Formal Operations ? A Need for Further Conceptualization Hum Dev 1983 ; 26 : 91 -- 105 Jump up ^ Marchand , H. The Genetic Epistemologist Volume 29 , Number 3 Jump up ^ Commons , M.L. , & Richards , F.A. ( 1984a ) . A general model of stage theory . In M.L. Commons , F.A. Richards , & C. Armon ( Eds . ) , Beyond formal operations : Vol. 1 . Late adolescent and adult cognitive development ( pp. 120 -- 140 ) . New York : Praeger . Jump up ^ Commons , M.L. , & Richards , F.A. ( 1984b ) . Applying the general stage model . In M.L. Commons , F.A. Richards , & C. Armon ( Eds . ) , Beyond formal operations : Vol. 1 . Late adolescent and adult cognitive development ( pp. 141 -- 157 ) . New York : Praeger . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - Thz_M5. doc '' ( PDF ) . Ondwelle.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - BK0_MU6. DOC '' ( PDF ) . Ondwelle.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Bakhurst , David ( 30 November 2005 ) . `` Bruner , Jerome ( 1915 -- ) '' . Encyclopedia of Human Development . 1 . Jump up ^ Commons , M.L. , & Pekker , A. ( 2008 ) . Presenting the formal theory of hierarchical complexity . World Futures : Journal of General Evolution 65 ( 1 -- 3 ) , 375 -- 382 . Jump up ^ Commons , M.L. , Gane - McCalla , R. , Barker C.D. , Li , E.Y. ( in press ) . The Model of Hierarchical Complexity as a measurement system . Journal of Adult Development . ^ Jump up to : Petersen , Naomi Jeffery ( 30 November 2005 ) . `` Child Development Theories '' . Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration . 1 . ^ Jump up to : Voorhis , Patricia Van ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` Kohlberg , Lawrence : Moral Development Theory '' . Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory . 1 . ^ Jump up to : Forbes , Sean A. ( 30 November 2005 ) . `` Ego Development '' . Encyclopedia of Human Development . 1 . Jump up ^ `` Wilber , Ken '' . Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion . 30 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Kress , Oliver . `` Oliver Kress - A new approach to cognitive development : ontogenesis and the process of initiation '' . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Demick , Jack ; Andreoletti , Carrie ( 31 January 2003 ) . `` Handbook of Adult Development '' . Springer Science & Business Media -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Armon , C. ( 1984 ) . Ideals of the good life : A longitudinal / cross-sectional study of evaluative reasoning in children and adults ( Doctoral dissertation , Harvard Graduate School of Education ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Hallpike , C.R. ( 2004 ) . The evolution of moral understanding . Prometheus Research Group '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hallpike , C.R. ( 1998 ) . Moral Development from the Anthropological Perspective . ZiF Mitteilungen , 2 ( 98 ) , 4 -- 18 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Kegan , Robert . The evolving self : problem and process in human development . Harvard University Press , Cambridge , MA 1982 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 27231 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Piaget 's theory of cognitive development Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Piaget 's theory of cognitive development Human psychological development Developmental psychology Antenatal Positive youth development Young adult Positive adult development Maturity Cognitive development of infants Theorists and theories Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) ( Psychosexual development ) Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) ( Theory of cognitive development ) Vygotsky ( 1896 -- 1934 ) ( Cultural - historical psychology ) Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) ( Psychosocial development ) Bowlby ( 1907 -- 1990 ) ( Attachment theory ) Bronfenbrenner ( 1917 -- 2005 ) ( Ecological systems theory ) Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) ( Stages of moral development ) Commons ( b . 1939 ) , Fischer ( b . 1943 ) , Kegan ( b . 1946 ) , Demetriou ( b . 1950 ) , and others ( Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development ) Evolutionary developmental psychology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piaget%27s_theory_of_cognitive_development&oldid=864474340 '' Categories : Child development Cognitive psychology Constructivism ( psychological school ) Enactive cognition Developmental neuroscience Stage theories Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Norsk Polski Português Română Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 13 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | according to jean piaget what is the stage of cognitive development at infancy | [
"In his theory of Cognitive development, Jean Piaget proposed that humans progress through four developmental stages:\nthe sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational period.[20] The first of these, the sensorimotor stage \"extends from birth to the acquisition of language.\"[21] In this stage, infants progressively construct knowledge and understanding of the world by coordinating experiences (such as vision and hearing) with physical interactions with objects (such as grasping, sucking, and stepping).[22] Infants gain knowledge of the world from the physical actions they perform within it.[23] They progress from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage.[23]\n"
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-3550873425075934161 | Montes de Oca (surname) | Montes de Oca ( surname ) - wikipedia Montes de Oca ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Montes de Oca is a Spanish surname meaning `` mounts of goose '' . Notable people with the surname include : Eliecer Montes de Oca ( born 1971 ) , Cuban baseball player Fernando Montes de Oca ( 1829 -- 1847 ) , Mexican hero Isidoro Montes de Oca ( 1789 -- 1847 ) , Mexican - Filipino revolutionary soldier Marco Antonio Montes de Oca ( 1932 - 2009 ) , Mexican poet and painter This page lists people with the surname Montes de Oca . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montes_de_Oca_(surname)&oldid=575738461 '' Categories : Surnames Spanish - language surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 October 2013 , at 15 : 11 . About Wikipedia | where does the last name montes de oca come from | [
"Montes de Oca is a Spanish surname meaning \"mounts of goose\". Notable people with the surname include:"
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-69932237999940586 | List of Russian composers | List of Russian composers - wikipedia List of Russian composers Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Inside of Bolshoi Theatre , Moscow An alphabetical list of significant composers who were born in Russia or worked there for a significant time . The Five ( edit ) The Five , also known as `` The Mighty Handful '' , a circle of influential Russian musical nationalists , during the Romantic period in music : Mily Balakirev ( 1837 -- 1910 ) Alexander Borodin ( 1833 -- 1887 ) , perhaps best known for Polovtsian Dances from his opera Prince Igor César Cui ( 1835 -- 1918 ) Modest Mussorgsky ( 1839 -- 1881 ) , perhaps best known for Pictures at an Exhibition and Night on Bald Mountain Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov ( 1844 -- 1908 ) , perhaps best known for his tone poem Scheherazade and The Flight of the Bumblebee from his opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan Other Russian composers ( edit ) Alexander Abramsky ( 1898 -- 1985 ) , composer , best - known work is his piano concerto which premiered in 1941 Joseph Yulyevich Achron ( 1886 -- 1943 ) , composer of Jewish origin . He later settled in USA . His most famous work is the `` Hebrew Melody '' for violin and orchestra Iosif Andriasov ( 1933 -- 2000 ) , Moscow born , Armenian composer of three symphonies , who rejected the Lenin Prize by stating : `` By accepting a reward from criminals , one becomes an accomplice to the criminals . '' Emigrated to the US in 1979 Anton Arensky ( 1861 -- 1906 ) , Piano Trio No. 1 in D minor , Op. 32 is his most famous work Sasha Argov ( 1914 -- 1995 ) , Russian - born Israeli composer Alexander Arkhangelsky ( 1846 -- 1924 ) , composer of church music and a conductor Nikolai Artsybushev ( 1858 -- 1937 ) , composer and music publisher Vyacheslav Artyomov ( born 1940 ) , Soviet and Russian composer Lera Auerbach ( born 1973 ) 21st - century composer of opera , ballet , symphonic works and chamber music Revol Samoilovich Bunin ( 1924 -- 1976 ) , student of Shostakovich , he went on to compose 9 symphonies and several concertos Georgy Catoire ( 1861 -- 1926 ) , Russian composer of French heritage Yury G. Chernavsky ( born 1947 ) , 20th - and 21st - century composer , works in Russia , West Europe and US ( Hollywood ) , writes music mostly in R&B , Pop and Rock music styles Pavel Chesnokov ( 1877 -- 1944 ) , choral composer and conductor . He composed over five hundred choral works Alexander Gregorovitch Chuhaldin ( 1892 - 1951 ) , violinist , conductor , composer , and music educator , later emigrated to Canada Georgi Eduardovich Conus ( 1862 -- 1933 , composed a variety of vocal and instrumental works , formulated `` metro - techtonic analysis '' for measurement of musical symmetry , brother of Juilus and Lev Conus . Julius Eudardovich Conus ( 1869 -- 1942 ) , Russian Empire and Soviet violinist and composer , known for adeptness at long - lined melody , brother of Georgi and Lev Conus Lev Eudardovich Conus ( 1871 -- 1944 ) , pianist , music educator , and composer , brother of Georgi and Julius Conus Serge Yulievitch Conus ( 1902 -- 1988 ) , pianist and composer , son of Julius Conus Alexander Dargomyzhsky ( 1813 -- 1869 ) Edison Denisov ( 1929 -- 1996 ) Russian composer of so - called `` Underground '' -- `` Anti-Collectivist '' , `` alternative '' or `` nonconformist '' works in the Soviet music Leonid Desyatnikov ( born 1955 ) , notable composer of opera and film scores Victor Ewald ( 1860 -- 1935 ) , composer of four famous brass quintets Vasiliy Filatov ( born 1984 ) film and interactive media composer , lecturer Ossip Gabrilowitsch ( 1878 -- 1936 ) , Russian composer of Jewish background who lived many years in the United States , famous for piano miniatures such as the `` Caprice Burlesque '' German Galynin ( 1922 -- 1966 ) , studied under Dmitri Shostakovich and Nikolai Myaskovsky Valery Gavrilin ( 1939 -- 1999 ) 20th - century composer of chamber , vocal , choral and ballet music Aleksandr Gedike ( 1877 -- 1957 ) , composer and pianist , won the Rubinstein Prize for Composition at the young age of 23 Michael L. Geller ( 1937 -- 2007 ) , 20th - and 21st - century composer and viola player , lived and worked in Russia , The Netherlands and Israel Alexander Glazunov ( 1865 -- 1936 ) , late Romantic composer influenced by Johannes Brahms , Richard Wagner and Franz Liszt , one of the few composers ever to write a saxophone concerto Reinhold Glière ( 1875 -- 1956 ) , composer who wrote pieces in a romantic style well into the 20th century Mikhail Glinka ( 1804 -- 1857 ) , one of the first significant Russian composers Nicolai Golovanov ( 1891 -- 1951 ) , also a foremost conductor Alexander Gretchaninov ( 1864 -- 1956 ) , late Romantic , student of Rimsky - Korsakov , member of the `` new Russian choral school '' Sofia Gubaidulina ( born 1931 ) , Russian composer of half Tartar ethnicity Alexander Ilyinsky ( 1859 -- 1919 ) , composer known for the opera The Fountain of Bakhchisaray , orchestral suites , and a symphony Mikhail Ippolitov - Ivanov ( 1859 -- 1935 ) , Romantic composer , noted for his orchestral suite Caucasian Sketches Dmitry Kabalevsky ( 1904 -- 1987 ) , 20th - century composer Vasily Kalinnikov ( 1866 -- 1901 ) , Romantic composer who lived a short life due to illness . Most famous for his first symphony Nikolai Kapustin ( born 1937 ) , 20th - century composer and pianist , who uses jazz idioms set amid formal classical structures in his compositions Yakov Kazyansky ( born 1948 ) , 20th - and 21st - century composer , writes mostly theatrical music and jazz Aram Khachaturian ( 1903 -- 1978 ) , composer of `` Sabre Dance '' . His music is often used in TV and movie soundtracks Yuri Khanon ( born 1965 ) , 20th - and 21st - century composer - ideologist of opera , ballet , symphonic works and chamber music , laureate of the European Film Awards ( 1988 ) Anatoli Komarowski ( de ) ( 1909 -- 1955 ) Alexander Kopylov ( 1854 -- 1911 ) , composer of four quartets , a symphony , also a member of the Belyayev circle Yevgeny Kostitsyn ( born 1963 ) , 21st - century composer , originator of synchronous and Cubist music Andrei Krylov ( born 1961 ) , 20th and 21st - century composer , wrote mostly works for classical guitar , flute and keyboards Boris Ledkovsky ( 1894 -- 1975 ) , Russian - American composer of Church music Aleksandr Lokshin ( 1920 -- 1987 ) , 20th - century composer , wrote eleven symphonies and other symphonic works such as `` Les Fleurs du Mal '' ( 1939 , on Baudelaire 's poems ) Anatoly Lyadov ( 1855 -- 1914 ) , known for The Enchanted Lake , Baba Yaga , and the Eight Russian Folksongs Sergei Lyapunov ( 1859 -- 1924 ) , composer and pianist , member of the Belyayev circle Vladimir Martynov ( born 1946 ) , 20th - and 21st - century composer Nikolai Medtner ( 1880 -- 1951 ) , 20th - century composer and pianist Fred Momotenko ( born 1970 ) , 20th - and 21st - century composer Dmitrii Miachin ( born 1984 ) , 21st - century film and video game composer Alexander Mordukhovich ( born 1946 ) , composer Alexander Mosolov ( 1900 -- 1973 ) , avant - garde composer of the early Soviet era , best known for Iron Foundry from the ballet `` Steel '' Nikolai Myaskovsky ( 1881 -- 1950 ) , 20th - century composer and teacher of Polish birth , composer of 27 symphonies , 13 string quartets and other works Vyacheslav Nagovitsin ( born 1939 ) , 20th - century composer and violinist , works in Russia Nikolai Obukhov ( 1892 -- 1954 ) known for his religious mysticism and electronic instrument , the croix sonore ; worked mainly in France Alla Pavlova ( born 1952 ) , 20th - and 21st - century composer . Recognized mostly for her symphonic compositions Gavriil Popov ( 1904 -- 1972 ) , Soviet Russian composer of modernist bent who ran afoul of Soviet authorities Sergei Prokofiev ( 1891 -- 1953 ) , 20th century neoclassical composer , known for his symphonies ( particularly # 1 `` Classical Symphony and # 5 ) , ballets , five piano concertos and six operas . Two of his best known pieces are Peter and the Wolf and Romeo and Juliet Sergei Rachmaninoff ( 1873 -- 1943 ) , late Romantic virtuoso pianist and composer , known for Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini and four popular piano concertos Vladimir Rebikov ( 1866 -- 1920 ) , late Romantic 20th - century composer and pianist Nikolai Roslavets ( 1881 -- 1944 ) , convinced modernist and cosmopolitan thinker ; his music was officially suppressed from 1930 onwards Anton Rubinstein ( 1829 -- 1894 ) , pianist , composer and conductor . As a pianist he was regarded as a rival of Franz Liszt . Particularly known for his piano music Adrian Schaposhnikov ( 1888 -- 1967 ) , 20th - century composer Alexander Scriabin ( 1872 -- 1915 ) , Romantic , known for his harmonically adventurous piano sonatas and theatrical orchestral works Julian Scriabin ( 1908 -- 1919 ) , son of Alexander Scriabin and a composer himself . Drowned at the young age of 11 Yuri Shaporin ( 1887 - 1966 ) Rodion Shchedrin ( born 1932 ) , chairman of the Union of Russian Composers from 1973 until 1990 , best known for his Concerto for Orchestra No. 1 `` Naughty Limericks '' Vladimir Shcherbachov ( 1889 -- 1952 ) Alfred Schnittke ( 1934 -- 1998 ) composer , wrote 9 symphonies , 6 Concerto Grosso , 4 Violin Concertos , and many other works in various genres Dmitri Shostakovich ( 1906 -- 1975 ) , 20th - century composer , wrote fifteen symphonies and is especially noted for his fifth symphony Nikolay Sokolov ( 1859 -- 1922 ) , composer of chamber and choral music , member of the Belyayev circle Alexei Stanchinsky ( 1888 - 1914 ) Maximilian Steinberg ( 1883 -- 1946 ) , 20th - century composer and pedagogue , born in what is now Lithuania Igor Stravinsky ( 1882 -- 1971 ) , 20th century primitivist , neoclassical and serial composer , known for his early ballet The Rite of Spring Georgy Sviridov ( 1915 -- 1998 ) , 20th - century neoromantic composer of mostly vocal and choral music , most famous for his orchestral suite ' The Snowstorm ' Alexander Taneyev ( 1850 -- 1918 ) , Romantic era nationalist composer Sergei Taneyev ( 1856 -- 1915 ) , Romantic composer , oriented towards classical forms and the central European tradition Boris Tchaikovsky ( 1925 -- 1996 ) , part of the second generation of Russian composers , following in the steps of Pyotr Tchaikovsky ( to whom he was not related ) Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( 1840 -- 1893 ) , influential Romantic composer , famous for his ballets ( The Nutcracker , Swan Lake ) , his Romeo and Juliet Overture -- Fantasy , 1812 Overture and his later symphonies ( # 4 -- # 6 ) Alexander Tcherepnin ( 1899 -- 1977 ) , composer and pianist , invented his own harmonic languages , including the `` Tcherepnin scale '' Nikolai Nikolayevich Tcherepnin ( 1873 -- 1945 ) , father of Alexander Tcherepnin , he wrote in an exotically spiced late Romantic idiom , most famous for his ballets ' Narcissus and Echo ' and ' The Pavilion of Armide ' * Galina Ustvolskaya ( 1919 -- 2006 ) Soviet avant - garde composer , Shostakovich 's most notable student Vladimir Vavilov ( 1925 -- 1973 ) guitarist , lutenist and composer of the famous `` Ave Maria '' which he falsely attributed to Giulio Caccini Alexander Zhurbin ( born 1945 ) , 20th - and 21st - century composer , primarily of musical theatre , film , popular song , and symphonic works See also ( edit ) Music portal Chronological list of Russian classical composers Category : Russian composers People from Russia Political and religious leaders Pre-1168 1168 -- 1917 1922 -- 1991 1991 -- present RSFSR leaders General secretaries Soviet premiers ( 1st deputies ) Soviet heads of state ( and their spouses ) Prime ministers ( 1st deputies ) Foreign ministers Prosecutors general Metropolitans and Patriarchs Saints ( 1 , 2 ) Military figures and explorers Field marshals Soviet marshals Admirals Aviators Cosmonauts Scientists , engineers and inventors Aerospace engineers Astronomers and astrophysicists Biologists Chemists Earth scientists Electrical engineers IT developers Linguists and philologists Mathematicians Naval engineers Physicians and psychologists Physicists Weaponry makers Artists and writers Architects Ballet dancers Composers Opera singers Novelists Philosophers Playwrights Poets Sportspeople Chess players Composers by nationality Africa Egypt Nigeria South Africa Asia Armenia Azerbaijan China Cyprus India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Korea Mongolia Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Taiwan Turkey Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Dominican Republic Guatemala Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Brazil Chile Peru Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Russian_composers&oldid=831914219 '' Categories : Lists of composers by nationality Russian composers Lists of Russian people by occupation Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from March 2013 All articles lacking sources Interlanguage link template link number Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 20 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which composer was a member of the russian five | [
"\nMily Balakirev (1837–1910)\nAlexander Borodin (1833–1887), perhaps best known for Polovtsian Dances from his opera Prince Igor\nCésar Cui (1835–1918)\nModest Mussorgsky (1839–1881), perhaps best known for Pictures at an Exhibition and Night on Bald Mountain\nNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908), perhaps best known for his tone poem Scheherazade and The Flight of the Bumblebee from his opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan\n",
"\nMily Balakirev (1837–1910)\nAlexander Borodin (1833–1887), perhaps best known for Polovtsian Dances from his opera Prince Igor\nCésar Cui (1835–1918)\nModest Mussorgsky (1839–1881), perhaps best known for Pictures at an Exhibition and Night on Bald Mountain\nNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908), perhaps best known for his tone poem Scheherazade and The Flight of the Bumblebee from his opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan\n",
"\nMily Balakirev (1837–1910)\nAlexander Borodin (1833–1887), perhaps best known for Polovtsian Dances from his opera Prince Igor\nCésar Cui (1835–1918)\nModest Mussorgsky (1839–1881), perhaps best known for Pictures at an Exhibition and Night on Bald Mountain\nNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908), perhaps best known for his tone poem Scheherazade and The Flight of the Bumblebee from his opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan\n",
"\nMily Balakirev (1837–1910)\nAlexander Borodin (1833–1887), perhaps best known for Polovtsian Dances from his opera Prince Igor\nCésar Cui (1835–1918)\nModest Mussorgsky (1839–1881), perhaps best known for Pictures at an Exhibition and Night on Bald Mountain\nNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908), perhaps best known for his tone poem Scheherazade and The Flight of the Bumblebee from his opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan\n",
"\nMily Balakirev (1837–1910)\nAlexander Borodin (1833–1887), perhaps best known for Polovtsian Dances from his opera Prince Igor\nCésar Cui (1835–1918)\nModest Mussorgsky (1839–1881), perhaps best known for Pictures at an Exhibition and Night on Bald Mountain\nNikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908), perhaps best known for his tone poem Scheherazade and The Flight of the Bumblebee from his opera The Tale of Tsar Saltan\n"
] | [
"Mily Balakirev",
"Alexander Borodin",
"César Cui",
"Modest Mussorgsky",
"Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov"
] |
9044900414614565647 | Ingroups and outgroups | Ingroups and outgroups - wikipedia Ingroups and outgroups Jump to : navigation , search `` Us and them '' redirects here . For other uses , see Us and Them . In sociology and social psychology , an ingroup is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member . By contrast , an outgroup is a social group with which an individual does not identify . For example , people may find it psychologically meaningful to view themselves according to their race , culture , gender , age or religion . It has been found that the psychological membership of social groups and categories is associated with a wide variety of phenomena . The terminology was made popular by Henri Tajfel and colleagues during his work in formulating social identity theory . The significance of ingroup and outgroup categorization was identified using a method called the minimal group paradigm . Tajfel and colleagues found that people can form self - preferencing ingroups within a matter of minutes and that such groups can form even on the basis of seemingly trivial characteristics , such as preferences for certain paintings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Associated phenomena 1.1 In - group favoritism 1.2 Outgroup derogation 1.3 Social influence 1.4 Group polarization 1.5 Group homogeneity 2 Postulated role in human evolution 3 See also 4 References Associated phenomena ( edit ) The psychological categorization of people into ingroup and outgroup members is associated with a variety of phenomena . The following examples have all received a great deal of academic attention . In - group favoritism ( edit ) Main article : In - group favoritism This refers to the fact that under certain conditions people will prefer and have affinity for one 's ingroup over the outgroup , or anyone viewed as outside the ingroup . This can be expressed in one 's evaluation of others , linking , allocation of resources and many other ways . Outgroup derogation ( edit ) Discrimination between ingroups and outgroups is a matter of favoritism towards an ingroup and the absence of equivalent favoritism towards an outgroup . Outgroup derogation is the phenomenon in which an outgroup is perceived as being threatening to the members of an ingroup . This phenomenon often accompanies ingroup favoritism , as it requires one to have an affinity towards their ingroup . Some research suggests that outgroup derogation occurs when an outgroup is perceived as blocking or hindering the goals of an ingroup . It has also been argued that outgroup derogation is a natural consequence of the categorization process . Social influence ( edit ) Main article : Social influence People have been shown to be differentially influenced by ingroup members . That is , under conditions where group categorization is psychologically salient people will shift their beliefs in line with ingroup social norms . Group polarization ( edit ) Main article : Group polarization This generally refers to the tendency of groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members , although polarization toward the most central beliefs has also been observed . It has been shown that this effect is related to a psychologically salient ingroup and outgroup categorization . Group homogeneity ( edit ) Main article : Outgroup homogeneity Categorization of people into social groups increases the perception that group members are similar to one another . An outcome of this is the outgroup homogeneity effect . This refers to the perception of members of an outgroup as being homogenous , while members of one 's ingroup are perceived as being diverse , e.g. `` they are alike ; we are diverse '' . This is especially likely to occur in regard to negative characteristics . Under certain conditions , ingroup members can be perceived as being similar to one another in regard to positive characteristics . This effect is called ingroup homogeneity . Postulated role in Human evolution ( edit ) In evolutionary psychology , ingroup favoritism is seen as an evolved mechanism selected for the advantages of coalition affiliation . It has been argued that characteristics such as gender and ethnicity are inflexible or even essential features of such systems . However , there is evidence that elements of favoritism are flexible in that they can be erased by changes in social categorization . One study in the field of behavioural genetics suggests that biological mechanisms may exist which favor a coexistence of both flexible and essentialist systems . See also ( edit ) Amity - Enmity Complex Antilocution Ambivalent prejudice Autarky Authoritarianism Bandwagon effect Benevolent prejudice Cultural identity Cronyism Collective narcissism Common ingroup identity Discrimination Endogamy Elitism False consensus effect Fascism Fundamentalism Groupthink Hostile prejudice Insider Microculture Nepotism Prejudice Racism Scapegoating Sexism Shibboleth Social class Social dominance orientation Subculture Uchi - soto References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See `` Kandinsky versus Klee experiment '' , Tajfel et al. ( 1971 ) in Tajfel , H. ( 1970 ) . Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination . Jump up ^ Tajfel , H. ( 1970 ) . `` Experiments in intergroup discrimination ( abstract ) '' . Scientific American . Springer Nature . 223 : 96 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Tajfel , H. ( 1970 ) . Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination = Tajfel , H. ( 1970 ) . Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination . Jump up ^ Tajfel , H. ; Billig , M.G. ; Bundy , R.P. ; Flament , C. ( April -- June 1971 ) . `` Social categorization and intergroup behaviour '' . European Journal of Social Psychology . 1 ( 2 ) : 149 -- 178 . doi : 10.1002 / ejsp. 2420010202 . Jump up ^ Tajfel , H. ( 1974 ) . Social Identity and Intergroup Behavior . Jump up ^ Aronson , E. , Wilson , T.D. , Akert , R.D. & Sommers , S.R. ( 2015 ) . Social psychology ( 9th , illustrated , revised ed . ) . London : Pearson Education . ISBN 0 - 13393654 - 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 133 - 93654 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brewer , Marilynn B. ( Fall 1999 ) . `` The Psychology of Prejudice : Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate ? '' . Journal of Social Issues . 55 ( 3 ) : 429 -- 444 . doi : 10.1111 / 0022 - 4537.00126 . Jump up ^ Hewstone , Miles ; Rubin , Mark ; Willis , Hazel ( February 2002 ) . `` Intergroup Bias '' . Annual Review of Psychology . 53 : 575 -- 604 . PMID 11752497 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. psych. 53.100901. 135109 . Jump up ^ Zhong , Chen - Bo ; Phillips , Katherine W. ; Leonardelli , Geoffrey J. ; Galinsky , Adam D. ( 2008 ) . `` Negational categorization and intergroup behavior '' . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin . 34 ( 6 ) : 793 -- 806 . PMID 18391025 . doi : 10.1177 / 0146167208315457 . Jump up ^ Leyens , Jacques - Philippe ; Yzerbyt , Vincent ; Schadron , Georges ( 1994 ) . Stereotypes and Social Cognition . Thousand Oaks , California : SAGE Publications . pp. 104 -- 107 . ISBN 0 - 80398583 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 803 - 98583 - 4 . Jump up ^ Quattrone , George A. ; Jones , Edward E. ( 1980 ) . `` The perception of variability within in - groups and out - groups : Implications for the law of small numbers . '' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 38 ( 1 ) : 141 -- 152 . ISSN 0022 - 3514 . doi : 10.1037 / 0022 - 3514.38. 1.141 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Lynne M. ( 2011 ) . The Psychology of Prejudice : From Attitudes to Social Action . Washington , DC : American Psychological Association . pp. 110 -- 112 . ISBN 1 - 43380920 - 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 433 - 80920 - 0 . Jump up ^ L. Cosmides ; J. Tooby ; R. Kurzban ( April 1 , 2003 ) . `` Perceptions of race '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 7 ( 4 ) : 173 -- 179 . PMID 12691766 . doi : 10.1016 / S1364 - 6613 ( 03 ) 00057 - 3 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ L.A. Hirschfeld ( 1996 ) . Race in the Making : Cognition , Culture , and the Child 's Construction of Human Kinds . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Mit Press . ISBN 0 - 26208247 - 0 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 26208247 - 1 . Jump up ^ F.J. Gil - White ( August -- October 2001 ) . `` Are Ethnic Groups Biological `` Species '' to the Human Brain ? Essentialism in Our Cognition of Some Social Categories `` . Current Anthropology . University of Chicago Press . 42 ( 4 ) : 515 -- 553 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 321802 . doi : 10.1086 / 321802 . Jump up ^ R. Kurzban ; J. Tooby ; L. Cosmides ( December 18 , 2001 ) . `` Can race be erased ? Coalitional computation and social categorization '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 98 ( 26 ) : 15387 -- 15392 . Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 9815387K . PMC 65039 . PMID 11742078 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 251541498 . Jump up ^ G.J. Lewis ; T.C. Bates ( November 2010 ) . `` Genetic Evidence for Multiple Biological Mechanisms Underlying In - Group Favoritism '' . Psychological Science . 21 ( 11 ) : 1623 -- 1628 . PMID 20974715 . doi : 10.1177 / 0956797610387439 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ingroups_and_outgroups&oldid=806474114 '' Categories : Sociological terminology Group processes Dichotomies Discrimination Prejudices Authoritarianism Identity Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français עברית Nederlands Русский Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 07 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who introduced the term in group and out group | [
"The terminology was made popular by Henri Tajfel and colleagues during his work in formulating social identity theory. The significance of ingroup and outgroup categorization was identified using a method called the minimal group paradigm. Tajfel and colleagues found that people can form self-preferencing ingroups within a matter of minutes and that such groups can form even on the basis of seemingly trivial characteristics, such as preferences for certain paintings.[1][2][3][4][5]"
] | [
"Henri Tajfel"
] |
-8349863858259340997 | What a Difference You've Made in My Life | What a Difference You 've made in My Life - Wikipedia What a Difference You 've made in My Life Jump to : navigation , search `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' Single by Ronnie Milsap from the album It Was Almost Like a Song B - side `` Selfish '' Released November 1977 Format 7 '' Recorded April 1977 Genre Country , inspirational Length 3 : 59 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Archie Jordan Producer ( s ) Ronnie Milsap , Tom Collins Ronnie Milsap singles chronology `` It Was Almost Like a Song '' ( 1977 ) `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' ( 1977 ) `` Only One Love in My Life '' ( 1978 ) `` It Was Almost Like a Song '' ( 1977 ) `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' ( 1977 ) `` Only One Love in My Life '' ( 1978 ) `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' is an inspirational song written by Archie Jordan and first made famous by two artists during 1977 : teenaged Christian music singer Amy Grant and country music singer Ronnie Milsap . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song history 2 Chart positions 3 References 4 External links Song history ( edit ) Grant 's version was included on her self - titled debut album `` Amy Grant '' , which was sold largely in Christian bookstores and outlets . The song was released as a single to Christian - oriented radio stations , charted at No. 5 on the US Christian charts , and helped Grant become well known in what was then a small subgenre of religious - themed music . It was Milsap 's version , however , that became better - known . It was released in November 1977 as the second single from the album It Was Almost Like a Song . The song soon scored the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart and was his ninth No. 1 song on that chart . Milsap re-recorded the song for his 2009 country gospel album , Then Sings My Soul . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 - 1978 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles US Billboard Hot 100 80 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Canadian RPM Top Singles 96 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 43 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 232 . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Milsap -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Ronnie Milsap . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Take This Job and Shove It '' by Johnny Paycheck Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single January 21 , 1978 Succeeded by `` Out of My Head and Back in My Bed '' by Loretta Lynn Preceded by `` My Way '' by Elvis Presley RPM Country Tracks number - one single February 4 -- 11 , 1978 ( hide ) Ronnie Milsap Studio albums Ronnie Milsap Where My Heart Is Pure Love Legend in My Time A Rose By Any Other Name Night Things 20 / 20 Vision It Was Almost Like a Song Only One Love in My Life Images Milsap Magic Out Where the Bright Lights Are Glowing There 's No Gettin ' Over Me Inside Keyed Up One More Try for Love Lost in the Fifties Tonight Christmas with Ronnie Milsap Heart & Soul Stranger Things Have Happened Back to the Grindstone True Believer Sings His Best for Capitol Records Just for a Thrill My Life Then Sings My Soul Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 Greatest Hits , Vol. 3 40 # 1 Hits 16 Biggest Hits # 1 singles `` Pure Love '' `` Please Do n't Tell Me How the Story Ends '' `` ( I 'd Be ) A Legend in My Time '' `` Daydreams About Night Things '' `` What Goes On When the Sun Goes Down '' `` ( I 'm A ) Stand by My Woman Man '' `` Let My Love Be Your Pillow '' `` It Was Almost Like a Song '' `` What a Difference You 've Made in My Life '' `` Only One Love in My Life '' `` Let 's Take the Long Way Around the World '' `` Back on My Mind Again '' `` Nobody Likes Sad Songs '' `` Why Do n't You Spend the Night '' `` My Heart '' `` Cowboys and Clowns '' `` Smoky Mountain Rain '' `` Am I Losing You '' `` ( There 's ) No Gettin ' Over Me '' `` I Would n't Have Missed It for the World '' `` Any Day Now '' `` He Got You '' `` Inside '' `` Stranger in My House '' `` Do n't You Know How Much I Love You '' `` Show Her '' `` Still Losing You '' `` She Keeps the Home Fires Burning '' `` Lost in the Fifties Tonight ( In the Still of the Night ) '' `` Happy , Happy Birthday Baby '' `` In Love '' `` How Do I Turn You On '' `` Snap Your Fingers '' `` Make No Mistake , She 's Mine '' ( with Kenny Rogers ) `` Where Do the Nights Go '' `` Do n't You Ever Get Tired ( Of Hurting Me ) '' `` A Woman in Love '' `` Stranger Things Have Happened '' Other songs `` Too Late to Worry , Too Blue to Cry '' `` Just in Case '' `` In No Time at All '' `` Prisoner of the Highway '' `` Old Folks '' ( with Mike Reid ) `` Button Off My Shirt '' `` Houston Solution '' `` Are You Lovin ' Me Like I 'm Lovin ' You '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Turn That Radio On '' `` All Is Fair in Love and War '' `` True Believer '' Related articles Discography Book : Ronnie Milsap This 1970s country song -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_a_Difference_You%27ve_Made_in_My_Life&oldid=773713271 '' Categories : 1978 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Amy Grant songs Ronnie Milsap songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles RCA Records singles Songs written by Archie Jordan Song recordings produced by Tom Collins ( record producer ) 1977 songs 1970s country song stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2017 , at 23 : 09 . About Wikipedia | who sang what a difference you made in my life | [
"\"What a Difference You've Made in My Life\" is an inspirational song written by Archie Jordan and first made famous by two artists during 1977: teenaged Christian music singer Amy Grant and country music singer Ronnie Milsap.",
"\"What a Difference You've Made in My Life\" is an inspirational song written by Archie Jordan and first made famous by two artists during 1977: teenaged Christian music singer Amy Grant and country music singer Ronnie Milsap."
] | [
"teenaged Christian music singer Amy Grant",
"country music singer Ronnie Milsap"
] |
3739101623542512920 | Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna | Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna - wikipedia Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Jump to : navigation , search Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award Civilian award for contributions to Sports ( Individual / Team ) Awarded for Highest sports honour in India Sponsored by Government of India Reward ( s ) ₹ 7.5 lakh ( US $12,000 ) First awarded 1991 -- 92 Last awarded 2017 Most recent winner Devendra Jhajharia Sardara Singh Highlights Total awarded 34 First winner Viswanathan Anand Arjuna Award → The Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , officially known as Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in Sports and Games , is the highest sporting honour of the Republic of India . The award is named after Rajiv Gandhi , former Prime Minister of India who served the office from 1984 to 1989 . It is awarded annually by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports . The recipient ( s ) is / are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and is honoured for their `` spectacular and most outstanding performance in the field of sports over a period of four years '' at international level . As of 2017 , the award comprises a medallion , a certificate , and a cash prize of ₹ 7.5 lakh ( US $12,000 ) . Instituted in 1991 -- 92 , the award was given for the performance by a sportsperson in a year . Based on the suggestions provided by 2014 award selection committee , the Ministry revised the criteria in February 2015 to consider the performance over a period of four years . The nominations for a given year are accepted till 30 April or last working day of April with not more than two sportspersons nominated for each sports discipline . A twelve - member committee evaluates the performances of a sportsperson at various International events like Olympic Games , Paralympic Games , Asian Games , and Commonwealth Games . The committee later submits their recommendations to the Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports for further approval . The first recipient of the award was Chess Grandmaster Viswanathan Anand , who was honoured for the performance in the year 1991 -- 92 . In 2001 , sport shooter Abhinav Bindra , then aged 18 , became the youngest recipient of the award . Usually conferred upon only one sportsperson in a year , a few exceptions have been made ( 1993 -- 94 , 2002 , 2009 , 2012 , and 2016 -- 17 ) when multiple recipients were awarded in a year . As of 2017 , there have been thirty - four recipients from fourteen sport disciplines : Athletics , Badminton , Billiards , Boxing , Chess , Cricket , Field hockey , Gymnastics , Shooting , Snooker , Tennis , Wrestling , Weightlifting , and Yacht racing . The most recent recipients of the award are Para Athlete Javelin thrower Devendra Jhajharia and Hockey player Sardara Singh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominations 2 Selection process 3 List of recipients 4 Controversies 5 Explanatory notes 6 References 7 External links Nominations ( edit ) The nominations for the award are received from all government recognised National Sports Federations , the Indian Olympic Association , the Sports Authority of India ( SAI ) , the Sports Promotion and Control Boards , and the state and the union territory governments with not more than two eligible sportspersons nominated for each sports discipline . In case of cricket , the nominations are received from the Board of Control for Cricket in India and SAI is authorised to submit the nominations on behalf of all the de-recognised or under suspension National Sports Federations . The previous award recipients can also nominate one sportsperson for the discipline for which they themselves were awarded . The Government can nominate up to two sportspersons in deserving cases where no such nominations have been received from the nominating authorities . The nominations for a given year are accepted till 30 April or last working day of April . Selection process ( edit ) All the received nominations are sent to SAI and National Anti-Doping Agency for the verification against the claimed achievements and doping clearance respectively . Any sportsperson who is either penalised or being enquired for usage of drugs or substances banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency is not eligible for the award . A committee consisting of the Joint Secretary and the Director / Deputy Secretary of Department of Sports , the Secretary and the Executive Director / Director ( TEAMS ) of SAI verify and validate the nominations . The valid nominations are placed before the selection committee constituted by the Government . This twelve member committee consists of a Chairperson nominated by the Ministry , four Olympians or previous recipients of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna or Arjuna Award , three sports journalists / experts / commentators , one sportsperson / expert / administrator associated with parasports , one sports administrator , the Director General of SAI , and the Joint Secretary of Department of Sports , with not more than one sportsperson from a particular discipline included in the committee . When instituted in 1991 -- 92 , the award was given for the performance by a sportsperson in a year . Based on the suggestions provided by 2014 award selection committee headed by Kapil Dev , the Ministry revised the criteria in February 2015 to consider the performance over a period of four years . The medals won in various International championships and events of the disciplines which include Summer and Winter Olympic and Paralympics Games , Asian Games , and Commonwealth Games are given 80 % weightage . The remaining 20 % weightage is given to the profile and standard of the events . For any other games not included in Olympic , Asian Games , and Commonwealth Games like cricket and indigenous games , the individuals performance of a sportsperson is taken into consideration . The sportsperson with maximum points is given 80 marks . Rest of the sportspersons are given marks in proportion to the maximum points . For team events , marks are given as per the strength of the team . Following are the points defined for medals at the given events : Points for winning medals for the performance during the last four years Event Medal 01 ! Gold 02 ! Silver 03 ! Bronze Olympic Games / Paralympic Games 80 70 55 World Championship / World Cup 40 30 20 Asian Games 30 25 20 Commonwealth Games 25 20 15 For a given discipline , not more than two sportspersons , one male and one female , are given highest marks . The committee may not recommend the award to the sportsperson with the highest marks across disciplines but can only recommend the recipient of the highest aggregate marks in a particular sports discipline . The recommendations of the selection committee are submitted to the Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports for further approval . List of recipients ( edit ) Key † Indicates a joint award for the given year The first recipient of the award Viswanathan Anand is country 's first chess Grandmaster and a five time winner of World Chess Championship . Pankaj Advani is the only sportsperson to have won the award for two sports disciplines ; Billiards and Snooker . Awarded in 2017 , javelin thrower Devendra Jhajharia ( top ) , Sardara Singh ( below ) are the most recent recipients of the award . List of award recipients , showing the year , and discipline ( s ) Year Recipient ( s ) Discipline ( s ) Refs . 1991 -- 92 Anand , Viswanathan Viswanathan Anand Chess 1992 -- 93 Sethi , Geet Geet Sethi Billiards 1993 -- 94 † Motivala , Homi Homi Motivala Yachting ( Team Event ) 1993 -- 94 † Pushpendra Kumar , Garg Garg Pushpendra Kumar Yachting ( Team Event ) 1994 -- 95 Malleswari , Karnam Karnam Malleswari Weightlifting 1995 -- 96 Kunjarani , Nameirakpam Nameirakpam Kunjarani Weightlifting 1996 -- 97 Paes , Leander Leander Paes Tennis 1997 -- 98 Tendulkar , Sachin Sachin Tendulkar Cricket 1998 -- 99 Sikdar , Jyotirmoyee Jyotirmoyee Sikdar Athletics 1999 -- 2000 Pillay , Dhanraj Dhanraj Pillay Hockey ( Men ) 2000 -- 01 Gopichand , Pullela Pullela Gopichand Badminton Bindra , Abhinav Abhinav Bindra Shooting 2002 † Beenamol , K.M. K.M. Beenamol Athletics 2002 † Bhagwat , Anjali Anjali Bhagwat Shooting 2003 George , Anju Bobby Anju Bobby George Athletics Rathore , Rajyavardhan Singh Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore Shooting 2005 Advani , Pankaj Pankaj Advani Billiards and Snooker 2006 Sandhu , Manavjit Singh Manavjit Singh Sandhu Shooting 2007 Dhoni , Mahendra Singh Mahendra Singh Dhoni Cricket 2008 No award 2009 † Kom , Mary Mary Kom Boxing ( Women ) 2009 † Singh , Vijender Vijender Singh Boxing 2009 † Kumar , Sushil Sushil Kumar Wrestling Nehwal , Saina Saina Nehwal Badminton 2011 Narang , Gagan Gagan Narang Shooting 2012 † Kumar , Vijay Vijay Kumar Shooting 2012 † Dutt , Yogeshwar Yogeshwar Dutt Wrestling 2013 Sodhi , Ronjan Ronjan Sodhi Shooting 2014 No award 2015 Mirza , Sania Sania Mirza Tennis 2016 † Sindhu , P.V. P.V. Sindhu Badminton 2016 † Karmakar , Dipa Dipa Karmakar Gymnastics 2016 † Rai , Jitu Jitu Rai Shooting 2016 † Malik , Sakshi Sakshi Malik Wrestling 2017 † Jhajharia , Devendra Devendra Jhajharia Para Athlete 2017 † Singh , Sardara Sardara Singh Hockey Controversies ( edit ) The 2002 selection committee headed by former football player Pradip Kumar Banerjee made twenty one recommendations for the Arjuna Award and two recommendations for the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award , athlete K.M. Beenamol and shooter Anjali Bhagwat . The government rejected the recommendations and asked the committee to cut down the list to comply with the award guidelines , where only one sportsperson for the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award and fifteen sportspersons along with one disabled athlete for the Arjuna Awards could be recommended each year . The committee revised the list to recommend Beenamol for the award over Bhagwat but also put a request `` to consider everyone '' . The decision spurred criticism for ignoring the achievements of the shooter and Bhagwat and the National Rifle Association of India expressed their `` disappointment '' with the decision . Later , the government accepted all the recommendations `` as an exception '' and jointly awarded Beenamol and Bhagwat for the year 2002 . In August 2013 , the selection committee headed by Michael Ferreira recommended sport shooter Ronjan Sodhi for the award , with some committee members questioning the process of selection . A committee member noted that discus thrower Krishna Poonia , and Paralympic athlete H.N. Girisha were shortlisted and Sodhi was not the initial choice . However , Girisha 's name was removed , and the final voting was done between Sodhi and Poonia . Poonia was accused of lobbying for the award by one of the committee member Anjali Bhagwat , but the accused met the then Union Sports Minister Jitendra Singh to promote her case and also rubbished the lobbying allegations . The Ministry conducted a separate enquiry by Secretary of Department of Sports and decided not to increase the number of awards `` to maintain the stature of the awards '' . Following an announcement , in August 2015 , that tennis player Sania Mirza was to be awarded , a Public - Interest Litigation was filed in the Karnataka High Court . The petitioner , Paralympic athlete H.N. Girisha , mentioned that his performance was ignored by the committee . Girisha claimed to be a top contender for the award with 90 points , owing to his silver medal winning act at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in the Men 's High Jump F42 event . The petition mentioned that the points for Mirza 's Grand Slam titles from 2011 until 2015 should not be counted as the events were not a part of the list of sports events to be considered for the performance evaluation . The court withheld the conferment and sought replies from the Ministry about the selection process . The Ministry nevertheless presented the award to Mirza on 29 August 2015 amidst the case processing . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The cash prize was revised from ₹ 1 lakh ( US $1,600 ) to ₹ 3 lakh ( US $4,700 ) in 2000 , to ₹ 5 lakh ( US $7,800 ) in 2002 , and to ₹ 7.5 lakh ( US $12,000 ) in 2009 . Jump up ^ For cricket , there is no National Sports Federation recognised by the Government . Jump up ^ A World Championship / World Cup is generally organised every four years . For different cyclicities , proportionate marks are given . Jump up ^ The award for the performance in 2008 is being referred to as award for 2009 . Jump up ^ Mirza has won 2012 French Open -- Mixed Doubles with Mahesh Bhupathi , 2014 US Open -- Mixed Doubles with Bruno Soares , and 2015 US Open -- Women 's Doubles and 2015 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles with Martina Hingis . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Scheme for the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports . 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sania Mirza conferred with Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . 29 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Ministers of India '' . Prime Minister 's Office ( India ) . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arjun Awards 1998 announced Ms. Jyotirmoyee Sikdar gets Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award 1998 -- 99 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arjuna Awards to be presented tomorrow '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 30 August 2000 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` President presents Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , Arjuna and Dronacharya Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 29 August 2002 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , Arjuna Awards and other Sports Awards Announced '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 29 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Interesting Facts About Abhinav Bindra '' . The Times of India . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Criteria for Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award , Dronacharya Award and Dhyan chand Award '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Sports Awards 2014 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Sports Awards Schemes Revamped '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Committee for National Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Viswanathan Anand a chess legend ? '' . NDTVSports. 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awards '' . Sports Authority of India . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . `` List of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award Winners '' . Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports , India . 30 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Sports Awards '' . Yachting Association of India . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President presents Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , Arjuna and Dronacharya Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 29 September 2001 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arjuna Awards , Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , Dhyan Chand and Dronacharya Awards given away '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 29 August 2003 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 21 September 2004 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award , 2005 , Arjuna awards 2005 , Dhyan Chand awards , 2006 and Dronacharya awards for the year 2005 Announced '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 23 August 2006 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` President gives away Arjuna Awards and Dronacharya Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 29 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna & Arjuna Awards announced '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 19 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Minister Gives away Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award to Saina Nehwal '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna , Arjuna Awards and other Sports Awards Announced '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 18 August 2011 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award and Arjuna Awards Announced '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and Arjuna Awards '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 22 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna 2015 and Arjuna Awards 2015 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 14 August 2015 . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Sports Awards 2016 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 22 August 2016 . Retrieved 23 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Sports Awards 2017 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arjuna Awards panel to prune list '' . The Times of India . New Delhi . Press Trust of India . 7 August 2003 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beenamol to get Khel Ratna '' . Rediff.com. 9 August 2003 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . `` Beenamol , Anjali to share Khel Ratna '' . The Hindu . 23 August 2003 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beenamol to get Khel Ratna '' . The Hindu . 10 August 2003 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . `` Anjali flays awards panel '' . The Tribune . New Delhi . 10 August 2003 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Srivastava , Abhaya ( 10 August 2003 ) . `` Sidelined , shooter Anjali Bhagwat slams Arjuna award selection '' . Press Trust of India . The Indian Express . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . `` Anjali slams Arjuna Awards committee '' . Rediff.com. 10 August 2003 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 33 sportspersons honoured : Controversy set aside as stars get their due from the President '' . The Telegraph . 30 August 2003 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . `` Anjali , Beenamol get Khel Ratna '' . Rediff.com. 22 August 2003 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronjan Sodhi 's Khel Ratna nomination irks Krishna Poonia '' . New Delhi : India Today . 14 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Khel Ratna controversy : Krishna Poonia hits back at Anjali Bhagwat ; says did n't lobby for award '' . New Delhi : NDTV . Press Trust of India . 21 August 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New twist in Khel Ratna controversy : Anjali Bhagwat claims Poonia lobbied with her '' . Mid-Day . New Delhi . Press Trust of India . 21 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Awards and the controversy thereafter '' . Sportstar. 36 ( 36 ) . 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Did n't lobby for award : Krishna Poonia on Khel Ratna controversy '' . New Delhi : India Today . 21 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka HC stays Sania Mirza 's Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna award '' . Daily News and Analysis . Mumbai. 26 August 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girisha Hosanagara Nagarajegowda bags first Paralympic medal for India '' . London : NDTV . Press Trust of India . 4 September 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sania Mirza profile '' . Women 's Tennis Association . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna recipients . `` Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award '' . Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports , India . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna awardees 1991 -- 2000 Viswanathan Anand ( 1991 -- 92 ) Geet Sethi ( 1992 -- 93 ) Homi Motivala and Pushpendra Kumar Garg ( 1993 -- 94 ) Karnam Malleswari ( 1994 -- 95 ) Kunjarani Devi ( 1995 -- 96 ) Leander Paes ( 1996 -- 97 ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 1997 -- 98 ) Jyotirmoyee Sikdar ( 1998 -- 99 ) Dhanraj Pillay ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Pullela Gopichand ( 2000 -- 01 ) 2001 -- 2010 Abhinav Bindra ( 2001 ) K.M. Beenamol and Anjali Bhagwat ( 2002 ) Anju Bobby George ( 2003 ) Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore ( 2004 ) Pankaj Advani ( 2005 ) Manavjit Singh Sandhu ( 2006 ) MS Dhoni ( 2007 ) No award ( 2008 ) Mary Kom , Vijender Singh , and Sushil Kumar ( 2009 ) Saina Nehwal ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Gagan Narang ( 2011 ) Vijay Kumar and Yogeshwar Dutt ( 2012 ) Ronjan Sodhi ( 2013 ) No award ( 2014 ) Sania Mirza ( 2015 ) P.V. Sindhu , Dipa Karmakar , Jitu Rai , and Sakshi Malik ( 2016 ) Devendra Jhajharia and Sardara Singh ( 2017 ) Indian honours and decorations Civilian National Bharat Ratna Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Children National Bravery Award National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Women Stree Shakti Puraskar Police President 's Police Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Central Ganga Sharan Award George Grierson Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Moturi Satyanarayan Award National Award for Child Welfare Subramanya Bharathi Award By field Literature Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Sahitya Akademi Award Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke Award National Film Awards Other arts Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship Sports Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Arjuna Award Dronacharya Award Dhyan Chand Award Science & Technology Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Kalinga Prize Gallantry Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak Medical Dr. B.C. Roy Award International Gandhi Peace Prize Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony Military Wartime Param Vir Chakra Maha Vir Chakra Vir Chakra Peacetime Ashoka Chakra Kirti Chakra Shaurya Chakra Distinguished Service & Gallantry Sena Medal Army Nao Sena Medal Navy Vayu Sena Medal Air Force Wartime Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal Uttam Yudh Seva Medal Yudh Seva Medal Peacetime Param Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Vishisht Seva Medal Service and campaign medals Wound Medal General Service Medal 1947 Samanya Seva Medal Special Service Medal Samar Seva Star Poorvi Star Paschimi Star Operation Vijay Star Siachen Glacier Medal Raksha Medal Sangram Medal Operation Vijay Medal Operation Parakram Medal Sainya Seva Medal High Altitude Service Medal Videsh Seva Medal Long service awards Meritorious Service Medal Long Service and Good Conduct Medal 30 Years Long Service Medal 20 Years Long Service Medal 9 Years Long Service Medal Territorial Army Decoration Territorial Army Medal Independence Awards Indian Independence Medal 50th Independence Anniversary Medal 25th Independence Anniversary Medal Other Awards Mention in Dispatches Commendation Card Sportsperson of the Year National Algeria Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Canada Marsh ( general ) Conacher ( male ) Rosenfeld ( female ) Springstead ( female ) Croatia Czechoslovakia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Hungary Iceland India Iran Ireland Jamaica Japan Kenya Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Serbia NOC Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Sweden Bragdguldet Jerringpris Idrottsgalan Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Northern Ireland Scotland Wales United States AP ESPY female male Sporting News Sports Illustrated NOC USSR Yugoslavia Sport Sportske novosti Zimbabwe World Laureus Awards BBC Overseas Sports Personality L'Équipe Champion of Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajiv_Gandhi_Khel_Ratna&oldid=814721866 '' Categories : Indian sports trophies and awards National sportsperson - of - the - year trophies and awards Awards established in 1991 Indian sports - related lists 1991 establishments in India Memorials to Rajiv Gandhi Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 14 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the winner of rajiv gandhi khel ratna award | [
"\n\nRajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award\n\n\nCivilian award for contributions to Sports (Individual/Team)\n\n\n\n\n\nAwarded for\nHighest sports honour in India\n\n\nSponsored by\nGovernment of India\n\n\nReward(s)\n₹7.5 lakh (US$12,000)\n\n\nFirst awarded\n1991–92\n\n\nLast awarded\n2017\n\n\nMost recent winner\n\n\n\nDevendra Jhajharia\nSardara Singh\n\n\n\n\n\nHighlights\n\n\nTotal awarded\n34\n\n\nFirst winner\nViswanathan Anand\n\n\n\n\nArjuna Award →\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nRajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award\n\n\nCivilian award for contributions to Sports (Individual/Team)\n\n\n\n\n\nAwarded for\nHighest sports honour in India\n\n\nSponsored by\nGovernment of India\n\n\nReward(s)\n₹7.5 lakh (US$12,000)\n\n\nFirst awarded\n1991–92\n\n\nLast awarded\n2017\n\n\nMost recent winner\n\n\n\nDevendra Jhajharia\nSardara Singh\n\n\n\n\n\nHighlights\n\n\nTotal awarded\n34\n\n\nFirst winner\nViswanathan Anand\n\n\n\n\nArjuna Award →\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Devendra Jhajharia",
"Sardara Singh"
] |
8974877558777445753 | I'm Lovin' It (song) | I 'm Lovin ' It ( song ) - wikipedia I 'm Lovin ' It ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' Single by Justin Timberlake from the album Live From London B - side `` Last Night '' Released November 20 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 20 ) Format Digital download maxi single Recorded 2003 Length 3 : 42 Label Jive Songwriter ( s ) Pusha T Pharrell Williams Tom Batoy Andreas Forberger Franco Tortora Producer ( s ) The Neptunes Justin Timberlake singles chronology `` Señorita '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( 2003 ) `` Signs '' ( 2005 ) `` Señorita '' ( 2003 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( 2003 ) `` Signs '' ( 2005 ) `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Justin Timberlake . The song was produced by The Neptunes and is credited as being written by Pharrell Williams , Tom Batoy , Andreas Forberger and Franco Tortora . The song was written as a jingle for McDonald 's commercials , based on a pre-existing German campaign originally developed as `` Ich Liebe Es . '' Timberlake was paid $6 million to sing the jingle . Soon thereafter , the Neptunes produced a song based on the jingle and released it ( along with an instrumental version ) as part of a three - track EP in November 2003 . A digital download EP with the same name was also released through the iTunes Store on December 16 , 2003 . The extended play included the title - track and a remix for all of the singles from Timberlake 's first solo studio album , Justified . The song was also included on the bonus audio CD of Timberlake 's first live DVD , Live From London . A music video to promote the single was released in late 2003 and was directed by Paul Hunter . Rapper Pusha T revealed his involvement with the song in June 2016 and claimed that he had created the `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' jingle . However , co-writers Batoy and Tortora , as well as several others involved with the jingle 's creation , have disputed his claim . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Charts 3 Release history 4 References Track listing ( edit ) Maxi single `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' -- 3 : 42 `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 42 `` Last Night '' -- 4 : 47 Digital download EP `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' -- 3 : 48 `` Rock Your Body '' ( Sander Kleinenberg Just in The Club Mix ) -- 9 : 42 `` Cry Me a River '' ( Dirty Vegas Vocal Mix ) -- 8 : 21 `` Like I Love You '' ( Basement Jaxx Vocal Mix ) -- 6 : 12 `` Señorita '' ( Num Club Mix ) -- 7 : 53 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 -- 04 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Ireland ( IRMA ) 15 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 43 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 47 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Spain November 20 , 2003 Digital download Sony Music Entertainment Singapore Germany December 1 , 2003 Digital download Maxi single Luxembourg Digital download France December 9 , 2003 United States December 16 , 2003 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hogan , Marc . `` The Contentious Tale of the McDonald 's `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' Jingle Pitchfork `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Moran , Alec . `` Five Things You Never Knew About ' I 'm Lovin ' It ' '' . Chicago magazine ( 14 October 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm Lovin ' It -- EP by Justin Timberlake '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( Maxi single liner notes ) . Justin Timberlake . New York City : Jive Records , a division of Sony Music Entertainment . 2003 . 82876 58172 2 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 50 , 2003 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Justin Timberlake '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Timberlake -- I 'm Lovin ' It '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It : Amazon.de : Musik '' . amazon.de . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' . 7digital . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 12 . ( hide ) Justin Timberlake songs Discography Justified `` Like I Love You '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' Live from London `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' FutureSex / LoveSounds `` FutureSex / LoveSound '' `` SexyBack '' `` My Love '' `` LoveStoned '' `` What Goes Around ... Comes Around '' `` Summer Love '' `` Until the End of Time '' The 20 / 20 Experience `` Pusher Love Girl '' `` Suit & Tie '' `` Do n't Hold the Wall '' `` Strawberry Bubblegum '' `` Tunnel Vision '' `` Let the Groove Get In '' `` Mirrors '' `` Blue Ocean Floor '' The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 `` Gimme What I Do n't Know ( I Want ) '' `` Cabaret '' `` TKO '' `` Take Back the Night '' `` Drink You Away '' `` Not a Bad Thing '' Trolls Soundtrack `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' `` Hair Up '' `` What U Workin ' With ? '' Man of the Woods `` Filthy '' `` Supplies '' Collaborations `` 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) '' `` 4 Minutes '' `` Ayo Technology '' `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` Carry Out '' `` Dead and Gone '' `` Dick in a Box '' `` Give It to Me '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Heaven '' `` Holy Grail '' `` Love Dealer '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Love Sex Magic '' `` Motherlover '' `` The Only Promise That Remains '' `` Release '' `` Rehab '' `` Signs '' `` Work It '' `` Winner '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Lovin%27_It_(song)&oldid=820760638 '' Categories : 2003 singles Justin Timberlake songs McDonald 's advertising Music videos directed by Paul Hunter ( director ) Song recordings produced by The Neptunes Songs written by Pharrell Williams 2003 songs Jive Records singles Songs used as jingles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 13 : 12 . About Wikipedia | who says i'm lovin it for mcdonalds | [
"The song was written as a jingle for McDonald's commercials, based on a pre-existing German campaign originally developed as \"Ich Liebe Es.\"[2] Timberlake was paid $6 million to sing the jingle. Soon thereafter, the Neptunes produced a song based on the jingle and released it (along with an instrumental version) as part of a three-track EP in November 2003. A digital download EP with the same name was also released through the iTunes Store on December 16, 2003. The extended play included the title-track and a remix for all of the singles from Timberlake's first solo studio album, Justified.[3] The song was also included on the bonus audio CD of Timberlake's first live DVD, Live From London.[2]"
] | [
"Timberlake"
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1455741919504010764 | Preamble to the Constitution of India | Preamble to the Constitution of India - wikipedia Preamble to the Constitution of India Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Constitution of India Preamble Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 Related topics ( show ) Union List State List Concurrent List Basic structure doctrine Uniform civil code The original text of the Preamble , ( before the 42nd Amendment ) of the Constitution Preamble to the Constitution of India is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the document , and it indicates the source from which the document derives its authority , meaning , the people . The hopes and aspirations of the people as well as the ideals before our nation are described in the preamble in clear words . It may be considered as the heart and soul of Constitution . The preamble can be referred to as the preface which highlights the entire Constitution . It was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly and came into effect on 26th January , 1950secularism was included in the preamble of india on 18th march Contents ( hide ) 1 Historic background 2 Preamble 2.1 Sovereign 2.2 Socialist 2.3 Secular 2.4 Democratic 2.5 Republic 2.6 Justice 2.7 Liberty 2.8 Equality 2.9 Fraternity 3 Amendability 3.1 Forty - second Amendment 4 References Historic background ( edit ) The preamble is based on the Objectives which was drafted and moved in the Constituent Assembly by Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 December 1946 . B.R. Ambedkar said about the preamble : It was , indeed , a way of life , which recognizes liberty , equality and fraternity as the principles of life and which can not be divorced from each other : Liberty can not be divorced from equality ; equality can not be divorced from liberty . Nor can liberty and equality be divorced from fraternity . Without equality , liberty would produce the supremacy of the few over the many . Equality without liberty would kill individual initiative . Without fraternity , liberty and equality could not become a natural course of things . The Supreme Court of India originally stated in the BeruBari case presidential reference that the preamble is not an integral part of the Indian constitution , and therefore it is not enforceable in a court of law . However , the same court , in the 1973 Kesavananda case , overruled earlier decisions and recognised that the preamble may be used to interpret ambiguous areas of the constitution where differing interpretations present themselves . In the 1995 case of Union Government Vs LIC of India , the Supreme Court once again held that the Preamble is an integral part of the Constitution . As originally enacted the preamble described the state as a `` sovereign democratic republic '' , to which the terms `` Secular '' and `` Socialist '' were later added by the 42nd Amendment . The preamble - page , along with other pages of the original Constitution of India , was designed and decorated by the renowned painter Beohar Rammanohar Sinha of Jabalpur who was at Shantiniketan with acharya Nandalal Bose at that time . Nandalal Bose endorsed Beohar Rammanohar Sinha 's artwork without any alteration whatsoever . As such , the page bears Beohar Rammanohar Sinha 's short signature Ram in Devanagari lower - right corner . The calligraphy was done by Prem Behari Narain Raizada . Preamble ( edit ) . `` WE , THE PEOPLE OF INDIA , having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN , SOCIALIST , SECULAR , DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens : JUSTICE , social , economic and political ; LIBERTY of thought , expression , belief , faith and worship ; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity ; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation ; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this 26th day of November , 1949 , do HEREBY ADOPT , ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION . '' Sovereign ( edit ) Govt have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters . No external power can dictate the government of India . Socialist ( edit ) Before the term was added by the 42 Amendment in 1976 , the Constitution had a socialist content in the form of certain Directive Principles of State Policy . The term socialist here means democratic socialism i.e. achievement of socialistic goals through democratic , evolutionary and non-violent means. Socialist basically means that wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally by society. Government should regulate the ownership of land and industry to reduce socio - economic inequalities . Secular ( edit ) Secular means the relationship between the government and the people which is determined according to constitution and law . By the 42 Amendment in 1976 , the term `` Secular '' was also incorporated in the Preamble . Explaining the meaning of secularism as adopted by India , Alexander Owics has written , `` Secularism is a part of the basic of the Indian Constitution and it means equal freedom and respect for all religions . Democratic ( edit ) The people of India elect their governments at l ) by a system of universal adult franchise ; popularly known as `` one man one vote '' . Every citizen of India , 18 years of age and above and not otherwise debarred by law , is entitled to vote. The word ' democratic ' not only refers to political but also to social & economic democracy . Republic ( edit ) In a republic form of government , the head of the state is an elected person and not a heredity monarch . This word denotes a government where no one holds a public power as proprietary right . As opposed to a monarchy , in which the head of state is appointed on hereditary basis for a lifetime or until he abdicates from the throne , a democratic republic is an entity in which the head of state is elected , directly or indirectly , for a fixed tenure . Justice ( edit ) India seeks to secure social , economic and political justice for its people . ( i ) Social Justice : Social Justice means the absence of socially privileged classes in the society and no discrimination against any citizen on grounds of caste , creed , colour , religion , sex or place of birth . India stands for eliminating all forms of exploitations from the society . ( ii ) Economic Justice : Economic Justice means no discrimination between man and woman on the basis of income , wealth and economic status . It stands for equitable distribution of wealth , economic equality , end of monopolistic control over means of production and distribution , decentralisation of economic resources , and securing of adequate opportunities to all for earning their living . ( iii ) Political Justice : Political Justice means equal , free and fair opportunities to the people for participation in the political process . It stands for the grant of equal political rights to all the people without any discrimination . The Constitution of India provides for a liberal democracy in which all the people have the right and freedom to participate . Liberty ( edit ) The idea of Liberty refers to the freedom on the activities of Indian nationals . This establishes that there are no unreasonable restrictions on Indian citizens in term of what they think , their manner of expressions and the way they wish to follow up their thoughts in action . This is found to be an important tool in ensuring democratic framework . However , liberty does not mean freedom to do anything , and it must be exercised within the constitutional limits. This is second provision . Equality ( edit ) This envisages that no section of the society enjoys special privileges and individuals are provided with adequate opportunities without any discrimination. All are equal in front of law . Again , there are three dimensions of Equality - Political , Economic & Civic . Fraternity ( edit ) This refers to a feeling of brotherhood and a sense of belonging with the country among its people . It embraces psychological as well as territorial dimensions of National Integration . It leaves no room for regionalism , communalism , casteism etc , which hinders the Unity of the State. The inclusion of the word `` Fraternity '' is proposed by Dr. B.R Ambedkar . The Preamble declares that fraternity has to assure two things -- the diginity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation . The word ' integrity ' has been added to the Preamble by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment ( 1976 ) Amendability ( edit ) In Berubari Case ( 1960 ) , The amendability & the Significance of the same came to the force . An important & very interesting question was raised relating to the powers of the Parliament to cede Indian territory to a foreign country , as an interpretation of the Article 3 . Supreme Court had held that the power of Parliament to diminish the area of a state as guaranteed in article 3 of the Constitution does not cover cession of the Indian territory to a foreign country . Hence , Indian territory can be ceded to a foreign country only by means of amendment of the Constitution under the Article 368 . Consequently , the 9th Constitutional Amendment Act , 1960 was enacted to transfer the Berubari Union to Bangladesh ( erstwhile East Pakistan ) . Supreme Court also held the view that Preamble can not be a part of the constitution but later in Kesavananda Bharati Case ( 1973 ) , the Supreme Court gave a comprehensive verdict . It said that Preamble is Part of Constitution and is subject to the amending power of the parliament as any other provisions of the Constitution , provided the basic structure of the constitution is not destroyed . It has been clarified by the Supreme Court of India that being a part of Constitution , the Preamble can be subjected to Constitutional Amendments exercised under article 368 , however , the basic structure can not be altered . Forty - second Amendment ( edit ) The preamble has been amended only once so far . On 18 December 1976 , during the Emergency in India , the Indira Gandhi government pushed through several changes in the Forty - second Amendment of the constitution . A committee under the chairmanship of Sardar Swaran Singh recommended that this amendment be enacted after being constituted to study the question of amending the constitution in the light of past experience . Through this amendment the words `` socialist '' and `` secular '' were added between the words `` Sovereign '' and `` democratic '' and the words `` unity of the Nation '' were changed to `` unity and integrity of the Nation '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baruah , Aparijita ( 2007 ) . Preamble of the Constitution of India : An Insight and Comparison with Other Constitutions . New Delhi : Deep & Deep . p. 177 . ISBN 81 - 7629 - 996 - 0 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ M Laxmikanth. `` 4 '' . Indian Polity ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill Education . p. 4.5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 25 - 906412 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Fundamental rights in The Preamble , Free Law Study material , IAS Law Notes , Study material for Ancient India Law '' . www.civilserviceindia.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Can Parliament give its territory to a foreign country ? , available at Learning the Law . ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution ( Forty - Second Amendment ) Act , 1976 '' . Government of India . Retrieved 1 December 2010 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preamble_to_the_Constitution_of_India&oldid=800616384 '' Categories : 1949 in India 1949 in law 1949 documents Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 17 : 09 . About Wikipedia | when was the preamble of the indian constitution amended | [
"The preamble has been amended only once so far. On 18 December 1976, during the Emergency in India, the Indira Gandhi government pushed through several changes in the Forty-second Amendment of the constitution. A committee under the chairmanship of Sardar Swaran Singh recommended that this amendment be enacted after being constituted to study the question of amending the constitution in the light of past experience. Through this amendment the words \"socialist\" and \"secular\" were added between the words \"Sovereign\" and \"democratic\" and the words \"unity of the Nation\" were changed to \"unity and integrity of the Nation\".[5]"
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"18 December 1976"
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7334565396274776409 | Matthew Lewis (actor) | Matthew Lewis ( actor ) - wikipedia Matthew Lewis ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search Matthew Lewis Lewis at the New York premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Matthew David Lewis ( 1989 - 06 - 27 ) 27 June 1989 ( age 28 ) Leeds , West Yorkshire , England Residence London , England Other names Matt Lewis Education St Mary 's Menston Catholic Voluntary Academy Occupation Actor Years active 1995 -- present Website www.matthewlewis.tv Matthew David Lewis ( born 27 June 1989 ) is an English film , television and stage actor , best known for playing Neville Longbottom in the Harry Potter films , Jamie Bradley in The Syndicate and Corporal Gordon `` Towerblock '' House in the BBC Three comedy drama Bluestone 42 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 Harry Potter 2.3 Further career 2.4 Stage career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Music video 4.4 Theatre 4.5 Video game 4.6 Theme Park 5 Awards and honours 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) The son of Adrian Lewis and Lynda Needham , Lewis was born in the city of Leeds , West Yorkshire , and raised in the nearby town of Horsforth . Born the youngest of three boys , he has two brothers : Chris Lewis and actor Anthony Lewis . He attended St Mary 's Menston Catholic Voluntary Academy . Career ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) He has been acting since he was five years old . He started off with minor roles in television programmes , debuting in Some Kind of Life . Harry Potter ( edit ) Lewis in October 2003 He then went on to play Neville Longbottom in the eight Harry Potter films . During the filming of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Helena Bonham Carter , who portrays Bellatrix Lestrange , accidentally ruptured Lewis 's eardrum when she stuck her wand in his ear . The author of the Harry Potter series , J.K. Rowling , gave a speech during the final world premiere of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 on 7 July 2011 in London , England . She stated that there were seven major cast members in the series , whom she referred to as The Big Seven , and she named Lewis as one of the seven members , along with Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint , Emma Watson , Tom Felton , Evanna Lynch , and Bonnie Wright . Further career ( edit ) Shot prior to the release of Deathly Hallows , Lewis played the reporter in the independent film The Sweet Shop . Lewis played the character Jamie Bradley in a five - part TV series called The Syndicate written by Kay Mellor , which was broadcast on BBC One in spring 2012 . In July 2012 , Lewis appeared in a music video called Filth by A Band of Buriers ; Matthew co-starred with actress Lily Loveless , who together portrayed boyfriend and girlfriend in the video . Lewis played the role of Dodd in the 2012 film Wasteland ( known in the UK as The Rise ) , written and directed by Rowan Athale . The film was screened at the Newport Beach Film Festival on Sunday , 28 April 2013 and Monday , 29 April 2013 . Lewis also stars as Patrick in Me Before You which was released in theaters in June 2016 . Stage career ( edit ) In 2011 , Lewis played Lester Cole in his stage debut in Agatha Christie 's Verdict touring stage production . In June 2012 , Lewis was confirmed to play Mick in the West End stage new production of Our Boys by Jonathan Lewis . The role marked Lewis 's West End debut . He starred in the play alongside Cian Barry , Arthur Darvill and Laurence Fox . The play started its previews on 26 September 2012 , and played regularly from 3 October 2012 until 15 December 2012 at the Duchess Theatre , London . In July 2016 , it was announced that Lewis is the star in stage production called ' ' Unfaithful ' ' playing the character called ' ' Peter ' ' . The play is directed by Adam Penford , and playwright by Owen McCafferty . The play performance starts on the 25 August 2016 to 8 October 2016 . In the play , Lewis is co-starring alongside with Sean Campion , Niamh Cusack and Ruta Gedmintas . Personal life ( edit ) Lewis is a vice-president of the Leeds Rugby Foundation charity . Lewis has described his association with the number 11 and how it has appeared multiple times throughout his life , such as being 11 years old when obtaining the role for Harry Potter . He has a tattoo of the number 11 on his right arm and clothing with the number 11 on it . Lewis has lived in London since 2015 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Neville Longbottom In 1998 , Scholastic Corporation published an edition for the United States market under the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone . 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film is the second instalment in the Harry Potter film series . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film is the third instalment in the Harry Potter film series . 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film is the fourth instalment in the Harry Potter film series . 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film is the fifth instalment in the Harry Potter film series . 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Based on the novel of the same name by J.K. Rowling . The film is the sixth instalment in the Harry Potter film series . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The first of two cinematic parts based on the novel by J.K. Rowling . The film is the seventh instalment in the Harry Potter film series . 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 The second of two cinematic parts based on the novel by J.K. Rowling . The film is the eighth instalment in the Harry Potter film series . 2012 The Night of the Loving Dead Nigel Short film Voice Character 2013 Wasteland Dodd The film is also known as The Rise . The Sweet Shop The Reporter 2016 Me Before You Patrick Based on novel of the same name by Jojo Moyes . Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1995 Some Kind of Life Johnathan Taylor Television film Dalziel and Pascoe Davy Plessey Episode : `` An Advancement of Learning '' 1999 Heartbeat Alan Quigley Episode : `` Hollywood or Bust '' 2000 Where the Heart Is Billy Bevan Episode : `` Things Fall Apart '' ( S 1 : Ep 2 ) 2012 The Syndicate Jamie Bradley Series 1 , 5 Episodes 2014 -- 2015 Bluestone 42 Corporal Gordon `` Towerblock '' House Series 2 - 3 2015 Death in Paradise Dominic Claydon Episode 4.7 2016 Ripper Street DS Samuel Drummond Series 4 & 5 2016 Happy Valley Sean Balmforth Series 2 2017 Impractical Jokers Himself Episode : `` Universal Appeal '' Music video ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 Filth by A Band of Buriers Boyfriend Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 The Queen 's Handbag Neville Longbottom Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling 2011 Agatha Christie 's Verdict Lester Cole Stage , Tour Production 2012 Our Boys Mick West End , Stage Production 2016 Unfaithful Peter Stage Production . Video game ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Neville Longbottom Voice Character 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Theme Park ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Neville Longbottom Theme park attraction Awards and honours ( edit ) On 24 July 2012 Lewis received an honorary Master of Arts degree from Leeds Metropolitan University for his contribution to the arts and charity work . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Matthew Lewis '' . Infoplease.com ( Sandbox Networks , Inc . ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Charnley , Jane ( 1 June 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the boy who would n't give up '' . The Yorkshire Post . Leeds , UK . Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Moments with Matthew Lewis Exclusive Interview with VQ '' . Victoria Quarter . 17 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter star goes back to school '' . Wharfedale Observer . ^ Jump up to : Kaufmann , Justin ( 15 July 2011 ) . `` Wikipedia Files : Matthew Lewis ( Neville Longbottom ) '' . WBEZ . Archived from the original on 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with the Gryffindors : James and Oliver Phelps , Matthew Lewis , Devon Murray '' . Veritaserum.com . n.d. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Steve Daly ( 13 July 2007 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter Gets Wicked '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ tzekoulis ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` J.K. Rowling 's Emotional Speech at the Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 London Premiere '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Matthew Lewis talks Verdict , confirms new Deathly Hallows : II battle scene '' . ( Interview ) SnitchSeeker.com. 24 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Timothy Spall and Joanna Page to star in Kay Mellor 's The Syndicate - Media Centre '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Message Boards : : SnitchSeeker.com - Powered by vBulletin '' . www.snitchseeker.com . Jump up ^ ' Potter ' Matthew Lewis , ' Skins ' Lily Loveless in Music Video , DigitalSpy , Retrieved 6 July 2012 Jump up ^ `` First promo , synopsis of Matthew Lewis ' upcoming crime caper , Wasteland - SnitchSeeker.com '' . www.snitchseeker.com . Jump up ^ `` Newport Beach Film Festival 2014 : Films '' . newportbeach.festivalgenius.com . Jump up ^ Sarah Freeman ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Learning how to earn a living after Harry Potter ends '' . Yorkshire Post . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Laura Davis ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` Susan Penhaligon leads all - star cast for Agatha Christie 's Verdict at New Brighton Floral Pavilion '' . Liverpool Daily Post . Archived from the original on 15 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Matthew Lewis to star in Our Boys West End Play , SnitchSeeker.com Jump up ^ http://found111.co.uk/unfaithful/ Unfaithful , Found111.co.uk Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lewis talks playing male escort in new play ' Unfaithful ' , seeing Cursed Child - SnitchSeeker.com '' . www.snitchseeker.com . Jump up ^ Leeds Rugby Foundation website list of vice presidents . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Lewis thinks his Ripper Street moustache makes him repellant to women '' . Jump up ^ Matthew Lewis to receive honorary master of arts degree from Leeds Metropolitan University SnitchSeeker.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Matthew Lewis . Matthew Lewis on IMDb VIAF : 220953949 LCCN : no2011194095 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_Lewis_(actor)&oldid=815425026 '' Categories : 1989 births Male actors from Leeds English male film actors English male television actors Living people People educated at St. Mary 's Catholic High School , Menston 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors English male stage actors English male child actors Hidden categories : Use British English from November 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from November 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 19 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actor who played neville longbottom | [
"Matthew David Lewis (born 27 June 1989)[1] is an English film, television and stage actor, best known for playing Neville Longbottom in the Harry Potter films, Jamie Bradley in The Syndicate and Corporal Gordon \"Towerblock\" House in the BBC Three comedy drama Bluestone 42."
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"Matthew David Lewis"
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306593743892678909 | SS Yongala | SS Yongala - Wikipedia SS Yongala Australian registered passenger ship that sank off Cape Bowling Green , Queensland , Australia SS Yongala History Name : SS Yongala Owner : Adelaide Steamship Company Port of registry : Adelaide , Australia Builder : Armstrong Whitworth & Co Ltd Cost : £ 102,000 Launched : 29 April 1903 In service : 1903 Fate : Sank during a cyclone , 23 March 1911 with the loss of all 122 passengers and crew . Status : Wreck Notes : One of the largest , most well - preserved shipwrecks of Queensland 's seas . General characteristics Tonnage : 3,664 tons ( mass ) Length : 350 ft ( 107 m ) Propulsion : Triple expansion steam engine , single screw Speed : 15.8 knots ( 29.3 km / h ; 18.2 mph ) official top speed Crew : 72 The passenger ship SS Yongala sank off Cape Bowling Green , Queensland , Australia on 23 March 1911 . En route from Melbourne to Cairns she steamed into a cyclone and sank south of Townsville . All 122 aboard were lost , and traces of the ship were not found until days later , when cargo and wreckage began to wash ashore at Cape Bowling Green and at Cleveland Bay . It was believed that the hull of the ship had been ripped open by a submerged rock . The wreck , which has become a tourist attraction and dive site , was not found until 1958 . Contents 1 Design and construction 2 Operational history 3 Final voyage 4 Aftermath 5 Discovery 5.1 Position 6 Present day 6.1 In media 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Design and construction ( edit ) SS Yongala was a steel passenger and freight steamer built by Armstrong Whitworth & Co Ltd in Newcastle upon Tyne , England to special survey for the Adelaide Steamship Company , at a cost of £ 102,000 . She was launched on 29 April 1903 , and was registered in Adelaide . The vessel was named after the small town of Yongala in South Australia , a word from the Nadjuri language which meant `` good water '' . The vessel was propelled by a large triple expansion steam engine built by Wallsend Shipway and Engineering Co. , which drove a single propeller . Official top speed was recorded as 15.8 knots ( 29.3 km / h ; 18.2 mph ) , although Yongala was recorded to have reached 17 knots ( 31 km / h ; 20 mph ) on multiple occasions . Five single ended steel boilers working under natural draught supplied steam of 180 - pound - per - square - inch ( 1,200 kPa ) pressure . At 15 knots , Yongala 's engines burned approximately 67 tonnes of coal per day . A direct acting steam windlass and capstan was fitted on the forecastle head . Cargo handling was done with two steam cranes , along with seven winches with derricks and derrick - posts . Electric lighting was fitted throughout the ship with a duplicate generating plant . She was also provided with refrigeration facilities for the carriage of frozen cargo . A specially arranged steam and hand steering gear was fitted in a house at the after end of the fantail and controlled from the bridge . Operational history ( edit ) On entry into service , Yongala operated on the passenger route linking the gold fields of Western Australia with the eastern ports of Adelaide , Melbourne and Sydney . Postcard of SS Yongala from c. 1905 In 1906 , Yongala was transferred to the Brisbane -- Fremantle route . The ship was the first to sail the 5,000 - kilometre ( 2,700 nmi ) direct route between Fremantle and Brisbane ; the longest interstate trip at that time . During the winter months from 1907 to early 1911 , a lack of demand on the Brisbane - Fremantle run meant the ship was reassigned to the Adelaide Steamship Company 's Melbourne - Cairns route . Final voyage ( edit ) Captain William Knight in 1911 On 14 March 1911 , under the command of Captain William Knight , Yongala embarked on her 99th voyage in Australian waters . She left Melbourne with 72 passengers , heading for Brisbane , where she arrived on 20 March . In Brisbane , most of the passengers from Melbourne disembarked , and new passengers and cargo headed up the Queensland coast ( including the racehorse Moonshine and a Lincoln Red bull ) were loaded . A harbour inspection found Yongala to be `` in excellent trim '' , and she sailed for Mackay , where she was due on 23 March . Despite delays in Brisbane , Yongala arrived in Mackay on the morning of 23 March . After the transfer of passengers and cargo , the ship sailed north for Townsville at 1 : 40 pm , carrying 49 passengers , 73 crew , and 617 tons of cargo in the lower hold . Five hours later , the lighthouse keeper of the Dent Island Light saw Yongala sail into the Whitsunday Passage ; the last known sighting of the ship . Shortly before the vessel left sight of land at Mackay , a telegram was received by the Flat Top signal station warning of a tropical cyclone between Townsville and Mackay . Flag and wireless signals from the station prompted several ships to take refuge at Mackay , but Yongala did not see the flags , and was yet to be fitted with wireless equipment . Yongala sank during the cyclone on 24 March 1911 . All of her 122 passengers and crew died in the tragedy . Aftermath ( edit ) The lack of Yongala 's arrival in Townsville did not immediately cause concern , with the assumption that the ship had taken shelter from the cyclone . After three other ships arrived in Townsville , Yongala was listed as missing on 26 March , with the note that she may have been lost as early as 23 March . Queensland Premier Digby Denham turned all of the state 's resources over to search efforts , including seven vessels operated by the public service , police and shipping . Wreckage was found washed up on beaches from Hinchinbrook Island to Bowen , but there was no sign of the ship or those aboard . The only body found was of the racehorse Moonshine , which washed up at the mouth of Gordon Creek . A £ 1,000 reward for information leading to the discovery of the ship was offered by the Queensland government , but this was withdrawn after no useful information came forward . Several theories were offered for the ship 's disappearance . Some speculated that Yongala had fallen victim to the cyclone ; the high winds would have come from perpendicular to the ship 's course and overpowered the vessel . Others thought she had grounded on a submerged reef between Flinders Passage and Keeper Reef , run into Nares Rock , or struck Cape Upstart . SS Yongala at Fremantle in the 1900s The Marine Board of Queensland investigated the loss of Yongala from 8 to 20 June 1911 . With no witnesses to the ship 's fate , the inquiry considered the ship 's stability , equipment and seaworthiness , together Captain William Knight 's capabilities as a ship 's master . After finding no fault with the condition of the ship ( based on design specifications supplied by the Adelaide Steamship Company , along with data from sea trials and seven years of uneventful operation ) or with Knight 's abilities ( his reputation as one of Adelaide Steamship Company 's most capable men , and 14 years ' service without incident ) the Board concluded that `` the fate of the Yongala passes beyond human ken into the realms of conjecture , to add one more to the mysteries of the sea '' . The Board did note the increased risk of navigating the Great Barrier Reef during tropical cyclone season was risky , and that the safest option was to secure the best anchorage available and ride the storm out . A `` Yongala distress fund '' was set up in March 1911 , with money raised used for the relief of families of those aboard . The fund was closed on 30 September 1914 , with the £ 900 remaining credited to the Queensland Shipwreck Society . Discovery ( edit ) In 1943 , a minesweeper fouled on what was then thought to be a shoal , eleven miles east of Cape Bowling Green . The captain marked on his chart an obstruction in about thirteen fathoms ( 24 m ) , dead on the track of vessels bound for Townsville . After the end of the war , the obstruction was investigated by the survey ship HMAS Lachlan . She arrived over the area in June 1947 , and after several runs in the locality using anti-submarine instruments and echo sounder , found what appeared to be a patch of shoal water at six fathoms ( 11 m ) surrounded by soundings from twelve to fourteen fathoms ( 22 to 26 m ) . Lachlan steamed over the area several times and found that the object was about 300 feet ( 91 m ) long and probably the wreck of a fair - sized steamer , possibly lying on her side . The only ship that had been reported missing in those waters was Yongala . The Navy did nothing to follow up the find . In 1958 , Bill Kirkpatrick located the wreck and brought to the surface a barnacle - encrusted steel safe which they found in a cabin . When broken open with a pinch bar , hammer and chisel , the safe was found to contain nothing but black sludge . The only thing that offered a clue to identification of the ship was part of the safe 's serial number -- 9825W . It was subsequently established that it was a Chubb strongbox and the number was sent to the manufacturers in London for tracing . In 1961 , the reply came back that the safe was one supplied to the purser 's cabin of the SS Yongala during her construction in 1903 . Position ( edit ) The wreck of Yongala was 109 metres ( 358 ft ) in length . The bow points in a northerly direction ( 347 ° ) , and although she lies listing to starboard at an angle of between 60 ° and 70 ° , the vessel 's structural integrity has been retained . The depth of water to the sea floor is approximately 30 metres ( 98 ft ) ) , with the upper sections of the wreck 16 metres ( 52 ft ) below the surface . Yongala 's ship 's bell The sea floor surrounding the wreck is open and sandy , so the wreck has become an established artificial reef , providing a structurally complex habitat for a diverse range of marine life . In 1981 the wreck was sketched by marine biologist Leon Zann . Although the superstructure of the wreck remains intact and very much like this sketch , the significant buildup of sand around the starboard side of the vessel has been scoured away , and the ventilators and railings have collapsed . The wreck of Yongala lies within the central section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . It is approximately 48 nautical miles ( 89 km ) south - east of Townsville and 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ) east of Cape Bowling Green . Its official location is 19 ° 18 ′ 15.9 '' S 147 ° 37 ′ 31.6 '' E / 19.304417 ° S 147.625444 ° E / - 19.304417 ; 147.625444 Coordinates : 19 ° 18 ′ 15.9 '' S 147 ° 37 ′ 31.6 '' E / 19.304417 ° S 147.625444 ° E / - 19.304417 ; 147.625444 . The wreck is protected under the Commonwealth Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 and is managed through the Museum of Tropical Queensland , Townsville . Penetration diving and interference with artefacts is prohibited under the terms of the Act . As part of the management plan , a protected zone has been declared - this includes the wreck site itself , and all of the water and seabed within a radius of 797 metres ( 2,615 feet ) from the wreck . Access to the site is via permit only , obtainable from the Maritime Archaeology Section of the Museum of Tropical Queensland In late 2002 , the site had several moorings installed to ensure that no more impact damage occurs by careless anchoring practices . A policy of ' No Anchoring ' was also introduced within the protected zone following the installation of the moorings . In addition to statutory protection , the site is also listed on the non-statutory Register of the National Estate ( place ID # 14835 ) as a Heritage site . Present day ( edit ) A buoy marks the Yongala wreck site SS Yongala is today a major tourist attraction for the recreational diving industry in Townsville . It is a popular dive spot with an extensive array of marine life . More than 10,000 divers visit the wreck every year . At 110 metres ( 361 ft ) long , she is one of the largest , most intact historic shipwrecks . The Maritime Museum of Townsville has an extensive display of Yongala memorabilia . The death of Tina Watson occurred near the dive site on 22 October 2003 . Watson 's husband of eleven days was subsequently imprisoned for manslaughter . The heritage - listed Yongala Lodge in North Ward , Townsville , is named after the SS Yongala . The house was originally built for Matthew Rooney who died on the Yongala in 1911 along with his wife and youngest daughter . In media ( edit ) The wreck appeared in an episode of the Great Barrier Reef documentary , where it was seen as a home for many sea creatures . See also ( edit ) Nautical portal Disasters portal Underwater diving portal List of maritime disasters SS Koombana SS Waratah Protected areas of Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Yongala : The Worst Feared , Cargo Washing Ashore '' Archived 7 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Ohinemuri Gazette , 29 March 1911 p. 2 ^ Jump up to : SS Yongala Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , ( 2002 ) , Maritime Museum of Townsville , retrieved 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Supposed Foundering s.s. Yongala '' . The Western Champion and General Advertiser for the Central - Western Districts ( Barcaldine , Qld. : 1892 - 1922 ) . Barcaldine , Qld. : National Library of Australia . 1 April 1911 . p. 7 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Holthouse , Hector ( 1971 ) . `` Yongala Vanishes '' . Cyclone . Adelaide : Rigby . pp. 59 -- 66 . ISBN 0 - 85179 - 290 - 1 . OCLC 251985 . ^ Jump up to : `` View Shipwreck - Yongala '' . Australian National Shipwreck Database . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ ' SS Yongala Shipwreck , Cape Bowling Green via Ayr , QLD , Australia , ' Register of the National Estate ( Non-statutory archive ) , ( 1 ) , retrieved 20 / 08 / 2012 . Jump up ^ Dive the SS Yongala Archived 9 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( 2008 ) , retrieved 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ ABC North Queensland ( 2005 ) Safeguarding the wreck the SS Yongala Archived 28 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ SS Yongala Dive Site Archived 28 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Tourism Queensland ( 2008 ) , retrieved 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Yongala Lodge ( entry 600878 ) '' . Queensland Heritage Register . Queensland Heritage Council . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Gleeson , Max ( 1987 ) . Townsville 's Titanic . Sydney : Turton & Armstrong . ISBN 0 - 908031 - 31 - 9 . OCLC 27579405 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to SS Yongala . `` Dive spot description plus underwater pictures and videos of the Yongala wreck '' . `` List of crew and passengers '' . Grey River Argus. 29 March 1911 . p. 6 . `` Briefing map , photos , location , local dive weather '' . `` Discovery of the ship 's bell , underwater photo 's of wreck '' . `` Yongala salvage 1977 ( video ) at 35 minutes from start '' . Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1911 Shipwrecks 25 Jan : Rosario di Giorgio 23 Mar : Yongala 24 Mar : Sechelt 10 Apr : Iroquois 23 Apr : Doric 12 May : Merida 6 Jun : Bayard 1 July : USS Samar 27 July : RMS Empress of China 25 Sep : Liberté 27 Sep : Three Brothers 30 Sep : Swarland 1 Oct : Ixion 3 Nov : Fairhaven 4 Dec : Maryland Unknown date : HMS A1 , Kings County Other incidents March ( unknown date ) : HMS Empress of India 20 Sep : Olympic , HMS Hawke 25 Sep : République 1910 1912 Recreational dive sites Reef dives Regions Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park Poor Knights Islands Sites Palancar Reef Wreck dives Regions Chuuk Lagoon Maritime Heritage Trail -- Battle of Saipan Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve Wreck Alley , San Diego Sites HMS A1 HMS A3 USS Aaron Ward Abessinia Aeolian Sky Albert C. Field Andrea Doria Antilla Antilles Aquila HMS Boadicea Bianca C Booya Breda HMAS Brisbane Bungsberg HMAS Canberra Carl D. Bradley Carnatic SMS Dresden Dunraven Eastfield HMT Elk Ellengowan RMS Empress of Ireland HMS Falmouth Fifi SS Francisco Morazan Fujikawa Maru Fumizuki USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg HMS Ghurka Glen Strathallan Gothenburg Herzogin Cecilie Hilma Hooker Hispania HMS Hood HMAS Hobart Igara James Eagan Layne Captain Keith Tibbetts King Cruiser SMS Kronprinz Kyarra HMS Laforey USAT Liberty Louis Sheid USS LST - 507 SMS Markgraf Mikhail Lermontov HMS M2 Maine Maloja HMS Maori Marguerite SS Mauna Loa USAT Meigs Mendi USCGC Mohawk Mohegan RMS Moldavia HMS Montagu MV RMS Mulheim Nagato Oceana USS Oriskany Oslofjord P29 P31 Pedernales Persier HMAS Perth Piłsudski Pool Fisher HMS Port Napier Preußen President Coolidge PS Queen Victoria Radaas Rainbow Warrior RMS Rhone Rondo Rosehill Royal Adelaide Royal Charter Rozi HMS Safari Salem Express USS Saratoga USS Scuffle HMS Scylla HMS Sidon USS Spiegel Grove Stanegarth Stanwood Stella HMAS Swan USS Tarpon Thesis Thistlegorm Toa Maru Torrey Canyon Tulagi Tulamben U-40 U-352 U-1195 Um El Faroud Varvassi Walter LM Russ Washingtonian HMNZS Wellington USS Yancey Yongala Zenobia Zealandia Zingara Cave dives Sites Devil 's Throat at Punta Sur Engelbrecht Fossil Cave Piccaninnie Ponds Sistema Ox Bel Ha Sistema Sac Actun Sistema Dos Ojos Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich Freshwater dives Ewens Ponds Little Blue Lake Training sites Capernwray Dive Centre National Diving and Activity Centre Stoney Cove Related topics Recreational diving Sea Trek ( diving system ) Shark tourism Snuba Scuba diving Commons Glossary Indexes : dive sites divers diving Outline Portal Australian historic shipwrecks with a protected zone National Aarhus SS Alert Bega ( 1908 ) Cato AHS Centuar Clonmel SMS Emden Foam Florence D SS Glenelg SS Gothenburg HSK Kormoran Lady Darling Llewellyn Submarine M24 HMCS Mermaid HMS Pandora HMS Porpoise Sanyo Maru Submarine I - 124 HMAS Sydney SS Yongala VOC Zuytdorp Northern Territory Booya ( ship ) South Australia HMAS Hobart ( D 39 ) South Australian Zanoni ( 1865 ) Related topics Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Yongala&oldid=859227682 '' Categories : Shipwrecks in the Coral Sea Shipwrecks of Queensland Maritime incidents in 1911 Merchant ships of Australia Iron and steel steamships of Australia Ships built on the River Tyne 1903 ships Underwater diving sites in Australia Ships lost with all hands Places listed on the defunct Register of the National Estate North Queensland Australian Shipwrecks with protected zone Ships built by Armstrong Whitworth March 1911 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with short description Use Australian English from September 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from March 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2014 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | ship that sank off cape bowling green in 1911 | [
"The passenger ship SS Yongala sank off Cape Bowling Green, Queensland, Australia on 23 March 1911. En route from Melbourne to Cairns she steamed into a cyclone and sank south of Townsville. All 122 aboard were lost, and traces of the ship were not found until days later, when cargo and wreckage began to wash ashore at Cape Bowling Green and at Cleveland Bay. It was believed that the hull of the ship had been ripped open by a submerged rock.[1] The wreck, which has become a tourist attraction and dive site, was not found until 1958.\n"
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"SS Yongala"
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5341626034708708827 | Amba (Mahabharata) | Amba ( Mahabharata ) - Wikipedia Amba ( Mahabharata ) Amba Mahabharata character Amba , a Javanese puppet In the Hindu epic Mahabharata , Amba is the eldest daughter of the king of Kashi , who considers the Kuru prince Bhishma responsible for her misfortune and her sole goal in life becomes his destruction , to fulfill which she is reborn as Shikhandi ( the son of Drupada , the father of Draupadi ) . Contents 1 Background 2 Swayamvara 3 Salva 's rejection 4 Vengeance on Bhishma 4.1 Parashurama 's mediation 4.2 Austerities 4.3 Shiva 's boon and Amba 's death 4.4 Garland of ever - fresh lotuses 5 Rebirth as Shikhandi 6 Assessment 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Amba was the eldest daughter of the king of Kashi . She had two younger sisters Ambika and Ambalika . Amba is a commonly used word in Sanskrit meaning mother , also with Vedic linkage as the mother of the Vedas . Swayamvara ( edit ) Bhishma taking the three princesses of Kashi after the swayamvara The Adi Parva of the Mahabharata narrates about Amba 's swayamvara at the Kingdom of Kashi . Amba and Salva , the king of Saubala , were secretly in love and Amba had promised to place the varmala on his neck . Bhishma came to know of the ceremony of the three beautiful princesses , and went to the Swayamvara to win the princesses for his step - brother Vichitravirya . Once arrived , Bhishma announced his intention to abduct the brides , challenging the assembled suitors to stop him . Bhishma forced the princesses into his chariot and rode away . The kings followed and showered Bhishma with arrows ; however , Bhishma returned the attack and defeated them . Salva challenged Bhishma for a duel ; Bhishma overpowered and wounded Salva , but spared his life . Unaware of Amba 's feelings , Bhishma proceeded to Hastinapur and presented them to Satyavati , who made arrangements for their marriage to Vichitravirya . Amba approached Bhishma and the council of Brahmins and revealed that she and Salva were in love with each other and that she was going to choose him as her husband in the Swayamvara . Bhishma conceded that her reasoning was sound and sent her to Salva with honors , while Ambika and Ambalika were married to Vichitravirya . Salva 's rejection ( edit ) In the Ambopakhyanaparvan chapter of the book Udyoga Parva of the Mahabharata , the rest of Amba 's tale is narrated by Bhishma when Duryodhana questioned him as to why he did not kill Shikhandi , an ally of the Pandavas , cousins and foes of the Kauravas . Bhishma ensured that Amba was escorted safely to Salwa Kingdom . Amba informed Salva that she had come for him . Salva retorted that he no longer desired her , as she was to be wed to another man . He declared that she was rightfully won by Bhishma , who defeated and insulted him and other kings and accused her of happily leaving with him . Amba pleaded with Salva , whom she considered her true love , to accept her . But Salva reiterated Kshatriya dharma and refused to accept her . Rejected , the heart broken Amba left Saubala and went to the forest . Amba peeved by this rejection then went to Bhishma and accosted him saying that he was responsible for all her problems . Bhishma refused to marry her to Vichitravirya , on the plea that she was in love with someone else . She then approached Bhishma to marry her . He also refused due to his vow of celibacy . This further infuriated Amba , as she had now been spurned by three people . She appealed to various kings to defeat Bhishma and do her justice , but all of them refused knowing bhisma 's capabilities . Finally , she went to the forest to please the gods so that she can have her revenge on Bhishma . Vengeance on Bhishma ( edit ) Parashurama 's mediation ( edit ) The sage Narada and the gods stop Bhishma 's battle with Parashurama . Amba reflected on her condition and considered all the people responsible for it , including herself ( as she did not escape Bhishma 's chariot when Bhishma was fighting Salva ) , Bhishma ( who abducted her ) , Salva ( who rejected her ) and her father ( who arranged her swayamvara ) . She finally arrived at the conclusion that Bhishma was the main culprit and swore to destroy him by austerities or battle . She sought shelter with a group of ascetics that night and narrated her tale to them . There the learned sage Shaikhavatya consoled Amba and promised to guide her in her austerities . Other sages discussed amongst themselves Amba 's situation and contemplated her alternatives and advised her to return to her father as there are only two true protectors of a woman : a father and a husband . However , Amba declined , deciding to practice austerities . On the next day , the sage Hotravahana ( of the Srinjaya race ) , a former king and Amba 's maternal grandfather , passed by the place . Upon listening to the tale of Amba 's ordeal , the sage advised her not to return to her father and instead approach the sage Parashurama . Akritavrana , one of Parashurama 's disciples , also arrived at the place . Hotravahana introduced Amba to Akritavrana and both of them explain Amba 's case to him . Akritavrana gave Amba two options : either Parashurama should approach Salva to marry her or Bhishma should be defeated by Parashurama . Amba asked Akritavrana to decide who was her culprit . Akritavrana agreed with Amba that Bhishma was the root cause of her plight and should be the target of her revenge . Akritavrana and Hotravahana explained Amba 's predicament to Parashurama , whom Amba herself prayed to for help . Parashurama -- an eternal foe of the Kshatriyas gave his word to Amba that he would slay Bhishma , who was his disciple in the past , and destroy his pride . parashurama and bhishma fight for Amba made by ASI , Folio of razmnama When Parashurama arrived with his retinue at Kurukshetra and sent a message to Bhishma of his arrival , Bhishma came to see his guru , offering him the traditional respects . A pleased Parashurama commanded Bhishma to accept Amba . Bhishma refused , restating that he had taken a vow of celibacy . An infuriated Parashurama threatened Bhishma with death . Bhishma tried to calm the sage , but in vain , and he finally agreed to battle his guru to safeguard his Kshatriya duty . Ganga tried stopping the battle by beseeching her son as well as the great sage , but failed . The great battle lasted for 23 days , without any result . On the 24th day when Bhishma chose to use a deadly weapon , at the behest of the divine sage Narada and the gods , Parashurama ended the conflict and the battle was declared a draw . Parashurama narrated the events to Amba and told her to seek Bhishma 's protection . However , Amba refused to listen to Parashurama 's advice and left angrily declaring that she would achieve her objective by asceticism . Austerities ( edit ) Amba gave up food and sleep , and practised asceticism standing still for six months in the Yamuna river valley , surviving only on air . She became emaciated and developed matted locks . After that , she stood in the waters of the Yamuna , without food and practised austerities . After that , she spent time standing on her tip toes , having eaten only one fallen leaf of a tree . Her penance for twelve years started burning the heavens and the earth . She then went to Vatsa kingdom , in which many renowned sages lived . She roamed the kingdom , bathing in the sacred waters of the Ganges ( Ganga ) and the Yamuna . Then , she visited the ashrams of many sages like Narada , Uluka , Chyavana , Vishwamitra , Mandavya , Dwilipa , Ramhrada and Garga as well as sacred sites like Prayag , Bhogavati and holy groves . During her journey , she observed difficult vows and performed ablutions in the holy waters . The goddess Ganga appeared before Amba and listened to Amba 's tale that her austerities were aimed to destroy Bhishma , Ganga 's son . The angry goddess Ganga replied that since Amba 's mind was crooked , she would be become a crooked and tortuous river , which will remain dry for eight months and flow in the four months of the rainy season . Ganga declared that the bathing places along the river 's course would be in difficult terrain , and it will be infested with crocodiles and other fierce creatures. However due to the merits of her severe tapasya , only half her body would flow as a river , the other half would still be a maiden. Amba wandered practising severe vows and forgoing food and water for months . She visited many tirthas in this time and finally returned to Vatsa , where Ganga 's curse materialized . Shiva 's boon and Amba 's death ( edit ) The ascetics of Vatsa dissuaded her to refrain from the austerities , but Amba maintained her resolve and told them her desire was to be born a man and slay Bhishma to avenge her misery . The god Shiva appeared to her and blessed her that she would become a man in her next birth and destroy Bhishma . Amba would be born to the king Drupada of Panchala and become a great warrior . Amba would remember her previous birth and hatred of Bhishma . Pleased with the boon , Amba created a funeral pyre of wood on the banks of the Yamuna and jumped in the fire saying `` for Bhishma 's destruction ! '' . Garland of ever - fresh lotuses ( edit ) Another variant narrates that Amba performed austerities and pleased Kartikeya , the god of war and Shiva 's son . He granted her a garland of ever - fresh lotuses and declared that whoever wore it will destroy Bhishma . With this garland , Amba made one more attempt to seek help of many kings and princes to support her in her just cause . However , there was no response from anyone of them to help her as they did not want to be on the wrong side of Bhishma . In a final effort she approached Drupada but even he declined ; in frustration she cast the garland off on a pillar outside Drupada 's palace and went for austerities in the forest again . While Amba kills herself , no one dares to touch the garland . Rebirth as Shikhandi ( edit ) Main article : Shikhandi Bhishma ( left ) refuses to fight Shakhandi ( right ) . Drupada had no children so he did austerities in the forest seeking the blessings of Shiva for begetting a son . Shiva granted him the boon that a girl would be born to him , but will transform into a boy later . As prophesied , Amba was reborn as Shikhandini , whose true gender was not disclosed and she was brought up as a boy . When Drupada got his daughter in the garb of a son married to the daughter of Hiranyavarna , the king of Dasharna , his true identity was revealed not only to the chagrin of the girl , her father but also to Shikandini himself . The agitated Hiranyavarna declared war on Panchala . Distressed by the turn of events , Shikhandini went into the forest to fast unto death but was saved by a yaksha ( a forest deity ) , Sthunakarna , who helped him by offering his own gender in exchange to Shikandini 's female gender . Thus Shikhandini became the male Shikhandi . After Hiranyavarna 's death , Shikhandi returned to swap sexes with the yaksha , however the yaksha was cursed by his master the god Kubera to remain female until Shikhandi 's death . In the variant where the garland of ever - fresh lotuses is mentioned , Shikhandini wears the garland once and Drupada realizes that she will slay Bhishma . Meanwhile , over the course of time , Ambika and Ambalika had grandchildren Kauravas and Pandavas , who became arch enemies . Draupadi , the daughter of Drupada , was married to the Pandavas . When a great Kurukshetra war between Pandavas and Kauravas ensued , Shikhandi sided with his brothers - in - law , while Bhishma was with the Kauravas . Bhishma had vowed to `` not to shoot at a woman , anyone who used to be a woman or has a woman 's name or appears to be a woman '' , so he narrated to the Kaurava leader Duryodhana Amba 's tale and refused to fight to Shikhandi . When Bhishma led the Kaurava army , Shikhandi rode as the charioteer of Arjuna , the third of the Pandava brothers . On seeing Shikhandi , Bhishma lowered his weapons . Shikhandi and Arjuna pierced Bhishma 's body , though all Shikhandi 's arrows were not so effective in wounding Bhishma . At this stage , it was also the desire of Bhishma to die . Before collapsing , he cried out that it was Arjuna 's arrow that killed him and not of Shikhandi . Bhishma lay on a bed of arrows for days and died on the holy day of Uttarayana . Amba 's vengeance was fulfilled when Shikhandi became the cause of Bhishma 's death . Shikhandi is killed in a sword fight with Ashwatthama when Ashwatthama , Kripacharya , and Kritaverma attacked the Pandava camp on the night of the final day of battle . Assessment ( edit ) Feminist writer Githa Hariharan tells the story of Amba in The Thousand Faces of Night . Her undaunted courage and dedicated approach to do penance seeking revenge against Bhishma got Amba the epithet `` incarnation of penance '' . The spiritual guru Ganapathi Sachchidananda says Amba was a `` great person '' and praises her love , fearlessness and resolve , but cautions against emulating the princess , who was never happy driven by revenge . He considers her tale giving the moral to avoid haste in love and life . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mani , Vettam ( 1975 ) . `` Amba '' . Puranic Encyclopaedia : a Comprehensive Dictionary with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . pp. 27 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8426 - 0822 - 0 . Jump up ^ Simon Brodbeck ; Professor Brian Black ( 9 August 2007 ) . Gender and Narrative in the Mahabharata . Routledge . pp. 205 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 11995 - 0 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : T.B. Coburn ( 1 January 1988 ) . Devī - māhātmya : The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition . Motilal Banarsidass Publ . pp. 201 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0557 - 6 . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kisari Mohan Ganguli . `` SECTION CII '' . The Mahabharata , Book 1 : Adi Parva . Sacred-texts.com . Jump up ^ John Garrett ( 1989 ) . A Classical Dictionary of India Illustrative of the Mythology , Philosophy , Literature , Antiquities , Arts , Manners Customs &c. of the Hindus . Atlantic Publishers & Distri . pp. 27 -- . GGKEY : YTLNG1DG7JN . Jump up ^ Kisari Mohan Ganguli . `` SECTION CLXXVI '' . The Mahabharata , Book 5 : Udyoga Parva . Sacred-texts.com . ^ Jump up to : `` 4 . Amba and Bhishma '' . Mahabharataonline.com . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kisari Mohan Ganguli . `` SECTION CLXXVII '' . The Mahabharata , Book 5 : Udyoga Parva . Sacred-texts.com . Jump up ^ Kisari Mohan Ganguli . `` SECTION CLXXVIII '' . The Mahabharata , Book 5 : Udyoga Parva . Sacred-texts.com . Jump up ^ Kisari Mohan Ganguli . `` SECTION CLXXIX '' . The Mahabharata , Book 5 : Udyoga Parva . Sacred-texts.com . Jump up ^ Kisari Mohan Ganguli . `` SECTION CLXXX '' . The Mahabharata , Book 5 : Udyoga Parva . Sacred-texts.com . Jump up ^ Kisari Mohan Ganguli . `` SECTION CLXXXI '' . The Mahabharata , Book 5 : Udyoga Parva . Sacred-texts.com . Jump up ^ Kisari Mohan Ganguli . `` SECTION CLXXXVIII '' . The Mahabharata , Book 5 : Udyoga Parva . Sacred-texts.com . ^ Jump up to : Kisari Mohan Ganguli . `` SECTION CLXXXIX '' . The Mahabharata , Book 5 : Udyoga Parva . Sacred-texts.com . Jump up ^ Kisari Mohan Ganguli . `` SECTION CXC '' . The Mahabharata , Book 5 : Udyoga Parva . Sacred-texts.com . Jump up ^ Gaṅgā Rām Garg ( 1992 ) . Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World : Ak - Aq . Concept Publishing Company . pp. 371 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 375 - 7 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Devdutt Pattanaik ( 8 January 2002 ) . The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore . Harrington Park Press . p. 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56023 - 180 - 6 . Retrieved 18 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Gopal , Madan ( 1990 ) . K.S. Gautam , ed. India through the ages . Publication Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Wendy Doniger ( 15 April 1999 ) . Splitting the Difference : Gender and Myth in Ancient Greece and India . University of Chicago Press . p. 284 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 15641 - 5 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ David W. Machacek ; Melissa M. Wilcox ( 2003 ) . Sexuality and the world 's religions . ABC - CLIO . pp. 126 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 359 - 9 . Jump up ^ KM Ganguly ( 1883 - 1896 ) . The Mahabharatha Book 10 : Sauptika Parva section 8 Ashwatthama killing Shikindin , October 2003 , Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 2 Jump up ^ W.S. Kottiswari ( 1 February 2008 ) . Postmodern Feminist Writers . Sarup & Sons . pp. 93 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 821 - 0 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Sri Ganapathy Sachchidananda Swamiji. 100 Stories : Stories from Indiann Mythology : Sri Ganapathy Sachchidananda Swamiji . SGS International Vedic Assn . p. 275 . GGKEY : PGU195JDY66 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Rajaji Mahabharata Summary / Amba and Bhishma Mahabharata Books ( parvas ) Adi Sabha Vana Virata Udyoga Bhishma Drona Karna Shalya Sauptika Stri Shanti Anushasana Ashvamedhika Ashramavasika Mausala Mahaprasthanika Svargarohana Harivamsa Kuru Kingdom Shantanu Ganga Bhishma Satyavati Chitrāngada Vichitravirya Ambika Ambalika Vidura Dhritarashtra Gandhari Pandu Kunti Madri Pandavas Yudhisthira Bhima Arjuna Nakula Sahadeva Draupadi Kauravas Duryodhana Dushasana Vikarna Yuyutsu Dushala Hidimbi Ghatotkacha Ahilawati Subhadra Uttarā Ulupi Chitrāngadā Abhimanyu Iravan Babruvahana Barbarika Upapandavas Parikshit Janamejaya Other characters Amba Ashwatthama Balarama Bhagadatta Brihannala Chitrasena Dhrishtadyumna Drona Drupada Durvasa Ekalavya Hidimba Jarasandha Jayadratha Kali ( demon ) Karna Kichaka Kindama Kripa Krishna Kritavarma Mayasura Sanjaya Satyaki Shakuni Shalya Shikhandi Shishupala Bahlika Sudeshna Uttara Kumara Virata Vrishasena Vyasa Related articles Avatars Hastinapur Indraprastha Kingdoms Kurukshetra War Bhagavad Gita Vedic - Puranic chronology Hindu deities and texts Gods Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Rama Krishna Shiva Ganesha Kartikeya Hanuman Ayyappan Indra Surya more Goddesses Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Sita Radha Parvati Sati Kali Adi Parashakti Mahavidya Durga Shakti Navadurga Matrikas more Texts Vedas Rig Sama Yajur Atharva Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras of Patanjali more Hinduism Hindu mythology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amba_(Mahabharata)&oldid=853220623 '' Categories : Characters in the Mahabharata Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Español ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी नेपाली Português Русский Basa Sunda தமிழ் తెలుగు 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 06 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the father of amba ambika ambalika | [
"Amba was the eldest daughter of the king of Kashi. She had two younger sisters Ambika and Ambalika.[1] Amba is a commonly used word in Sanskrit meaning mother, also with Vedic linkage as the mother of the Vedas.[2][3]\n"
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"the king of Kashi"
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4200467816974377939 | The Hero with a Thousand Faces | The hero with a Thousand Faces - wikipedia The hero with a Thousand Faces The Hero with a Thousand Faces Cover of the first edition Author Joseph Campbell Country United States Language English Subject Mythology Published 1949 ( Pantheon Books ) 1968 ( 2nd ed . ) 2008 ( 3rd ed . ) Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 57731 - 593 - 3 Dewey Decimal 201 /. 3 22 LC Class BL313 . C28 2008 The Hero with a Thousand Faces ( first published in 1949 ) is a work of comparative mythology by Joseph Campbell . In this book , Campbell discusses his theory of the mythological structure of the journey of the archetypal hero found in world myths . Since the publication of The Hero with a Thousand Faces , Campbell 's theory has been consciously applied by a wide variety of modern writers and artists . Filmmaker George Lucas acknowledged Campbell 's theory in mythology , and its influence on the Star Wars films . The Joseph Campbell Foundation and New World Library issued a new edition of The Hero with a Thousand Faces in July 2008 as part of the Collected Works of Joseph Campbell series of books , audio and video recordings . In 2011 , Time placed the book in its list of the 100 best and most influential books written in English since the magazine was founded in 1923 . Contents 1 Summary 2 Background 2.1 Publishing history 3 Artists influenced by the work 3.1 Influences on artists 3.1. 1 In film 3.1. 2 In games 3.1. 3 In literature 3.1. 4 In television 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Summary ( edit ) Campbell explores the theory that mythological narratives frequently share a fundamental structure . The similarities of these myths brought Campbell to write his book in which he details the structure of the monomyth . He calls the motif of the archetypal narrative , `` the hero 's journey '' . In a well - known quote from the introduction to The Hero with a Thousand Faces , Campbell summarizes the monomyth : A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder : fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won : the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man . In laying out the monomyth , Campbell describes a number of stages or steps along this journey . `` The hero 's journey '' begins in the ordinary world . He must depart from the ordinary world , when he receives a call to adventure . With the help of a mentor , the hero will cross a guarded threshold , leading him to a supernatural world , where familiar laws and order do not apply . There , the hero will embark on a road of trials , where he is tested along the way . The archetypal hero is sometimes assisted by allies . As the hero faces the ordeal , he encounters the greatest challenge of the journey . Upon rising to the challenge , the hero will receive a reward , or boon . Campbell 's theory of the monomyth continues with the inclusion of a metaphorical death and resurrection . The hero must then decide to return with this boon to the ordinary world . The hero then faces more trials on the road back . Upon the hero 's return , the boon or gift may be used to improve the hero 's ordinary world , in what Campbell calls , the application of the boon . While many myths do seem to follow the outline of Campbell 's monomyth , there is some variance in the inclusion and sequence of some of the stages . Still , there is an abundance of literature and folklore that follows the motif of the archetypal narrative , paralleling the more general steps of `` Departure '' ( sometimes called Separation ) , `` Initiation '' , and `` Return '' . `` Departure '' deals with the hero venturing forth on the quest , including the call to adventure . `` Initiation '' refers to the hero 's adventures that will test him along the way . The last part of the monomyth is the `` Return '' , which follows the hero 's journey home . Campbell studied mythological and literary classics including the stories of Osiris , Prometheus , the Buddha , Moses , Mohammed , and Jesus . Campbell 's book cites the similarities of the stories , and references them as he breaks down the structure of the monomyth . The book includes a discussion of `` the hero 's journey '' by using the Freudian concepts popular in the 1940s and 1950s . Campbell 's theory incorporates a mixture of Jungian archetypes , unconscious forces , and Arnold van Gennep 's structuring of rites of passage rituals to provide some illumination . `` The hero 's journey '' continues to influence artists and intellectuals in contemporary arts and culture , suggesting a basic usefulness for Campbell 's insights beyond mid-20th century forms of analysis . Background ( edit ) Campbell used the work of early 20th century theorists to develop his model of the hero ( see also structuralism ) , including Freud ( particularly the Oedipus complex ) , Carl Jung ( archetypal figures and the collective unconscious ) , and Arnold Van Genn . ep . Van Gennep contributed the concept of there being three stages of The Rites of Passage. Campbell translated this into Separation , Initiation and Return . He also looked to the work of psychologist Otto Rank and ethnographers James George Frazer and Franz Boas . Campbell was a noted scholar of James Joyce , having co-authored A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake with Henry Morton Robinson . Campbell borrowed the term monomyth from Joyce 's Finnegans Wake . In addition , Joyce 's Ulysses was also highly influential in the structuring of the archetypal motif . Publishing history ( edit ) Cover of reprints of the book , featuring Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker The book was originally published by the Bollingen Foundation through Pantheon Press as the seventeenth title in the Bollingen Series . This series was taken over by Princeton University Press , who published the book through 2006 . Originally issued in 1949 and revised by Campbell in 1968 , The Hero with a Thousand Faces has been reprinted a number of times . Reprints issued after the release of Star Wars in 1977 used the image of Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker on the cover . Princeton University Press issued a commemorative printing of the second edition in 2004 on the occasion of the joint centennial of Campbell 's birth and the Press 's founding with an added foreword by Clarissa Pinkola Estés . A third edition , compiled by the Joseph Campbell Foundation and published by New World Library , was released as the twelfth title in the Collected Works of Joseph Campbell series in July 2008 . The Hero with a Thousand Faces has been translated into over twenty languages , including Spanish , Portuguese , French , German , Italian , Japanese , Korean , Chinese ( simplified and traditional ) , Turkish , Dutch , Greek , Danish , Norwegian , Persian , Polish , Romanian , Czech , Croatian , Serbian , Slovenian , Russian , Hungarian , Bulgarian and Hebrew , and has sold well over a million copies worldwide . Artists influenced by the work ( edit ) Main article : Monomyth In Pathways to Bliss : Mythology and Personal Transformation , a book drawn from Campbell 's late lectures and workshops , he says about artists and the monomyth : `` Artists are magical helpers . Evoking symbols and motifs that connect us to our deeper selves , they can help us along the heroic journey of our own lives . ( ... ) The artist is meant to put the objects of this world together in such a way that through them you will experience that light , that radiance which is the light of our consciousness and which all things both hide and , when properly looked upon , reveal . The hero 's journey is one of the universal patterns through which that radiance shows brightly . What I think is that a good life is one hero journey after another . Over and over again , you are called to the realm of adventure , you are called to new horizons . Each time , there is the same problem : do I dare ? And then if you do dare , the dangers are there , and the help also , and the fulfillment or the fiasco . There 's always the possibility of a fiasco . But there 's also the possibility of bliss . '' -- Joseph Campbell , Influences on artists ( edit ) The Hero with a Thousand Faces has influenced a number of artists , filmmakers , musicians , and poets . Some of these figures include Bob Dylan , George Lucas , and Jim Morrison . Additionally , Mickey Hart , Bob Weir , and Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead had long noted Campbell 's influence and participated in a seminar with Campbell in 1986 , entitled `` From Ritual to Rapture '' . In film ( edit ) Stanley Kubrick introduced Arthur C. Clarke to the book during the writing of 2001 : A Space Odyssey . George Lucas ' deliberate use of Campbell 's theory of the monomyth in the making of the Star Wars movies is well documented . On the DVD release of the famous colloquy between Campbell and Bill Moyers , filmed at Lucas ' Skywalker Ranch and broadcast in 1988 on PBS as The Power of Myth , Campbell and Moyers discussed Lucas 's use of The Hero with a Thousand Faces in making his films . Lucas himself discussed how Campbell 's work affected his approach to storytelling and film - making . In games ( edit ) Jenova Chen , lead designer at thatgamecompany , also cites The Hero 's Journey as the primary inspiration for the PlayStation 3 game Journey ( 2012 ) . Mark Rosewater , head designer of the Magic : The Gathering trading card game , cites The Hero 's Journey as a major inspiration for `` The Weatherlight Saga '' , an epic story arc that went from 1997 to 2001 , and spanned multiple card sets , comic books , and novels . In Literature ( edit ) Christopher Vogler , a Hollywood film producer and writer , wrote a memo for Disney Studios on the use of The Hero with a Thousand Faces as a guide for scriptwriters ; this memo influenced the creation of such films as Aladdin ( 1992 ) , The Lion King ( 1994 ) , and Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) . Vogler later expanded the memo and published it as the book The Writer 's Journey : Mythic Structure For Writers , which became the inspiration for a number of successful Hollywood films and is believed to have been used in the development of the Matrix series . Novelist Richard Adams acknowledges a debt to Campbell 's work , and specifically to the concept of the monomyth . In his best known work , Watership Down , Adams uses extracts from The Hero with a Thousand Faces as chapter epigrams . Author Neil Gaiman , whose work is frequently seen as exemplifying the monomyth structure , says that he started The Hero with a Thousand Faces but refused to finish it : `` I think I got about half way through The Hero with a Thousand Faces and found myself thinking if this is true -- I do n't want to know . I really would rather not know this stuff . I 'd rather do it because it 's true and because I accidentally wind up creating something that falls into this pattern than be told what the pattern is . '' Many scholars and reviewers have noted how closely J.K. Rowling 's popular Harry Potter books hewed to the monomyth schema . In television ( edit ) Dan Harmon , the creator of the TV show Community , has stated that he has used the monomyth as inspiration for his work . The sixth and final season of Lost recognizes Campbell 's theories on the hero . During one of the bonus features , the makers of the series discuss the journey of the main characters and how each is a hero in their own way . Before each little segment of this particular feature , they quote Campbell and then expound on that particular quote by discussing the various characters . See also ( edit ) Mythology portal The Golden Bough The Iron Dream The Seven Basic Plots Vladimir Propp Aarne -- Thompson classification systems Bildungsroman Otto Rank Save The Cat ! The Last Book on Screenwriting You 'll Ever Need References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joseph Campbell , The Hero 's Journey : Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work , 3rd edition , Phil Cousineau , editor . Novato , California : New World Library , 2003 , pp. 186 - 187 . Jump up ^ `` Ideas : The Hero with a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell '' . Time . August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph Campbell . The Hero with a Thousand Faces . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1968 , p. 30 / Novato , California : New World Library , 2008 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Since the late 1960s , with the introduction of post-structuralism , theories such as the monomyth ( to the extent they are based in structuralism ) have lost ground in the academic world . Nonetheless , the resonance of this theory and of Campbell 's schema remains ; every year , The Hero with a Thousand Faces is used as a text - book in thousands of university courses worldwide . Source : Joseph Campbell Foundation website . Jump up ^ The Complete Works of Joseph Campbell data base on the Joseph Campbell Foundation website , accessed July 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pathways to Bliss : Mythology and Personal Transformation , Edited by David Kudler . Novato , California : New World Library , 2004 , pp. 132 , 133 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Campbell Timeline '' . Pacifica Graduate Institute . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Kubrick Site : Clarke 's 2001 Diary ( excerpts ) '' . visual-memory.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Campbell and the Power of Myth - Season 1 , Episode 1 : The Hero 's Adventure - TV.com '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joseph Campbell , The Hero 's Journey , loc . cit . Jump up ^ Kevin O'Hannessian , GAME DESIGNER JENOVA CHEN ON THE ART BEHIND HIS `` JOURNEY '' ; CoCreate Magazine Jump up ^ Bridgman , Joan ( August 2000 ) . `` Richard Adams at Eighty '' . The Contemporary Review ( The Contemporary Review Company Limited ) 277.1615 : 108 . ISSN 0010 - 7565 . Jump up ^ Richard Adams , Watership Down . Scribner , 2005 , p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7770 - 9 Jump up ^ See Stephen Rauch , Neil Gaiman 's The Sandman and Joseph Campbell : In Search of the Modern Myth , Wildside Press , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Myth , Magic , and the Mind of Neil Gaiman - Wild River Review '' . wildriverreview.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharon Black , `` The Magic of Harry Potter : Symbols and Heroes of Fantasy , '' Children 's Literature in Education , Springer Netherlands , Volume 34 , Number 3 / September , 2003 , pp. 237 -- 247 , ISSN 0045 - 6713 ; Patrick Shannon , `` Harry Potter as Classic Myth '' ; Deborah De Rosa , `` Wizardly Challenges to , and Affirmations of the Initiation Paradigm in Harry Potter , '' Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter , Elizabeth Heileman , ed . Routledge , 2002 , pp 163 -- 183 -- there are numerous similar references . Jump up ^ A Sense of Community : Essays on the Television Series and Its Fandom . ( McFarland , 2014 ) p. 24 . ISBN 1476615713 Bibliography ( edit ) Campbell , Joseph . The Hero 's Journey : Joseph Campbell on His Life and Work . Edited and with an Introduction by Phil Cousineau . Forward by Stuart L. Brown , Executive Editor . New York : Harper and Row , 1990 . Campbell , Joseph and Henry Morton Robinson . A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake , 1944 . Campbell , Joseph . The Hero with a Thousand Faces . 1st edition , Bollingen Foundation , 1949 . 2nd edition , Princeton University Press . 3rd edition , New World Library , 2008 . Campbell , Joseph . Pathways to Bliss : Mythology and Personal Transformation . Edited by David Kudler . Novato , California : New World Library , 2004 . Ford , Clyde W . The Hero with an African Face . New York : Bantam , 2000 . Henderson , Mary . Star Wars : The Magic of Myth . Companion volume to the exhibition at the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution . New York : Bantam , 1997 . Larsen , Stephen and Robin Larsen . Joseph Campbell : A Fire in the Mind . Rochester , Vermont : Inner Traditions , 2002 . Manganaro , Marc . Myth , Rhetoric , and the Voice of Authority : A Critique of Frazer , Eliot , Frye , and Campbell . New Haven : Yale , 1992 . Moyers , Bill and Joseph Campbell . The Power of Myth . Anchor : Reissue edition , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41886 - 8 Pearson , Carol and Katherine Pope . The Female Hero in American and British Literature . New York : R.R. Bowker , 1981 . Vogler , Christopher . The Writer 's Journey : Mythic Structure For Writers . Studio City , CA : Michael Wiese Productions , 1998 . External links ( edit ) Information on the 2008 third edition from the Joseph Campbell Foundation Monomyth from UC Berkeley ( archived ) The Archetype of the Hero 's Journey from Web English Teacher A Practical Guide to The Hero with a Thousand Faces at the Wayback Machine ( archived February 19 , 2009 ) The Hero Cycle as seen in the Star Wars saga Star Wars Origins - Joseph Campbell The Matrix - Joseph Campbell Monomyth on YouTube Joseph Campbell Books A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake ( 1944 ) The Hero with a Thousand Faces ( 1949 ) Creative Mythology ( 1968 ) The Flight of the Wild Gander ( 1968 ) Myths to Live By ( 1972 ) Historical Atlas of World Mythology ( 1983 -- 1989 ) The Inner Reaches of Outer Space ( 1986 ) The Power of Myth ( 1988 ) The Hero 's Journey ( 1990 ) Thou Art That ( 2001 ) Video / DVDs Mythos ( 1997 / 1998 / 2011 ) See also Hero 's journey The Hero 's Journey Joseph Campbell Foundation Jean Erdman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hero_with_a_Thousand_Faces&oldid=860917002 '' Categories : Books by Joseph Campbell Comparative mythology 1949 books Mythology books Religious studies books Philosophy books Sociology books Pantheon Books books Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2014 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with attributed pull quotes Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Français Norsk Polski Português Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2018 , at 23 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who published the hero with a thousand faces | [
"The Hero with a Thousand Faces \nCover of the first editionAuthor\nJoseph CampbellCountry\nUnited StatesLanguage\nEnglishSubject\nMythologyPublished\n\n1949 (Pantheon Books)\n1968 (2nd ed.)\n2008 (3rd ed.)\nMedia type\nPrint (hardcover and paperback)ISBN\n.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:\"\\\"\"\"\\\"\"\"'\"\"'\"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url(\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png\")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}978-1-57731-593-3Dewey Decimal\n201/.3 22LC Class\nBL313 .C28 2008"
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"Pantheon Books"
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4701933185969815340 | Houston, we have a problem | Houston , we have a problem - wikipedia Houston , we have a problem Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the misquote itself . For the 2016 docufiction film , see Houston , We Have a Problem ! ( film ) . For the 1974 television film , see Houston , We 've Got a Problem . Houston , we have a problem Origin / etymology Apollo 13 mission Original form `` Uh , Houston , we 've had a problem '' Coined by Jack Swigert `` Houston , we have a problem '' is a popular but erroneous quote from the radio communications between the Apollo 13 astronaut John Swigert and the NASA Mission Control Center ( `` Houston '' ) during the Apollo 13 spaceflight , as the astronauts communicated their discovery of the explosion that crippled their spacecraft . The erroneous wording was popularized by the 1995 film Apollo 13 , a dramatization of the Apollo 13 mission , in which actor Tom Hanks , portraying Mission Commander Jim Lovell , uses that wording , which became one of the film 's taglines . The words actually spoken , initially by Command Module Pilot Jack Swigert , were `` Okay , Houston , we 've had a problem here '' ( emphasis added ) . After being prompted to repeat the transmission by CAPCOM Jack R. Lousma , Lovell responded , `` Uh , Houston , we 've had a problem . '' Houston , we 've had a problem . Swigert and Lovell reporting the incident on April 13 , 1970 ( 2 : 59 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Since then , the phrase has become popular , being used to account , informally , the emergence of an unforeseen problem . Contents ( hide ) 1 The message 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 External links The message ( edit ) The dialogue occurred between the base and the astronaut was as follows : Swigert : `` Okay , Houston , we 've had a problem here . '' Lousma : `` This is Houston . Say again , please . '' Lovell : `` Uh , Houston , we 've had a problem . '' Lovell : `` We 've had a MAIN B BUS UNDERVOLT . '' Lousma : `` Roger , MAIN B UNDERVOLT . '' Lousma : `` Okay , stand by , Thirteen , we 're looking at it . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Houston , We 've Had a Problem '' . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Por qué la frase : Houston , tenemos un problema ? '' ( Why the phrase : Houston , we have a problem ? ) . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Houston , tenemos un problema '' -- Jack Swigert '' ( `` Houston , we have a problem '' -- Jack Swigert ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The meaning and origin of the expression : Houston , we have a problem '' . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Lovell , Jim ; Kluger , Jeffrey ( 1994 ) . Lost Moon . ISBN 0395670292 . External links ( edit ) `` ¿ Cuándo se pronunció la famosa frase `` Houston , tenemos un problema '' ? '' ( When uttered the famous phrase `` Houston , we have a problem '' ? ) ( in Spanish ) . `` Spacelog Apollo 13 '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston,_we_have_a_problem&oldid=817436761 '' Categories : Phrases Apollo 13 Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 10 : 43 . About Wikipedia | where does the phrase houston we have a problem come from | [
"\"Houston, we have a problem\" is a popular but erroneous quote from the radio communications between the Apollo 13 astronaut John Swigert and the NASA Mission Control Center (\"Houston\") during the Apollo 13 spaceflight,[1] as the astronauts communicated their discovery of the explosion that crippled their spacecraft. The erroneous wording was popularized by the 1995 film Apollo 13, a dramatization of the Apollo 13 mission, in which actor Tom Hanks, portraying Mission Commander Jim Lovell, uses that wording, which became one of the film's taglines."
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"the 1995 film Apollo 13, a dramatization of the Apollo 13 mission"
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2045821780783291097 | Mayflower Compact | Mayflower Compact - wikipedia Mayflower Compact Jump to : navigation , search Signing the Mayflower Compact 1620 , a painting by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris 1899 The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony . It was written by the male passengers of the Mayflower , consisting of separatist Congregationalists who called themselves `` Saints '' , and adventurers and tradesmen , most of whom were referred to by the Separatists as `` Strangers '' . Later both groups were referred to as Pilgrims or Pilgrim Fathers . The Separatists were fleeing from religious persecution by King James of England . The Mayflower Compact was signed aboard ship on November 11 , 1620 by the Pilgrims . They used the Julian Calendar , also known as Old Style dates , which , at that time , was ten days behind the Gregorian Calendar . Signing the covenant were 41 of the ship 's 101 passengers , while the Mayflower was anchored in what is now Provincetown Harbor within the hook at the northern tip of Cape Cod . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reasons for the Compact 2 Text 3 Signers 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Reasons for the Compact The Mayflower was originally bound for the Colony of Virginia , financed by the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London . Storms forced them to anchor at the hook of Cape Cod in what is now Massachusetts ; it was unwise to continue with provisions running short . This inspired some of the Strangers to proclaim that , since the settlement would not be made in the agreed - upon Virginia territory , they `` would use their own liberty ; for none had power to command them . '' To prevent this , the Pilgrims chose to establish a government . The Mayflower Compact was based simultaneously upon a majoritarian model ( taking into account that women and children could not vote ) and the settlers ' allegiance to the king . It was in essence a social contract in which the settlers consented to follow the compact 's rules and regulations for the sake of order and survival . The Pilgrims had lived for some years in Leiden , a city in the Dutch Republic . `` Just as a spiritual covenant had marked the beginning of their congregation in Leiden , a civil covenant would provide the basis for a secular government in America . '' In November 1620 , the Mayflower anchored at what is now Plymouth , named after the major port city in Devon , England from which she sailed . The settlers named their settlement `` New Plimoth '' or `` Plimouth '' , the most common spelling used by William Bradford in his journal Of Plimoth Plantation . Text Bradford 's transcription of the compact The original document has been lost , but three versions exist from the 17th century : printed in Mourt 's Relation ( 1622 ) , which was reprinted in Purchas his Pilgrimes ( 1625 ) ; hand - written by William Bradford in his journal Of Plimoth Plantation ( 1646 ) ; and printed by Bradford 's nephew Nathaniel Morton in New - Englands Memorial ( 1669 ) . The three versions differ slightly in wording and significantly in spelling , capitalization , and punctuation . William Bradford wrote the first part of Mourt 's Relation , including its version of the compact , so he wrote two of the three versions . The wording of those two versions is indeed quite similar , unlike that of Morton . Bradford 's handwritten manuscript is kept in a vault at the State Library of Massachusetts . Modern version In the name of God , Amen . We , whose names are underwritten , the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King , defender of the Faith , etc . Having undertaken , for the Glory of God , and advancements of the Christian faith and honor of our King and Country , a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northern parts of Virginia , do by these presents , solemnly and mutually , in the presence of God , and one another , covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic ; for our better ordering , and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid ; and by virtue hereof to enact , constitute , and frame , such just and equal laws , ordinances , acts , constitutions , and offices , from time to time , as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony ; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience . In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the 11th of November , in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James , of England , France , and Ireland , the eighteenth , and of Scotland the fifty - fourth , 1620 . The ' dread sovereign ' referred to in the document uses the archaic definition of dread , meaning awe and reverence ( for the King ) . Also , as noted above , the document was signed under the Old Style Julian calendar , since England did not adopt the Gregorian calendar until 1752 . The Gregorian date would be November 21 . Signers A list of 41 male passengers who signed the document was supplied by Bradford 's nephew Nathaniel Morton in his 1669 New England 's Memorial . Thomas Prince first numbered the names in his 1736 A Chronological History of New - England in the form of Annals . The original document has been lost , so Morton ( 1669 ) is our sole source for the signers . He probably had access to the original document , but he could not have known the actual order in which it was signed simply by inspecting it . Morton 's arrangement of names is probably not the arrangement of names on the original document , and the names on the original may not have been arranged in any orderly fashion . Prince 's numbers are based solely on Morton ( 1669 ) , as he himself stated . Morton 's list of names was unnumbered and untitled in all editions , although their order changed with successive editions . In his original 1669 edition , the columns were placed on two successive pages ( 15 -- 16 ) forming six short columns , three columns of seven names each ( headed Carver , Samuel Fuller , and Edward Tilley ) on the first page and three columns of seven , seven , and six names each ( headed Turner , Priest , and Clarke ) on the next page . In the second ( 1721 ) and third ( 1772 ) editions , the six short columns were joined into three long columns of 14 , 14 , and 13 names each on a single page ( 20 ) . The first and fourth short columns were joined into the first long column ( headed Carver with Turner halfway down ) , the second and fifth short columns were joined into the second long column ( headed Samuel Fuller with Priest halfway down ) , and the third and sixth short columns were joined into the third long column ( headed Edward Tilley with Clarke halfway down ) , changing their order . In the fifth ( 1826 ) and sixth ( 1855 ) editions , the names were also in three long columns of 14 , 14 , and 13 names each on one page ( 1826 : 38 , 1855 : 26 ) , but now they were placed in their original 1669 order . The first and second short columns formed the first long column ( headed Carver with Samuel Fuller halfway down ) , the third and fourth short columns formed the second long column ( headed Edward Tilley with Turner halfway down ) , and the fifth and sixth short columns formed the third long column ( headed Priest with Clarke halfway down ) . Both long column orders appear in modern lists of unnumbered signers . Prince numbered the names in their original 1669 Morton order ( the same as the 1826 / 55 Morton order ) on successive pages ( 85 -- 86 ) , two columns of eight names each on one page ( headed 1 Carver and 9 Martin ) and two columns of 13 and 12 names each on the next page ( headed 17 Cooke and 30 Williams ) . The third ( 1852 ) edition placed these numbered names in two columns ( the first column headed 1 Carver with 8 Samuel Fuller and 15 Edward Tilley below , and the second column headed 22 Turner with 29 Priest and 36 Clarke below ) on a single page ( 172 ) . He added titles ( Mr. or Capt . ) to eleven names , names that were given those titles by William Bradford in the list of passengers at the end of his manuscript . He attributed the lack of Mr. Bradford to Bradford 's modesty . Prince 's numbered order of signers is now used to identify ancestors in genealogical charts . The following list of signers is organized into the six short columns of Morton ( 1669 ) with the numbers and titles of Prince . The names are given their modern spelling according to Morison ( 1966 ) . Use the numbers given for the order used by genealogists and half of unnumbered lists ( Samuel Fuller will be the eighth name ) , but merge the half columns vertically into full columns for the order used by the other half of unnumbered lists ( John Turner will be the eighth name ) . Mr. John Carver William Bradford Mr. Edward Winslow Mr. William Brewster Mr. Isaac Allerton Capt . Myles Standish John Alden Mr. Samuel Fuller Mr. Christopher Martin Mr. William Mullins Mr. William White Mr. Richard Warren John Howland Mr. Stephen Hopkins Edward Tilley John Tilley Francis Cooke Thomas Rogers Thomas Tinker John Rigsdale Edward Fuller John Turner Francis Eaton James Chilton John Crackstone John Billington Moses Fletcher John Goodman Degory Priest Thomas Williams Gilbert Winslow Edmund Margeson Peter Browne Richard Britteridge George Soule Richard Clarke Richard Gardiner John Allerton Thomas English Edward Doty Edward Leister See also Fundamental Orders of Connecticut ( 1638 ) Instrument of Government ( 1653 ) List of Mayflower passengers List of Mayflower passengers who died in the winter of 1620 -- 1621 Mayflower Mayflower Compact signatories Mayflower passengers who died at sea November / December 1620 References ^ Jump up to : Thomas Prince , A chronological history of New England in the form of annals ( 1736 ) Chronology 73 , 84 -- 86 . Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Bradford listed 104 passengers , including William Button , a servant of Samuel Fuller , who died 5 days before landfall , Oceanus Hopkins , born at sea , Perigrine White , born two weeks after landfall , and two seaman hired for one year , William Trevor and one Ely . If the two seaman and Perigrine White are ignored ( William Button 's death is offset by Oceanus Hopkins ' birth ) , the `` 101 who sail 'd from Plimouth in England , and just as many arriv 'd in Cape Cod Harbour '' listed by Prince are left . Jump up ^ Young , Alexander ( 1841 ) . Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 1602 to 1625 . pp. 117 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Bradford , William ( 1898 ) . `` Book 2 , Anno 1620 '' . In Hildebrandt , Ted . Bradford 's History `` Of Plimoth Plantation '' ( PDF ) . Boston : Wright & Potter . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Young 1841 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick ( 2006 ) , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War , Penguin Book , New York , N.Y. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311197 - 9 , p. 41 Jump up ^ `` English Village FAQs : 26 . Why is Plymouth spelled `` P-l-i-m-o-t-h '' ? `` . Plimoth Plantation . ^ Jump up to : George Ernest Bowman , The Mayflower Compact and its signers ( Boston : Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants , 1920 ) . Photocopies of the 1622 , 1646 and 1669 versions of the document . Jump up ^ William Bradford , Edward Winslow ( printer G. Mourt ( George Morton ) , Relation or Iournall of the beginning and proceedings of the English Plantation setled at Plimoth in New England , Early English Books Online , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Henry Martyn Dexter , ( G. Mourt = George Morton ) , Mourt 's Relation or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth , 1865 , pp. 6 -- 7 , a reprint using original typeface , paragraphs , punctuation , spelling and embellishments , but not pagination . Jump up ^ Samuel Purchas , Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes , Vol . XIX ( Glasgow : James Maclehose , 1906 ) 313 -- 314 . Reprint of 1625 edition except that letters i , j , u , and v are used according to modern custom , contracted letters extended , printers ' errors corrected , and repaginated from original four volumes to twenty volumes ( I. xxvi ) . ^ Jump up to : William Bradford , Bradford 's History `` Of Plimoth Plantation '' from the original manuscript ( Boston : 1901 ) page 110 ( photocopy of manuscript page follows ) . Passengers listed on pages 530 -- 540 . No annotations . Official printing by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . This printing of compact is identical to the 1856 version by the Massachusetts Historical Society . Spelling and contractions follow manuscript except for modern u / v usage . Capitalization and punctuation differ from manuscript . A faithful transcription is at Mayflower Compact ( 1620 ) Archived 2009 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ History of Plimoth Plantation : manuscript , 1630 -- 1650 . State Library of Massachusetts Catalog Jump up ^ `` The Mayflower Compact ( 1620 ) '' ( PDF ) . www.cos.edu . Jump up ^ Samuel Eliot Morison , Of Plymouth Plantation 1620 -- 1647 by William Bradford ( New York : Alfed A. Knopf , 1966 ) 441 -- 3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mayflower Compact . The Mayflower Compact -- Society of Mayflower Descendants in the State of North Carolina ( hide ) Mayflower passengers and related topics General Mayflower List of Mayflower passengers Captain Christopher Jones Mayflower passengers who died at sea November / December 1620 Mayflower passengers who died in the winter of 1620 -- 21 The More family Cole 's Hill Mayflower Compact signatories Pilgrims Plymouth Colony Of Plymouth Plantation Mourt 's Relation Separatists Priscilla ( Mullins ) Alden Isaac Allerton Mary Allerton William Bradford Dorothy Bradford Love Brewster William Brewster Peter Browne William Butten John Carver ( Plymouth Colony governor ) James Chilton Mary Chilton Francis Cooke Humility Cooper John Crackston Edward Doty Moses Fletcher Edward Fuller Samuel Fuller John Howland Degory Priest Thomas Rogers Henry Samson George Soule Edward Tilley John Tilley Thomas Tinker John Turner William White Resolved White Peregrine White Edward Winslow Other passengers John Alden John Billington Francis Eaton Constance Hopkins Elizabeth Hopkins Oceanus Hopkins Stephen Hopkins Christopher Martin Elinor More Jasper More Mary More Richard More William Mullins Myles Standish Richard Warren Native American associates Squanto Samoset Hobbamock Massasoit Corbitant Related Speedwell Fortune passengers The Anne and Little James passengers Plymouth Rock The Mayflower Society Mayflower House Museum Pilgrim Hall Museum Mayflower II Harwich Mayflower Project National Monument to the Forefathers Pilgrim Monument American colonial documents Writings and documents related to British America prior to the American Revolution Richard Hakluyt Discourse Concerning Western Planting ( 1584 ) Mayflower Mayflower Compact ( 1620 ) Plymouth Colony Of Plymouth Plantation ( 1630 - 1651 ) Connecticut Colony Fundamental Orders of Connecticut ( 1638 ) VIAF : 179018306 LCCN : n50021216 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayflower_Compact&oldid=787276849 '' Categories : 1620 in the Thirteen Colonies American political philosophy literature History of the Thirteen Colonies Mayflower Modern philosophical literature Plymouth Colony Political charters United States historical documents Provincetown , Massachusetts Thirteen Colonies documents Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 13 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was king of england when the mayflower sailed | [
"In the name of God, Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, defender of the Faith, etc."
] | [
"King James"
] |
5259820997989670219 | Bobby Ewing | Bobby Ewing - wikipedia Bobby Ewing Jump to : navigation , search Bobby Ewing Dallas character Portrayed by Patrick Duffy Duration 1978 -- 1985 , 1986 -- 1991 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 -- 2014 First appearance April 2 , 1978 Last appearance September 22 , 2014 Created by David Jacobs Spin - off appearances Dallas : The Early Years ( 1986 ) Dallas : J.R. Returns ( 1996 ) Dallas : War of the Ewings ( 1998 ) Knots Landing ( 1979 , 1981 -- 82 ) Profile Occupation Interim Texas Railroad Commissioner Partner in Ewing Global Co-Owner of Southfork Ranch Former Partner in Ewing Energies Former CEO of Petro Group Dallas ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Texas State Senator ( 1981 ) Former co-CEO of Ewing Oil ( 1980 , 1982 -- 1987 , 1988 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 1998 ) Former CEO of Ewing Construction ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Former Executive at Ewing Oil ( 1978 , 1980 ) Former Ewing Oil roadman ( 1970s ) Residence Southfork Ranch 3700 Hogge Drive Parker , Texas 75002 ( show ) Family Family Ewing Father Jock Ewing Mother Ellie Ewing Brothers J.R. Ewing Gary Ewing Half - brothers Ray Krebbs Wife Pamela Barnes ( 1978 -- 1983 , 1986 -- 1987 ) April Stevens ( 1990 ) Ann Smith ( 2005 -- ) Sons Lucas Krebbs Adoptive sons Christopher Ewing Grandfathers Leander Ewing Aaron Southworth Grandmothers Barbara Southworth Uncles Jason Ewing Garrison Southworth Aunts Nancy Ewing Nephews Bobby Ewing II James Beaumont John Ross Ewing III unnamed nephew ( JR 's child with Cally ) Nieces Lucy Ewing Betsy Ewing Molly Whittaker Margaret Krebbs unnamed niece ( JR 's daughter with an unknown woman ) First cousins Jamie Ewing Jack Ewing Robert `` Bobby '' James Ewing is a fictional character in the long - running soap opera , Dallas and its 2012 revival . The youngest son of Jock and Miss Ellie Ewing , he was portrayed by actor Patrick Duffy between 1978 and 1985 , and again from 1986 to 1991 . Bobby had been killed off in the final episode of the 1984 -- 1985 season , and Patrick Duffy left the show for a year . Bobby returned to the show in the famous `` shower scene '' right at the end of the 1985 -- 1986 season . The subsequent `` dream revelation '' at the start of the 1986 -- 1987 season , wrote off Bobby 's accident , his death and all but the final scene of the 1985 -- 1986 season , as a dream of Bobby 's fiancée and ex-wife , Pamela Barnes Ewing ( Victoria Principal ) . Patrick Duffy later returned to play Bobby again in the 1996 film , J.R. Returns , then in the 1998 film , War of the Ewings , as well as in the new Dallas series from 2012 to 2014 . Dallas was originally planned to center on Bobby 's Romeo and Juliet - style marriage to Pamela Barnes , who was from the rival Barnes family . According to Dallas scriptwriter and story editor Camille Marchetta , Bobby was initially going to be killed off by the end of the first season , leaving Pamela to become the central character of the series . Bobby 's character was kept but the show ended up focusing on his older brother , J.R. Ewing ( Larry Hagman ) , as it became clear that he was the breakout character . Still , Bobby retained his central role as the show 's primary hero , and the Abel to J.R. 's Cain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Character 3 Storylines 3.1 Dallas 3.2 J.R. Returns and Dallas : War of the Ewings 3.3 Dallas ( 2012 ) 4 Knots Landing appearances 4.1 Knots Landing and Bobby Ewing 's death 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Bobby was born February 16 , 1950 on Southfork Ranch . Bobby became a successful ( though reluctant ) oil baron , like his father and brother , but he lacked J.R. 's ruthlessness and insisted on playing fair which resulted in his limited success . Bobby would also take part in the raising of cattle on the family ranch , Southfork . He was also a state senator in Austin for a while . Character ( edit ) Bobby 's most defining character trait was his altruistic desire to do the right thing . This almost always put him in the cross-hairs of his older brother J.R. , who was known as a conniving and ruthless oilman . Bobby did on many occasions use ruthless tactics in failed attempts to beat J.R. Bobby was one of few people openly to take a stand against J.R. on numerous occasions ( at times physically ) , yet the two never forgot they were brothers . In addition to the differences between their treatment of others , as well as their conflicting views on morality , another reason for J.R. and Bobby 's rivalry was their father 's preference for Bobby ( their mother , Miss Ellie , favored second son Gary ) . Growing up , and even into adulthood , Jock made no secret of the fact that Bobby was his favorite son and Bobby was very dependent on Jock 's support in his fights with J.R. This caused a major rivalry with J.R. , who was jealous of the unearned favoritism Bobby got from Jock . Bobby was known for his short temper and emotional reactions and lacking the drive , determination , stamina , and intelligence to succeed in the oil business preferring ranching on Southfork , football , women , and enjoying the social benefits of being a Ewing , which were result of Jock and J.R. 's hard work . Storylines ( edit ) Dallas ( edit ) In the first episode of Dallas in 1978 , Bobby Ewing brought his new wife to meet his family at Southfork Ranch . However , Bobby 's family were dismayed to discover that Bobby 's wife was Pamela Barnes , the daughter of Digger Barnes and the sister of Cliff Barnes , both of whom were arch - enemies of the Ewing family . In 1982 , Bobby and Pam adopted a boy named Christopher , who was the biological son of J.R. 's deceased sister - in - law , Kristin Shepard . Pam had always wanted a child but was unlikely to be able to have one of her own . Bobby 's sister - in - law , Katherine Wentworth , later had an unrequited crush on Bobby and began to become obsessed with him . Katherine broke up Bobby 's marriage to Pam by writing a letter ( pretending to be Pam ) addressed to her lawyer . However , Bobby turned to Jenna and they became engaged . Katherine ran Bobby down with her car , where he later died in hospital from his injuries . However , a year later , the storylines of the preceding season , including the accident and death of Bobby , were nothing more than a lengthy dream of Pam 's . Bobby and Pam were reunited but Bobby 's first love Jenna Wade revealed that she was pregnant with his child . Bobby was n't interested in getting back with Jenna , and Jenna later gave birth to his son , Lucas Krebbs . When Pam was involved in a car crash which resulted in her suffering severe burns , she disappeared from the hospital and divorced Bobby and gave him sole custody of Christopher . Bobby became close to April Stevens and they began a relationship and eventually married . However , while on their honeymoon in Paris , April is kidnapped and later shot ; she dies in Bobby 's arms . Bobby is first on the scene after hearing a gunshot from J.R. 's room uttering the words `` Oh my God . '' The camera never shows what Bobby actually saw and it was thought J.R. committed suicide , although in subsequent films it was explained J.R. shot a mirror . J.R. Returns and Dallas : War of the Ewings ( edit ) In Dallas : J.R. Returns and Dallas : War of the Ewings , Bobby had a relationship with Julia Cunningham ( J.R. Returns ) before taking over Ewing Oil . In the follow - up film Dallas : War of the Ewings he is no longer with Julia and the reasons are not even explained . He eventually starts a relationship with European oil heiress Jennifer Jantzen , who was a business associate of his brother J.R. and whose father 's company Jantzen Oil was saved from bankruptcy by J.R. Between 1996 and 1998 Bobby is CEO of Ewing Oil . In 1998 Bobby retires from Ewing Oil and begins traveling with Jennifer Jantzen . Dallas ( 2012 ) ( edit ) By 2012 , Bobby has remarried again , this time to a woman named Ann Smith , and is the owner of Southfork Ranch , according to the terms of Miss Ellie Ewing 's will ( in the List of Dallas ( 1978 TV series ) episodes ( season 14 ) ( ep. 353 ) , Miss Ellie had deeded Southfork to Bobby while she was still alive , thereby suggesting a continuity error ) . Bobby has retired from the oil business , believing that alternative energy is `` the future '' , a belief he shares with his now grown adopted - son Christopher , and is content to raise cattle on the ranch . He has decided to sell Southfork , due to his contracting a gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST ) and resulting fears that he will not be around to keep the ranch safe , and that Christopher is not yet ready to take over from him . Once again , this brings him into conflict with his older brother J.R. Ewing and his nephew , John Ross Ewing III ( who has discovered oil on the ranch ) . Bobby is shocked and saddened when he finds out his brother J.R. is dead . When J.R. 's will is read Bobby receives J.R. 's entire boot collection on the condition that he keeps them cleaner than he keeps his own . Also an old letter from Miss Ellie reveals that John Ross gets half of Southfork . Bobby does n't agree but goes along with it for now , although it later leads to some disputes between Bobby and John Ross . Bobby also learns that his first wife Pam died of cancer in 1989 . Knots Landing appearances ( edit ) Bobby Ewing appeared in three episodes of the Dallas spin - off series , Knots Landing , between 1979 and 1982 . Season 1 Episode 1 : `` Pilot '' . Bobby accompanies his brother Gary and sister - in - law Valene to their new home in California . Season 2 Episode 13 : `` The Loudest Word '' . Bobby visits Val in the hospital , where she is awaiting surgery . Bobby persuades Gary to support Val through her illness . Season 4 Episode 6 : `` New Beginnings '' . While Gary is at Southfork for the reading of Jock 's will , Bobby reassures Gary about his upcoming inheritance and the strings that their father had tied to it . Knots Landing and Bobby Ewing 's death ( edit ) As many storylines on Knots Landing depended on the actions of several characters following the death of Bobby Ewing in 1985 , the subsequent dream revelation from Dallas in 1986 did not get applied to the continuity of Knots Landing . Bobby 's return was never addressed or even mentioned and , following this , no further crossover storylines were featured on Knots Landing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chris B. ( 2012 - 060 - 08 ) . `` Extra : TNT 's ' Dallas , ' a Good Show Poised for Greatness '' . Dallas Decoder . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 20 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Randy Zisk ( director ) , Robert Rovner ( writer ) ( July 4 , 2012 ( US ) ) . `` '' Truth and Consequences '' ( Dallas Episode ) `` . Dallas . Season 1 . Episode 5 . TNT . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.ultimatedallas.com/behind/behind9.htm Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( 1998 - 04 - 24 ) . `` TV WEEKEND ; To Recap , J.R. Is Older ; Pam 's Still Dead '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . External links ( edit ) Bobby Ewing on IMDb Dallas Original series ( 1978 -- 1991 ) Revival series ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Characters Original series regulars Liz Adams Cliff Barnes Pamela Barnes Ewing James Beaumont Donna Culver Krebbs Bobby Ewing Miss Ellie Farlow Jack Ewing Jock Ewing J.R. Ewing Lucy Ewing Sue Ellen Ewing Clayton Farlow Cally Harper Ewing Ray Krebbs Carter McKay April Stevens Ewing Michelle Stevens Jenna Wade Krebbs Revival series regulars Pamela Rebecca Barnes Ann Ewing Bobby Ewing Christopher Ewing John Ross Ewing J.R. Ewing Sue Ellen Ewing Elena Ramos Harris Ryland Nicolas Treviño Supporting Rebecca Barnes Wentworth Digger Barnes Afton Cooper Marta Del Sol Gary Ewing Valene Ewing Kristin Shepard Katherine Wentworth Families Ewing family Barnes family Listings Original series ( characters and cast ) Revival series ( characters and cast ) Seasons Original series : 1 `` A House Divided '' `` Who Done It '' 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 `` Conundrum '' Revival series : 1 `` Blame Game '' `` The Furious and the Fast '' `` J.R. 's Masterpiece '' `` Legacies '' TV movies Dallas : The Early Years ( 1986 ) Dallas : J.R. Returns ( 1996 ) Dallas : War of the Ewings ( 1998 ) Dallas Reunion : The Return to Southfork ( 2004 ) Related articles Original series crew David Jacobs Cynthia Cidre Lorimar Television Southfork Ranch ( Cloyce Box Ranch ) Dallas in popular culture Who shot J.R. ? Dallas Quest Knots Landing `` Time '' ( The Young Ones ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Ewing&oldid=821605715 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1978 Fictional characters from Texas Dallas ( TV franchise ) characters Fictional businesspeople Fictional business executives Dallas ( TV franchise ) Revived fictional characters Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 14 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was bobby ewing married to in dallas | [
"Robert \"Bobby\" James Ewing[1][2] is a fictional character in the long-running soap opera, Dallas and its 2012 revival. The youngest son of Jock and Miss Ellie Ewing, he was portrayed by actor Patrick Duffy between 1978 and 1985, and again from 1986 to 1991. Bobby had been killed off in the final episode of the 1984–1985 season, and Patrick Duffy left the show for a year. Bobby returned to the show in the famous \"shower scene\" right at the end of the 1985–1986 season. The subsequent \"dream revelation\" at the start of the 1986–1987 season, wrote off Bobby's accident, his death and all but the final scene of the 1985–1986 season, as a dream of Bobby's fiancée and ex-wife, Pamela Barnes Ewing (Victoria Principal)."
] | [
"Pamela Barnes Ewing"
] |
-5913150820110951405 | Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy) | Kingdom of Israel ( United Monarchy ) - wikipedia Kingdom of Israel ( United Monarchy ) Jump to : navigation , search For the two split kingdoms , see Kingdom of Israel ( Samaria ) and Kingdom of Judah . For the modern country , see State of Israel . The approximate borders of the kingdom based on the biblical narrative . The United Monarchy ( Hebrew : המלוכה המאוחדת ) is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah , during the reigns of Saul , David and Solomon , as depicted in the Hebrew Bible . This is traditionally dated between 1050 and 930 BCE . On the succession of Solomon 's son , Rehoboam , around 930 BCE , the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms ; the Kingdom of Israel ( including the cities of Shechem and Samaria ) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah ( containing Jerusalem ) in the south . Modern historians are divided on the historicity of the United Monarchy as described in the Bible . There is little extrabiblical evidence of a United Kingdom of Judah and Israel in the 10th century BCE . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Biblical narrative 2.1 Origin 2.2 Civil war 2.3 Golden Age 2.4 End 3 Biblical chronology 4 Archaeological record 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Sources ( edit ) Part of a series on the History of Israel Ancient Israel and Judah Natufian culture Prehistory Canaan Israelites United monarchy Northern Kingdom Kingdom of Judah Babylonian rule Second Temple period ( 530 BC -- AD 70 ) Persian rule Hellenistic period Hasmonean dynasty Herodian dynasty Kingdom Tetrarchy Roman Judea Middle Ages ( 70 -- 1517 ) Roman Palaestina Byzantine Palaestina Prima Secunda Revolt against Constantius Gallus Samaritan revolts Revolt against Heraclius Caliphates Filastin Urdunn Crusades Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Modern history ( 1517 -- 1948 ) Ottoman rule Eyalet Mutasarrifate Old Yishuv Zionism OETA British mandate State of Israel ( 1948 -- present ) Independence Timeline Years Arab -- Israeli conflict Start - up Nation History of the Land of Israel by topic Judaism Jerusalem Zionism Jewish leaders Jewish warfare Nationality Related Jewish history Hebrew calendar Archaeology Museums Israel portal Main articles : Books of Samuel and History of Ancient Israel and Judah According to standard source criticism , a number of distinct source texts were spliced together to produce the current books of Samuel . The most prominent in the early parts of the first book are the pro-monarchical source and the anti-monarchical source . In identifying these two sources , two separate accounts can be reconstructed . The anti-monarchical source describes Samuel to have thoroughly routed the Philistines , yet begrudgingly accepting that the people demanded a ruler , and thus appointing Saul by cleromancy . The pro-monarchical source describes the divinely appointed birth of Saul ( a single word being changed by a later editor so that it referred to Samuel instead ) , and his later leading of an army to victory over the Ammonites , which resulted in the people clamouring for him to lead them against the Philistines , whereupon he is appointed king . Textual critics also point to disparities in the account of David 's rise to power as indicative of separate threads being merged later to create a golden age of a united monarchy . David is thought by scholars to have been a ruler in Judah while Israel , comparatively immense and highly developed , continued unfettered . Modern archaeology also supports this view . Most scholars believe the Books of Samuel exhibit too many anachronisms to have been a contemporary account . For example , there is mention of later armor ( 1 Samuel 17 : 4 -- 7 , 38 -- 39 ; 25 : 13 ) , use of camels ( 1 Samuel 30 : 17 ) , cavalry ( as distinct from chariotry ) ( 1 Samuel 13 : 5 , 2 Samuel 1 : 6 ) , and iron picks and axes ( as though they were common ) ( 2 Samuel 12 : 31 ) . The historicity of the conquest described in the Book of Samuel is not attested , and many scholars regard this conquest as legendary in origin , particularly given the lack of evidence for the battles described involving the destruction of the Canaanite peoples . Most scholars believe that Samuel was compiled in the 8th century BCE ( rather than the 10th century where most of the events described take place ) based on both historical and legendary sources , primarily serving to fill the gap in Israelite history after the events described in Deuteronomy . This gap in historical record is characteristic of the Late Bronze Age collapse ; cultural memories of times before the disaster often became embellished as stories of a `` lost golden age '' , e.g. the Trojan Epic Cycle . Biblical narrative ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) According to the Book of Judges , before the united monarchy Israelite tribes lived as a confederation under ad hoc charismatic leaders called Judges . Abimelech was the first judge to be declared king by the men of Shechem and the house of Millo , and reigned over Israel for three years before he was killed during the Battle of Thebez . According to the biblical account , the united monarchy was formed when there was a large popular expression in favour of introducing a king to rule over the decentralised Israelite confederacy . Increasing pressure from the Philistines and other neighboring peoples is said by the Bible to have forced the Israelites to unite as a more singular state when Samuel anointed Saul from the tribe of Benjamin as the first king . The Bible treats the notion of kingship as having been an anathema at the time , it being seen as one man put in a position of reverence and power , which in their faith was reserved for God . Civil war ( edit ) According to the Second Book of Samuel , due to his disobedience to God , Saul 's reign was curtailed and his kingdom given to another dynasty . The Masoretic Text says that Saul ruled for only two years . The Bible portrays Saul as having died in battle against the Philistines . David and Saul had earlier become bitter enemies , at least from Saul 's point of view , although the sources describe Jonathan , Saul 's son , and Michal , Saul 's daughter , as assisting David to escape Saul , ultimately leading to a brief reconciliation before Saul 's death . Saul 's heir , Ishbaal , took over rulership of Israel but , according to Samuel , ruled for only two years before he was assassinated . David , who had become king of Judah only , ended the conspiracy , and was appointed king of Israel in Ishbaal 's place . A number of textual critics and biblical scholars have suggested that David was actually responsible for the assassination , and David 's innocence was a later invention to legitimize his actions . Israel rebels , according to Samuel , and appoints David 's son Absalom as their new king . The Bible then describes Israel as taking over Judah and ultimately forcing David into exile east of the Jordan . According to the increasing majority of archaeologists , this is n't so much a case of rebellion by Israel against a mighty kingdom , but more a case of Israel re-asserting its authority over a poor , rural , sparsely populated , backwater . This section of the biblical text , and the bulk of the remainder of the Books of Samuel , is thought by textual critics to belong to a single large source known as the Court History of David . Although reflecting the political bias of the later kingdom of Judah after Israel 's destruction , the source is somewhat more neutral than the pro and anti monarchical sources that form earlier parts of the text . Israel and Judah are portrayed in this source as quite distinct kingdoms . Eventually , according to the Book of Samuel , David launches a counter-attack , and wins , although with the loss of Absalom . After having retaken Judah , as well as asserted control over Israel , David returns to the west of the Jordan , although he continues to suffer a number of rebellions by Israel , successfully suppressing each one . Golden Age ( edit ) According to the biblical account , it was David who , following a civil war with Saul , created a strong and unified Israelite monarchy , reigning c. 1000 -- 961 BCE . Solomon , David 's successor , maintained the unified monarchy , c. 961 -- 922 . David , the Second King of Israel , established Jerusalem as its national capital in 1006 BCE . Before then , Hebron had been the capital of David 's Judah and Mahanaim of Ish - baal 's Israel , and before that Gibeah had been the capital of the United Monarchy under Saul . Earlier parts of the Bible indicate that Shiloh had been seen as the national capital ; which , from an archaeological standpoint , is considered plausible , as far as it being the religious capital . In the biblical account , David finally succeeds in truly unifying Judah and Israel . Some modern archaeologists believe there was a continued and uninterrupted existence of two distinct cultures and geographic entities , one being Judah , the other Israel , and if there was a political union it possibly had no practical effect on the relationship between the two nations . David embarked on successful military campaigns against Judah 's and Israel 's enemies , and defeated nearby regional entities such as the Philistines , thus creating secure borders . Israel grew from Kingdom to Empire , and its sphere of influence -- militarily and politically -- in the Middle East expanded greatly , controlling a number of weaker client states like Philistia , Moab , Edom and Ammon , with a number of Aramaean city - states ( Aram - Zobah and Aram - Damascus ) becoming vassal states ; the imperial border stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arabian Desert , from the Red Sea to the Euphrates River . Some modern archaeologists believe that the area under the control of Judah and Israel in this era , excluding the Phoenician territories on the shore of the Mediterranean , did not exceed 34,000 square kilometres ( 13,000 sq mi ) ; of these , the kingdom of Israel encompassed about 24,000 square kilometres ( 9,300 sq mi ) . David was succeeded on his death by his son , Solomon , who obtained the kingdom in a somewhat disreputable manner from the rival claimant , his elder brother Adonijah , whom he later had killed . Living up to his name ( peace ) , the rule of Solomon was one in which the nation knew unprecedented peace . Under Solomon , the United Monarchy experienced a period of peace and prosperity , and cultural development . Much public building took place , including the First Temple in Jerusalem . David and Solomon are both portrayed by the Bible as having entered into strong alliances with the King of Tyre . In return for ceding land to Tyre , David and Solomon are said to have received a number of master craftsmen , skilled labourers , money , jewels , cedar , and other goods . David 's Palace and Solomon 's Temple are described as having been built with the assistance of these Tyrian assets , as well as to designs given by architects from Tyre . Solomon is said to have rebuilt a number of major cities , including Megiddo , Hazor , and Gezer ; these have been excavated and some scholars attributed elements of the archaeological remains , such as six chambered gates and ashlar palaces , to this building programme . However , later excavation teams at Meggido have made it clear that these structures are from different and later time periods . Yigael Yadin subsequently concluded that the stables that were once believed to have served the vast collection of horses that Solomon is believed to have kept , were actually built by King Ahab in the 9th century BCE . End ( edit ) Main articles : Jeroboam 's Revolt , Kingdom of Israel ( Samaria ) , and Kingdom of Judah Map showing the Kingdoms of Israel ( blue ) and Judah ( orange ) , ancient Southern Levant borders and ancient cities such as Urmomium and Jerash . The map shows the region in the 9th century BCE . Following Solomon 's death in c. 926 BCE , tensions between the northern part of Israel containing the ten northern tribes , and the southern section dominated by Jerusalem and the southern tribes reached boiling point . When Solomon 's successor Rehoboam dealt tactlessly with economic complaints of the northern tribes , in about 930 BCE ( there are differences of opinion as to the actual year ) the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah split into two kingdoms : the northern Kingdom of Israel , which included the cities of Shechem and Samaria , and the southern Kingdom of Judah , which contained Jerusalem ; with most of the non-Israelite provinces achieving independence . The Kingdom of Israel ( or Northern Kingdom , or Samaria ) existed as an independent state until 722 BCE when it was conquered by the Assyrian Empire , while the Kingdom of Judah ( or Southern Kingdom ) existed as an independent state until 586 BCE when it was conquered by the Neo-Babylonian Empire . Biblical chronology ( edit ) Further information : Kings of Israel and Judah Many alternative chronologies have been suggested , and there is no ultimate consensus between the different factions and scholarly disciplines concerned with this period , as to when it is depicted as having begun or when it ended . Most bibical scholars follow either of the older chronologies established by William F. Albright or Edwin R. Thiele , or the newer chronology of Gershon Galil , all of which are shown below . All dates are BCE . Thiele 's chronology generally corresponds with Galil 's chronology below with a difference of at most one year . Albright / Thiele dates Galil dates Common / Biblical name Regnal Name and style Notes House of Saul c. 1021 -- 1000 c. 1030 -- 1010 Saul Shaul ben Qysh , Melekh Ysra'el Killed in battle , suicide c. 1000 c. 1010 -- 1008 Ishbaal ( Ish - boseth ) Ishba'al ben Shaul , Melekh Ysra'el Assassinated House of David c. 1000 -- 962 c. 1008 -- 970 David Dawidh ben Yishai , Melekh Ysra'el Son - in - law of Saul , brother - in - law of Ish - boseth c. 962 -- c. 922 c. 970 -- 931 Solomon Sh'lomoh ben Dawidh , Melekh Ysra'el Son of David and Bathsheba Archaeological record ( edit ) The question of the existence of archeological evidence for the united monarchy is debated in contemporary scholarship . It is generally accepted that a `` House of David '' existed but many believe that David could have only been the monarch or chieftain of Judah , and that the northern kingdom was a separate development . According to Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman , authors of The Bible Unearthed , the idea of a united monarchy is not accurate history but rather `` creative expressions of a powerful religious reform movement , '' possibly `` based on certain historical kernels . '' Although in a later book Finkelstein and Silberman do accept that David and Solomon were real kings of Judah about the 10th century B.C , they cite that the earliest independent reference to the Kingdom of Israel is about 890 B.C , while for that of Judah is about 750 B.C. This is supported by Tubb , who argues that the United Monarchy is a created Golden Age written during the Exile . He accepts the historicity of David and Solomon but cautions that `` They must be seen , however , as local folk heroes and not as rulers of international status . '' Kuhrt reviews the general lack of archaeological evidence for the United Monarchy and concludes : `` there are no royal inscriptions from the time of the United Monarchy ( indeed very little written material altogether ) , and not a single contemporary reference to either David or Solomon ... Against this must be set the evidence for substantial development and growth at several sites , which is plausibly related to the tenth century . '' Kenneth Kitchen reaches a similar conclusion in his review of the evidence , arguing that `` the physical archaeology of tenth - century Canaan is consistent with the former existence of a unified state on its terrain '' . Aerial view of Khirbet Qeiyafa . Excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa , an Iron Age site located in Judah , found an urbanized settlement radio - carbon dated well before scholars such as Finklestein suggest urbanization began in Judah , supporting existence of a Judahite kingdom . The Israel Antiquities Authority stated : `` The excavations at Khirbat Qeiyafa clearly reveal an urban society that existed in Judah already in the late eleventh century BCE . It can no longer be argued that the Kingdom of Judah developed only in the late eighth century BCE or at some other later date . '' In August 2015 , Israeli archaeologists discovered massive fortifications in the ruins of the ancient city of Gath , the supposed birthplace of Goliath . The size of the fortifications show Gath to be a very large city in the 10th century BCE , perhaps the largest in Canaan at the time . The professor leading the dig , Aren Maeir , estimated that Gath was as much as four times the size of contemporary Jerusalem , casting doubt that David 's kingdom could have been as powerful as described in the Bible . See also ( edit ) Canaan Historicity of the Bible Ir Ovot Khirbet Qeiyafa Kings of Israel and Judah Ancient Near East portal Israel portal Palestine portal Jordan portal Judaism portal Bible portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This article uses the term `` Israelite '' as defined by The Encyclopedia of the Jewish Religion : `` The name ... signifies the people composed of ( Jacob 's ) descendants ( the ' children of Israel ' ) , being applied ( a ) to the whole people ( including Judah ) ... ( and ) ( b ) with the division of the kingdom after the death of Solomon , to the Northern Kingdom only . '' `` Israelite . '' The Encyclopedia of the Jewish Religion . Ed . R.J. Zwi Werblowsky and Geoffrey Wigoder . Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1966 . pp. 206 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Cundall , Arthur E. ( 1973 ) . `` The United Monarchy : Fact or Fiction ? '' ( PDF ) . Vox Evangelica. 8 : 33 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Graham ( 1996 ) The True Israel : Uses of the Names Jew , Hebrew , and Israel in Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Literature . BRILL . p. 164 Jump up ^ De Vaux , Roland ( 1997 ) Ancient Israel : Its Life and Institutions . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 080284278X Jump up ^ Lipschits , Oded ( 2014 ) . `` The History of Israel in the Biblical Period '' . In Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi . The Jewish Study Bible ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199978465 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein , Israel ; Silberman , Neil Asher ( 2001 ) . The Bible unearthed : archaeology 's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories ( 1st Touchstone ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86912 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Kuhrt , Amiele ( 1995 ) . The Ancient Near East . Routledge . p. 438 . ISBN 978 - 0415167628 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Jacob L. ( July 2014 ) . `` David , King of Judah ( Not Israel ) '' . The Bible and Interpretation . Jump up ^ Jones , Gwilym H ( 2001 ) . `` 1 and 2 Samuel '' . In John Barton and John Muddiman . The Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . pp. 197 -- 199 . ISBN 9780198755005 . Jump up ^ `` Judges 9 : 20 '' . Jump up ^ `` 2 Samuel 11 : 21 '' . Jump up ^ Lemaire , Andre . `` King Saul . '' Archived 2014 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . My Jewish Learning . 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Stanley Jerome Isser ( January 2003 ) . The Sword of Goliath : David in Heroic Literature . BRILL . pp. 152 -- . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12737 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Edited by Robert G. Boling ( 1975 ) . Judges ( The Anchor Yale Bible Commentaries ) . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . p . XXI . ISBN 0300139454 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Jewish Temples : Jerusalem in the First Temple Period ( 1006 -- 586 BCE ) . Jewish Virtual Library Jump up ^ 2 Sam 8 : 1 - 14 Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Israel and Maza , Amihay ( 2007 ) The Quest for the Historical Israel . Society of Biblical Literature . ISBN 1589832779 . p. 102 Jump up ^ Shanks , Hershel ( 2010 ) . Ancient Israel ( 3rd Edition ) . Pearson . ISBN 0205096433 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Richard ( 1987 ) . Who Wrote The Bible . HarperOne . ISBN 0060630353 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold ( 2004 ) . The Book of J. Grove Press . ISBN 0802141919 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Kitchen , How We Know When Solomon Ruled : Israel 's Kings , BAR September / October 2001 Jump up ^ Israel Finkelstein and Neil Silberman , David and Solomon : In Search of the Bible 's Sacred Kings and the Roots of the Western Tradition , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Tubb , Jonathan ( 2006 ) . Canaanites . The British Museum Press . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2766 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kitchen , Kenneth ( 2003 ) . On the Reliability of the Old Testament . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 0396 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Israel Antiquities Authority '' . Hadashot-esi.org.il . Archived from the original on 23 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Nir Hasson ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` Philistine City of Gath a Lot More Powerful Than Thought , Archaeologists Suggest '' . Haaretz . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) The Debate over the Historicity and Chronology of the United Monarchy in Jerusalem by Ong Kar Khalsa Jewish Virtual Library Newadvent Encyclopedia The Biblical and Historical Israelites Children of Israel / Twelve Tribes of Israel Ten Lost Tribes History of ancient Israel and Judah Land of Israel United Monarchy ( Kingdom of Israel ) Northern Kingdom Southern Kingdom ( Kingdom of Judah ) Tanakh Bible Hebrew Bible Old Testament Historicity of the Bible Rulers of Israel and Judah Davidic line Kings of Israel and Judah Kings of Judah Hasmonean and Herodian rulers Tribes of Israel The Twelve Spies Abimelech United monarchy Saul Ish - bosheth David Solomon Israel ( northern kingdom ) Jeroboam I Nadab Baasha Elah Zimri Tibni Omri Ahab Ahaziah Jehoram Jehu Jehoahaz Jehoash Jeroboam II Zechariah Shallum Menahem Pekahiah Pekah Hoshea Judah ( southern kingdom ) Rehoboam Abijam Asa Jehoshaphat Jehoram Ahaziah Athaliah Jehoash Amaziah Uzziah Jotham Ahaz Hezekiah Manasseh Amon Josiah Jehoahaz Jehoiakim Jeconiah Zedekiah Hasmonean dynasty Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias Herodian dynasty Herod the Great Archelaus Antipas Philip the Tetrarch Salome I Agrippa Herod of Chalcis Agrippa II Bar Kokhba revolt Simon bar Kokhba See also List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel Italics indicate a disputed reign or non-royal title Solomon Family and reputed relations David Queen of Sheba Pharaoh 's daughter Naamah Rehoboam Menelik I Occurrences Solomon 's Temple Judgment of Solomon Solomon 's Pools Solomon 's shamir Solomon in Islam Reputed works Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Book of Wisdom Odes of Solomon Key of Solomon Lesser Key of Solomon Magical Treatise of Solomon Psalms of Solomon Testament of Solomon Prayer of Solomon Related articles Solomonic column Seal of Solomon Solomon 's knot United Monarchy Davidic line Ancient states and regions in the history of the Levant Bronze Age Akkadian Empire Amurru Bashan Canaan Ebla Edom Hittite Empire Mari Mitanni Moab Nagar Qatna Tyre Ugarit Urkesh Yamhad Iron Age Ammon Aramea Aram - Damascus Assyrian Empire Canaan Egyptian Empire Israel ( Samaria ) Israel and Judah Judah Neo-Babylonian Empire Philistia Phoenicia Syro - Hittite Classical Age Byzantine Empire Hasmonea Herodian Judaea Herodian Tetrarchy Macedonian Empire Nabataea Neo-Babylonian Empire Parthian Empire Palmyrene Empire Persian Empire Roman Empire Roman Republic Sasanian Empire Seleucid Empire Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)&oldid=817255770 '' Categories : Kings of ancient Israel Kings of ancient Judah Ancient Israel and Judah Former countries in Western Asia Former kingdoms Political entities in the Land of Israel David Solomon States and territories established in the 11th century BC 11th - century BC establishments States and territories disestablished in the 10th century BC 10th - century BC disestablishments Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 05 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | 12 tribes of israel split into 2 kingdoms | [
"The United Monarchy (Hebrew: המלוכה המאוחדת) is the name given to the Israelite kingdom of Israel and Judah,[1][2][3][4] during the reigns of Saul, David and Solomon, as depicted in the Hebrew Bible. This is traditionally dated between 1050 and 930 BCE. On the succession of Solomon's son, Rehoboam, around 930 BCE, the biblical account reports that the country split into two kingdoms; the Kingdom of Israel (including the cities of Shechem and Samaria) in the north and the Kingdom of Judah (containing Jerusalem) in the south."
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"United Monarchy"
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-5955595825359811445 | The Voice (U.S. season 13) | The Voice ( Us season 13 ) - wikipedia The Voice ( Us season 13 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Voice Season 13 Broadcast from September 25 -- December 19 , 2017 Coaches Adam Levine Miley Cyrus Jennifer Hudson Blake Shelton Host ( s ) Carson Daly Broadcaster NBC Winner Chloe Kohanski Origin Mount Juliet , Tennessee Song `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' Genre ( s ) Rock , Pop rock , New wave Coach Blake Shelton Runner - up Addison Agen Chronology ◀ Late 2017 ▶ The thirteenth season of the American reality talent show The Voice premiered on September 25 , 2017 , on NBC . Adam Levine and Blake Shelton returned as coaches . Miley Cyrus and Jennifer Hudson replaced Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys as coaches . Chloe Kohanski was announced as the winner of the season , marking Blake Shelton 's sixth win as a coach , and making her the third stolen artist to win , following Josh Kaufman in Season 6 and Craig Wayne Boyd in Season 7 . For the first time ever , the final three artists were all female and the Top 2 were stolen artists . It was also the first time that the final three artists were all originally from the same team ( Miley Cyrus ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Coaches and hosts 2 Teams 3 Blind auditions 3.1 Episode 1 ( September 25 ) 3.2 Episode 2 ( September 26 ) 3.3 Episode 3 ( October 2 ) 3.4 Episode 4 ( October 3 ) 3.5 Episode 5 ( October 9 ) 3.6 Episode 6 ( October 10 ) 4 The Battles 5 The Knockouts 6 The Playoffs 7 Live shows 7.1 Week 1 : Top 12 ( November 20 and 21 ) 7.2 Week 2 : Top 11 ( November 27 and 28 ) 7.3 Week 3 : Top 10 ( December 4 and 5 ) 7.4 Week 4 : Semifinals ( December 11 and 12 ) 7.5 Week 5 : Finals ( December 18 and 19 ) 8 Elimination chart 8.1 Overall 8.2 Team 9 Artists who appeared on previous shows or seasons 10 Reception 10.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 11 References 12 External links Coaches and hosts ( edit ) The Voice season 13 coaches Adam Levine Miley Cyrus Jennifer Hudson Blake Shelton The coach lineup changed once again for the thirteenth season . Gwen Stefani and Alicia Keys did not return as coaches . They were replaced by Miley Cyrus , who returns after a one - season hiatus , along with returning coaches Adam Levine and Blake Shelton . On May 10 , 2017 , NBC announced that Jennifer Hudson would join as a coach , following her success on The Voice UK . Carson Daly will return for his thirteenth season as host . This season , for the first time since season six , the Playoffs did not kick off the live rounds and voting . This season , the Top 12 have been chosen by the coaches . In previous seasons , the finalists were partially determined by viewers ' votes . This season 's Battle advisors are : Joe Jonas for Team Adam , Billy Ray Cyrus for Team Miley , Kelly Rowland for Team Jennifer , Rascal Flatts for Team Blake . Kelly Clarkson will serve as a key advisor for all teams . Teams ( edit ) Color key Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Eliminated in the Live Shows Eliminated in the Playoffs Selected by another coach as their Coach Comeback Stolen in the Knockout rounds Eliminated in the Knockout rounds Stolen in the Battle rounds Eliminated in the Battle rounds Coaches Top 48 artists Adam Levine Addison Agen Adam Cunningham Jon Mero Emily Luther Whitney Fenimore Anthony Alexander Hannah Mrozak Adam Pearce Dennis Drummond Dylan Gerard Whitney Fenimore Michael Kight Gary Carpentier Brandon Brown Dave Crosby Brandon Showell Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson Ashland Craft Janice Freeman Moriah Formica Adam Pearce Karli Webster Whitney Fenimore Chloe Kohanski Stephan Marcellus Addison Agen Katrina Rose Megan Rose Sophia Bollman Shilo Gold Ilianna Viramontes Jennifer Hudson Noah Mac Davon Fleming Shi'Ann Jones Lucas Holliday Hannah Mrozak Chris Weaver Jeremiah Miller Katrina Rose Eric Lyn Kathrina Feigh Stephan Marcellus Meagan McNeal Maharasyi Alexandra Joyce Ignatious Carmouche Blake Shelton Chloe Kohanski Red Marlow Keisha Renee Mitchell Lee Natalie Stovall Esera Tuaolo Adam Cunningham Anna Catherine DeHart Megan Rose Kathrina Feigh Noah Mac Dennis Drummond Rebecca Brunner Ryan Scripps Kristi Hoopes Note : Italicized names are stolen artists ( names struck through within former teams ) . Bolded names are artists who received the Coach Comeback and advanced to the Playoffs . Blind auditions ( edit ) Color key ✔ Coach pressed `` I WANT YOU '' button Artist defaulted to a coach 's team Artist elected to pick a coach 's team Artist eliminated with no coach pressing their button Episode 1 ( September 25 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Chris Weaver 29 Long Island , New York `` Try a Little Tenderness '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Mitchell Lee 29 Charleston , South Carolina `` Hold My Hand '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Janice Freeman 32 Compton , California `` Radioactive '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Xaris 17 Gulf Breeze , Florida `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' -- -- -- -- 5 Shi'Ann Jones 15 Bowling Green , Kentucky `` Drown in My Own Tears '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Dave Crosby 30 Seattle , Washington `` I Will Follow You into the Dark '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ 7 Odiseas Georgiadis 20 Brooklyn , New York `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' -- -- -- -- 8 Esera Tuaolo 49 Minneapolis , Minnesota `` Rise Up '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 9 Brandon Showell 26 Virginia Beach , Virginia `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- 10 Lucas Holliday 26 Lansing , Michigan `` This Woman 's Work '' -- -- ✔ -- 11 Brooke Simpson 26 Hollister , North Carolina `` Stone Cold '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 2 ( September 26 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Keisha Renee 30 Inglewood , California `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Dylan Gerard 28 Macclenny , Florida `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ✔ -- ✔ -- Maharasyi 27 Indonesia / Los Angeles , California `` Tell Me Something Good '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Marlo Wells 61 Fontana , California `` Love Me Now '' -- -- -- -- 5 Red Marlow 40 Dickson , Tennessee `` Swingin ' '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 6 Ashland Craft 21 Piedmont , South Carolina `` You Are My Sunshine '' ✔ ✔ -- ✔ Episode 3 ( October 2 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Adam Cunningham 38 Nashville , Tennessee `` Midnight Rider '' -- -- ✔ ✔ Hannah Mrozak 18 Richfield , Wisconsin `` Starving '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Shilo Gold 26 Denver , Colorado `` Stay with Me Baby '' -- ✔ ✔ -- Samantha Rios 16 Arlington , Virginia `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' -- -- -- -- 5 Noah Mac 17 Dublin , California `` Way Down We Go '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 6 Davon Fleming 25 Baltimore , Maryland `` Me & Mr. Jones '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ 7 Kathrina Feigh 24 Quezon City , Philippines / New York City , New York `` Big White Room '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 8 Alexandra Joyce 16 Wesley Chapel , Florida `` Wildest Dreams '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ 9 Eric Lyn 26 Los Angeles , California `` O-o-h Child '' -- -- ✔ -- 10 Anna Catherine DeHart 23 Sikeston , Missouri `` I Could Use a Love Song '' ✔ -- -- ✔ 11 Addison Agen 16 Fort Wayne , Indiana `` Jolene '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 12 Adam Pearce 31 New Orleans , Louisiana `` Hot Blooded '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 13 Myles Frost 17 Washington , D.C. `` My Cherie Amour '' -- -- -- -- 14 Moriah Formica 16 Latham , New York `` Crazy on You '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 4 ( October 3 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Anthony Alexander 17 Fontana , California `` Redbone '' ✔ ✔ ✔ -- Sophia Bollman 18 Norco , California `` Invincible '' -- ✔ -- ✔ Jessica Rowboat 28 New Delhi , India / Queens , New York `` Imagine '' -- -- -- -- Karli Webster 20 Fort Worth , Texas `` You 're So Vain '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 5 Stephan Marcellus 26 Englewood , New Jersey `` Take Me to Church '' -- -- ✔ 6 Emily Luther 24 Woonsocket , Rhode Island `` Summertime '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Episode 5 ( October 9 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Chloe Kohanski 23 Mount Juliet , Tennessee `` The Chain '' -- ✔ ✔ ✔ Olivia Kay 13 Edmond , Oklahoma `` Ghost '' -- -- -- -- Dennis Drummond 27 Nashville , Tennessee `` She Talks to Angels '' ✔ -- -- ✔ Ignatious Carmouche 23 Opelousas , Louisiana `` Latch '' -- -- ✔ ✔ 5 Rebecca Brunner 22 Mason , Michigan `` Believer '' -- -- -- ✔ 6 Brandon Brown 19 The Bronx , New York `` Georgia on My Mind '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ 7 Nathan Graham 27 Chicago , Illinois `` Nobody to Blame '' -- -- -- -- 8 Whitney Fenimore 28 Tulsa , Oklahoma `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' ✔ ✔ -- -- 9 Ilianna Viramontes 18 Brentwood , California `` New Soul '' -- ✔ -- ✔ 10 Katrina Rose 34 Astoria , Queens , New York `` Kozmic Blues '' -- ✔ -- -- 11 Natalie Stovall 35 Nashville , Tennessee `` If It Had n't Been For Love '' -- -- -- ✔ 12 Ryan Scripps 24 San Jose , California `` Body Like a Back Road '' -- -- -- ✔ 13 Meagan McNeal 31 Chicago , Illinois `` Ca n't Feel My Face '' -- -- ✔ -- 14 Jon Mero 31 Atlanta , Georgia `` Versace on the Floor '' ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Episode 6 ( October 10 ) ( edit ) Order Artist Age Hometown Song Coach 's and artist 's choices Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Kristi Hoopes 19 Parker , Colorado `` Heaven , Heartache and the Power of Love '' ✔ -- ✔ ✔ Michael Kight 25 Dublin , Georgia `` Sugar '' ✔ -- -- Team full Jeremiah Miller 18 Fort Worth , Texas `` Slow Hands '' ✔ -- ✔ Serina Rae 17 Panama City Beach , Florida `` Stand By Me '' -- -- Team full 5 Austin Serrato 42 Ashville , Alabama `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' -- -- 6 Raycee Jones 29 Brooklyn , New York `` We Do n't Have to Take Our Clothes Off '' -- -- 7 Nik Singleton 28 Seattle , Washington `` Wide Open Spaces '' -- -- 8 Megan Rose 20 San Francisco , California `` Ode to Billie Joe '' ✔ ✔ 9 Gary Carpentier 26 Oswego , New York `` Home '' ✔ Team full The Battles ( edit ) The Battle Rounds start on October 16 . Season thirteen 's advisors include : Joe Jonas for Team Adam , Billy Ray Cyrus for Team Miley , Kelly Rowland for Team Jennifer , and Rascal Flatts for Team Blake . The coaches can steal two losing artists from another coach . Contestants who win their battle or are stolen by another coach will advance to the Knockout rounds . Color key : Artist won the Battle and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Knockouts Artist lost the Battle and was originally eliminated but received the Coach Comeback and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Battle and was eliminated Episode Coach Order Winner Song Loser ' Steal ' result Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Episode 7 ( Monday , October 16 ) Jennifer Hudson Lucas Holliday `` My Prerogative '' Meagan McNeal -- -- N / A -- Miley Cyrus Moriah Formica `` American Woman '' Shilo Gold -- N / A -- -- Blake Shelton Keisha Renee `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' Noah Mac -- -- ✔ N / A Jennifer Hudson Chris Weaver `` Dangerous Woman '' Kathrina Feigh -- -- N / A ✔ Miley Cyrus 5 Brooke Simpson `` You 're a Big Girl Now '' Sophia Bollman -- N / A -- -- Adam Levine 6 Adam Pearce `` Stop Draggin ' My Heart Around '' Whitney Fenimore N / A ✔ -- ✔ Episode 8 ( Tuesday , October 17 ) Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` I 'm Your Baby Tonight '' Maharasyi -- -- N / A -- Adam Levine Hannah Mrozak `` Cold Water '' Brandon Showell N / A -- -- -- Dylan Gerard `` Doctor My Eyes '' Dave Crosby N / A -- -- -- Blake Shelton Esera Tuaolo `` This I Promise You '' Rebecca Brunner -- -- -- N / A Miley Cyrus 5 Chloe Kohanski `` I Am Woman '' Ilianna Viramontes -- N / A -- -- Blake Shelton 6 Mitchell Lee `` Mr. Jones '' Dennis Drummond ✔ -- -- N / A Episode 9 ( Monday , October 23 ) Adam Levine Jon Mero `` I Wish It Would Rain '' Brandon Brown N / A -- -- -- Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` Fishin ' in the Dark '' Ryan Scripps -- -- -- N / A Miley Cyrus Karli Webster `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' Addison Agen ✔ N / A ✔ -- Blake Shelton Anna Catherine DeHart `` Independence Day '' Kristi Hoopes Team full -- -- N / A Jennifer Hudson 5 Jeremiah Miller `` One Call Away '' Alexandra Joyce -- N / A -- Adam Levine 6 Emily Luther `` Send My Love ( To Your New Lover ) '' Gary Carpentier -- -- -- Jennifer Hudson 7 Shi'Ann Jones `` Oh ! Darling '' Stephan Marcellus ✔ N / A -- Adam Levine 8 Anthony Alexander `` I Feel It Coming '' Michael Kight Team full -- -- Miley Cyrus 9 Janice Freeman `` W.O.M.A.N '' Katrina Rose ✔ -- Episode 10 ( Tuesday , October 24 ) Blake Shelton Adam Cunningham `` Boondocks '' Natalie Stovall Team full Team full Team full N / A Jennifer Hudson Eric Lyn `` Unaware '' Ignatious Carmouche -- Miley Cyrus Ashland Craft `` A Good Hearted Woman '' Megan Rose ✔ The Knockouts ( edit ) The Knockouts round starts with episode 11 . The coaches can each steal one losing artist . The top 20 contestants then move on to The Playoffs . Kelly Clarkson is the advisor to contestants from all teams in this round . Color key : Artist won the Knockout and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout but was stolen by another coach and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout and was originally eliminated but received the Coach Comeback and advanced to the Playoffs Artist lost the Knockout and was eliminated Episode Coach Order Song Artists Song ' Steal ' result Winner Loser Adam Miley Jennifer Blake Episode 11 ( Monday , October 30 ) Blake Shelton `` Superstar '' Esera Tuaolo Adam Cunningham `` Either Way '' ✔ -- -- N / A Jennifer Hudson `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' Shi'Ann Jones Lucas Holliday `` Tell It Like It Is '' Team full -- N / A -- Adam Levine `` Beneath Your Beautiful '' Addison Agen Dennis Drummond `` All Along the Watchtower '' -- -- -- Miley Cyrus `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' Janice Freeman Karli Webster `` Blue Bayou '' N / A -- -- Jennifer Hudson 5 `` I Can Only Imagine '' Davon Fleming Eric Lyn `` What 's Going On '' -- N / A -- Miley Cyrus 6 `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' Ashland Craft Chloe Kohanski `` Landslide '' N / A ✔ ✔ Episode 12 ( Tuesday , October 31 ) The twelfth episode was a special one - hour episode titled `` Best of the Season '' . The episode showed selected moments of the season so far , including the coaches , their teams , their assistant team advisors , the journey of the contestants thus far , and some previously unseen footage . Episode 13 ( Monday , November 6 ) Miley Cyrus `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' Brooke Simpson Stephan Marcellus `` Impossible '' Team full N / A -- Team full Blake Shelton `` I 'll Be '' Mitchell Lee Anna Catherine DeHart `` Breathe '' -- -- Jennifer Hudson `` Hold Back the River '' Noah Mac Jeremiah Miller `` Sorry '' -- N / A Blake Shelton `` I Hope You Dance '' Keisha Renee Kathrina Feigh `` Girl on Fire '' -- -- Adam Levine 5 `` Blame It On the Boogie '' Jon Mero Dylan Gerard `` All of the Stars '' -- -- Miley Cyrus 6 `` Behind These Hazel Eyes '' Moriah Formica Whitney Fenimore `` Calling All Angels '' N / A -- Adam Levine 7 `` Glitter in the Air '' Emily Luther Adam Pearce `` Smoke on the Water '' ✔ -- Episode 14 ( Tuesday , November 7 ) Jennifer Hudson `` I Put a Spell on You '' Chris Weaver Katrina Rose `` Zombie '' Team full Team full N / A Team full Blake Shelton `` Outskirts of Heaven '' Red Marlow Megan Rose `` Smoke Break '' -- Adam Levine `` Mercy '' Anthony Alexander Hannah Mrozak `` Love on the Brain '' ✔ Whitney Fenimore is on Team Adam for the Playoffs . The Playoffs ( edit ) The Playoffs were taped on August 31 and September 1 , and comprised episodes 15 , 16 , and 17 . As in season 6 , the Playoffs were prerecorded , featuring no interactive viewer voting component , and therefore no subsequent results shows . As in seasons 9 , 10 , and 12 , four previously eliminated artists were chosen by the coaches to come back for the Playoffs . This time , they were Natalie Stovall ( picked by Blake Shelton ) , Lucas Holliday ( chosen by Jennifer Hudson ) , Karli Webster ( joined by Miley Cyrus ) , and Whitney Fenimore ( by Adam Levine ) . This season is the first to have the Playoffs taped on the same stage as the Battles and the Knockouts . The top twenty - four artists performed for the coaches , with each coach choosing three artists from their teams for elimination . The remaining top twelve artists advanced to the live shows . Color key : Artist was chosen by his / her coach to move on to the live shows Artist was eliminated Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 15 ( Monday , November 13 ) Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` I Am Changing '' Advanced Hannah Mrozak `` Learn to Let Go '' Eliminated Lucas Holliday `` The Beautiful Ones '' Eliminated Shi'Ann Jones `` Tattooed Heart '' Advanced 5 Chris Weaver `` California Soul '' Eliminated 6 Noah Mac `` In the Air Tonight '' Advanced Blake Shelton 7 Red Marlow `` Chiseled in Stone '' Advanced 8 Chloe Kohanski `` Time After Time '' Advanced 9 Natalie Stovall `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' Eliminated 10 Esera Tuaolo `` How Do I Live '' Eliminated 11 Mitchell Lee `` Heaven '' Eliminated 12 Keisha Renee `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' Advanced Episode 16 ( Tuesday , November 14 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Have a Little Faith in Me '' Advanced Whitney Fenimore `` If It Makes You Happy '' Eliminated Emily Luther `` Lovesong '' Eliminated Anthony Alexander `` Perfect '' Eliminated 5 Jon Mero `` When We Were Young '' Advanced 6 Addison Agen `` Angel from Montgomery '' Advanced Episode 17 ( Wednesday , November 15 ) Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson `` It 's a Man 's Man 's Man 's World '' Advanced Karli Webster `` Coat of Many Colors '' Eliminated Adam Pearce `` Love Hurts '' Eliminated Ashland Craft `` When I Think About Cheatin ' '' Advanced 5 Moriah Formica `` World Without You '' Eliminated 6 Janice Freeman `` Fall for You '' Advanced Live shows ( edit ) Color key : Artist was saved by the Public 's votes Artist was placed in the bottom two , bottom three , or middle three Artist was saved by the Instant Save Artist 's iTunes vote multiplied by 5 ( except The Finals ) after his / her studio version of the song reached iTunes top 10 Artist was eliminated Week 1 : Top 12 ( November 20 and 21 ) ( edit ) The Top 12 performed on Monday , November 20 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , November 21 , 2017 . The Instant Save returned once again this season , with the bottom two artists performing for a spot in the next round via the viewers ' votes from Twitter . Addison Agen received the first iTunes bonus multiplier of the season , with her studio recording of `` She Used to Be Mine '' placing ( # 9 ) on the iTunes Top 200 Singles chart at the close of the voting window . In addition , the show 's official YouTube channel released a video starring the cast of Pitch Perfect 3 and the Top 12 singing `` Freedom ! ' 90 '' and `` Cups '' . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Result Episode 18 ( Monday , November 20 ) Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson `` Praying '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` The Church on Cumberland Road '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson Shi'Ann Jones `` Vision of Love '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Jon Mero `` Why I Love You '' Bottom two Miley Cyrus 5 Ashland Craft `` Delta Dawn '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 6 Adam Cunningham `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' Bottom two Blake Shelton 7 Chloe Kohanski `` Thank You '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 8 Davon Fleming `` Love On Top '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 9 Addison Agen `` She Used to Be Mine '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 10 Keisha Renee `` Midnight Train to Georgia '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 11 Noah Mac `` Speed of Sound '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 12 Janice Freeman `` The Story '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 19 ( Tuesday , November 21 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Fortunate Son '' Instant Save Jon Mero `` I Want You Back '' Eliminated Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 19.1 Jennifer Hudson and her team ( Davon Fleming , Noah Mac and Shi'Ann Jones ) `` Let It Be '' 19.2 Maroon 5 `` What Lovers Do '' 19.3 Blake Shelton and his team ( Chloe Kohanski , Keisha Renee and Red Marlow ) `` If It Will , It Will '' Week 2 : Top 11 ( November 27 and 28 ) ( edit ) The Top 11 performed songs chosen by the public on Monday , November 27 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , November 28 , 2017 . iTunes bonus multipliers were awarded to Red Marlow ( # 10 ) , Addison Agen ( # 2 ) , and Chloe Kohanski ( # 1 ) . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 20 ( Monday , November 27 ) Miley Cyrus Janice Freeman `` Shine '' Bottom two Blake Shelton Red Marlow `` The Dance '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson Shi'Ann Jones `` Listen '' Public 's vote Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` American Girl '' Bottom two Miley Cyrus 5 Brooke Simpson `` What About Us '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 6 Davon Fleming `` I Have Nothing '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 7 Ashland Craft `` Chicken Fried '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 8 Addison Agen `` A Case of You '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 9 Keisha Renee `` It Matters to Me '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 10 Noah Mac `` Electric Love '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 11 Chloe Kohanski `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 21 ( Tuesday , November 28 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Amazed '' Instant Save Miley Cyrus Janice Freeman `` Chandelier '' Eliminated Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 21.1 Miley Cyrus and her team ( Ashland Craft , Janice Freeman and Brooke Simpson ) `` Man ! I Feel Like a Woman ! '' 21.2 Adam Levine and his team ( Addison Agen and Adam Cunningham ) `` Go Your Own Way '' 21.3 Blake Shelton with Jennifer Hudson `` I 'll Name the Dogs '' Week 3 : Top 10 ( December 4 and 5 ) ( edit ) The Top 10 performed on Monday , December 4 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , December 5 , 2017 . iTunes bonus multipliers were awarded to Keisha Renee ( # 10 ) , Addison Agen ( # 5 ) , Chloe Kohanski ( # 4 ) , and Brooke Simpson ( # 2 ) . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 22 ( Monday , December 4 ) Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming `` Hurt '' Bottom three Adam Levine Adam Cunningham `` Maybe It Was Memphis '' Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson Noah Mac `` Ordinary World '' Public 's vote Shi'Ann Jones `` Diamonds '' Bottom three Blake Shelton 5 Chloe Kohanski `` Call Me '' Public 's vote 6 Keisha Renee `` All By Myself '' Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 7 Ashland Craft `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' Bottom three 8 Brooke Simpson `` Amazing Grace '' Public 's vote Blake Shelton 9 Red Marlow `` That 's What I Love About Sunday '' Public 's vote Adam Levine 10 Addison Agen `` Lucky '' Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 23 ( Tuesday , December 5 ) Miley Cyrus Ashland Craft `` Tonight I Wanna Cry '' Eliminated Jennifer Hudson Shi'Ann Jones `` At Last '' Eliminated Davon Fleming `` Ai n't No Way '' Instant Save Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 22.1 Gwen Stefani feat . Blake Shelton `` You Make It Feel Like Christmas '' 23.1 Portugal . The Man `` Feel It Still '' 23.2 Danielle Bradbery `` Worth It '' Week 4 : semifinals ( December 11 and 12 ) ( edit ) The Top 8 performed on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , with the results following on Tuesday , December 12 , 2017 . Like Season 12 , the duets between contestants were part of the competition and public voting . In the semifinals , three artists will automatically move to next week 's finale , the two artists with the least votes will be immediately eliminated and the middle three will contend for the remaining spot in the next week 's finals via the Instant Save . iTunes bonuses this week awarded to Chloe Kohanski ( # 1 ) , Addison Agen ( # 2 ) , Chloe Kohanski and Noah Mac ( Duet ) ( # 3 ) , Red Marlow ( # 5 ) , Brooke Simpson ( # 6 ) and Noah Mac ( # 7 ) . Davon Fleming 's `` Gravity '' was in the Top 10 earlier Tuesday , but it had fallen to # 11 by the voting deadline . With the eliminations of Noah Mac and Davon Fleming , Jennifer Hudson no longer has any artists remaining on her team . Noah Mac was the first artist to receive two iTunes bonuses and to be eliminated during the same week . Episode Coach Order Artist Song Results Episode 24 ( Monday , December 11 ) Adam Levine Adam Cunningham I 'm Already There Middle three Jennifer Hudson Davon Fleming Gravity Eliminated Blake Shelton Red Marlow Go Rest High on That Mountain Middle three 6 Keisha Renee What Hurts the Most Eliminated 8 Chloe Kohanski I Want to Know What Love Is Public 's vote Jennifer Hudson 10 Noah Mac River Middle three Adam Levine 11 Addison Agen Both Sides , Now Public 's vote Miley Cyrus 12 Brooke Simpson Faithfully Public 's vote Instant Save Performances Episode 25 ( Tuesday , December 12 ) Blake Shelton Red Marlow Dixieland Delight Instant Save Adam Levine Adam Cunningham Here 's a Quarter ( Call Someone Who Cares ) Eliminated Jennifer Hudson Noah Mac Sign of the Times Eliminated Duets Order Performers Song 24.2 Noah Mac and Chloe Kohanski Wicked Game 24.5 Brooke Simpson and Davon Fleming Earned It 24.7 Adam Cunningham and Red Marlow Ca n't You See 24.9 Addison Agen and Keisha Renee Strong Enough Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 25.1 Machine Gun Kelly , X Ambassadors and Bebe Rexha Home 25.2 Jennifer Hudson Burden Down 25.3 Alisan Porter , Chris Mann , Mary Sarah , Matt McAndrew , Matthew Schuler , and Michael Sanchez ( giving a preview of the upcoming The Voice : Neon Dreams residency show in Las Vegas ) It 's Time Week 5 : finals ( December 18 and 19 ) ( edit ) The Top 4 performed on Monday , December 18 , 2017 , with the final results following on Tuesday , December 19 , 2017 . This week , the four finalists performed a solo cover song , a duet with their coach , and an original song . iTunes bonuses this week were awarded to Addison Agen ( # 1 , # 5 , # 10 ) , Chloe Kohanski ( # 2 and # 7 ) , Brooke Simpson ( # 4 and # 8 ) and Red Marlow ( # 3 ) . Coach Artist Order Solo Song Order Duet Song ( with Coach ) Order Original Song Result Adam Levine Addison Agen `` Humble and Kind '' 5 `` Falling Slowly '' 11 `` Tennessee Rain '' Runner - up Blake Shelton Chloe Kohanski 12 `` Bette Davis Eyes '' 8 `` You Got It '' `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' Winner Blake Shelton Red Marlow 9 `` To Make You Feel My Love '' `` I 'm Gonna Miss Her '' 7 `` I Pray '' Fourth place Miley Cyrus Brooke Simpson 10 `` O Holy Night '' 6 `` Wrecking Ball '' `` What Is Beautiful '' Third place Non-competition performances Order Performer Song 26.1 Chris Blue `` Humanity '' ( In promotion of NBC 's Winter Olympics coverage ) 27.1 Bebe Rexha , Adam Cunningham and Keisha Renee `` Meant to Be '' 27.2 Charlie Puth ( with Adam Levine on a guitar ) `` How Long '' 27.3 Norah Jones and Addison Agen `` Do n't Know Why '' 27.4 Bastille and Noah Mac `` World Gone Mad '' 27.5 Kelly Clarkson `` Medicine '' 27.6 Chris Blue `` Blue Blood Blues '' 27.7 Sia and Brooke Simpson `` Titanium '' 27.8 Chris Weaver as Nedra Belle and Stephanie 's Child featuring Jessie J `` Bang Bang ( My Baby Shot Me Down ) '' `` Bang Bang '' 27.9 Billy Idol and Chloe Kohanski `` White Wedding '' 27.10 Demi Lovato `` Tell Me You Love Me '' 27.11 Jessie J and Davon Fleming `` Not My Ex '' 27.12 Vince Gill and Red Marlow `` When I Call Your Name '' 27.13 N.E.R.D. `` Lemon '' 27.14 Sia `` Snowman '' Elimination chart ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Miley Team Jennifer Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Saved by his / her coach Saved by the public Eliminated Results per week Artist Playoffs Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Finals Chloe Kohanski Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Winner Addison Agen Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe Runner - up Brooke Simpson Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe 3rd Place Red Marlow Safe Safe Safe Safe Safe 4th Place Noah Mac Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 4 ) Adam Cunningham Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Davon Fleming Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Keisha Renee Safe Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Ashland Craft Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 3 ) Shi'Ann Jones Safe Safe Safe Eliminated Janice Freeman Safe Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 2 ) Jon Mero Safe Eliminated Eliminated ( Week 1 ) Anthony Alexander Eliminated Eliminated ( Playoffs ) Whitney Fenimore Eliminated Moriah Formica Eliminated Lucas Holliday Eliminated Mitchell Lee Eliminated Emily Luther Eliminated Hannah Mrozak Eliminated Adam Pearce Eliminated Natalie Stovall Eliminated Esera Tuaolo Eliminated Chris Weaver Eliminated Karli Webster Eliminated Team ( edit ) Color key Artist 's info Team Adam Team Miley Team Jennifer Team Blake Result details Winner Runner - up Third place Fourth place Eliminated Saved by his / her coach Artist Saved by Instant Save ( via Twitter ) Artist advanced and received one or more iTunes bonus that week Number of iTunes bonuses received Artist Playoffs Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Finals Addison Agen Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Runner - up Adam Cunningham Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Jon Mero Advanced Eliminated Anthony Alexander Eliminated Whitney Fenimore Eliminated Emily Luther Eliminated Brooke Simpson Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Third Place Ashland Craft Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Janice Freeman Advanced Advanced Eliminated Moriah Formica Eliminated Adam Pearce Eliminated Karli Webster Eliminated Noah Mac Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Davon Fleming Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Shi'Ann Jones Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Lucas Holliday Eliminated Hannah Mrozak Eliminated Chris Weaver Eliminated Chloe Kohanski Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Winner Red Marlow Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Fourth Place Keisha Renee Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Eliminated Mitchell Lee Eliminated Natalie Stovall Eliminated Esera Tuaolo Eliminated Artists who appeared on previous shows or seasons ( edit ) Adam Pearce auditioned for season twelve , but failed to turn any chairs . Keisha Renee appeared on the tenth season of American Idol , where she finished in the Top 40 . Hannah Mrozak was a Top 48 placer on the fourteenth season of American Idol . Odiseas Georgiadis auditioned for season three of the show , but failed to turn any chairs . He is the second contestant , after Sonia Rao , to be rejected twice and the first one to be rejected twice in different seasons . Samantha Rios previously appeared on the third season of La Voz Kids , as a member of Daddy Yankee 's team . She finished as a semi-finalist . Ignatious Carmouche previously won the show 's second Snapchat season on Team Adam . He won a blind audition for this season as his prize . Esera Tuaolo played professional football for nine years . Emily Luther ( along with Charlie Puth ) won the 2011 Perez Hilton Can YOU Sing ? ? YouTube contest doing a cover of Adele 's `` Someone Like You '' . Both appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and were signed to her label eleveneleven . In January 2012 , they came back to The Ellen DeGeneres Show and performed Lady Antebellum 's `` Need You Now '' and an original written by Puth titled `` Break Again '' ( co-written with Robert Gillies ) . Reception ( edit ) U.S. Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Episode Original airdate Production Time slot ( ET ) Viewers ( in millions ) Adults ( 18 -- 49 ) Source Rating Share `` The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 1 '' September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 1301 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.57 2.6 9 `` The Blind Auditions Premiere , Part 2 '' September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) 1302 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.98 2.7 10 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 3 '' October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 1303 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.04 2.6 9 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 4 '' October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1304 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.42 2.4 9 5 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 5 '' October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 1305 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.91 2.4 8 6 `` The Blind Auditions , Part 6 '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 1306 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.93 2.6 9 7 `` The Battles Premiere , Part 1 '' October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 1307 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.01 2.6 10 8 `` The Battles Premiere , Part 2 '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 1308 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.41 2.4 8 9 `` The Battles , Part 3 '' October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 1309 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.19 2.4 8 10 `` The Battles , Part 4 '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 1310 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.90 1.9 7 11 `` The Knockouts Premiere , Part 1 '' October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 1311 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.98 1.9 7 12 `` The Voice : Best of the Season '' October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 1312 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 6.23 1.0 13 `` The Knockouts , Part 2 '' November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 1313 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.63 2.0 7 14 `` The Knockouts , Part 3 '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) 1314 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.47 1.9 7 15 `` The Playoffs , Night 1 '' November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 1315 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.01 2.0 8 16 `` The Playoffs , Night 2 '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) 1316 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.08 8 17 `` The Playoffs , Results '' November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1317 Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 8.23 1.7 7 18 `` Live Top 12 Performance '' November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 1318 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.15 1.7 6 19 `` Live Top 12 Results '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 1319 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.36 1.7 7 20 `` Live Top 11 Performance '' November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 1320 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.60 1.9 7 21 `` Live Top 11 Results '' November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) 1321 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.60 1.8 7 22 `` Live Top 10 Performance '' December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 1322 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.86 1.8 7 23 `` Live Top 10 Results '' December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) 1323 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.00 1.8 7 24 `` Live Top 8 Semifinal Performance '' December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) 1324 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 10.45 1.9 7 25 `` Live Top 8 Semifinal Results '' December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) 1325 Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 9.77 1.7 7 26 `` Live Finale Performance '' December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) 1326 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11.02 2.0 7 27 `` Live Finale Results '' December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) 1327 Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 10.91 2.0 8 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates for New 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson Joins The Voice as Coach for Season 13 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Gwen Stefani Rejoins The Voice as Coach for Season 12 , Miley Cyrus Will Be Back in Season 13 '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Santilli , M.J. ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Voice Season 13 Spoilers Reveal Day Contestant List '' . mjsbigblog . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Mark . ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` A WARNING ABOUT THE VOICE SEASON 13 '' . idolchatteryd.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karen Mizoguchi ( 7 October 2017 ) . `` The Voice Season 13 Advisors Revealed : Billy Ray Cyrus , Joe Jonas , Kelly Rowland and Rascal Flatts '' . People . Archived from the original on 13 October 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Addison Agen and Chloe , Kohanski Reaches Top 10 On iTunes Chart , Earns Vote Bonus '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Chloe Kohanski Reaches # 1 On US iTunes Sales Chart ; Addison , Red Also Earn Bonuses '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Brooke Simpson Earns # 2 On iTunes , Chloe , Addison Also Earn Bonuses '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian . `` The Voice 's Chloe Kohanski Claims # 1 On iTunes ; Addison , Noah , Red , Brooke Also In Top 10 '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Brian ( 18 December 2017 ) . `` The Voice 's Addison Agen Claims # 1 On iTunes After Finale ; Chloe , Red , Brooke Also In Top 10 ( Update ) '' . Headline Planet . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Former NFL player wows judges on ' The Voice ' with emotional song '' . TODAY.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : ' Good Girls ' premiere beats ' The Good Doctor , ' ' Living Biblically ' starts soft '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bull , ' ' Voice , ' ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' and ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Voice ' adjust up , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Flash , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' Bachelor ' special and ' Better Late than Never ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine , ' all others unchanged : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' The Year in Memoriam , ' ' Popstar 's Best of 2017 ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' finale , ' The Year ' and everything else hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The Voice ( U.S. ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Javier Colon Jermaine Paul Cassadee Pope Danielle Bradbery Tessanne Chin Josh Kaufman Craig Wayne Boyd Sawyer Fredericks Jordan Smith Alisan Porter Sundance Head Chris Blue Chloe Kohanski Winner 's singles `` Stitch by Stitch '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Cry '' `` Born to Fly '' `` Tumbling Down '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' `` My Baby 's Got a Smile on Her Face '' `` Please '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` Down That Road '' `` Darlin ' Do n't Go '' `` Money on You '' `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' Runners - up Dia Frampton Juliet Simms Terry McDermott Michelle Chamuel Jacquie Lee Jake Worthington Matt McAndrew Meghan Linsey Emily Ann Roberts Adam Wakefield Billy Gilman Lauren Duski Addison Agen Other notable artists Vicci Martinez Frenchie Davis Rebecca Loebe Xenia Tje Austin Beverly McClellan Raquel Castro Nakia Serabee Casey Desmond Justin Grennan The Thompson Sisters Jared Blake Casey Weston RaeLynn Jesse Campbell Chris Mann Tony Lucca Gwen Sebastian Kim Yarbrough Angel Taylor Pip Katrina Parker Erin Martin Moses Stone Jordis Unga Naia Kete Charlotte Sometimes Tony Vincent Mathai Lex Land Nicholas David Amanda Brown Melanie Martinez MacKenzie Bourg Collin McLoughlin Suzanna Choffel Jordan Pruitt Rod Michael Chris Trousdale Anita Antoinette Cupid The Swon Brothers Sasha Allen Judith Hill Kris Thomas Jeff Lewis Julie Roberts Holly Tucker Will Champlin James Wolpert Cole Vosbury Josh Logan E.G. Daily Holly Henry Donna Allen Dominic Scott Kay Christina Grimmie Sisaundra Lewis Paula DeAnda Lindsay Pagano Chris Jamison Taylor John Williams Andy Cherry MEGG Koryn Hawthorne Barrett Baber Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Amy Vachal Viktor Király Keith Semple Alex Kandel Tyler Dickerson Mary Sarah Daniel Passino Owen Danoff Emily Keener Tamar Davis Chase Walker Chris Cron Josh Hoyer Hunter Plake Mark Isaiah Brooke Simpson Esera Tuaolo Katrina Rose Natalie Stovall Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Contestants The Voice : Neon Dreams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Voice_(U.S._season_13)&oldid=835666423 '' Categories : The Voice ( U.S. TV series ) 2017 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 01 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won season 13 of the voice usa | [
"Chloe Kohanski was announced as the winner of the season, marking Blake Shelton's sixth win as a coach, and making her the third stolen artist to win, following Josh Kaufman in Season 6 and Craig Wayne Boyd in Season 7. For the first time ever, the final three artists were all female and the Top 2 were stolen artists. It was also the first time that the final three artists were all originally from the same team (Miley Cyrus)."
] | [
"Chloe Kohanski"
] |
-6071556551920646974 | Leprechaun (film series) | Leprechaun ( film series ) - wikipedia Leprechaun ( film series ) Leprechaun ( film series ) The Leprechaun as depicted on the cover of the DVD box Leprechaun Pot of Gore Collection Created by Mark Jones Original work Leprechaun ( 1993 ) Films and television Film ( s ) List of films Leprechaun is a series of horror comedy films consisting of seven films . Beginning with 1993 's Leprechaun ( filmed in 1991 ) the series centers on a malevolent and murderous leprechaun named `` Lubdan '' ( although he never reveals his name ) , who , when his gold is taken from him , resorts to any means necessary to reclaim it . None of the series are in chronological order . English actor Warwick Davis plays the title role in every film except for the reboot , Leprechaun : Origins . In the reboot , Dylan `` Hornswoggle '' Postl , of WWE fame , portrays the creature . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 2 Overview 3 Home media 4 Literature 5 Reboot 6 Syfy Film 7 Critical reception 8 References Films ( edit ) Film Director Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Leprechaun ( 1993 ) Mark Jones Mark Jones Mark Amin , Jeffrey B. Mallian Leprechaun 2 ( 1994 ) Rodman Flender Turi Meyer , Al Septien Donald P. Borchers , Mark Jones Leprechaun 3 ( 1995 ) Brian Trenchard - Smith David DuBos Mark Amin , Jeff Geoffray , Walter Josten , Henry Seggerman Leprechaun 4 : In Space ( 1997 ) Dennis A. Pratt , Scott Atkins Mark Amin , Jeff Geoffray , Walter Josten Leprechaun in the Hood ( 2000 ) Rob Spera Doug Hall , John Huffman , Alan Reynolds , Rob Spera , William Wells Bruce David Risen , Darin Spillman , Mike Upton Leprechaun : Back 2 tha Hood ( 2003 ) Steven Ayromlooi Steven Ayromlooi Mike Upton Leprechaun : Origins ( 2014 ) Zach Lipovsky Harris Wilkinson Chris Foss , Michael Luisi Leprechaun Returns ( 2019 ) Steven Kostanski Suzanne Keilly The first two films were theatrically released . After a disappointing gross from Leprechaun 2 , Vidmark released Leprechaun 3 direct - to - video . The following sequels were all direct - to - video . Overview ( edit ) In the original Leprechaun ( 1993 ) , Daniel O'Grady ( Shay Duffin ) captures the Leprechaun ( Warwick Davis ) while in Ireland , takes his gold and smuggles it back to his home in North Dakota , unaware the Leprechaun has followed him . Confronting O'Grady and demanding his gold the Leprechaun is injured by O'Grady and sealed in a crate with a four - leaf clover , though before O'Grady can kill the creature he suffers a stroke . Ten years later the Leprechaun is accidentally released by Tory Redding ( a then - unknown Jennifer Aniston ) and her new friends , and goes on a killing spree in search of his gold , which Alex Murphy ( Robert Gorman ) and Ozzie ( Mark Holton ) had discovered . After the Leprechaun reclaims the bulk of his gold he is defeated when Alex shoots a four - leaf clover down his throat with a slingshot and Alex 's older brother Nathan ( Ken Olandt ) blows up the well the Leprechaun falls into . In Leprechaun 2 ( 1994 ) the Leprechaun seeks out a new bride in modern - day Los Angeles , one thousand years after an earlier attempt to claim a bride was foiled . Claiming a fussy teenage girl named Bridget ( Shevonne Durkin ) , the descendant of his original choice of a wife , the Leprechaun holds her captive in his lair and terrorizes her boyfriend Cody ( Charlie Heath ) , who had taken one of his gold coins . In the end Cody saves Bridget and defeats the Leprechaun by impaling him with a spike made of wrought iron , one of the few substances that can harm a Leprechaun . Leprechaun 3 ( 1995 ) begins with the Leprechaun , having been changed into a statue by a magical medallion , being sold to a Las Vegas pawn shop . Assuming his original form when the clerk removes the medallion , the Leprechaun kills him and goes on a rampage through Las Vegas in search of one of his wish granting coins , which is passed from hand to hand . The Leprechaun is ultimately defeated by college student Scott McCoy ( John Gatins ) and Scott 's new girlfriend Tammy Larsen ( Lee Armstrong ) , who blast his gold with a flamethrower , causing it to vanish and the Leprechaun to burst into flames . Taking place in the future , Leprechaun 4 : In Space ( 1997 ) has the Leprechaun abduct and begin courting snobbish alien princess Zarina ( Rebekah Carlton ) , seducing her with promises of wealth . After being blown up by a group of marines who rescue Zarina , the Leprechaun is reborn on the marines ' ship via exploding out of the groin of one of an unfortunate man , Kowalski . He then goes off in search of his stolen bride and gold , killing all those who get in his way . After being turned into a giant via an enlargement ray , the Leprechaun is ejected into space by the survivors of the massacre , Tina Reeves ( Jessica Collins ) , Books Malloy ( Brent Jasmer ) and Sticks ( Miguel A. Núñez , Jr . ) . Set in Compton , California , Leprechaun in the Hood ( 2000 ) has the Leprechaun being turned to stone once more , this time by pimp Mack Daddy O'Nassas ( Ice - T ) , who uses the Leprechaun 's mind - controlling magic flute to become a successful music producer . Years later , the Leprechaun is unknowingly changed back to flesh and blood by a trio of wannabe rappers led by Postmaster P. ( Anthony Montgomery ) who rob Mack Daddy , taking the Leprechaun 's gold and the flute from him with the intent of using the objects to become successful . Hunted by both Mack Daddy and the Leprechaun , Postmaster P. , after his friends and Mack Daddy are killed , is brainwashed into becoming a servant of the Leprechaun . Leprechaun : Back 2 tha Hood ( 2003 ) begins with the Leprechaun stalking Father Jacob ( Willie C. Carpenter ) trying to get his gold back , only to be dragged into the ground by demonic hands when the priest uses four - leaf clover laced holy water against him before dying from a heart attack . One year later the Leprechaun 's gold is discovered by eighteen - year - old Emily Woodrow ( Tangi Miller ) and her friends , who use the gold to fulfill their wildest fantasies , unintentionally releasing the Leprechaun , who goes after Emily and the others to get his gold back , killing everyone who gets in his way . On the rooftop of the abandoned community centre Father Jacob had been building using the Leprechaun 's gold Emily and her boyfriend Rory Jackson ( Laz Alonso ) defeat the Leprechaun by knocking him and his gold off the roof and into a pool of wet cement below , where the Leprechaun sinks and becomes trapped . Home media ( edit ) The series has been released on DVD both separate and in collections . On September 30 , 2014 , the entire film series was released on Blu - ray for the first time in a box set titled '' Leprechaun : The Complete Movie Collection `` . Literature ( edit ) Prior to the release of the original Leprechaun Trimark Pictures released an eight - page comic book prequel to the film . The story presented in the book is contradictory to the events of the film in several regards , such as depicting Daniel O'Grady as a lowly farmer and inhabitant of Ireland ( instead of America ) who obtains the Leprechaun 's gold not by capturing the creature ( as was stated in the film ) but by following a rainbow . In 2008 publishing company Bluewater Productions announced that it would release a Leprechaun comic book series , which began in May 2009 . Written by Zach Hunchar and illustrated by Kris Carter the first arc of the series follows the Leprechaun ( who is revealed to be named Lubdan and is also the king and last of his species ) as he battles rival race the Clurichaun and travels the world in search of his gold , which was stolen and auctioned off online , with the reluctant help of the geeky Ethan Thomas and his friends . With only four issues released , the series was seemingly cancelled , as no new issues have been announced . Micheal Kingston was slated to write the second arc of the series . Plans for a four - issue comic book crossover between the Leprechaun and Warlock series , which would have been written by Nick Lyons and released in late 2009 , were made , but did not come to pass . Reboot ( edit ) Main article : Leprechaun : Origins It was revealed in March 2012 that Lionsgate and WWE Studios ( who worked together on See No Evil and The Condemned ) were teaming up to reboot the film series . Two weeks later , WWE.com unveiled a new video depicting Dylan Post ( who works under a leprechaun gimmick in WWE as Hornswoggle ) starring in the role as Lubdan . He announced via Twitter that it would come out in March 2013 . Until May 2013 , there were no updates on the film 's progress . However , on May 28 , 2013 , it was reported that Zach Lipovsky , a visual effects supervisor and a finalist on the reality game show On the Lot was contracted to direct the reboot , now scheduled for screening in August 2014 . The film was released under a VOD / Digital HD format on August 26 , 2014 ( following a limited release on August 22 ) , with the DVD / Blu - ray released on September 30 , 2014 . Syfy film ( edit ) In March 17 , 2018 , Syfy announced they will be airing Leprechaun Returns in 2019 . The film will take place 25 years after the original . Linden Porco will play the title role . Critical reception ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Leprechaun 25 % ( 12 reviews ) Leprechaun 2 0 % ( 16 reviews ) Leprechaun 3 0 % ( 5 reviews ) Leprechaun 4 : In Space 0 % ( 6 reviews ) Leprechaun in the Hood 33 % ( 6 reviews ) Leprechaun : Back 2 tha Hood 25 % ( 8 reviews ) Leprechaun : Origins 0 % ( 7 reviews ) Average Rating 12 % References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Eileen ( April 29 , 1995 ) . `` Shelf Talk '' . Billboard . Vol. 107 no . 17 . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Mark Jones ( Director ) ( 1993 ) . Leprechaun ( DVD ) . United States : Trimark Pictures . Jump up ^ Rodman Flender ( Director ) ( 1994 ) . Leprechaun 2 ( DVD ) . United States : Trimark Pictures . Jump up ^ Brian Trenchard - Smith ( Director ) ( 1995 ) . Leprechaun 3 ( DVD ) . United States : Trimark Pictures . Jump up ^ Brian Trenchard - Smith ( Director ) ( 1997 ) . Leprechaun 4 : In Space ( DVD ) . United States : Trimark Pictures . Jump up ^ Rob Spera ( Director ) ( 2000 ) . Leprechaun : In the Hood ( DVD ) . United States : Trimark Pictures . Jump up ^ Steven Ayromlooi ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Leprechaun : Back 2 tha Hood ( DVD ) . United States : Lions Gate Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun Merchandise '' . Connie 's Warwick Davis Fanpage and Leprechaun Center . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://comicvine.gamespot.com/leprechaun/4005-59341/issues-cover/ Jump up ^ `` Bluewater Inks Deal With Lionsgate For Comic Series '' . Bluewater Productions . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bluewater Productions May 2009 Solic ! '' . Bluewater Productions . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview : Warlock Writer Nick Lyons '' . Fangoria . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate pacts with WWE on film deal '' . Variety . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Hornswoggle to make film debut in ' Leprechaun : Origins ' by Zack Linder , March 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Hornswoggle 's tweet Jump up ^ http://screencrush.com/leprechaun-reboot-director/ Jump up ^ Moore , Trent ( 2018 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Leprechaun Returns in 2019 to SYFY . Watch teaser '' . Syfy . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun 2 Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun 3 Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun 4 : In Space Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun in the Hood Movie Reviews , Pictures -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Leprechaun : Origins -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Leprechaun : Origins , retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 hide Leprechaun Leprechaun Leprechaun 2 Leprechaun 3 Leprechaun 4 : In Space Leprechaun in the Hood Leprechaun : Back 2 tha Hood Leprechaun : Origins Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leprechaun_(film_series)&oldid=837717556 '' Categories : American films Leprechaun ( film series ) Lions Gate Entertainment films American comedy horror films English - language films Dark fantasy films Horror films by series Supernatural horror films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Română Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 16 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the leprechaun in the leprechaun movies | [
"\nLeprechaun is a series of horror comedy films consisting of seven films. Beginning with 1993's Leprechaun (filmed in 1991) the series centers on a malevolent and murderous leprechaun named \"Lubdan\" (although he never reveals his name), who, when his gold is taken from him, resorts to any means necessary to reclaim it. None of the series are in chronological order. English actor Warwick Davis plays the title role in every film except for the reboot, Leprechaun: Origins. In the reboot, Dylan \"Hornswoggle\" Postl, of WWE fame, portrays the creature.\n",
"\nLeprechaun is a series of horror comedy films consisting of seven films. Beginning with 1993's Leprechaun (filmed in 1991) the series centers on a malevolent and murderous leprechaun named \"Lubdan\" (although he never reveals his name), who, when his gold is taken from him, resorts to any means necessary to reclaim it. None of the series are in chronological order. English actor Warwick Davis plays the title role in every film except for the reboot, Leprechaun: Origins. In the reboot, Dylan \"Hornswoggle\" Postl, of WWE fame, portrays the creature.\n"
] | [
"Warwick Davis",
"Dylan \"Hornswoggle\" Postl"
] |
-3861130005668108395 | Equation solving | Equation solving - wikipedia Equation solving Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An example of using Newton - Raphson method to solve the equation f ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = 0 ) or equivalently , to find a root of f ( \ displaystyle f ) ( when f ( \ displaystyle f ) is the depicted function ) . The Newton - Raphson method is a procedure to find a numerical solution . The quadratic formula , the symbolic solution for the quadratic equation . By using known values of the coefficients and evaluating , the numerical solution for the quadratic equation with those coefficients is found . In mathematics , to solve an equation is to find its solutions , which are the values ( numbers , functions , sets , etc . ) that fulfill the condition stated by the equation , consisting generally of two expressions related by an equality sign . When seeking a solution , one or more free variables are designated as unknowns . A solution is an assignment of expressions to the unknown variables that makes the equality in the equation true . In other words , a solution is an expression or a collection of expressions ( one for each unknown ) such that , when substituted for the unknowns , the equation becomes an identity . A problem of solving an equation may be numeric or symbolic . Solving an equation numerically means that only numbers represented explicitly as numerals ( not as an expression involving variables ) , are admitted as solutions . Solving an equation symbolically means that expressions that may contain known variables or possibly also variables not in the original equation are admitted as solutions . For example , the equation x + y = 2x -- 1 is solved for the unknown x by the solution x = y + 1 , because substituting y + 1 for x in the equation results in ( y + 1 ) + y = 2 ( y + 1 ) -- 1 , a true statement . It is also possible to take the variable y to be the unknown , and then the equation is solved by y = x -- 1 . Or x and y can both be treated as unknowns , and then there are many solutions to the equation . ( x , y ) = ( a + 1 , a ) is a symbolic solution . Instantiating a symbolic solution with specific numbers always gives a numerical solution ; for example , a = 0 gives ( x , y ) = ( 1 , 0 ) ( that is , x = 1 and y = 0 ) and a = 1 gives ( x , y ) = ( 2 , 1 ) . Note that the distinction between known variables and unknown variables is made in the statement of the problem , rather than the equation . However , in some areas of mathematics the convention is to reserve some variables as known and others as unknown . When writing polynomials , the coefficients are usually taken to be known and the indeterminates to be unknown , but depending on the problem , all variables may assume either role . Depending on the problem , the task may be to find any solution ( finding a single solution is enough ) or all solutions . The set of all solutions is called the solution set . In the example above , the solution ( x , y ) = ( a + 1 , a ) is also a parametrization of the solution set with the parameter being a . It is also possible that the task is to find a solution , among possibly many , that is best in some respect ; problems of that nature are called optimization problems ; solving an optimization problem is generally not referred to as `` equation solving '' . A wording such as `` an equation in x and y '' , or `` solve for x and y '' , implies that the unknowns are as indicated : in these cases x and y . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Solution sets 3 Methods of solution 3.1 Brute force , trial and error , inspired guess 3.2 Elementary algebra 3.3 Systems of linear equations 3.4 Polynomial equations 3.5 Diophantine equations 3.6 Inverse functions 3.7 Factorization 3.8 Numerical methods 3.9 Matrix equations 3.10 Differential equations 4 See also Overview ( edit ) In one general case , we have a situation such as ƒ ( x , ... , x ) = c , where x , ... , x are the unknowns , and c is a constant . Its solutions are the members of the inverse image ƒ ( c ) = ( ( a , ... , a ) ∈ T × × T ƒ ( a , ... , a ) = c ) , where T × × T is the domain of the function ƒ . Note that the set of solutions can be the empty set ( there are no solutions ) , a singleton ( there is exactly one solution ) , finite , or infinite ( there are infinitely many solutions ) . For example , an equation such as 3x + 2y = 21z with unknowns x , y and z , can be solved by first modifying the equation in some way while keeping it equivalent , such as subtracting 21z from both sides of the equation to obtain 3x + 2y − 21z = 0 In this particular case there is not just one solution to this equation , but an infinite set of solutions , which can be written ( ( x , y , z ) 3x + 2y − 21z = 0 ) . One particular solution is x = 0 , y = 0 , z = 0 . Two other solutions are x = 3 , y = 6 , z = 1 , and x = 8 , y = 9 , z = 2 . In fact , this particular set of solutions describes a plane in three - dimensional space , which passes through the three points with these coordinates . Solution sets ( edit ) Main article : Solution set The solution set of a given set of equations or inequalities is the set of all its solutions , a solution being a tuple of values , one for each unknown , that satisfies all equations or inequalities . If the solution set is empty , then there are no values x such that the equations or inequalities becomes true simultaneously . For example , let us examine a classic one - variable case . Using the squaring function on the integers , that is , the function ƒ whose domain are the integers ( the whole numbers ) defined by : ƒ ( x ) = x , consider the equation ƒ ( x ) = 2 . Its solution set is ( ) , the empty set , since 2 is not the square of an integer , so no integer solves this equation . However note that in attempting to find solutions for this equation , if we modify the function 's definition -- more specifically , the function 's domain , we can find solutions to this equation . So , if we were instead to define that the domain of ƒ consists of the real numbers , the equation above has two solutions , and its solution set is ( √ 2 , − √ 2 ) . We have already seen that certain solutions sets can describe surfaces . For example , in studying elementary mathematics , one knows that the solution set of an equation in the form ax + by = c with a , b , and c real - valued constants , with a and b not both equal to zero , forms a line in the vector space R. However , it may not always be easy to graphically depict solutions sets -- for example , the solution set to an equation in the form ax + by + cz + dw = k ( with a , b , c , d , and k real - valued constants ) is a hyperplane . Methods of solution ( edit ) The methods for solving equations generally depend on the type of equation , both the kind of expressions in the equation and the kind of values that may be assumed by the unknowns . The variety in types of equations is large , and so are the corresponding methods . Only a few specific types are mentioned below . In general , given a class of equations , there may be no known systematic method ( algorithm ) that is guaranteed to work . This may be due to a lack of mathematical knowledge ; some problems were only solved after centuries of effort . But this also reflects that , in general , no such method can exist : some problems are known to be unsolvable by an algorithm , such as Hilbert 's tenth problem , which was proved unsolvable in 1970 . For several classes of equations , algorithms have been found for solving them , some of which have been implemented and incorporated in computer algebra systems , but often require no more sophisticated technology than pencil and paper . In some other cases , heuristic methods are known that are often successful but that are not guaranteed to lead to success . Brute force , trial and error , inspired guess ( edit ) If the solution set of an equation is restricted to a finite set ( as is the case for equations in modular arithmetic , for example ) , or can be limited to a finite number of possibilities ( as is the case with some Diophantine equations ) , the solution set can be found by brute force , that is , by testing each of the possible values ( candidate solutions ) . It may be the case , though , that the number of possibilities to be considered , although finite , is so huge that an exhaustive search is not practically feasible ; this is , in fact , a requirement for strong encryption methods . As with all kinds of problem solving , trial and error may sometimes yield a solution , in particular where the form of the equation , or its similarity to another equation with a known solution , may lead to an `` inspired guess '' at the solution . If a guess , when tested , fails to be a solution , consideration of the way in which it fails may lead to a modified guess . Elementary algebra ( edit ) Equations involving linear or simple rational functions of a single real - valued unknown , say x , such as 8 x + 7 = 4 x + 35 or 4 x + 9 3 x + 4 = 2 , ( \ displaystyle 8x + 7 = 4x + 35 \ quad ( \ text ( or ) ) \ quad ( \ frac ( 4x + 9 ) ( 3x + 4 ) ) = 2 \ , , ) can be solved using the methods of elementary algebra . Systems of linear equations ( edit ) Smaller systems of linear equations can be solved likewise by methods of elementary algebra . For solving larger systems , algorithms are used that are based on linear algebra . Polynomial equations ( edit ) Main article : Solving polynomial equations See also : System of polynomial equations Polynomial equations of degree up to four can be solved exactly using algebraic methods , of which the quadratic formula is the simplest example . Polynomial equations with a degree of five or higher require in general numerical methods ( see below ) or special functions such as Bring radicals , although some specific cases may be solvable algebraically , for example 4x − x − 3 = 0 ( by using the rational root theorem ) , and x − 5x + 6 = 0 , ( by using the substitution x = z , which simplifies this to a quadratic equation in z ) . Diophantine equations ( edit ) In Diophantine equations the solutions are required to be integers . In some cases a brute force approach can be used , as mentioned above . In some other cases , in particular if the equation is in one unknown , it is possible to solve the equation for rational - valued unknowns ( see Rational root theorem ) , and then find solutions to the Diophantine equation by restricting the solution set to integer - valued solutions . For example , the polynomial equation 2 x 5 − 5 x 4 − x 3 − 7 x 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0 ( \ displaystyle 2x ^ ( 5 ) - 5x ^ ( 4 ) - x ^ ( 3 ) - 7x ^ ( 2 ) + 2x + 3 = 0 \ , ) has as rational solutions x = − 1 / 2 and x = 3 , and so , viewed as a Diophantine equation , it has the unique solution x = 3 . In general , however , Diophantine equations are among the most difficult equations to solve . Inverse functions ( edit ) See also : Inverse problem In the simple case of a function of one variable , say , h ( x ) , we can solve an equation of the form h ( x ) = c , c constant by considering what is known as the inverse function of h . Given a function h : A → B , the inverse function , denoted h , defined as h : B → A is a function such that h ( h ( x ) ) = h ( h ( x ) ) = x . Now , if we apply the inverse function to both sides of h ( x ) = c , where c is a constant value in B , we obtain h ( h ( x ) ) = h ( c ) x = h ( c ) and we have found the solution to the equation . However , depending on the function , the inverse may be difficult to be defined , or may not be a function on all of the set B ( only on some subset ) , and have many values at some point . If just one solution will do , instead of the full solution set , it is actually sufficient if only the functional identity h ( h ( x ) ) = x holds . For example , the projection π : R → R defined by π ( x , y ) = x has no post-inverse , but it has a pre-inverse π defined by π ( x ) = ( x , 0 ) . Indeed , the equation π ( x , y ) = c is solved by ( x , y ) = π ( c ) = ( c , 0 ) . Examples of inverse functions include the nth root ( inverse of x ) ; the logarithm ( inverse of a ) ; the inverse trigonometric functions ; and Lambert 's W function ( inverse of xe ) . Factorization ( edit ) If the left - hand side expression of an equation P = 0 can be factorized as P = QR , the solution set of the original solution consists of the union of the solution sets of the two equations Q = 0 and R = 0 . For example , the equation tan x + cot x = 2 ( \ displaystyle \ tan x+ \ cot x = 2 ) can be rewritten , using the identity tan x cot x = 1 as tan 2 x − 2 tan x + 1 tan x = 0 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ tan ^ ( 2 ) x-2 \ tan x + 1 ) ( \ tan x ) ) = 0 , ) which can be factorized into ( tan x − 1 ) 2 tan x = 0 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( ( \ tan x-1 ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ tan x ) ) = 0 . ) The solutions are thus the solutions of the equation tan x = 1 , and are thus the set x = π 4 + k π , k = ⋯ , − 2 , − 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , ... . ( \ displaystyle x = ( \ tfrac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) + k \ pi , k = \ cdots , - 2 , - 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , \ ldots . ) Numerical methods ( edit ) With more complicated equations in real or complex numbers , simple methods to solve equations can fail . Often , root - finding algorithms like the Newton -- Raphson method can be used to find a numerical solution to an equation , which , for some applications , can be entirely sufficient to solve some problem . Matrix equations ( edit ) Equations involving matrices and vectors of real numbers can often be solved by using methods from linear algebra . Differential equations ( edit ) There is a vast body of methods for solving various kinds of differential equations , both numerically and analytically . A particular class of problem that can be considered to belong here is integration , and the analytic methods for solving this kind of problems are now called symbolic integration . See also ( edit ) Extraneous and missing solutions Simultaneous equations Equating coefficients Solving the geodesic equations Unification ( computer science ) -- solving equations involving symbolic expressions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equation_solving&oldid=801803442 '' Categories : Equations Inverse functions Unification ( computer science ) Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Deutsch Español فارسی Galego Italiano Latina Nederlands Português Русский Simple English کوردی Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 23 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does solution of an equation mean in math | [
"In mathematics, to solve an equation is to find its solutions, which are the values (numbers, functions, sets, etc.) that fulfill the condition stated by the equation, consisting generally of two expressions related by an equality sign. When seeking a solution, one or more free variables are designated as unknowns. A solution is an assignment of expressions to the unknown variables that makes the equality in the equation true. In other words, a solution is an expression or a collection of expressions (one for each unknown) such that, when substituted for the unknowns, the equation becomes an identity. A problem of solving an equation may be numeric or symbolic. Solving an equation numerically means that only numbers represented explicitly as numerals (not as an expression involving variables), are admitted as solutions. Solving an equation symbolically means that expressions that may contain known variables or possibly also variables not in the original equation are admitted as solutions."
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"values (numbers, functions, sets, etc.) that fulfill the condition stated by the equation"
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-4081355512907861170 | Roman Brady | Roman Brady - wikipedia Roman Brady Jump to : navigation , search Roman Brady Josh Taylor as Roman Brady Days of our Lives character Portrayed by Wayne Northrop ( 1981 -- 94 ) Josh Taylor ( 1997 -- ) Duration 1981 -- 84 1991 -- 94 1997 -- First appearance December 8 , 1981 ( December 8 , 1981 ) Created by Pat Falken Smith Introduced by Betty Corday and Al Rabin Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Police commissioner ( retired ) Home Salem , Illinois Wayne Northrop as Roman Brady Drake Hogestyn as `` Roman '' ( show ) Family Family Brady family Parents Shawn Brady Caroline Brady Brothers Frankie Brady ( adoptive ) Max Brady ( adoptive ) Sisters Kimberly Brady Kayla Brady Half - brothers Bo Brady Spouse Anna Brady ( until 1982 ) Marlena Evans ( 1983 -- 94 ) Kate Roberts ( 2003 -- 05 ) Sons Eric Brady Rex Brady Daughters Carrie Brady Sami Brady Cassie Brady Grandsons Will Horton Johnny DiMera Noah Reed Granddaughters Allie Horton Sydney DiMera Grandparents Peter Brady Aunts and uncles Eric Brady Colleen Brady Molly Murphy Nieces and nephews Andrew Donovan Theresa Donovan Stephanie Johnson Joey Johnson Shawn - Douglas Brady Chelsea Brady Zack Brady Ciara Brady First cousins Ryan Brady Colin Murphy Roman Brady is a fictional character from the long running NBC soap opera , Days of Our Lives . The role was originated in 1981 by Wayne Northrop who played the role until 1984 , was filled by Drake Hogestyn from 1986 -- 1991 , again by Northrop from 1991 -- 1994 , and is currently being portrayed by series veteran Josh Taylor , who stepped into the role in 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Characterization 3 Storylines 3.1 1981 -- 84 3.2 1986 -- 1990 3.3 1991 -- 94 3.4 Late 1990s - Early 2000s 3.5 2010s 4 External links 5 References Casting ( edit ) The role was originated on December 8 , 1981 by Wayne Northrop . Northrop departed from the series on November 26 , 1984 , and the character was killed off during a battle with his arch - nemesis , international criminal Stefano DiMera . On November 27 , 1985 , the series introduced a character known as The Pawn . The role was portrayed by Robert Poynton until January 20 , 1986 , though the character 's face is wrapped in bandages . On January 23 , 1986 , The Pawn 's bandages were finally removed as Drake Hogestyn made his first appearance as John Black , a character with no memory of his past or knowledge of his real identity . In May 1986 , Hogestyn 's character of John is revealed to be Roman with extensive plastic surgery and Hogestyn played the role written as Roman until 1991 . When Northrop returned as Roman on August 30 , 1991 , the character that Hogestyn had been portraying for five years was retconned to be an entirely separate character that had been brainwashed to believe he was Roman Brady . Northrop once again departed from the series on August 2 , 1994 . On July 18 , 1997 , Josh Taylor appeared in the role as a recast of Roman Brady . The casting was met with criticism due to Taylor 's previous portrayal of Chris Kositchek , one of Roman and Marlena 's closest friends . Northrop was later recast as another new character , Dr. Alex North , and scenes from Northrop 's time playing Roman were edited to create the new character 's backstory . Characterization ( edit ) Roman is the retired police commissioner of the fictional midwestern town of Salem . He is also a former agent with the fictional International Security Alliance ( ISA ) , a spy agency focused on all sorts of unusually high - level global conspiracies that tended to center around his otherwise - quiet home town . During his portrayal by Northrop , he was established as a top - notch cop but also a bit of a renegade , often accepting deep - cover assignments , and a master of disguise ( similar to Sherlock Holmes ) . Hogestyn 's character was more by - the - book on the job , although still dangerous with a dark side somewhat characteristic of an ex-spy ( which later fed into the `` John Black '' persona ) , with expertise in Bruce Lee 's Jeet Kune Do , and a little more of a ladies ' man . Taylor 's portrayal is more that of a `` regular guy '' , with a bit less intrigue and more straightforward professionally , although still with an eye for the ladies and more inclined to engage in one - night stands with various women than the character as portrayed by Northrop or Hogestyn ( such as with Kate Roberts , Billie Reed , ex-wife Anna DiMera , and a strongly hinted at -- but never confirmed -- rendezvous with Nicole Walker ) . Over the years , much has been made of the creation ( and constant retcon of the backstory ) of Hogestyn 's character John Black as an entirely separate character than that of Roman Brady , especially after the show had invested over five years in establishing John 's identity as Roman , complete with a plausible backstory and `` Roman 's '' reemerging memories . However , with Roman 's recasts and changes in characterization over the years ( while John has consistently been played by Hogestyn ) , in hindsight it can be said that it was actually John Black that remained more true to the original `` Roman '' persona , and that it was Roman that was gradually developed into a separate character . This was especially illustrated in 2016 when Roman , who had always been a straight - shooter with regard to the law , became complicit in the cover - up of sister - in - law Hope Brady 's murder of Stefano DiMera , who she wrongly believed was responsible for the disappearance and later death of her husband ( and Roman 's brother ) Bo Brady . Storylines ( edit ) 1981 -- 84 ( edit ) Roman Brady first appeared on Days to protect Marlena Evans from a serial killer . He slept on her floor . The chemistry between the actors , and the characters , led to love . In 1983 on Days of Our Lives , Roman and Marlena were married . Over the next year Roman became embroiled in a storyline with Stefano DiMera . Stefano was a powerful terrorist and organized crime figure from Europe who had come to town to set up shop in Salem , and Roman being the city 's top cop had gone after him . Subsequently Stefano framed Roman for serial killings that were being committed by his nephew Andre DiMera . At the time Marlena saw Roman killing a woman . Later it was shown that Andre had used a realistic mask . Roman was jailed . Mrs. Alice Horton baked him some drugged doughnuts , and on the way to the hospital Roman escaped . He went on the run to prove his innocence , and he accomplished that . He was promoted , and Stefano was on the run . In November 1984 Roman tracked Stefano to a Caribbean island where many other characters had crash - landed , too . Stefano was suffering from incurable cancer , and needed to collect three mysterious prisms to unlock a secret formula to cure himself . Roman caught up to him on a cliff , but Stefano pulled a gun . He shot Roman , who seemingly fell to his death . His brother Bo cradled him in his arms , but had to leave him for a few minutes . When he returned the body was gone . Several episodes later Roman was shown aboard Stefano 's yacht , motionless . 1986 -- 1990 ( edit ) Main article : John Black ( Days of our Lives ) In 1986 an amnesiac known only as `` The Pawn '' appeared in Salem on January 23 , 1986 . He assumed the name `` John Black '' after reading it on a Vietnam War memorial in Salem . Eventually the character was revealed to be Roman Brady having undergone extensive plastic surgery , brainwashing , and martial arts training ( purportedly to be trained as an assassin ) by Stefano DiMera . After an uneasy `` re-introduction '' to his family and friends in Salem , the character resumed his life as Roman . In 1988 , a storyline featuring a reappearance by Stefano ( who had been believed dead ) focused on what had happened to Roman during his time in captivity ( 1984 - 1986 ) . Roman and loved ones traveled back to the Caribbean island where Roman had `` died '' in 1984 , and it was revealed that the ISA knew all along that Roman was being held by Stefano and being trained via brainwashing , and extensive instruction by a martial arts master named Orion Hawk , to be one of Stefano 's assassins . In fact , the ISA unsuccessfully tried to infiltrate Orion 's training camp to extract Roman , but this failed due to the high level of security at Stefano 's compound as well as Roman 's brainwashed state . This tied into the introduction of Benjy , Stefano 's son ( and Orion 's grandson ) who was fostered for a while by Steve and Kayla Johnson . Although subtle hints pointed to the possibility of this `` Roman '' turning out to be someone else , abetted by speculation by fans and by Hogestyn himself , the clues seemed to tie back together with the resolution that , for the moment , the character portrayed by Hogestyn was in fact Roman Brady . 1991 -- 94 ( edit ) After believing that Roman 's wife , Marlena Evans , had been dead for some years , he had fallen in love with a woman named Isabella Toscano . In 1991 Marlena turns up alive . In August 1991 the character who had been presumed as Roman Brady since 1986 is retroactively revealed to be a separate character ( now once again called John Black ) who was brainwashed to believe he was Roman , when what would now be the real Roman ( once again played by Wayne Northrop ) was found on an island where he had been imprisoned by Stefano . Roman was shocked when he found he had been replaced and all his family had accepted John Black as him and John Black had a difficult time accepting he was not really Roman . Roman went back to his life , and he and Marlena tried to live once again as man and wife . After the death of Isabella , in his grief John turned to Marlena for comfort . The two found themselves unable to resolve their feelings for each other from their life together when John believed himself to be Roman . He and Marlena had an affair that resulted in the birth of a daughter , Isabella , named after Isabella Toscano , whom Roman believed to be his own daughter . When he discovered that Marlena and John had an affair and that Belle was not his real daughter , Roman was crushed . In June 1994 , Roman leaves town broken and bitter , once again with no family . Later it was said that Roman had died on a mission for the ISA . Late 1990s - early 2000s ( edit ) In 1997 Josh Taylor was brought in as Roman , who was revealed by Stefano DiMera and Kristen Blake to be alive after being exposed to biological warfare while on a deep - cover ISA mission in South America . The cure to his ailment was discovered by John , Hope , and Stefano in a jungle mission that was engineered to drive John and Marlena apart , but in the end had the opposite result . Roman was `` killed '' during the Salem Stalker Murders in December 2003 during his wedding reception to Kate Roberts , but again was revealed to not really be dead . He lived on the island of Melaswen ( New Salem ) with every other victim from the Salem Stalker Murders , including Marlena . Eventually , other Salemites arrived on the island , trying to find their `` dead '' loved ones . Some of them went out in the jungle , looking for a way off the island , while the rest remained in `` Salem '' waiting for help . Help finally arrived . Jennifer got to the island , then Hope and Patrick and finally Bo and John . Everyone banded together to get off the island , but Tony was n't going to make it easy . He created a volcanic eruption , which eventually caused a giant wave . As everyone gathered on makeshift rafts to get off the island , the wave crashed over them . The Coast Guard arrived and managed to rescue some of them , but Roman , Marlena , Jack , and his daughter Cassie were not saved . They were in the clutches of Tony DiMera once again , and he took them to a remote European castle where he held them captive . While in the castle , Tony DiMera ( actually Andre DiMera ) tormented Roman and Marlena with video of John and Kate growing ever closer back in Salem . Eventually , they believed the two of them had sex , and Roman and Marlena , needing comfort , had sex as well . Shortly thereafter , Jack made his way into their room . They escaped ! Through fire and explosions , our group of intrepid Salemites -- Marlena , Roman , Jack and Cassie -- all got out and were on their way home . On the ISA jet on the way back to Salem , Roman and Marlena made the decision to not tell Kate and John that they had sex . Marlena was uncomfortable with lying to John , but eventually agreed with Roman . When they arrived back they were shocked to learn that John and Kate had fallen in love and were engaged to be married , but Roman and Marlena still did n't tell the truth about their affair . Soon after they were back Marlena discovered that she was pregnant and that Roman had to be the father , but when the truth came out John was n't too forgiving . During a fight between Roman and John , Marlena tumbled down the stairs , causing a miscarriage . 2010s ( edit ) As the second decade of the 21st century has unfolded , Roman is the commissioner of the Salem police force . After an ill - fated marriage to Kate Roberts , he has remained single and adopted an elder - statesman , back - burner role on the show . He serves primarily as the de facto patriarch of the Brady family and the supervisor and occasional voice - of - reason to junior police officers and ISA agents ( with a catchphrase of sorts developing from his consistent inquiries of `` what da hell '' is going on ) . He has largely made peace with his past with Stefano DiMera , John Black , and Victor Kiriakis , and remains friends with ex-wives Marlena Evans and Kate Roberts . In March 2017 he retired as police commissioner and was seen in a later episode tending bar at the Brady Pub . External links ( edit ) Roman at soapcentral.com References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( December 8 , 2012 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( December 8 ) '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( November 26 ) '' . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kim & Shane / The Pawn - 11 / 27 / 85 pt. 1 on YouTube Jump up ^ `` About DAYS : Who 's Who in Salem John Black '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lucille Giordano , Inside Days of Our Lives July 1995 . Jump up ^ Maureen Russell ( 2010 ) . `` Bibliography '' . Days of Our Lives : A Complete History of the Long - Running Soap Opera . McFarland & Company , Incorporated Publishers . p. 266 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( August 2 ) '' . We Loves Soaps . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( July 18 ) '' . We Loves Soaps . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Days of Our Lives Episode dated January 8 , 1982 Jump up ^ Lucille Giordano , Inside Days of Our Lives July 1995 . Jump up ^ Ken Corday and Tom Langan ( Executive producers ) ; James E. Reilly ( Head writer ) ( June 15 , 1994 ) . Days Of Our Lives . Season 28 . Episode 7304 . NBC . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Will Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Hattie Adams Brady Black John Black Tate Black Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Bonnie Lockhart Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Brady&oldid=787638995 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional police captains Fictional American police officers Fictional police commissioners Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 16 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is roman brady on days of our lives | [
"Roman Brady is a fictional character from the long running NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives. The role was originated in 1981 by Wayne Northrop who played the role until 1984, was filled by Drake Hogestyn from 1986–1991, again by Northrop from 1991–1994, and is currently being portrayed by series veteran Josh Taylor, who stepped into the role in 1997."
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"Josh Taylor"
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1097742625162819502 | Golden Nugget Las Vegas | Golden Nugget Las Vegas - wikipedia Golden Nugget Las Vegas Golden Nugget Las Vegas Location Las Vegas , Nevada 89101 Address 129 Fremont Street Opening date August 30 , 1946 ; 71 years ago ( August 30 , 1946 ) Theme Gold Rush No. of rooms 2,419 Total gaming space 38,000 sq ft ( 3,500 m ) Permanent shows Clint Holmes & Frankie Moreno ( through August , 2017 ) Signature attractions Gold Nuggets Shark Tank Notable restaurants Vic & Anthony 's Red Sushi Chart House Casino type Land Owner Landry 's , Inc . Renovated in 1985 , 2005 -- 2007 , 2009 Website www.goldennugget.com The Golden Nugget Las Vegas is a luxury hotel and casino located in Las Vegas , Nevada on the Fremont Street Experience . The property is owned and operated by Landry 's , Inc . It is the largest casino in the downtown area , with a total of 2,419 deluxe guest rooms and suites . Contents 1 History 1.1 Media history 1.1. 1 Onscreen 1.1. 2 In games 2 Attractions 3 Golden Nugget and Poster Financial group 4 See also 5 Notes 6 External links History ( edit ) The Golden Nugget in 1983 The Golden Nugget was originally built in 1946 , making it one of the oldest casinos in the city . Jackie Gaughan at one time owned a stake in the hotel as part of his many downtown properties . Steve Wynn bought a stake in the Nugget , which he increased so that , in 1973 , he became the majority shareholder , and the youngest casino owner in Las Vegas . In 1977 he opened the first hotel tower and the resort earned its first four diamond rating from Mobil Travel Guide . It was the foundation for Wynn 's rise to prominence in the casino industry . The second hotel tower opened in 1984 along with the showroom , and the third tower was opened in 1989 . In 2000 , the Golden Nugget ( and all of Mirage Resorts ' other properties ) was sold to MGM Grand , Inc. ( later named MGM Mirage ) . Although the Golden Nugget was profitable , it was not part of the master expansion plan of the corporation which was focused on consolidating a long stretch of the Strip by acquiring Mandalay Resort Group , building City Center , and beginning construction in Macau . Gaming revenue on Fremont Street had peaked in fiscal year 1993 . The Golden Nugget was sold for $215 million to Poster Financial Group , owned by Timothy Poster and Thomas Breitling in 2004 . When Poster Financial assumed control of the Golden Nugget , they began to upgrade the gambling operation by installing new cashless slot machines and by increasing the maximum bet available at table games to $15,000 . Their story became the basis for The Casino , a television series on Fox that premiered on June 14 , 2004 . The Hand of Faith On February 4 , 2005 , Houston , Texas - based Landry 's , Inc announced its intent to purchase the property and the Golden Nugget Laughlin . The sale closed on September 27 , 2005 . After the purchase , the Golden Nugget embarked on a 14 - month , $100 million renovation project , which was completed in November 2006 . In December 2007 , the Golden Nugget completed its $70 million Phase II project , which expanded the resort west onto First Street and introduced additional entertainment , event and dining venues . Phase III was the opening of a 500 - room , $150 million hotel tower on November 20 , 2009 along with the Chart House restaurant . Media history ( edit ) Onscreen ( edit ) Films In the Elvis Presley film Viva Las Vegas In the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) , the casino can be continually seen in the police chase scene . The casino can be seen in the beginning of the film Smokin ' Aces ( 2006 ) , in which the antagonist cuts the ribbons for the casino 's grand opening . In the film Next ( 2007 ) , Nicolas Cage is briefly seen entering the Golden Nugget through the Fremont Street entrance . The Golden Nugget features prominently in the poker mockumentary The Grand ( 2008 ) . Television Alfred Hitchcock Presents 1959 episode `` Man From The South '' , the opening shot shows the Casino and Fremont St . The Golden Nugget and Fremont Street are in the opening scene of `` The Night Stalker '' ( 1972 ) with reporter Carl Kolchak investigating a series of vampire murders in Las Vegas . Vega $ showed exterior shots of The Golden Nugget in the opening and closing slots and in the pilot episode The Casino ( 2004 ) , a Fox reality television series is based on the story of the Golden Nugget 's acquisition by Poster Financial Group . In 2010 , the casino 's pool and shark aquarium were featured throughout an episode of CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . In games ( edit ) In all Street Fighter II games ( except HD Remix ) , Balrog 's ( M. Bison in Japanese ) stage is set in front of the Golden Nugget . The Golden Nugget sign is clearly seen in the back . In HD Remix , it has been changed to the `` Crazy Buffalo '' , presumably in reference to the name of Balrog 's original Super Combo . The name Golden Nugget also designates casino games on Game Boy Advance , Nintendo 64 ( known as Golden Nugget 64 , and features a slideshow of the hotel and casino as a menu option ) , Nintendo DS ( known as Golden Nugget Casino DS ) , PlayStation , and personal computers . In Fallout : New Vegas , the logo of the `` Silver Rush , '' formerly a gambling hall , shows a similarity to the logo of the `` Golden Nugget . '' Attractions ( edit ) The world 's largest gold nugget on display , the Hand of Faith is still shown today in the Golden Nugget lobby . Weighing 875 troy ounces ( 960 oz ; 27,200 g ) and 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in length , the Hand of Faith was found near Kingower , Victoria , Australia , and put on display at the casino in 1981 amid a number of other gold nuggets . The casino 's large hotel sign at its entrance off Fremont and Casino Center was removed in 1984 when the casino underwent renovations . The old sign presently sits at the YESCO signage yard . The expanded resort is built around two aquariums . The largest faces the swimming pool , and incorporates a slide through the tank containing full grown sharks . Golden Nugget Casino - Slide through the shark tank The smaller aquarium is in the lobby of the Rush Tower . A total of five specialty restaurants were added : Vic & Anthony 's steakhouse , Grotto Ristorante , Lillie 's Asian Cuisine , Red Sushi and Chart House . The Chart House has a view of one of the aquariums . The pool is a $30 million unique three level adventure with an enclosed slide through a shark tank , hidden grottos , swim up bars , jacuzzis and multi depth areas . Golden Nugget and Poster Financial Group ( edit ) Golden Nugget during the day in 2007 Tom Breitling and Tim Poster were the highest profile successful entrepreneurs who profited in the downtown market during the last crisis . As recounted in Tom Breitling 's book , Double or Nothing , the partners agreed to buy the Golden Nugget and had an agreement to sell the property after operating it for only one year . The partners made $113 million in profit called the highest rate of return in such a short time in the gaming industry . Amazingly enough the partners had a negative income for the year and the fortune was made while total revenue for downtown was still basically flat . Timeline of Poster & Breitling ( Poster Financial Group ) ownership of Golden Nugget Date Description Year 2000 Tom Breitling and Tim Poster sell their web based business for over $100 million Early 2003 Tom Breitling and Tim Poster begin shopping for a quality affordable casino for their vision of Vintage Vegas Jun 2003 MGM - Mirage announced an agreement to sell the Golden Nugget ( Las Vegas & Laughlin ) to Poster Financial Group for $215 m Jan 2004 Binion 's Horseshoe across the street from Golden Nugget closed because of IRS liens Jan 2004 Poster & Breitling take possession of the Golden Nugget . Introduce policy high - limit policy on table games Jun 2004 Fox reality show The Casino , which focuses on Tim and Tom , is broadcast from June 2004 to August 2004 . The show was canceled after its first season due to low ratings . Jun 2004 Tim and Tom are two of the 50 Hottest Bachelors in People Magazine Sep 2004 High - limit policy policy backfires , as a lucky gambler known as Mr. Royalty wins $8.5 million on a 2 - week hot streak Dec 2004 Annual report filed with SEC shows net loss of $9.196 m for Poster Financial Group for the year 2004 Dec 2004 Landry 's , Inc. successfully executed a refinancing of $850 m Feb 2005 Agreement of sale entered with Landry 's , Inc. for Golden Nugget Sep 2005 Landry 's , Inc. takes possession of the Golden Nugget . See also ( edit ) Las Vegas portal Golden Nugget Laughlin Golden Nugget Atlantic City Golden Nugget Lake Charles Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Skolnik , Sam ( February 15 , 2009 ) . `` Golden Nugget runs against economic winds '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Golden Nugget Accommodations Archived April 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Glitter Gulch 's Golden Nugget turns 50 '' . Reno Gazette - Journal . AP . September 2 , 1996 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Gaughan changeover leaves workers a little melancholy , Las Vegas Sun , March 25 , 2004 , accessed May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Wynn 's Vegas Vision Turned Into Reality '' . Jump up ^ `` Goofs for Diamonds Are Forever '' . IMDB . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Interview : Zak Penn 's The Grand ( ComingSoon.net Blog ) -- ComingSoon.net Jump up ^ `` '' The Casino '' ( 2004 ) `` . Imdb . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See Real Gold at Golden Nugget in Atlantic City Archived March 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ https://vegasinc.lasvegassun.com/places/golden-nugget-pool/ Jump up ^ Tom Breitling . `` Double or Nothing Video '' . Retrieved Dec 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tom Breitling . `` Double or Nothing '' . Retrieved Dec 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jeff Simpson ( January 12 , 2004 ) . `` DOWNTOWN GAMING : Closure sends dark message '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Jump up ^ jdb2414 . `` High Limits Video '' . Youtube . Retrieved Dec 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report for Year 2004 , page F5 '' . Retrieved Dec 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Landry 's Press Release '' ( PDF ) . Dec 16 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 12 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden Nugget Casino ( Las Vegas ) . Official website Gordie Brown website Landry 's , Inc . 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115.14472 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Nugget_Las_Vegas&oldid=848056459 '' Categories : Casinos in the Las Vegas Valley Downtown Las Vegas Skyscraper hotels in Las Vegas Hotels established in 1946 1946 establishments in Nevada Casino hotels Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from February 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Polski Português Sesotho Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 14 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when was the golden nugget built in las vegas | [
"The Golden Nugget was originally built in 1946,[3] making it one of the oldest casinos in the city. Jackie Gaughan at one time owned a stake in the hotel as part of his many downtown properties.[4] Steve Wynn bought a stake in the Nugget, which he increased so that, in 1973, he became the majority shareholder, and the youngest casino owner in Las Vegas.[5] In 1977 he opened the first hotel tower and the resort earned its first four diamond rating from Mobil Travel Guide. It was the foundation for Wynn's rise to prominence in the casino industry. The second hotel tower opened in 1984 along with the showroom, and the third tower was opened in 1989. In 2000, the Golden Nugget (and all of Mirage Resorts' other properties) was sold to MGM Grand, Inc. (later named MGM Mirage).\n"
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"1946"
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-7104076942703329675 | History of public relations | History of public Relations - wikipedia History of public Relations Most textbooks date the establishment of the `` Publicity Bureau '' in 1900 as the start of the modern public relations ( PR ) profession . Of course , there were many early forms of public influence and communications management in history . Basil Clarke is considered the founder of the public relations profession in Britain with his establishment of Editorial Services in 1924 . Academic Noel Turnball points out that systematic PR was employed in Britain first by religious evangelicals and Victorian reformers , especially opponents of slavery . In each case the early promoters focused on their particular movement and were not for hire more generally . Propaganda was used by both sides to rally domestic support and demonize enemies during the First World War . PR activists entered the private sector in the 1920s . Public relations became established first in the US by Ivy Lee or Edward Bernays , then spread internationally . Many American companies with PR departments spread the practice to Europe after 1948 when they created European subsidiaries as a result of the Marshall plan . The second half of the twentieth century was the professional development building era of public relations . Trade associations , PR news magazines , international PR agencies , and academic principles for the profession were established . In the early 2000s , press release services began offering social media press releases . The Cluetrain Manifesto , which predicted the impact of social media in 1999 , was controversial in its time , but by 2006 , the effect of social media and new internet technologies became broadly accepted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient origins 2 Antecedents 3 Origins as a profession 3.1 Early pioneers 3.2 Early campaigns 4 Wartime propaganda 4.1 World War I 4.2 World War II 5 Professional development 6 Social and digital 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Ancient origins ( edit ) An artistic depiction of a preacher promoting the crusades Although the term `` public relations '' was not yet developed , academics like James E. Grunig and Scott Cutlip identified early forms of public influence and communications management in ancient civilizations . According to Edward Bernays , one of the pioneers of PR , `` The three main elements of public relations are practically as old as society : informing people , persuading people , or integrating people with people . '' Scott Cutlip said historic events have been defined as PR retrospectively , `` a decision with which many may quarrel . '' A clay tablet found in ancient Iraq that promoted more advanced agricultural techniques is sometimes considered the first known example of public relations . Babylonian , Egyptian and Persian leaders created pyramids , obelisks and statues to promote their divine right to lead . Additionally , claims of magic or religious authority were used to persuade the public of a king or pharaoh 's right to rule . Ancient Greek cities produced sophisticated rhetoric , as analyzed by Isocrates , Plato and Aristotle . In Greece there were advocates for hire called `` sophists '' . Plato and others said sophists were dishonest and misled the public , while the book `` Public Relations as Communication Management '' said they were `` largely an ethical lot '' that `` used the principles of persuasive communication . '' In Egypt court advisers consulted pharaohs to speak honestly and scribes documented a pharaoh 's deeds . In Rome Julius Caesar wrote the first campaign biography promoting his military successes . He also commissioned newsletters and poems to support his political position . In medieval Europe , craftsmen organized into guilds that managed their collective reputation . In England , Lord Chancellors acted as mediators between rulers and subjects . Pope Urban II 's recruitment for the crusades is also sometimes referred to as a public relations effort . Pope Gregory XV founded the term `` propaganda '' when he created Congregatio de Propaganda ( `` congregation for propagating the faith '' ) , which used trained missionaries to spread Christianity . The term did not carry negative connotations until it was associated with government publicity around World War II . In the early 1200s , the Magna Carta was created as a result of Stephen Langton lobbying English barons to insist King John recognize the authority of the church . Antecedents ( edit ) A plaque from Harvard quoting a passage from the fundraising pamphlet , New England 's First Fruits Explorers like Magellan , Columbus and kelvin kasiwulaya and Talent Gonsalo used exaggerated claims of grandeur to entice settlers to come to the New World . For example , in 1598 , a desolate swampy area of Virginia was described by Captain Arthur Barlowe as follows : `` The soil is the most plentiful , sweet , fruitful and wholesome of all the world . '' When colonists wrote back to Europe about the hardships of colonizing Virginia , including the death toll caused by conflicts with Indians , pamphlets with anonymous authors were circulated to reassure potential settlers and rebuke criticisms . The first newsletter and the first daily newspaper were founded in Germany in 1609 and 1615 respectively . Cardinal Richelieu of France had pamphlets made that supported his policies and attacked his political opposition . The government also created a publicity bureau called Information and Propaganda and a weekly newspaper originally controlled by the French government , The Gazette . In the mid-1600s both sides of the English Civil War conflict used pamphlets to attack or defend the monarchy respectively . Poet John Milton wrote anonymous pamphlets advocating for ideas such as liberalizing divorce , the establishment of a republic and the importance of free speech . A then - anonymous pamphlet in 1738 by Maria Theresa of the Austrian Empire was influential in criticizing the freemasons and advocating for an alliance between the British , Dutch and Austrian governments . In 1641 , Harvard University sent three preachers to England to raise money for missionary activities among the Indians . To support the fund - raising , the University produced one of the earliest fund - raising brochures , New England 's First Fruits . An early version of the press release was used when King 's College ( now Columbia University ) , sent out an announcement of its 1758 graduation ceremonies and several newspapers printed the information . Princeton was the first university to make it a routine practice of supplying newspapers with information about activities at the college . A medallion from 1787 promoting the abolitionist cause According to Noel Turnball , a professor from RMIT University , more systematic forms of PR began as the public started organizing for social and political movements . The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade was established in England in 1787 . It published books , posters and hosted public lectures in England advocating against slavery . Industries that relied on slavery attempted to persuade the middle - class that it was necessary and that slaves had humane living conditions . The Slave Trade was abolished in 1807 . In the US , the movement to abolish slavery began in 1833 with the establishment of the American Anti-Slavery Society , using tactics adopted from the British abolitionist movement . According to Edward Bernays , the US abolitionist movement used `` every available device of communication , appeal and action , '' such as petitions , pamphlets , political lobbying , local societies , and boycotts . The South responded by defending slavery on the basis of economics , religion and the constitution . In some cases propaganda promoting the abolition of slavery was forbidden in The South and abolitionists were killed or jailed . Public relations also played a role in abolitionist movements in France , Australia and in Europe . The Boston Tea Party has been called a `` public relations event '' or pseudo event in that it was a staged event intended to influence the public . Pamphlets such as Common Sense ( 1775 -- 76 ) and The American Crisis ( 1776 to 1783 ) were used to spread anti-British propaganda in the United States , as well as the slogan `` taxation without representation is tyranny . '' After the revolution was won , disagreements broke out regarding the United States Constitution . Supporters of the constitution sent letters now called the Federalist Papers to major news outlets , which helped persuade the public to support the constitution . Exaggerated stories of Davy Crocket and the California Gold Rush were used to persuade the public to fight the war against Mexico and to migrate west in the U.S. respectively . Author Marvin Olasky said public relations in the 1800s was spontaneous and de-centralized . In the 1820s , Americans wanted to disprove the perspective of French aristocrats that the American democracy run by `` the mob '' had `` no sense of history , no sense of gratitude to those who had served it , and no sense of the meaning of ' virtue ' '' . To combat this perception , French aristocrat Marquis de Lafayette , who helped fund the American Revolution , was invited to a tour of the United States . Each community he visited created a committee to welcome him and promote his visit . In the mid-1800s P.T. Barnum founded the American Museum and the Barnum and Bailey Circus . He became well known for publicizing his circus using manipulative techniques . For example , he announced that his museum would exhibit a 161 - year - old woman , who had been Washington 's nurse , then produced an elderly woman and a forged birth certificate . In the 1860s , the major railway companies building the Transcontinental Railroad ( Central Pacific Railroad in Sacramento , California , and the Union Pacific Railroad in New York City ) engaged in `` sophisticated and systematic corporate public relations '' in order to raise $125 million needed to construct the 1,776 - mile - long railroad . To raise the money , the companies needed to maintain `` an image attractive to potential bond buyers , ( and maintain relationships ) with members of Congress , the California state legislature , and federal regulators ; with workers and potential workers ; and with journalists . '' Early environmental campaigning groups like the Coal Abatement Society and the Congo Reform Association were formed in the late 1800s . In the late 1800s many of the now - standard practices of media relations , such as conducting interviews and press conferences emerged . Industrial firms began to promote their public image . The German steel and armaments company Krupp created the first corporate press department in 1870 to write articles , brochures and other communications advertising the firm . The first US corporate PR department was established in 1889 by Westinghouse Corporation . `` The first public relations department was created by the inventor and industrialist George Westinghouse in 1889 when he hired two men to publicize his pet project , alternating current ( AC ) electricity . '' The first appearance of the term `` public relations '' was in the 1897 Year Book of Railway Literature . Origins as a profession ( edit ) The book Today 's Public Relations : An Introduction says that , although experts disagree on public relations ' origins , many identify the early 1900s as its beginning as a paid profession . According to Barbara Diggs - Brown , an academic with the American University School of Communication , the PR field anchors its work in historical events in order to improve its perceived validity , but it did n't begin as a professional field until around 1900 . Scott Cutlip said , `` we somewhat arbitrarily place the beginnings of the public relations vocation with the establishment of The Publicity Bureau in Boston in mid-1900 . '' He explains that the origins of PR can not be pinpointed to an exact date , because it developed over time through a series of events . Most textbooks on public relations say that it was first developed in the United States , before expanding globally ; however , Jacquie L'Etang , an academic from the United Kingdom , said it was developed in the UK and the US simultaneously . Noel Turnball claims it began as a professional field in the 18th and 19th century with British evangelicals and Victorian reformers . According to academic Betteke Van Ruler , PR activities did n't begin in Continental Europe as a professional field until the 1920s . According to academic Stuart Ewen , most PR efforts in the US at the time were `` damage control '' . According to Goldman , from around 1903 to 1909 `` many newspapers and virtually all mass - circulation magazines featured detailed , indignant articles describing how some industry fleeced its stockholders , overcharged the public or corrupted politics . '' The public became abruptly more critical of big business . The anti-corporate and pro-reform sentiment of the Progressive Era was reflected in newspapers , which were dramatically increasing in circulation as the cost of paper decreased . Public relations was founded , in part , to defend corporate interests against sensational and hyper - critical news articles . It was also influential in promoting consumerism after the emergence of mass production . Early pioneers ( edit ) The aftermath of the Ludlow Massacre The Publicity Bureau was the first PR agency and was founded by former Boston journalists , including Ivy Lee . Ivy Lee is sometimes called the father of PR and was influential in establishing it as a professional practice . In 1906 , Lee published a Declaration of Principles , which said that PR work should be done in the open , should be accurate and cover topics of public interest . According to historian Eric Goldman , the declaration of principles marked the beginning of an emphasis on informing , rather than misleading , the public . Ivy Lee is also credited with developing the modern press release and the `` two - way - street '' philosophy of both listening to and communicating with the public . In 1906 , Lee helped facilitate the Pennsylvania Railroad 's first positive media coverage after inviting press to the scene of a railroad accident , despite objections from executives . At the time , secrecy about corporate operations was common practice . Lee 's work was often identified as spin or propaganda . In 1913 and 1914 , the mining union was blaming the Ludlow Massacre , where on - strike miners and their families were killed by state militia , on the Rockefeller family and their coal mining operation , The Colorado Fuel and Iron Company . On the Rockefeller family 's behalf , Lee published bulletins called `` Facts Concerning the Struggle in Colorado for Industrial Freedom , '' which contained false and misleading information . Lee warned that the Rockefellers were losing public support and developed a strategy that Junior followed to repair it . It was necessary for Junior to overcome his shyness , go personally to Colorado to meet with the miners and their families , inspect the conditions of the homes and the factories , attend social events , and especially to listen closely to the grievances . This was novel advice , and attracted widespread media attention , which opened the way to resolve the conflict , and present a more humanized versions of the Rockefellers . In response the labor press said Lee `` twisted the facts '' and called him a `` paid liar , '' a `` hired slanderer , '' and a `` poisoner of public opinion . '' By 1917 , Bethlehem Steel company announced it would start a publicity campaign against perceived errors about them . The Y.M.C.A. opened a new press secretary . AT&T and others also started their first publicity programs . Edward Bernays , a nephew of Sigmund Freud , is also sometimes referred to as the father of PR and the profession 's first theorist for his work in the 1920s . He took the approach that audiences had to be carefully understood and persuaded to see things from the client 's perspective . He wrote the first textbook on PR and taught the first college course at New York University in 1923 . Bernays also first introduced the practice of using front groups in order to protect tobacco interests . In the 1930s he started the first vocational course in PR . Bernays was influenced by Freud 's theories about the subconscious . He authored several books , including Crystallizing Public Opinion ( 1923 ) , Propaganda ( 1928 ) , and The Engineering of Consent ( 1947 ) . He saw PR as an `` applied social science '' that uses insights from psychology , sociology , and other disciplines to scientifically manage and manipulate the thinking and behavior of an irrational and `` herdlike '' public . Image showing woman smoking In 1929 , Edward Bernays helped the Lucky Strike cigarette brand increase its sales among the female demographic . Research showed that women were reluctant to carry a pack of Lucky Strike cigarettes , because the brand 's green color scheme clashed with popular fashion choices . Bernays persuaded fashion designers , charity events , interior designers and others to popularize the color green . He also positioned cigarettes as Torches of Freedom that represent rebellion against the norms of a male - dominated society . According to Ruth Edgett from Syracuse University , Lee and Bernays both had `` initial and spectacular successes in raising PR from the art of the snake oil salesman to the calling for a true communicator . '' However , `` late in their careers , both Lee and Bernays took on clients with clearly reprehensible values , thus exposing themselves and their work to public criticism . '' Walter Lippmann was also a contributor to early PR theory , for his work on the books Public Opinion ( 1922 ) and The Phantom Public ( 1925 ) . He coined the term `` manufacture of consent , '' which is based on the idea that the public 's consent must be coaxed by experts to support a democratic society . Former journalist Basil Clarke is considered the founder of PR in the UK . He founded the UK 's first PR agency , Editorial Services , in 1924 . He also authored the world 's first code of ethics for the field in 1929 . Clarke wrote that PR , `` must look true and it must look complete and candid or its ' credit ' is gone '' . He suggested that the selection of which facts are disseminated by PR campaigns could be used to persuade the public . The longest established UK PR agency is Richmond Towers , founded by Suzanne Richmond and Marjorie Towers in 1930 . Arthur W. Page is sometimes considered to be the father of `` corporate public relations '' for his work with the American Telephone and Telegraph Company ( AT&T ) from 1927 to 1946 . The company was experiencing resistance from the public to its monopolization efforts . In the early 1900s , AT&T had assessed that 90 percent of its press coverage was negative , which was reduced to 60 percent by changing its business practices and disseminating information to the press . According to business historian John Brooks , Page positioned the company as a public utility and increased the public 's appreciation for the its contributions to society . On the other hand , Stuart Ewen writes that AT&T used its advertising dollars with newspapers to manipulate its coverage and had their PR team write feature stories imitating independent journalism . Early campaigns ( edit ) Empire Marketing Board poster . Edward Clarke and Bessie Tyler were influential in growing the Ku Klux Clan to four million members over three years using publicity techniques in the early 1920s . In 1926 the Empire Marketing Board was formed by the British government in part to encourage a preference for goods produced in Britain . It folded in 1933 due to government cuts . In 1932 , a pamphlet `` The Projection of England '' advocated for the importance of England managing its reputation domestically and abroad . The Ministry of Information was established in the UK in 1937 . Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the first Presidents to emphasize the use of publicity . In the 1930s Roosevelt used the media to promote The New Deal and to blame corporations for the country 's economic problems . This led companies to recruit their own publicists to defend themselves . Roosevelt 's anti-trust efforts led corporations to attempt to persuade the public and lawmakers `` that bigger ( corporations ) was not necessarily more evil . '' Wilson used the media to promote his government reform program , The New Freedom . He formed the Committee on Public Information . In the 1930s , the National Association of Manufacturers was one of the first to create a major campaign promoting capitalism and pro-business viewpoints . It lobbied against unions , The New Deal and the 8 - hour work - day . NAM tried mostly unsuccessfully to convince the public that the interests of the public were aligned with corporate interests and to create an association between commerce and democratic principles . During the Second World War , Coca - Cola promised that `` every man in uniform gets a bottle of Coca - Cola for five cents , wherever he is and whatever it costs the company . '' The company persuaded politicians that it was crucial to the war - effort and was exempted from sugar rationing . During the European Recovery Program PR became more established in Europe as US - based companies with PR departments created European subsidiaries . In 1938 , amid concerns regarding dropping diamond prices and sales volume , De Beers and its advertising agency N.W. Ayers adopted a strategy to `` strengthen the association in the public 's mind of diamonds with romance , '' whereas `` the larger and finer the diamond , the greater the expression of love . '' This became known as one of America 's `` lexicon of great campaigns '' for successfully persuading the public to purchase expensive luxury items during a time of financial stress through psychological manipulation . It also led to the development of the slogan `` A diamond is forever '' in 1947 and was influential in how diamonds were marketed thereafter . After World War I the first signs of public relations as a profession began in France and became more established through the Marshall Plan . Wartime propaganda ( edit ) World War I ( edit ) 1914 `` Lord Kitchener Wants You ! '' poster The first organized , large - scale propaganda campaigns were during World War I. Germany created the German Information Bureau to create pamphlets , books and other communications that were intended to support the justness of their cause , to encourage voluntary recruitment , to demonize the enemy and persuade America to remain neutral in the conflict . In response to learning about Germany 's propaganda , the British created a war propaganda agency called the Wellington House in September 1914 . Atrocity stories , both real and alleged , were used to incite hatred for the enemy , especially after the `` Rape of Belgium '' in 1915 . France created a propaganda agency in 1914 . Publicity in Australia led to a lift in the government 's ban on military drafts . Austria - Hungary used propaganda tactics to attack the credibility of Italy 's leadership and its motives for war . Italy in - turn created the Padua Commission in 1918 , which led Allied propaganda against Austria - Hungary . One week after the United States declared war on Germany in 1917 , US President Woodrow Wilson established the US propaganda agency , the Committee on Public Information ( Creel Commission ) , as an alternative to demands for media censorship by the US army and navy . The CPI spread positive messages to present an upbeat image about the war and denied fraudulent atrocities made up to incite anger for the enemy . The CPI recruited about 75,000 `` Four Minute Men , '' volunteers who spoke about the war at social events for four minutes . As a result of World War I propaganda , there was a shift in PR theory from a focus on factual argumentation to one of emotional appeals and the psychology of the crowd . The term `` propaganda '' which was originally associated with religion and the church , became a more widely known concept . World War II ( edit ) Propaganda did not develop a negative connotation until it was used in Nazi propaganda for World War II . Even though Germany 's World War I propaganda was considered more advanced than that of other nations , Adolf Hitler said that propaganda had been under - utilized and claimed that superior British propaganda was the main reason for losing the war . Nazi Germany created the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda in March 1933 , just after Nazis took power . The Nazi party took editorial control over newspapers , created their own news organizations and established Nazi - controlled news organizations in conquered regions . The Nazi party used posters , films , books and public speakers among other tactics . According to historian Zbyněk Zeman , broadcasting became the most important medium for propaganda throughout the war . Posters were also used domestically and leaflets were dropped behind enemy lines by air - ship . In regions conquered by Germany , citizens could be punished by death for listening to foreign broadcasts . Britain had four organizations involved in propaganda and was methodical about understanding its audiences in different countries . US propaganda focused on fighting for freedom and the connection between war efforts and industrial production . Soviet posters also focused on industrial production . In countries where citizens are subordinate to the government , aggressive propaganda campaigns continued during peace - time , while liberal democratic nations primarily use propaganda techniques to support war efforts . Professional development ( edit ) According to historian Eric Goldman , by the 1940s public relations was being taught at universities and was a professional occupation relied on in a similar way as lawyers and doctors . However , it failed to obtain complete recognition as a profession due in part to a history of deceit . Author Marvin Olasky said in 1987 that the reputation of the profession was getting worse , while Robert L. Heath from the University of Houston said in 1991 that it was progressing toward `` true professional status . '' Academic J.A.R. Pimlott said it had achieved `` quasi-professionalism . '' Heath said despite the field 's newfound professionalism and ethics , its reputation was still effected by a history of exploitive behavior . The number of media outlets increased and PR talent from wartime propaganda entered the private sector . The practice of public relations became ubiquitous to reach political , activist and corporate objectives . The development of the press into a more real - time media also led to heightened scrutiny of public relations activities and those they represent . For example , Richard Nixon was criticized for `` doubletalk '' and `` stonewalling '' in his PR office 's responses to the Watergate scandal . Trade associations were formed first in the U.S. in 1947 with the Public Relations Society of America ( PRSA ) , followed by the Institute of Public Relations ( now the Chartered Institute of Public Relations ) in London in 1948 . Similar trade associations were created in Australia , Europe , South Africa , Italy and Singapore . The International Association of Public Relations was founded in 1955 . The Institute for Public Relations held its first conference in 1949 and that same year the first British book on PR , `` Public Relations and publicity '' was published by J.H. Brebner . The International Association of Business Communicators was founded in 1970 . Betsy Ann Plank is called `` the first lady of public relations '' for becoming the first female president of the PRSA in 1973 . Two of today 's largest PR firms , Edelman and Burson - Marsteller , were founded in 1952 and 1953 respectively . Daniel Edelman created the first media tour in the 1950s by touring the country with `` the Toni Twins , '' where one had used a professional salon and the other had used Toni 's home - care products . It was also during this period that trade magazines like PR Week , Ragans and PRNews were founded . John Hill , founder of Hill & Knowlton , is known as the first international PR pioneer . Hill & Knowlton was the first major U.S. firm to create a strong international network in the 1960s and 1970s . Both Edelman and Burson - Marsteller followed Hill & Knowlton by establishing operations in London in the 1960s and all three began competing internationally in Asia , Europe and other regions . Jacques Coup de Frejac was influential in persuading U.S. and UK companies to also extend their PR efforts into the French market and for convincing French businesses to engage in PR activities . In the early 2000s , PR in Latin America began developing at a pace `` on par with industrialized nations . '' According to The Global Public Relations Handbook , public relations evolved from a series of `` press agents or publicists '' to a manner of theory and practice in the 1980s . Research was published in academic journals like Public Relations Review and the Journal of Public Relations Research . This led to an industry consensus to categorize PR work into a four - step process : research , planning , communication and action . Social and digital ( edit ) During the 1990s specialties for communicating to certain audiences and within certain market segments emerged , such as investor relations or technology PR . New internet technology and social media websites effected PR strategies and tactics . In April 1999 , four managers from IBM , Sun Microsystems , National Public Radio and Linux Journal created `` The Cluetrain Manifesto . '' The Manifesto established 95 theses about the way social media and internet technologies were going to change business . It concluded that markets had become `` smarter and faster than most companies , '' because stakeholders were getting information from each other . The Manifesto `` created a storm '' with strong detractors and supporters . That same year , Seth Godin published a book on permission marketing , which advocated against advertising and in favor of marketing that is useful and educational . While initially controversial , by 2006 it became commonly accepted that social media had an important role in public relations . Press releases , which were mostly unchanged for more than a century , began to integrate digital features . BusinessWire introduced the `` Smart News Release , '' which incorporated audio , video and images , in 1997 . This was followed by the MultiVu multimedia release from PRNewswire in 2001 . The Social Media Release was created by Todd Defren from Shift Communications in 2006 in response to a blog written by journalist and blogger Tom Foremski titled `` Die ! Press release ! Die ! Die ! Die ! '' Incorporating digital and social features became a norm among wire services , and companies started routinely making company announcements on their corporate blog . According to The New York Times , corporate communications shifted from a monologue to two - way conversational communications and new media also made it `` easier for consumers to learn about the mix - ups and blunders '' of PR . For example , after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill , BP tried to deflect blame to other parties , claim the spill was not as significant as it was and focused on the science , while human interest stories related to the damage were emerging . In 2011 , Facebook tried to covertly spread privacy concerns about competitor Google 's Social Circles . Chapstick created a communications crisis after allegedly , repeatedly deleting negative comments on its Facebook page . During the Iraq War , it was exposed that the US created false radio personalities to spread pro-American information and paid Iraqi newspapers to write articles written by American troops . See also ( edit ) History of advertising History of advertising in Britain References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Donald Grunewald ; Robert J. Petrausch ; Giri Dua ( November 25 , 2008 ) . Public Relations : A Primer for Business Executives . iUniverse . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4401 - 0165 - 6 . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David M. Dozier ; Larissa A. Grunig ; James E. Grunig ( October 18 , 2013 ) . Manager 's Guide to Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management . Routledge . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 68832 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bates , Don ( 2002 ) , `` Mini-Me '' History ( PDF ) , retrieved February 5 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Barbara Diggs - Brown ( May 15 , 2011 ) . Strategic Public Relations : Audience Focused Practice , 1st ed. : An Audience - focused Approach . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 63706 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Edward L. Bernays ( July 29 , 2013 ) . Public Relations . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 8982 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Cutlip , Scott ( 1995 ) . Public Relations History : From the 17th to the 20th Century . The antecedents . Lawrence Erlbaum . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 1779 - 4 . Jump up ^ Alan R. Freitag ; Ashli Quesinberry Stokes ( January 13 , 2009 ) . Global Public Relations : Spanning Borders , Spanning Cultures . Routledge . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 06129 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rachel Barker ; George Charles Angelopulo ( August 1 , 2005 ) . Integrated Organisational Communication . Juta and Company Ltd. p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7021 - 6664 - 8 . Jump up ^ Marsh Jr. , Charles W. ( 2001 ) . `` Public Relations Ethics : Contrasting Models from the Rhetorics of Plato , Aristotle , and Isocrates '' . Journal of Mass Media Ethics. 16 ( 2 - 3 ) : 78 -- 98 . doi : 10.1080 / 08900523.2001. 9679606 . ISSN 0890 - 0523 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Charles ( April 26 , 2013 ) . Classical Rhetoric and Modern Public Relations : An Isocratean Model . Routledge . pp. 4 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 24263 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Crable , Richard ; Steven Vibbert ( 1986 ) . Public Relations as Communication Management . Bellwether Press . ISBN 0 - 8087 - 4878 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Ron ( August 15 , 2013 ) . Public Relations : The Basics . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 08967 - 2 . Jump up ^ Erman , Adolf ; H.M. Tirrand ( August 1 , 2003 ) . Life in Ancient Egypt , 1894 . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 7660 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Cutlip , Scott ( 1994 ) . The Unseen Power : A History of Public Relations . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 1464 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Ron ( Fall 2004 ) , Public Relations History , Buffalo State University , retrieved February 7 , 2013 Jump up ^ L'Etang , Jacquie ( December 6 , 2012 ) . Public Relations : Critical Debates and Contemporary Practice . Psychology Press . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 4617 - 1 . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Garth S. Jowett ; Victoria O'Donnell ( April 12 , 2011 ) . Propaganda & Persuasion . SAGE . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 7782 - 1 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : DF du Plessis ( January 1 , 2001 ) . Introduction to Public Relations and Advertising . Juta and Company Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7021 - 5557 - 4 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ron ( August 15 , 2013 ) . Public Relations : The Basics . Routledge . p. 40 . 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New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . p. 429 . ISBN 9780078029479 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 1897 American Journalism 's Exceptional Year . '' 1897 American Journalism 's Exceptional Year . N.p. , n.d. Web . April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : L'Etang , Jacquie ( September 2 , 2004 ) . Public Relations in Britain : A History of Professional Practice in the Twentieth Century . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4106 - 1081 - 2 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ewen , Stuart ( August 4 , 2008 ) . Pr ! : A Social History of Spin . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 2414 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( 1948 ) . Two - Way Street . Bellman Publishing Company . ^ Jump up to : Tedlow , Richard S. ( 1976 ) . `` The National Association of Manufacturers and Public Relations during the New Deal '' . The Business History Review . 50 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 45 . doi : 10.2307 / 3113573 . JSTOR 3113573 . Jump up ^ Adam Curtis ( 2002 ) . The Century of the Self ( Documentary ) . BBC Four . Jump up ^ Martin J. Manning ( January 1 , 2004 ) . Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29605 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barbara Diggs - Brown ( August 11 , 2011 ) . Strategic Public Relations : An Audience - Centered Practice . Cengage Learning . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 63706 - 4 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Timothy ( Feb 13 , 2005 ) . `` Spinning Frenzy : P.R. 's Bad Press '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stuart M Levy ( January 1 , 2006 ) . Public Relations & Integrated Communications . Lotus Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8382 - 074 - 5 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Diggs - Brown ( August 11 , 2011 ) . Strategic Public Relations : An Audience - focused Approach . Cengage Learning . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 63706 - 4 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Halllahan , Kirk ( 2002 ) , Ivy Lee and the Rockefellers ' response to the 1913 -- 1914 Colorado Coal Strike ( PDF ) , Journal of Public Relations Research ^ Jump up to : Jonathan H. Rees ( May 18 , 2011 ) . Representation and Rebellion . O'Reilly Media , Inc. p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4571 - 0984 - 3 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Heath , ed ... Encyclopedia of public relations ( 2005 ) 1 : 485 ^ Jump up to : Ali , Moi ( October 30 , 2005 ) . Public Relations . HEINEMANN LIB . pp. 7 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4034 - 7654 - 8 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Turow , Joseph ( September 22 , 2011 ) . Media Today : An Introduction to Mass Communication . Taylor & Francis . p. 565 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 86402 - 5 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Natasha Tobin , ( 2005 ) , `` Can the professionalisation of the UK PR industry make it more trustworthy ? '' , Journal of Communication Management , Vol. 9 Iss : 1 pp. 56 -- 64 Jump up ^ Bernays , Edward ( 1923 ) . Crystallizing Public Opinion ( PDF ) . Liveright Publishing Corporation . Jump up ^ Sheldon Rampton ; John Stauber ( January 14 , 2002 ) . Trust Us , We 're Experts PA : How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles with Your Future . Penguin Group US . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 14406 - 0 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Edgett , Ruth ( 2002 ) , Toward an Ethical Framework for Advocacy in Public Relations ( PDF ) , Journal of Public Relations Jump up ^ Oliver , Sandra ( April 22 , 2004 ) . A Handbook of Corporate Communication and Public Relations . Taylor & Francis . pp. 350 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 41495 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Greenslade , Roy ( June 6 , 2013 ) . `` The Man who invented public relations '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Tom ( 2012 ) . `` The evolution of public relations measurement and evaluation '' . 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Today 's Public Relations : An Introduction . SAGE Publications . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 2635 - 5 . Jump up ^ Burton St. John III , `` Press Professionalization and Propaganda : The Rise of Journalistic Double - Mindedness , 1917 -- 1941 . '' Amherst , NY : Cambria Press , 2010 ; p. 12 . Jump up ^ Pendergrast , Mark ( 2000 ) . For God , Country , and Coca - Cola : The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It . BasicBooks . p. 249 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James S. O'Rourke ( January 2007 ) . The Business Communication Casebook : A Notre Dame Collection . Cengage Learning . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 54509 - 8 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Edward ( February 1 , 1982 ) . `` Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Haste , Cate ( 1977 ) , Keep the Home Fires Burning : Propaganda in the First World War , London Jump up ^ Smith , Ron ( August 15 , 2013 ) . Public Relations : The Basics . Routledge . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 08967 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sanders , M.L. ( 1975 ) , `` Wellington House and British propaganda during the First World War '' , The Historical Journal , Cambridge University Press , 18 ( 1 ) , pp. 119 -- 146 , doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00008700 , JSTOR 2638471 Jump up ^ Sanders , M.L. ; Taylor , Philip M. ( 1982 ) , British Propaganda During the First World War , 1914 -- 18 , London Jump up ^ Laurence V. Moyer , Victory Must Be Ours : Germany in the Great War 1914 -- 1918 , p 96 ISBN 0 - 7818 - 0370 - 5 Jump up ^ Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) , German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial , London ^ Jump up to : Zeman , Zbynek ( 1978 ) . Selling the War . Orbis Publishing . ISBN 0856133124 . 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Towards a Market in Broadcasting : Communications Policy in the UK and Germany . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 37020 - 3 . Jump up ^ Welch , 12 . Jump up ^ Herzstein , Robert . The Nazis . Alexandria : Time - Life Books . Jump up ^ `` Nazi Posters : 1933 -- 1945 '' . Calvin.edu . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romani , Cinzia ( 1992 ) . Tainted Goddesses : Female Film Stars of the Third Reich . ISBN 0 - 9627613 - 1 - 1 . Jump up ^ George L. Mosse ( 1966 ) . Nazi Culture : intellectual , cultural and social life in the Third Reich . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 19304 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` No Frostbite on the Eastern Front '' . Calvin.edu . February 21 , 1942 . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , Robert L. ( 1991 ) . `` Public relations research and education : Agendas for the 1990s '' . Public Relations Review . 17 ( 2 ) : 185 -- 194 . doi : 10.1016 / 0363 - 8111 ( 91 ) 90055 - P. ISSN 0363 - 8111 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Heath ; Elizabeth L. Toth ; Damion Waymer ( February 18 , 2009 ) . Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations II . Routledge . p. 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 87492 - 9 . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore , Dan ; Baskin , Otis ; Heiman , Suzette ; Toth , Elizabeth ; Van Leuven , James , Public Relations : The Profession and the Practice ( PDF ) , McGraw Hill , retrieved August 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Watson , Tom , The evolution of evaluation ( PDF ) , Bournemouth University , retrieved March 28 , 2014 Jump up ^ Miller , Stephen ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Public - Relations Pioneer Began with ' Toni Twins ' Stunt '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Channick , Robert ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Dan Edelman , 1920 -- 2013 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trevor Morris ; Simon Goldsworthy ( November 23 , 2011 ) . PR Today : The Authoritative Guide to Public Relations . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24009 - 4 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alan R. Freitag ; Ashli Quesinberry Stokes ( December 22 , 2008 ) . Global Public Relations : Spanning Borders , Spanning Cultures . Taylor & Francis . p. 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 89018 - 9 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hlavac , Randy ; Schaefer , Mark , The Social Media Revolution as Theorized by `` The Cluetrain Manifesto '' ( PDF ) , Medill Department of Integrated Communications Jump up ^ Weinberg , Tamar ( July 1 , 2009 ) . The New Community Rules : Marketing on the Social Web . O'Reilly Media , Inc. p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4493 - 7928 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Sheldrake , Philip ( May 4 , 2011 ) . The Business of Influence : Reframing Marketing and PR for the Digital Age . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 97830 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Solis , Brian ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Reviving the Traditional Press Release '' . Brian Solis . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marx , Wendy ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` BeB PR : New uses for press releases '' . Fast Company . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Glaser , Mark ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` The Social Press Release : Multimedia , Two - Way , Direct to the public '' . MediaShift . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Stuart ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` Redefining Public Relations in the Age of Social Media '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mulkern , Anne ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` BP 's PR Blunders Mirror Exxon 's , Appear Destined for Record Book '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helft , Miguel ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` Facebook , Foe of Anonymity , is Forced to Explain a Secret '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nudd , Tim ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` ChapStick Gets Itself in a Social Media Death Spiral '' . AdWeek . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schleifer , Ron ( 2005 ) , `` Reconstructing Iraq : Winning the Propaganda War in Iraq '' , Middle East Quarterly Jump up ^ Shah , Anup ( August 1 , 2007 ) , Iraq War Media Reporting , Journalism and Propaganda , retrieved May 12 , 2009 Further reading ( edit ) Cutlip , Scott The Unseen Power : Public Relations : A History ( Lawrence Erlbaum Associates : 1994 , 2nd ed. 2013 ) ISBN 0 - 8058 - 1464 - 7 . Cutlip , Scott M. `` The unseen power : A brief history of public relations . '' in Clarke Caywood , ed . The handbook of strategic public relations and integrated communications ( 1997 ) pp : 15 - 33 . Ewen , Stuart . PR ! - A Social History of Spin ( 1996 ) , popular history from the left Fones - Wolf , Elizabeth . `` Creating a favorable business climate : Corporations and radio broadcasting , 1934 to 1954 . '' Business History Review 73 # 2 ( 1999 ) : 221 - 255 . Gower , Karla . `` US corporate public relations in the progressive era . '' Journal of Communication Management 12 # 4 ( 2008 ) : 305 - 318 . Heath , Robert L. , ed . Encyclopedia of public relations ( 2nd ed . Sage Publications , 2013 ) John , Burton St. `` The case for ethical propaganda within a democracy : Ivy Lee 's successful 1913 -- 1914 railroad rate campaign . '' Public Relations Review 32.3 ( 2006 ) : 221 - 228 . John , Burton St. and Margot Opdycke Lamme . Pathways to Public Relations : Histories of Practice and Profession ( 2014 ) Lamme , Margot Opdycke , and Karen Miller Russell . `` Removing the spin : Toward a new theory of public relations history . '' Journalism and Communication Monographs 11 #. 4 ( 2010 ) Miller , David , and William Dinan . `` The rise of the PR industry in Britain , 1979 - 98 . '' European Journal of Communication 15 #. 1 ( 2000 ) : 5 - 35 . Miller , David , and William Dinan . A century of spin : How public relations became the cutting edge of corporate power ( Pluto Press , 2007 ) , A view from the left Miller , Karen S. `` US Public Relations History : Knowledge and Limitations . '' Communication yearbook 23 ( 2012 ) : 381 + Russell , Karen Miller , and Carl O. Bishop . `` Understanding Ivy Lee 's declaration of principles : US newspaper and magazine coverage of publicity and press agentry , 1865 -- 1904 . '' Public Relations Review 35.2 ( 2009 ) : 91 - 101 . online Watson , Tom . `` The evolution of public relations measurement and evaluation . '' Public Relations Review 38 #. 3 ( 2012 ) : 390 - 398 . online Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_public_relations&oldid=833240215 '' Categories : History of business Public relations Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Good articles Use mdy dates from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Latviešu Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 12 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who dropped out of harvard and became the person many refer to as the founder of public relations | [
"Most textbooks date the establishment of the \"Publicity Bureau\" in 1900 as the start of the modern public relations (PR) profession. Of course, there were many early forms of public influence and communications management in history. Basil Clarke is considered the founder of the public relations profession in Britain with his establishment of Editorial Services in 1924. Academic Noel Turnball points out that systematic PR was employed in Britain first by religious evangelicals and Victorian reformers, especially opponents of slavery. In each case the early promoters focused on their particular movement and were not for hire more generally."
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"Basil Clarke"
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2638204421646795665 | GAP insurance | GAP insurance - wikipedia GAP insurance This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Financial market participants Credit unions Insurance companies Investment banks Investment funds Pension funds Prime brokers Trusts Finance Financial market Participants Corporate finance Personal finance Public finance Banks and banking Financial regulation Fund governance Guaranteed Auto Protection ( GAP ) insurance ( also known as GAPS ) was established in the North American financial industry . GAP insurance is the difference between the actual cash value of a vehicle and the balance still owed on the financing ( car loan , lease , etc . ) . GAP coverage is mainly used on new and used small vehicles ( cars and trucks ) and heavy trucks . Some financing companies and lease contracts require it . GAP insurance covers the amount on a loan that is the difference between the amount owed and the amount covered by another insurance policy . Some GAP policies also cover the deductible . This coverage is marketed for low down payment loans , high interest rate loans and loans with 60 month or longer terms . GAP insurance is typically offered by a finance company at time of purchase . Most auto insurance companies offer this coverage to consumers . GAP insurance is usually paid upfront and , for that reason , one is eligible for a refund if he / she sells or refinances their vehicle . There are two ways of getting GAP coverage . The first type is an insurance policy sold by a broker . The second type is a waiver agreement sold by a Finance & Insurance Manager . The first is regulated by the insurance industry , the second is unregulated . In either case coverage is usually the same and sold as a soft product through the car dealership . Coverage is usually financed along with the lease / loan . Claims are subject to a total loss . The total loss is usually determined by the primary insurance company 's third - party appraiser . Exclusions to GAP insurance vary by country or state . Some exclusions include a maximum loss limit of $50,000 while others require a loan term of less than 84 months . GAP is an optional purchase ; however , many states in the US require that a car dealership offer GAP at the point of purchase . Other states require insurers to offer GAP if a client requests it . States such as Louisiana require that the purchaser sign a disclosure document as proof . Although GAP is optional , some finance companies require GAP as a condition to obtaining a loan . The Truth in Lending Act excludes GAP premiums from financial charges if GAP was not required by the creditor , the premiums were disclosed in writing , and the consumer provides a written request for the insurance . UK Gap Insurance Update In September 2015 , the FCA changed the way that Gap Insurance premiums are sold by car dealers in the UK . Claims ratios for GAP insurance ( the amount paid out in comparison to premiums paid ) were just 10 % between 2008 and 2012 , meaning that just £ 10.00 was paid out for every £ 100.00 paid in premiums . The poor value for money being given to consumers prompted the FCA to require the following : Ensure dealers make consumers aware that other suppliers exist . Delay the transaction by 4 business days . See also ( edit ) Insurance law Insurance in the United States GAP waiver References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gap Insurance '' . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Philli ( . `` Gap Insurance : How It Impacts Your Car Loan or Lease '' . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Sage , Bobbie . `` Gap Car Insurance Coverages '' . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Caucutt , Joshua . `` What Is Gap Insurance Coverage for Cars -- Is It Worth It ? '' . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RCW 48.22. 060 '' . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Motor Vehicle Commission GAP Disclosure Form '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.ala.co.uk/blog/final-rules-from-fca-for-add-on-gap-insurance/ Insurance Types of insurance Health Accidental death and dismemberment Dental Disability ( Total permanent disability ) Income protection Long - term care National health Payment protection Life Mortgage life Term life Universal life Variable universal life Whole life Business Bond Business owner Directors and officers liability Fidelity Professional liability Protection and indemnity Trade credit Umbrella Residential Contents Earthquake Flood Home Landlords ' Lenders mortgage Mortgage Property Renters ' Title Transport / Communication Aviation Computer Public auto Marine Satellite Shipping Travel Vehicle Other Reinsurance Casualty Crime Crop Divorce Extended warranty Group Liability No - fault Pet Terrorism Wage War risk Weather Workers ' compensation Takaful Insurance policy and law Insurance policy Insurance law Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Insurance fraud Other History of insurance Unitised insurance fund List of topics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GAP_insurance&oldid=841903673 '' Categories : Auto insurance in the United States Types of insurance Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 20 : 49 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what does gap mean when buying a car | [
"Guaranteed Auto Protection (GAP) insurance (also known as GAPS) was established in the North American financial industry. GAP insurance is the difference between the actual cash value of a vehicle and the balance still owed on the financing (car loan, lease, etc.).[1] GAP coverage is mainly used on new and used small vehicles (cars and trucks) and heavy trucks. Some financing companies and lease contracts require it.[2]\n"
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"the difference between the actual cash value of a vehicle and the balance still owed on the financing"
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3348326083794873840 | Structure of the Earth | Structure of the Earth - wikipedia Structure of the Earth Structure of the Earth The internal structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells : an outer silicate solid crust , a highly viscous asthenosphere and mantle , a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle , and a solid inner core . Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry , observations of rock in outcrop , samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity , analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth , measurements of the gravitational and magnetic fields of the Earth , and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of the Earth 's deep interior . Contents 1 Mass 2 Structure 2.1 Crust 2.2 Mantle 2.3 Core 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Mass ( edit ) The force exerted by Earth 's gravity can be used to calculate its mass . Astronomers can also calculate Earth 's mass by observing the motion of orbiting satellites . Earth 's average density can be determined through gravimetric experiments , which have historically involved pendulums . The mass of Earth is about 7024600000000000000 ♠ 6 × 10 kg . Structure ( edit ) Earth 's radial density distribution according to the preliminary reference earth model ( PREM ) . Earth 's gravity according to the preliminary reference earth model ( PREM ) . Comparison to approximations using constant and linear density for Earth 's interior . Mapping the interior of Earth with earthquake waves . Schematic view of the interior of Earth . 1 . continental crust -- 2 . oceanic crust -- 3 . upper mantle -- 4 . lower mantle -- 5 . outer core -- 6 . inner core -- A : Mohorovičić discontinuity -- B : Gutenberg Discontinuity -- C : Lehmann -- Bullen discontinuity . The structure of Earth can be defined in two ways : by mechanical properties such as rheology , or chemically . Mechanically , it can be divided into lithosphere , asthenosphere , mesospheric mantle , outer core , and the inner core . Chemically , Earth can be divided into the crust , upper mantle , lower mantle , outer core , and inner core . The geologic component layers of Earth are at the following depths below the surface : Depth Layer Kilometres Miles 0 -- 60 0 -- 37 Lithosphere ( locally varies between 5 and 200 km ) 0 -- 35 0 -- 22 ... Crust ( locally varies between 5 and 70 km ) 35 -- 60 22 -- 37 ... Uppermost part of mantle 35 -- 2,890 22 -- 1,790 Mantle 210 - 270 130 - 168 ... Upper mesosphere ( upper mantle ) 660 -- 2,890 410 -- 1,790 ... Lower mesosphere ( lower mantle ) 2,890 -- 5,150 1,790 -- 3,160 Outer core 5,150 -- 6,360 3,160 -- 3,954 Inner core The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes . The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it , while the speed of travel ( seismic velocity ) is different in other layers . The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell 's law , like light bending as it passes through a prism . Likewise , reflections are caused by a large increase in seismic velocity and are similar to light reflecting from a mirror . Crust ( edit ) Main article : Crust ( geology ) The Earth 's crust ranges from 5 -- 70 kilometres ( 3.1 -- 43.5 mi ) in depth and is the outermost layer . The thin parts are the oceanic crust , which underlie the ocean basins ( 5 -- 10 km ) and are composed of dense ( mafic ) iron magnesium silicate igneous rocks , like basalt . The thicker crust is continental crust , which is less dense and composed of ( felsic ) sodium potassium aluminium silicate rocks , like granite . The rocks of the crust fall into two major categories -- sial and sima ( Suess , 1831 -- 1914 ) . It is estimated that sima starts about 11 km below the Conrad discontinuity ( a second order discontinuity ) . The uppermost mantle together with the crust constitutes the lithosphere . The crust - mantle boundary occurs as two physically different events . First , there is a discontinuity in the seismic velocity , which is most commonly known as the Mohorovičić discontinuity or Moho . The cause of the Moho is thought to be a change in rock composition from rocks containing plagioclase feldspar ( above ) to rocks that contain no feldspars ( below ) . Second , in oceanic crust , there is a chemical discontinuity between ultramafic cumulates and tectonized harzburgites , which has been observed from deep parts of the oceanic crust that have been obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences . Many rocks now making up Earth 's crust formed less than 100 million ( 1 × 10 ) years ago ; however , the oldest known mineral grains are about 4.4 billion ( 4.4 × 10 ) years old , indicating that Earth has had a solid crust for at least 4.4 billion years . Mantle ( edit ) World map showing the position of the Moho . Main article : Mantle ( geology ) Earth 's mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km , making it the thickest layer of Earth . The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle . The upper and lower mantle are separated by the transition zone . The lowest part of the mantle next to the core - mantle boundary is known as the D '' ( pronounced dee - double - prime ) layer . The pressure at the bottom of the mantle is ≈ 140 G Pa ( 1.4 M atm ) . The mantle is composed of silicate rocks that are rich in iron and magnesium relative to the overlying crust . Although solid , the high temperatures within the mantle cause the silicate material to be sufficiently ductile that it can flow on very long timescales . Convection of the mantle is expressed at the surface through the motions of tectonic plates . As there is intense and increasing pressure as one travels deeper into the mantle , the lower part of the mantle flows less easily than does the upper mantle ( chemical changes within the mantle may also be important ) . The viscosity of the mantle ranges between 10 and 10 Pa s , depending on depth . In comparison , the viscosity of water is approximately 10 Pa s and that of pitch is 10 Pa s . The source of heat that drives plate tectonics is the primordial heat left over from the planet 's formation as well as the radioactive decay of uranium , thorium , and potassium in Earth 's crust and mantle . Core ( edit ) Main articles : inner core and outer core The average density of Earth is 7000551499999999999 ♠ 5.515 g / cm . Because the average density of surface material is only around 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 g / cm , we must conclude that denser materials exist within Earth 's core . This result has been known since the Schiehallion experiment , performed in the 1770s . Charles Hutton in his 1778 report concluded that the mean density of the Earth must be about 9 5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 9 ) ( 5 ) ) ) that of surface rock , concluding that the interior of the Earth must be metallic . Hutton estimated this metallic portion to occupy some 65 % of the diameter of the Earth . Hutton 's estimate on the mean density of the Earth was still about 20 % too low , at 7000450000000000000 ♠ 4.5 g / cm Henry Cavendish in his torsion balance experiment of 1798 found a value of 7000545000000000000 ♠ 5.45 g / cm , within 1 % of the modern value . Seismic measurements show that the core is divided into two parts , a `` solid '' inner core with a radius of ≈ 1,220 km and a liquid outer core extending beyond it to a radius of ≈ 3,400 km . The densities are between 9,900 and 12,200 kg / m in the outer core and 12,600 -- 13,000 kg / m in the inner core . The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron and some nickel . Since this layer is able to transmit shear waves ( transverse seismic waves ) , it must be solid . Experimental evidence has at times been critical of crystal models of the core . Other experimental studies show a discrepancy under high pressure : diamond anvil ( static ) studies at core pressures yield melting temperatures that are approximately 2000 K below those from shock laser ( dynamic ) studies . The laser studies create plasma , and the results are suggestive that constraining inner core conditions will depend on whether the inner core is a solid or is a plasma with the density of a solid . This is an area of active research . In early stages of Earth 's formation about 4.6 billion years ago , melting would have caused denser substances to sink toward the center in a process called planetary differentiation ( see also the iron catastrophe ) , while less - dense materials would have migrated to the crust . The core is thus believed to largely be composed of iron ( 80 % ) , along with nickel and one or more light elements , whereas other dense elements , such as lead and uranium , either are too rare to be significant or tend to bind to lighter elements and thus remain in the crust ( see felsic materials ) . Some have argued that the inner core may be in the form of a single iron crystal . Under laboratory conditions a sample of iron -- nickel alloy was subjected to the corelike pressures by gripping it in a vise between 2 diamond tips ( diamond anvil cell ) , and then heating to approximately 4000 K . The sample was observed with x-rays , and strongly supported the theory that Earth 's inner core was made of giant crystals running north to south . The liquid outer core surrounds the inner core and is believed to be composed of iron mixed with nickel and trace amounts of lighter elements . Recent speculation suggests that the innermost part of the core is enriched in gold , platinum and other siderophile elements . The matter that comprises Earth is connected in fundamental ways to matter of certain chondrite meteorites , and to matter of outer portion of the Sun . There is good reason to believe that Earth is , in the main , like a chondrite meteorite . Beginning as early as 1940 , scientists , including Francis Birch , built geophysics upon the premise that Earth is like ordinary chondrites , the most common type of meteorite observed impacting Earth , while totally ignoring another , albeit less abundant type , called enstatite chondrites . The principal difference between the two meteorite types is that enstatite chondrites formed under circumstances of extremely limited available oxygen , leading to certain normally oxyphile elements existing either partially or wholly in the alloy portion that corresponds to the core of Earth . Dynamo theory suggests that convection in the outer core , combined with the Coriolis effect , gives rise to Earth 's magnetic field . The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field ( see Curie temperature ) but probably acts to stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core . The average magnetic field strength in Earth 's outer core is estimated to be 25 Gauss ( 2.5 mT ) , 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface . Recent evidence has suggested that the inner core of Earth may rotate slightly faster than the rest of the planet ; however , more recent studies in 2011 found this hypothesis to be inconclusive . Options remain for the core which may be oscillatory in nature or a chaotic system . In August 2005 a team of geophysicists announced in the journal Science that , according to their estimates , Earth 's inner core rotates approximately 0.3 to 0.5 degrees per year faster relative to the rotation of the surface . The current scientific explanation for Earth 's temperature gradient is a combination of heat left over from the planet 's initial formation , decay of radioactive elements , and freezing of the inner core . See also ( edit ) Earth sciences portal Geological history of Earth Lehmann discontinuity Rain - out model Travel to the Earth 's center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 Selected Astronomical Constants '' in The Astronomical Almanac Online , USNO -- UKHO , M = 5 9722 × 10 kg ± 6 × 10 kg ^ Jump up to : A.M. Dziewonski , D.L. Anderson ( 1981 ) . `` Preliminary reference Earth model '' ( PDF ) . Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 25 ( 4 ) : 297 -- 356 . Bibcode : 1981PEPI ... 25 ... 297D . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 9201 ( 81 ) 90046 - 7 . ISSN 0031 - 9201 . Jump up ^ T.H. Jordan ( 1979 ) . `` Structural Geology of the Earth 's Interior '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 76 ( 9 ) : 4192 -- 4200 . Bibcode : 1979PNAS ... 76.4192 J . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 76.9. 4192 . PMC 411539 . PMID 16592703 . Jump up ^ Breaking News Oldest rock shows Earth was a hospitable young planet . Spaceflight Now ( 2001 - 01 - 14 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Krieger , Kim ( 24 March 2004 ) . `` D Layer Demystified '' . Science News . American Association for the Advancement of Science . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Uwe Walzer , Roland Hendel , John Baumgardner Mantle Viscosity and the Thickness of the Convective Downwellings . Jump up ^ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ( Berkeley Lab ) is a Department of Energy ( DOE ) Office of Science lab managed by University of California. , What Keeps the Earth Cooking ? News Release by Paul Preuss , July 17 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Planetary Fact Sheet '' . Lunar and Planetary Science . NASA . Retrieved 2 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Hutton , C. ( 1778 ) . `` An Account of the Calculations Made from the Survey and Measures Taken at Schehallien '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society . 68 ( 0 ) . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1778.0034 . Jump up ^ Tretkoff , Ernie ( June 2008 ) . `` June 1798 : Cavendish Weighs the World '' . APS News . 17 ( 6 ) . American Physical Society . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Monnereau , Marc ; Calvet , Marie ; Margerin , Ludovic ; Souriau , Annie ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lopsided Growth of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 328 ( 5981 ) : 1014 -- 1017 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 328.1014 M . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1186212 . PMID 20395477 . Jump up ^ Hazlett , James S. ; Monroe , Reed ; Wicander , Richard ( 2006 ) . Physical geology : exploring the earth ( 6 . ed . ) . Belmont : Thomson . p. 346 . ISBN 9780495011484 . Jump up ^ Stixrude , Lars ; Cohen , R.E. ( January 15 , 1995 ) . `` Constraints on the crystalline structure of the inner core : Mechanical instability of BCC iron at high pressure '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 22 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 128 . Bibcode : 1995GeoRL ... 22 ... 125S . doi : 10.1029 / 94GL02742 . Jump up ^ Benuzzi - Mounaix , A. ; Koenig , M. ; Ravasio , A. ; Vinci , T. ( 2006 ) . `` Laser - driven shock waves for the study of extreme matter states '' . Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 48 ( 12B ) . Bibcode : 2006PPCF ... 48B. 347B . doi : 10.1088 / 0741 - 3335 / 48 / 12B / S32 . Jump up ^ Remington , Bruce A. ; Drake , R. Paul ; Ryutov , Dmitri D. ( 2006 ) . `` Experimental astrophysics with high power lasers and Z pinches '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 78 . Bibcode : 2006RvMP ... 78 ... 755R . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 78.755 . Jump up ^ Benuzzi - Mounaix , A. ; Koenig , M. ; Husar , G. ; Faral , B. ( June 2002 ) . `` Absolute equation of state measurements of iron using laser driven shocks '' . Physics of Plasmas. 9 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 2002PhPl ... 9.2466 B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1478557 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Ronald ; Stixrude , Lars . `` Crystal at the Center of the Earth '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Stixrude , L. ; Cohen , R.E. ( 1995 ) . `` High - Pressure Elasticity of Iron and Anisotropy of Earth 's Inner Core '' . Science . 267 ( 5206 ) : 1972 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 267.1972 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 267.5206. 1972 . PMID 17770110 . Jump up ^ BBC News , `` What is at the centre of the Earth ? . Bbc.co.uk ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ozawa , H. ; al. , et ( 2011 ) . `` Phase Transition of FeO and Stratification in Earth 's Outer Core '' . Science . 334 ( 6057 ) : 792 -- 794 . Bibcode : 2011Sci ... 334 ... 792O . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1208265 . Jump up ^ Wootton , Anne ( 2006 ) . `` Earth 's Inner Fort Knox '' . Discover . 27 ( 9 ) : 18 . Jump up ^ Herndon , J.M. ( 1980 ) . `` The chemical composition of the interior shells of the Earth '' . Proc. R. Soc . Lond . A372 ( 1748 ) : 149 -- 154 . JSTOR 2398362 . Jump up ^ Herndon , J.M. ( 2005 ) . `` Scientific basis of knowledge on Earth 's composition '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 88 ( 7 ) : 1034 -- 1037 . Jump up ^ First Measurement Of Magnetic Field Inside Earth 's Core . Science20.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Buffett , Bruce A. ( 2010 ) . `` Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth 's internal magnetic field '' . Nature . 468 ( 7326 ) : 952 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 468 ... 952B . doi : 10.1038 / nature09643 . PMID 21164483 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 2005 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Earth 's Core Spins Faster Than the Rest of the Planet '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kerr , R.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Earth 's Inner Core Is Running a Tad Faster Than the Rest of the Planet '' . Science . 309 ( 5739 ) : 1313a . doi : 10.1126 / science. 309.5739. 1313a . PMID 16123276 . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 26 August 2005 ) `` Scientists Say Earth 's Center Rotates Faster Than Surface '' The New York Times Sec . A , Col. 1 , p. 13 . Further reading ( edit ) Drollette , Daniel ( October 1996 ) . `` A Spinning Crystal Ball '' . Scientific American . 275 ( 4 ) : 28&ndash , 33 . Kruglinski , Susan ( June 2007 ) . `` Journey to the Center of the Earth '' . Discover . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Lehmann , I ( 1936 ) . `` Inner Earth '' . Bur . Cent . Seismol . Int. 14 : 3&ndash , 31 . Wegener , Alfred ( 1966 ) . The origin of continents and oceans . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 9780486617084 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Structure of the Earth Media related to Structure of the Earth at Wikimedia Commons Down To The Earth 's Core ( HD ) on YouTube The Earth 's Core on In Our Time at the BBC Earth Continents Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Oceans Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean Earth Geography Geology Future of Earth Geological history of Earth History of Earth Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Environment Biome Ecology Ecosystem Nature Wilderness Related Earth Day Earth science Geologic record Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in Universe Solar System World Portal Earth sciences Links to related articles Structure of the Earth Shells Crust Lithosphere Mesosphere Mantle Asthenosphere Lithospheric mantle Subcontinental lithospheric mantle Oceanic lithospheric mantle Outer core Inner core Global Discontinuities Mohorovičić ( crust -- mantle ) 410 discontinuity ( upper mantle ) 660 discontinuity ( upper mantle ) D ' ' discontinuity ( lower mantle ) Core - mantle boundary inner - core boundary Regional Discontinuities Conrad ( continental crust ) Gutenberg ( upper mantle ) Lehmann ( upper mantle ) Earth - related topics History Age of the Earth Evolutionary history of life Faint young Sun paradox Formation and evolution of the Solar System Future of Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth History of Earth Timeline of evolution Geography Geology Clairaut 's theorem Continents Earthquake Equatorial bulge Extremes on Earth Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geophysics Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Time zones Ecology Earth Day Global warming Human impact on the environment Imaging Apple Maps Baidu Maps Bhuvan Bing Maps Global Map Google Earth Google Maps MapmyIndia NASA World Wind Here OpenStreetMap Wikimapia Remote sensing Yahoo ! Maps Yandex Maps Arts Culture Society Earth in culture Earth in science fiction Etymology of the word `` Earth '' History of the world International law Landscape painting List of countries World economy Other topics Biosphere Earth 's orbit Earth trojan The ecliptic Flag of Earth Gravity Magnetic field The Moon Claimed moons of Earth 2006 RH120 Kordylewski cloud Solar System Earth 's location in the Universe Theia Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Elements of nature Universe Space Time Energy Matter Change Earth Earth science History ( geological ) Structure Geology Plate tectonics Oceans Gaia hypothesis Future Weather Meteorology Atmosphere ( Earth ) Climate Clouds Sunlight Tides Wind Natural environment Ecology Ecosystem Field Radiation Wilderness Wildfires Life Origin ( abiogenesis ) Evolutionary history Biosphere Hierarchy Biology ( astrobiology ) Organism Eukaryota flora plants fauna animals fungi protista Prokaryotes archaea bacteria Viruses Category : Nature Portal : Science Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Structure_of_the_Earth&oldid=866111969 '' Categories : Structure of the Earth Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Lëtzebuergesch Македонски മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Plattdüütsch Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 09 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the structure of the earth discovered | [
"The inner core was discovered in 1936 by Inge Lehmann and is generally believed to be composed primarily of iron and some nickel. Since this layer is able to transmit shear waves (transverse seismic waves), it must be solid. Experimental evidence has at times been critical of crystal models of the core.[13] Other experimental studies show a discrepancy under high pressure: diamond anvil (static) studies at core pressures yield melting temperatures that are approximately 2000 K below those from shock laser (dynamic) studies.[14][15] The laser studies create plasma,[16] and the results are suggestive that constraining inner core conditions will depend on whether the inner core is a solid or is a plasma with the density of a solid. This is an area of active research.\n"
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"1936"
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3049647041941055080 | Smallville (season 7) | Smallville ( season 7 ) - wikipedia Smallville ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Smallville ( season 7 ) DVD and Blu - ray cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network The CW Original release September 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) -- May 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 15 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Smallville episodes Season seven of Smallville , an American television series , began airing on September 27 , 2007 . The series recounts the early adventures of Kryptonian Clark Kent as he adjusts to life in the fictional town of Smallville , Kansas , during the years before he becomes Superman . The seventh season comprises 20 episodes and concluded its initial airing on May 15 , 2008 , marking the second season to air on The CW television network . Regular cast members during season seven include Tom Welling , Michael Rosenbaum , Kristin Kreuk , Allison Mack , John Glover , Erica Durance , Aaron Ashmore , and Laura Vandervoort . In addition to bringing in new regular cast members this season , the Smallville team brought in familiar faces from the Superman media history , old villains from the show 's past , as well as new DC Comics characters . This season focuses on Clark Kent meeting his biological cousin Kara ( Vandervoort ) , and teaching her how to control her abilities in public ; Lana Lang 's behavior toward her friends , Lex Luthor , and after it is discovered that she faked her own death ; Chloe coming to terms with her newly discovered kryptonite - induced ability ; and the secret of the Daily Planet 's new editor Grant Gabriel . Towards the end of the season , Clark faces the dual threat from returning villain Brainiac ( James Marsters ) , and Lex 's discovery of his father 's secret society who possess the means to control Clark . The season culminates with a showdown between Lex and Clark at the Fortress of Solitude , wherein the fortress is brought down , setting the series up for the following season . Smallville 's season seven , along with many other American television shows , was caught in the middle of a contract dispute between the Writers Guild of America , East ( WGAE ) , Writers Guild of America , west ( WGAw ) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers ( AMPTP ) . The dispute led to a strike by the writers , which has caused this season to end prematurely with only twenty episodes being produced , instead of the standard twenty - two episodes . The strike also forced The CW to push back airdates on several episodes , and cost Allison Mack her directorial debut . Smallville 's Season seven slipped in the ratings , averaging 3.7 million viewers weekly , and the series ranked as the 175th most - watched television series , out of 220 , for the 2007 -- 08 television year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Production 2.1 Writer 's strike 2.2 Characters 3 Tie - ins 4 Reception 5 Awards 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Smallville episodes In Canada , all season seven episodes originally aired one day earlier than their normal United States airings . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( million ) 133 `` Bizarro '' Michael Rohl Brian Peterson & Kelly Souders September 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) 3T6301 5.18 Clark confronts a bizarre version of himself and the ensuing fight causes Reeves Dam to burst . Lex , who was arrested for Lana 's murder , is caught in the flood of water . Before he can drown , Lex is saved by an unknown girl who he later believes to be an angel giving him a second chance at redemption . Lionel 's body is taken by an unknown person . Chloe is pronounced dead at the hospital , but she resurrects herself in the morgue . Clark discovers his doppelgänger 's weakness , the yellow sun , and exploits it with the help of John Jones ( Phil Morris ) . Lana is revealed to be alive and living in Shanghai , China . 134 `` Kara '' James Conway Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer October 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) 3T6302 4.59 Clark discovers he has a cousin , Kara , who was stuck in suspended animation for eighteen years . After a rocky first meeting , where Clark and Kara fight , the two soon band together to find Kara 's stolen ship . Together they find her ship , which was taken by the Department of Domestic Security , but it is in self - destruct mode . Kara absorbs the explosion before it can kill anyone . Later , Kara reveals that a Kryptonian crystal , hidden inside the ship , was stolen before the ship exploded . Lex finds Lana , who used a LuthorCorp clone of herself to help fake her own death , in China . Lex returns to Smallville , determined to find the girl -- Kara -- who saved his life . 135 `` Fierce '' Whitney Ransick Holly Harold October 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 11 ) 3T6303 4.82 Kara decides she wants to join the Miss Sweet Corn Pageant . Clark tries to teach Kara to control her abilities , so she does not expose their secrets , but gets frustrated with her lack of concentration . Lana returns to Smallville , with all legal charges dropped against her , and reunites with Clark . Tyler and Tempest , two meteor - infected pageant contestants who witness Kara using her abilities , convince Kara to help them steal some buried treasure . The treasure turns out to be an SOS alert from another Kryptonian on Earth . Lex confronts Kara and promises to find out the truth of her abilities . 136 `` Cure '' Rick Rosenthal Al Septien & Turi Meyer October 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 18 ) 3T6304 5.18 Chloe learns that Dr. Curtis Knox ( Dean Cain ) has a surgical cure for those affected by kryptonite , so she sets up an appointment , knowing a side effect could be memory loss . Knox turns out to be an immortal serial killer , and also turns out to be Jack the Ripper . John Jones shows up at the Kent home and warns Clark that he can not trust Kara . John explains that her father , Zor - El , attempted to assassinate Clark 's father . Clark is told to find Kara 's crystal before she does , but he is side - tracked fighting Knox , who is attempting to take Chloe 's heart and transplant it into the woman he loves . Lana uses the $10 million she stole from Lex to buy surveillance equipment to spy on him . 137 5 `` Action '' Mairzee Almas Caroline Dries October 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 25 ) 3T6306 4.65 While filming takes place on the Warrior Angel movie on the Kent farm , Clark saves lead actress Rachel Davenport ( Christina Milian ) from a car crash . After some researching by Chloe , it is discovered that someone is trying to kill Rachel , because they believe her character should die , like she does in the comics . Clark 's secret is uncovered by the attacker when he is witnessed stopping a bullet intended for Rachel ; he attempts to kill Lana in hopes that her death will make Clark see his true destiny as Earth 's savior . Lana is revealed to be the one who kidnapped Lionel Luthor , and when he is finally freed , Lionel informs Lana that he knows she kidnapped him . 138 6 `` Lara '' James Conway Don Whitehead & Holly Henderson November 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 01 ) 3T6305 4.31 Clark learns that Kara is in Washington , D.C. looking for the crystal from her ship . Kara learns the exact location of the crystal , but it is not there when she arrives . Clark confronts her in a club , but she flies away . With Jimmy 's help , Kara follows a path to Lex 's mansion , but Agent Carter is waiting . Using kryptonite handcuffs , Carter takes Kara back to Virginia . Using a kryptonite truth serum , Carter attempts to learn about Krypton , but Clark interrupts him and saves Kara with Lionel 's help . Clark shows Lana that he has Kara 's crystal , which contains his birth mother 's DNA . 139 7 `` Wrath '' Charles Beeson Kelly Souders & Brian Peterson November 8 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 08 ) 3T6307 4.64 Lightning strikes a windmill on the Kent farm while Clark is weakened by nearby kryptonite ; the bolt travels through him and Lana , transferring a portion of his powers to her . After sharing their first intimate moment in two years , Clark begins to worry about Lana 's use of the powers after remembering what happened to Eric Summers and Jonathan Kent when they were imbued with Clark 's powers . Lana becomes more aggressive with the powers , stealing confidential files from Lex -- which show that Lex has been keeping what remains of Milton Fine 's ship -- and later attacking him . After a battle with Clark , Lana 's powers are reabsorbed when Clark uses a high voltage shock and kryptonite to take the powers back ; during the fight , Fine 's remains are released . 140 8 `` Blue '' Glen Winter Todd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer November 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 15 ) 3T6308 4.51 Clark uses Kara 's crystal to resurrect his mother Lara , but unknowingly brings Zor - El back . Lara unwittingly gives Clark a blue kryptonite ring that strips his powers , while Zor - El tries to take over the world . Lois and Grant 's romantic relationship is discovered by Lex and Chloe . Grant and Lex are revealed to be working together , and Grant is revealed to be Lex 's younger brother Julian Luthor . Clark gets to the Fortress and shatters the crystal , which destroys Zor - El and Lara . Kara is transported to Detroit , Michigan , with no memory of who she is , and Jor - El informs Clark there will be consequences for his repeated defiance . 141 9 `` Gemini '' Whitney Ransick Caroline Dries December 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 13 ) 3T6309 3.71 Clark and Lana team up to take down Lex . Clark and Lana discover , through an Isis Foundation patient , that Milton Fine is still alive . Adrian , one of Lex 's experimental patients , plants a bomb on Chloe , threatening to kill her if Lois does not get Lex to admit that he is cloning humans . Lois confronts Lex , and , after Lois is knocked unconscious by Lex , it 's revealed that the patient is a failed clone of Lex 's brother Julian . Adrian also reveals that `` Grant Gabriel '' is the successful clone . Chloe , fearing that she will die , confesses to Jimmy that she was infected by the meteor rocks . In the end , it is revealed that Bizarro has been posing as Clark the entire time , unknown to anyone else , with Clark trapped at the Fortress of Solitude . 142 10 `` Persona '' Todd Slavkin Don Whitehead & Holly Henderson January 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 31 ) 3T6310 3.81 Lana is unaware that Bizarro is impersonating Clark , who is still frozen at the Fortress of Solitude , and reveals information about Milton Fine to him . Bizarro tracks down Fine in the hope that he will help him combat his yellow sun weakness . Fine directs Bizarro to Dax - Ur , a Kryptonian scientist who came to Earth years earlier . Jor - El releases Clark from his imprisonment so he can defeat Bizarro . Clark receives blue kryptonite from Dax - Ur and uses it to destroy Bizarro . Clark unwittingly leads Fine to Dax - Ur , who uses Dax - Ur to restore his powers . After Grant reveals his true identity to Lionel , Lex has him killed . 143 11 `` Siren '' Kevin G. Fair Kelly Souders & Brian Peterson February 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 07 ) 3T6311 4.01 Chloe intercepts confidential information from Lex , but the Black Canary shows up and steals the information back for Lex . When Lex learns the Green Arrow was involved , he sends Black Canary after him . Black Canary attacks Oliver , believing him to be a terrorist , and in the process reveals his secret identity to Lois . Clark confronts the Canary , and convinces her of the truth . Oliver offers Black Canary a spot on his team and she accepts , while Clark and Lana try to reconcile their relationship . 144 12 `` Fracture '' James Marshall Teleplay by : Caroline Dries Story by : Al Septien & Turi Meyer February 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 14 ) 3T6312 3.67 Lois discovers that Lex has found Kara , who is suffering from amnesia , and follows him to Detroit after her . The busboy at the diner that Kara works is obsessed with her , and when Lex arrives , the busboy shoots him , fearing that he will take Kara away . He then holds Kara and Lois hostage . Clark , in efforts to find them , enters Lex 's mind using experimental LuthorCorp technology ; here he discovers Lex 's good side , child Alexander , is still alive . Chloe uses her powers to bring Lex back from the dead , leading to a personal struggle with the moral aspect of her powers . 145 13 `` Hero '' Michael Rohl Aaron & Todd Helbing March 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 13 ) 3T6313 3.80 Pete Ross ( Sam Jones III ) chews some kryptonite - laced gum and develops the ability to stretch his body to extreme lengths , which he uses to save Kara 's life from a falling speaker at a OneRepublic concert in an abandoned warehouse . Pete arrives at the Kent farm and gets up to speed on who knows Clark 's secret , before revealing his own power to Clark . Pete decides to reveal his ability to the world , against Clark and Chloe 's advice , but Lex blackmails him into stealing Kara 's bracelet from Lionel 's safe . When Pete does not deliver , Lex tortures him ; Clark arrives and saves Pete . Kara , no longer trusting Clark and Lana , stays with Lex , while Clark secretly hides the bracelet . 146 14 `` Traveler '' Glen Winter Teleplay by : Don Whitehead & Holly Henderson Story by : Al Septien & Turi Meyer March 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 20 ) 3T6314 3.44 Lionel hires a group of men to kidnap Clark , using kryptonite tazers to subdue him , and lock him in a kryptonite - lined cell . Patricia Swann ( Gina Holden ) , Dr. Virgil Swann 's daughter , comes looking for the `` Last Son of Krypton '' and accuses Lionel of taking the `` Last Son '' for himself , and having a hand in the deaths of her father , the Teagues and the Queens -- three families who came together with Lionel , under a secret societal name of `` Veritas '' , to welcome the `` Last Son '' to Earth . Chloe and Lana discover Lionel 's actions , so they take Kara to Jor - El , who restores her memory ; with her powers returned , Kara saves Clark . Patricia Swann gives Clark her father 's journal ; later , Lex has Patricia killed and a pendant she was wearing -- which depicted the Veritas symbol -- delivered to him . 147 15 `` Veritas '' James Marshall Kelly Souders & Brian Peterson March 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 27 ) 3T6315 3.86 Brainiac propositions Kara at the farm , but she refuses ; Brainiac warns Kara , and Clark , that not working with him will cause people to get hurt . Jimmy and Lois work together to uncover the truth behind Patricia Swann 's murder . Lex begins searching for the secret of Veritas with a key he found in Patricia 's pendant . Kara attempts to teach Clark to fly , but he is more focused on finding Brainiac , who attacks Lana at the Isis Foundation . In order to save Lana 's life , Kara agrees to help Brainiac . Lana is placed in a clinic , stuck in a catatonic state , while Clark and Chloe have no leads as to where Brainiac and Kara are . 148 16 `` Descent '' Ken Horton Don Whitehead & Holly Henderson April 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 17 ) 3T6316 3.61 Lex takes Lionel 's locket , which holds the second key to the deposit box in Zürich , and then throws him out the LuthorCorp window to his death . Lex soon discovers the key is not where he thought , and heads to the Daily Planet to find it ; he also begins having hallucinations of his younger self . Lex finds the key in Chloe 's desk , and then fires her . Jimmy and Lois discover that Lionel was murdered . Clark confronts Lex at the mansion , informing him that he has proof Lex murdered Lionel . Lex 's assistant destroys the evidence , and discovers Clark 's secret . Before she can tell Lex everything , a mysterious stranger kills her . 149 17 `` Sleeper '' Whitney Ransick Caroline Dries April 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 24 ) 3T6317 3.62 In order to locate Brainiac and Kara , Clark has Chloe hack into government satellites . The Department of Domestic Security has been monitoring Chloe 's activity and , convinced she is a terrorist , convince Jimmy to work with them to bring her down . Clark decides to head to the Fortress to find a way to save Lana , where he learns that Kara is at Krypton trying to warn Clark that Brainiac intends to kill the infant version of Kal - El . The Feds have Jimmy accompany Chloe to a club , which is a front for a security building , to find out who her target is . The Feds catch Chloe stealing satellite images and begin interrogating her . Jimmy shows up and saves her life , and agrees to do whatever Lex wants in exchange for clearing Chloe 's name with the government . 150 18 `` Apocalypse '' Tom Welling Al Septien & Turi Meyer May 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) 3T6318 3.81 Jor - El sends Clark to an alternate reality to show him what the world would be like if he never arrived on Earth . Here , the Kents have a natural - born son , Chloe is engaged , Lana married a French philanthropist , Lois is a Pulitzer Prize -- winning journalist , Kara is the head of the Department of Domestic Security ( DDS ) using the alias Linda Danvers , and Lex is the President of the United States . In this reality , Clark is unable to prevent Brainiac and Lex from detonating the country 's nuclear missiles . After learning the world needs him , Clark is sent to Krypton to prevent Brainiac from killing him as an infant . After stopping Brainiac , Clark and Kara both return to present day Earth . 151 19 `` Quest '' Kenneth Biller Holly Harold May 8 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 08 ) 3T6319 3.99 The bank teller from Zurich attacks Lex , carving the Kryptonian symbols for `` Traveler '' , `` Savior '' , and `` Sanctuary '' into his chest . After seeing the symbols , Clark travels to Montreal , Quebec , where he finds Edward Teague ( Robert Picardo ) , Jason Teague 's father , the only surviving member of Veritas . Edward deems that Clark is no savior and attempts to kill him so that Lex can not control him . Chloe saves Clark , who in turn saves Edward from Lex , who arrived looking for more clues to controlling the Traveler . Lex returns home and discovers an orb hidden inside the mantle above the fireplace . The orb gives the location of the Fortress of Solitude . 152 20 `` Arctic '' Todd Slavkin Don Whitehead & Holly Henderson May 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 15 ) 3T6320 3.85 Kara informs Lex that he will defeat the Traveler , who is really destined to destroy mankind , and sends him to the Fortress of Solitude . Clark learns that Brainiac has been impersonating Kara , who is actually stuck in the Phantom Zone , and destroys him to finally free Lana from her comatose state . Lana leaves Clark a DVD stating that she is holding Clark back , and the only way for him to help the world is if the two of them are not together . The DDS arrest Chloe just as Jimmy is about to propose marriage ; Jimmy goes to Clark and tells him about the deal he made with Lex , also informing him that Lex is headed to the Arctic . Clark arrives at the Fortress just as Lex , who now knows Clark 's secret , places the orb onto the crystal control panel , bringing the Fortress down around him and Clark . Production ( edit ) Writer 's strike ( edit ) The Writers Guild form picket lines as the protest their contracts with the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers . On November 5 , 2007 , a strike began between the Writers Guild of America , East ( WGAE ) , Writers Guild of America , west ( WGAw ) and the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers ( AMPTP ) . A prolonged strike would have forced television shows to end their seasons early , because no scripts could be written until a settlement had been reached . The strike pushed back Smallville 's scheduling , as the episode `` Siren '' , which was originally intended to be aired on January 10 , 2008 , was moved to a February 7 airdate . According to Gough and Millar , `` We were able to complete scripts for 15 episodes ( ... ) To the best of ( our ) knowledge , the studio plans to produce all of them . '' They also explained that the fifteenth episode would have had a cliffhanger ending . The shortened schedule also meant Allison Mack would not see her directorial debut for the season 's 20th episode as was originally planned . On February 12 , 2008 , after a 48 - hour vote by the guild members , the strike came to an end . This allowed the shooting of five new episodes that began airing on April 17 , 2008 . This was in addition to the episodes that had already been filmed , leaving the season total at twenty episodes . Characters ( edit ) For season seven , the Smallville team would bring in two new regular cast members , Jimmy Olsen , who first appeared as a recurring guest in season six , and Kara Zor - El , Clark 's biological cousin . On July 11 , 2007 , Canadian actress Laura Vandervoort was officially announced to be portraying Kara . According to Gough and Millar , her backstory is that she was sent to look after Kal - El ( Clark ) , but was stuck in suspended animation for eighteen years . When the dam broke in the season six finale `` Phantom '' she was set free . She will have all of Clark 's abilities , as well as the ability to fly . Gough iterated that Kara will not wear any version of the Supergirl costume . On July 6 , 2007 , it was announced that Michael Cassidy was cast as the new editor of the Daily Planet , Grant Gabriel . Cassidy 's Grant Gabriel is designed to be Lois ' new love interest ; he appeared in seven episodes this season . Smallville also brought in more actors with previous connections to the Superman lore this season . Helen Slater , who portrayed Supergirl in the 1984 film of the same name , was cast as Lara , Clark 's biological mother . She made appearances in episodes six and eight , titled `` Lara '' and `` Blue '' respectively . During the 2007 Comic Con , it was revealed that Dean Cain , who played Clark Kent / Superman in Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman , would have a guest role as a `` the evil Dr. Curtis Knox '' in the fourth episode `` Cure '' . Marc McClure , who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in all of the Superman films as well as in Supergirl , was brought in to play a Kryptonian scientist named Dax - Ur for the episode `` Persona '' . James Marsters was brought back to reprise his role as Milton Fine / Brainiac in a four - episode arc slated for January 2008 ; Marsters had not appeared on the show since the season five finale `` Vessel '' . Another character from the DC Comics universe arriving on Smallville is the Black Canary . The character was intended to be featured in the January 10 , 2008 episode `` Siren '' , but the Writers ' Strike pushed scheduling back to February 7 . Black Canary was portrayed by Canadian actress Alaina Huffman , and the episode featured the return of Justin Hartley as the Green Arrow . This season also saw the return of Sam Jones III as Pete Ross , after a four - year absence from the show . Tie - ins ( edit ) In 2008 The CW entered into a partnership with the makers of Stride brand chewing - gum to give viewers the opportunity to create their own Smallville digital comic , titled Smallville : Visions . The writers and producers developed the comic 's beginning and end , but allowed viewers to provide the middle . The CW began this tie - in campaign with the March 13 , 2008 episode `` Hero '' , where Pete develops superhuman elasticity after chewing some kryptonite - infused Stride gum . Going to The CW 's website , viewers vote on one of two options -- each adding four pages to the comic -- every Tuesday and Thursday until the campaign ended on April 7 , 2008 . For season seven , Smallville again worked with Sprint , bringing its customers `` mobisodes '' featuring Clark 's cousin Kara , titled Smallville Legends : Kara and the Chronicles of Krypton . Reception ( edit ) The season premiere , `` Bizarro '' , was watched by 5.18 million viewers , marking an increase from the previous season finale , `` Phantom '' , which was viewed by 4.14 million . `` Bizarro '' and `` Cure '' were also the highest - rated episodes of the season , both being seen by 5.18 million viewers and scoring a 1.8 in the Nielsen rating in the 2 year old and up demographic . Nielsen ratings are audience measurement systems that determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States . This means that the episodes were seen by 1.8 percent of all viewers in the United States watching television at the time of the episode 's airing that were older than 2 years old . The season hit a low with the fourteenth episode , `` Traveler '' , which was watched by only 3.44 million viewers . The season finale , `` Arctic '' , was viewed by 3.85 , marking a decrease from both the season premiere , and the sixth season finale . Smallville 's season seven slipped in the ratings , averaging 3.7 million viewers weekly . Smallville ranked as the 175th most - watched television series , out of 220 , for the 2007 -- 08 television year . Awards ( edit ) `` Bizarro '' was nominated for a VES award in Outstanding Compositing in a Broadcast Program or Commercial , specifically for the flood scene ; it was also nominated for , and won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series . In 2009 , the season received five Teen Choice Awards nominations . The nominations include Choice TV Show : Action Adventure , Choice TV Actor : Action Adventure for Tom Welling , Choice TV Actress : Action Adventure for Kristen Kreuk , Choice TV : Villain for Michael Rosenbaum , and Choice TV : Sidekick for Allison Mack . Home media Release ( edit ) The complete seventh season of Smallville was released on September 9 , 2008 in North America in both DVD and Blu - ray format . The DVD and Blu - ray box set were also released in region 2 and region 4 on October 13 , 2008 and March 3 , 2009 , respectively . The box set included various special features , including episode commentary , a documentary on the Supergirl character , a featurette on the different actors to portray Jimmy Olsen , as well as mobisodes for Smallville Legends . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Smallville Episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Allison Mack ( July 23 , 2007 ) . `` Branching Out '' . AllisonMack.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bill Harris . `` Vandervoort takes off on ' Smallville ' '' . Sun Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Calabria , Rosario T. ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Broadcast TV Ratings for November 1 , 2007 '' . Entertainment Now . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . November 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( December 19 , 2007 ) . `` Top CW Primetime Shows , December 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . March 18 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . March 25 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet. April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Cieply ; Brooks Barnes ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Writers Say Strike to Start Monday '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive : Black Canary Swoops into Smallville '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Siren episode info '' . MSN . Retrieved January 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville Ready to Fly with 15 Episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lynn Elber ( February 12 , 2008 ) . `` Writers Vote to End 3 - Month Strike '' . The Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Stelter ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` As Hollywood writers strike end nears , a status report on TV shows '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello . `` After the WGA Strike : When Will Your Favorite TV Shows Return ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rich Sands ( June 11 , 2007 ) . `` Exclusive : Supergirl Soars Into Smallville '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Wang ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Supergirl lands in Smallville '' . People . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthony C. Ferrante ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` Alfred Gough Speaks About Supergirl on Smallville '' . iF Magazine . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Smallville Snags Hidden Hunk '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich ( August 6 , 2007 ) . `` On Smallville , Supergirl Is Superman 's Mom . Got it ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gary Strauss ( September 4 , 2007 ) . `` It 's trouble for Smallville when Supergirl flies in '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Don Whitehead , Holly Henderson ( writers ) & Todd Slavkin ( director ) ( 2008 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Persona '' . Smallville . Season 7 . Episode 10 . The CW . Jump up ^ `` James Marsters Is a Bad Man in Dragon Ball and Smallville '' . SuperHeroFlix.com . February 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive ! James Marsters Returning to Smallville '' . E ! Online . Retrieved September 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rob Salem ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` Hot Box : Television to talk about '' . Toronto : The Star . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The CW , Warner Bros. Television Group , and Stride Gum offer fans the opportunity to create their own Smallville digital comic book '' . The Futon Critic . March 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ T.L. Stanley ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` Sprint , CW Mobilize Supergirl for Mobisodes '' . Media Week . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Geoff Boucher ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` ' Twilight , ' Robert Pattinson , ' Smallville ' and Christian Bale in Everyday Hero headlines '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 20 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` VISUAL EFFECTS SOCIETY ( VES ) ANNOUNCES NOMINEES FOR 6TH ANNUAL VES AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . VES.com . January 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Emmy Winners '' ( PDF ) . Emmys.tv . September 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kelly West ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Nominations Posted For 2009 Teen Choice Awards '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David Lambert ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` Smallville ; -- Release Date , Package Art & Extras for 7th Season DVDs and Blu - ray Discs ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Seventh Season -- Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 7 ( Region 2 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Season 7 ( Region 4 ) '' . Ezydvd . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete Seventh Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Smallville -- The Complete 7th Season ( 3 Disc Set ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . ezydvd . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Details from the back of the DVD box set . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Smallville Wikimedia Commons has media related to Smallville . Official website List of Smallville episodes on IMDb List of Smallville season 7 episodes at TV.com List of Smallville season 7 episodes at Wikia Smallville at epguides.com List of Smallville season 7 guide at kryptonsite.com ( hide ) Smallville Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Episodes List of episodes `` Pilot '' `` Tempest '' `` Reckoning '' `` Absolute Justice '' `` Finale '' Characters Characters of Smallville Clark Kent Lex Luthor Lana Lang Chloe Sullivan Lionel Luthor Lois Lane Justice League Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smallville_(season_7)&oldid=800358486 '' Categories : Smallville seasons 2007 American television seasons 2008 American television seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2015 Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Español Français Íslenska Italiano Magyar Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 01 : 29 . About Wikipedia | when does lana come back in season 7 | [
"\n\nNo. in\nseries\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(million)\n\n\n133\n1\n\"Bizarro\"\nMichael Rohl\nBrian Peterson & Kelly Souders\nSeptember 27, 2007 (2007-09-27)\n3T6301\n5.18[4]\n\n\nClark confronts a bizarre version of himself and the ensuing fight causes Reeves Dam to burst. Lex, who was arrested for Lana's murder, is caught in the flood of water. Before he can drown, Lex is saved by an unknown girl who he later believes to be an angel giving him a second chance at redemption. Lionel's body is taken by an unknown person. Chloe is pronounced dead at the hospital, but she resurrects herself in the morgue. Clark discovers his doppelgänger's weakness, the yellow sun, and exploits it with the help of John Jones (Phil Morris). Lana is revealed to be alive and living in Shanghai, China.\n\n\n134\n2\n\"Kara\"\nJames Conway\nTodd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer\nOctober 4, 2007 (2007-10-04)\n3T6302\n4.59[5]\n\n\nClark discovers he has a cousin, Kara, who was stuck in suspended animation for eighteen years. After a rocky first meeting, where Clark and Kara fight, the two soon band together to find Kara's stolen ship. Together they find her ship, which was taken by the Department of Domestic Security, but it is in self-destruct mode. Kara absorbs the explosion before it can kill anyone. Later, Kara reveals that a Kryptonian crystal, hidden inside the ship, was stolen before the ship exploded. Lex finds Lana, who used a LuthorCorp clone of herself to help fake her own death, in China. Lex returns to Smallville, determined to find the girl—Kara—who saved his life.\n\n\n135\n3\n\"Fierce\"\nWhitney Ransick\nHolly Harold\nOctober 11, 2007 (2007-10-11)\n3T6303\n4.82[6]\n\n\nKara decides she wants to join the Miss Sweet Corn Pageant. Clark tries to teach Kara to control her abilities, so she does not expose their secrets, but gets frustrated with her lack of concentration. Lana returns to Smallville, with all legal charges dropped against her, and reunites with Clark. Tyler and Tempest, two meteor-infected pageant contestants who witness Kara using her abilities, convince Kara to help them steal some buried treasure. The treasure turns out to be an SOS alert from another Kryptonian on Earth. Lex confronts Kara and promises to find out the truth of her abilities.\n\n\n136\n4\n\"Cure\"\nRick Rosenthal\nAl Septien & Turi Meyer\nOctober 18, 2007 (2007-10-18)\n3T6304\n5.18[7]\n\n\nChloe learns that Dr. Curtis Knox (Dean Cain) has a surgical cure for those affected by kryptonite, so she sets up an appointment, knowing a side effect could be memory loss. Knox turns out to be an immortal serial killer, and also turns out to be Jack the Ripper. John Jones shows up at the Kent home and warns Clark that he cannot trust Kara. John explains that her father, Zor-El, attempted to assassinate Clark's father. Clark is told to find Kara's crystal before she does, but he is side-tracked fighting Knox, who is attempting to take Chloe's heart and transplant it into the woman he loves. Lana uses the $10 million she stole from Lex to buy surveillance equipment to spy on him.\n\n\n137\n5\n\"Action\"\nMairzee Almas\nCaroline Dries\nOctober 25, 2007 (2007-10-25)\n3T6306\n4.65[8]\n\n\nWhile filming takes place on the Warrior Angel movie on the Kent farm, Clark saves lead actress Rachel Davenport (Christina Milian) from a car crash. After some researching by Chloe, it is discovered that someone is trying to kill Rachel, because they believe her character should die, like she does in the comics. Clark's secret is uncovered by the attacker when he is witnessed stopping a bullet intended for Rachel; he attempts to kill Lana in hopes that her death will make Clark see his true destiny as Earth's savior. Lana is revealed to be the one who kidnapped Lionel Luthor, and when he is finally freed, Lionel informs Lana that he knows she kidnapped him.\n\n\n138\n6\n\"Lara\"\nJames Conway\nDon Whitehead & Holly Henderson\nNovember 1, 2007 (2007-11-01)\n3T6305\n4.31[9]\n\n\nClark learns that Kara is in Washington, D.C. looking for the crystal from her ship. Kara learns the exact location of the crystal, but it is not there when she arrives. Clark confronts her in a club, but she flies away. With Jimmy's help, Kara follows a path to Lex's mansion, but Agent Carter is waiting. Using kryptonite handcuffs, Carter takes Kara back to Virginia. Using a kryptonite truth serum, Carter attempts to learn about Krypton, but Clark interrupts him and saves Kara with Lionel's help. Clark shows Lana that he has Kara's crystal, which contains his birth mother's DNA.\n\n\n139\n7\n\"Wrath\"\nCharles Beeson\nKelly Souders & Brian Peterson\nNovember 8, 2007 (2007-11-08)\n3T6307\n4.64[10]\n\n\nLightning strikes a windmill on the Kent farm while Clark is weakened by nearby kryptonite; the bolt travels through him and Lana, transferring a portion of his powers to her. After sharing their first intimate moment in two years, Clark begins to worry about Lana's use of the powers after remembering what happened to Eric Summers and Jonathan Kent when they were imbued with Clark's powers. Lana becomes more aggressive with the powers, stealing confidential files from Lex—which show that Lex has been keeping what remains of Milton Fine's ship—and later attacking him. After a battle with Clark, Lana's powers are reabsorbed when Clark uses a high voltage shock and kryptonite to take the powers back; during the fight, Fine's remains are released.\n\n\n140\n8\n\"Blue\"\nGlen Winter\nTodd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer\nNovember 15, 2007 (2007-11-15)\n3T6308\n4.51[11]\n\n\nClark uses Kara's crystal to resurrect his mother Lara, but unknowingly brings Zor-El back. Lara unwittingly gives Clark a blue kryptonite ring that strips his powers, while Zor-El tries to take over the world. Lois and Grant's romantic relationship is discovered by Lex and Chloe. Grant and Lex are revealed to be working together, and Grant is revealed to be Lex's younger brother Julian Luthor. Clark gets to the Fortress and shatters the crystal, which destroys Zor-El and Lara. Kara is transported to Detroit, Michigan, with no memory of who she is, and Jor-El informs Clark there will be consequences for his repeated defiance.\n\n\n141\n9\n\"Gemini\"\nWhitney Ransick\nCaroline Dries\nDecember 13, 2007 (2007-12-13)\n3T6309\n3.71[12]\n\n\nClark and Lana team up to take down Lex. Clark and Lana discover, through an Isis Foundation patient, that Milton Fine is still alive. Adrian, one of Lex's experimental patients, plants a bomb on Chloe, threatening to kill her if Lois does not get Lex to admit that he is cloning humans. Lois confronts Lex, and, after Lois is knocked unconscious by Lex, it's revealed that the patient is a failed clone of Lex's brother Julian. Adrian also reveals that \"Grant Gabriel\" is the successful clone. Chloe, fearing that she will die, confesses to Jimmy that she was infected by the meteor rocks. In the end, it is revealed that Bizarro has been posing as Clark the entire time, unknown to anyone else, with Clark trapped at the Fortress of Solitude.\n\n\n142\n10\n\"Persona\"\nTodd Slavkin\nDon Whitehead & Holly Henderson\nJanuary 31, 2008 (2008-01-31)\n3T6310\n3.81[13]\n\n\nLana is unaware that Bizarro is impersonating Clark, who is still frozen at the Fortress of Solitude, and reveals information about Milton Fine to him. Bizarro tracks down Fine in the hope that he will help him combat his yellow sun weakness. Fine directs Bizarro to Dax-Ur, a Kryptonian scientist who came to Earth years earlier. Jor-El releases Clark from his imprisonment so he can defeat Bizarro. Clark receives blue kryptonite from Dax-Ur and uses it to destroy Bizarro. Clark unwittingly leads Fine to Dax-Ur, who uses Dax-Ur to restore his powers. After Grant reveals his true identity to Lionel, Lex has him killed.\n\n\n143\n11\n\"Siren\"\nKevin G. Fair\nKelly Souders & Brian Peterson\nFebruary 7, 2008 (2008-02-07)\n3T6311\n4.01[14]\n\n\nChloe intercepts confidential information from Lex, but the Black Canary shows up and steals the information back for Lex. When Lex learns the Green Arrow was involved, he sends Black Canary after him. Black Canary attacks Oliver, believing him to be a terrorist, and in the process reveals his secret identity to Lois. Clark confronts the Canary, and convinces her of the truth. Oliver offers Black Canary a spot on his team and she accepts, while Clark and Lana try to reconcile their relationship.\n\n\n144\n12\n\"Fracture\"\nJames Marshall\nTeleplay by: Caroline Dries\nStory by: Al Septien & Turi Meyer\nFebruary 14, 2008 (2008-02-14)\n3T6312\n3.67[15]\n\n\nLois discovers that Lex has found Kara, who is suffering from amnesia, and follows him to Detroit after her. The busboy at the diner that Kara works is obsessed with her, and when Lex arrives, the busboy shoots him, fearing that he will take Kara away. He then holds Kara and Lois hostage. Clark, in efforts to find them, enters Lex's mind using experimental LuthorCorp technology; here he discovers Lex's good side, child Alexander, is still alive. Chloe uses her powers to bring Lex back from the dead, leading to a personal struggle with the moral aspect of her powers.\n\n\n145\n13\n\"Hero\"\nMichael Rohl\nAaron & Todd Helbing\nMarch 13, 2008 (2008-03-13)\n3T6313\n3.80[16]\n\n\nPete Ross (Sam Jones III) chews some kryptonite-laced gum and develops the ability to stretch his body to extreme lengths, which he uses to save Kara's life from a falling speaker at a OneRepublic concert in an abandoned warehouse. Pete arrives at the Kent farm and gets up to speed on who knows Clark's secret, before revealing his own power to Clark. Pete decides to reveal his ability to the world, against Clark and Chloe's advice, but Lex blackmails him into stealing Kara's bracelet from Lionel's safe. When Pete does not deliver, Lex tortures him; Clark arrives and saves Pete. Kara, no longer trusting Clark and Lana, stays with Lex, while Clark secretly hides the bracelet.\n\n\n146\n14\n\"Traveler\"\nGlen Winter\nTeleplay by: Don Whitehead & Holly Henderson\nStory by: Al Septien & Turi Meyer\nMarch 20, 2008 (2008-03-20)\n3T6314\n3.44[17]\n\n\nLionel hires a group of men to kidnap Clark, using kryptonite tazers to subdue him, and lock him in a kryptonite-lined cell. Patricia Swann (Gina Holden), Dr. Virgil Swann's daughter, comes looking for the \"Last Son of Krypton\" and accuses Lionel of taking the \"Last Son\" for himself, and having a hand in the deaths of her father, the Teagues and the Queens – three families who came together with Lionel, under a secret societal name of \"Veritas\", to welcome the \"Last Son\" to Earth. Chloe and Lana discover Lionel's actions, so they take Kara to Jor-El, who restores her memory; with her powers returned, Kara saves Clark. Patricia Swann gives Clark her father's journal; later, Lex has Patricia killed and a pendant she was wearing—which depicted the Veritas symbol—delivered to him.\n\n\n147\n15\n\"Veritas\"\nJames Marshall\nKelly Souders & Brian Peterson\nMarch 27, 2008 (2008-03-27)\n3T6315\n3.86[18]\n\n\nBrainiac propositions Kara at the farm, but she refuses; Brainiac warns Kara, and Clark, that not working with him will cause people to get hurt. Jimmy and Lois work together to uncover the truth behind Patricia Swann's murder. Lex begins searching for the secret of Veritas with a key he found in Patricia's pendant. Kara attempts to teach Clark to fly, but he is more focused on finding Brainiac, who attacks Lana at the Isis Foundation. In order to save Lana's life, Kara agrees to help Brainiac. Lana is placed in a clinic, stuck in a catatonic state, while Clark and Chloe have no leads as to where Brainiac and Kara are.\n\n\n148\n16\n\"Descent\"\nKen Horton\nDon Whitehead & Holly Henderson\nApril 17, 2008 (2008-04-17)\n3T6316\n3.61[19]\n\n\nLex takes Lionel's locket, which holds the second key to the deposit box in Zürich, and then throws him out the LuthorCorp window to his death. Lex soon discovers the key is not where he thought, and heads to the Daily Planet to find it; he also begins having hallucinations of his younger self. Lex finds the key in Chloe's desk, and then fires her. Jimmy and Lois discover that Lionel was murdered. Clark confronts Lex at the mansion, informing him that he has proof Lex murdered Lionel. Lex's assistant destroys the evidence, and discovers Clark's secret. Before she can tell Lex everything, a mysterious stranger kills her.\n\n\n149\n17\n\"Sleeper\"\nWhitney Ransick\nCaroline Dries\nApril 24, 2008 (2008-04-24)\n3T6317\n3.62[20]\n\n\nIn order to locate Brainiac and Kara, Clark has Chloe hack into government satellites. The Department of Domestic Security has been monitoring Chloe's activity and, convinced she is a terrorist, convince Jimmy to work with them to bring her down. Clark decides to head to the Fortress to find a way to save Lana, where he learns that Kara is at Krypton trying to warn Clark that Brainiac intends to kill the infant version of Kal-El. The Feds have Jimmy accompany Chloe to a club, which is a front for a security building, to find out who her target is. The Feds catch Chloe stealing satellite images and begin interrogating her. Jimmy shows up and saves her life, and agrees to do whatever Lex wants in exchange for clearing Chloe's name with the government.\n\n\n150\n18\n\"Apocalypse\"\nTom Welling\nAl Septien & Turi Meyer\nMay 1, 2008 (2008-05-01)\n3T6318\n3.81[21]\n\n\nJor-El sends Clark to an alternate reality to show him what the world would be like if he never arrived on Earth. Here, the Kents have a natural-born son, Chloe is engaged, Lana married a French philanthropist, Lois is a Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist, Kara is the head of the Department of Domestic Security (DDS) using the alias Linda Danvers, and Lex is the President of the United States. In this reality, Clark is unable to prevent Brainiac and Lex from detonating the country's nuclear missiles. After learning the world needs him, Clark is sent to Krypton to prevent Brainiac from killing him as an infant. After stopping Brainiac, Clark and Kara both return to present day Earth.\n\n\n151\n19\n\"Quest\"\nKenneth Biller\nHolly Harold\nMay 8, 2008 (2008-05-08)\n3T6319\n3.99[22]\n\n\nThe bank teller from Zurich attacks Lex, carving the Kryptonian symbols for \"Traveler\", \"Savior\", and \"Sanctuary\" into his chest. After seeing the symbols, Clark travels to Montreal, Quebec, where he finds Edward Teague (Robert Picardo), Jason Teague's father, the only surviving member of Veritas. Edward deems that Clark is no savior and attempts to kill him so that Lex cannot control him. Chloe saves Clark, who in turn saves Edward from Lex, who arrived looking for more clues to controlling the Traveler. Lex returns home and discovers an orb hidden inside the mantle above the fireplace. The orb gives the location of the Fortress of Solitude.\n\n\n152\n20\n\"Arctic\"\nTodd Slavkin\nDon Whitehead & Holly Henderson\nMay 15, 2008 (2008-05-15)\n3T6320\n3.85[23]\n\n\nKara informs Lex that he will defeat the Traveler, who is really destined to destroy mankind, and sends him to the Fortress of Solitude. Clark learns that Brainiac has been impersonating Kara, who is actually stuck in the Phantom Zone, and destroys him to finally free Lana from her comatose state. Lana leaves Clark a DVD stating that she is holding Clark back, and the only way for him to help the world is if the two of them are not together. The DDS arrest Chloe just as Jimmy is about to propose marriage; Jimmy goes to Clark and tells him about the deal he made with Lex, also informing him that Lex is headed to the Arctic. Clark arrives at the Fortress just as Lex, who now knows Clark's secret, places the orb onto the crystal control panel, bringing the Fortress down around him and Clark.\n\n",
"\n\nNo. in\nseries\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(million)\n\n\n133\n1\n\"Bizarro\"\nMichael Rohl\nBrian Peterson & Kelly Souders\nSeptember 27, 2007 (2007-09-27)\n3T6301\n5.18[4]\n\n\nClark confronts a bizarre version of himself and the ensuing fight causes Reeves Dam to burst. Lex, who was arrested for Lana's murder, is caught in the flood of water. Before he can drown, Lex is saved by an unknown girl who he later believes to be an angel giving him a second chance at redemption. Lionel's body is taken by an unknown person. Chloe is pronounced dead at the hospital, but she resurrects herself in the morgue. Clark discovers his doppelgänger's weakness, the yellow sun, and exploits it with the help of John Jones (Phil Morris). Lana is revealed to be alive and living in Shanghai, China.\n\n\n134\n2\n\"Kara\"\nJames Conway\nTodd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer\nOctober 4, 2007 (2007-10-04)\n3T6302\n4.59[5]\n\n\nClark discovers he has a cousin, Kara, who was stuck in suspended animation for eighteen years. After a rocky first meeting, where Clark and Kara fight, the two soon band together to find Kara's stolen ship. Together they find her ship, which was taken by the Department of Domestic Security, but it is in self-destruct mode. Kara absorbs the explosion before it can kill anyone. Later, Kara reveals that a Kryptonian crystal, hidden inside the ship, was stolen before the ship exploded. Lex finds Lana, who used a LuthorCorp clone of herself to help fake her own death, in China. Lex returns to Smallville, determined to find the girl—Kara—who saved his life.\n\n\n135\n3\n\"Fierce\"\nWhitney Ransick\nHolly Harold\nOctober 11, 2007 (2007-10-11)\n3T6303\n4.82[6]\n\n\nKara decides she wants to join the Miss Sweet Corn Pageant. Clark tries to teach Kara to control her abilities, so she does not expose their secrets, but gets frustrated with her lack of concentration. Lana returns to Smallville, with all legal charges dropped against her, and reunites with Clark. Tyler and Tempest, two meteor-infected pageant contestants who witness Kara using her abilities, convince Kara to help them steal some buried treasure. The treasure turns out to be an SOS alert from another Kryptonian on Earth. Lex confronts Kara and promises to find out the truth of her abilities.\n\n\n136\n4\n\"Cure\"\nRick Rosenthal\nAl Septien & Turi Meyer\nOctober 18, 2007 (2007-10-18)\n3T6304\n5.18[7]\n\n\nChloe learns that Dr. Curtis Knox (Dean Cain) has a surgical cure for those affected by kryptonite, so she sets up an appointment, knowing a side effect could be memory loss. Knox turns out to be an immortal serial killer, and also turns out to be Jack the Ripper. John Jones shows up at the Kent home and warns Clark that he cannot trust Kara. John explains that her father, Zor-El, attempted to assassinate Clark's father. Clark is told to find Kara's crystal before she does, but he is side-tracked fighting Knox, who is attempting to take Chloe's heart and transplant it into the woman he loves. Lana uses the $10 million she stole from Lex to buy surveillance equipment to spy on him.\n\n\n137\n5\n\"Action\"\nMairzee Almas\nCaroline Dries\nOctober 25, 2007 (2007-10-25)\n3T6306\n4.65[8]\n\n\nWhile filming takes place on the Warrior Angel movie on the Kent farm, Clark saves lead actress Rachel Davenport (Christina Milian) from a car crash. After some researching by Chloe, it is discovered that someone is trying to kill Rachel, because they believe her character should die, like she does in the comics. Clark's secret is uncovered by the attacker when he is witnessed stopping a bullet intended for Rachel; he attempts to kill Lana in hopes that her death will make Clark see his true destiny as Earth's savior. Lana is revealed to be the one who kidnapped Lionel Luthor, and when he is finally freed, Lionel informs Lana that he knows she kidnapped him.\n\n\n138\n6\n\"Lara\"\nJames Conway\nDon Whitehead & Holly Henderson\nNovember 1, 2007 (2007-11-01)\n3T6305\n4.31[9]\n\n\nClark learns that Kara is in Washington, D.C. looking for the crystal from her ship. Kara learns the exact location of the crystal, but it is not there when she arrives. Clark confronts her in a club, but she flies away. With Jimmy's help, Kara follows a path to Lex's mansion, but Agent Carter is waiting. Using kryptonite handcuffs, Carter takes Kara back to Virginia. Using a kryptonite truth serum, Carter attempts to learn about Krypton, but Clark interrupts him and saves Kara with Lionel's help. Clark shows Lana that he has Kara's crystal, which contains his birth mother's DNA.\n\n\n139\n7\n\"Wrath\"\nCharles Beeson\nKelly Souders & Brian Peterson\nNovember 8, 2007 (2007-11-08)\n3T6307\n4.64[10]\n\n\nLightning strikes a windmill on the Kent farm while Clark is weakened by nearby kryptonite; the bolt travels through him and Lana, transferring a portion of his powers to her. After sharing their first intimate moment in two years, Clark begins to worry about Lana's use of the powers after remembering what happened to Eric Summers and Jonathan Kent when they were imbued with Clark's powers. Lana becomes more aggressive with the powers, stealing confidential files from Lex—which show that Lex has been keeping what remains of Milton Fine's ship—and later attacking him. After a battle with Clark, Lana's powers are reabsorbed when Clark uses a high voltage shock and kryptonite to take the powers back; during the fight, Fine's remains are released.\n\n\n140\n8\n\"Blue\"\nGlen Winter\nTodd Slavkin & Darren Swimmer\nNovember 15, 2007 (2007-11-15)\n3T6308\n4.51[11]\n\n\nClark uses Kara's crystal to resurrect his mother Lara, but unknowingly brings Zor-El back. Lara unwittingly gives Clark a blue kryptonite ring that strips his powers, while Zor-El tries to take over the world. Lois and Grant's romantic relationship is discovered by Lex and Chloe. Grant and Lex are revealed to be working together, and Grant is revealed to be Lex's younger brother Julian Luthor. Clark gets to the Fortress and shatters the crystal, which destroys Zor-El and Lara. Kara is transported to Detroit, Michigan, with no memory of who she is, and Jor-El informs Clark there will be consequences for his repeated defiance.\n\n\n141\n9\n\"Gemini\"\nWhitney Ransick\nCaroline Dries\nDecember 13, 2007 (2007-12-13)\n3T6309\n3.71[12]\n\n\nClark and Lana team up to take down Lex. Clark and Lana discover, through an Isis Foundation patient, that Milton Fine is still alive. Adrian, one of Lex's experimental patients, plants a bomb on Chloe, threatening to kill her if Lois does not get Lex to admit that he is cloning humans. Lois confronts Lex, and, after Lois is knocked unconscious by Lex, it's revealed that the patient is a failed clone of Lex's brother Julian. Adrian also reveals that \"Grant Gabriel\" is the successful clone. Chloe, fearing that she will die, confesses to Jimmy that she was infected by the meteor rocks. In the end, it is revealed that Bizarro has been posing as Clark the entire time, unknown to anyone else, with Clark trapped at the Fortress of Solitude.\n\n\n142\n10\n\"Persona\"\nTodd Slavkin\nDon Whitehead & Holly Henderson\nJanuary 31, 2008 (2008-01-31)\n3T6310\n3.81[13]\n\n\nLana is unaware that Bizarro is impersonating Clark, who is still frozen at the Fortress of Solitude, and reveals information about Milton Fine to him. Bizarro tracks down Fine in the hope that he will help him combat his yellow sun weakness. Fine directs Bizarro to Dax-Ur, a Kryptonian scientist who came to Earth years earlier. Jor-El releases Clark from his imprisonment so he can defeat Bizarro. Clark receives blue kryptonite from Dax-Ur and uses it to destroy Bizarro. Clark unwittingly leads Fine to Dax-Ur, who uses Dax-Ur to restore his powers. After Grant reveals his true identity to Lionel, Lex has him killed.\n\n\n143\n11\n\"Siren\"\nKevin G. Fair\nKelly Souders & Brian Peterson\nFebruary 7, 2008 (2008-02-07)\n3T6311\n4.01[14]\n\n\nChloe intercepts confidential information from Lex, but the Black Canary shows up and steals the information back for Lex. When Lex learns the Green Arrow was involved, he sends Black Canary after him. Black Canary attacks Oliver, believing him to be a terrorist, and in the process reveals his secret identity to Lois. Clark confronts the Canary, and convinces her of the truth. Oliver offers Black Canary a spot on his team and she accepts, while Clark and Lana try to reconcile their relationship.\n\n\n144\n12\n\"Fracture\"\nJames Marshall\nTeleplay by: Caroline Dries\nStory by: Al Septien & Turi Meyer\nFebruary 14, 2008 (2008-02-14)\n3T6312\n3.67[15]\n\n\nLois discovers that Lex has found Kara, who is suffering from amnesia, and follows him to Detroit after her. The busboy at the diner that Kara works is obsessed with her, and when Lex arrives, the busboy shoots him, fearing that he will take Kara away. He then holds Kara and Lois hostage. Clark, in efforts to find them, enters Lex's mind using experimental LuthorCorp technology; here he discovers Lex's good side, child Alexander, is still alive. Chloe uses her powers to bring Lex back from the dead, leading to a personal struggle with the moral aspect of her powers.\n\n\n145\n13\n\"Hero\"\nMichael Rohl\nAaron & Todd Helbing\nMarch 13, 2008 (2008-03-13)\n3T6313\n3.80[16]\n\n\nPete Ross (Sam Jones III) chews some kryptonite-laced gum and develops the ability to stretch his body to extreme lengths, which he uses to save Kara's life from a falling speaker at a OneRepublic concert in an abandoned warehouse. Pete arrives at the Kent farm and gets up to speed on who knows Clark's secret, before revealing his own power to Clark. Pete decides to reveal his ability to the world, against Clark and Chloe's advice, but Lex blackmails him into stealing Kara's bracelet from Lionel's safe. When Pete does not deliver, Lex tortures him; Clark arrives and saves Pete. Kara, no longer trusting Clark and Lana, stays with Lex, while Clark secretly hides the bracelet.\n\n\n146\n14\n\"Traveler\"\nGlen Winter\nTeleplay by: Don Whitehead & Holly Henderson\nStory by: Al Septien & Turi Meyer\nMarch 20, 2008 (2008-03-20)\n3T6314\n3.44[17]\n\n\nLionel hires a group of men to kidnap Clark, using kryptonite tazers to subdue him, and lock him in a kryptonite-lined cell. Patricia Swann (Gina Holden), Dr. Virgil Swann's daughter, comes looking for the \"Last Son of Krypton\" and accuses Lionel of taking the \"Last Son\" for himself, and having a hand in the deaths of her father, the Teagues and the Queens – three families who came together with Lionel, under a secret societal name of \"Veritas\", to welcome the \"Last Son\" to Earth. Chloe and Lana discover Lionel's actions, so they take Kara to Jor-El, who restores her memory; with her powers returned, Kara saves Clark. Patricia Swann gives Clark her father's journal; later, Lex has Patricia killed and a pendant she was wearing—which depicted the Veritas symbol—delivered to him.\n\n\n147\n15\n\"Veritas\"\nJames Marshall\nKelly Souders & Brian Peterson\nMarch 27, 2008 (2008-03-27)\n3T6315\n3.86[18]\n\n\nBrainiac propositions Kara at the farm, but she refuses; Brainiac warns Kara, and Clark, that not working with him will cause people to get hurt. Jimmy and Lois work together to uncover the truth behind Patricia Swann's murder. Lex begins searching for the secret of Veritas with a key he found in Patricia's pendant. Kara attempts to teach Clark to fly, but he is more focused on finding Brainiac, who attacks Lana at the Isis Foundation. In order to save Lana's life, Kara agrees to help Brainiac. Lana is placed in a clinic, stuck in a catatonic state, while Clark and Chloe have no leads as to where Brainiac and Kara are.\n\n\n148\n16\n\"Descent\"\nKen Horton\nDon Whitehead & Holly Henderson\nApril 17, 2008 (2008-04-17)\n3T6316\n3.61[19]\n\n\nLex takes Lionel's locket, which holds the second key to the deposit box in Zürich, and then throws him out the LuthorCorp window to his death. Lex soon discovers the key is not where he thought, and heads to the Daily Planet to find it; he also begins having hallucinations of his younger self. Lex finds the key in Chloe's desk, and then fires her. Jimmy and Lois discover that Lionel was murdered. Clark confronts Lex at the mansion, informing him that he has proof Lex murdered Lionel. Lex's assistant destroys the evidence, and discovers Clark's secret. Before she can tell Lex everything, a mysterious stranger kills her.\n\n\n149\n17\n\"Sleeper\"\nWhitney Ransick\nCaroline Dries\nApril 24, 2008 (2008-04-24)\n3T6317\n3.62[20]\n\n\nIn order to locate Brainiac and Kara, Clark has Chloe hack into government satellites. The Department of Domestic Security has been monitoring Chloe's activity and, convinced she is a terrorist, convince Jimmy to work with them to bring her down. Clark decides to head to the Fortress to find a way to save Lana, where he learns that Kara is at Krypton trying to warn Clark that Brainiac intends to kill the infant version of Kal-El. The Feds have Jimmy accompany Chloe to a club, which is a front for a security building, to find out who her target is. The Feds catch Chloe stealing satellite images and begin interrogating her. Jimmy shows up and saves her life, and agrees to do whatever Lex wants in exchange for clearing Chloe's name with the government.\n\n\n150\n18\n\"Apocalypse\"\nTom Welling\nAl Septien & Turi Meyer\nMay 1, 2008 (2008-05-01)\n3T6318\n3.81[21]\n\n\nJor-El sends Clark to an alternate reality to show him what the world would be like if he never arrived on Earth. Here, the Kents have a natural-born son, Chloe is engaged, Lana married a French philanthropist, Lois is a Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist, Kara is the head of the Department of Domestic Security (DDS) using the alias Linda Danvers, and Lex is the President of the United States. In this reality, Clark is unable to prevent Brainiac and Lex from detonating the country's nuclear missiles. After learning the world needs him, Clark is sent to Krypton to prevent Brainiac from killing him as an infant. After stopping Brainiac, Clark and Kara both return to present day Earth.\n\n\n151\n19\n\"Quest\"\nKenneth Biller\nHolly Harold\nMay 8, 2008 (2008-05-08)\n3T6319\n3.99[22]\n\n\nThe bank teller from Zurich attacks Lex, carving the Kryptonian symbols for \"Traveler\", \"Savior\", and \"Sanctuary\" into his chest. After seeing the symbols, Clark travels to Montreal, Quebec, where he finds Edward Teague (Robert Picardo), Jason Teague's father, the only surviving member of Veritas. Edward deems that Clark is no savior and attempts to kill him so that Lex cannot control him. Chloe saves Clark, who in turn saves Edward from Lex, who arrived looking for more clues to controlling the Traveler. Lex returns home and discovers an orb hidden inside the mantle above the fireplace. The orb gives the location of the Fortress of Solitude.\n\n\n152\n20\n\"Arctic\"\nTodd Slavkin\nDon Whitehead & Holly Henderson\nMay 15, 2008 (2008-05-15)\n3T6320\n3.85[23]\n\n\nKara informs Lex that he will defeat the Traveler, who is really destined to destroy mankind, and sends him to the Fortress of Solitude. Clark learns that Brainiac has been impersonating Kara, who is actually stuck in the Phantom Zone, and destroys him to finally free Lana from her comatose state. Lana leaves Clark a DVD stating that she is holding Clark back, and the only way for him to help the world is if the two of them are not together. The DDS arrest Chloe just as Jimmy is about to propose marriage; Jimmy goes to Clark and tells him about the deal he made with Lex, also informing him that Lex is headed to the Arctic. Clark arrives at the Fortress just as Lex, who now knows Clark's secret, places the orb onto the crystal control panel, bringing the Fortress down around him and Clark.\n\n"
] | [
"\"Fierce\"",
"October 11, 2007"
] |
-1258061219033439976 | America's Got Talent | America 's Got Talent - Wikipedia America 's Got Talent Jump to : navigation , search For the recently concluded season , see America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) . America 's Got Talent Genre Reality Talent contest Created by Simon Cowell Ken Warwick Cécile Frot - Coutaz Directed by Russell Norman Creative director ( s ) Brian Friedman Presented by Regis Philbin Jerry Springer Nick Cannon Tyra Banks Judges Piers Morgan David Hasselhoff Brandy Norwood Sharon Osbourne Howard Stern Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 302 Production Executive producer ( s ) Simon Cowell Sam Donnelly Jason Raff Rob Wade Trish Kinane Richard Wallace Running time 44 -- 104 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia North America SYCOtv Distributor FremantleMedia Enterprises Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2006 -- 08 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2009 -- present ) Original release June 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 21 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website www.nbc.com/americas-got-talent/ America 's Got Talent ( sometimes abbreviated as AGT ) is an American reality television series on the NBC television network , and part of the global Got Talent franchise . It is a talent show that features singers , dancers , magicians , comedians , and other performers of all ages competing for the advertised top prize of one million dollars . The show debuted in June 2006 for the summer television season . From season three ( 2008 ) onwards , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Among its significant features is that it gives an opportunity to talented amateurs or unknown performers , with the results decided by an audience vote . The format is a popular one and has often been reworked for television in the United States and the United Kingdom . This incarnation was created by Simon Cowell , and was originally due to be a 2005 British series called Paul O'Grady 's Got Talent but was postponed due to O'Grady's acrimonious split with broadcaster ITV ( later launching as Britain 's Got Talent in 2007 ) . Therefore , the U.S. version became the first full series of the franchise . The original judging panel consisted of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan . Sharon Osbourne replaced Norwood in season two ( 2007 ) , and Howie Mandel replaced Hasselhoff in season five ( 2010 ) . Howard Stern replaced Morgan in season seven ( 2012 ) . Mel B replaced Osbourne in season eight ( 2013 ) , while Heidi Klum joined as a fourth judge . Simon Cowell replaced Stern in season eleven ( 2016 ) . Regis Philbin was the original host ( season one ) , followed by Jerry Springer for two seasons ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , followed by Nick Cannon for eight seasons ( 2009 -- 2016 ) . Supermodel and host Tyra Banks replaced Cannon for the twelfth season ( 2017 ) . On August 2 , 2016 , NBC renewed the series for a twelfth season , which premiered on May 30 , 2017 . The season concluded on September 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 1.1 Guest judges 2 Selection process 2.1 Producers ' auditions 2.2 Judges ' Auditions 2.2. 1 Golden Buzzer 2.3 Judge cuts 2.4 YouTube auditions 2.5 Live shows 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 ( 2006 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2007 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2008 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 3.11 Season 11 ( 2016 ) 3.12 Season 12 ( 2017 ) 4 Post-show 4.1 America 's Got Talent Live 4.2 Holiday Spectacular 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Top - selling albums by former contestants 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows 6 International broadcasts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Duration Winner 's prize Finalists Presenter Judges Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 $ 1,000,000 Bianca Ryan All That & The Millers Regis Philbin David Hasselhoff Piers Morgan Brandy Norwood N / A June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion Nick Cannon 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity Howie Mandel 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close Howard Stern 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose Mel B Heidi Klum 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos Simon Cowell 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance Tyra Banks Notes ^ A fourth judge was added in season eight . ^ Beginning with season three , the prize includes the one million dollars , payable in a financial annuity over 40 years , and a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . The length of the headlining stint has varied , with season four 's prize including a 10 - week schedule and season eleven 's lasting three days . A book was released in 2013 titled , Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent . It describes the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show and contains detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons . Current judging panel and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks Guest judges ( edit ) Starting with the tenth season , each of the main judges invited a guest judge to join the judging panel for one night during the Judge Cuts stage of the competition . The guest judges had the ability to employ the golden buzzer to bypass the other judges and advance an act to the live shows . The first guest judge , Neil Patrick Harris , appeared at the invitation of Howard Stern in episode eight of season ten , which aired on July 14 , 2015 . Michael Bublé appeared at the invitation of Heidi Klum in episode nine of season ten , which aired on July 21 , 2015 . Marlon Wayans appeared at the invitation of Howie Mandel in episode ten of season ten , which aired on July 28 , 2015 . Piers Morgan appeared at the invitation of Mel B in episode eleven of season ten , which aired on August 4 , 2015 . Beginning with the eleventh season the guest judges were announced without any indication if they were invited by one of the regular judges . This continued into the twelfth season when the guest judges were announced by NBC through various outlets . Season Guest Judge ( in order of appearance ) 10 Neil Patrick Harris Michael Bublé Marlon Wayans Piers Morgan 11 Ne - Yo Reba McEntire George Lopez Louis Tomlinson 12 Chris Hardwick DJ Khaled Laverne Cox Seal Selection process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Producers ' auditions ( edit ) The general selection process of the show begins with separate producers ' auditions held in various cities across the United States , some of which host only the producers ' auditions , and some of which also host judges ' auditions held in theaters . This round is held several months before the judges ' audition . Acts that have made it through the producers ' audition then audition in front of the judges and a live audience . Judges ' auditions ( edit ) Following the producers ' auditions , acts audition in front of ( as of 2013 ) four celebrity judges . These auditions are held in theaters in various cities nationally and are later televised . Judges may individually register their disapproval of an act by pressing a red buzzer , which lights up their corresponding X above the stage . Any performer who receives X 's ( 3 from season 1 - 7 , or 4 from season 8 - ) from the judges must stop performing and is eliminated . Since season three ( 2008 ) , large audiences have also been a factor in the judging process , as their reaction to an act 's performance may swing or influence a judge 's vote . If an act receives three or more `` yes '' votes , they advance to the next round of competition . However , in the majority of seasons , several acts do not perform in the second round and are immediately sent home by the judges without a second performance . Golden buzzer ( edit ) Introduced in season nine , the `` Golden Buzzer '' is located on the center of the judges ' desk and may be used once per season by each judge . In season 9 , a judge could press the golden buzzer to save an act from elimination , regardless of the number of X 's earned from the other judges . Starting in season 10 and onward , any act that receives a golden buzzer advances directly to the live show ; and in season 11 , the hosts also were given the power to use the golden buzzer . The golden buzzer is also used in the Judge Cuts format . - Eliminated at Judgement Week / Judge Cuts - Quarterfinalist - Reached Semifinals - Reached Finals - Fifth Place - Fourth Place - Third Place - Runner - up - Won season Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Howard Stern 9 N / A Emmanuel & Phillip Hudson N / A Dustin 's Dojo 10 Drew Lynch Sharon Irving Arielle Baril Freckled Sky Season Nick Cannon Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 11 Dorothy Williams Grace VanderWaal Laura Bretan Sal Valentinetti Calysta Bevier Season Tyra Banks Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 12 Light Balance Christian Guardino Darci Lynne Farmer Angelina Green Mandy Harvey Judge Cuts ( edit ) From season two ( 2007 ) to season eight ( 2013 ) , Las Vegas Week has been an intermediary televised taped round between the auditions and the live shows . This round takes place in a notable venue on the Las Vegas Strip . Names for this round in previous seasons have included `` Las Vegas Callbacks '' and `` Vegas Verdicts '' . The Las Vegas round generally consists of acts performing a second time for the judges ( except for season four in 2009 ) , who then pick select acts to move on to the live shows . An act eliminated in Las Vegas Week is not completely excluded from the live show competition , as several seasons have featured contestants being brought back from this round as `` wild card '' acts . Prior to the inclusion of this round , the judges would have a list containing a number of acts which advanced past the auditions during each live show . The judges would then pick ten acts from that group each week , leaving several acts without the chance to perform . In season nine ( 2014 ) , acts went to New York instead of Las Vegas to determine a place in the live shows . YouTube auditions ( edit ) Jackie Evancho , the first YouTube winner ; placed 2nd in season five ( 2010 ) From season five ( 2010 ) to season seven ( 2012 ) , acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the `` live shows '' part of the season , prior to the semi-finals . The most successful act of the YouTube auditions was Jackie Evancho , who went on to place second in season five . Before the inclusion of this round , the show had a separate audition episode in seasons three and four ( 2008 -- 2009 ) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . Live shows ( edit ) During the live shows , a group of acts ranging from only a Top 20 ( season two ) , to as many as 60 , compete for viewers ' and judges ' votes . In the first season , the judges could not end an act 's performance , but could either `` check '' or `` X '' the performance during their critique . Since season two ( 2007 ) , judges have been able to end an act 's performance early , and the `` check '' was removed . Generally , acts each perform first in a live round consisting of a series of quarterfinals . In seasons with YouTube auditions , the round of live judging of YouTube finalists takes place then , as part of these quarterfinals . Then there may be additional shows for `` Wild Card '' acts -- acts that one or more of the judges select to be given one more chance for audience vote despite previous elimination . From these shows , the existing group is narrowed through votes by the public and / or the judges ( depending on the season ) . Acts then move on to a semifinal round , and even further rounds ( such as a `` Top 8 '' or a `` Top 10 '' , depending on the season ) through a series of weekly shows , which trim the number of acts down each time based on a public vote . In the majority of seasons , judges have had no vote from the semifinals . All these rounds culminate in a live final , which has consisted of anywhere from four to ten acts throughout the seasons . The act with the most votes is declared the winner , given $1 million , and , since season three ( 2008 ) , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . During seasons one through six ( 2006 -- 11 ) , the live shows were filmed at Stage 36 of CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In season seven ( 2012 ) , the live shows were held at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . From seasons eight through ten ( 2013 -- 15 ) , live performances were held at Radio City Music Hall in New York . From season eleven ( 2016 ) onwards the live shows are being held at the Dolby Theatre . For seasons five through eight ( 2010 -- 13 ) , the show also made the winner the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show , stopping in 25 cities . For season nine , however ( 2014 ) , there was no tour ; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts . ( See # America 's Got Talent Live , below . ) Season synopses ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 1 ) Bianca Ryan , season one winner In May 2006 , NBC announced the new show . The audition tour took place in June . Auditions were held in the following locations : Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however , this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas , should one become a champion . More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere ( which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002 ) . The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 ( the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers ) , Nielsen Media Research reported . On the season finale , there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically . Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience , shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below . In season one , the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) Terry Fator , season two winner After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights , with no separate results show , the network changed that , pushing the show back to the summer , where the first season had enjoyed great success . This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular . In AGT 's place , another reality - based talent show , Grease : You 're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January . In March , NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show , and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host , with Sharon Osbourne ( formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge . The season finale was shown Tuesday , August 21 , with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner - up was singer Cas Haley . Season 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 3 ) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner Season three premiered on June 17 , 2008 . Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April . A televised MySpace audition also took place . Season three differed from the previous two in many ways . Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation , and a new title card was introduced , featuring the American flag as background . The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table . Like the previous season , the Las Vegas callbacks continued , but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds , instead of twenty . This season also contained several results episodes , but not on a regular basis . The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26 . Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer , was named the winner on October 1 . Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist , was runner - up . Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) Kevin Skinner , season four winner Season four premiered on Tuesday , June 23 , 2009 . It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions . New York and Miami auditions were held during March . Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26 . In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape , season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration . This year 's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments . The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season , but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts ' . This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis . The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo . On September 16 , country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner . The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Michael Grimm , season five winner For season five , the network had considered moving the show to the fall , after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009 . NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show . Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland ( Oregon ) . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time , online auditions were also held via YouTube . David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show . The show premiered Tuesday , June 1 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . Afterward , Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season . On September 15 , singer Michael Grimm was named the winner . He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity , Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 6 ) Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , season six winner Season six premiered on Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 , with a two - hour special . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 , Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26 . Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run , beginning on May 4 . Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9 . On Wednesday , September 14 , Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , a Frank Sinatra - style singer , was named the winner . Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 7 ) Olate Dogs , season seven winners Season seven premiered on May 14 , 2012 . The first round of auditions , which are judged by producers , were held in New York , Washington , D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012 . The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27 . Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven , due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City , the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark , New Jersey . In December 2011 , Simon Cowell , the show 's executive producer , announced that the show would be receiving a `` top - to - bottom makeover '' , confirming that there would be new graphics , lighting , theme music , show intro , logo , and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . On July 2 , at the first live performance show of the season , their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special . A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the `` X '' . On August 6 , Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season , in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . On September 13 , Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season , becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win . Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 8 ) Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday , June 4 , 2013 . The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show . Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season , but later said that she was staying with the show `` for now . '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6 , 2012 . On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members , Mel B ( Melanie Brown ) , would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge . Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added . On March 3 , it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would be joining the show as the new fourth judge . An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11 , 2012 . The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland ( Oregon ) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus ( Ohio ) , and Chicago . This season , the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before . America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight . Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4 . The show traveled to New Orleans , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , and San Antonio . On September 18 , 2013 , martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season , the first dance act to win the competition . Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) Mat Franco , season nine winner Season nine premiered on Tuesday , May 27 , 2014 , at 8 pm ET . The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 , in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26 . The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29 . There was also a new twist in the show , where `` Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience , but after three acts performed , the producers scrapped the live audience concept . This season also came with the addition of a `` Golden Buzzer , '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act , typically used when there is a tie . For this season , contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes , Cornell Bhangra , filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals . On September 17 , magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season , the first magic act to win the competition . Singer Emily West was the runner - up . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 10 ) Season ten premiered on May 26 , 2015 . Producer auditions began on November 2 , 2014 , in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond ( Virginia ) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted . Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1 , 2014 , that he might not return , but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season . Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host . On February 9 , 2015 , Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well . It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning . It was announced on December 4 , 2014 , that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout . He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes , and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2 , 2015 , at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special `` extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona , California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges , who were seated at an outdoor stage . During NBC 's summer press tour , it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their `` Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows . An official trailer for the season was released , which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season , with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk . Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven . On June 24 , Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge . Stern said , `` In all seriousness , I 've told you , I 'm just too f * cking busy ... something 's got to give ... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year , whether or not I 'd come back , I kind of have told them I think this is my last season . Not I think , this is my last season '' . On September 16 , Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season , making him the second ventriloquist to win . Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up , and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place . Season 11 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1 , 2015 . The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online . On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . On January 12 , 2016 , it was announced that Mel B , Heidi Klum , and Howie Mandel would all return as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows will also move from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Howard Stern 's departure . The live shows will be held at the Dolby Theatre . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The season premiered on May 31 , 2016 . On September 14 , 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player , Grace VanderWaal was announced as the winner making it the second time that a female act has won the show since Season 1 , and the second child act to win the competition . Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants was runner - up , and magician Jon Dorenbos was in Third Place . Season 12 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12 . Later that year , on October 4 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 ( Season 14 ) . On February 13 , 2017 , Nick Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season , citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC . The resignation comes in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his recent Showtime comedy special , Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . Cannon , however , was technically under contract to host and could potentially have been sued by NBC for breach of contract , though this was ultimately considered unlikely . NBC executives did not accept his resignation and had expected Cannon to return , but ultimately began the search for a new host . NBC announced supermodel Tyra Banks as the new host on March 12 , 2017 after Cannon 's departure . The season premiered on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . On September 20 , Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season , becoming the third ventriloquist , third child act and the third female act to win the competition ( second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016 ) . Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up , Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place , deaf musician Mandy Harvey finished in fourth place and dog act Sara & Hero finished in fifth place . Post-show ( edit ) America 's Got Talent live ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance . In 2009 , America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner , runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four ( 2009 ) finale . Jerry Springer emceed , commuting weekly between Stamford , Connecticut , tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas . In 2010 , on the first live show of season five , the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists . Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headline show . In 2012 , the tour returned , featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman , Joe Castillo , Lightwire Theater , David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's , Jarrett and Raja , Tom Cotter , and other fan favorites . In 2013 , after the success of the 2012 tour , another tour was scheduled , featuring season eight 's winner , Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key , Jimmy Rose , Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers , and Tone the Chiefrocca . Tone hosted the tour . In 2014 , America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight ( 2013 ) runner - up , and the top finalists for season nine : Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy , Emil and Dariel , Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip . In 2015 , no tour was held . Instead , three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner - up Drew Lynch , and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . In 2016 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top two finalists for season 11 , Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants , as well as finalist Tape Face . In 2017 , four shows are planned at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They will feature winner Darci Lynne , runner - up Angelica Hale , third - placed Light Balance , and finalist Preacher Lawson . Holiday Spectacular ( edit ) NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19 , 2016 , hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others , and featuring the Season 11 judges , including Klum , who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti . The special drew 9.5 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Since the show began , its ratings have been very high , ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers , generally averaging around 11 million viewers . The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic , usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run . Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows . Although the show 's ratings have been high , the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years , where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks . The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four ( 2009 ) . The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five ( 2010 ) , with 16.41 million viewers . The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six ( 2011 ) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49 , both having a 4.6 rating . Season Premiered Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) June 21 , 2006 12.41 Final Performances : August 16 , 2006 2005 -- 06 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 17 , 2006 12.05 Thursday 9 : 00 pm June 5 , 2007 12.93 Final Performances : August 20 , 2007 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 21 , 2007 13.87 June 17 , 2008 12.80 Final Performances : September 30 , 2008 10.23 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( June 17 -- August 5 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 26 ) Season Finale : October 1 , 2008 12.55 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after August 27 ) June 23 , 2009 11.30 Final Performances : September 15 , 2009 13.84 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 16 , 2009 15.53 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 5 June 1 , 2010 12.35 Final Performances : September 14 , 2010 14.60 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 15 , 2010 16.41 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 May 31 , 2011 15.28 Final Performances : September 13 , 2011 13.67 2010 -- 11 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 31 -- July 5 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 12.65 Season Finale : September 14 , 2011 14.37 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after June 22 ) 11.49 7 May 14 , 2012 10.48 Final Performances : September 12 , 2012 11.05 2011 - 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.48 Season Finale : September 13 , 2012 10.59 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.58 8 June 4 , 2013 12.41 Final Performances : September 17 , 2013 11.19 2012 -- 13 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.22 Season Finale : September 18 , 2013 11.49 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 10 ) 10.34 9 May 27 , 2014 12.00 Final Performances : September 16 , 2014 11.46 2013 -- 14 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 27 -- July 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 22 ) 10.31 Season Finale : September 17 , 2014 12.21 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 23 ) 10.37 10 May 26 , 2015 11.09 Final Performances : September 15 , 2015 11.33 2014 -- 15 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 10.70 Season Finale : September 16 , 2015 9.54 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 12 ) 9.07 11 May 31 , 2016 11.67 Final Performances : September 13 , 2016 13.97 2015 -- 16 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.71 Season Finale : September 14 , 2016 14.41 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 10.97 12 May 30 , 2017 12.37 Final Performances : September 19 , 2017 14.70 2016 -- 17 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm TBA TBA Season Finale : September 20 , 2017 15.64 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 9 ) TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result Ref . 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special Nominated 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Nominated Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Won Top - selling Albums by former contestants ( edit ) Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . See also : RIAA certification Rank Former contestant Total US sales Albums Jackie Evancho ( season 5 , runner - up ) 3,000,000 + Prelude to a Dream ( 2009 ) # 121 O Holy Night ( 2010 ) # 2 ( Platinum certification ) Dream with Me ( 2011 ) # 2 ( Gold certification ) Heavenly Christmas ( 2011 ) # 11 Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) # 7 Awakening ( 2014 ) # 17 Someday at Christmas ( 2016 ) # 93 Two Hearts ( 2017 ) # 100 ( Evancho 's 7th consecutive # 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart ) Lindsey Stirling ( season 5 quarterfinalist ) 856,000 + Lindsey Stirling ( 2012 ) # 23 Shatter Me ( 2014 ) # 2 Brave Enough ( 2016 ) # 5 The Texas Tenors ( season 4 , 4th place ) 500,000 + The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound ( 2009 ) did not chart The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound : Remastered Special Edition ( 2011 ) did not chart O Night Divine ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; # 22 Classical Albums chart You Should Dream ( 2013 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; # 5 Classical Albums chart First 5 Years Live ( 2014 ) did not chart on Billboard 200 ; # 11 Classical Albums chart Rise ( 2017 ) # 111 ; # 1 Classical Albums Chart , # 5 Country Album Sales Chart , # 22 Top Current Albums Chart Grace VanderWaal ( season 11 winner ) 200,000 + Perfectly Imperfect ( 2016 ) # 4 5 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . ( season 6 winner ) 156,000 + That 's Life ( 2011 ) # 34 Christmas Made for Two ( 2013 ) did not chart 6 Bianca Ryan ( season 1 winner ) 150,000 + Bianca Ryan ( 2006 ) # 57 Christmas Everyday ( 2007 ) did not chart The True Meaning of Christmas ( 2009 ) did not chart 7 Cas Haley ( season 2 runner - up ) 40,000 + Cas Haley ( 2008 ) # 8 Connection ( 2010 ) did not chart La Si Dah ( 2013 ) did not chart 8 Michael Grimm ( season 5 winner ) 22,000 + Michael Grimm Live ( 2007 ) did not chart I Am Michael Grimm ( 2009 ) did not chart Leave Your Hat On ( 2010 ) # 101 Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) # 13 9 Neal E. Boyd ( season 3 winner ) 6,000 + My American Dream ( 2009 ) # 195 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent , but were ultimately eliminated before the final round , have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows , most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . American Idol ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on American Idol ( AI ) : AGT Season Year Contestant AI Season Year Outcome 2006 Jessica Sanchez 11 2012 Runner - up 2008 Holli Harden 9 Appeared 2009 Thia Megia 10 2011 Finished in the Top 11 4 , 9 2009 , 2014 Kelli Glover 2002 Appeared 6 2011 Shevonne Phillidor 15 2016 Appeared 9 2014 Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue 14 2015 Winner 10 2015 Jenna Renae 15 2016 Top 24 11 2016 Sal Valentinetti 14 2015 Appeared America 's Best Dance Crew ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew ( ABDC ) : AGT Season Year Contestant ABDC Season Year Outcome 2007 Jabbawockeez 2008 Champions 2008 Extreme Dance FX 5 Competed as Blended Projekt 3 , 4 2008 , 2009 SQ Entertainment 2008 Runner - up 2009 BreakSk8 2008 Finished in fourth place 2009 FootworKINGz 6 2011 Competed 5 Rated Next Generation ( RNG ) 7 2012 Finished in Top Four 5 Strikers All - Stars 2009 Finished in Top Four 7 2012 787 Crew 6 2011 Competed 9 2014 Flight Crew Jump Rope 5 Finished in fifth place , and competed as Saltare Other shows ( show ) The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on these other shows : AGT Season Year Contestant Show Season Year Network Outcome 2006 Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight 's Stilt World Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2006 SyFy 5th Place 2007 Tammie Brown RuPaul 's Drag Race 2009 Logo 8th Place 2007 Tika `` Sweetie '' Rainn Flavor of Love 2006 VH1 8th Place 2008 Derrick Barry RuPaul 's Drag Race 8 2016 Logo 5th Place 5 Justin Hopkins The Voice 2012 NBC Advanced to Battle Rounds 5 Murray SawChuck Celebracadabra 2008 VH1 Appeared 5 Alice Tan Ridley 30 Seconds to Fame Pilot 2002 Fox Winner 6 2011 Dani Shay The Glee Project 2012 Oxygen Appeared 7 2012 Trisha Paytas Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2007 SyFy 7th Place 7 2012 Horse American Ninja Warrior 2012 G4 and NBC Competed 7 2012 Bria Kelly The Voice 6 2014 NBC Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher 7 2012 Academy of Villains Fake Off 2015 TruTV Appeared 7 2012 Lightwire Theatre Fake Off 2014 TruTV Winners 7 , 8 2012 , 2013 D'Angelo and Amanda Live to Dance 2011 CBS Winners 7 2015 Ben Blaque Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 8 2015 Alexandr Magala Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV 9th place 8 2013 Kennedy Davenport RuPaul 's Drag Race 7 2015 Logo 4th Place 8 2013 Tummy Talk The Gong Show 2017 ABC Appeared 8 2013 Angela Hoover First Impressions 2016 USA Network Appeared 8 2013 KriStef Brothers Fake Off 2014 TruTV 7th Place 8 2013 Taylor Williamson Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Semifinalist 9 2014 Adrian Romoff Child Genius 2016 Lifetime Winner 10 2015 Leroy Patterson Solitary 2007 Fox Reality 7th Place 10 2015 Myq Kaplan Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Finalist 10 2015 Freelusion Dance Company Fake Off 2014 TruTV Fourth place , appeared as Freelusion USA 10 2015 Piff the Magic Dragon Penn & Teller : Fool Us 2011 2014 ITV ( U.K. ) The CW ( U.S. ) Appeared 10 2015 Stevie Starr Britain 's Got Talent ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 11 2016 Cory Kahaney Last Comic Standing 2003 NBC Finalist 11 2016 Laura Bretan Romania 's Got Talent 6 2016 Pro TV Winner International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10.00 PM WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5.00 PM WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) Got Talent The X Factor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent / About the Show '' . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trade marks -- find by number '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Anna ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . USmagazine.com . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Bill ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 12 Finale Recap : A New Champion is Crowned '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Winner Grace VanderWaal Books Vegas Concerts '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean and Ashley Majeski . Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing ( 2013 ) ISBN 1492203602 Jump up ^ `` Four Guest Judges Are Coming to AGT ! '' . nbc.com . May 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reba McEntire Joins ' America 's Got Talent ' as Guest Judge '' . Jump up ^ Medley , Erin S. ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : Chris Hardwick , DJ Khaled Announced as Season 12 Guest Judges '' . tvinsider.com . NTVB Media , Inc . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Season 12 Adds Laverne Cox as Guest Judge '' . eonline.com . E ! Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Alexia ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Heidi Klum and Seal Reunite on America 's Got Talent as She Calls Him Her ' Fave Singer ' '' . People Online . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 1 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 2 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 3 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Judge Cuts 4 ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Performance FAQ '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael . `` America 's Got Talent Live At Radio City '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Glazowski , Paul . `` MySpace Opens Six - Day Virtual Audition For America 's Got Talent '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent - NBC.com '' . August 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fera , Jessica . `` Jackie Evancho Featured on ' Oprah Winfrey Show ' '' Archived August 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... WPXI.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Grimm says he feels blessed to be a part of ' America 's Got Talent , ' hitting Caesars today - Entertainment / Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent Live Concert Tour '' . Facebook . p . About America 's Got Talent Live . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Note that the `` live '' version of this page is likely to change ; the archived version will provide the supporting information for this reference . Jump up ^ Mousavizadeh , Nader ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reuters '' . Today.reuters.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's mid-season 2006 -- 07 schedule '' . NBCUMV.com . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Live ! at Planet Hollywood '' . Vegasnews.com . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent -- In Summer Only -- NBC Benches Heavy Hitter for Fall '' . NYTimes.com . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel Joins America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Summer Premiere Dates for America 's Got Talent , Last Comic Standing , 100 Questions , Persons Unknown '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2011 -- 2012 '' . Americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Andrei ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Piers Morgan quits America 's Got Talent to focus on CNN Tonight show '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` Howard Stern to judge ' America 's Got Talent ' , which will move to New York '' . fox43.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to film at NJPAC in Newark '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting ' AGT ' after NBC axes Jack '' . The New York Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO HOO ! We 're coming back to your TVs ... -- America 's Got Talent '' . Facebook . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne leaving NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' ? -- The TV Column '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Sharon Osbourne Addresses Departure Rumors '' . E ! Online . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2012 -- 2013 -- Audition Cities '' . americasgottalentauditions.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent '' . on-camera-audiences.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBC announces premiere date for America 's Got Talent Season Nine '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ Drewett , Meg . `` America 's Got Talent announces New York , Los Angeles auditions '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Season 9 : ' Golden Buzzer ' can save contestants -- Zap2It '' . Zap2It . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2015 -- 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern Says He May Quit America 's Got Talent '' . Empty Lighthouse Music & Arts Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Stern Show on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Melanie Brown on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- America 's Got Talent -- Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Names Cris Judd as New Dance Scout '' . TheWrap . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent '' . On - Camera - Audiences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Got Talent ' making golden buzzers more like ' Britain 's Got Talent ' ; other minor changes '' . CarterMatt.com . Jump up ^ Mink , Casey ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Howard Stern Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' -- Judge Confirms In Interview '' . Hollywood Life . PMC . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Renewed for Season 11 by NBC '' . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition In Person : 2015 -- 2016 Audition Cities '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Online '' . America 's Got Talent Auditions . FremantleMedia North America & Simco , Ltd . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Cowell is FINALLY returning to US TV as an America 's Got Talent judge with Mel B and Heidi Klum '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Auditions '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Mel B and Heidi Klum show some skin on the red carpet during America 's Got Talent kick off event for 11th season '' . DailyMail.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Find out when Simon Cowell makes his US TV return on America 's Got Talent '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' renewed for Season 12 , judges all returning '' . Zap2it . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Cowel Signs New Deal & Returns as Judge on NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' for Next Three Seasons '' . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon Quits America 's Got Talent After Threats of Firing over Race Joke '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This To Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Paul ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stand my ground ' : Nick Cannon resolves to ' stay firm ' after quitting AGT and picks Ryan Seacrest as heir '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC summer 2017 schedule loads up : ' America 's Got Talent , ' ' Carmichael Show , ' ' World of Dance ' and more '' . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lapowsky , Issie ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Jerry Springer to host ' America 's Got Talent Live ' ; new spinoff of reality show to play in Las Vegas '' . NYDailyNews.com . NY Daily News . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Jerry Springer : Orlando group wows ' Talent ' tour '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2010 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent Live TM Announces Full Tour Line - up Including Season 8 Winner , Kenichi Ebina '' . Business Wire . Berkashire Hathaway . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . 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June 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : The Jay Leno Show premieres big , rises to 18.4 million in the final # s '' . September 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : AGT finale , Leno , Glee and The Beautiful Life '' . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Top 25 : NBA Finals & Everybody Else , Glee Leads Scripted 18 - 49 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25 : ' Sunday Night Football ' , ' Survivor ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' Top Final Week of Broadcast ' Summer ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` NET . on Twitter : `` Mulai malam ini , setiap Sabtu & Minggu America 's ... '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Akhir Ceritanya Menggantung , Kesempurnaan Cinta akan Berlanjut ke Season 3 '' . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Got Talent on IMDb America 's Got Talent at TV.com America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! 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"On September 20, Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season, becoming the third ventriloquist, third child act and the third female act to win the competition (second year in a row after VanderWaal's win in 2016). Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner-up, Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place, deaf musician Mandy Harvey finished in fourth place and dog act Sara & Hero finished in fifth place."
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-4610393950447561207 | Grand Slam (rugby union) | Grand Slam ( rugby union ) - wikipedia Grand Slam ( rugby union ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Grand Slam . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In rugby union , a Grand Slam ( Irish : Caithréim Mhór . Welsh : Y Gamp Lawn. French : Grand Chelem ) occurs when one team in the Six Nations Championship ( or its Five Nations predecessor ) manages to beat all the others during one year 's competition . This has been achieved 39 times in total , for the first time by Wales in 1908 , and most recently by Ireland in 2018 . The team to have won the most Grand Slams is England with 13 . In another context , a Grand Slam tour refers to a touring side -- South Africa , Australia or New Zealand -- which plays fixtures against all four home nations ( England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales ) during their tour . If the tourists then win all of those matches , they are said to have achieved a Grand Slam . This has been done nine times , first by South Africa in 1912 -- 13 , and most recently by New Zealand in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Five and Six Nations Grand Slams 1.1 Table of Grand Slam winners 1.2 Chronological list of Grand Slam winners 2 Grand Slam tours 2.1 Grand Slams achieved by touring sides 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Five and Six Nations Grand Slams ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the annual Six Nations Championship ( among England , Ireland , Scotland , Wales , France and Italy ) , and its predecessor the Five Nations Championship ( before Italy joined in 2000 ) , a Grand Slam occurs when one team beats all of the others during one year 's competition . The Grand Slam winners are awarded the Six Nations trophy ( as tournament winners ) , but there is no special grand slam trophy -- the Grand Slam is an informal honour recognizing a Championship - winning team which has won all their games . Although the term grand slam had long been in use in the game of contract bridge , the first time that the expression is known to have been applied to rugby union was in 1957 , in a preview of a match between England and Scotland : There is much more than usual at stake for England to - day in the match against Scotland at Twickenham ... The last time when England achieved the Grand Slam under present conditions was as long ago as the 1927 -- 28 season , but it is difficult to try to build up a case against her repeating the performance to - day . -- The Times , 16 March 1957 The Grand Slam honour is applied retroactively to teams which won all of their matches in Five Nations tournaments before the term came into use . It is also applied to the 1908 and 1909 seasons , when matches with France took place during , but outside of , the then Home Nations Championships . However the Grand Slam honour is not applied to seasons in which only the four home nations were involved ( 1883 -- 1907 and 1932 -- 1939 ) -- in that case a team that won all its matches is said to have achieved the Triple Crown . This honour is still competed for between the four home nations within the Six Nations Championship , and any Grand Slam - winning home nation will necessarily also win the Triple Crown . A Grand Slam was therefore available in the years 1908 -- 1931 and 1947 -- 1999 ( Five Nations ) and 2000 -- 2016 ( Six Nations ) , a total of 94 seasons to date . Grand Slams were in fact achieved on 39 of these occasions -- 13 by England , 11 by Wales , 9 by France , 3 by Scotland and 3 by Ireland . ( Italy , involved in the tournament since 2000 , have yet to win a Grand Slam . ) Consecutive Grand Slams have been won by Wales in 1908 -- 1909 , by England in 1913 -- 1914 , 1923 -- 1924 and 1991 -- 1992 , and by France in 1997 -- 1998 . No team has yet achieved three consecutive Grand Slams . Prior to 2000 , each team played four matches , two at home and two away from home . Following the inclusion of Italy in 2000 , each team plays five matches , two at home and three away in one year , and the opposite in the following season . When Wales won the Grand Slam in 2005 , it was the first time that the feat had been achieved by a team that had played more matches away than at home . This was repeated by Ireland in 2009 and by England in 2016 . The 2017 Six Nations Championship will use bonus points on a trial basis . A team that wins the Grand Slam will get three bonus points . This will eliminate the possibility of a Grand Slam winner losing the championship on bonus points . Table of Grand Slam winners ( edit ) Nation Grand Slams Grand Slam winning seasons England 13 1913 , 1914 , 1921 , 1923 , 1924 , 1928 , 1957 , 1980 , 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 2003 , 2016 Wales 11 1908 * , 1909 * , 1911 , 1950 , 1952 , 1971 , 1976 , 1978 , 2005 , 2008 , 2012 France 9 1968 , 1977 , 1981 , 1987 , 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , 2004 , 2010 Ireland 1948 , 2009 , 2018 Scotland 1925 , 1984 , 1990 Italy 0 * In 1908 and 1909 matches with France were played , although they were not part of the Championship . Chronological list of Grand Slam winners ( edit ) 1882 -- 1907 France did not take part in the championship 1908 Wales ( * see note above ) 1909 Wales ( * see note above ) 1911 Wales 1913 England 1914 England 1915 -- 19 No tournament due to World War I 1921 England 1923 England 1924 England 1925 Scotland 1928 England 1932 -- 39 France was suspended from the championship 1940 -- 46 No tournament due to World War II 1948 Ireland 1950 Wales 1952 Wales 1957 England 1968 France 1971 Wales 1976 Wales 1977 France 1978 Wales 1980 England 1981 France 1984 Scotland France 1990 Scotland 1991 England 1992 England 1995 England 1997 France 1998 France 2000 Tournament expanded to include Italy . 2002 France 2003 England France 2005 Wales 2008 Wales 2009 Ireland France 2012 Wales 2016 England 2018 Ireland Grand Slam tours ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Grand Slam tour is one in which a touring national team from New Zealand , South Africa or Australia plays Test matches against all four home nations ( England , Wales , Ireland and Scotland ) . If the tourists win all four of these games , they are said to have achieved a Grand Slam . Grand Slams by touring teams have been achieved nine times : four times each by South Africa and New Zealand , and once by Australia . Australia is the only country to have lost against all four home nations , on their 1957 -- 58 tour . After 1984 , Southern Hemisphere sides started to tour the British Isles more frequently , but to play fewer Tests on each tour , and thus there were no Grand Slam tours between 1984 and 1998 . However , since 1998 Grand Slam tours have become quite common again , as the number of Tests on each tour has again increased . The All Blacks ' tours of 2005 and 2008 were originally planned to include only three Test matches ; the late inclusion of matches against Wales and England respectively turned these into Grand Slam tours . Grand Slams achieved by touring sides ( edit ) South Africa 1912 -- 13 , 1931 -- 32 , 1951 -- 52 , 1960 -- 61 New Zealand 1978 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 Australia 1984 See also ( edit ) Six Nations Championship Triple Crown Six Nations Wooden Spoon Calcutta Cup References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History '' . sixnationsrugby.com . Jump up ^ `` Bonus points system to be trialled in Six Nations '' . BreakingNews.ie. 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Kitson , Robert ( 2002 - 04 - 08 ) . `` France masterclass in doing Le Slam '' . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Awesome England clinch Grand Slam '' . BBC Sport Online . 2003 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` France win Grand Slam by beating England '' . Melbourne : www.theage.com.au. 2004 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wales 32 - 20 Ireland '' . BBC Sport Online . 2005 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wales 29 - 12 France '' . BBC Sport Online . 2008 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wales 15 - 17 Ireland '' . BBC Sport Online . 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` France 12 - 10 England '' . BBC Sport. 2010 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Wales 16 - 9 France '' . BBC Sport Online . 2012 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` France 21 - 31 England '' . BBC Sport Online . 2016 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . External links ( edit ) The Official Six Nations Site 2008 Six Nations Information and Tournament Guide BBC News article on past Grand Slam tours Pathe News coverage of 1924 England Grand Slam Six Nations Information and Ticket Guide Six Nations Championship Teams England France Ireland Italy Scotland Wales Stadia Twickenham Stadium Stade de France Stade Vélodrome Aviva Stadium Stadio Olimpico Murrayfield Stadium Principality Stadium Seasons Home 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 Five 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 Home 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 Five 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 Six 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Head - 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89 Oceania 1980 2000 2006 North America 1980 Asia 2006 Scotland national rugby union team Scottish Rugby Union History Records Players All Players Killed in World War I Killed in World War II Home stadiums Murrayfield Stadium Competitions and trophies Rugby World Cup Six Nations Championship Triple Crown Grand Slam Auld Alliance Trophy Calcutta Cup Centenary Quaich Hopetoun Cup Related teams Sevens Scotland A Scotland B Scotland Club XV U21s U20s U19s U18s U19s U18s Matches By opponent Argentina Australia England Barbarians Fiji France Ireland Italy New Zealand Romania Samoa South Africa Wales See also England ( 1871 ) Tours Australia 1982 1992 1998 2012 New Zealand 1981 1990 2000 South Africa 1999 2003 2006 2014 Argentina 1969 1994 2008 2014 Zimbabwe 1988 1995 Oceania 1993 1998 2012 North America 1985 2002 2014 Japan 1989 2016 See also Flower of Scotland Wales national rugby union team Welsh Rugby Union History 2004 -- present Records Players All Players Captains Killed in the World Wars Tries by Shane Williams Home stadiums Millennium Stadium Cardiff Arms Park St. Helen 's Competitions and trophies Rugby World Cup Six Nations Championship Triple Crown Grand Slam James Bevan Trophy Prince William Cup Related teams Wales A Sevens U20s U18s Matches By opponent Argentina Australia Barbarians Canada England Fiji France Italy Ireland Japan New Zealand Samoa Scotland South Africa Tonga United States See also Results Tours Oceania 1969 1978 1986 1988 1991 1994 2003 2007 2012 2016 Africa 1964 1990 1995 1998 2002 2008 2014 Argentina 1968 1999 2006 North America 1980 1989 1994 1997 2005 Asia 2001 2013 Spain See also Max Boyce Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Calon Lân Cwm Rhondda Old Scores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Slam_(rugby_union)&oldid=842385895 '' Categories : Six Nations Championship trophies Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - 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"In rugby union, a Grand Slam (Irish: Caithréim Mhór. Welsh: Y Gamp Lawn. French: Grand Chelem) occurs when one team in the Six Nations Championship (or its Five Nations predecessor) manages to beat all the others during one year's competition. This has been achieved 39 times in total, for the first time by Wales in 1908, and most recently by Ireland in 2018. The team to have won the most Grand Slams is England with 13."
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"2018"
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-7698114101195763561 | Liverpool F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry | Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. Rivalry - wikipedia Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. Rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Liverpool F.C. v Manchester United F.C. Locale North West England Teams Liverpool F.C. Manchester United F.C. First meeting 28 April 1894 1893 -- 94 Football League test match Liverpool 2 -- 0 Newton Heath Latest meeting 14 October 2017 Premier League Liverpool 0 -- 0 Manchester United Next meeting 10 March 2018 Premier League Manchester United v Liverpool Stadiums Anfield ( Liverpool ) Old Trafford ( Manchester United ) Statistics Meetings total 199 Most player appearances Ryan Giggs ( 48 ) Top scorer Steven Gerrard ( 9 ) George Wall ( 9 ) Sandy Turnbull ( 9 ) All - time series Liverpool : 65 Drawn : 55 Manchester United : 79 Largest victory Liverpool 7 -- 1 Newton Heath 12 October 1895 ( 1895 -- 96 Second Division ) The Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , also known as the North West Derby , is a high - profile inter-city rivalry between English professional association football clubs Liverpool and Manchester United . It is considered to be one of the biggest rivalries in the association football world along with the Old Firm derby in Scotland , Superclásico in Argentina , El Clásico in Spain , and Derby della Madonnina in Italy , and is considered the most famous fixture in English football . Players , fans and the media alike often consider games between the two clubs to be their biggest rivalry , above even their own local derby competitions with Everton and Manchester City , respectively . The rivalry has been fuelled by the proximity of the two major cities that they represent , their historic economic and industrial rivalry , significant periods of domestic footballing dominance and European success , and their popularity at home and abroad , as two of the biggest - earning and widely supported football clubs in the world . The two clubs are the most successful English teams in both domestic and European competitions ; and between them they have won 38 league titles , 8 European Cups , 4 UEFA Cups , 4 UEFA Super Cups , 19 FA Cups , 13 League Cups , 1 FIFA Club World Cup , 1 Intercontinental Cup and 36 FA Community Shields . Each club can claim historical supremacy over the other : United for their 20 league titles to Liverpool 's 18 and Liverpool for being European champions five times to United 's three . Manchester United have won more total trophies than Liverpool , and they also lead the Merseysiders in so - called `` major '' honours as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inter-city rivals 2 Football rivals 2.1 Formation to 1945 2.2 1945 to 1992 2.3 1992 -- present 3 Managers 3.1 Notable managers 4 Players 4.1 Players ' rivalry 4.2 Player transfers 5 Supporters 5.1 Hooliganism 6 Significant games 6.1 1894 test match 6.2 1977 FA Cup Final 6.3 1983 Football League Cup Final 6.4 Anfield 1988 6.5 Other notable games 7 Honours , head to head , and statistics 7.1 Honours 7.2 Head - to - head 7.3 All - time results 7.3. 1 Liverpool in the league at home 7.3. 2 Manchester United in the league at home 7.3. 3 Results in domestic cup matches 7.3. 4 Results in European competitions 7.3. 5 Results in play - offs 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 References 12 External links Inter-city rivals ( edit ) Main article : Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are located in the north west of England , 35 miles ( 56 km ) apart . Since the industrial revolution there has been a consistent theme of rivalry between the two cities based around economic and industrial competition . Manchester through to the 18th century was the far more populous city , and held a position of significance and notability as representative of the north . By the late 18th century , Liverpool had grown as a major sea port -- critical to the growth and success of the northern cotton mills . Over the next century , Liverpool grew to supersede Manchester and throughout the late 19th and early 20th century was often described as the British Empire 's second city . The links between the two cities were strengthened with the construction of the Bridgewater Canal , the Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway for the transport of raw materials inland . The Manchester coat of arms formed the foundation of the original Manchester United badge The construction of the Manchester Ship Canal , funded by Manchester merchants , was opposed by Liverpool politicians and bred resentment between the two cities . Tension between working class Liverpool dockers and labourers in Manchester was heightened after its completion in 1894 , just three months prior to the first meeting between Liverpool and Newton Heath in a play - off match that would see Newton Heath relegated to the Second Division . Today , the crests of both the city of Manchester and Manchester United include stylised ships representing the Manchester Ship Canal and Manchester 's trade roots . The ship is also included on the crest of many other Mancunian institutions such as Manchester City Council and rivals Manchester City F.C. Post-war shifts in economic ties , reliance on regional coal , and shifts in transatlantic trade patterns caused by the growth of Asian labour markets caused the gradual decline of British manufacturing . While the city of Liverpool suffered the loss of its primary source of income to southern port cities , Manchester maintained some of its manufacturing heritage . This reversal of fortunes happened against the backdrop of shifting political backgrounds and significant events in British culture and society in the second half of the 20th century . The two cities continue to be strong regional rivals , vying for influence of surrounding areas . Their continued importance to the UK economy has been reflected with the awarding of the 2002 Commonwealth Games to Manchester , while Liverpool was awarded the title of 2008 European Capital of Culture as part of its ongoing regeneration . More recent projects by Peel Ports have sought to re-establish the economic links between the Port of Liverpool and Port of Manchester , including re-developing trade links via the Manchester Ship Canal . Football rivals ( edit ) See also : List of Liverpool F.C. seasons and List of Manchester United F.C. seasons Formation to 1945 ( edit ) The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season . Manchester United F.C. was formed in Newton Heath in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR F.C. , and played their first competitive match in October 1886 , when they entered the First Round of the 1886 -- 87 FA Cup . Liverpool 's team during its first season , 1892 -- 93 Liverpool F.C. was formed in 1892 following a disagreement between the board of Everton and club president John Houlding , who owned the club 's ground , Anfield . The disagreement between the two parties over rent resulted in Everton moving to Goodison Park from Anfield , and Houlding founded Liverpool F.C. to play in the vacated stadium . Liverpool 's first season was in the Second Division in 1893 . The team went undefeated all season , winning the title and being put up for election to the First Division , which would see them play a one - off test match against the bottom side of the First Division for their place . The team that Liverpool were to face was Newton Heath , whom they beat 2 -- 0 to take their place in the first tier . Liverpool won their first Football League Championship trophy in 1901 and followed it up in 1906 , the same season that saw the newly renamed Manchester United promoted to the top flight after finishing as Second Division runners - up behind Bristol City . Two seasons later , by which time Liverpool had fallen into mid-table , Manchester United secured their first league title , winning the 1907 -- 08 Football League by nine points from Aston Villa and Manchester City . They followed this up by winning the first ever FA Charity Shield match when they defeated Queens Park Rangers over two legs in 1908 . The following season , they won the 1909 FA Cup Final , and followed this up with another league title and Charity Shield in 1911 . The outbreak of the First World War disrupted domestic football , and following the resumption of competitions in 1919 Liverpool asserted themselves on domestic football with a brace of league Championships while United found themselves in steep decline that saw them relegated in 1923 . Between 1923 and the outbreak of the Second World War , neither team won any more competitive trophies outside of local regional trophies , with Manchester United spending three separate periods in the Second Division . 1945 to 1992 ( edit ) A comparative chart showing yearly table positions of Manchester United F.C. and Liverpool F.C. in the English football league system from 1892 -- 93 to the present After the Second World War , Liverpool again became English champions in 1947 before the clubs ' roles reversed once more , with the Merseysiders dropping into the second tier as Manchester United found stability under the management of former Liverpool captain Matt Busby , winning the FA Cup in 1948 and then three league titles and Charity Shields apiece in the 1950s . During this time , future Liverpool manager Bill Shankly was approached by then Liverpool chairman Tom Williams and asked , `` How would you like to manage the best club in the country ? '' . `` Why ? '' Shankly replied . `` Is Matt Busby packing it in ? '' . Following Liverpool 's promotion under Shankly in 1962 , the two clubs found themselves in direct competition with each other for the first time , sharing four league titles between 1964 and 1967 , as well as the 1965 FA Charity Shield . Following this , though , the two sides began to drift in opposite directions once more . United 's title victory of 1967 would be their last for 26 years , while Liverpool would enjoy nearly 20 years of sustained success , winning 11 league titles , 19 domestic cups and seven European trophies from 1972 to 1992 . United 's main reprieves during this time came through cup competitions , such as their triumphs over the Merseysiders in the 1977 FA Cup Final and the 1979 FA Cup semi-final replay at Goodison Park . It was during this period , in the late 70s and early 80s , that the modern day rivalry between the two clubs truly began to get heated . According to football sociologist John Williams , United had developed a `` glamour and media profile '' but did n't have the success to match it and Liverpool fans felt the Red Devils were `` media darlings who got far too much publicity '' . There was a perception in Liverpool that their hugely successful but ' professional ' and ' workmanlike ' teams were always somehow in the shadow of the stars at Old Trafford . This led to a derisory United nickname in Liverpool ; `` The Glams '' . 1992 -- Present ( edit ) Manchester United 's 26 - year spell without a league title has been mirrored by Liverpool since 1990 , when the Reds clinched their last league title . Meanwhile , United 's dominance since 1990 has seen them win 13 league titles , 23 domestic cups and seven European trophies . Once again , cup glories such as the 2003 League Cup and 2006 FA Cup allowed Liverpool some retribution against their rivals . Despite their contrasting fortunes , though , only six times since 1972 have neither Liverpool nor United finished in the top two of the league table -- in 1980 -- 81 , 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 and 2016 - 17 -- and even during five of those six campaigns , another piece of silverware was still taken home by one of the two clubs ; Liverpool paraded the European Cup and League Cup in 1981 , while Manchester United lifted the FA Community Shield and FA Cup in the 2004 season and Liverpool claimed the Champions League in 2005 . United brought home the FA Cup again in 2016 and they won a treble of trophies consisting of the Community Shield , League Cup and UEFA Europa League in 2016 - 17 . Managers ( edit ) Notable managers ( edit ) `` `` If you are first you are first . If you are second you are nothing . '' '' -- Bill Shankly While Liverpool and Manchester United 's successes are almost identical in number , their systems of achieving these successes vary considerably . Liverpool built their dominance on a dynasty known as the Anfield Boot Room . The boot room itself was where strategy for future matches was planned , however , it became a breeding ground for future Liverpool managers following the arrival of Bill Shankly in 1959 . The original members were Shankly himself , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Reuben Bennett , although the likes of Kenny Dalglish joined later on . Following Shankly 's retirement in 1974 , having secured eight trophies in 15 years , Bob Paisley stepped into the vacant manager 's position and amassed 20 trophies in 9 seasons . Following his retirement , Joe Fagan took over and in the first of two seasons at the club , won a treble of trophies . Kenny Dalglish , while not an original member , was accepted into the group as the next in line for the role of manager , and he combined it with his playing duties to win Liverpool 10 trophies . The boot room connection was finally broken in 1991 , 32 years after Shankly 's arrival , with the appointment of Graeme Souness , who actually demolished the boot room itself to make way for a press room . It did still manage to produce a final Liverpool manager in Roy Evans , who won the League Cup , but upon his resignation in 1998 , the era was over . In contrast , Manchester United have succeeded thanks to the services of three extraordinary men , all decades apart , without the need for continuity and sustained success beyond each man 's departure . Out of the 66 trophies that United have won , 56 have come thanks to the exploits of Ernest Mangnall , Sir Matt Busby and Sir Alex Ferguson . Mangnall was the first great manager of Manchester United , securing five trophies within a three - year time span of 1908 -- 11 . Following his departure to local rivals Manchester City a year later , it would not be until Busby 's arrival 33 years later that the club would be on the trophy trail again . Busby became United 's second most decorated manager of all time ( ironically as an ex-Liverpool player and captain ) , winning 13 trophies at the club including the 1968 European Cup , which saw an English team secure European football 's top prize for the first time . After Busby 's retirement in 1969 though , Manchester United saw their fortunes slip and the club struggled to stay successful until Alex Ferguson 's arrival 17 years later , during which time United only won three FA Cups and two Charity Shields . `` `` My greatest challenge was knocking Liverpool right off their fucking perch , and you can print that . '' '' -- Alex Ferguson in response to an Alan Hansen comment in 2002 It was only under the Scot that United regained their glory days , winning 38 trophies during his 26 - year tenure to scale the pinnacles of both English and European football . However , since Ferguson 's retirement in 2013 , the club has gone on the wane again , finishing in the top four of the league just once in four seasons , although there has been frequent success in cup competitions . Players ( edit ) Players ' rivalry ( edit ) `` `` A mate owned a ( Manchester United captain ) Bryan Robson top . We were kicking about , and I asked if I could be Robbo for a while . My dad looked out and went ballistic . He was n't having his kid dragging the Gerrard name through the gutter . I thought we 'd have to move ! '' '' -- Steven Gerrard The rivalry has extended to the players as well : Wayne Rooney , a product of Liverpool 's city rivals Everton who played for United from 2004 to 2017 , described how he grew up hating the Reds ( Liverpool ) , while Liverpool 's Steven Gerrard took a film crew on tour of his home where he showed off a collection of football shirts he had swapped with opposing players as part of the after match routine ; he pointed out that there were no Manchester United shirts in there and he would never have one of them in his house . Former Liverpool goalkeeper David James said : `` I could never say I hated any United players just for being United players ... But the rivalry became a habit , I suppose ; on England trips Liverpool lads would eat at one table , United boys at another . There was tension there and we avoided one other '' . Liverpool defender Neil Ruddock once broke both of United forward Andy Cole 's legs in a reserve match , later saying that `` I did n't meant to break both legs , I only meant to break one ... I absolutely destroyed him ... I know it 's not big and it 's not clever but it was great '' . Manchester United 's Gary Neville has been publicly vocal in the past with regards to his dislike of Liverpool . He notably drew the ire of Liverpool fans during the 2006 match at Old Trafford during which he celebrated Rio Ferdinand 's last - gasp winner by running to the stand where the away fans were seated while kissing the crest on his jersey and appearing to shout angrily towards them ; he was fined and given a two - match ban by The Football Association but has stated on multiple occasions that he has never regretted his actions . Following a fixture in which John O'Shea scored a stoppage - time winner in front of the Kop in 2007 , Neville described O'Shea's achievement as `` a lifelong dream '' for himself . Previously in a Manchester derby during the 2003 -- 04 season , Neville was sent off after attempting to headbutt Manchester City 's ex-Liverpool midfielder Steve McManaman : as Paul Scholes commented , `` It 's fair to say the pair of them never got on too well together '' . The animosity amongst players has also extended to the fans on a number of occasions , as in the case of Neville , who regularly became the subject of offensive chants from Liverpool supporters after the 2006 badge - kissing incident . In a retrospective special leading up to the January 2017 match up at Old Trafford , Neville and his fellow Monday Night Football pundit and retired Liverpool one - club man Jamie Carragher both acknowledged that it was actually not uncommon for both United and Liverpool players , particularly locally - born youth academy graduates such as Bury - born Neville and Merseyside natives Gerrard and Robbie Fowler , to celebrate in front of rival fans and that `` you just got to take it in the chin '' . `` `` I ca n't stand Liverpool , I ca n't stand the people , I ca n't stand anything to do with them . '' '' -- Gary Neville In the 2011 -- 12 season , the rivalry was exacerbated by claims that , in the first League meeting of the season at Anfield , Liverpool striker Luis Suárez racially abused United 's Patrice Evra . After considering the evidence , an FA panel found that Suárez had referred to Evra using the term `` negrito '' seven times ( Suárez himself admitted to having done so once , but denied racism ) ; he was banned for eight games . This included the FA Cup fourth round tie between the two clubs ( again at Anfield ) , which Liverpool won . On 11 February 2012 , however , United and Liverpool met again at Old Trafford , and Suárez played for Liverpool for the first time since his ban . Prior to kick - off , the two teams were expected to shake hands , but Suárez ignored Evra 's offered hand and moved onto the next United player in line , David de Gea . As a result , Rio Ferdinand and Danny Welbeck rejected Suárez 's handshake . United went on to win 2 -- 1 and Evra celebrated in front of the home supporters , with Suárez close by . Sir Alex Ferguson declared Suárez to be a `` disgrace '' and suggested that he should not be allowed to play for Liverpool again . Kenny Dalglish vehemently denied having seen the missed handshake . The following day , Suárez , Dalglish and Liverpool all issued statements of apology for the handshake incident , which United accepted . The FA decided against any further action against either club or the players involved . Player transfers ( edit ) Since the 1964 transfer of Phil Chisnall from United to Liverpool , no player has been transferred directly between the two clubs . Some players , however , have played for both clubs , but having played elsewhere between each tenure , such as Paul Ince ( playing for Internazionale in between ) and Peter Beardsley ( Vancouver Whitecaps and Newcastle United ) and more recently Michael Owen ( Real Madrid and Newcastle United ) , although Beardsley only played once for United , but went on to be a key player during his four years at Liverpool . In 2007 , there was a bid from Liverpool to sign Gabriel Heinze from United , but United refused to allow him to join their biggest rivals due to the ongoing feud . United claimed that it was agreed Heinze would only join a foreign club if he chose to leave . Heinze went public with his request to join Liverpool which was seen as the ultimate betrayal by the Manchester United fans . The Manchester United fans who once chanted `` Argentina '' in honour of the player then turned their backs on him . Heinze was eventually sold to Real Madrid instead . Date Name From To Fee August 1912 Tom Chorlton Liverpool Manchester United November 1913 Jackie Sheldon Manchester United Liverpool September 1920 Tom Miller Liverpool Manchester United £ 2,000 May 1921 Fred Hopkin Manchester United Liverpool February 1929 Tommy Reid Liverpool Manchester United January 1938 Ted Savage Liverpool Manchester United November 1938 Allenby Chilton Liverpool Manchester United February 1954 Thomas McNulty Manchester United Liverpool £ 7,000 April 1964 Phil Chisnall Manchester United Liverpool £ 25,000 Supporters ( edit ) Main articles : Supporters ' groups and Association football culture Liverpool Kopites in The Kop stand at Anfield Both Manchester United and Liverpool are among the most popular football clubs ( and sporting organisations ) globally . Both are in the top 25 in Europe with Manchester United considered to have the largest following of all , as well as having one of the highest average home attendances in Europe and boasting a large travelling support . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . Liverpool states that its worldwide fan base also includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the LFC Official Supporters Clubs in at least 50 countries . Notable groups include Spirit of Shankly and Reclaim The Kop . The 2005 leveraged takeover of Manchester United by the Glazer family created a schism amongst Manchester fans , directly causing the creation of F.C. United of Manchester , and the `` Love United Hate Glazer '' movement , and subsequently the Red Knights who attempted to buy the Glazers out the club . Two years later , Liverpool went through its own controversial takeover when Chairman David Moores sold the club to American businessmen George Gillett and Tom Hicks . Disagreements between Gillett and Hicks , and the lack of popular support from fans , resulted in the pair looking to sell the club . Martin Broughton was appointed chairman of the club on 16 April 2010 to oversee its sale . Court action finally forced the sale of the club to Fenway Sports Group . Hooliganism ( edit ) Main article : Football hooliganism With the rise of football hooliganism across English football during the 1970s and 1980s , matches between the two clubs brought some minor and major incidents of hooliganism . Since then , the modern game has seen a decrease in violence between the rival supporters and incidents are fairly uncommon . This is more likely due to an increase in Police presence and CCTV with huge steps taken to keep the fans separated . To this day , both sets of fans still hold a resentment toward each other . As well as physical violence , sections of the clubs ' fan bases often taunt each other with unsavoury chants about the Munich air disaster and the Hillsborough disaster respectively . At the 1996 FA Cup Final , an unidentified Liverpool fan spat at Eric Cantona and threw a punch at Alex Ferguson as a victorious Manchester United team walked up the steps at Wembley Stadium to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . The 2006 FA Cup match at Anfield featured foreign objects thrown at United fans by Liverpool supporters , including human excrement . Liverpool 's FA Cup semi-final game against Chelsea at Old Trafford later that year also resulted in damage to the stadium , including graffiti about serial killer Harold Shipman . In March 2011 , the Daily Mail reported that an FA Youth Cup game between the two clubs was marred because of `` sick chants '' about Hillsborough and Heysel coming from the Manchester United fans at Anfield . The article also claims that six Manchester United fans were ejected from the stadium due to bad behaviour . Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge was at the game and told the Liverpool Echo that `` the level of abuse was absolutely sickening '' . In March 2016 , before Liverpool 's first leg tie at Anfield against Manchester United , it was reported that a group of Liverpool fans hung a `` Manc Bastards '' banner on the M62 , as 2,300 Manchester United supporters made the trip to Anfield . It was confiscated by the police , shortly after . Liverpool won the match 2 -- 0 . Before the second leg tie at Old Trafford. , Liverpool fans were greeted with a banner on the M62 motorway in Salford that said ' murderers ' and also had the Hillsborough Disaster date on it . UEFA took no disciplinary action against Manchester United . During the same game , there were reported crowd disturbances , coming from the Manchester United end . It was later reported that a Liverpool supporter sneaked a Liverpool banner in the United section , causing to aggravate United supporters in the stand . Liverpool supporters ripped seats , and supporters threw objects at each other , also fighting with United supporters . Liverpool were fined £ 43,577 . by UEFA for setting off flares / crowd fireworks & ' illicit chants ' , whilst Manchester United were fined £ 44,342 for illicit chants & the throwing of objects . Both clubs ' fines included £ 15,290 suspended for two years . Liverpool drew 1 -- 1 , and progressed to the Europa League quarter - finals against Borussia Dortmund . Significant games ( edit ) 1894 test match ( edit ) The first ever meeting between both clubs came in a Football League test match in 1894 , a post-season series to determine who will receive First Division membership for 1894 -- 95 . As Newton Heath finished bottom of the First Division at the end of 1893 -- 94 , they had to play off against the champions of the Second Division , Liverpool . Liverpool won the tie 2 -- 0 at Ewood Park in Blackburn , earning them First Division membership and condemning Newton Heath to the Second Division . 1977 FA Cup final ( edit ) In 1977 , the two clubs met in a cup final for the first time , when they reached the final of the FA Cup . The two clubs took to the field at Wembley on 21 May , with Liverpool having just won the league title , knowing that winning this game would put them on course for a unique treble as they had the European Cup final to look forward to four days later . However , United ended Liverpool 's treble dreams with a 2 -- 1 win , with goals from Stuart Pearson and Jimmy Greenhoff , five minutes apart with a Jimmy Case goal for Liverpool in between . 1983 football league Cup final ( edit ) Six years later , on 26 March 1983 , the two sides met for the Football League Cup final . Goals from Alan Kennedy and Ronnie Whelan won the game 2 -- 1 for Liverpool , after Norman Whiteside had given United the lead . Liverpool collected the trophy for the third year in succession . It was the last of Liverpool manager Bob Paisley 's nine seasons in charge ( during which Liverpool had dominated the English and European scene ) before his retirement , and his players allowed him to climb the 39 steps to collect the trophy from the Royal Box . Anfield 1988 ( edit ) On 4 April 1988 , Liverpool were 11 points ahead at the top of the league and almost certain of winning the First Division title with barely a month of the league season remaining . United , in their first full season under the management of Alex Ferguson , were their nearest rivals . The two sides took to the field for a league encounter at Anfield and with the second half just minutes old the home side had a 3 -- 1 lead with goals from Peter Beardsley , Gary Gillespie and Steve McMahon , with United 's only goal coming from Bryan Robson . Robson then pulled a goal back for United , and with 12 minutes remaining fellow midfielder Gordon Strachan equalised to force a 3 -- 3 draw . Other notable games ( edit ) On 4 January 1994 , in the second season of the new FA Premier League , United took a 3 -- 0 lead at Anfield in the opening 25 minutes with goals from Steve Bruce , Ryan Giggs and Denis Irwin . Liverpool managed to claw back to draw 3 -- 3 with two goals from Nigel Clough and another from Neil Ruddock . It was one of the last games in charge of Liverpool for manager Graeme Souness , who had resigned by the end of the month . On 1 October 1995 , United 's Eric Cantona made his comeback to the side after serving an eight - month suspension for attacking a spectator in a game against Crystal Palace . His comeback game was against Liverpool in the Premier League at Old Trafford . United took an early lead through Nicky Butt , only for Liverpool 's Robbie Fowler to score twice and give the visitors a 2 -- 1 lead . However , United were awarded a penalty in the 71st minute and Cantona converted it successfully , forcing a 2 -- 2 draw . At the end of the season , the two sides met again at Wembley for the FA Cup Final . The game stayed goalless until the 85th minute , when Liverpool conceded a corner , which David Beckham swung into the box to be cleared by David James , only for Eric Cantona to fire home United 's winner . In March 2003 , the two clubs once again met in a cup final , this time in the League Cup , with Liverpool lifting the trophy after goals from Steven Gerrard and Michael Owen gave them a 2 -- 0 win . Alan Wiley shows a red card to Nemanja Vidić of Manchester United on 14 March 2009 On 14 March 2009 , the two sides met at Old Trafford in the Premier League . United were ahead at the top of the league and Liverpool were looking to make a late run to the title which had eluded them since 1990 . United went ahead in the 23rd minute with a Cristiano Ronaldo penalty , but Fernando Torres equalised five minutes later for Liverpool , and a Steven Gerrard penalty just before half - time put Liverpool in the lead . United had Nemanja Vidić sent off in the 76th minute , and their misery was swiftly compounded by late goals from Fábio Aurélio and finally Andrea Dossena , condemning them to a 4 -- 1 defeat , their heaviest at Old Trafford in any competition for 17 years . Despite the loss , Manchester United were crowned league champions for the third season in succession and equalled Liverpool 's 18 league titles , with Liverpool finishing four points behind in second . The league fixture on 11 February 2012 was marked by controversy regarding Liverpool striker Luis Suárez refusal to shake hands with Patrice Evra , following an eight - match suspension for racially abusing Evra in the previous meeting between the sides . Following the 2 -- 1 victory for United after a brace from Wayne Rooney , Evra in turn controversially celebrated right in front of Suárez , and was swept aside by opposition players finding the gesture provocative . Honours , Head to Head , and Statistics ( edit ) Honours ( edit ) Domestic honours Competition Liverpool Manchester United Titles Year Titles Year Premier League 0 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 First Division 18 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1946 -- 47 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 7 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 League total 18 20 FA Cup 7 1964 -- 65 , 1973 -- 74 , 1985 -- 86 , 1988 -- 89 , 1991 -- 92 , 2000 -- 01 , 2005 -- 06 12 1908 -- 09 , 1947 -- 48 , 1962 -- 63 , 1976 -- 77 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1989 -- 90 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1998 -- 99 , 2003 -- 04 , 2015 -- 16 League Cup 8 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1994 -- 95 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2011 -- 12 5 1991 -- 92 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2016 -- 17 FA Community Shield ( * = shared ) 15 1964 * , 1965 * , 1966 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 * , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1986 * , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 * , 2001 , 2006 21 1908 , 1911 , 1952 , 1956 , 1957 , 1965 * , 1967 * , 1977 * , 1983 , 1990 * , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 , 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 Super Cup 1986 0 Domestic total 49 58 European honours European Cup / UEFA Champions League 5 1976 -- 77 , 1977 -- 78 , 1980 -- 81 , 1983 -- 84 , 2004 -- 05 1967 -- 68 , 1998 -- 99 , 2007 -- 08 UEFA Cup / Europa League 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 2000 -- 01 2016 -- 17 European Cup Winners ' Cup 0 1990 -- 91 UEFA Super Cup 1977 , 2001 , 2005 1991 European total 11 6 Worldwide honours FIFA Club World Cup 0 2008 Intercontinental Cup 0 1999 Worldwide total 0 Combined total Combined total 60 66 The honours listed above are considered to be the club 's major titles and , as such , are not intended to be a full list of achievements . Table correct as of 24 May 2017 . Head - to - Head ( edit ) The below table demonstrates the competitive results between the two sides ( not indicative of titles won ) . Competition Manchester United wins Draws Liverpool wins League 67 47 55 FA Cup 9 League Cup 0 Europa League 0 Other Total 79 55 65 Table correct as of 14 October 2017 All - time results ( edit ) Liverpool in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Anfield Date Venue Score Competition 12 October 1895 Anfield 7 -- 1 Second Division 22 April 1905 Anfield 4 -- 0 Second Division 1 April 1907 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1908 Anfield 7 -- 4 First Division 30 January 1909 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 9 October 1909 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 26 November 1910 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 11 November 1911 Anfield 3 -- 2 First Division 29 March 1913 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 15 April 1914 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 26 December 1914 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1920 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 9 February 1921 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 17 December 1921 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 19 September 1925 Anfield 5 -- 0 First Division 28 August 1926 Anfield 4 -- 2 First Division 24 December 1927 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 February 1929 Anfield 2 -- 3 First Division 25 January 1930 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 April 1931 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 27 March 1937 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1938 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 May 1947 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 3 September 1947 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 27 December 1948 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 7 September 1949 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 23 August 1950 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 24 November 1951 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1952 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 22 August 1953 Anfield 4 -- 4 First Division 13 April 1963 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 13 April 1964 Anfield 3 -- 0 First Division 31 October 1964 Anfield 0 -- 2 First Division 1 January 1966 Anfield 2 -- 1 First Division 25 March 1967 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 11 November 1967 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 12 October 1968 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 13 December 1969 Anfield 1 -- 4 First Division 5 September 1970 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 25 September 1971 Anfield 2 -- 2 First Division 15 August 1972 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 22 December 1973 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 18 November 1975 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 3 May 1977 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 25 February 1978 Anfield 3 -- 1 First Division 14 April 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1979 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 14 April 1981 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 24 October 1981 Anfield 1 -- 2 First Division 16 October 1982 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 2 January 1984 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 31 March 1985 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 9 February 1986 Anfield 1 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1986 Anfield 0 -- 1 First Division 4 April 1988 Anfield 3 -- 3 First Division 3 September 1988 Anfield 1 -- 0 First Division 23 December 1989 Anfield 0 -- 0 First Division 16 September 1990 Anfield 4 -- 0 First Division 26 April 1992 Anfield 2 -- 0 First Division 6 March 1993 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 4 January 1994 Anfield 3 -- 3 Premier League 19 March 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 17 December 1995 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 19 April 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 6 December 1997 Anfield 1 -- 3 Premier League 5 May 1999 Anfield 2 -- 2 Premier League 11 September 1999 Anfield 2 -- 3 Premier League 31 March 2001 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 November 2001 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 1 December 2002 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 9 November 2003 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 15 January 2005 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 18 September 2005 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 3 March 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 16 December 2007 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 13 September 2008 Anfield 2 -- 1 Premier League 25 October 2009 Anfield 2 -- 0 Premier League 6 March 2011 Anfield 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 October 2011 Anfield 1 -- 1 Premier League 23 September 2012 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 1 September 2013 Anfield 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 March 2015 Anfield 1 -- 2 Premier League 17 January 2016 Anfield 0 -- 1 Premier League 17 October 2016 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League 14 October 2017 Anfield 0 -- 0 Premier League Manchester United in the league at home ( edit ) See also : Old Trafford Date Venue Score Competition 2 November 1895 Bank Street 5 -- 2 Second Division 24 December 1904 Bank Street 3 -- 1 Second Division 25 December 1906 Bank Street 0 -- 0 First Division 7 September 1907 Bank Street 4 -- 0 First Division 26 September 1908 Bank Street 3 -- 2 First Division 19 February 1910 Old Trafford 3 -- 4 First Division 1 April 1911 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 23 March 1912 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 23 November 1912 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 1 November 1913 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 2 April 1915 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1919 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 5 February 1921 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 December 1921 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 10 March 1926 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 15 January 1927 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 5 May 1928 Old Trafford 6 -- 1 First Division 15 September 1928 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 21 September 1929 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1931 Old Trafford 4 -- 1 First Division 21 November 1936 Old Trafford 2 -- 5 First Division 6 May 1939 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 11 September 1946 Maine Road 5 -- 0 First Division 27 August 1947 Maine Road 2 -- 0 First Division 25 December 1948 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 15 March 1950 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 30 August 1950 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 12 April 1952 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 First Division 20 April 1953 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 19 December 1953 Old Trafford 5 -- 1 First Division 10 November 1962 Old Trafford 3 -- 3 First Division 23 November 1963 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 24 April 1965 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 First Division 9 October 1965 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 10 December 1966 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 First Division 6 April 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 14 December 1968 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 13 September 1969 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 19 April 1971 Old Trafford 0 -- 2 First Division 3 April 1972 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 11 November 1972 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 29 September 1973 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 February 1976 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 16 February 1977 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 1 October 1977 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 First Division 26 December 1978 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 First Division 5 April 1980 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 First Division 26 December 1980 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 7 April 1982 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 First Division 26 February 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 24 September 1983 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 22 September 1984 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 19 October 1985 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 20 April 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 First Division 15 November 1987 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 1 January 1989 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 First Division 18 March 1990 Old Trafford 1 -- 2 First Division 3 February 1991 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 First Division 6 October 1991 Old Trafford 0 -- 0 First Division 18 October 1992 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 30 March 1994 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 17 September 1994 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 1 October 1995 Old Trafford 2 -- 2 Premier League 12 October 1996 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 10 April 1998 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 24 September 1998 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 4 March 2000 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League 17 December 2000 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2002 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 5 April 2003 Old Trafford 4 -- 0 Premier League 24 April 2004 Old Trafford 0 -- 1 Premier League 20 September 2004 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 22 January 2006 Old Trafford 1 -- 0 Premier League 22 October 2006 Old Trafford 2 -- 0 Premier League 23 March 2008 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 14 March 2009 Old Trafford 1 -- 4 Premier League 21 March 2010 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 19 September 2010 Old Trafford 3 -- 2 Premier League 11 February 2012 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 13 January 2013 Old Trafford 2 -- 1 Premier League 16 March 2014 Old Trafford 0 -- 3 Premier League 14 December 2014 Old Trafford 3 -- 0 Premier League 12 September 2015 Old Trafford 3 -- 1 Premier League 15 January 2017 Old Trafford 1 -- 1 Premier League League home record Home Team Wins Losses Draws Liverpool 39 25 20 Manchester United 42 16 26 Overall League Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 67 55 46 Results in domestic cup matches ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 12 February 1898 Bank Street Newton Heath 0 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 2nd Round 16 February 1898 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Newton Heath FA Cup 2nd Round Replay 7 February 1903 Bank Street Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round 8 January 1921 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 1st Round 12 January 1921 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 2 Liverpool FA Cup 1st Round Replay 24 January 1948 Goodison Park Manchester United 3 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 30 January 1960 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 3 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 14 August 1965 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 2 Liverpool 1965 Charity Shield 21 May 1977 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool 1977 FA Cup Final 13 August 1977 Wembley Liverpool 0 -- 0 Manchester United 1977 Charity Shield 31 March 1979 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 4 April 1979 Goodison Park Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 March 1983 Wembley Liverpool 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Manchester United 1983 League Cup Final 20 August 1983 Wembley Manchester United 2 -- 0 Liverpool 1983 Charity Shield 13 April 1985 Goodison Park Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final 17 April 1985 Maine Road Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup Semi-final Replay 26 November 1985 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United League Cup 4th Round 18 August 1990 Wembley Liverpool 1 -- 1 Manchester United 1990 Charity Shield 31 October 1990 Old Trafford Manchester United 3 -- 1 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round 11 May 1996 Wembley Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool 1996 FA Cup Final 24 January 1999 Old Trafford Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool FA Cup 4th Round 12 August 2001 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United 2001 Charity Shield 2 March 2003 Millennium Stadium Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United 2003 League Cup Final 18 February 2006 Anfield Liverpool 1 -- 0 Manchester United FA Cup 5th Round 9 January 2011 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool FA Cup 3rd Round 28 January 2012 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 1 Manchester United FA Cup 4th Round 25 September 2013 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool League Cup 3rd Round Overall Domestic Cup Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 12 9 7 Results in European competitions ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 10 March 2016 Anfield Liverpool 2 -- 0 Manchester United Europa League Round of 16 17 March 2016 Old Trafford Manchester United 1 -- 1 Liverpool Europa League Round of 16 Overall European competition Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 Results in play - offs ( edit ) Date Venue Matches Competition Team 1 Score Team 2 28 April 1894 Ewood Park Liverpool 2 -- 0 Newton Heath Football League Test Match Overall Play - off Head to Head record Manchester United wins Liverpool wins Draws 0 0 See also ( edit ) List of association football club rivalries in Europe 1915 British football betting scandal Liverpool -- Manchester rivalry Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Due to war damage , Old Trafford was closed at the time , and Manchester United were playing their home matches at Maine Road . However , on the same day , Manchester City were at home to Chelsea in another FA Cup tie and as a result this tie was switched to Goodison Park Further reading ( edit ) Cox , Richard ; Russell , Dave ; Vamplew , Wray ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of British football . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5249 - 0 . Crilly , Peter ( 2007 ) . Tops of the Kops : The Complete Guide to Liverpool 's Kits . Trinity Mirror Sport Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905266 - 22 - 7 . Graham , Matthew ( 1985 ) . Liverpool . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 50254 - 6 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1999 ) . The Boot Room Boys : Inside the Anfield Boot Room . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218907 - 0 . Kelly , Stephen F. ( 1988 ) . You 'll Never Walk Alone . Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 356 - 19594 - 5 . Liversedge , Stan ( 1991 ) . Liverpool : The Official Centenary History . Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd . ISBN 0 - 600 - 57308 - 7 . Pead , Brian ( 1986 ) . Liverpool A Complete Record . Breedon Books . ISBN 0 - 907969 - 15 - 1 . Reade , Brian ( 2009 ) . 44 Years With The Same Bird . Pan . ISBN 1 - 74329 - 366 - 6 . Andrews , David L. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Manchester United : A Thematic Study . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 33333 - 4 . Barnes , Justyn ; Bostock , Adam ; Butler , Cliff ; Ferguson , Jim ; Meek , David ; Mitten , Andy ; Pilger , Sam ; Taylor , Frank OBE ; Tyrrell , Tom ( 2001 ) ( 1998 ) . The Official Manchester United Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Manchester United Books . ISBN 0 - 233 - 99964 - 7 . Bose , Mihir ( 2007 ) . Manchester Disunited : Trouble and Takeover at the World 's Richest Football Club . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 1 - 84513 - 121 - 5 . Crick , Michael ; Smith , David ( 1990 ) . Manchester United -- The Betrayal of a Legend . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 31440 - 8 . Devlin , John ( 2005 ) . True Colours : Football Kits from 1980 to the Present Day . London : A & C Black . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 7389 - 3 . Dobson , Stephen ; Goddard , John ( 2004 ) . `` Ownership and Finance of Professional Soccer in England and Europe '' . In Fort , Rodney ; Fizel , John . International Sports Economics Comparisons . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 0 - 275 - 98032 - 4 . Dunning , Eric ( 1999 ) . Sport Matters : Sociological Studies of Sport , Violence and Civilisation . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 09378 - 1 . Hamil , Sean ( 2008 ) . `` Case 9 : Manchester United : the Commercial Development of a Global Football Brand '' . In Chadwick , Simon ; Arth , Dave . International Cases in the Business of Sport . Oxford : Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 8543 - 6 . Inglis , Simon ( 1996 ) ( 1985 ) . Football Grounds of Britain ( 3rd ed . ) . London : CollinsWillow . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218426 - 5 . James , Gary ( 2008 ) . Manchester : A Football History . Halifax : James Ward . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 0 - 5 . Morgan , Steve ( March 2010 ) . McLeish , Ian , ed . `` Design for life '' . Inside United . Haymarket Network ( 212 ) . ISSN 1749 - 6497 . Murphy , Alex ( 2006 ) . The Official Illustrated History of Manchester United . London : Orion Books . ISBN 0 - 7528 - 7603 - 1 . Rollin , Glenda ; Rollin , Jack . Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2008 -- 2009 . London : Headline Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7553 - 1820 - 9 . Shury , Alan ; Landamore , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Definitive Newton Heath F.C . SoccerData . ISBN 1 - 899468 - 16 - 1 . Tyrrell , Tom ; Meek , David ( 1996 ) ( 1988 ) . The Hamlyn Illustrated History of Manchester United 1878 -- 1996 ( 5th ed . ) . London : Hamlyn . ISBN 0 - 600 - 59074 - 7 . White , Jim ( 2008 ) . Manchester United : The Biography . London : Sphere . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 088 - 4 . White , John ( 2007 ) ( 2005 ) . The United Miscellany ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Carlton Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84442 - 745 - 1 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` United versus Liverpool '' . 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Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Mitten , Andy ( 2007 ) . The Man Utd Miscellany . London : Vision Sports Publishing . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905326 - 27 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Paul ( June 2004 ) . `` United All - Time Transfer List '' . Red11.org . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Manchester United top of the 25 best supported clubs in Europe '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 6 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Local Supporters Clubs '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LFC Official Supporters Clubs '' . Liverpool F.C. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Rickard , Matt ( 5 July 2005 ) . `` United We Stand '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Brady , Robert ( 2006 ) . An Undividable Glow -- The story of FCUM 's first season . Robert Brady . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9553620 - 0 - 2 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 6 February 2007 ) . `` US business duo at Liverpool helm '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 20 January 2008 ) . `` Liverpool braced for takeover bid '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Bandini , Paolo ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Liverpool appoint Martin Broughton as chairman to oversee sale of club '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 7 May 2010 ) . `` Auditors cast doubt on future of Liverpool after losses '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool takeover to go ahead as owners lose case '' . ESPN . 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool takeover completed by US company NESV '' . BBC Sport. 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wembley to act over spitting '' . The Independent . London : Independent News and Media . 13 May 1996 . Retrieved 17 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Anfield Admits Excrement Thrown at Utd Fans '' . ESPN Soccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rival Fans Vandalise Old Trafford '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Dominic ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` Sick chants , three arrests and four red cards ruin FA Youth Cup clash between Liverpool and Manchester United '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge slams Manchester United fans who marred Youth Cup game '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.givemesport.com/728246-liverpool-fans-unveil-abusive-banner-towards-manchester-united-fans-on-motorway Jump up ^ Dobson , Mark ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Liverpool supporters welcomed to Manchester with ' murderers ' banner '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/manchester-united-liverpool-fans-clash-7580435 Jump up ^ http://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/reason-manchester-united-liverpool-fans-7581048 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36372274 Jump up ^ `` Football News -- all the latest breaking football stories -- Mirror Online '' . Jump up ^ `` Bob Paisley -- LFChistory -- Stats galore for Liverpool FC ! '' . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Simon ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Classic Liverpool v Manchester United encounters '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Ian ( 16 February 2006 ) . `` FA Cup flashback '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool lift Worthington Cup '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 1 -- 4 Liverpool '' . BBC News . 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 18 May 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Arsenal '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Brett , Oliver ( 24 May 2009 ) . `` Liverpool 3 -- 1 Tottenham '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool striker Luis Suarez handed eight - match ban '' . BBC News . 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 February 2012 ) . `` Man Utd 2 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC News . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA profile of Manchester United '' . Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA profile of Liverpool FC '' . Archived from the original on 4 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) FootballDerbies.com Complete results at LFCHistory.net United versus Liverpool at StretfordEnd.co.uk Liverpool Football Club Honours Managers Seasons Records and statistics Reserves & Academy Current season History 1892 -- 1959 1959 -- 85 1985 -- present Europe Founding Fathers of Merseyside Football Home stadium Anfield Training ground Melwood The Academy Players 100 + appearances 25 -- 99 appearances 1 -- 24 appearances Rivalries League record by opponent Merseyside derby Manchester United rivalry Tragedies Heysel disaster Hillsborough disaster Supporters Reclaim The Kop Spirit of Shankly Media LFC TV Being : Liverpool Liverpool ( video game ) Well Red magazine Books 43 Years with the Same Bird Red or Dead Films Fifteen Minutes That Shook the World One Night in Istanbul Will Songs Anfield Rap The Fields of Anfield Road You 'll Never Walk Alone Related articles 2005 -- 06 UEFA Champions League qualification A.F.C. 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Portal : Association football Manchester United task force Commons : Manchester United FC Football rivalries in the United Kingdom England A49 A62 Arsenal -- Manchester United Aston Villa -- West Bromwich Black Country Bolton -- Wigan Brighton -- Crystal Palace Bristol Bristol Rovers -- Swindon Chelsea -- Leeds United Chester -- Wrexham East Anglia East Lancashire East Midlands Derby -- Leicester Derby -- Forest Leicester -- Forest Essex Humber Leeds United -- Millwall Lincolnshire Liverpool -- Manchester United London Arsenal -- Chelsea Chelsea -- Tottenham Millwall -- West Ham North South East West M1 M69 Manchester Merseyside North East Tees -- Wear Tyne -- Tees Tyne -- Wear Nottingham Potteries Roses Rules Second City Severnside South Coast Steel City West Country West Lancashire West Yorkshire Wool City Scotland Aberdeen -- Rangers Ayrshire Dundee Edinburgh Falkirk Fife Highland Lanarkshire New Firm North Old Firm Renfrewshire Tayside Wales Chester -- Wrexham Severnside South Wales Northern Ireland Belfast Big Two North Belfast Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liverpool_F.C. -- Manchester_United_F. C. _rivalry&oldid = 817949760 '' Categories : Liverpool F.C. Manchester United F.C. England football derbies Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Malti 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who's won more trophies united or liverpool | [
"\n\nDomestic honours\n\n\nCompetition\nLiverpool\nManchester United\n\n\nTitles\nYear\nTitles\nYear\n\n\nPremier League\n0\n\n13\n1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2012–13\n\n\nFirst Division\n18\n1900–01, 1905–06, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1946–47, 1963–64, 1965–66, 1972–73, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1989–90\n7\n1907–08, 1910–11, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1964–65, 1966–67\n\n\nLeague total\n18\n20\n\n\nFA Cup\n7\n1964–65, 1973–74, 1985–86, 1988–89, 1991–92, 2000–01, 2005–06\n12\n1908–09, 1947–48, 1962–63, 1976–77, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1989–90, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04, 2015–16\n\n\nLeague Cup\n8\n1980–81, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1994–95, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2011–12\n5\n1991–92, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2016–17\n\n\nFA Community Shield (* = shared)\n15\n1964*, 1965*, 1966, 1974, 1976, 1977*, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1986*, 1988, 1989, 1990*, 2001, 2006\n21\n1908, 1911, 1952, 1956, 1957, 1965*, 1967*, 1977*, 1983, 1990*, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016\n\n\nSuper Cup\n1\n1986\n0\n\n\n\nDomestic total\n49\n58\n\n\nEuropean honours\n\n\nEuropean Cup/UEFA Champions League\n5\n1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1983–84, 2004–05\n3\n1967–68, 1998–99, 2007–08\n\n\nUEFA Cup/Europa League\n3\n1972–73, 1975–76, 2000–01\n1\n2016–17\n\n\nEuropean Cup Winners' Cup\n0\n\n1\n1990–91\n\n\nUEFA Super Cup\n3\n1977, 2001, 2005\n1\n1991\n\n\nEuropean total\n11\n6\n\n\nWorldwide honours\n\n\nFIFA Club World Cup\n0\n\n1\n2008\n\n\nIntercontinental Cup\n0\n\n1\n1999\n\n\nWorldwide total\n0\n2\n\n\nCombined total[95][96]\n\n\nCombined total\n60\n66\n\n"
] | [
"Manchester United"
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8064759418092976920 | Triple J Hottest 100, 2016 | Triple J Hottest 100 , 2016 - wikipedia Triple J Hottest 100 , 2016 Jump to : navigation , search 2016 Triple J Hottest 100 Date January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) Country Australia Winner Flume featuring Kai ( `` Never Be like You '' ) Highlights Most entries Violent Soho ( 5 ) Website www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100/16/ Television / radio coverage Network Triple J ← 2015 Triple J Hottest 100 2017 → The 2016 Triple J Hottest 100 was announced on Australia Day , 26 January 2017 . It is the 24th countdown of the most popular songs of the year , as chosen by the listeners of Australian radio station Triple J . 2016 's countdown broke several Hottest 100 records , including number of votes ( over 2.25 million ) , number of songs by Australian acts both in the whole list ( 66 out of the 100 ) and at its top ( all of the top four ) , and longest absence between countdowns ( 16 years for Paul Kelly ) . With the first - place win of Australian producer Flume for `` Never Be like You '' , 2016 marks a record - breaking fourth consecutive annual countdown in which the number - one track was by an Australian act , after Vance Joy in 2013 , Chet Faker in 2014 , and The Rubens in 2015 . Flume became the first electronic dance music producer to top the countdown . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Full list 3 Artists with multiple entries 3.1 Five entries 3.2 Four entries 3.3 Three entries 3.4 Two entries 4 Countries represented 5 Notes 6 Top 10 Albums of 2016 7 References Background ( edit ) Triple J 's Hottest 100 lets members of the public vote online for their top ten songs of the year , with these votes used to identify the year 's 100 most popular songs . Any song that premiered between December 2015 and November 2016 was eligible for 2016 's Hottest 100 . Triple J published a list of 1,909 eligible songs on their 2016 Voting List . Voting commenced on 12 December 2016 , as announced by Dr Karl Kruszelnicki in a nature mockumentary depicting a live music event . The short film featured cameo appearances from many musicians , along with Dr Karl doing a shoey . Several artists and presenters made their Hottest 100 votes public . The artists most often voted for by Triple J presenters were : D.D Dumbo ; Kanye West ; Julia Jacklin , who was not ultimately featured in the countdown ; and A.B. Original , who are vocal critics of Australia Day ( in 2016 , Triple J announced a review of the countdown 's date in response to criticism from the group and others ) . On 12 December , bookmakers Sportsbet.com.au and William Hill placed Flume 's `` Never Be like You '' as the song most likely to take out first place by a significant margin , with a Sportsbet representative stating that they have `` never seen such a short favourite at this stage '' . Voting closed on 23 January 2017 . By 25 January , the day before the countdown , bookmakers and media reports identified Flume 's `` Never Be like You '' and Amy Shark 's `` Adore '' as the clear frontrunners for first place . Full list ( edit ) Note : Australian artists # Song Artist Country of origin Never Be like You Flume featuring Kai Australia / Canada Adore Amy Shark Australia Jungle Tash Sultana Australia 1955 Hilltop Hoods featuring Montaigne and Tom Thum Australia 5 Redbone Childish Gambino United States 6 Believe ( Like a Version ) DMA 's Australia 7 Papercuts Illy featuring Vera Blue Australia 8 Say It Flume featuring Tove Lo Australia / Sweden 9 Stranger Peking Duk featuring Elliphant Australia / Sweden 10 Starboy The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk Canada / France 11 Chameleon Pnau Australia 12 Cocoon Milky Chance Germany 13 Love $ ick Mura Masa featuring ASAP Rocky Guernsey / United States 14 Viceroy Violent Soho Australia 15 Genghis Khan Miike Snow Sweden 16 January 26 A.B. Original featuring Dan Sultan Australia 17 The Opposite of Us Big Scary Australia 18 All Night Chance the Rapper featuring Knox Fortune United States 19 7 Catfish and the Bottlemen United Kingdom 20 On Hold The xx United Kingdom 21 Death to the Lads The Smith Street Band Australia 22 Ultralight Beam Kanye West United States 23 Catch 22 Illy featuring Anne - Marie Australia / United Kingdom 24 Come On Mess Me Up Cub Sport Australia 25 Because I Love You Montaigne Australia 26 Make Them Wheels Roll Safia Australia 27 Drive Gretta Ray Australia 28 Frankie Sinatra The Avalanches Australia 29 Our Town Sticky Fingers Australia 30 Innerbloom ( What So Not Remix ) Rüfüs Australia 31 One Dance Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla Canada / Nigeria / United Kingdom 32 Notion Tash Sultana Australia 33 Bullshit Dune Rats Australia 34 Scott Green Dune Rats Australia 35 World of Our Love Client Liaison Australia 36 Sad Songs Sticky Fingers Australia 37 Smoke & Retribution Flume featuring Vince Staples and Kučka Australia / United States 38 Youth Glass Animals United Kingdom 39 Step Up the Morphine DMA 's Australia 40 Surfin ' Kid Cudi featuring Pharrell United States 41 I Feel It Coming The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk Canada / France 42 Heartlines Broods New Zealand 43 Final Song MØ Denmark 44 Satan D.D Dumbo Australia 45 Dumb Things ( Like a Version ) A.B. Original featuring Paul Kelly and Dan Sultan Australia 46 Dang ! Mac Miller featuring Anderson . Paak United States 47 Walrus D.D Dumbo Australia 48 Creepin Kingswood Australia 49 Higher Hilltop Hoods featuring James Chatburn Australia 50 Strange Diseases Gang of Youths Australia 51 Outcast at Last Sticky Fingers Australia 52 Love Yourself ( Like a Version ) Halsey United States 53 Blanket Violent Soho Australia 54 Bored to Death Blink - 182 United States 55 Say a Prayer for Me Rüfüs Australia 56 Keeping Score ( Like a Version ) Paces featuring Guy Sebastian Australia 57 Twice Catfish and the Bottlemen United Kingdom 58 Girlie Bits Ali Barter Australia 59 Solo Frank Ocean United States 60 Drinkee Sofi Tukker United States 61 Gamma Knife King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard Australia 62 Marinade Dope Lemon Australia 63 Life Itself Glass Animals United Kingdom 64 Alaska Maggie Rogers United States 65 All Fucked Up The Amity Affliction Australia 66 Hold Up Beyoncé United States 67 I Bring the Weather with Me The Amity Affliction Australia 68 Next to You LDRU featuring Savoi Australia 69 So Sentimental Violent Soho Australia 70 Wolfie Golden Features featuring Julia Stone Australia 71 Free Broods New Zealand 72 Famous Kanye West United States 73 No Shade Violent Soho Australia 74 Lost : Season One Camp Cope Australia 75 Because I 'm Me The Avalanches Australia 76 This Could Be Heartbreak The Amity Affliction Australia 77 Soundcheck Catfish and the Bottlemen United Kingdom 78 Settle Vera Blue Australia 79 Burn the Witch Radiohead United Kingdom 80 Gemini Feed Banks United States 81 Panda Desiigner United States 82 Think About It Thundamentals featuring Peta & the Wolves Australia 83 Simulation Tkay Maidza Australia 84 Pink + White Frank Ocean United States 85 My Love Is Gone Safia Australia 86 Dopamine Bliss n Eso featuring Thief Australia 87 Uptown Folks Dope Lemon Australia 88 Me and Your Mama Childish Gambino United States 89 Over You Safia Australia 90 Anything Near Conviction Luca Brasi Australia 91 Subways The Avalanches Australia 92 How to Taste Violent Soho Australia 93 High and Low Empire of the Sun Australia 94 Fading Vallis Alps Australia 95 Lose It Flume featuring Vic Mensa Australia / United States 96 Hanging by a Thread Elk Road featuring Natalie Foster Australia 97 You Do n't Think You Like People Like Me Alex Lahey Australia 98 Season 2 Episode 3 Glass Animals United Kingdom 99 Too Good Drake featuring Rihanna Canada / Barbados 100 Brace Birds of Tokyo Australia Artists with multiple entries ( edit ) Five entries ( edit ) Violent Soho ( 14 , 53 , 69 , 73 , 92 ) Four entries ( edit ) Flume ( 1 , 8 , 37 , 95 ) Three entries ( edit ) Catfish and the Bottlemen ( 19 , 57 , 77 ) Safia ( 26 , 85 , 89 ) The Avalanches ( 28 , 75 , 91 ) Sticky Fingers ( 29 , 36 , 51 ) Glass Animals ( 38 , 63 , 98 ) The Amity Affliction ( 65 , 67 , 76 ) Two entries ( edit ) Tash Sultana ( 3 , 32 ) Hilltop Hoods ( 4 , 49 ) Montaigne ( once solo and once with Hilltop Hoods ) ( 4 , 25 ) Childish Gambino ( 5 , 88 ) DMA 's ( 6 , 39 ) Illy ( 7 , 23 ) Vera Blue ( once solo and once with Illy ) ( 7 , 78 ) The Weeknd ( 10 , 41 ) Daft Punk ( twice with The Weeknd ) ( 10 , 41 ) Nick Littlemore ( once with Pnau and once with Empire of the Sun ) ( 11 , 93 ) A.B. Original ( 16 , 45 ) Dan Sultan ( twice with A.B. Original ) ( 16 , 45 ) Kanye West ( 22 , 72 ) Rüfüs ( 30 , 55 ) Drake ( 31 , 99 ) Dune Rats ( 33 , 34 ) Broods ( 42 , 71 ) D.D Dumbo ( 44 , 47 ) Frank Ocean ( 59 , 84 ) Dope Lemon ( 62 , 87 ) Countries represented ( edit ) Australia -- 66 United States -- 21 United Kingdom -- 12 Canada -- 5 Sweden -- 3 France -- 2 New Zealand -- 2 Barbados -- 2 Denmark -- 1 Germany -- 1 Nigeria -- 1 Notes ( edit ) The four highest - ranked tracks in the 2016 Hottest 100 were all by Australian artists ( excluding the vocal feature of Canadian singer Kai on `` Never Be like You '' ) , which marks the longest continuous streak of Australians at the countdown 's top , and the first time that the top four songs were by artists from the same country . The 2016 list includes four covers recorded for Triple J 's Like a Version : the DMA 's cover of Cher ; the A.B. Original cover of Paul Kelly ; the Halsey cover of Justin Bieber ; and the Paces cover of LDRU . This breaks the record of three Like a Version covers set by Chet Faker , Chvrches , and Meg Mac in 2014 . Nine songs in a row were by Australian artists in 2016 , between positions # 97 and # 89 , breaking the longest run of eight consecutive Australian songs set in 1999 , 2012 , and 2014 . Paul Kelly 's feature on the A.B. Original cover of `` Dumb Things '' set the record for the longest absence between countdowns ; Kelly last appeared in the 2000 countdown . Earlier in the same countdown , The Avalanches ' `` Subways '' broke the prior record of 13 years for the longest absence between countdowns ; they last appeared in 2001 . The 2016 list features 11 different nationalities , equaling the record set in 1994 and 2015 . Wizkid 's feature on `` One Dance '' made him Nigeria 's first artist to appear in a Hottest 100 , and the Hottest 100 's first artist representing an African nation since Angélique Kidjo in 1996 . Rihanna 's feature on `` Too Good '' allowed for the first ever appearance of the established pop star , and of an artist from Barbados , in a Hottest 100 . Five of Violent Soho 's tracks feature in the countdown , making them the first artist with over four tracks in one countdown since Hilltop Hoods in 2006 . The song `` Keeping Score '' by LDRU made the countdown for the second consecutive year with a cover by Paces and Guy Sebastian . This countdown marks the first time the top three tracks have featured female vocalists . Gretta Ray 's entry in the countdown with her song `` Drive '' at # 27 marks the best Hottest 100 performance by an Unearthed High winner . Top 10 albums of 2016 ( edit ) The annual Triple J album poll was held in December and announced on 18 December . J Award winner D.D Dumbo missed out on the top 10 , with his album Utopia Defeated coming in 11th place . Note : Australian artists Bold indicates winner . # Artist Album Country of origin Tracks in the Hottest 100 Violent Soho Waco Australia 14 , 53 , 69 , 73 , 92 , ( 15 in 2015 ) Flume Skin Australia 1 , 8 , 37 , 95 The Avalanches Wildflower Australia 28 , 75 , 91 Rüfüs Bloom Australia 55 , ( 12 , 28 in 2015 ) 5 Ball Park Music Every Night the Same Dream Australia -- 6 Sticky Fingers Westway ( The Glitter & the Slums ) Australia 29 , 36 , 51 7 DMA 's Hills End Australia 39 , ( 77 in 2015 ) , ( 48 in 2014 ) 8 Radiohead A Moon Shaped Pool United Kingdom 79 9 King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard Nonagon Infinity Australia 61 10 Frank Ocean Blonde United States 59 , 84 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tom Williams ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` Triple J Teases Tomorrow 's Hottest 100 Results With Some Juicy Stats '' . Music Feeds . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 VOTING LIST , ARTIST A-Z '' ( PDF ) . ABC . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Triple J opens the voting lines for the Hottest 100 '' . Mumbrella. 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Karl Boils Triple J 's Hottest 100 Down To A Science ; Voting Now Open '' . themusic.com.au. 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Nathan Jolly ( 12 December 2016 ) . `` DR . KARL GETS LOOSE & DOES A SHOEY FOR THE HOTTEST 100 '' . Tonedeaf . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest 100 votes : Flume , The Rubens , Montaigne , Violent Soho , & more share their picks '' . Triple J Music News . 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Presenter Votes Hottest 100 2016 '' . ABC . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Presenter Votes Hottest 100 2016 '' . ABC . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Votes Hottest 100 2016 '' . ABC . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Is This The Last Year We Hear The Hottest 100 On 26 January ? '' . themusic.com.au. 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Steph Harmon ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Change the Date : hip - hop artists collaborate on new Australia Day track '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Triple J Hottest 100 Betting Odds - Flume shortest favourite in history at $1.40 '' . Bettingpro. 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Triple J Hottest 100 - Best Song Betting Odds '' . Odds Checker. 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Could Amy Shark or Flume reach No. 1 on this year 's Hottest 100 ? '' . Herald Sun . 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom Williams ( 25 January 2017 ) . `` Hottest 100 Favourites Flume & Amy Shark Big Each Other Up Ahead Of This Year 's Countdown '' . Moshtix . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the 10 best albums of 2016 , according to you Music News triple j '' . www.abc.net.au . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . ( hide ) Triple J Triple J Triple J Unearthed Triple J Magazine Triple J TV Double J Programs Breakfast Mornings Lunch Drive Hack Good Nights Home and Hosed Roots ' n All The Racket Short Fast Loud Hip Hop Show Friday Night Shuffle Mid-Dawn Weekend Breakfast Weekend Lunch Weekend Arvos House Party Mix Up The Hook Up Something More The Kick On 2018 Live at the Wireless Presenters Ben Harvey Liam Stapleton Linda Marigliano Lewis Hobba Gen Fricker Veronica Milsom Alex Dyson Bridget Hustwaite Declan Byrne Richard Kingsmill Stacy Gougoulis Karla Ranby Sally Coleman Erica Mallet Nat Tencic Nkechi Anele Lochlan Watt Josh Merriel Hau Latukefu Vance Musgrove Mikah Freeman Kristy Lee Peters Shantan Wantan Ichiban Andy Garvey Tim Shiel Former presenters Wil Anderson Tom Ballard Michael Tunn Helen Razer Mikey Robins Ian Rogerson Debbie Spillane Angela Catterns Rosie Beaton Robbie Buck Scott Dooley Jane Gazzo Marieke Hardy Nina Las Vegas Sarah Macdonald Father Bob Maguire Lindsay McDougall Lewis McKirdy Matt Okine Zan Rowe John Safran Adam Spencer Myf Warhurst Dom Alessio Sarah Howells News presenters Brooke Boney Nas Campanella Dave Marchese Hack team Tom Tilley Kaitlyn Sawrey Sarah McVeigh Joanna Lauder Alice Workman Stephen Stockwell Regular contributors Dr Karl Kruszelnicki Al Newstead Amelia Navascues Features and events Aus Music Month Beat the Drum Class Clowns Impossible Music Festival J Award Like a Version Next Crop One Night Stand Raw Comedy Rock Enrol Hottest 100 Annual 1994 1995 2001 2017 Of All Time 1998 2009 2011 ( Australian Albums ) 2013 ( 20 Years of the Hottest 100 ) Triple J Magazine Quarterly issues ( 2005 - 2006 ) Monthly / Bi-Monthly issues ( 2007 - 2013 ) Annual issues ( 2013 - present ) Triple J TV Occasional programs Triple J TV Presents : `` Live Music '' Rage : Triple J 's Hottest 100 Former programs Sunday Night Safran Triple J TV with The Doctor Triple J TV The Hack Half Hour The Urban Monkey with Murray Foote JTV JTV Saturday JTV XL JTV live See also List of former presenters List of ABC radio stations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triple_J_Hottest_100,_2016&oldid=818200323 '' Categories : 2016 in Australian music 2016 record charts Triple J Hottest 100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 05 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the hottest 100 triple j 2016 | [
"2016's countdown broke several Hottest 100 records, including number of votes (over 2.25 million), number of songs by Australian acts both in the whole list (66 out of the 100) and at its top (all of the top four),[1] and longest absence between countdowns (16 years for Paul Kelly). With the first-place win of Australian producer Flume for \"Never Be like You\", 2016 marks a record-breaking fourth consecutive annual countdown in which the number-one track was by an Australian act, after Vance Joy in 2013, Chet Faker in 2014, and The Rubens in 2015. Flume became the first electronic dance music producer to top the countdown."
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"Flume"
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6506556305541762591 | Cotton-Eyed Joe | Cotton - eyed Joe - wikipedia Cotton - eyed Joe Jump to : navigation , search For the Karen Dalton album , see Cotton Eyed Joe ( album ) . It has been suggested that Cotton Eye Joe ( Rednex song ) be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since May 2017 . `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' Song Published before 1861 Genre American folk music Songwriter ( s ) Unknown `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' ( also known as `` Cotton - Eye Joe '' ) is a traditional American country folk song popular at various times throughout the United States and Canada , although today it is most commonly associated with the American South . In the Roud index of folksongs it is No. 942 . `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' has inspired both a partner dance and more than one line dance that is often danced at country dance venues in the U.S. and around the world . The 1980 film Urban Cowboy sparked a renewed interest in the dance . In 1985 , The Moody Brothers ' version of the song received a Grammy Award nomination for `` Best Country Instrumental Performance '' . Irish group The Chieftains received a Grammy nomination for `` Best Country Vocal Collaboration '' for their version of the song with lead vocals by Ricky Skaggs on their 1992 album , Another Country . In 1994 , a version of the song recorded by the Swedish band Rednex as `` Cotton Eye Joe '' became popular worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Select list of recorded versions 3 Rednex version 4 Modern `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' versions 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The origins of this song are unclear , although it pre-dates the 1861 -- 1865 American Civil War . American folklorist Dorothy Scarborough ( 1878 -- 1935 ) noted in her 1925 book On the Trail of Negro Folk - songs , that several people remember hearing the song before the war . Scarborough 's account of the song came from her sister , Mrs. George Scarborough , who learned the song from `` the Negroes on a plantation in Texas , and other parts from a man in Louisiana . '' The man in Louisiana knew the song from his earliest childhood and heard slaves singing it on plantations . Both the dance and the song had many variants . American publishing house Harper and Brothers published a version in 1882 , heard by author Louise Clarke Pyrnelle ( born 1850 ) on the Alabama plantation of her father when she was a child , that was later republished in 1910 : `` Cotton - eyed Joe , Cotton - eyed Joe , What did make you sarve me so , Fur ter take my gal erway fum me , An ' cyar her plum ter Tennessee ? Ef it had n't ben fur Cotton - eyed Joe , I 'd er been married long ergo . `` His eyes wuz crossed , an ' his nose wuz flat , An ' his teef wuz out , but wat uv dat ? Fur he wuz tall , an ' he wuz slim , An ' so my gal she follered him . Ef it had n't ben fur Cotton - eyed Joe , I 'd er been married long ergo . `` No gal so hansum could be foun ' , Not in all dis country roun ' , Wid her kinky head , an ' her eyes so bright , Wid her lips so red an ' her teef so white . Ef it had n't ben fur Cotton - eyed Joe , I 'd been married long ergo . `` An ' I loved dat gal wid all my heart , An ' she swo ' fum me she 'd never part ; But den wid Joe she runned away , An ' lef ' me hyear fur ter weep all day . O Cotton - eyed Joe , O Cotton - eyed Joe , What did make you sarve me so ? O Joe , ef it had n't er ben fur you , I 'd er married dat gal fur true . '' By 1884 , the same year Mark Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was published , the fiddle - based song was referred to as `` an old , familiar air . '' In 1925 , another version was recorded by folklorist Dorothy Scarborough and published . Do n't you remember , do n't you know , Do n't you remember Cotton - eyed Joe ? Cotton - eyed Joe , Cotton - eyed Joe , What did make you treat me so ? I 'd ' a ' been married forty year ago Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe ! Cotton - eyed Joe , Cotton - eyed Joe , He was de nig dat sarved me so , -- Tuck my gal away fum me , Carried her off to Tennessee . I 'd ' a ' been married forty year ago If it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe . Hi 's teeth was out an ' his nose was flat , His eyes was crossed , -- but she did n't mind dat . Kase he was tall , and berry slim , An ' so my gal she follered him . I 'd ' a ' been married forty year ago Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe . She was de prettiest gal to be found Anywhar in de country round ; Her lips was red an ' her eyes was bright , Her skin was black but her teeth was white . I 'd ' a ' been married forty year ago Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe . Dat gal , she sho ' had all my love , An swore fum ne she 'd never move , But Joe hoodooed her , do n't you see , An ' she run off wid him to Tennessee , I 'd ' a ' been married forty years ago , Ef it had n't a-been for Cotton - eyed Joe . '' Scarborough noted that the song seemed to be well known in the South prior to the Civil War , and parts of it had been sent in by various persons . `` Cotton Eye Joe '' , performed by Gid Tanner and his Skillet Lickers ( 1929 ) . Over the years , many different versions of the song have been performed and / or recorded with many different versions of the lyrics ( and many without lyrics ) . `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' , on occasion referred to as `` The South Texas National Anthem '' , was played for minstrel - type jigs , and it has long been popular as a square dance hoedown and a couple dance polka . A resident of Central Texas who learned the dance in Williamson County in the early 1880s described it as nothing but a heel and toe `` poker '' with fringes added . These fringes added to the heel and toe polka were clog steps which required skill and extraversion on the part of the dancer . During the first half of the twentieth century the song was a widely known folk song all over English - speaking North America . Cotton - Eyed Joe A 1939 recording of the folk song Problems playing this file ? See media help . One discography lists 134 recorded versions released since 1950 . In more recent decades , the song has waned in popularity in most regions except some parts of the American South where it is still a popular folk song . A list of the possible meanings of the term `` cotton - eyed '' that have been proposed includes : to be drunk on moonshine , or to have been blinded by drinking wood alcohol , turning the eyes milky white ; a black person with very light blue eyes ; someone whose eyes were milky white from bacterial infections of Trachoma or syphilis , cataracts or glaucoma ; the contrast of dark skin tone around white eyeballs in black people ; and possibly pterygium , a reddish - white corneal overgrowth associated with chronic sun exposure . Bob Wills and Adolph Hofner and His San Antonians both recorded the song , and Hofner 's version ( Columbia 37658 ) , issued in 1941 , apparently being the one that did the most to popularize the song . A 1967 instrumental version of the song ( KIKR k202 ) by Al Dean , who recalled the song called `` The Gingerbread Man '' in South Texas , inspired a new round dance polka for couples . This dance was adapted into a simplified version as a nonpartner waist - hold , spoke line routine . Heel and toe polka steps were replaced with a cross-lift followed by a kick with two - steps . The lift and kick are sometimes accompanied by shouts of `` whoops , whoops , '' or the barn yard term `` bull shit '' , mimicking the act of kicking off barnyard muck . The practice continues to this day . The Kickin ′ album included `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' by Dean . ( KIK - R : 10012 ) One version of a dance called `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' can be found in the 1975 edition of Encyclopedia of Social Dance . This version has the men on the inside of a circle facing out , and the women on the outside facing in . The dance consists of eight kick steps , side , close left together , right together , and a series of struts . The spoke line version gained popularity not only in Texas , but across the US and overseas in the 1980s . Ray Benson of the Western Swing band Asleep at the Wheel talks about playing the Bob Wills version of `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' in Texas in the 1970s when the dance was very much alive . A Western `` Craze '' followed the 1980 release of Urban Cowboy . `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' , and its continued popularity in Texas , was referred to in the lyrics to Alabama 's song `` If You 're Gonna Play in Texas . '' `` I remember down in Houston we were puttin ' on a show when a cowboy in the back stood up and yelled , ' Cotton - Eyed Joe ' ! '' In Merle Haggard 's `` Texas Fiddle Song '' , the final verse makes reference to the `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' and features the melody of both the Bob Wills and Al Dean versions . The song has become a staple song played at many professional and college baseball games during the seventh - inning stretch with the preference going to the Rednex version . Select list of recorded versions ( edit ) 1928 : Gid Tanner 's Skillet Lickers Columbia 15283D 4 / 10 / 1928 1928 : Carter Brothers Vocalion 5349 11 / ? / 1928 1941 : Burl Ives on the album , The Wayfaring Stranger 1942 Adolph Hofner and his San Antonians - JR Chatwell Fiddle 1947 : Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys 1959 : Nina Simone on the album , Nina Simone at Town Hall 1960 : Walter Brennan 1962 : Karen Dalton on the album , Cotton Eyed Joe 1967 : Al Dean & the All - Stars 1968 : Terry Callier on the album , The New Folk Sound of Terry Callier 1976 : Leona Williams on the album , San Quentin 's First Lady 1976 : The Country Roland Band 1980 : Isaac Payton Sweat 1985 : Asleep at the Wheel on their self - titled album , Asleep at the Wheel 1985 : The Moody Brothers on their self - titled album , The Moody Brothers , Grammy - nominated 1992 : The Chieftains with Ricky Scaggs on the album , Another Country , Grammy - nominated 1992 : The Muldoon Brothers on the album , Back O ' The Barn 1992 : Michelle Shocked , adapted version , `` Prodigal Daughter ( Cotton Eyed Joe ) '' , on the album Arkansas Traveler 1993 : Bill Monroe & His Bluegrass Boys on the album , Off the Record 1994 : Black Lace , released under the song title , Bullshit 1994 : Rednex 2003 : Vanessa - Mae on the album , The Ultimate Vanessa - Mae 2010 : Josh Rouse on the album , `` El Turista '' 2010 : Hot Club of Cowtown 2011 : Bass and Infinity released an a cappella parody version 2014 : Lee Matthews , Country and Irish singer . His version topped the Irish Country Singles Chart . Rednex version ( edit ) Main article : Cotton Eye Joe ( Rednex song ) Rednex single cover In August 1994 , Swedish recording group Rednex covered the song as `` Cotton Eye Joe '' for their album Sex & Violins , combining their style with traditional American instruments , such as banjos , and fiddles . In 2002 , `` Cotton Eye Joe '' was remixed in a dance version , and was released from Rednex 's greatest hits album , The Best of the West . The Rednex version of the song ( using `` Eye '' instead of `` Eyed '' ) , along with a dance - mix version , was very successful in Europe , where it remained at number one in Norway for 15 weeks , Switzerland for 13 weeks , Germany for 10 weeks , Sweden for 8 weeks , Austria for 7 weeks , 3 weeks on the UK Singles Chart and 2 weeks on the Dutch Top 40 . In Oceania , it topped the New Zealand Singles Chart for 6 consecutive weeks . In Australia it peaked at number 8 in April 1995 . In the US , it peaked at number 25 in March 1995 . Modern `` Cotton - eyed Joe '' versions ( edit ) The Country and Irish singer Lee Matthews released his version of the song with new added lyrics . The single on his own independent label topped the Irish Country Singles Download Chart in January 2015 . See also ( edit ) List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 1990s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Everett , Holly : `` The Many Lives of ' Cotton Eyed Joe ' '' , Canadian Society for Traditional Music Conference , 2002 , Memorial University , St. John 's , Newfoundland . Jump up ^ Scarborough , Dorothy ; Ola Lee Gulledge ( 1925 ) . On the Trail of Negro Folk - songs . Harvard University Press . p. 289 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01262 - 3 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . He said he had known it from his earliest childhood and had heard the slaves sing it on the plantations . Jump up ^ Lloyd Shaw , The Round Dance Book , The Caxton Printers , Ltd , 1948 , p. 314 . No ISBN or catalogue number . Jump up ^ Pyrnelle , Louise Clarke ( 1910 ) . Diddie , shoots , and Tot : or , Plantation child - life . Harper and Brothers . p. vi . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . The stories , plantation games , and Hymns are just as I heard them in my childhood Jump up ^ Pyrnelle , Louise Clarke ( 1910 ) . Diddie , Dumps , and Tot : or , Plantation child - life . Harper and Brothers . pp. 135 -- 36 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brotherhood of locomotive firemen and enginemen 's magazine . 8 . Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen. 1884 . p. 534 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dorothy Scarborough , assisted By Ola Lee Quiledge ( 1925 ) . `` On The Trail of Negro Folk - Songs - online book . A collection of negro folk songs with lyrics , sheet music & commentaries '' . Traditionalmusic.co.uk . pp. 69 -- 70 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Dance Across Texas Betty Casey , University of Texas Press , 1985 , p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71540 - 4 Jump up ^ Harris , Pittman , Waller , Dance a While . Handbook of Folk , Square , and Social Dancing . 1950 , 1955 , 1964 , 1968 . Burgess Publishing Company , Fourth Edition , p. 151 . Jump up ^ `` Grateful Dead Family Discography : Cotton - Eyed Joe '' . Deaddisc.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Everett , 2002 Jump up ^ `` Information at The Fiddler 's Companion '' . Ibiblio.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` COLUMBIA 78rpm numerical listing discography : 37500 - 38000 '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bill C. Malone , Do n't Get above Your Raisin ′ , University of Illinois Press , 2001 , p. 313 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02678 - 0 Jump up ^ Albert and Josephine Bulter , Encyclopedia of Social Dance , New York : Albert Bulter Ballroom Dance Service . New York , New York , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Honky Tonks , Hymns , & the Blues '' . Honkytonks.org . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://78discography.com/COL15000D.htm Jump up ^ http://78discography.com/VOC5000c.htm Jump up ^ http://fiddlesessions.com/?p=72 Jump up ^ `` Eye of Cotton Joe '' . www.youtube.com . Jump up ^ `` Cotton Eye Joe -- Rednex '' . tralala.gr . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . External links ( edit ) `` Cotton - Eyed Joe '' in The Mudcat Cafe 's Digital Tradition Folk Music Database Grateful Dead Family Discography of recordings of `` Cotton Eye Joe '' Samples from the Skillet Lickers and RedNex versions Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Rednex Albums Sex & Violins Farm Out Compilations The Best of the West Singles `` Cotton Eye Joe '' `` Old Pop in an Oak '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Wild ' N Free '' `` Rolling Home '' `` Riding Alone '' `` The Way I Mate '' `` The Spirit of the Hawk '' `` Hold Me for a While '' `` The Chase '' `` Cotton Eye Joe 2002 '' `` Mama Take Me Home '' `` Fe Fi ( The Old Man Died ) '' `` Anyway You Want Me '' `` Looking for a Star '' `` Railroad , Railroad '' `` Football Is Our Religion '' Discography Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton-Eyed_Joe&oldid=795332774 '' Categories : American folk dances American folk songs Burl Ives songs Line dances Nina Simone songs Songs about Texas Songwriter unknown Year of song unknown Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from May 2017 All articles to be merged Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français 日本 語 Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2017 , at 15 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did she come from where did she go song | [
"\"Cotton-Eyed Joe\" (also known as \"Cotton-Eye Joe\") is a traditional American country folk song popular at various times throughout the United States and Canada, although today it is most commonly associated with the American South. In the Roud index of folksongs it is No. 942."
] | [
"\"Cotton-Eyed Joe\""
] |
5820839007683920171 | Moon landing | Moon landing - Wikipedia Moon landing This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 October 2018 . This article is about the general topic . For the first manned Moon landing , see Apollo 11 and Apollo program . For other uses , see Moon landing ( disambiguation ) . `` Race to the Moon '' redirects here . For the Cold War topic , see Space Race . Clickable map of the locations of all successful soft landings on the Moon to date ( top ) . Luna programme ( USSR ) Chang'e 3 ( China ) Surveyor program ( USA ) Apollo program ( USA ) Dates are landing dates in Coordinated Universal Time . Except for the Apollo program , all soft landings were unmanned . Luna 2 was the first man - made object to reach the surface of the Moon ( bottom - left ) . Still frame from a video transmission , taken moments before Neil Armstrong became the first human to step onto the surface of the Moon , at 02 : 56 UTC on 21 July 1969 . An estimated 500 million people worldwide watched this event , the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time . A Moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon . This includes both manned and unmanned ( robotic ) missions . The first human - made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union 's Luna 2 mission , on 13 September 1959 . The United States ' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon , on 20 July 1969 . There have been six manned U.S. landings ( between 1969 and 1972 ) and numerous unmanned landings , with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013 . To date , the United States is the only country to have successfully conducted manned missions to the Moon , with the last departing the lunar surface in December 1972 . Contents 1 Unmanned landings 2 Manned landings 3 Scientific background 4 Political background 5 Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 6 Early U.S. unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) 6.1 Pioneer missions 6.2 Ranger missions 7 Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) 8 U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) 9 Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations 10 Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) 11 U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) 12 Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) 13 Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) 13.1 US strategy 13.2 Soviet strategy 13.3 Apollo missions 13.4 Manned Moon landings 13.5 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings 14 Late 20th century -- Early 21st century unmanned crash landings 14.1 Hiten ( Japan ) 14.2 Lunar Prospector ( USA ) 14.3 SMART - 1 ( ESA ) 14.4 SELENE ( Japan ) 14.5 Chang'e 1 ( China ) 14.6 Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) 14.7 LCROSS ( USA ) 14.8 GRAIL ( USA ) 14.9 LADEE ( USA ) 15 21st century unmanned soft landings 15.1 Chang'e 3 ( China ) 16 Landings on moons of other Solar System bodies 17 Proposed future missions 18 Historical empirical evidence 19 See also 20 References and notes 21 External links Unmanned landings After the unsuccessful attempt by the Luna 1 to land on the Moon in 1959 , the Soviet Union performed the first hard ( unpowered ) Moon landing later that same year with the Luna 2 spacecraft , a feat the U.S. duplicated in 1962 with Ranger 4 . Since then , twelve Soviet and U.S. spacecraft have used braking rockets to make soft landings and perform scientific operations on the lunar surface , between 1966 and 1976 . In 1966 the USSR accomplished the first soft landings and took the first pictures from the lunar surface during the Luna 9 and Luna 13 missions . The U.S. followed with five unmanned Surveyor soft landings . The Soviet Union achieved the first unmanned lunar soil sample return with the Luna 16 probe on 24 September 1970 . This was followed by Luna 20 and Luna 24 in 1972 and 1976 , respectively . Following the failure at launch in 1969 of the first Lunokhod , Luna E-8 No. 201 , the Luna 17 and Luna 21 were successful unmanned lunar rover missions in 1970 and 1973 . Many missions were failures at launch . In addition , several unmanned landing missions achieved the Lunar surface but were unsuccessful , including : Luna 15 , Luna 18 , and Luna 23 all crashed on landing ; and the U.S. Surveyor 4 lost all radio contact only moments before its landing . More recently , other nations have crashed spacecraft on the surface of the Moon at speeds of around 8,000 kilometres per hour ( 5,000 mph ) , often at precise , planned locations . These have generally been end - of - life lunar orbiters that , because of system degradations , could no longer overcome perturbations from lunar mass concentrations ( `` masscons '' ) to maintain their orbit . Japan 's lunar orbiter Hiten impacted the Moon 's surface on 10 April 1993 . The European Space Agency performed a controlled crash impact with their orbiter SMART - 1 on 3 September 2006 . Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) performed a controlled crash impact with its Moon Impact Probe ( MIP ) on 14 November 2008 . The MIP was an ejected probe from the Indian Chandrayaan - 1 lunar orbiter and performed remote sensing experiments during its descent to the lunar surface . The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 . The rover mission Chang'e 3 was launched on 1 December 2013 and soft - landed on 14 December . Manned landings The lunar surface through a Lunar Module window shortly after landing A total of twelve men have landed on the Moon . This was accomplished with two US pilot - astronauts flying a Lunar Module on each of six NASA missions across a 41 - month period starting on 20 July 1969 UTC , with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on Apollo 11 , and ending on 14 December 1972 UTC with Gene Cernan and Jack Schmitt on Apollo 17 . Cernan was the last to step off the lunar surface . All Apollo lunar missions had a third crew member who remained on board the Command Module . The last three missions had a rover for increased mobility . Scientific background In order to go to the Moon , a spacecraft must first leave the gravity well of the Earth . The only practical way of accomplishing this currently is with a rocket . Unlike other airborne vehicles such as balloons or jets , a rocket is the only known form of propulsion which can continue to increase its speed at high altitudes in the vacuum outside the Earth 's atmosphere . Upon approach of the target moon , a spacecraft will be drawn ever closer to its surface at increasing speeds due to gravity . In order to land intact it must decelerate to less than about 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) and be ruggedized to withstand a `` hard landing '' impact , or it must decelerate to negligible speed at contact for a `` soft landing '' ( which is the only viable option with human occupants ) . The first three attempts by the U.S. to perform a successful hard moon landing with a ruggedized seismometer package in 1962 all failed . The Soviets first achieved the milestone of a hard lunar landing with a ruggedized camera in 1966 , followed only months later by the first unmanned soft lunar landing by the U.S. The speed of a crash landing on its surface is typically between 70 and 100 % of the escape velocity of the target moon , and thus this is the total velocity which must be shed from the target moon 's gravitational attraction for a soft landing to occur . For Earth 's Moon , the escape velocity is 2.38 kilometres per second ( 1.48 mi / s ) . The change in velocity ( referred to as a delta - v ) is usually provided by a landing rocket , which must be carried into space by the original launch vehicle as part of the overall spacecraft . An exception is the soft moon landing on Titan carried out by the Huygens probe in 2005 . As the moon with the thickest atmosphere , landings on Titan may be accomplished by using atmospheric entry techniques that are generally lighter in weight than a rocket with equivalent capability . The Soviets succeeded in making the first crash landing on the Moon in 1959 . Crash landings may occur because of malfunctions in a spacecraft , or they can be deliberately arranged for vehicles which do not have an onboard landing rocket . There have been many such Moon crashes , often with their flight path controlled to impact at precise locations on the lunar surface . For example , during the Apollo program the S - IVB third stage of the Saturn V moon rocket as well as the spent ascent stage of the lunar module were deliberately crashed on the Moon several times to provide impacts registering as a moonquake on seismometers that had been left on the lunar surface . Such crashes were instrumental in mapping the internal structure of the Moon . To return to Earth , the escape velocity of the Moon must be overcome for the spacecraft to escape the gravity well of the Moon . Rockets must be used to leave the Moon and return to space . Upon reaching Earth , atmospheric entry techniques are used to absorb the kinetic energy of a returning spacecraft and reduce its speed for safe landing . These functions greatly complicate a moon landing mission and lead to many additional operational considerations . Any moon departure rocket must first be carried to the Moon 's surface by a moon landing rocket , increasing the latter 's required size . The Moon departure rocket , larger moon landing rocket and any Earth atmosphere entry equipment such as heat shields and parachutes must in turn be lifted by the original launch vehicle , greatly increasing its size by a significant and almost prohibitive degree . Political background Main article : Space Race This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Moon landing '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The intense efforts devoted in the 1960s to achieving first an unmanned and then ultimately a manned moon landing become easier to understand in the political context of its historical era . World War II had introduced many new and deadly innovations including blitzkrieg - style surprise attacks used in the invasion of Poland and in the attack on Pearl Harbor ; the V - 2 rocket , a ballistic missile which killed thousands in attacks on London and Antwerp ; and the atom bomb , which killed hundreds of thousands in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In the 1950s , tensions mounted between the two ideologically opposed superpowers of the United States and the Soviet Union that had emerged as victors in the conflict , particularly after the development by both countries of the hydrogen bomb . The first image of another world from space , returned by Luna 3 , showed the far side of the Moon in October 1959 . Willy Ley wrote in 1957 that a rocket to the Moon `` could be built later this year if somebody can be found to sign some papers '' . On 4 October 1957 , the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 as the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth and so initiated the Space Race . This unexpected event was a source of pride to the Soviets and shock to the U.S. , who could now potentially be surprise attacked by nuclear - tipped Soviet rockets in under 30 minutes . Also , the steady beeping of the radio beacon aboard Sputnik 1 as it passed overhead every 96 minutes was widely viewed on both sides as effective propaganda to Third World countries demonstrating the technological superiority of the Soviet political system compared to that of the U.S. This perception was reinforced by a string of subsequent rapid - fire Soviet space achievements . In 1959 , the R - 7 rocket was used to launch the first escape from Earth 's gravity into a solar orbit , the first crash impact onto the surface of the Moon , and the first photography of the never - before - seen far side of the Moon . These were the Luna 1 , Luna 2 , and Luna 3 spacecraft . A 1963 conceptual model of the Apollo Lunar Excursion Module The U.S. response to these Soviet achievements was to greatly accelerate previously existing military space and missile projects and to create a civilian space agency , NASA . Military efforts were initiated to develop and produce mass quantities of intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) that would bridge the so - called missile gap and enable a policy of deterrence to nuclear war with the Soviets known as mutual assured destruction or MAD . These newly developed missiles were made available to civilians of NASA for various projects ( which would have the added benefit of demonstrating the payload , guidance accuracy and reliabilities of U.S. ICBMs to the Soviets ) . While NASA stressed peaceful and scientific uses for these rockets , their use in various lunar exploration efforts also had secondary goal of realistic , goal - oriented testing of the missiles themselves and development of associated infrastructure , just as the Soviets were doing with their R - 7 . Early Soviet unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) Luna 3 transmitted the first photos of the far side of the Moon After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 , historical records were released to allow the true accounting of Soviet lunar efforts . Unlike the U.S. tradition of assigning a particular mission name in advance of a launch , the Soviets assigned a public `` Luna '' mission number only if a launch resulted in a spacecraft going beyond Earth orbit . The policy had the effect of hiding Soviet Moon mission failures from public view . If the attempt failed in Earth orbit before departing for the Moon , it was frequently ( but not always ) given a `` Sputnik '' or `` Cosmos '' Earth - orbit mission number to hide its purpose . Launch explosions were not acknowledged at all . Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Semyorka -- 8K72 23 September 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 93 s Semyorka -- 8K72 12 October 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 104 s Semyorka -- 8K72 4 December 1958 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 254 s Luna - 1 361 Semyorka -- 8K72 2 January 1959 Impact Partial success -- first spacecraft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby , solar orbit ; missed the Moon Semyorka -- 8K72 18 June 1959 Impact Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 153 s Luna - 2 390 Semyorka -- 8K72 12 September 1959 Impact Success -- first lunar impact Luna - 3 270 Semyorka -- 8K72 4 October 1959 Flyby Success -- first photos of lunar far side Semyorka -- 8K72 15 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K72 16 April 1960 Flyby Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 1 s Sputnik - 25 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 January 1963 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 3 February 1963 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction at T+ 105 s Luna - 4 1422 Semyorka -- 8K78 2 April 1963 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 8,000 kilometres ( 5,000 mi ) Semyorka -- 8K78 21 March 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 20 April 1964 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Cosmos - 60 Semyorka -- 8K78 12 March 1965 Landing Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Semyorka -- 8K78 10 April 1965 Landing Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 5 1475 Semyorka -- 8K78 9 May 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 6 1440 Semyorka -- 8K78 8 June 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar flyby at 160,000 kilometres ( 99,000 mi ) Luna - 7 1504 Semyorka -- 8K78 4 October 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact Luna - 8 1550 Semyorka -- 8K78 3 December 1965 Landing Failure -- lunar impact during landing attempt Early U.S. unmanned lunar missions ( 1958 -- 1965 ) Artist 's portrayal of a Ranger spacecraft right before impact One of the last photos of the Moon transmitted by Ranger 8 right before impact In contrast to Soviet lunar exploration triumphs in 1959 , success eluded initial U.S. efforts to reach the Moon with the Pioneer and Ranger programs . Fifteen consecutive U.S. unmanned lunar missions over a six - year period from 1958 to 1964 all failed their primary photographic missions ; however , Rangers 4 and 6 successfully repeated the Soviet lunar impacts as part of their secondary missions . Failures included three U.S. attempts in 1962 to hard land small seismometer packages released by the main Ranger spacecraft . These surface packages were to use retrorockets to survive landing , unlike the parent vehicle , which was designed to deliberately crash onto the surface . The final three Ranger probes performed successful high altitude lunar reconnaissance photography missions during intentional crash impacts between 2.62 and 2.68 kilometres per second ( 9,400 and 9,600 km / h ) . Mission Mass ( kg ) Launch vehicle Launch date Goal Result Pioneer 0 38 Thor - Able 17 August 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Pioneer 1 34 Thor - Able 11 October 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- software error ; reentry Pioneer 2 39 Thor - Able 8 November 1958 Lunar orbit Failure -- third stage misfire ; reentry Pioneer 3 6 Juno 6 December 1958 Flyby Failure -- first stage misfire , reentry Pioneer 4 6 Juno 3 March 1959 Flyby Partial success -- first US craft to reach escape velocity , lunar flyby too far to shoot photos due to targeting error ; solar orbit Pioneer P - 1 168 Atlas - Able 24 September 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- pad explosion ; destroyed Pioneer P - 3 168 Atlas - Able 29 November 1959 Lunar orbit Failure -- payload shroud ; destroyed Pioneer P - 30 175 Atlas - Able 25 September 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- second stage anomaly ; reentry Pioneer P - 31 175 Atlas - Able 15 December 1960 Lunar orbit Failure -- first stage explosion ; destroyed Ranger 1 306 Atlas -- Agena 23 August 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 2 304 Atlas -- Agena 18 November 1961 Prototype test Failure -- upper stage anomaly ; reentry Ranger 3 330 Atlas -- Agena 26 January 1962 Landing Failure -- booster guidance ; solar orbit Ranger 4 331 Atlas -- Agena 23 April 1962 Landing Partial success -- first U.S. spacecraft to reach another celestial body ; crash impact -- no photos returned Ranger 5 342 Atlas -- Agena 18 October 1962 Landing Failure -- spacecraft power ; solar orbit Ranger 6 367 Atlas -- Agena 30 January 1964 Impact Failure -- spacecraft camera ; crash impact Ranger 7 367 Atlas -- Agena 28 July 1964 Impact Success -- returned 4308 photos , crash impact Ranger 8 367 Atlas -- Agena 17 February 1965 Impact Success -- returned 7137 photos , crash impact Ranger 9 367 Atlas -- Agena 21 March 1965 Impact Success -- returned 5814 photos , crash impact Pioneer missions Three different designs of Pioneer lunar probes were flown on three different modified ICBMs . Those flown on the Thor booster modified with an Able upper stage carried an infrared image scanning television system with a resolution of 1 milliradian to study the Moon 's surface , an ionization chamber to measure radiation in space , a diaphragm / microphone assembly to detect micrometeorites , a magnetometer , and temperature - variable resistors to monitor spacecraft internal thermal conditions . The first , a mission managed by the United States Air Force , exploded during launch ; all subsequent Pioneer lunar flights had NASA as the lead management organization . The next two returned to Earth and burned up upon reentry into the atmosphere after achieved maximum altitudes of around 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and 1,450 kilometres ( 900 mi ) , far short of the roughly 400,000 kilometres ( 250,000 mi ) required to reach the vicinity of the Moon . NASA then collaborated with the United States Army 's Ballistic Missile Agency to fly two extremely small cone - shaped probes on the Juno ICBM , carrying only photocells which would be triggered by the light of the Moon and a lunar radiation environment experiment using a Geiger - Müller tube detector . The first of these reached an altitude of only around 100,000 kilometres ( 62,000 mi ) , serendipitously gathering data that established the presence of the Van Allen radiation belts before reentering Earth 's atmosphere . The second passed by the Moon at a distance of more than 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) , twice as far as planned and too far away to trigger either of the on - board scientific instruments , yet still becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to reach a solar orbit . The final Pioneer lunar probe design consisted of four `` paddlewheel '' solar panels extending from a one - meter diameter spherical spin - stabilized spacecraft body that was equipped to take images of the lunar surface with a television - like system , estimate the Moon 's mass and topography of the poles , record the distribution and velocity of micrometeorites , study radiation , measure magnetic fields , detect low frequency electromagnetic waves in space and use a sophisticated integrated propulsion system for maneuvering and orbit insertion as well . None of the four spacecraft built in this series of probes survived launch on its Atlas ICBM outfitted with an Able upper stage . Following the unsuccessful Atlas - Able Pioneer probes , NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory embarked upon an unmanned spacecraft development program whose modular design could be used to support both lunar and interplanetary exploration missions . The interplanetary versions were known as Mariners ; lunar versions were Rangers . JPL envisioned three versions of the Ranger lunar probes : Block I prototypes , which would carry various radiation detectors in test flights to a very high Earth orbit that came nowhere near the Moon ; Block II , which would try to accomplish the first Moon landing by hard landing a seismometer package ; and Block III , which would crash onto the lunar surface without any braking rockets while taking very high resolution wide - area photographs of the Moon during their descent . Ranger missions See also : Ranger program The Ranger 1 and 2 Block I missions were virtually identical . Spacecraft experiments included a Lyman - alpha telescope , a rubidium - vapor magnetometer , electrostatic analyzers , medium - energy - range particle detectors , two triple coincidence telescopes , a cosmic - ray integrating ionization chamber , cosmic dust detectors , and scintillation counters . The goal was to place these Block I spacecraft in a very high Earth orbit with an apogee of 110,000 kilometres ( 68,000 mi ) and a perigee of 60,000 kilometres ( 37,000 mi ) . From that vantage point , scientists could make direct measurements of the magnetosphere over a period of many months while engineers perfected new methods to routinely track and communicate with spacecraft over such large distances . Such practice was deemed vital to be assured of capturing high - bandwidth television transmissions from the Moon during a one - shot fifteen - minute time window in subsequent Block II and Block III lunar descents . Both Block I missions suffered failures of the new Agena upper stage and never left low Earth parking orbit after launch ; both burned up upon reentry after only a few days . The first attempts to perform a Moon landing took place in 1962 during the Rangers 3 , 4 and 5 missions flown by the United States . All three Block II missions basic vehicles were 3.1 m high and consisted of a lunar capsule covered with a balsa wood impact - limiter , 650 mm in diameter , a mono - propellant mid-course motor , a retrorocket with a thrust of 5,050 pounds - force ( 22.5 kN ) , and a gold - and chrome - plated hexagonal base 1.5 m in diameter . This lander ( code - named Tonto ) was designed to provide impact cushioning using an exterior blanket of crushable balsa wood and an interior filled with incompressible liquid freon . A 42 kg ( 56 pounds ) 30 - centimetre - diameter ( 0.98 ft ) metal payload sphere floated and was free to rotate in a liquid freon reservoir contained in the landing sphere . This payload sphere contained six silver - cadmium batteries to power a fifty - milliwatt radio transmitter , a temperature sensitive voltage controlled oscillator to measure lunar surface temperatures , and a seismometer that was designed with sensitivity high enough to detect the impact of a 5 lb ( 2.3 kg ) meteorite on the opposite side of the Moon . Weight was distributed in the payload sphere so it would rotate in its liquid blanket to place the seismometer into an upright and operational position no matter what the final resting orientation of the external landing sphere . After landing , plugs were to be opened allowing the freon to evaporate and the payload sphere to settle into upright contact with the landing sphere . The batteries were sized to allow up to three months of operation for the payload sphere . Various mission constraints limited the landing site to Oceanus Procellarum on the lunar equator , which the lander ideally would reach 66 hours after launch . No cameras were carried by the Ranger landers , and no pictures were to be captured from the lunar surface during the mission . Instead , the 3.1 metres ( 10 ft ) Ranger Block II mother ship carried a 200 - scan - line television camera which was to capture images during the free - fall descent to the lunar surface . The camera was designed to transmit a picture every 10 seconds . Seconds before impact , at 5 and 0.6 kilometres ( 3.11 and 0.37 mi ) above the lunar surface , the Ranger mother ships took picture ( which may be viewed here ) . Other instruments gathering data before the mother ship crashed onto the Moon were a gamma ray spectrometer to measure overall lunar chemical composition and a radar altimeter . The radar altimeter was to give a signal ejecting the landing capsule and its solid - fueled braking rocket overboard from the Block II mother ship . The braking rocket was to slow and the landing sphere to a dead stop at 330 metres ( 1,080 ft ) above the surface and separate , allowing the landing sphere to free fall once more and hit the surface . On Ranger 3 , failure of the Atlas guidance system and a software error aboard the Agena upper stage combined to put the spacecraft on a course that would miss the Moon . Attempts to salvage lunar photography during a flyby of the Moon were thwarted by in - flight failure of the onboard flight computer . This was probably because of prior heat sterilization of the spacecraft by keeping it above the boiling point of water for 24 hours on the ground , to protect the Moon from being contaminated by Earth organisms . Heat sterilization was also blamed for subsequent in - flight failures of the spacecraft computer on Ranger 4 and the power subsystem on Ranger 5 . Only Ranger 4 reached the Moon in an uncontrolled crash impact on the far side of the Moon . Heat sterilization was discontinued for the final four Block III Ranger probes . These replaced the Block II landing capsule and its retrorocket with a heavier , more capable television system to support landing site selection for upcoming Apollo manned Moon landing missions . Six cameras were designed to take thousands of high - altitude photographs in the final twenty - minute period before crashing on the lunar surface . Camera resolution was 1,132 scan lines , far higher than the 525 lines found in a typical U.S. 1964 home television . While Ranger 6 suffered a failure of this camera system and returned no photographs despite an otherwise successful flight , the subsequent Ranger 7 mission to Mare Cognitum was a complete success . Breaking the six - year string of failures in U.S. attempts to photograph the Moon at close range , the Ranger 7 mission was viewed as a national turning point and instrumental in allowing the key 1965 NASA budget appropriation to pass through the United States Congress intact without a reduction in funds for the Apollo manned Moon landing program . Subsequent successes with Ranger 8 and Ranger 9 further buoyed U.S. hopes . Soviet unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1976 ) Model of Luna 16 Moon soil sample return lander Model of Soviet Lunokhod automatic moon rover The Luna 9 spacecraft , launched by the Soviet Union , performed the first successful soft Moon landing on 3 February , 1966 . Airbags protected its 99 kilograms ( 218 lb ) ejectable capsule which survived an impact speed of over 15 metres per second ( 54 km / h ) . Luna 13 duplicated this feat with a similar Moon landing on 24 December 1966 . Both returned panoramic photographs that were the first views from the lunar surface . Luna 16 was the first robotic probe to land on the Moon and safely return a sample of lunar soil back to Earth . It represented the first lunar sample return mission by the Soviet Union , and was the third lunar sample return mission overall , following the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions . This mission was later successfully repeated by Luna 20 ( 1972 ) and Luna 24 ( 1976 ) . In 1970 and 1973 two Lunokhod ( `` Moonwalker '' ) robotic lunar rovers were delivered to the Moon , where they successfully operated for 10 and 4 months respectively , covering 10.5 km ( Lunokhod 1 ) and 37 km ( Lunokhod 2 ) . These rover missions were in operation concurrently with the Zond and Luna series of Moon flyby , orbiter and landing missions . Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Luna - 9 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 31 January 1966 Landing Success -- first lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 7.13 ° N 64.37 ° W Luna - 13 1580 Semyorka -- 8K78 21 December 1966 Landing Success -- second lunar soft landing , numerous photos Oceanus Procellarum 18 ° 52'N 62 ° 3'W Proton 19 February 1969 Lunar rover Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 14 June 1969 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 15 5,700 Proton 13 July 1969 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Crisium unknown Cosmos - 300 Proton 23 September 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Cosmos - 305 Proton 22 October 1969 Sample return Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Proton 6 February 1970 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 16 5,600 Proton 12 September 1970 Sample return Success -- returned 0.10 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 000.68 S 056.30 E Luna - 17 5,700 Proton 10 November 1970 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 1 rover traveled 10.5 km across lunar surface Mare Imbrium 038.28 N 325.00 E Luna - 18 5,750 Proton 2 September 1971 Sample return Failure -- lunar crash impact Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 20 5,727 Proton 14 February 1972 Sample return Success -- returned 0.05 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Fecunditatis 003.57 N 056.50 E Luna - 21 5,950 Proton 8 January 1973 Lunar rover Success -- Lunokhod - 2 rover traveled 37.0 km across lunar surface LeMonnier Crater 025.85 N 030.45 E Luna - 23 5,800 Proton 28 October 1974 Sample return Failure -- Moon landing achieved , but malfunction prevented sample return Mare Crisium 012.00 N 062.00 E Proton 16 October 1975 Sample return Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Luna - 24 5,800 Proton 9 August 1976 Sample return Success -- returned 0.17 kg of Moon soil back to Earth Mare Crisium 012.25 N 062.20 E U.S. unmanned soft landings ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Launch of Surveyor 1 . Pete Conrad , commander of Apollo 12 , stands next to Surveyor 3 lander . In the background is the Apollo 12 lander , Intrepid . The U.S. robotic Surveyor program was part of an effort to locate a safe site on the Moon for a human landing and test under lunar conditions the radar and landing systems required to make a true controlled touchdown . Five of Surveyor 's seven missions made successful unmanned Moon landings . Surveyor 3 was visited two years after its Moon landing by the crew of Apollo 12 . They removed parts of it for examination back on Earth to determine the effects of long - term exposure to the lunar environment . Mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launch date Goal Result Landing zone Lat / Lon Surveyor 1 292 Atlas -- Centaur 30 May 1966 Landing Success -- 11,000 pictures returned , first U.S. Moon landing Oceanus Procellarum 002.45 S 043.22 W Surveyor 2 292 Atlas -- Centaur 20 September 1966 Landing Failure -- midcourse engine malfunction , placing vehicle in unrecoverable tumble ; crashed southeast of Copernicus Crater Sinus Medii 004.00 S 011.00 W Surveyor 3 302 Atlas -- Centaur 20 April 1967 Landing Success -- 6,000 pictures returned ; trench dug to 17.5 cm depth after 18 hr of robot arm use Oceanus Procellarum 002.94 S 336.66 E Surveyor 4 282 Atlas -- Centaur 14 July 1967 Landing Failure -- radio contact lost 2.5 minutes before touchdown ; perfect automated Moon landing possible but outcome unknown Sinus Medii unknown Surveyor 5 303 Atlas -- Centaur 8 September 1967 Landing Success -- 19,000 photos returned , first use of alpha scatter soil composition monitor Mare Tranquillitatis 001.41 N 023.18 E Surveyor 6 300 Atlas -- Centaur 7 November 1967 Landing Success -- 30,000 photos returned , robot arm & alpha scatter science , engine restart , second landing 2.5 m away from first Sinus Medii 000.46 N 358.63 E Surveyor 7 306 Atlas -- Centaur 7 January 1968 Landing Success -- 21,000 photos returned ; robot arm & alpha scatter science ; laser beams from Earth detected Tycho Crater 041.01 S 348.59 E Transition from direct ascent landings to lunar orbit operations Within four months of each other in early 1966 the Soviet Union and the United States had accomplished successful Moon landings with unmanned spacecraft . To the general public both countries had demonstrated roughly equal technical capabilities by returning photographic images from the surface of the Moon . These pictures provided a key affirmative answer to the crucial question of whether or not lunar soil would support upcoming manned landers with their much greater weight . However , the Luna 9 hard landing of a ruggedized sphere using airbags at a 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) - per - hour ballistic impact speed had much more in common with the failed 1962 Ranger landing attempts and their planned 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) - per - hour impacts than with the Surveyor 1 soft landing on three footpads using its radar - controlled , adjustable - thrust retrorocket . While Luna 9 and Surveyor 1 were both major national accomplishments , only Surveyor 1 had reached its landing site employing key technologies that would be needed for a manned flight . Thus as of mid-1966 , the United States had begun to pull ahead of the Soviet Union in the so - called Space Race to land a man on the Moon . A timeline of the space race between 1957 and 1975 , with missions from the USA and USSR . Advances in other areas were necessary before manned spacecraft could follow unmanned ones to the surface of the Moon . Of particular importance was developing the expertise to perform flight operations in lunar orbit . Ranger , Surveyor and initial Luna Moon landing attempts all utilized flight paths from Earth that traveled directly to the lunar surface without first placing the spacecraft in a lunar orbit . Such direct ascents use a minimum amount of fuel for unmanned spacecraft on a one - way trip . In contrast , manned vehicles need additional fuel after a lunar landing to enable a return trip back to Earth for the crew . Leaving this massive amount of required Earth - return fuel in lunar orbit until it is used later in the mission is far more efficient than taking such fuel down to the lunar surface in a Moon landing and then hauling it all back into space yet again , working against lunar gravity both ways . Such considerations lead logically to a lunar orbit rendezvous mission profile for a manned Moon landing . Accordingly , beginning in mid-1966 both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. naturally progressed into missions which featured lunar orbit operations as a necessary prerequisite to a manned Moon landing . The primary goals of these initial unmanned orbiters were extensive photographic mapping of the entire lunar surface for the selection of manned landing sites and , for the Soviets , the checkout of radio communications gear that would be used in future soft landings . An unexpected major discovery from initial lunar orbiters were vast volumes of dense materials beneath the surface of the Moon 's maria . Such mass concentrations ( `` mascons '' ) can send a manned mission dangerously off course in the final minutes of a Moon landing when aiming for a relatively small landing zone that is smooth and safe . Mascons were also found over a longer period of time to greatly disturb the orbits of low - altitude satellites around the Moon , making their orbits unstable and forcing an inevitable crash on the lunar surface in the relatively short period of months to a few years . Controlling the location of impact for spent lunar orbiters can have scientific value . For example , in 1999 the NASA Lunar Prospector orbiter was deliberately targeted to impact a permanently shadowed area of Shoemaker Crater near the lunar south pole . It was hoped that energy from the impact would vaporize suspected shadowed ice deposits in the crater and liberate a water vapor plume that would be detectable from Earth . No such plume was observed . However , a small vial of ashes from the body of pioneer lunar scientist Eugene Shoemaker was delivered by the Lunar Prospector to the crater named in his honor -- currently the only human remains on the Moon . Soviet lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1974 ) U.S.S.R. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Cosmos -- 111 Molniya - M 1 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Failure -- stranded in low Earth orbit Luna - 10 1,582 Molniya - M 31 March 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,738 km x 2,088 km x 72 deg orbit , 178 m period , 60 - day science mission Luna - 11 1,640 Molniya - M 24 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,931 km x 1,898 km x 27 deg orbit , 178 m period , 38 - day science mission Luna - 12 1,620 Molniya - M 22 October 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 2,938 km x 1,871 km x 10 deg orbit , 205 m period , 89 - day science mission Cosmos - 159 1,700 Molniya - M 17 May 1967 Prototype test Success -- high Earth orbit manned landing communications gear radio calibration test Molniya - M 7 February 1968 Lunar orbiter Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit -- attempted radio calibration test ? Luna - 14 1,700 Molniya - M 7 April 1968 Lunar orbiter Success -- 870 km x 160 km x 42 deg orbit , 160 m period , unstable orbit , radio calibration test ? Luna - 19 5,700 Proton 28 September 1971 Lunar orbiter Success -- 140 km x 140 km x 41 deg orbit , 121 m period , 388 - day science mission Luna - 22 5,700 Proton 29 May 1974 Lunar orbiter Success -- 222 km x 219 km x 19 deg orbit , 130 m period , 521 - day science mission Luna 10 became the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon on 3 April 1966 . U.S. lunar orbit satellites ( 1966 -- 1967 ) U.S. mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Mission result Lunar Orbiter 1 386 Atlas -- Agena 10 August 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,160 km X 189 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 80 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 2 386 Atlas -- Agena 6 November 1966 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 12 deg orbit , 208 m period , 339 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 3 386 Atlas -- Agena 5 February 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 1,860 km X 52 km x 21 deg orbit , 208 m period , 246 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 4 386 Atlas -- Agena 4 May 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,111 km X 2,706 km x 86 deg orbit , 721 m period , 180 - day photography mission Lunar Orbiter 5 386 Atlas -- Agena 1 August 1967 Lunar orbiter Success -- 6,023 km X 195 km x 85 deg orbit , 510 m period , 183 - day photography mission Soviet circumlunar loop flights ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Main article : Soviet manned lunar programs Zond mounted on top stage of Proton booster in assembly hangar . It is possible to aim a spacecraft from Earth so that it will loop around the Moon and return to Earth without entering lunar orbit , following the so - called free return trajectory . Such circumlunar loop missions are simpler than lunar orbit missions because rockets for lunar orbit braking and Earth return are not required . However , a manned circumlunar loop trip poses significant challenges above and beyond those found in a manned low - Earth - orbit mission , offering valuable lessons in preparation for a manned Moon landing . Foremost among these are mastering the demands of re-entering the Earth 's atmosphere upon returning from the Moon . Manned Earth - orbiting vehicles such as the Space Shuttle return to Earth from speeds of around 17,000 miles per hour ( 27,000 km / h ; 7,600 m / s ) . Due to the effects of gravity , a vehicle returning from the Moon hits Earth 's atmosphere at a much higher speed of around 25,000 miles per hour ( 40,000 km / h ; 11,000 m / s ) . The g - loading on astronauts during the resulting deceleration can be at the limits of human endurance even during a nominal reentry . Slight variations in the vehicle flight path and reentry angle during a return from the Moon can easily result in fatal levels of deceleration force . Achieving a manned circumlunar loop flight prior to a manned lunar landing became a primary goal of the Soviets with their Zond spacecraft program . The first three Zonds were unmanned planetary probes ; after that , the Zond name was transferred to a completely separate manned program . The initial focus of these later Zonds was extensive testing of required high - speed reentry techniques . This focus was not shared by the U.S. , who chose instead to bypass the stepping stone of a manned circumlunar loop mission and never developed a separate spacecraft for this purpose . Initial manned spaceflights in the early 1960s placed a single person in low Earth orbit during the Soviet Vostok and U.S. Mercury programs . A two - flight extension of the Vostok program known as Voskhod effectively used Vostok capsules with their ejection seats removed to achieve Soviet space firsts of multiple person crews in 1964 and spacewalks in early 1965 . These capabilities were later demonstrated by the U.S. in ten Gemini low Earth orbit missions throughout 1965 and 1966 , using a totally new second - generation spacecraft design that had little in common with the earlier Mercury . These Gemini missions went on to prove critical techniques for orbital rendezvous and docking that were crucial to a manned lunar landing mission profile . After the end of the Gemini program , the Soviets Union began flying their second - generation Zond manned spacecraft in 1967 with the ultimate goal of looping a cosmonaut around the Moon and returning him immediately to Earth . The Zond spacecraft was launched with the simpler and already operational Proton launch rocket , unlike the parallel Soviet manned Moon landing effort also underway at the time based on third - generation Soyuz spacecraft requiring development of the advanced N - 1 booster . The Soviets thus believed they could achieve a manned Zond circumlunar flight years before a U.S. manned lunar landing and so score a propaganda victory . However , significant development problems delayed the Zond program and the success of the U.S. Apollo lunar landing program led to the eventual termination of the Zond effort . Like Zond , Apollo Moon flights were generally launched on a free return trajectory that would return them to Earth via a circumlunar loop in the event that a Service Module malfunction failed to place them in lunar orbit as planned . This option was implemented after an explosion aboard the Apollo 13 mission in 1970 , which is the only manned circumlunar loop mission flown to date . U.S.S.R mission Mass ( kg ) Booster Launched Mission goal Payload Mission result Cosmos - 146 5,400 Proton 10 March 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Cosmos - 154 5,400 Proton 8 April 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- Successfully reached high Earth orbit , but became stranded and was unable to initiate controlled high speed atmospheric reentry test Proton 28 September 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Proton 22 November 1967 High Earth Orbit unmanned Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 4 5,140 Proton 2 March 1968 High Earth Orbit unmanned Partial success -- launched successfully to 300,000 km high Earth orbit , high speed reentry test guidance malfunction , intentional self - destruct to prevent landfall outside Soviet Union Proton 23 April 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit ; launch preparation tank explosion kills three in pad crew Zond - 5 5,375 Proton 15 September 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned two tortoises and other live biological specimens and payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside the Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond - 6 5,375 Proton 10 November 1968 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Partial success -- looped around Moon , successful reentry , but loss of cabin air pressure caused biological payload death , parachute system malfunction and severe vehicle damage upon landing Proton 20 January 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Failure -- booster malfunction , failed to reach Earth orbit Zond - 7 5,979 Proton 8 August 1969 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth and landed on - target inside Soviet Union . Only Zond mission whose reentry G - forces would have been survivable by human crew had they been aboard . Zond - 8 5,375 Proton 20 October 1970 Circumlunar Loop non-human biological payload Success -- looped around Moon , returned biological payload safely to Earth despite landing off - target outside Soviet Union in the Indian Ocean Zond 5 was the first spacecraft to carry life from Earth to the vicinity of the Moon and return , initiating the final lap of the Space Race with its payload of tortoises , insects , plants , and bacteria . Despite the failure suffered in its final moments , the Zond 6 mission was reported by Soviet media as being a success as well . Although hailed worldwide as remarkable achievements , both of these Zond missions flew off - nominal reentry trajectories resulting in deceleration forces that would have been fatal to human crewmembers had they been aboard . As a result , the Soviets secretly planned to continue unmanned Zond tests until their reliability to support manned flight had been demonstrated . However , due to NASA 's continuing problems with the lunar module , and because of CIA reports of a potential Soviet manned circumlunar flight in late 1968 , NASA fatefully changed the flight plan of Apollo 8 from an Earth - orbit lunar module test to a lunar orbit mission scheduled for late December 1968 . In early December 1968 the launch window to the Moon opened for the Soviet launch site in Baikonur , giving the USSR their final chance to beat the US to the Moon . Cosmonauts went on alert and asked to fly the Zond spacecraft then in final countdown at Baikonur on the first manned trip to the Moon . Ultimately , however , the Soviet Politburo decided the risk of crew death was unacceptable given the combined poor performance to that point of Zond / Proton and so scrubbed the launch of a manned Soviet lunar mission . Their decision proved to be a wise one , since this unnumbered Zond mission was destroyed in another unmanned test when it was finally launched several weeks later . By this time flights of the third generation U.S. Apollo spacecraft had begun . Far more capable than the Zond , the Apollo spacecraft had the necessary rocket power to slip into and out of lunar orbit and to make course adjustments required for a safe reentry during the return to Earth . The Apollo 8 mission carried out the first manned trip to the Moon on 24 December 1968 , certifying the Saturn V booster for manned use and flying not a circumlunar loop but instead a full ten orbits around the Moon before returning safely to Earth . Apollo 10 then performed a full dress rehearsal of a manned Moon landing in May 1969 . This mission orbited within 47,400 feet ( 14.4 km ) altitude above the lunar surface , performing necessary low - altitude mapping of trajectory - altering mascons using a factory prototype lunar module that was too overweight to allow a successful landing . With the failure of the unmanned Soviet sample return Moon landing attempt Luna 15 in July 1969 , the stage was set for Apollo 11 . Manned Moon landings ( 1969 -- 1972 ) The U.S. Saturn V and the Soviet N1 . U.S. strategy Main article : Apollo program § Political pressure builds Plans for manned Moon exploration originated during the Eisenhower administration . In a series of mid-1950s articles in Collier 's magazine , Wernher von Braun had popularized the idea of a manned expedition to the Moon to establish a lunar base . A manned Moon landing posed several daunting technical challenges to the US and USSR . Besides guidance and weight management , atmospheric re-entry without ablative overheating was a major hurdle . After the Soviet Union 's launch of Sputnik , von Braun promoted a plan for the United States Army to establish a military lunar outpost by 1965 . After the early Soviet successes , especially Yuri Gagarin 's flight , US President John F. Kennedy looked for a US project that would capture the public imagination . He asked Vice President Lyndon Johnson to make recommendations on a scientific endeavor that would prove US world leadership . The proposals included non-space options such as massive irrigation projects to benefit the Third World . The Soviets , at the time , had more powerful rockets than the United States , which gave them an advantage in some kinds of space mission . Advances in US nuclear weapon technology had led to smaller , lighter warheads , and consequently , rockets with smaller payload capacities . By comparison , Soviet nuclear weapons were much heavier , and the powerful R - 7 rocket was developed to carry them . More modest potential missions such as flying around the Moon without landing or establishing a space lab in orbit ( both were proposed by Kennedy to von Braun ) were determined to offer too much advantage to the Soviets , since the US would have to develop a heavy rocket to match the Soviets . A Moon landing , however , would capture world imagination while functioning as propaganda . Apollo landing sites Johnson had championed the US manned space program ever since the Sputnik scare , sponsoring the legislation which created NASA when he was in the Senate in 1958 . When Kennedy asked him in 1961 to research the best manned space achievement to counter the Soviets ' lead , Johnson responded that the US had an even chance of beating the USSR to a manned lunar landing , but not for anything less . Kennedy seized on Apollo as the ideal focus for efforts in space . He ensured continuing funding , shielding space spending from the 1963 tax cut , but diverting money from other NASA scientific projects . This last dismayed NASA 's leader , James E. Webb , who perceived the need for NASA 's support from the scientific community . The Moon landing required development of the large Saturn V launch vehicle , which achieved a perfect record of zero catastrophic failures or launch vehicle - caused mission failures , in thirteen launches . For the program to succeed , its proponents would have to defeat criticism from politicians on the left , who wanted more money spent on social programs , and on those on the right , who favored a more military project . By emphasizing the scientific payoff and playing on fears of Soviet space dominance , Kennedy and Johnson managed to swing public opinion : by 1965 , 58 percent of Americans favored Apollo , up from 33 percent two years earlier . After Johnson became President in 1963 , his continuing defense of the program allowed it to succeed in 1969 , as Kennedy planned . Soviet strategy Main article : Soviet Moonshot Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev said in October 1963 that the USSR was `` not at present planning flight by cosmonauts to the Moon , '' while insisting that the Soviets had not dropped out of the race . Only after another year would the USSR fully commit itself to a Moon - landing attempt , which ultimately failed . At the same time , Kennedy had suggested various joint programs , including a possible Moon landing by Soviet and U.S. astronauts and the development of better weather - monitoring satellites . Khrushchev , sensing an attempt by Kennedy to steal Russian space technology , rejected the idea : if the USSR went to the Moon , it would go alone . Sergey Korolev , the Soviet space program 's chief designer , had started promoting his Soyuz craft and the N1 launcher rocket that would have the capability of carrying out a manned Moon landing . Khrushchev directed Korolev 's design bureau to arrange further space firsts by modifying the existing Vostok technology , while a second team started building a completely new launcher and craft , the Proton booster and the Zond , for a manned cislunar flight in 1966 . In 1964 the new Soviet leadership gave Korolev the backing for a Moon landing effort and brought all manned projects under his direction . With Korolev 's death and the failure of the first Soyuz flight in 1967 , the co-ordination of the Soviet Moon landing program quickly unraveled . The Soviets built a landing craft and selected cosmonauts for the mission that would have placed Aleksei Leonov on the Moon 's surface , but with the successive launch failures of the N1 booster in 1969 , plans for a manned landing suffered first delay and then cancellation . A program of automated return vehicles was begun , in the hope of being the first to return lunar rocks . This had several failures . It eventually succeeded with Luna 16 . But this had little impact , because the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 lunar landings and rock returns had already taken place by then . Apollo missions In total , twenty - four U.S. astronauts have traveled to the Moon . Three have made the trip twice , and twelve have walked on its surface . Apollo 8 was a lunar - orbit - only mission , Apollo 10 included undocking and Descent Orbit Insertion ( DOI ) , followed by LM staging to CSM redocking , while Apollo 13 , originally scheduled as a landing , ended up as a lunar fly - by , by means of free return trajectory ; thus , none of these missions made landings . Apollo 7 and Apollo 9 were Earth - orbit - only missions . Apart from the inherent dangers of manned Moon expeditions as seen with Apollo 13 , one reason for their cessation according to astronaut Alan Bean is the cost it imposes in government subsidies . Manned Moon landings Mission name Lunar lander Lunar landing date Lunar liftoff date Lunar landing site Duration on lunar surface Crew Number of EVAs Total EVA Time ( HH : MM ) Apollo 11 Eagle 20 July 1969 21 July 1969 Sea of Tranquility 21 : 31 Neil Armstrong , Edwin `` Buzz '' Aldrin 2 : 31 Apollo 12 Intrepid 19 November 1969 21 November 1969 Ocean of Storms 1 - day , 7 : 31 Charles `` Pete '' Conrad , Alan Bean 7 : 45 Apollo 14 Antares 5 February 1971 6 February 1971 Fra Mauro 1 - day , 9 : 30 Alan B. Shepard , Edgar Mitchell 9 : 21 Apollo 15 Falcon 30 July 1971 2 August 1971 Hadley Rille 2 days , 18 : 55 David Scott , James Irwin 18 : 33 Apollo 16 Orion 21 April 1972 24 April 1972 Descartes Highlands 2 days , 23 : 02 John Young , Charles Duke 20 : 14 Apollo 17 Challenger 11 December 1972 14 December 1972 Taurus -- Littrow 3 days , 2 : 59 Eugene Cernan , Harrison `` Jack '' Schmitt 22 : 04 Other aspects of the Apollo Moon successful landings Unlike other international rivalries , the Space Race has remained unaffected in a direct way regarding the desire for territorial expansion . After the successful landings on the Moon , the U.S. explicitly disclaimed the right to ownership of any part of the Moon . President Richard Nixon had speechwriter William Safire prepare a condolence speech for delivery in the event that Armstrong and Aldrin became marooned on the Moon 's surface and could not be rescued . In 1951 , science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke forecast that man would reach the Moon by 1978 . On 16 August 2006 , the Associated Press reported that NASA is missing the original Slow - scan television tapes ( which were made before the scan conversion for conventional TV ) of the Apollo 11 Moon walk . Some news outlets have mistakenly reported that the SSTV tapes were found in Western Australia , but those tapes were only recordings of data from the Apollo 11 Early Apollo Surface Experiments Package . Scientists believe the six American flags planted by astronauts have been bleached white because of more than 40 years of exposure to solar radiation . Using LROC images , five of the six American flags are still standing and casting shadows at all of the sites , except Apollo 11 . Astronaut Buzz Aldrin reported that the flag was blown over by the exhaust from the ascent engine during liftoff of Apollo 11 . Late 20th century -- early 21st century unmanned crash landings Hiten ( japan ) Launched on 24 January 1990 , 11 : 46 UTC . At the end of its mission , the Japanese lunar orbiter Hiten was commanded to crash into the lunar surface and did so on 10 April 1993 at 18 : 03 : 25.7 UT ( 11 April 03 : 03 : 25.7 JST ) . Lunar Prospector ( USA ) Lunar Prospector was launched on 7 January 1998 . The mission ended on 31 July 1999 , when the orbiter was deliberately crashed into a crater near the lunar south pole after the presence of water ice was successfully detected . SMART - 1 ( ESA ) Launched 27 September 2003 , 23 : 14 UTC from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou , French Guiana . At the end of its mission , the ESA lunar orbiter SMART - 1 performed a controlled crash into the Moon , at about 2 km / s . The time of the crash was 3 September 2006 , at 5 : 42 UTC . Selene ( japan ) SELENE or Kaguya was launched on 14 September 2007 . After successfully orbiting the Moon for a year and eight months , the main orbiter was instructed to impact on the lunar surface near the crater Gill at 18 : 25 UTC on 10 June 2009 . Chang'e 1 ( China ) The Chinese lunar orbiter Chang'e 1 , launched 24 October 2007 , 10 : 05 UTC , executed a controlled crash onto the surface of the Moon on 1 March 2009 , 20 : 44 GMT , after a 16 - month mission . Chandrayaan - 1 and Chandrayaan - 2 ( India ) Chandrayaan - 1 was launched on 22 October 2008 , 00 : 52 UTC . The impactor , the Moon Impact Probe , impacted near Shackleton Crater at the south pole of the lunar surface at 14 November 2008 , 20 : 31 IST . Chandrayaan - 2 is scheduled for launch in 2019 . LCROSS ( USA ) The LCROSS data collecting shepherding spacecraft was launched together with the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) on 18 June 2009 on board an Atlas V rocket with a Centaur upper stage . On 9 October 2009 , at 11 : 31 UTC , the Centaur upper stage impacted the lunar surface , releasing the kinetic energy equivalent of detonating approximately 2 tons of TNT ( 8.86 GJ ) . Six minutes later at 11 : 37 UTC , the LCROSS shepherding spacecraft also impacted the surface . GRAIL ( USA ) The GRAIL mission consisted of two small spacecraft : GRAIL A ( Ebb ) , and GRAIL B ( Flow ) . They were launched on 10 September 2011 on board a Delta II rocket . GRAIL A separated from the rocket about nine minutes after launch , and GRAIL B followed about eight minutes later . The first probe entered orbit on 31 December 2011 and the second followed on 1 January 2012 . The two spacecraft impacted the Lunar surface on 17 December 2012 . LADEE ( USA ) LADEE was launched on 7 September 2013 . The mission ended on 18 April 2014 , when the spacecraft 's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon , which , later , was determined to be near the eastern rim of Sundman V crater . 21st century unmanned soft landings Chang'e 3 ( China ) On 14 December 2013 at 13 : 12 UTC Chang'e 3 soft - landed a rover on the Moon . This was the first lunar soft landing since Luna 24 on 22 August 1976 . Landings on moons of other solar system bodies Progress in space exploration has recently broadened the phrase moon landing to include other moons in the Solar System as well . The Huygens probe of the Cassini -- Huygens mission to Saturn performed a successful unmanned moon landing on Titan in 2005 . Similarly , the Soviet probe Phobos 2 came within 120 mi ( 190 km ) of performing an unmanned moon landing on Mars ' moon Phobos in 1989 before radio contact with that lander was suddenly lost . A similar Russian sample return mission called Fobos - Grunt ( `` grunt '' means `` soil '' in Russian ) launched in November 2011 , but stalled in low Earth orbit . There is widespread interest in performing a future moon landing on Jupiter 's Europa moon to drill down and explore the possible liquid water ocean beneath its icy surface . Proposed future missions Astronaut Buzz Aldrin , lunar module pilot of the first lunar landing mission , poses for a photograph beside the deployed United States flag during an Apollo 11 Extravehicular Activity ( EVA ) on the lunar surface . Main article : List of proposed missions to the Moon China is planning to land another rover and collect samples in the Chang'e 4 mission and return lunar soil samples by 2018 in the Chang'e 5 mission . ISRO , the Indian National Space agency , is planning a second version of Chandrayaan named Chandrayaan 2 . According to former ISRO Chairman G. Madhavan Nair , `` The Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) hopes to land two rovers -- one Indian and another Russian -- on the Moon in 2018 , as a part of its second Chandrayaan mission . The rover will be designed to move on wheels on the lunar surface , pick up samples of soil or rocks , do on - site chemical analysis and send the data to the mother - spacecraft Chandrayaan II , which will be orbiting above . Chandrayaan II will transmit the data to Earth . '' The payloads have already been finalized . ISRO has mentioned that due to weight restrictions it will not be carrying any overseas payloads on this mission . The lander , named Vikram , is projected to weigh 1,250 kg , and the entire spacecraft will be launched by the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle . Russia 's Luna - Glob 1 is expected to be launched in 2018 . In 2007 the head of the Russian Space Agency announced plans to send cosmonauts to the Moon by 2025 and establish a permanent robotically operated base there in 2027 -- 2032 . In 2015 , Roscosmos stated that Russia plans to place a cosmonaut on the Moon by 2030 , leaving Mars to NASA . The purpose is to work jointly with NASA and avoid another Space Race . The Lunar Precursor Robotic Program ( LPRP ) was a program of robotic spacecraft missions which NASA will use to prepare for future Moon landings . Three orbiters have been launched in the program , the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter ( LRO ) , the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite ( LCROSS ) , and the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) , launched in 2013 , but no Moon landings are scheduled yet . The Google Lunar X Prize competition offered a $20 million award for the first privately funded team to land a robotic probe on the Moon . Like the Ansari X Prize before it , the competition aimed to advance the state of the art in private space exploration . Of the several competing teams , Puli Space Technologies at one time ( 2012 ) planned to launch in 2014 and Astrobotic Technology plans to launch in the second half of 2016 with their own rover plus another team 's lunar rovers from Hakuto . In 2019 , a consortium of Vodafone , Audi and PT Scientists are planning a moon landing . The mission is to launch a lander and two small rovers to the moon from Cape Canaveral , Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket during the 50th - anniversary year of NASA 's Apollo 11 moon landing . Nokia will assist to setup a LTE network in moon to manage lunar terrestrial communication system of the mission . Historical empirical evidence Main article : Moon landing conspiracy theories Many conspiracy theorists hold that the Apollo Moon landings were a hoax ; however , empirical evidence is readily available to show that manned moon landings did indeed occur . Anyone on Earth with an appropriate laser and telescope system can bounce laser beams off three retroreflector arrays left on the Moon by Apollo 11 , 14 and 15 , verifying deployment of the Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment at historically documented Apollo Moon landing sites and so proving equipment constructed on Earth was successfully transported to the surface of the Moon . In addition , in August 2009 NASA 's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter began to send back high resolution photos of the Apollo landing sites . These photos show not only the large Descent Stages of the lunar landers left behind but also tracks of the astronauts ' walking paths in the lunar dust . See also Spaceflight portal List of Apollo astronauts Lunar Escape Systems Robert Goddard Soyuz 7K - L1 Zond program First on the Moon ( disambiguation ) References and notes Jump up ^ `` Manned Space Chronology : Apollo_11 '' . spaceline.org . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo Anniversary : Moon Landing `` Inspired World '' `` . National Geographic . Retrieved 6 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Luna 2 '' . NASA -- NSSDC . Jump up ^ NASA Apollo 11 40th anniversary . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 3 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Moon ! '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Lun 2 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Homepage of V.V Pustynski for students of YFT0060 '' . Estonia : Tartu Observatory . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( July 1957 ) . `` For Your Information '' . Galaxy Science Fiction ( 61 -- 71 ) . p. 69 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ JPL Pioneer Mission Archived 28 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Lunar Impact `` Lunar Missions 1958 through 1965 '' ( PDF ) . Nasa History Series . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 4 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 6 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 5 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 7 Details '' . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 8 Details '' . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 9 Details '' . ^ Jump up to : `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 1 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NASA -- NSSDC -- Spacecraft -- Ranger 2 Details '' . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Astronautix Luna E-6 '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Moon Exploration '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 17 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Burrows , William E. ( 1999 ) . This New Ocean : The Story of the First Space Age . Modern Library . p. 432 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75485 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Mission of Luna 16 Jump up ^ `` In the Shadow of the Moon '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` White House ' Lost In Space ' Scenarios '' . thesmokinggun.com . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Arthur C. Clarke '' . Jump up ^ `` Apollo TV Tapes : The Search Continues '' . space.com . Retrieved 8 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The American Flags On The Moon Have All Turned White -- Business Insider '' . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo Moon Landing Flags Still Standing , Photos Reveal '' . Space.com . Retrieved 10 October 2014 Jump up ^ Hiten , NSSDC , NASA . Accessed on line 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eureka ! Ice Found At Lunar Poles '' . NASA . 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 29 December 2012 . Jump up ^ SMART 1 , NSSDC , NASA . Accessed on line 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KAGUYA Lunar Impact '' . JAXA . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese probe crashes into moon '' , BBC News , 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chandrayaan - I Impact Probe lands on the Moon '' . The Times of India . 15 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's LCROSS Mission Changes Impact Crater '' . NASA . 2009 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ TheStar.com , `` NASA crashes rocket into moon '' . Jump up ^ `` Moon - bound twin GRAIL spacecraft launch success - EarthSky.org '' . Jump up ^ Spaceflight101 Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` First of NASA 's GRAIL Spacecraft Enters Moon Orbit '' . NASA . Retrieved 1 January 2012 . Jump up ^ GRAIL Twins crash into the Moon to complete highly successful Mission Archived 11 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer ( LADEE ) '' . National Space Science Data Center Master Catalog . NASA . Jump up ^ Chang , Kenneth ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` With Planned Crash , NASA Lunar Mission Comes to End '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Marcia ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` NASA 's Moon - Orbiting Robot Crashes Down as Planned '' . ABC News . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Neal - Jones , Nancy ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` NASA 's LRO Spacecraft Captures Images of LADEE 's Impact Crater '' . NASA . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dwayne ; Hoover , Rachel ; Washington , Dewayne ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` NASA Completes LADEE Mission with Planned Impact on Moon 's Surface '' . NASA.gov . Release 14 -- 113 . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` China lands Jade Rabbit robot rover on Moon '' . BBC . 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Simon Denyer ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` China carries out first soft landing on moon in 37 years '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` China to Launch Lunar Probe Chang'e - 2 before 2011 '' . english.cas.ac.cn . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` Three new Indian payloads for Chandrayaan 2 , decides ISRO '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Payloads for Chandrayaan - 2 Mission Finalised '' . Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) . ISRO. 30 August 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 October 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ИКИ : РФ начнет запуск автоматических станций к Луне в 2018 году '' . Jump up ^ `` Lavochkin begins phase B work for Luna - Glob 1 orbiter '' . http://www.flightglobal.com . Retrieved 29 September 2009 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ K , Jayalakshmi ( 27 June 2015 ) . `` Russia to place man on Moon by 2030 leaving Mars to Nasa '' . Jump up ^ `` Lunar Precursor Robotic Program '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 21 April 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About Google Lunar X prize '' . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . Puli Space Technologies . 4 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Two Google Lunar XPRIZE Teams Announce Rideshare Partnership For Mission To The Moon In 2016 '' . xprize.org . Xprize Foundation . 23 February 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Hakuto ( ... and fellow competitor ) Astrobotic ( will ) carry a pair of rovers to the moon . Astrobotic plans to launch its Google Lunar XPRIZE mission on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Cape Canaveral , Fla. , during the second half of 2016 . HAKUTO 's twin rovers , Moonraker and Tetris , will piggyback on Astrobotic 's Griffin lander to reach the lunar surface . Upon touchdown , the rovers will be released simultaneously ... in pursuit of the $20 M Google Lunar XPRIZE Grand Prize . Jump up ^ Loren Grush ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` Race to Mine the Moon Heats Up '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Moon Will Get Its Own Mobile Phone Network in 2019 '' . Space.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Nokia is selected by Vodafone to be its technology partner for Mission to the Moon project Nokia '' . Nokia . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : 8 Moon - Landing Hoax Myths -- Busted '' . National Geographic . 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 11 Experiment Still Going Strong after 35 Years '' , JPL 20 July 2004 . Jump up ^ `` LRO Sees Apollo Landing Sites '' . NASA . 17 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . External links NASA 's page on moon landings , missions , etc. ( includes information on other space agencies ' missions . ) Moon missions ( United States ) at Curlie Project Apollo Archive Flickr Gallery : an independently organized collection of high - res photos for the Moon Landing and the Apollo Missions . Spacecraft missions to the Moon Exploration programs American Apollo Commercial Lunar Payload Services Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Chinese ( Chang'e ) Indian ( Chandrayaan ) Japanese Russian Luna - Glob Soviet Crewed Luna Lunokhod Zond Active missions Orbiters ARTEMIS Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Chang'e 5 - T1 ( service module ) Chang'e 4 Queqiao data relay Longjiang - 2 astronomy probe Past missions Flybys Luna 1 / Mechta Pioneer 4 Luna 3 Ranger 5 Zond 3 5 6 7 Apollo 13 Zond 8 Mariner 10 ICE Geotail WIND AsiaSat - 3 / HGS - 1 Nozomi WMAP STEREO Chang'e 5 - T1 Xiaofei 4M TESS Longjiang - 1 Orbiters Luna 10 Lunar Orbiter 1 Luna 11 12 Lunar Orbiter 2 Explorer 35 Lunar Orbiter 5 Luna 14 Apollo 8 10 PFS - 1 Luna 19 PFS - 2 Explorer 49 Luna 22 Hiten Clementine Lunar Prospector SMART - 1 SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) Chang'e 1 Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 2 GRAIL ( Ebb & Flow ) LADEE Impactors Luna 2 Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Moon Impact Probe LCROSS Landers Chang'e 3 Luna 9 Surveyor 1 Luna 13 Surveyor 3 Surveyor 5 6 7 LEM × 6 ALSEP ( × 5 ) , EASEP Luna 17 21 Rovers Lunokhod 1 Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 2 Yutu Sample return Apollo 11 12 Luna 16 Apollo 14 15 Luna 20 Apollo 16 17 Luna 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 List of Apollo astronauts Future missions EM - 1 ( 2020 ) Orion ArgoMoon BioSentinel Cislunar Explorers CuSP CU - E EQUULEUS LunaH - Map Lunar Flashlight Lunar IceCube NEA Scout OMOTENASHI SkyFire Team Miles Luna - Glob Luna 25 ( 2021 ) Luna 26 ( 2022 ) Luna 27 ( 2023 ) Luna 28 Luna 29 Others Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) Sparrow ( 2019 ) Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2019 ) Chang'e 5 ( 2019 ) MX - 1E ( 2019 ) PTScientists ( 2019 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AEM rover / Uni ( 2020 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) ispace M1 ( 2020 ) M2 ( 2021 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) DESTINY ( 2022 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) dearMoon Project ( 2023 ) EM - 3 ( 2024 ) Proposed missions Blue Origin Blue Moon BOLAS DSE - Alpha Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Platform - Gateway Lunar Orbital Station Synergy Moon TeamIndus Cancelled projects Altair Baden - Württemberg 1 European Lunar Explorer International Lunar Network LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Lander Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonLITE MoonRise Prospector Resource Prospector SELENE - 2 Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of lunar probes List of missions to the Moon List of artificial objects on the Moon Moon landing conspiracy theories Missions are ordered by launch date . Crewed missions are in italics . Manned lunar spacecraft Orbiters Retired Apollo Command / Service Module Cancelled LK - 1 / LK - 700 ( VA ) Zond ( Soyuz 7K - L1 ) LOK ( Soyuz 7K - L3 ) Future Orion Federation Landers Retired Apollo Lunar Module Cancelled Lunniy Korabl Altair See also Moon landing conspiracy theories List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon People who have walked on the Moon Neil Armstrong ( CDR , Apollo 11 ) Buzz Aldrin ( LMP , Apollo 11 ) Pete Conrad ( CDR , Apollo 12 ) Alan Bean ( LMP , Apollo 12 ) Alan Shepard ( CDR , Apollo 14 ) Edgar Mitchell ( LMP , Apollo 14 ) David Scott ( CDR , Apollo 15 ) James Irwin ( LMP , Apollo 15 ) John Young ( CDR , Apollo 16 ) Charles Duke ( LMP , Apollo 16 ) Gene Cernan ( CDR , Apollo 17 ) Harrison Schmitt ( LMP , Apollo 17 ) Moon landing Apollo program Apollo Lunar Module Lunar Roving Vehicle The Moon Physical properties Internal structure Topography Atmosphere Gravity field Hill sphere Magnetic field Sodium tail Moonlight Earthshine Orbit Lunar distance Orbital elements Distance Perigee and apogee Nodes Nodal period Precession Syzygy New moon Full moon Eclipses Lunar eclipse Total penumbral lunar eclipse Tetrad Solar eclipse Solar eclipses on the Moon Eclipse cycle Supermoon Tide Tidal force Tidal locking Tidal acceleration Tidal range Lunar mansion Surface and features Selenography Terminator Hemispheres Near side Far side Poles North pole South pole Face Maria List Mountains Peak of eternal light Valleys Volcanic features Domes Calderas Craters List Ray systems Crater of eternal darkness Shackleton crater South Pole -- Aitken basin Soil Swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Water Space weathering Micrometeorite Sputtering Quakes Transient lunar phenomenon Science Observation Libration Lunar theory Origin Giant - impact hypothesis Theia Lunar magma ocean Geology Timescale Late Heavy Bombardment Lunar meteorites KREEP Experiments Lunar laser ranging ALSEP Lunar sample displays Apollo 11 Apollo 17 Exploration Missions Apollo program Probes Landing Conspiracy theories Colonization Tourism Time - telling and navigation Lunar calendar Lunisolar calendar Month Lunar month Nodal period Fortnight Sennight Lunar mansion Lunar distance Phases and names New Full Names Crescent Super and micro Blood Blue Black Dark Wet Tetrad Related topics Lunar effect Moon illusion Pareidolia Man in the Moon Moon rabbit Craters named after people Memorials on the Moon Moon in fiction Moon in mythology Hjúki and Bil `` Moon is made of green cheese '' Natural satellite Double planet Lilith ( hypothetical second moon ) Moon portal Earth sciences portal Solar System portal GND : 4170439 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_landing&oldid=866491906 '' Categories : Exploration of the Moon History of television Missions to the Moon 1959 introductions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Wikipedia articles with style issues from January 2016 All articles with style issues Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español فارسی Français 贛 語 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Patois Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Winaray 吴语 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 17 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time we went to the moo | [
"\n\n\nMission name\n\nLunar lander\n\nLunar landing date\n\nLunar liftoff date\n\nLunar landing site\n\nDuration on lunar surface\n\nCrew\n\nNumber of EVAs\n\nTotal EVA Time (HH:MM)\n\n\nApollo 11\n\nEagle\n\n20 July 1969\n\n21 July 1969\n\nSea of Tranquility\n\n21:31\n\nNeil Armstrong, Edwin \"Buzz\" Aldrin\n\n1\n\n2:31\n\n\nApollo 12\n\nIntrepid\n\n19 November 1969\n\n21 November 1969\n\nOcean of Storms\n\n1-day, 7:31\n\nCharles \"Pete\" Conrad, Alan Bean\n\n2\n\n7:45\n\n\nApollo 14\n\nAntares\n\n5 February 1971\n\n6 February 1971\n\nFra Mauro\n\n1-day, 9:30\n\nAlan B. Shepard, Edgar Mitchell\n\n2\n\n9:21\n\n\nApollo 15\n\nFalcon\n\n30 July 1971\n\n2 August 1971\n\nHadley Rille\n\n2 days, 18:55\n\nDavid Scott, James Irwin\n\n3\n\n18:33\n\n\nApollo 16\n\nOrion\n\n21 April 1972\n\n24 April 1972\n\nDescartes Highlands\n\n2 days, 23:02\n\nJohn Young, Charles Duke\n\n3\n\n20:14\n\n\nApollo 17\n\nChallenger\n\n11 December 1972\n\n14 December 1972\n\nTaurus–Littrow\n\n3 days, 2:59\n\nEugene Cernan, Harrison \"Jack\" Schmitt\n\n3\n\n22:04\n\n"
] | [
"1972"
] |
-7381399191969369921 | The Ranch (TV series) | The Ranch ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Ranch ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Ranch Genre Sitcom Created by Don Reo Jim Patterson Starring Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Debra Winger Sam Elliott Elisha Cuthbert Opening theme `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' by Lukas Nelson and Shooter Jennings Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Don Reo Jim Patterson Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Jane Wiseman Blair Fetter Andy Weil Jerry Anglin Producer ( s ) Jamie Rhonheimer Steve Tompkins Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 28 -- 34 minutes Production company ( s ) Ranch Hand Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Debra Winger , Elisha Cuthbert , and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix . The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch in the fictitious small town of Garrison , Colorado ; detailing the life of the Bennetts , a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers , their rancher father , and his divorced wife and local bar owner . While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray , Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties , The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank , California . Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts , each containing 10 episodes . All episodes are named after American country music songs , predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one , George Strait in part two , Tim McGraw in part three , and Garth Brooks in part four : the first ten episodes premiered on April 1 , 2016 , the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7 , 2016 . In April 2016 , Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes , the first half of which premiered on June 16 , 2017 , and the second half was released on December 15 , 2017 . On July 4 , 2017 , Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes to air in 2018 . In December 2017 , a week before the release of the second - half of the second season , it was announced Masterson had been written out of the show following multiple sexual assault allegations made against him , and will appear in only the first 10 episodes of the third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guests 1.4 Cameos 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ashton Kutcher as Colt Bennett , a former high school and college football star who returns to his hometown after a fifteen - year absence for a tryout , but ultimately helps his father and older brother on their family ranch . Colt is frequently the butt of jokes from his father and brother , particularly when it comes to his ranching skills ( or lack thereof ) and his disappointing pro football career . He is a heavy drinker and has a penchant for not using common sense , but he seems to have a heart of gold and tries to do right by others . Based on his various T - shirts and dialogue throughout the first season , it 's implied that Colt has played for the Barcelona Dragons , San Jose SaberCats , Spokane Shock , Orlando Predators , Nebraska Danger , Iowa Barnstormers , Minnesota Axemen and Philadelphia Soul . Dialogue also states that he was a member of teams in Canada , notably the fictional Saskatoon Cold ( `` Like the Miami Heat ... only cold '' ) and Alaska , as well as that he was in the practice squad of the Buffalo Bills . He also states in the first episode he was the back up of the back up of the back up for Florida State and won the championship in 1999 . Danny Masterson as Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett , Colt 's older brother . He has lived and worked on the ranch since Colt left to follow his football career , at times showing a bitter attitude for the burden of responsibility this caused him . Despite living in Colt 's shadow he is far more competent on the ranch as well as a more level headed thinker . He has however been just as irresponsible as Colt , drinking too much and sleeping around . ( seasons 1 - 3 ) Debra Winger as Margaret `` Maggie '' Bennett , owner of Maggie 's , and Colt and Rooster 's mother . Maggie is divorced from Beau and lives in a trailer behind the bar she owns . Much more lighthearted and caring than Beau , her company and advice is often sought out by the boys on how to deal with problems , especially those concerning their father . Maggie is something of a hippie and is an avid marijuana smoker . Elisha Cuthbert as Abigail `` Abby '' Phillips , a Garrison High School history teacher and Colt 's high school and current girlfriend . Abby was in a five - year relationship with Kenny and was briefly engaged to him , but ultimately she broke it off and hooked back up with Colt . ( recurring , season 1 ; main cast , season 2 - present ) Sam Elliott as Beau Bennett , Maggie 's ex-husband , and Colt and Rooster 's father . A Vietnam War veteran , he has worked the ranch since returning from the war and taking it over after his father died . Beau is difficult to get along with , perpetually annoyed with everyone and everything . He detests many modern amenities and is easily angered by his sons ' antics . Beau appears to be a Republican with a special affinity for Ronald Reagan but at times seems to despise all politicians regardless of affiliation . Recurring ( edit ) Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers , a hearing - impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau 's Grady Lee Richmond as Hank , a regular Maggie 's patron Bret Harrison as Kenneth `` Kenny '' Ballard , a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby 's ex-fiancé Megyn Price as Mary Roth , a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster 's older girlfriend Kelli Goss as Heather Roth , Mary 's younger daughter and Colt 's ex-girlfriend , was pregnant with their child . Molly McCook as Darlene Roth , Mary 's older daughter Kathy Baker as Joanne , a Cracker Barrel waitress , Mary 's friend , and potential new love interest for Beau Ethan Suplee as `` Beer Pong Billy '' Tompkins , a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster 's Aimee Teegarden as Nikki , Heather 's friend and Billy 's fiancée Chasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers , a sexy weather reporter and Kenny 's current girlfriend Laura Vallejo as Maria , a Maggie 's waitress Sharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders , a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated Maggie Lawson as Jen the engineer , who wants to build a pipeline underneath the Bennett Ranch . Special guests ( edit ) Jon Cryer as Bill Jensen , a loan officer and former high school football referee Wilmer Valderrama as Umberto , a former Iron River ranch hand , former employee of Neumann 's Hill at the My Little Pony Ranch . He is Rooster and Colt 's friend . Currently deported . Martin Mull as Jerry , Maggie 's sometimes acid - tripping attorney John Amos as Ed Bishop , a longtime family friend of the Bennetts and a Neumann 's Hill employee Thomas F. Wilson as Coach Fitzgerald , the Garrison High School head football coach Debra Jo Rupp as Janice Phillips , Abby 's mother ( Season 2 ) Jim Beaver as Chuck Phillips , Abby 's father , who like Janice is disdainful of Abby 's relationship with Colt ( Season 2 ) Conchata Ferrell as Shirley ( Season 2 ) Lou Diamond Phillips as Clint , a traveling musician attracted to Maggie ( Season 2 ) Kurtwood Smith as Sam Peterson , neighbor of the Iron River Ranch ( Season 2 ) Cameos ( edit ) Joe Firstman Pearl Charles Kurt Neumann Bukka Allen Sam Hawksley Thomas Rhett Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 20 10 April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 10 October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 20 10 June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 10 December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 1 `` Back Where I Come From '' David Trainer Don Reo & Jim Patterson April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) When Colt Bennett returns home from Canada to try out for a semipro Denver team , he learns that his family 's ranch has fallen on hard times . `` Some People Change '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt runs into an ex at Maggie 's bar and reminisces with Rooster over a bottle of whiskey . Getting back in Beau 's good graces is a losing battle . `` The Boys of Fall '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) When his inflated ego lands him in hot water , Colt realizes he 's not the big man on campus anymore . Beau 's doctor makes him trade in steak for salad . `` Got a Little Crazy '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt smooths things over with Abby . When Maggie drags Beau to the Marriott for a romantic evening , the guys have some fun back at the house . 5 5 `` American Kids '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Rooster and Colt 's long - simmering rivalry comes to a head on the first day of hunting season . But their bickering has an upside for Beau and Maggie . 6 6 `` Better as a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Abby gets a taste of her own medicine after a hazy night of drinking . Beau warms to the idea of mending fences with Maggie . 7 7 `` I Ca n't Go There '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt figures out what he wants from Heather . A sick calf gives Beau an excuse to avoid dealing with his feelings -- and creates some unexpected bonds . 8 8 `` Til It 's Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) The ranch 's dwindling finances drive a wedge between Beau and the boys , and Colt goes behind his father 's back to ask Maggie for help . 9 9 `` There Goes My Life '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Max Searle & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Heather sets up Rooster with her sister , but Colt 's afraid he 'll ruin a good thing . Maggie and Beau air their dirty laundry at marriage counseling . 10 10 `` Down the Road '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt and Rooster worry when Beau has a change of heart about the calves . But that 's just the beginning of the surprises that await the Bennett clan . Part 2 11 `` Gone as a Girl Can Get '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) An angry Beau clears Maggie 's things out of the house . Colt tries to sort out his feelings for Abby and Heather . 12 `` Living and Living Well '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt struggles to keep his relationship with Abby under wraps . The boys make a big purchase and try to sell Beau on a business opportunity . 13 `` Sittin ' on the Fence '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Tompkins October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau 's depressed over Maggie , so Mary tries to fix him up with a friend . Colt wonders when Abby 's going to follow through on her promise . 14 `` Let 's Fall to Pieces Together '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) While Rooster tries to broker peace between Beau and Maggie , Colt apologizes to Heather -- but his timing could n't be worse . 15 5 `` I Know She Still Loves Me '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau and Maggie come to a decision about their relationship , but they do n't see eye to eye on the ranch . The boys take Kenny out drinking . 16 6 `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Rooster and Colt try to prove themselves to Beau , but he does n't have much faith in them . Colt gets jealous when he sees Abby and Kenny together . 17 7 `` I 've Come to Expect It from You '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt plans a special date with Abby . Rooster vents his frustrations to Maggie , while Joanne gives Beau some sage advice . 18 8 `` The Cowboy Rides Away '' David Trainer Story by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau tries to make amends with the boys , but it may be too little , too late . A job offer drives a wedge between Rooster and Colt . 19 9 `` Leavin 's Been Comin ' ( For a Long , Long Time ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Steve Tompkins Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Maggie stands up for Rooster when Beau kicks him out of the house . Meanwhile , Colt is torn between his brother and his father . 20 10 `` Merry Christmas ( Wherever You Are ) '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt realizes what he wants for his future , Beau and Maggie find some closure , and the gang celebrates Christmas at the bar . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 3 21 `` My Next Thirty Years '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) After Heather drops a bombshell , a visit from Abby 's parents is the last thing Colt needs -- and they all end up at church together on Christmas Eve . 22 `` Things Change '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Heather makes a decision about the pregnancy . Mary reads Rooster the riot act for keeping it a secret , and Colt struggles with how to tell Abby . 23 `` Take Me Away from Here '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Max Searle & Steve Leff June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) After a heart - to - heart with Maggie , Colt steps up and supports Heather . Meanwhile , the tension between Rooster and Beau takes a toll on Maggie . 24 `` She 'll Have You Back '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nikki Schiefelbein June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Abby agrees to give Colt a chance , but her father is n't as forgiving . Beau and Rooster go to a cattle auction . Maggie thinks about selling the bar . 25 5 `` My Best Friend '' David Trainer Story by : Ashton Kutcher & Carla Filisha Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jamie Rhonheimer June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) The guys wind up in hot water after an ice fishing trip . Beau takes Brenda out to dinner , but Maggie 's not far from his mind . 26 6 `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Max Williger June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Emotions run high when Abby and Heather fight , leaving Colt caught in the middle . Rooster faces the consequences of blowing off work . 27 7 `` One of Those Nights '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jason Zumwalt June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) During a snowstorm , Colt and Abby head out of town , Beau and Joanne get cozy at the ranch , and Maggie meets a charming stranger . 28 8 `` I Did n't Ask and She Did n't Say '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Colt gets possessive when Heather starts dating a teacher . Abby gives Beau relationship advice . Maggie has a business proposition for Rooster . 29 9 `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) As Heather 's medical bills roll in , Colt realizes how expensive it is having a baby . A surprise visitor at the bar sweeps Maggie off her feet . 30 10 `` Ca n't Really Be Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Colt 's new responsibilities keep him away from Abby . After a memorable night , Maggie ponders what she wants for her future . Part 4 31 `` Learning to Live Again '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Colt wants to buy Sam Peterson 's ranch -- with or without his family 's blessing . Colt and Heather have a heart - to - heart about their loss . 32 `` Wrapped Up in You '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Wondering if he 's ready to marry Abby , Colt seeks romantic advice from an unlikely source : Beau . Rooster hires a flaky new waitress . 33 `` Rodeo and Juliet '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Max Searle Teleplay by : Carla Filisha & Steve Leff December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Beau ponders a lucrative business offer . Rooster runs afoul of the liquor board . Colt tries to make peace with Abby 's Dad . 34 `` Much Too Young ( To Feel this Old ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Matt Ross Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Colt and Abby start planning their wedding , but they do n't see eye to eye . Joanne confesses she still has feelings for Beau . 35 5 `` More Than a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Abby moves in with Colt and Beau when she learns she 's losing her job . Rooster and Jen the engineer bond over getting dumped . 36 6 `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' David Trainer Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Back in town , Maggie frets about how Rooster 's been running the bar . Abby considers a career change . 37 7 `` Do What You Gotta Do '' David Trainer Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) A job opportunity in Denver threatens to drive a wedge between Colt and Abby . Maggie pushes back about the pipeline . 38 8 `` Big Money '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Maggie takes a stand that lands her in hot water . Colt and Rooster come up with a plan to buy the Peterson ranch , but they need Beau 's buy - in . 39 9 `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Beau shrugs off the doctor 's orders and resists the family 's efforts to help him . Meanwhile , Colt lashes out at Maggie . 40 10 `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Beau leaves the boys hanging about the Peterson ranch . Rooster takes Jen on a date . Colt and Abby fight about their future . Reception ( edit ) The Ranch has been met with mixed reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an approval rating of 56 % based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A formulaic set - up and predictable plotting are elevated by The Ranch 's surprising sensitivity and strong performances . '' Metacritic gave the series a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Writing for Slate in a positive review , television critic Willa Paskin wrote of the show , `` The Ranch is a red - state sitcom , though it takes place in the swing state of Colorado , and is good enough to be watched by people of any political affiliation '' and `` The goodness sneaks up on you . '' Los Angeles Times wrote : `` ( Elliott and Winger 's ) scenes together , as restrained as they are , are the show 's most emotionally resonant . You will want to check them out . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' offers up a country - heavy soundtrack '' . The Rowdy. April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson Team For Netflix Comedy ' The Ranch ' '' . Variety . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher & Danny Masterson To Star In Netflix Series From ' 2.5 Men ' Duo '' . Deadline . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Villareal , Yvonne ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher bucks conventions on his Netflix sitcom ' The Ranch ' and ponders reviving ' That ' 70s Show ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASHTON KUTCHER AND DANNY MASTERSON STARRING IN NEW NETFLIX SITCOM , THE RANCH '' . IGN . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - ranch , the on netflix '' . The Futon Critic. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher Sitcom ' The Ranch ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick . `` The Ranch season 2 release date announcement '' . netflixlife.com . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' Part 4 Release Date Revealed '' . Streaming . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Olin , Bryce ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 3 '' . Netflix Life . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Danny Masterson Fired From Netflix 's The Ranch Amid Sexual Assault Claims , Vows To Clear His Name `` Once And For All '' `` . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's new multicamera sitcom is engineered to compete with network TV . And it 's good '' . Slate ( magazine ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' is an old - fashioned sitcom , but Sam Elliott and Debra Winger make it worth watching '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . External links ( edit ) The Ranch on IMDb ( hide ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Love Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Trollhunters Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World Devilman Crybaby My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Rain ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Jinn ( 2019 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) The Last Kids on Earth ( 2019 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Chambers ( TBA ) Nightflyers ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Innocents ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Politician ( TBA ) The Prince of Peoria ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) The Witcher ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Tuca & Bertie ( TBA ) Unbelievable ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ranch_(TV_series)&oldid=825601832 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American sitcoms English - language television programs Netflix original programming Television series created by Don Reo Television shows set in Colorado Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 09 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the second season of the ranch come out | [
"All episodes are named after American country music songs, predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one, George Strait in part two, Tim McGraw in part three, and Garth Brooks in part four:[5] the first ten episodes premiered on April 1, 2016,[6][7] the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7, 2016. In April 2016, Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes,[8][9] the first half of which premiered on June 16, 2017,[10] and the second half was released on December 15, 2017.[11]"
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"June 16, 2017"
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3384619216900983571 | Fair Housing Act | Fair Housing Act - wikipedia Fair Housing Act For the 1963 California law , see Rumford Fair Housing Act . The Fair Housing Act is a federal act in the United States intended to protect the buyer or renter of a dwelling from seller or landlord discrimination . Its primary prohibition makes it unlawful to refuse to sell , rent to , or negotiate with any person because of that person 's inclusion in a protected class . The goal is a unitary housing market in which a person 's background ( as opposed to financial resources ) does not arbitrarily restrict access . Calls for open housing were issued early in the twentieth century , but it was not until after World War II that concerted efforts to achieve it were undertaken . The legislation was the culmination of a civil rights campaign against housing discrimination in the United States and was approved by President Lyndon B. Johnson one week after the assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr . The Fair Housing Act was enacted as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , and codified at 42 U.S.C. 3601 - 3619 , with penalties for violation at 42 U.S.C. 3631 . It is enforced by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development . Contents 1 Summary 2 Enforcement 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Summary ( edit ) The Fair Housing Act ( Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ) introduced meaningful federal enforcement mechanisms . It outlaws : Refusal to sell or rent a dwelling to any person because of race , color , disability , religion , sex , familial status , or national origin . Discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , disability , familial status , or national origin in the terms , conditions or privileges of sale or rental of a dwelling . Advertising the sale or rental of a dwelling indicating preference , limitation , or discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , handicap , familial status , disability or national origin . Coercing , threatening , intimidating , or interfering with a person 's enjoyment or exercise of housing rights based on discriminatory reasons or retaliating against a person or organization that aids or encourages the exercise or enjoyment of fair housing rights . When the Fair Housing Act was first enacted , it prohibited discrimination only on the basis of race , color , religion , and national origin . Sex was added as a protected characteristic in 1974 . In 1988 , disability and familial status ( the presence or anticipated presence of children under 18 in a household ) were added ( further codified in the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ) . In certain circumstances , the law allows limited exceptions for discrimination based on sex , religion , or familial status . In 2017 , a federal judge ruled that sexual orientation and gender identity are protected classes under the Fair Housing Act . As of May 2018 , there is an additional pending effort to amend the Fair Housing Act to make this explicit ( HR 1447 ) . In a meeting on May 16 , 2018 with the National Association of Realtors ( NAR ) , Rep. Dana Rohrabacher ( R - Calif . ) , who is campaigning for his 16th term , said he believed that homeowners should be allowed to refuse to sell their home to gay and lesbian homebuyers . NAR disagreed and withdrew its endorsement of the Congressman over the matter . The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development is the federal executive department with the statutory authority to administer and enforce the Fair Housing Act . The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development has delegated fair housing enforcement and compliance activities to HUD 's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity ( FHEO ) and HUD 's Office of General Counsel . FHEO is one of the United States ' largest federal civil rights agencies . It has a staff of more than 600 people located in 54 offices around the United States . As of August 2017 , the head of FHEO is Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Anna Maria Farias , whose appointment was confirmed on August 3 , 2017 . Individuals who believe they have experienced housing discrimination can file a complaint with FHEO at no charge . FHEO funds and has working agreements with many state and local governmental agencies where `` substantially equivalent '' fair housing laws are in place . Under these agreements , FHEO refers complaints to the state or locality where the alleged incident occurred , and those agencies investigate and process the case instead of FHEO . This is known as FHEO 's Fair Housing Assistance Program ( or `` FHAP '' ) . There is also a network of private , non-profit fair housing advocacy organizations throughout the country . Some are funded by FHEO 's Fair Housing Initiatives Program ( or `` FHIP '' ) , and some operate with private donations or grants from other sources . Victims of housing discrimination need not go through HUD or any other governmental agency to pursue their rights , however . The Fair Housing Act confers jurisdiction to hear cases on federal district courts . The United States Department of Justice also has jurisdiction to file cases on behalf of the United States where there is a pattern and practice of discrimination or where HUD has found discrimination in a case and either party elects to go to federal court instead of continuing in the HUD administrative process . The Fair Housing Act applies to landlords renting or leasing space in their primary residence only if the residence contains living quarters occupied or intended to be occupied by three or more other families living independently of each other , such as an owner - occupied rooming house . Enforcement ( edit ) The Fair Housing Act has been strengthened since its adoption in 1968 , but enforcement continues to be a concern among housing advocates . According to a 2010 evaluation of Analysis of Impediments ( AI ) reports done by the Government Accountability Office , enforcement is particularly inconsistent across local jurisdictions . See also ( edit ) Housing discrimination ( United States ) Stuyvesant Town -- Peter Cooper Village # Controversy - Post-war project that was involved in controversy for refusing to admit African - Americans . Buchanan v. Warley Department of Fair Employment and Housing Civil rights campaign in Seattle ( Fair housing campaign in the 1960s ) Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity ( 1 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Definition of Fair Housing Act of 1968 , Legal Dictionary at TheFreeDictionary.com , Farlex Company . Accessed 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fair Housing - It 's Your Right - HUD '' . Portal.hud.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Title VIII : Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity - HUD '' . Portal.hud.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 40 Years Ago : Fair Housing Act Amended to Prohibit Discrimination on Basis of Sex '' . nlihc.org. 4 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exemptions to the Fair Housing Act ? Not Many -- But Here Are Some '' . Fox Rothschild LLP . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barbash , Fred ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Federal fair housing law protects LGBT couples , court rules for first time '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fair housing ruling : Denver federal Judge Raymond Moore ruled that a landlord 's refusal to rent to a lesbian couple violated federal housing law '' . Washington Post . 5 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1447 - Fair and Equal Housing Act of 2017 '' . Congress.gov . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Wang , Amy ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Refusing to sell homes to gay people is okay , GOP congressman says . Realtors disagree '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PN1349 -- Anna Maria Farias '' . washingtonexaminer.com . Jump up ^ US Government Accountability Office ( 2010 ) . `` Housing and community grants : HUD needs to enhance its requirements and oversight of jurisdictions ' fair housing plans '' . External links ( edit ) File a housing discrimination complaint The National Fair Housing Advocate Online The National Fair Housing Alliance HUD 's Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity Southern California Housing Rights Center The Fair Housing Center of Southeast & Mid Michigan Fair Housing Blog LCCN : n2016014738 VIAF : 8146094286100332188 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_Housing_Act&oldid=849546738 '' Categories : United States federal civil rights legislation Housing in the United States Housing legislation in the United States Anti-discrimination law in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when did the fair housing act became law | [
"The Fair Housing Act has been strengthened since its adoption in 1968, but enforcement continues to be a concern among housing advocates. According to a 2010 evaluation of Analysis of Impediments (AI) reports done by the Government Accountability Office, enforcement is particularly inconsistent across local jurisdictions.[11]\n"
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1321288238189971062 | Rizzoli & Isles | Rizzoli & Isles - Wikipedia Rizzoli & Isles Jump to : navigation , search Rizzoli & Isles Genre Police procedural crime drama Based on Rizzoli & Isles novel series by Tess Gerritsen Developed by Janet Tamaro Starring Angie Harmon Sasha Alexander Lee Thompson Young Jordan Bridges Bruce McGill Lorraine Bracco Brian Goodman Idara Victor Adam Sinclair Composer ( s ) James S. Levine Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 105 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bill Haber Janet Tamaro Michael M. Robin Joel Fields Michael Zinberg Jan Nash Ken Hanes Antoinette Stella Michael Sardo Charles Grant Craig Julie Hebert Jeff Hayes Location ( s ) Los Angeles Running time 45 -- 55 minutes Production company ( s ) Hurdler Productions Ostar Entertainment Warner Horizon Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network TNT Original release July 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 12 ) -- September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) External links Website www.tntdrama.com/shows/rizzoli-isles.html Rizzoli & Isles is a TNT television series starring Angie Harmon as police detective Jane Rizzoli and Sasha Alexander as medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles . The one - hour drama is based on the Rizzoli & Isles series of novels by Tess Gerritsen . It premiered on July 12 , 2010 , and aired 105 episodes in seven seasons , concluding on September 5 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 3 Cast and characters 3.1 Main characters 3.2 Recurring cast and characters 4 Broadcast 5 Reception 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 7.1 Works cited 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Further information : List of Rizzoli & Isles episodes The series ' backstory is inspired by the Maura Isles / Jane Rizzoli series of novels by Tess Gerritsen . Rizzoli appears in the series ' first novel , The Surgeon , and Isles is introduced in the second , The Apprentice , which serves as the basis for the television series . Boston detective Jane Rizzoli has been investigating a serial killer named Charles Hoyt . Hoyt , who was banned from medical school for fondling a corpse , used his vast medical knowledge to systematically torture and kill people , usually choosing couples so that he could induce the most fear in his victims . Jane ascertains Hoyt 's location , but as she is searching for him , she is hit in the back of the head and knocked unconscious . She is pinned to the floor by scalpels and awakes as Hoyt prepares to cut her throat , but Vince Korsak , Jane 's partner , locates her and shoots Hoyt , saving her life . Jane , reasoning that Korsak would never trust her as his partner after seeing her so vulnerable , applies for a new partner . The series pilot , `` See One . Do One . Teach One '' , is largely based on the novel The Apprentice . Jane and medical examiner Maura Isles investigate a killer with Hoyt 's modus operandi plus an interest in necrophilia . Jane and Maura discover that the copycat was John Stark ( Brendan McCarthy ) , a soldier who met Hoyt in medical school , had his identity erased for CIA black operations , and mimicked Hoyt 's MO in a killing spree during said operations . Meanwhile , Hoyt escapes from prison and rejoins his apprentice to continue in his killing . Later , Jane 's home is broken into , and she is told by someone posing as part of BPD that her neighbor had been killed ; she rushes into the van to see the body but finds Hoyt instead . Hoyt and his apprentice knock her out and kidnap her . When she wakes up they attempt to kill her , but she manages to disarm them by Tasing them and burning Hoyt 's eye with a flare . In self - defense , she shoots the apprentice to death , and , when Hoyt reaches for her gun , she shoots him through the hands , giving him injuries similar to the ones he gave her . New twists are introduced when Jane and Maura discover that a recent murder victim is actually Maura 's previously unknown half - brother , resulting in her discovery that her father is notorious criminal Patrick Doyle . Hoyt returns 18 months later through another apprentice , Lola , in `` I 'm Your Boogie Man '' . Having murdered Lola 's abusive husband two years earlier , Hoyt uses her Stockholm syndrome to his advantage and uses her to stalk Jane . Lola seduces and captures Frankie Rizzoli before tying Jane up . She plans to kidnap Jane until Hoyt can escape from prison , but Jane manages to distract Lola long enough for Frankie to kill Lola with her own revolver . Hoyt returns again when he arranges for another inmate to be stabbed while he is dying of cancer , luring Jane into the prison so that he can taunt her about another unsolved murder he committed . While speaking to Jane in the prison infirmary , Hoyt tells her to look at what he is reading -- Tess Gerritsen 's novel The Silent Girl . Although she manages to find the bodies of his victims -- the family of an old college professor of Hoyt 's who was unaware of his expulsion -- Hoyt , aided by a third apprentice , manages to capture Jane and Maura , only to have Jane beat Hoyt and then stab him when he and his apprentice try to kill Maura . Production ( edit ) The untitled project was on TNT 's development slate as early as March 2008 . In October 2009 , TNT placed a cast - contingent pilot order under the original title , Rizzoli . The pilot script was written by Janet Tamaro . Angie Harmon was the first actress cast , taking the title role of police detective Jane Rizzoli . Sasha Alexander won the role of medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles after auditioning with Harmon . Bruce McGill signed as Rizzoli 's former partner , Sgt . Vince Korsak. Lee Thompson Young was cast as her new partner , Barry Frost . The role of Rizzoli 's younger brother Frankie was filled by Jordan Bridges . Lorraine Bracco signed on as Rizzoli 's mother , Angela . In early 2010 , Billy Burke was announced as FBI agent Gabriel Dean . In late January 2010 , TNT green - lighted the pilot to series with the new title Rizzoli & Isles . Ten episodes were ordered and the show premiered on July 12 , 2010 . The series is produced on the Paramount Pictures lot in Hollywood , California . Owing to a sponsorship deal between MillerCoors and Turner Broadcasting for the summer 2010 season , the series included product placement for MGD 64 , including billboards in the backgrounds of some scenes . The first season was additionally sponsored by Vonage . After having aired three episodes in 2010 , the series was renewed for a second season , which aired from July 11 to December 26 , 2011 . In August 2011 , TNT ordered a third season , which aired from June 5 through December 25 , 2012 . On June 29 , 2012 , TNT ordered a fourth season , which aired from June 25 , 2013 , through March 18 , 2014 . On December 9 , 2014 , TNT renewed Rizzoli & Isles for an 18 - episode sixth season . In August 2013 , production on the fourth season was suspended when cast member Lee Thompson Young was found dead at his Los Angeles apartment from a self - inflicted gunshot wound . In the second half of the fifth season , a new character , crime scene analyst Nina Holiday , played by Idara Victor , was introduced . Series executive producer Jan Nash stated that Nina would not replace Young 's character , Frost , but is her own character . Instead , the existing characters were given `` new dynamics '' , according to Nash . For example , Jane and Korsak work more cases together , and Frankie is more involved and has more access . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main characters ( edit ) Jane Clementine Rizzoli ( Angie Harmon ) : a Boston detective in the Homicide Unit . From an Italian American family , Jane is brash , brilliant , and often prickly but also a confident and independent woman . She is the tomboy daughter of an overprotective mother . She is extremely competitive , especially with her younger brother , Frankie ( also a cop ) , who is often caught in her shadow . Jane can tackle a perp like a linebacker . She rarely lets her guard down with anyone , except her best friend , Maura Isles . She is something of a slob ; her apartment has been shown on several occasions to be quite messy , and in one episode she claimed to have just opened a box of cereal five years after originally buying it . As a child , she was slightly chubby , earning her the nickname `` Roly - Poly Rizzoli '' . She mentioned in one episode that she played field hockey as an attacker in junior college . She is the eldest Rizzoli sibling , and graduated from high school in 1994 , which puts Jane 's birth year at 1976 . She is hopeless with men and allergic to dogs , but she winds up taking in Jo Friday , a stray dog rescued by her former partner , Korsak . Raised in the blue - collar Boston suburb of Revere , Jane has fought long and hard to win the respect of her colleagues , but it is her relationship with her equally stubborn mother , Angela Rizzoli , that sometimes proves to be her biggest headache . During her time on the force , she had a traumatic experience at the hands of a serial killer known as `` The Surgeon '' , Charles Hoyt . While trying to rescue one of his victims , she was taken by surprise from behind and almost became a victim herself . She has matching scars in the center of her palms where Hoyt stabbed her with scalpels , keeping her pinned to the ground . Her original partner , Vince Korsak , saved her life , and Jane survived the brutal , near - death attack by Hoyt . Although she put Hoyt behind bars , she is still haunted by him . She learned that she was pregnant at the end of season four , owing to a liaison with her old boyfriend Casey , but lost the baby midway through the fifth season when she was attacked while protecting a key witness in a case . In the final season , Jane takes a new job as an instructor at the FBI Academy in Quantico , Virginia , and works her final case with the Boston PD in the series finale , `` Ocean - Frank '' . Dr. Maura Dorothea Isles ( Sasha Alexander ) : the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ' Chief Medical Examiner . Isles is a forensic expert working at the Boston Police Department . She is Jane 's best friend . Maura is a walking encyclopedia , able to spout out facts regardless of whether or not they are relevant to a case . She has a pet tortoise named Bass , after noted forensic anthropologist William M. Bass . Maura is not easily ruffled and has a steady temperament . She absolutely loves examining dead bodies , but she has a tendency to diagnose living people a little too often . She is the adopted only child of a wealthy family . In high school , she was nicknamed `` Maura - The - Bore - A '' because her classmates thought she was boring . She is always impeccably dressed and is known around the force as `` Queen of the Dead '' ; her ring tone on Jane 's phone appropriately plays Chopin 's `` Funeral March '' . Maura is the complete opposite of Jane , though they are best friends ; Rizzoli is more of a tomboy , while Maura always looks like she is going to a fashion shoot rather than to the morgue or a crime scene . Though Maura is socially awkward and has trouble with men because of her brutal honesty and habit of revealing all their medical conditions , she is not awkward around Jane . She can analyze x-rays and blood chemistries and can slice open muscles and organs but possesses no scalpel with which to dissect human emotions . Maura also can not lie ; if she does , she breaks out in hives . It is later revealed that her biological father is an Irish crime boss named Paddy Doyle , something she finds out while investigating her half - brother 's death . She finds out in the episode `` What Does n't Kill You '' ( 3.1 ) that her father told her biological mother that she died on the day she was born , August 7 , 1976 . She subsequently visited a cemetery containing a gravestone with the name `` Baby Maura Doyle '' on it . In the series finale , `` Ocean - Frank '' , Maura takes a sabbatical from the ME 's office to go to Paris , France , and work on her novel . Angela Rizzoli ( Lorraine Bracco ) : Jane , Frankie and Tommy 's mother . Angela is fiercely protective of her children , saying she has not slept since Jane decided to become a cop . Angela wishes Jane could be a little more feminine and is constantly trying to set her up on dates . After her divorce , she spent some time working in the precinct 's café , and dated Lieutenant Cavanagh , but she quit the job and broke up with Cavanagh when she decided that she needed to re-evaluate her life . She currently works at the bar that Vince Korsak bought and that they all frequent . Vincent `` Vince '' Walter Korsak ( Bruce McGill ) : Rizzoli 's former partner . The two maintain a close bond after years of working together , but Korsak is clearly bothered that he is no longer partnered with Jane . He seems to care for her like a daughter and is nearly as protective of her as Angela is . It is revealed in the series pilot that he saved her life from Hoyt . He will drop whatever he is doing on a moment 's notice to rescue an animal , and enjoys watching videos of dogs on the Internet . After remaining a detective for nearly his entire career , Korsak was finally promoted to sergeant - detective in season two , and took the lieutenant 's exam in season five . In preparing for retirement , Vince bought the local bar that they all frequent , the Dirty Robber , and employed Angela . He was a US Marine and served during the Vietnam War . Korsak has been divorced 3 times , despite the jokes that he is behind the times he is very wise and observant . He also has several hobbies including playing guitar and sailing , Maura has even once before asked him for his expertise on seaman knots and skills . In the series finale , `` Ocean - Frank '' , Korsak retires from the Boston PD after a thirty - two year career . Barold `` Barry '' Frost ( Lee Thompson Young ) ( Seasons 1 - 4 ) : Rizzoli 's second partner . A whiz when it comes to computers and technology , he is terrified of dead bodies and becomes ill at the sight of blood . He is very protective of Jane and stands by her like a loyal , tough partner . In the season five premiere , he is killed in a car accident while returning from vacation . In the season five finale , the team establish the Barry Frost Memorial Scholarship , intended for students who are academically gifted and seek to go into professions that would help others but lack the resources to do so . Francesco `` Frankie '' Rizzoli , Jr . ( Jordan Bridges ) : Jane 's brother and police officer . He looks up to Jane , but does not like feeling caught in her shadow , especially as he tries to make his own way on the police force . Like all the men in Jane 's life , Frankie is more protective of Jane than she would like . He is a cop against his mother 's wishes , and sees his sister as a role model . In season four , Frankie is promoted to detective and starts taking night classes in computer science in season five to increase his skill set in Frost 's absence . In season seven , he begins a romantic relationship with Nina and eventually successfully proposes to her . Sean Cavanaugh ( Brian Goodman ) ( Seasons 3 - 4 , main ; 1 - 2 , 5 , recurring ) : the lieutenant of the Boston PD 's Homicide Unit . Fiercely loyal to Jane and an old friend of Korsak , Sean is willing to bend the rules for his guys . It is later discovered that Sean lost his wife and son in a fire ( set by Paddy Doyle ) back when he and Korsak were rookies . Nina Holiday ( Idara Victor ) ( Seasons 6 - 7 , main ; 5 , recurring ) : a crime scene analyst and computer technician . Formerly a detective , Holiday transferred to Boston Homicide in order to hone her analytical skills in an office - based environment . Following her being shot in the sixth - season finale , Frankie Rizzoli begins a romantic relationship with her and later successfully proposes to her in the seventh . Dr. Kent Drake ( Adam Sinclair ) ( Season 7 , main ; 6 , recurring ) : a lab technician , and Maura 's new assistant starting in the sixth season . In the series finale , `` Ocean - Frank '' , Kent is set to oversee the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ' Medical Examiner 's Office during Maura 's sabbatical . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Annabeth Gish as Alice Sands . Alice was born into a distinguished law enforcement family , but she dropped out of the police academy while Jane was enrolled . Alice was second in her class behind Jane , after having been the best at everything prior to then . This created her dangerous fixation on Jane , which led to Alice inserting herself into a circle of tunnel residents and having them do her bidding . Following a shootout at Korsak 's wedding reception , Jane seems to make a personal vendetta against Alice . Jane ultimately corners Alice , who has taken a teenager hostage , and shoots her dead . This leaves her team to wonder if Jane shot her in the line of duty or an act of vengeance . Tina Huang as Susie Chang , the senior criminalist of the Boston Police Department 's crime laboratory . She has described herself as having a very physical memory ; when circumstances required her to take point in an investigation , she made various dioramas to explain her reasoning . She was killed in the sixth - season episode `` Misconduct '' as part of a complex plan to frame the forensics department for poor handling of a recent case , but the subsequent investigation exposed the killer 's true agenda . Donnie Wahlberg as Lieutenant Joe Grant , an old rival of Jane 's who has known her since childhood . He constantly made fun of her , calling her `` Frog - Face '' and `` Roly - Poly Rizzoli '' because she was slightly chubby when she was younger . When he leaves for Washington , DC after being appointed as the liaison between Boston and Homeland Security , he claims that he had liked her for a very long time . John Doman as Patrick `` Paddy '' Doyle , an Irish - American crime boss and biological father and protector of Maura Isles . Paddy claimed Maura had died as a baby and made sure she was adopted . Jacqueline Bisset as Constance Isles , a visual artist and the adoptive mother of Dr. Maura Isles . She loves Maura but is sorry that they do n't have a close relationship . Colin Egglesfield as Thomas `` Tommy '' Rizzoli : the youngest brother of Jane and Frankie ; he is the youngest of the Rizzoli kids , arrested for running a priest over at a crosswalk on his third DUI violation . He returns to the family fold following his release from prison . As of the season two episode `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' , he is 32 years old . He tries to kiss Maura when he comes back to pay her back for her kindness , but she stops him and he develops a huge crush on Maura as he works on starting a new life . Chris Vance as Charles ( Casey ) Jones , an old flame of Jane 's during high school , reunited with Jane during season two . A US Army officer assigned to the Middle East , he returns to Boston in season three but breaks up with Jane because of injuries that left him partially paralyzed below the waist . He returns in season four 's first episode after a successful operation and proposes to Jane , but when he receives the offer of a promotion to colonel , he decides to stay in the army , leaving Jane behind as she was unwilling to leave her life . He is aware that Jane was pregnant with his child , but respects her decision to raise the child alone as he had also made the choice to return to the army ; she loses the baby midway through the fifth season after being attacked while protecting a witness . Darryl Alan Reed as Rondo , a man with access to information in the criminal world . Although Jane initially dismisses his offer to be her confidential informant , he does become her informant later on and is currently providing Jane with information from the criminal world . He has also been shown to have a comical character persona , similar to Larry Laffer . He frequently hits on Jane , calling her `` Vanilla '' , and eventually develops a friendship with Angela , referring to her as `` Mrs. Vanilla '' . He is revealed to be an ex -- jazz singer in `` This Is How a Heart Breaks '' . Billy Burke as Gabriel Dean , an FBI agent often seen working with the Boston Homicide detectives and Medical Examiner 's Office . He later becomes romantically involved with Detective Jane Rizzoli , but she ends this relationship when he tries to use her as part of a plan to capture Paddy Doyle that forced Jane to shoot Paddy . Chazz Palminteri as Francesco `` Frank '' Rizzoli , Sr. , Jane , Frankie and Tommy 's father . He owns and runs a plumbing business called Rizzoli and Sons . He and Angela separate and then divorce after the first series . He later tries to have their marriage annulled so that he can remarry in a Catholic ceremony . He returns to announce he has stage 2 prostate cancer , and , despite the news , his family finds it difficult to overlook his past transgressions . Matthew Del Negro as Giovanni Gilberti , a dim - witted former classmate of Jane 's and a blue - collar auto mechanic . He is under the impression that Maura and Jane are dating , which Maura came up with in order to save the two of them from Giovanni 's advances . Michael Massee as Charles Hoyt , a former serial killer who stabbed Jane in both hands and continued to threaten Jane , even from behind bars . Hoyt appears in many episodes , including `` See One , Do One , Teach One '' ( episode 1 ) , `` I 'm Your Boogie Man '' , and `` Remember Me '' . In the episode `` See One , Do One , Teach One '' , Hoyt and the apprentice he went to medical school with kidnap Jane . Jane shoots and kills the apprentice and throws a flare at Hoyt . Jane then shoots him in the hands and says , `` We match '' . In the episode `` Remember Me '' , Hoyt , despite dying of cancer , lures Jane and Maura into his hospital room with the aid of a new apprentice with the goal of killing Jane before he dies , but Jane manages to get the upper hand and stabs and kills Hoyt with a scalpel while saying , `` I win '' . Despite his death , he continues to haunt Jane and the team and has been mentioned at least once a season since his death ; when dealing with the murders committed by Dennis Rockmond ( `` Melt My Heart of Stone '' ) , Jane speculates that he may be an apprentice of Hoyt 's due to the ritualistic nature of his crimes , and `` No One Mourns the Wicked '' saw the team deal with a forensic pathologist and her son ( conceived by her father 's abuse ) who were committing murders inspired by Hoyt 's methods . Sharon Lawrence as Hope Martin , Maura 's biological mother , who believed Maura died as a baby . She is a noted forensic pathologist . Emilee Wallace as Cailin Martin , Hope 's daughter and Maura 's half - sister . Maura anonymously donated her kidney to Cailin to save her life . Alexandra Holden as Lydia Sparks , a ditzy young woman who is heavily pregnant when she is befriended by Angela . It is soon revealed that the child she is carrying is either Tommy 's or Angela 's ex-husband Frank 's . Eventually the child is known as TJ , for `` Tommy Junior '' , once a test confirms that Tommy is the father . Jaz Sinclair as Tasha Williams . Broadcast ( edit ) Rizzoli & Isles started to air on GEM in Australia on 000000002010 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2010 . The series started to air on Super Channel in Canada on 000000002010 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2010 . As of 2016 , Superchannel is no longer carrying the show . The series moved to Showcase in Canada on 000000002012 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2012 , on TVNorge in Norway on 000000002010 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2010 , M - Net Series in South Africa on 000000002011 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2011 , and on Warner TV in Singapore on 000000002011 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2011 . Rizzoli & Isles started to air on Alibi in the United Kingdom on 000000002011 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 2011 . A subscription is required . The series second season premiered on 000000002012 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2012 . Season Time slot ( EST ) Number of episodes Premiere Finale TV season Overall rank Overall viewership Date Viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 Rating Date Viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 Rating Monday 10 : 00 pm 10 July 12 , 2010 7.55 September 13 , 2010 6.56 1.5 N / A N / A 15 July 11 , 2011 6.38 1.2 December 26 , 2011 5.79 2011 N / A N / A Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 15 June 5 , 2012 5.62 1.2 December 25 , 2012 4.42 0.8 2012 # 3 7.40 16 June 25 , 2013 6.64 1.4 March 18 , 2014 3.58 0.7 2013 -- 14 N / A N / A 5 18 June 17 , 2014 5.81 1.0 March 17 , 2015 3.62 0.6 2014 -- 15 N / A N / A 6 18 June 16 , 2015 4.39 0.7 March 15 , 2016 2.92 0.5 2015 -- 16 N / A N / A 7 Monday 9 : 00 pm 13 June 6 , 2016 3.91 0.6 September 5 , 2016 5.26 0.7 2016 TBA TBA Reception ( edit ) The series started strong in the ratings , as 7.55 million viewers tuned in for the premiere episode . Rizzoli & Isles was the second most - watched cable program on the evening of July 12 , 2010 , behind its lead - in , The Closer , which had 110,000 more viewers . The show finished the week in third behind The Closer and the final episode of Deadliest Catch . The premiere set a record as the highest - rated debut for a commercial - supported cable series , and it was the second - highest debut ever for a basic cable TV series . Rizzoli & Isles is second only to the 2008 premiere of Raising the Bar , which attracted 7.7 million viewers during its commercial - free debut . Live + 7 day ratings for the premiere updated the show 's status as the all - time most - watched cable series launch , with DVR viewers increasing the show 's rating to just over 9 million viewers . The show has ranked in the top five cable programs all five seasons and was the number one basic cable program in its fifth season . The show has been described as having lesbian undertones , and the purported sexual attraction between Rizzoli and Isles has been the subject of critical and fan attention , with sites such as The Advocate connecting the show 's lesbian subtext to its popularity . Harmon said that she was not surprised by the attention and that , while it was `` ' super fun ' to play a role that has some same - sex romantic vibes '' , the characters are `` straight '' and `` just best friends '' . Alexander said that she was not initially aware of the subtext but believed it reflected the characters ' chemistry . She also expressed skepticism that Rizzoli and Isles ' friendship was out of the ordinary . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Recipient ( s ) Result 2012 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Guest Starring Young Actor 18 -- 21 Cameron Monaghan Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actress Angie Harmon Nominated 2015 Favorite Cable TV Actress Angie Harmon Won Favorite Cable TV Drama Rizzoli & Isles Nominated 2016 Favorite Cable TV Actress Sasha Alexander Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Digs and Big Career Decisions on Tap as TNT 's The Closer Returns for Sixth Season Monday , July 12 '' . The Futon Critic . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What to Watch on Monday : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' series ends on TNT '' . The Charlotte Observer . September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TNT Plans Dramatic Increase in Original Programming , Setting the Stage for a Major Primetime Shift '' . The Futon Critic . March 3 , 2008 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , October 7 '' . The Futon Critic . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` TNT orders ' Rizzoli ' pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` Angie Harmon set to star in TNT 's ' Rizzoli ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` FOX renews ' American Dad , ' TNT 's ' Rizzoli ' gets a partner '' . Zap2it . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Development Update : Friday , October 30 '' . The Futon Critic . October 30 , 2009 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Lorraine Bracco joins ' Rizzoli ' pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TNT Aggressively Expands Original Programming Slate by Greenlighting Three New Original Series '' ( Press release ) . Turner Broadcasting System . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( January 21 , 2010 ) . `` TNT picks up three new series , including Spielberg 's alien - invasion show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mike ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 Cable Upfronts : TNT Leverages Sundays For Originals '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Information '' . Rizzoli & Isles Online . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lafayette , Jon ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` It 's Miller Time For Turner Series '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Jump up ^ Crupi , Anthony ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Turner , MillerCoors Brew Up Integrations '' . Mediaweek . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TNT Orders New Seasons of Three Hit Series : The Closer , Rizzoli & Isles and Leverage '' ( Press release ) . Turner Broadcasting System . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TNT Renews Rizzoli & Isles for a 15 Episode 3rd Season '' ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers . August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - TNT Books Fourth Season of `` Rizzoli & Isles , '' Summer 's # 1 Returning Drama , from Warner Horizon Television `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2012 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Renewed for a Fourth Season by TNT '' . TVBytheNumbers . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Episodes of Rizzoli & Isles on TNT '' . Jump up ^ `` TNT 's ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Renewed for Sixth Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2014 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` TNT Sets Summer Dates for Last Ship , Major Crimes , Jennifer Beals Drama , Falling Skies ' Final Run and More '' . TV Line . April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Webb , Matt . `` Lee Thompson Young Dead at 29 ; Starred on Disney Channel 's Jett Jackson , Rizzoli & Isles '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Rizzoli & Isles : Meet Frost 's Replacement ( But Do n't Call Her That ) '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' . Rizzoli & Isles . Season 2 . Episode 12 . 5 December 2011 . TNT . Jump up ^ `` Seventeen Ai n't So Sweet '' . Rizzoli & Isles . Season 2 . Episode 13 . 12 December 2011 . TNT . Jump up ^ `` Idara Victor joins ' Rizzoli & Isles ' as Season 5 regular '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heldenfels , Rich ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Mailbag : ' Rizzoli and Isles ' parenting ; ' Longmire ' returns this week '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . Jump up ^ `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother As of season 3 , he has a son named TJ , but his relationship with TJ 's mother is complicated by his own reluctance to take full responsibility . '' . Rizzoli & Isles . Season 2 . Episode 12 . 5 December 2011 . 1 : 05 minutes in . TNT . Your baby is thirty two -- Frankie Rizzoli , Jr . Jump up ^ `` Throng : All new Monday night line - up on GEM '' . throng.com.au . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilford , Denette ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' debuts '' . TVGuide.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gerritsen , Tess ( November 2010 ) . `` Tess Gerritsen FAQ '' . TessGerritsen.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rizzoli & Isles Set for UKTV 's Alibi '' . Worldscreen.com . May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` TNT 's Rizzoli & Isles Sets Record with Cable 's Biggest Ad - Supported Premiere , Draws 7.6 Million Viewers '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` TNT 's The Closer and Rizzoli & Isles Close Out Summer With More Big Numbers '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved September 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : `` All - Star '' Softball Edges Out ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Home Run Derby ' + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Alphas , ' ' Eureka ' & More `` . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monday Cable Ratings : Falcons - Saints+ ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com. 2011 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Celtics - Heat Lead +'Storage Wars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' The Game , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 27 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night , ' Doctor Who ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Leverage ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Top Twenty Basic Cable Shows of 2012 Including ' Walking Dead ' , ' Jersey Shore ' & ' Suits ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' & ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Win Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Perception ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Leads Night + ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' The Haves & the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves & The Have Nots ' & ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Win Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' and ' Fixer Upper ' stay steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 7 , 2016 ) . TV by the Numbers http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/09/07/monday-cable-ratings-september-5-2016/ . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Goes Yard ; Pawn Stars , Closer , WWE RAW , Secret Life & Much More '' . TVbytheNumbers . July 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Umstead , R. Thomas ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` USA Regains Ratings Crown '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved July 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TNT 's Rizzoli & Isles Sets Record with Cable 's Biggest Ad - Supported Premiere after Outstanding Season Debut of The Closer '' ( Press release ) . Turner Broadcasting System . July 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Elingburg , Nolan ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` Rizzoli & Isles Premiere Draws Big Audience '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Mikey ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' pulls in 7.6 million for first episode '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 13 , 2010 ) . `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' has biggest ad - supported cable launch of all time '' . The Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Rizzoli & Isles Premiere Goes Over 9 Million Viewers With Week of DVR Viewing ; Ratings Notes for TBS , TNT , Cartoon Network , Adult Swim and truTV '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` TV Preview : ' Rizzoli & Isles ' on TNT and ' Covert Affairs ' on USA '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . There 's a hunky FBI agent who shows up to investigate the case , and he distracts Rizzoli and Isles not only from their jobs but from the faintly lesbian undertones that the show keeps trying to establish . Jump up ^ Siede , Caroline ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` TNT Renews Rizzoli & Isles '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . The detective procedural with subtle lesbian undertones ( but no actual lesbian romance ) will return to TNT next summer after its fifth season wraps up in March . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Liane Brown ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Quick Look : So Are ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Gay Or What ? '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , T.L. ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' -- Are They or Are n't They ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Angie Harmon , Sasha Alexander Riding High as Second Season Starts '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halterman 2011 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Angie Harmon Has One Problem With All That ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Lesbian Fan - Fiction '' . The Huffington Post . July 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Halterman 2011 , p. 2 ; Anderson - Minshall 2012 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Halterman 2011 , p. 1 : `` I 'm not saying we did n't help ... We knew it was there in the first ( episode ) and it was absolutely no surprise to me . '' Jump up ^ Halterman 2011 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Anderson - Minshall 2012 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Works cited ( edit ) Anderson - Minshall , Diane ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Maura Could Consider a Lesbian Tryst : Sasha Alexander Talks Rizzoli & Isles '' . The Advocate . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Halterman , J. ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` On Set with ' Rizzoli & Isles ' '' . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rizzoli & Isles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rizzoli & Isles . Television portal Official website Rizzoli & Isles on Google+ Rizzoli & Isles on IMDb Rizzoli & Isles at TV.com Rizzoli & Isles Novels The Surgeon The Apprentice The Sinner Body Double Vanish The Mephisto Club The Keepsake Ice Cold The Silent Girl Last to Die Die Again Television TV series ( Characters Episodes Seasons : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ) TNT original programming Former 1988 -- 1999 Babylon 5 Crusade L.A. Heat The Lazarus Man MonsterVision The New Adventures of Robin Hood NFL on TNT The Rudy and Gogo World Famous Cartoon Show WCW Monday Nitro 2000 -- 2017 Agent X Boston 's Finest Bull The Closer Cold Justice Cold Justice : Sex Crimes The Company Dallas Dark Blue Falling Skies Franklin & Bash Hawthorne Heartland The Hero Into the West King & Maxwell Legends Leverage Memphis Beat Men of a Certain Age The Mists of Avalon Mob City Monday Mornings Murder in the First NASCAR on TNT Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King Perception Public Morals Proof Raising the Bar Rizzoli & Isles Salem 's Lot Saved Saving Grace Southland Trust Me . Wake Up Call Wanted Will Wimbledon Witchblade Current Animal Kingdom ( since 2016 ) Claws ( since 2017 ) Good Behavior ( since 2016 ) Inside Job ( since 2014 ) The Last Ship ( since 2014 ) The Librarians ( since 2014 ) Major Crimes ( since 2012 ) NBA on TNT ( since 1989 ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament ( since 2011 ) PGA Championship ( since 1991 ) Upcoming The Alienist ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rizzoli_%26_Isles&oldid=800046073 '' Categories : Detective television series 2010 American television series debuts 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series endings American crime drama television series American mystery television series Boston in fiction English - language television programs Police procedural television series Television programs based on novels Television series by Warner Horizon Television Television shows set in Boston TNT ( TV channel ) shows Fictional portrayals of the Boston Police Department Television series about friendship Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 07 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays rizzoli's mom on rizzoli and isles | [
"Rizzoli & Isles is a TNT television series starring Angie Harmon as police detective Jane Rizzoli and Sasha Alexander as medical examiner Dr. Maura Isles. The one-hour drama is based on the Rizzoli & Isles series of novels by Tess Gerritsen. It premiered on July 12, 2010,[1] and aired 105 episodes in seven seasons, concluding on September 5, 2016.[2]"
] | [
"Angie Harmon"
] |
-756781162171379280 | Saint Paul, Minnesota | Saint Paul , Minnesota - wikipedia Saint Paul , Minnesota Jump to : navigation , search For an overview of the Twin Cities metropolitan area , see Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . Capital of Minnesota State capital and city in Minnesota , United States Saint Paul , Minnesota State capital and city City of Saint Paul Clockwise from the top : Downtown Saint Paul as seen from Harriet Island , the Xcel Energy Center , the Saint Paul Cathedral , the Minnesota State Capitol , the Marjorie McNeely Conservatory , and the historic James J. Hill House Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` the Capital City '' , `` the Saintly City '' , `` Pig 's Eye '' , `` STP '' , `` Last City of the East '' Motto ( s ) : The most livable city in America . Location in Ramsey County and the state of Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota Location in Minnesota , United States & North America Saint Paul , Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota ( the US ) Saint Paul , Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota ( North America ) Show map of Minnesota Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Coordinates : 44 ° 56 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 5 ′ 37 '' W / 44.94417 ° N 93.09361 ° W / 44.94417 ; - 93.09361 Coordinates : 44 ° 56 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 5 ′ 37 '' W / 44.94417 ° N 93.09361 ° W / 44.94417 ; - 93.09361 Country United States State Minnesota County Ramsey Incorporated March 4 , 1854 Named for St. Paul the Apostle Government Mayor Melvin Carter ( DFL ) Area City 56.18 sq mi ( 145.51 km ) Land 51.98 sq mi ( 134.63 km ) Water 4.20 sq mi ( 10.88 km ) Elevation 702 ft ( 214 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 285,068 Estimate ( 2018 ) 309,180 Rank City : 64th MN : 2nd Density 5,948 / sq mi ( 2,297 / km ) Metro 3,524,583 ( US : 16th ) Demonym Saint Paulite Time zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP codes 55101 -- 55175 Area code ( s ) 651 Website www.stpaul.gov Current as of July 30 , 2008 . Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2017 , the city 's estimated population was 309,180 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the `` Twin Cities '' , the two form the core of Minneapolis -- Saint Paul , the 16th - largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.6 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is `` Imnizaska '' . Though Minneapolis ( Bdeota ) is better - known nationally , Saint Paul contains the state government and other important institutions . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its Twin City , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . It was the only city in the United States with a population of 250,000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007 . The settlement originally began at present - day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre `` Pig 's Eye '' Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as `` Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Neighborhoods 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 census 4 Economy 5 Culture 6 Sports 7 Government and politics 7.1 State and federal 8 Education 9 Media 10 Transportation 10.1 Interstate and roadways 10.2 Mass transit 10.3 Railroad 10.4 Airports 11 Sister cities 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Saint Paul , Minnesota A burial mound at Indian Mounds Park Burial mounds in present - day Indian Mounds Park suggest that the area was originally inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about two thousand years ago . From the early 17th century until 1837 , the Mdewakanton Dakota , a tribe of the Sioux , lived near the mounds after fleeing their ancestral home of Mille Lacs Lake from advancing Ojibwe . They called the area I - mni - za ska dan ( `` little white rock '' ) for its exposed white sandstone cliffs . Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , US Army officer Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100,000 acres ( 40,000 ha ; 160 sq mi ) of land from the local Dakota tribes in 1805 to establish a fort . The negotiated territory was located on both banks of the Mississippi River , starting from Saint Anthony Falls in present - day Minneapolis , to its confluence with the Saint Croix River . Fort Snelling was built on the territory in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers , which formed a natural barrier to both Native American nations . The 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all local tribal land east of the Mississippi to the U.S. Government . Taoyateduta ( Chief Little Crow V ) moved his band at Kaposia across the river to the south . Fur traders , explorers , and missionaries came to the area for the fort 's protection . Many of the settlers were French - Canadians who lived nearby . However , as a whiskey trade flourished , military officers banned settlers from the fort - controlled lands . Pierre `` Pig 's Eye '' Parrant , a retired fur trader - turned - bootlegger who particularly irritated officials , set up his tavern , the Pig 's Eye , near present - day Lambert 's Landing . By the early 1840s , the community had become important as a trading center and a destination for settlers heading west . Locals called the area Pig 's Eye ( French : L'Œil du Cochon ) or Pig 's Eye Landing after Parrant 's popular tavern . Joe Rolette was responsible for preventing the capital of Minnesota from moving to Saint Peter . In 1841 , Father Lucien Galtier was sent to minister to the Catholic French Canadians and established a chapel , named for his favorite saint , Paul the Apostle , on the bluffs above Lambert 's Landing . Galtier intended for the settlement to adopt the name Saint Paul in honor of the new chapel . In 1847 , a New York educator named Harriet Bishop moved to the area and opened the city 's first school . The Minnesota Territory was formalized in 1849 and Saint Paul named as its capital . In 1857 , the territorial legislature voted to move the capital to Saint Peter . However , Joe Rolette , a territorial legislator , stole the physical text of the approved bill and went into hiding , thus preventing the move . On May 11 , 1858 , Minnesota was admitted to the union as the thirty - second state , with Saint Paul as the capital . That year , more than 1,000 steamboats were in service at Saint Paul , making the city a gateway for settlers to the Minnesota frontier or Dakota Territory . Natural geography was a primary reason that the city became a landing . The area was the last accessible point to unload boats coming upriver due to the Mississippi River Valley 's stone bluffs . During this period , Saint Paul was called `` The Last City of the East . '' Industrialist James J. Hill constructed and expanded his network of railways into the Great Northern Railway and Northern Pacific Railway , which were headquartered in Saint Paul . Today they are collectively part of the BNSF Railway . On August 20 , 1904 , severe thunderstorms and tornadoes damaged hundreds of downtown buildings , causing USD $1.78 million ( $48.48 million present - day ) in damages to the city and ripping spans from the High Bridge . In the 1960s , during urban renewal , Saint Paul razed western neighborhoods close to downtown . The city also contended with the creation of the interstate freeway system in a fully built landscape . From 1959 to 1961 , the western Rondo Neighborhood was demolished by the construction of Interstate 94 , which brought attention to racial segregation and unequal housing in northern cities . The annual Rondo Days celebration commemorates the African American community . Downtown had short skyscraper - building booms beginning in the 1970s . The tallest buildings , such as Galtier Plaza ( Jackson and Sibley Towers ) , The Pointe of Saint Paul condominiums , and the city 's tallest building , Wells Fargo Place ( formerly Minnesota World Trade Center ) , were constructed in the late 1980s . In the 1990s and 2000s , the tradition of bringing new immigrant groups to the city continued . As of 2004 , nearly 10 % of the city 's population were recent Hmong immigrants from Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Thailand , and Myanmar . Saint Paul is the location of the Hmong Archives . Geography ( edit ) The Meeker Island Lock and Dam was the first lock and dam on the Mississippi River in 1902 . Saint Paul 's history and growth as a landing port are tied to water . The city 's defining physical characteristic , the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers , was carved into the region during the last ice age , as were the steep river bluffs and dramatic palisades on which the city is built . Receding glaciers and Lake Agassiz forced torrents of water from a glacial river that undercut the river valleys . The city is situated in east - central Minnesota . The Mississippi River forms a municipal boundary on part of the city 's west , southwest , and southeast sides . Minneapolis , the state 's largest city , lies to the west . Falcon Heights , Lauderdale , Roseville , and Maplewood are north , with Maplewood lying to the east . The cities of West Saint Paul and South Saint Paul are to the south , as are Lilydale , Mendota , and Mendota Heights , although across the river from the city . The city 's largest lakes are Pig 's Eye Lake , which is part of the Mississippi , Lake Phalen , and Lake Como . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 56.18 square miles ( 145.51 km ) , of which 51.98 square miles ( 134.63 km ) is land and 4.20 square miles ( 10.88 km ) is water . The Parks and Recreation department is responsible for 160 parks and 41 recreation centers . The city ranked # 2 in park access and quality , after only Minneapolis , in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land . Neighborhoods ( edit ) Main article : Neighborhoods of Saint Paul Saint Paul 's Department of Planning and Economic Development divides Saint Paul into seventeen Planning Districts , created in 1979 to allow neighborhoods to participate in governance and use Community Development Block Grants . With a funding agreement directly from the city , the councils share a pool of funds . The councils have significant land - use control , a voice in guiding development , and they organize residents . The boundaries are adjusted depending on population changes ; as such , they sometimes overlap established neighborhoods . Though these neighborhoods changed over time , preservationists have saved many of their historically significant structures . The city 's seventeen Planning Districts are : Sunray - Battle Creek - Highwood Greater East Side West Side Dayton 's Bluff Payne - Phalen North End Thomas Dale ( Frogtown ) Summit - University West End Como Park Hamline - Midway Saint Anthony Park Union Park Macalester - Groveland Highland Park Summit Hill Downtown Climate ( edit ) See also : Climate of the Twin Cities and Climate of Minnesota The city skyline from the southwest in the winter Saint Paul has a continental climate typical of the Upper Midwestern United States . Winters are frigid and snowy , while summers are warm to hot and humid . On the Köppen climate classification , Saint Paul falls in the hot summer humid continental climate zone ( Dfa ) . The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events , including snow , sleet , ice , rain , thunderstorms , tornadoes , and fog . Due to its northerly location in the United States and lack of large bodies of water to moderate the air , Saint Paul is sometimes subjected to cold Arctic air masses , especially during late December , January , and February . The average annual temperature of 47.05 ° F ( 8.36 ° C ) gives the Minneapolis − Saint Paul metropolitan area the coldest annual mean temperature of any major metropolitan area in the continental U.S. ( hide ) Climate data for Saint Paul , Minnesota Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 57 ( 14 ) 59 ( 15 ) 83 ( 28 ) 93 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 103 ( 39 ) 105 ( 41 ) 103 ( 39 ) 95 ( 35 ) 88 ( 31 ) 75 ( 24 ) 66 ( 19 ) 105 ( 41 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 26 ( − 3 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 58 ( 14 ) 71 ( 22 ) 80 ( 27 ) 85 ( 29 ) 82 ( 28 ) 73 ( 23 ) 59 ( 15 ) 42 ( 6 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 57 ( 14 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 16.5 ( − 8.6 ) 21.5 ( − 5.8 ) 33.5 ( 0.8 ) 48 ( 9 ) 60.5 ( 15.8 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 74.5 ( 23.6 ) 72 ( 22 ) 63 ( 17 ) 50 ( 10 ) 34.5 ( 1.4 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 47.05 ( 8.36 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 7 ( − 14 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 38 ( 3 ) 50 ( 10 ) 59 ( 15 ) 64 ( 18 ) 62 ( 17 ) 53 ( 12 ) 41 ( 5 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 13 ( − 11 ) 38 ( 3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 29 ( − 34 ) − 32 ( − 36 ) − 25 ( − 32 ) ( − 16 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 36 ( 2 ) 45 ( 7 ) 42 ( 6 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 15 ( − 9 ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 29 ( − 34 ) − 32 ( − 36 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.79 ( 20.1 ) 0.67 ( 17 ) 1.54 ( 39.1 ) 2.87 ( 72.9 ) 3.7 ( 94 ) 4.21 ( 106.9 ) 4.41 ( 112 ) 4.76 ( 120.9 ) 3.27 ( 83.1 ) 2.91 ( 73.9 ) 1.81 ( 46 ) ( 28 ) 32.04 ( 813.9 ) Source # 1 : U.S. climate data Source # 2 : The Weather Channel Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 1,112 -- 1860 10,401 835.3 % 1870 20,030 92.6 % 1880 41,473 107.1 % 1890 133,156 221.1 % 1900 163,065 22.5 % 1910 214,744 31.7 % 1920 234,698 9.3 % 1930 271,606 15.7 % 1940 287,736 5.9 % 1950 311,349 8.2 % 1960 313,411 0.7 % 1970 309,980 − 1.1 % 1980 270,230 − 12.8 % 1990 272,235 0.7 % 2000 287,151 5.5 % 285,068 − 0.7 % Est. 2018 309,180 8.5 % U.S. Decennial Census 2015 Estimate Main article : Demographics of Saint Paul ( hide ) Demographic profile 2000 1990 1970 White 60.1 % 67.0 % 82.3 % 95.4 % -- Non-Hispanic 55.9 % 64.0 % 80.4 % 93.6 % Black or African American 15.7 % 11.7 % 7.4 % 3.5 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 9.6 % 7.9 % 4.2 % 2.1 % Asian 15.0 % 12.4 % 7.1 % 0.2 % The earliest known inhabitants from about 400 A.D. were members of the Hopewell tradition who buried their dead in mounds ( now Indian Mounds Park ) on the bluffs above the river . The next known inhabitants were the Mdewakanton Dakota in the 17th century who fled their ancestral home of Mille Lacs Lake in central Minnesota in response to westward expansion of the Ojibwe nation . The Ojibwe would later occupy the north ( east ) bank of the Mississippi River . By 1800 , French - Canadian explorers came through the region and attracted fur traders to the area . Fort Snelling and nearby Pig 's Eye Tavern also brought the first Yankees from New England and English , Irish , and Scottish immigrants who had enlisted in the army and settled nearby after discharge . These early settlers and entrepreneurs built houses on the heights north of the river . The first wave of immigration came with the Irish who settled at Connemara Patch along the Mississippi , named for their home in Connemara Ireland . The Irish would become prolific in politics , city governance , and public safety , much to the chagrin of the Germans and French who had grown into the majority . In 1850 , the first of many groups of Swedish immigrants passed through Saint Paul on their way to farming communities in northern and western regions of the territory . A large group settled in Swede Hollow , which would later become home to Poles , Italians , and Mexicans . The last Swedish presence had moved up Saint Paul 's East Side along Payne Avenue in the 1950s . In terms of people who specified European ancestry in the 2005 - 2007 American Community Survey , the city was 26.4 % German , 13.8 % Irish , 8.4 % Norwegian , 7.0 % Swedish , and 6.2 % English . There is also a visible community of people of Sub-Saharan African ancestry , representing 4.2 % of Saint Paul 's population . By the 1980s , the Thomas Dale area , once an Austro - Hungarian enclave known as Frogtown ( German : Froschburg ) , became home to Vietnamese people who had left their war - torn country . A settlement program for the Hmong diaspora came soon after , and by 2000 , the Saint Paul Hmong were the largest urban contingent in the United States . Mexican immigrants have settled in Saint Paul 's West Side since the 1930s , and have grown enough that Mexico opened a foreign consulate in 2005 . The majority of residents claiming religious affiliation are Christian , split between the Roman Catholic Church and various Protestant denominations . The Roman Catholic presence comes from Irish , German , Scottish , and French Canadian settlers who , in time , would be bolstered by Hispanic immigrants . There are Jewish synagogues such as Mount Zion Temple and relatively small populations of Hindus , Muslims , and Buddhists . The city has been dubbed `` paganistan '' due to its large Wiccan population . As of the 2005 - 2007 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau , White Americans made up 66.5 % of Saint Paul 's population , of whom 62.1 % were non-Hispanic whites , down from 93.6 % in 1970 . Blacks or African Americans made up 13.9 % of Saint Paul 's population , of whom 13.5 % were non-Hispanic blacks . American Indians made up 0.8 % of Saint Paul 's population , of whom 0.6 % were non-Hispanic . Asian Americans made up 12.3 % of Saint Paul 's population , of whom 12.2 % were non-Hispanic . Pacific Islander Americans made up less than 0.1 % of Saint Paul 's population . Individuals of other races made up 3.4 % of Saint Paul 's population , of whom 0.2 % were non-Hispanic . Individuals from two or more races made up 3.1 % of Saint Paul 's population , of whom 2.6 % were non-Hispanic . In addition , Hispanics and Latinos made up 8.7 % of Saint Paul 's population . As of the 2000 U.S. Census , there were 287,151 people , 112,109 households , and 60,999 families residing in the city . The racial makeup of the city was 67.0 % White , 11.7 % African American , 1.1 % Native American , 12.4 % Asian ( mostly Hmong ) , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 3.8 % from other races , and 3.9 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.9 % of the population . 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 285,068 people , 111,001 households , and 59,689 families residing in the city . The population density was 5,484.2 inhabitants per square mile ( 2,117.5 / km ) . There were 120,795 housing units at an average density of 2,323.9 per square mile ( 897.3 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 60.1 % white , 15.7 % African American , 1.1 % Native American , 15.0 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 3.9 % from other races , and 4.2 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.6 % of the population . There were 111,001 households of which 30.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 34.1 % were married couples living together , 14.8 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4.9 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 46.2 % were non-families. 35.8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.33 . The median age in the city was 30.9 years . 25.1 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 13.9 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 29.6 % were from 25 to 44 ; 22.6 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 9 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 48.9 % male and 51.1 % female . Economy ( edit ) The Ford Motor Company 's Twin Cities Assembly Plant in 2006 The Minneapolis -- Saint Paul -- Bloomington area employs 1,570,700 people in the private sector as of July 2008 , 82.43 percent of which work in private service providing - related jobs . Major corporations headquartered in Saint Paul include Ecolab , a chemical and cleaning product company which was named in 2008 by the Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal as the eighth best place to work in the Twin Cites for companies with 1,000 full - time Minnesota employees , and Securian Financial Group Inc . The 3M Company is often cited as one of Saint Paul 's companies , though it is located in adjacent Maplewood . 3M employs 16,000 people throughout Minnesota . St. Jude Medical , a manufacturer of medical devices , is directly across the northern border of Saint Paul in Little Canada , though the company 's address is listed in Saint Paul . The city was home to the Ford Motor Company 's Twin Cities Assembly Plant , which opened in 1924 and closed at the end of 2011 . The plant was in Highland Park on the Mississippi River , adjacent to Lock and Dam No. 1 , Mississippi River , which generates hydroelectric power . The site is now being cleared of all buildings and tested for contamination to prepare for redevelopment . The city of Saint Paul has financed city development by use of tax increment financing ( TIF ) . In 2018 , the city had 55 TIF districts . Some projects that have benefited from TIF funding include the St. Paul Saints stadium , and the affordable housing along the Twin Cities Metro Green Line . Culture ( edit ) Como Park Zoo and Conservatory is a free public greenhouse and urban zoo open year - round . In winter months , Saint Paul hosts the Saint Paul Winter Carnival , a tradition that began in 1886 when a New York reporter called Saint Paul `` another Siberia . '' Attended by 350,000 visitors annually , the event showcases ice sculpting , an annual treasure hunt , winter food , activities , and an ice palace . The Como Zoo and Conservatory and adjoining Japanese Garden are popular year - round . The historic Landmark Center in downtown Saint Paul hosts cultural and arts organizations . The city 's notable recreation locations include Indian Mounds Park , Battle Creek Regional Park , Harriet Island Regional Park , Highland Park , the Wabasha Street Caves , Lake Como , Lake Phalen , and Rice Park , as well as several areas abutting the Mississippi River . The Irish Fair of Minnesota is also held annually at the Harriet Island Pavilion area . And the country 's largest Hmong American sports festival , the Freedom Festival , is held the first weekend of July at McMurray Field near Como Park . The city is associated with the Minnesota State Fair in nearby Falcon Heights just west of Saint Paul 's Como Park neighborhood and southeast of the University of Minnesota Saint Paul Campus . Though Fort Snelling is on the Minneapolis side of the Mississippi River bluff , the area including Fort Snelling State Park and Pike Island is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources headquartered in the city . The Minnesota Centennial Showboat was anchored in the Mississippi River along Harriet Island . Saint Paul is the birthplace of cartoonist Charles M. Schulz ( Peanuts ) , who lived in Merriam Park from infancy until 1960 . Schulz 's Snoopy cartoon inspired giant , decorated Peanuts sculptures around the city , a Chamber of Commerce promotion in the late 1990s . Other notable residents include writer F. Scott Fitzgerald , playwright August Wilson , who premiered many of the ten plays in his Pittsburgh Cycle at the local Penumbra Theater , painter LeRoy Neiman , and photographer John Vachon . The Ordway Center for the Performing Arts hosts theater productions and the Minnesota Opera is a founding tenant . RiverCentre , attached to Xcel Energy Center , serves as the city 's convention center . The city has contributed to the music of Minnesota and the Twin Cities music scene through various venues . Great jazz musicians have passed through the influential Artists ' Quarter , first established in the 1970s in Whittier , Minneapolis , and moved to downtown Saint Paul in 1994 . Artists ' Quarter also hosts the Soapboxing Poetry Slam , home of the 2009 National Poetry Slam Champions . At The Black Dog , in Lowertown , many French or European jazz musicians ( Evan Parker , Tony Hymas , Benoît Delbecq , François Corneloup ... ) have met Twin Cities musicians and started new groups touring in Europe . Groups and performers such as Fantastic Merlins , Dean Magraw / Davu Seru , Merciless Ghosts , and Willie Murphy are regulars . The Turf Club in Midway has been a music scene landmark since the 1940s . Saint Paul is also the home base of the internationally acclaimed Rose Ensemble . As an Irish stronghold , the city boasts popular Irish pubs with live music , such as Shamrocks , The Dubliner , and O'Gara's . The internationally acclaimed Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra is the nation 's only full - time professional chamber orchestra . The Minnesota Centennial Showboat on the Mississippi River began in 1958 with Minnesota 's first centennial celebration . Saint Paul hosts a number of museums , including the University of Minnesota 's Goldstein Museum of Design , the Minnesota Children 's Museum , the Schubert Club Museum of Musical Instruments , the Minnesota Museum of American Art , the Traces Center for History and Culture , the Minnesota History Center , the Alexander Ramsey House , the James J. Hill House , the Minnesota Transportation Museum , the Science Museum of Minnesota , and The Twin City Model Railroad Museum . Sports ( edit ) Main articles : Sports in Minneapolis -- Saint Paul and Sports in Minnesota The Xcel Energy Center hosts hockey , other professional sports , concerts , and other events . The Saint Paul division of Parks and Recreation runs over 1,500 organized sports teams . Saint Paul hosts a number of professional , semi-professional , and amateur sports teams . The Minnesota Wild play their home games in downtown Saint Paul 's Xcel Energy Center , which opened in 2000 . The Wild brought the NHL back to Minnesota for the first time since 1993 , when the Minnesota North Stars left the state for Dallas , Texas . ( The World Hockey Association 's Minnesota Fighting Saints played in Saint Paul from 1972 to 1977 . ) Citing the history of hockey in the Twin Cities and teams at all levels , Sports Illustrated called Saint Paul the new Hockeytown U.S.A. in 2007 . The Xcel Energy Center , a multipurpose entertainment and sports venue , can host concerts and accommodate nearly all sporting events . It occupies the site of the demolished Saint Paul Civic Center . The Xcel Energy Center hosts the Minnesota high school boys hockey tournament , the Minnesota high school girls ' volleyball tournament , and concerts throughout the year . In 2004 , it was named the best overall sports venue in the US by ESPN . Two Circus Juventas students on silks The St. Paul Saints is the city 's independent league baseball team . There have been several different teams called the Saints over the years . Founded in 1884 , they were shut down in 1961 after the Minnesota Twins moved to Bloomington . The St. Paul Saints were brought back in 1993 as an independent baseball team in the Northern League , moving to the American Association in 2006 . Their home games are played at the open - air CHS Field in downtown 's Lowertown Historic District . Four noted Major League All - Star baseball players are natives of Saint Paul : Hall of Fame outfielder Dave Winfield , Hall of Fame infielder Paul Molitor , pitcher Jack Morris , and first baseman Joe Mauer . The all - black St. Paul Colored Gophers played four seasons in Saint Paul from 1907 to 1911 . The St. Paul Twin Stars of the National Premier Soccer League play their home games at Macalester Stadium . The first curling club in Saint Paul was founded in 1888 . The current club , the St. Paul Curling Club , was founded in 1912 and is the largest curling club in the United States . The Minnesota RollerGirls are a flat - track roller derby league based in the Roy Wilkins Auditorium . Minnesota 's oldest athletic organization , the Minnesota Boat Club , resides in the Mississippi River on Raspberry Island . Saint Paul is also home to Circus Juventas , the largest circus arts school in North America . On March 25 , 2015 , Major League Soccer announced that it had awarded its 23rd MLS franchise to Minnesota United FC , a team from the lower - level North American Soccer League . Bill McGuire and his ownership group , which includes Jim Pohlad of the Minnesota Twins , Glen Taylor of the Minnesota Timberwolves , former Minnesota Wild investor Glen Nelson , and his daughter Wendy Carlson Nelson of the Carlson hospitality company , had intended to build a privately financed soccer - specific stadium in Downtown Minneapolis near the Minneapolis Farmer 's Market , but their plan was met with heavy opposition from Minneapolis Mayor Betsy Hodges , who said her city was suffering from `` stadium fatigue '' after building three stadiums , for the Minnesota Twins , Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Golden Gophers , within a six - year span . On July 1 , 2015 , after failing to reach an agreement with the city of Minneapolis , McGuire and his partners turned their focus to Saint Paul . On October 23 , 2015 , Bill McGuire of Minnesota United FC and Saint Paul Mayor Chris Coleman announced that a privately financed soccer - specific stadium would be built on the vacant Metro Transit bus barn site in Saint Paul 's Midway neighborhood near the intersection of Snelling Avenue and University Avenue . It is midway between downtown Saint Paul and downtown Minneapolis . The stadium will open in 2019 and seat 19,400 . The team will play in the MLS in 2017 . The Timberwolves , Twins , Vikings , and Lynx all play in Minneapolis . Professional sports in Saint Paul Club Sport League Venue ( Capacity ) Championships Minnesota Wild Ice hockey National Hockey League Xcel Energy Center ( 17,954 ) Minnesota United FC Soccer Major League Soccer Allianz Field ( 19,400 ) NASL : 2011 and 2014 St. Paul Saints Baseball American Association CHS Field ( 7,210 ) NL : 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , and 2004 Government and politics ( edit ) Main articles : Government and politics in Saint Paul , Minnesota and List of mayors of Saint Paul , Minnesota Minnesota State Capitol Saint Paul has a variation of the strong mayor - council form of government . The mayor is the chief executive and chief administrative officer for the city and the seven - member city council is the legislative body . The mayor is elected by the entire city , while members of the city council are elected from seven different geographic wards of approximately equal population . Both the mayor and council members serve four - year terms . The current mayor is Melvin Carter ( DFL ) . Carter is Saint Paul 's first African - American mayor . Aside from Norm Coleman , who became a Republican during his second term , Saint Paul has not elected a Republican mayor since 1952 . Saint Paul City Hall and Ramsey County Courthouse The city is also the county seat of Ramsey County , named for Alexander Ramsey , the state 's first governor . The county once spanned much of the present - day metropolitan area and was originally to be named Saint Paul County after the city . Today it is geographically the smallest county and the most densely populated . Ramsey is the only home rule county in Minnesota ; the seven - member Board of Commissioners appoints a county manager whose office is in the combination city hall / county courthouse along with the Minnesota Second Judicial Courts . The nearby Law Enforcement Center houses the Ramsey County Sheriff 's office . State and federal ( edit ) See also : Minnesota Legislature and Politics of Minnesota § Federal representation Saint Paul is the capital of the state of Minnesota . The city hosts the capitol building , designed by Saint Paul resident Cass Gilbert , and the House and Senate office buildings . The Minnesota Governor 's Residence , which is used for some state functions , is on Summit Avenue . The Minnesota Democratic - Farmer - Labor Party ( affiliated with the Democratic Party ) is headquartered in Saint Paul . Numerous state departments and services are also headquartered in Saint Paul , such as the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . The city is split into four Minnesota Senate districts ( 64 , 65 , 66 and 67 ) and eight Minnesota House of Representatives districts ( 64A , 64B , 65A , 65B , 66A , 66B , 67A and 67B ) , all of which are held by Democrats . Saint Paul is the heart of Minnesota 's 4th congressional district , represented by Democrat Betty McCollum . The district has been in DFL hands without interruption since 1949 . Minnesota is represented in the US Senate by Democrat Amy Klobuchar , a former Hennepin County Attorney , and Democrat Tina Smith , former Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota . Minnesota House and Senate districts Senate House Name First Elected Party Name First Elected Party 64 Dick Cohen 1986 DFL 64A Erin Murphy 2006 DFL 64B Dave Pinto 2014 DFL 65 Sandy Pappas 1990 DFL 65A Rena Moran DFL 65B Carlos Mariani 1990 DFL 66 John Marty * DFL 66A John Lesch 2002 DFL 66B Alice Hausman * DFL 67 Foung Hawj 2012 DFL 67A Tim Mahoney 1998 DFL 67B Sheldon Johnson 2000 DFL * District also includes Falcon Heights , Lauderdale and Roseville . Education ( edit ) 1930s - era students at Hamline University taking finals Main article : Education in Saint Paul , Minnesota Saint Paul is second in the United States in the number of higher education institutions per capita . Higher education institutions that call Saint Paul home include three public and eight private colleges and universities and five post-secondary institutions . Well - known colleges and universities include the Saint Catherine University , Concordia University , Hamline University , Macalester College , and the University of St. Thomas . Metropolitan State University and Saint Paul College , which focus on non-traditional students , are based in Saint Paul , as well as a law school , Mitchell Hamline School of Law . The Saint Paul Public Schools district is the state 's largest school district and serves approximately 39,000 students . The district is extremely diverse with students from families speaking 90 different languages , although only five languages are used for most school communication : English , Spanish , Hmong , Karen , and Somali . The district runs 82 different schools , including 52 elementary schools , twelve middle schools , seven high schools , ten alternative schools , and one special education school , employing over 6,500 teachers and staff . The school district also oversees community education programs for pre-K and adult learners , including Early Childhood Family Education , GED Diploma , language programs , and various learning opportunities for community members of all ages . In 2006 , Saint Paul Public Schools celebrated its 150th anniversary . Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota 's open enrollment statute . A variety of K - 12 private , parochial , and public charter schools are also represented in the city . In 1992 , Saint Paul became the first city in the US to sponsor and open a charter school , now found in most states across the nation . Saint Paul is currently home to 21 charter schools as well as 38 private schools . The Saint Paul Public Library system includes a Central Library and twelve branch locations . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in the Twin Cities Minnesota Public Radio headquarters in downtown Saint Paul Residents of Saint Paul can receive 10 broadcast television stations , five of which broadcast from within Saint Paul . One daily newspaper , the St. Paul Pioneer Press , two weekly neighborhood newspapers , the East Side Review and City Pages ( owned by The Star Tribune Company ) , and several monthly or semimonthly neighborhood papers serve the city . Several media outlets based in neighboring Minneapolis also serve the Saint Paul community , including the Star Tribune . Saint Paul is home to Minnesota Public Radio , a three - format system that broadcasts on nearly 40 stations around the Midwest . MPR locally delivers news and information , classical , and The Current ( which plays a wide variety of music ) . The station has 110,000 regional members and more than 800,000 listeners each week throughout the Upper Midwest , the largest audience of any regional public radio network . Also operating as part of American Public Media , MPR 's programming reaches five million listeners , most notably through Live from Here , hosted by Chris Thile ( previously known as A Prairie Home Companion , hosted by Garrison Keillor , who also lives in the city ) . The Fitzgerald Theater , renamed in 1994 for Saint Paul native and novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald , is home to the show . Transportation ( edit ) Interstate and roadways ( edit ) Interstate Highways Interstate 35E Interstate 94 US Highways US 10 US 52 US 61 Minnesota Highways Highway 5 Highway 51 Highway 280 I - 94 as it enters downtown Saint Paul from the west Residents use Interstate 35E running north - south and Interstate 94 running east - west . Trunk highways include U.S. Highway 52 , Minnesota State Highway 280 , and Minnesota State Highway 5 . Saint Paul has several unique roads such as Ayd Mill Road , Phalen Boulevard and Shepard Road / Warner Road , which diagonally follow particular geographic features in the city . Biking is also gaining popularity , due to the creation of more paved bike lanes that connect to other bike routes throughout the metropolitan area and the creation of Nice Ride Minnesota , a seasonally operated nonprofit bicycle sharing and rental system that has over 1,550 bicycles and 170 stations in both Minneapolis and Saint Paul . Downtown Saint Paul has a five - mile ( 8 km ) enclosed skyway system over twenty - five city blocks . The 563 - mile ( 906 km ) Avenue of the Saints connects Saint Paul with Saint Louis , Missouri . The layout of city streets and roads has often drawn complaints . While he was Governor of Minnesota , Jesse Ventura appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman , and remarked that the streets were designed by `` drunken Irishmen '' . He later apologized , though people had been complaining about the fractured grid system for more than a century by that point . Some of the city 's road design is the result of the curve of the Mississippi River , hilly topography , conflicts between developers of different neighborhoods in the early city , and grand plans only half - realized . Outside of downtown , the roads are less confusing , but most roads are named , rather than numbered , increasing the difficulty for non-natives to navigate . Mass Transit ( edit ) See also : Metro Transit ( Minnesota ) Metro Transit provides bus service and light rail in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area . The METRO Green Line is an 11 - mile ( 18 km ) light rail line that connects downtown Saint Paul to downtown Minneapolis with 14 stations in Saint Paul . The Green Line runs west along University Avenue , through the University of Minnesota campus , until it links up and then shares stations with the METRO Blue Line in downtown Minneapolis . Construction began in November 2010 and the line began service on June 14 , 2014 . Roughly 45,000 people rode on the first day ; an average 28,000 riders are expected per day . Metro Transit opened the METRO A Line , Minneapolis -- Saint Paul 's first arterial bus rapid transit line , along Snelling Avenue and Ford Parkway . The A Line connects the METRO Blue Line at 46th Street station to Rosedale Center with a connection at the Green Line Snelling Avenue station . The A Line is the first in a series of planned arterial bus rapid transit lines and is set to open in early 2016 . Railroad ( edit ) Amtrak 's Empire Builder between Chicago and Seattle stops once daily in each direction at the newly renovated Saint Paul Union Station . Ridership on the train is increasing , about 6 % from 2005 to over 505,000 in fiscal year 2007 . Increased ridership has prompted southern Minnesota leaders to plan for an expansion of Amtrak 's service in the area . Saint Paul is the site of the Pig 's Eye Yard , a major freight classification yard for Canadian Pacific Railway . As of 2003 , the yard handled over 1,000 freight cars per day . Both Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe run trains through the yard , though they are not classified at Pig 's Eye . Burlington Northern Santa Fe operates the large Northtown Yard in Minneapolis , which handles about 600 cars per day . There are several other small yards located around the city . Saint Paul Downtown Airport ( Holman Field ) Airports ( edit ) See also : St. Paul Downtown Airport Saint Paul is served by the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul International Airport ( MSP ) , which sits on 3,400 acres ( 14 km ) southwest of the city on the west side of the Mississippi River between Minnesota State Highway 5 , Interstate 494 , Minnesota State Highway 77 , and Minnesota State Highway 62 . The airport serves three international , twelve domestic , seven charter , and four regional carriers and is a hub and home base for Delta Air Lines , Mesaba Airlines and Sun Country Airlines . Saint Paul is also served by the St. Paul Downtown Airport located just south of downtown , across the Mississippi River . The airport , also known as Holman Field , is a reliever airport run by the Metropolitan Airports Commission . The airport houses Minnesota 's Air National Guard and is tailored to local corporate aviation . There are three runways that serve about 100 resident aircraft and a flight training school . The Holman Field Administration Building and Riverside Hangar are on the National Register of Historic Places . Sister Cities ( edit ) Saint Paul has eight sister cities , as designated by Sister Cities International : Ciudad Romero ( El Salvador ) Culiacán ( Mexico ) Changsha ( China ) Lawaaikamp ( South Africa ) Manzanillo ( Mexico ) Nagasaki ( Japan ) ( 1955 ) the oldest sister city in Japan Neuss ( Germany ) Novosibirsk ( Russia ) Notable people ( edit ) Daniel Sadowsky ( born 1984 ) , Chemistry Ph. D Tony Levine ( born 1972 ) , football coach Isaac Rosefelt ( born 1985 ) , American - Israeli basketball player for Hapoel Jerusalem in the Israeli Basketball Premier League F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 1896 - 1940 ) , author Tim Pawlenty ( born 1960 ) , former Governor of Minnesota Alfred E. Perlman ( 1902 - 1983 ) , president of New York Central Railroad and its successor , Penn Central . Louie Anderson ( born 1953 ) , comedian Dave Winfield ( born 1951 ) , MLB baseball player Paul Molitor ( born 1956 ) , MLB baseball player Jack Morris ( born 1955 ) , MLB baseball player Joe Mauer ( born 1983 ) , MLB baseball player Loni Anderson ( born 1946 ) , actress Josh Hartnett ( born 1978 ) , actor Lindsey Vonn ( born 1984 ) , professional and Olympic skier Warren Burger ( born 1907 ) , US Supreme Court Chief Justice Harry Blackmun ( born 1908 ) , US Supreme Court Associate Justice , grew up in St. Paul Winfield S. Braddock ( born 1848 ) , Wisconsin State Assemblyman Herb Brooks ( born 1937 ) , hockey coach Paul Holmgren ( born 1955 ) , NHL hockey player , general manager , president of Philadelphia Flyers ( 2014 -- present ) Ryan McDonagh ( born 1989 ) , NHL hockey player Charles Schulz ( born 1922 ) , cartoonist , born in Minneapolis , grew up in St. Paul LeRoy Neiman ( born 1921 ) , artist Kate Millett ( born 1934 ) , scholar , author , feminist DeWitt Wallace ( born 1889 ) , magazine publisher , co-founder of Reader 's Digest Allan Kingdom ( born 1993 ) , rap artist , created a song with Kanye West Eyedea ( born 1981 ) , rap artist Rachel Keller ( born 1992 ) , actress Hippo Campus indie rock band See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Minnesota portal Minneapolis -- Saint Paul References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The City of Saint Paul -- Official website '' . The City of Saint Paul . 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ramsey County '' . Metro MSP . Minneapolis Regional Chamber Development Foundation . 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas on July 1 , 2016 Population Estimates : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . June 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2018 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bill Salisbury ( August 10 , 2008 ) . `` Pawlenty is latest to make Minneapolis blunder about RNC 's location '' . Pioneer Press . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( December 17 , 2000 ) . `` Stars Ca n't Go Home Again '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Some Notable U.S. Museums . '' The History Channel . 2008 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Science Foundation Selects Museum of Science , Boston to Head $20 Million Network for Public Engagement with Nanotechnology '' ( Press release ) . Materials Research Society . 2008 . Jump up ^ Capital City Partnership ( 2006 ) . `` A City Where People Work '' . Capital City Partnership . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wyant , Carissa ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` Report : Daily newspaper circulation falls over 2 % '' . Jump up ^ Galtier , Rev. Lucien ( 1908 ) . Father Galtier to Bishop Grace , Prairie du Chien January 14 , 1846 . pp. 184 -- 190 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Trimble , Steve ( July 2 , 2000 ) . `` A Short history of Indian Mounds Park '' . Neighborhood Pride Celebration . daytonsbluff.org . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Mounds Park '' . Mississippi National River and recreation Area . National Park Service . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Morrison ( 2008 ) . `` Dakota Life '' . City of Bloomington . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stephen Return Riggs ; James Owen Dorsey ( 1892 ) . A Dakota - English Dictionary . University of Michigan . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lambert 's Landing '' . National Park Services . July 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Treaty Story '' . Minnesota History Center . 1999 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty with the Sioux , 1837 '' . Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Oklahoma State University Library . September 29 , 1837 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kaposia Village Site '' . Dakota County Historical Society . 2005 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kappler , Charles J. , Washington : Government Printing Office , ed. ( 1904 ) . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties '' . II ( Treaties , 1778 - 1883 ) . Oklahoma State University Library ... and `` Treaty with the Sioux '' . September 29 , 1837 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . and `` Treaty with the Sioux -- Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands '' . July 23 , 1851 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . and `` Treaty With the Sioux -- Mdewakanton and Wapahkoota Bands '' . August 5 , 1851 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved June 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Schaper , Julie ; Horwitz , Steven ( 2006 ) . Twin Cities Noir . New York , New York : Akashic Books . p. 16 . ISBN 1 - 888451 - 97 - 1 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of the Cathedral '' . Cathedral of Saint Paul . 2004 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Patricia Mougel , Dept. of French and Italian , University of Minnesota ( June 2007 ) . `` Catholicisme dans le Midwest Lucien Galtier et l'origine du nom de la capitale du Minnesota '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Reflets de l'étoile du nord , Vol. 27 , No. 3 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Gilman , Rhonda R. ( 1989 ) . The Story of Minnesota 's Past . Saint Paul , Minnesota : Minnesota Historical Society Press . pp. 99 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 87351 - 267 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Rolette , Jr. , Joseph `` Joe '' `` . Minnesota Legislators Past & Present . Minnesota Legislature . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Lethert Wingerd . `` Separated at Birth : The Sibling Rivalry of Minneapolis and St. Paul '' . Organization of American Historians . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` St. Paul , Minneapolis and other cities in Minnesota suffer from gale '' . GenDisasters.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rondo Neighborhood & the Building of I - 94 '' . Minnesota Historical Society . 2008 . Jump up ^ F. James Davis ( 1965 ) . `` The Effects of a Freeway Displacement on Racial Housing Segregation in a Northern City '' . Phylon . Clark Atlanta University . 26 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 215 . doi : 10.2307 / 273848 . JSTOR 273848 . Jump up ^ `` Rondo Days official site '' . Rondo Avenue Inc . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest skyscrapers of Saint Paul '' . Emporis. 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hmong Refugee Resettlement '' . Minnesota Council of Non-Profits . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moua , Teng . `` Hmong Archives Reaches a Milestone '' . Hmong Today . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi : River Facts '' . U.S. National Park Service . August 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Havens , Chris ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` In St. Paul , they 're passionate about parks '' . Star Tribune . pp. AA1 . ISSN 0895 - 2825 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ParkScore '' . www.parkscore.tpl.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Medcalf , Myron P. ( September 11 , 2007 ) . `` St. Paul 's neighborhood councils scrutinize their financial status '' . Star Tribune . pp. B4 Local . Jump up ^ `` District Councils '' . City of Saint Paul . 2008 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul Participation '' . Citizen Participation Project Case Studies . Citizen Participation Project . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kottek , Markus ; Grieser , Jürgen ; Beck , Christoph ; Rudolf , Bruno ; Rubel , Franz ( June 2006 ) . `` World Map of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification updated '' . Meteorologische Zeitschrift . E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 15 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 263 . doi : 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2006 / 0130 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 45.4 ° F for 1971 through 2000 per U.S. Census Archived January 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . who cites `` Normals 1971 -- 2000 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved March 25 , 2007 . or 44.6 ° F ( 7.0 ° C ) per Fisk , Charles ( March 3 , 2007 ) . `` Minneapolis - Saint Paul Area Daily Climatological History of Temperature , Precipitation , and Snowfall , A Year - by - Year Graphical Portrayal ( 1820 -- present ) '' . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Data , US Climate . `` Climate Saint Paul - Minnesota and Weather averages Saint Paul '' . Jump up ^ `` Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information '' . The Weather Channel . August 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk '' . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` St. Paul ( city ) , Minnesota '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Race and Hispanic or Latino : 2000 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ David A. Lanegran ( 2001 ) . `` From Swede Hollow to Arlington Hills , From Snoose Boulevard to Minnehaha Parkway : Swedish Neighborhoods of the Twin Cities '' ( PDF ) . Macalester College . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District 7 : Thomas - Dale or Frogtown '' . Ramsey County Historical Society . 2005 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tom Kenworthy ( November 29 , 2004 ) . `` Hmong get closer look since shootings '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Hmong Resettlement Revisited '' . Bridging Refugee Youth and Children 's Services . June 2004 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul Ethnic Population Growth '' . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bianca Vazquez Toness ( May 24 , 2005 ) . `` Mexican consulate opens in June '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ramsey County , Minnesota '' . Religious Congregations and Membership in the United States , 2000 . Association of Religion Data Archives . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gihring , Tim ( April 2009 ) . `` Welcome to Paganistan '' . Minnesota Monthly . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Databases , Tables & Calculators by Subject '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . U.S. Department of Labor . August 26 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . This data may not be directly reproducible via this link . BLS.gov , Select `` 27 Minnesota '' and `` 33460 Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- Bloomington , MN - WI '' and all subsectors . Jump up ^ Orrick , Dave ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Downtown goal : Fill storefronts -- at least for now '' . Pioneer Press . MediaNews Group . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kim ( August 20 , 2008 ) . `` Business Journal names Best Places to Work '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . American City Business Journals , Inc . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Abbe , Mary ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Same old struggles at the MMAA '' . Star Tribune . Chris Harte . p. 3 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wyant , Carissa ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` 3M to cut hundreds of jobs in coming months '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . American City Business Journals , Inc . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moore , Janet ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` St. Jude Medical 's product sales appear recession - proof '' . Star Tribune . Chris Harte . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Locations '' . About St. Jude Medical . St. Jude Medical , Inc. 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lock and Dam 1 '' . St. Paul District . US Army Corps of Engineers . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick . `` With Ford plant gone , St. Paul leaders seek model development '' . twincities.com . Pioneer Press . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick Melo : You do n't know TIF ! '' . Twin Cities . 2018 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Saint Paul Winter Carnival '' . St Paul Winter Carnival . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Snelling State Park '' . Minnesota DNR. 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Harry F. Schroeder , Jr . The Kid After Whom Charles M. Schulz Named His Beethoven - Loving Character in His `` Peanuts '' Cartoon `` . Delehanty - Sullivan - Kinsman - Schroeder Family History Workspace. 2006 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ PRnewswire.co.uk , `` Saint Paul kicks off encore to the successful ' Peanuts on Parade ' summer art project '' Jump up ^ `` John Vachon : A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress '' . Prepared by Connie L. Cartledge . Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . 2006 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ordway Center for the Performing Arts '' . Ordway Center for the Performing Arts . 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Berryman , Don ( April 21 , 2004 ) . `` Artists ' Quarter '' . Jazz Police . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gelhhar , Jenny ( 2007 ) . `` The Turf Club '' . Features . Saint Paul Almanac . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra Three concerts '' . University of Chicago . 2008 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Centennial Showboat ! '' . University of Minnesota . July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goldstein Museum of Design '' . College of Design . Regents of the University of Minnesota . 2008 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hours , Parking , and Directions '' . Visitor Information . Minnesota Children 's Museum . 2010 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ong , Bao ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` Carlson 's legacy : Schubert Club : Thanks to him , once - tiny arts group attracts top artists to Twin Cities '' . Pioneer Press . Archived from the original ( registration required ) on December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Schubert Club Museum of Musical Instruments '' . The Schubert Club . 2008 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wyant , Carissa ( July 26 , 2008 ) . `` St. Paul art museum loses director ; searches for new home '' . Minneapolis St. Paul Business Journal . American City Business Journals , Inc . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Abbe , Mary ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Same old struggles at the MMAA '' . Star Tribune . Chris Harte . p. 1 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` St. Paul Culture : Museums '' . M.R. Danielson Advertising Associates . 2002 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Andrew . `` St. Paul takes SI Sportstown Honors for the Land of 10,000 Lakes '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael Farber ( December 4 , 2007 ) . `` In Search of ... Hockeytown U.S.A '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` About Xcel Energy Center '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` St. Paul Baseball History '' . St. Paul Saints . Retrieved August 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , Mark ( February 7 , 2003 ) . `` Colored Gophers made history '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . St. Paul Twin Stars . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About the St. Paul Curling Club '' . Saint Paul Curling Club . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Boat Club '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pioneer Press staff ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Tickets for Circus Juventas summer show announced '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ervin , Phil ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` MLS fight won , Minnesota United still going through ' process ' of financing facility '' . Jump up ^ `` Article '' . bizjournals.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Professional Sports '' . Meet Minneapolis . 2011 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Quarstad , Brian ( October 30 , 2011 ) . `` NSC Minnesota Stars Win the 2011 NASL Championship '' . Jump up ^ www.goal.com/en-us/news/6105/north-american-soccer-league/2014/06/08/4868343/minnesota-united-crowned-2014-nasl-spring-champion Jump up ^ `` Description of Saint Paul 's Form of Government '' . 2008 Mayor 's Proposed Budget . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sec . 2.01 . Chief executive '' . Administrative Code . City of Saint Paul . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sec . 4.01 . Legislative power '' . Saint Paul City Charter . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sec . 2.01 . Elective officials '' . Saint Paul City Charter . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sec. 4.01. 2 . Initial districts '' . Saint Paul City Charter . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sec . 2.02 . Terms '' . Saint Paul City Charter . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2003 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Eric J. Ostermeier . `` Twin Cities Mayoral Historical Overview '' ( PDF ) . Center for the Study of Politics and Governance . Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved January 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ramsey County Home Rule Charter '' . Ramsey County . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ramsey County Building Locations '' . Ramsey County . 2008 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Senate Maps & Data '' . Geographic Information Services . Minnesota State Legislature. 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota House Maps & Data '' . Geographic Information Services . Minnesota State Legislature. 2007 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ El Nasser , Haya ( April 11 , 2004 ) . `` Most livable ? Depends on your definition '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Post-Secondary Schools '' . Minnesota Department of Education . 2005 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Saint Paul Public Schools . `` About Us '' . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Open Enrollment '' . Minnesota Department of Education . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Charter School Facts '' . MN Association of Charter Schools . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Minnesota Department of Education ( 2005 ) . `` Alphabetical List of Nonpublic Schools '' . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2007 . and `` Charter Schools '' . 2005 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Library Locations '' . Saint Paul Public Library . 2010 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stations '' . Minnesota Public Radio . 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company Information '' . Minnesota Public Radio . 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Fitzgerald Theater '' . Minnesota Public Radio . 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bike - n - Ride by bus '' . Metro Transit . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nice Ride Minnesota : Ambitious plans set for 2014 season '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gill , N.S. `` Skyways : Downtown Minneapolis and St. Paul Skyways '' . About.com . About , Inc. , The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Khoo , Michael ( December 15 , 2002 ) . `` The days of Jesse '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gov. Ventura Stumbles '' . New York Times . February 6 , 1999 . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ L. Empson , Donald ( 2006 ) . The Street Where You Live . University of Minnesota Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 4729 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Central Corridor next steps and timeline '' . Metropolitan Council . April 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2006 . Retrieved April 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Esme . `` Talking Points : Green Line Opening Hailed A Big Success '' . Jump up ^ http://www.metrotransit.org/a-line-project A-Line Jump up ^ `` St. Paul - Minneapolis , MN ( MSP ) '' . Amtrak . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved April 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sommerhauser , Mark ( July 24 , 2008 ) . `` Mayors claim more riders should spur more service on Amtrak line '' . The Winona Daily News . Lee Enterprises . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2008 . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Michael ( 2003 ) . North American Railyards . Saint Paul , Minnesota : MBI Publishing Company . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1578 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Michael ( 2003 ) . North American Railyards . Saint Paul , Minnesota : MBI Publishing Company . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1578 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` History and Mission '' . Metropolitan Airports Commission . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved June 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Minneapolis : Air Transportation '' . Minneapolis Public Library ( mpls.lib.mn.us ) . 2001 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2006 . Retrieved February 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot Groups '' . Air Line Pilots Association . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2007 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Paul Downtown Airport '' . Metropolitan Airports Commission . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul Sister Cities '' . Saint Paul Sister Cities . 2007 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2011 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Membership Directory '' . Sister Cities International . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities and States of Minnesota '' . Government of Minnesota . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSaint Paul , Minnesotaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Official website Official Tourism site -- Visitor Information Architecture of St. Paul Saint Paul Almanac -- Singular guidebook to Minnesota 's capital city Twin Cities Calendar - Monthly list of concerts , fairs , and other St. Paul events . List of Saint Paul buildings , places and tours on Placeography Ramsey County and St. Paul Historical Society Lowertown : The Rise Of An Urban Village Documentary produced by Twin Cities Public Television Articles relating to Saint Paul and Ramsey County City of Saint Paul Topics Climate Companies Demographics Education Public Schools Fire Government City Council Mayors History Irish Library Media Neighborhoods Parks Police Skyscrapers Winter Carnival Saint Paul neighborhoods Residential neighborhoods Dayton 's Bluff Downtown Frogtown Highland Park Saint Anthony Park Summit - University Union Park West Seventh Commercial areas Energy Park Former neighborhoods Swede Hollow Municipalities and communities of Ramsey County , Minnesota , United States County seat : St. Paul Cities Arden Hills Blaine ‡ Falcon Heights Gem Lake Lauderdale Little Canada Maplewood Mounds View New Brighton North Oaks North St. Paul Roseville Shoreview St. Anthony ‡ St. Paul Spring Lake Park ‡ Vadnais Heights White Bear Lake ‡ Township White Bear Unincorporated communities Bald Eagle Bellaire Ghost towns / Neighborhoods University Grove Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Minnesota Saint Paul ( capital ) Topics Outline Index Cities Climate Colleges and universities Congressional districts Ecology Geography Geology Governors High schools Historical Congressional delegations Historical Landmarks History Lakes Movies and television Music People Political parties Rivers School districts Scouting State fair State parks Territory Townships Transportation Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Theater Regions Arrowhead Boundary Waters Buffalo Ridge Central Coteau des Prairies Dissected Till Plains Driftless Area Iron Range Minnesota River Valley North Shore Northwest Angle North Woods Pipestone Red River Valley Siouxland Southeast Twin Cities metropolitan area Largest cities pop . over 25,000 Andover Apple Valley Blaine Bloomington Brooklyn Center Brooklyn Park Burnsville Chaska Coon Rapids Cottage Grove Duluth Eagan Eden Prairie Edina Fridley Inver Grove Heights Lakeville Mankato Maple Grove Maplewood Minneapolis Minnetonka Moorhead Oakdale Owatonna Plymouth Prior Lake Ramsey Richfield Rochester Roseville St. Cloud St. Louis Park Saint Paul Savage Shakopee Shoreview Winona Woodbury Counties Aitkin Anoka Becker Beltrami Benton Big Stone Blue Earth Brown Carlton Carver Cass Chippewa Chisago Clay Clearwater Cook Cottonwood Crow Wing Dakota Dodge Douglas Faribault Fillmore Freeborn Goodhue Grant Hennepin Houston Hubbard Isanti Itasca Jackson Kanabec Kandiyohi Kittson Koochiching Lac qui Parle Lake Lake of the Woods Le Sueur Lincoln Lyon Mahnomen Marshall Martin McLeod Meeker Mille Lacs Morrison Mower Murray Nicollet Nobles Norman Olmsted Otter Tail Pennington Pine Pipestone Polk Pope Ramsey Red Lake Redwood Renville Rice Rock Roseau Saint Louis Scott Sherburne Sibley Stearns Steele Stevens Swift Todd Traverse Wabasha Wadena Waseca Washington Watonwan Wilkin Winona Wright Yellow Medicine Capitals of the United States by jurisdiction Nation : US Washington States : AL Montgomery AK Juneau AZ Phoenix AR Little Rock CA Sacramento CO Denver CT Hartford DE Dover FL Tallahassee GA Atlanta HI Honolulu ID Boise IL Springfield IN Indianapolis IA Des Moines KS Topeka KY Frankfort LA Baton Rouge ME Augusta MD Annapolis MA Boston MI Lansing MN Saint Paul MS Jackson MO Jefferson City MT Helena NE Lincoln NV Carson City NH Concord NJ Trenton NM Santa Fe NY Albany NC Raleigh ND Bismarck OH Columbus OK Oklahoma City OR Salem PA Harrisburg RI Providence SC Columbia SD Pierre TN Nashville TX Austin UT Salt Lake City VT Montpelier VA Richmond WA Olympia WV Charleston WI Madison WY Cheyenne Territories : AS Pago Pago GU Hagåtña MP Saipan PR San Juan VI Charlotte Amalie All - America City Award : Hall of Fame Akron , Ohio Anchorage , Alaska Asheville , North Carolina Baltimore Boston Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus , Ohio Dayton , Ohio Des Moines , Iowa Edinburg , Texas Fayetteville , North Carolina Fort Wayne , Indiana Fort Worth , Texas Gastonia , North Carolina Grand Island , Nebraska Grand Rapids , Michigan Hickory , North Carolina Independence , Missouri Kansas City , Missouri Laurinburg , North Carolina New Haven , Connecticut Peoria , Illinois Philadelphia Phoenix , Arizona Roanoke , Virginia Rockville , Maryland Saint Paul , Minnesota San Antonio Seward , Alaska Shreveport , Louisiana Tacoma , Washington Toledo , Ohio Tupelo , Mississippi Wichita , Kansas Worcester , Massachusetts Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in Minnesota Jacob Frey ( DFL ) ( Minneapolis ) Melvin Carter ( DFL ) ( Saint Paul ) Ardell Brede ( I ) ( Rochester ) BNF : cb135407126 ( data ) GND : 4118227 - 3 LCCN : n81020369 NARA : 10046113 VIAF : 123791700 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Paul,_Minnesota&oldid=843671359 '' Categories : Saint Paul , Minnesota Cities in Ramsey County , Minnesota Cities in Minnesota County seats in Minnesota Minneapolis -- Saint Paul Minnesota populated places on the Mississippi River 2008 Republican National Convention Populated places established in 1848 1848 establishments in Wisconsin Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 French - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | st paul is the capital of which usa state | [
"Saint Paul (abbreviated St. Paul) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2017,the city's estimated population was 309,180.[5] Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County, the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota.[6] The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Minneapolis, the state's largest city. Known as the \"Twin Cities\", the two form the core of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.6 million residents.[7]"
] | [
"Minnesota"
] |
7896818724768642532 | Crystal the Monkey | Crystal the monkey - wikipedia Crystal the monkey Jump to : navigation , search Crystal Crystal the Monkey at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con NBC party Breed Capuchin monkey Sex Female ( 1994 - 05 - 06 ) May 6 , 1994 ( age 23 ) Occupation Monkey actress Years active 1997 -- present Owner Thierre Whitfield Residence Los Angeles County , California Height 1 ft 7 in ( 48 cm ) Crystal ( born May 6 , 1994 ) is a female capuchin monkey and animal actress , acquired and trained by Birds & Animals Unlimited , Hollywood 's largest supplier of animals . Her acting career began as a baby monkey in the 1997 film George of the Jungle . More recently , she portrayed the irritating monkey Dexter in the Night at the Museum franchise , and a drug - dealing monkey in The Hangover Part II . In 2012 , she played Dr. Rizzo on the sitcom Animal Practice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Acting career 1.1 Universal Studios 1.2 Television and film 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Acting career ( edit ) Universal Studios ( edit ) In 1996 , Birds & Animals Unlimited , the largest furnisher of animals to Hollywood , sent one of its trainers to purchase a capuchin monkey in Florida . Birds & Animals prefers to begin training younger monkeys , optimally those close to one year old . Audacious two - and - half - year - old Crystal , whose canine teeth had begun showing , was offered . The trainer ultimately decided to buy both Crystal and two younger capuchin monkeys . Three employees received the three monkeys . Crystal was given to Tom Gunderson , an employee who had only been with the company for a few years and had been primarily working at Universal Studios Florida 's Animal Actors stage show . Gunderson had let the other two employees select their monkeys first and was left with the oldest , Crystal . He named her Crystal , a namesake to a country music singer Crystal Gayle . New York magazine 's Benjamin Wallace wrote , `` It was like she was born to perform . '' Gunderson and Crystal worked together for eight years at the Animal Actors stage show . Because the show was marked by pyrotechnics and noisy , cheering audiences , Gunderson said it was `` a boot camp '' and `` a great way for a monkey to grow up and become habituated for this kind of environment '' . Unlike the majority of monkeys who were bothered by high volume music and children , Crystal was remarkably mature . Rather than destroy a stuffed animal as any other monkey would do , she preferred to groom herself and work the levers of a child 's activity center . Television and film ( edit ) A female capuchin monkey and animal actress , Crystal is owned by Birds & Animals Unlimited . Having appeared in over 20 films by 2011 , Crystal first appeared in the 1997 film George of the Jungle . Wallace of the magazine New York said her Internet Movie Database page is `` more hit - studded than most actors three times her age '' , and Joe Flint of the Los Angeles Times called her `` a veteran of movies and TV with an enviable IMDB credit list '' . USA Today called Crystal `` Hollywood 's Hottest Monkey '' and the Los Angeles Times called her the most powerful pet in Hollywood `` . She is known for her roles in the 2006 film Night at the Museum and its sequels , Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) and Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) , playing troublesome monkey Dexter ( also playing another character , Able , in the second film ) . In the 2009 film , her character slapped Ben Stiller 's , while her trainer encouraged her with `` Get him ! Get him ! Hit him harder ! Hit him harder ! '' Stiller joked that `` I really dislike the monkey . There 's no way to feel great about having a monkey slap your face on any level . '' During filming , Crystal in an `` unscripted moment '' relieved herself on Robin Williams , who was playing Teddy Roosevelt . Williams said , `` It combines the worst aspects of working with children and animals when you have an animal that looks like a child ... Plus , what human can ( defecate ) on you in the middle of a scene and people would be like ' Awww , great ' '' . She has done cameos with David Hasselhoff in the 2011 film Hop and with Ken Jeong in the NBC comedy series Community . She made a special appearance on Community 's panel at the San Diego Comic - Con in July 2011 . She portrayed a drug dealing monkey in the 2011 film The Hangover Part II . Director Todd Phillips raised concerns after he joked that Crystal had become addicted to cigarettes after learning to smoke them for the film . Philips later explained that Crystal never actually held a lit cigarette on the film 's set , the smoke was added digitally in post-production , and the cigarette was ceramic . Still PETA protested Crystal 's appearance in the film because the studio used exotic animals for entertainment purposes and because the film does not carry the American Humane Association 's disclaimer that `` no animals were harmed '' since the group was denied set visits . Ken Jeong , Crystal 's fellow Hangover , as well as Community , actor , praised her , saying , `` She 's amazing . She 's not a monkey , she 's an actor . And quite possibly the best actor I 've worked with . '' In 2011 she played Donald the Monkey in the Frank Coraci - directed film Zookeeper and was voiced by Adam Sandler . Crystal also played Crystal the Capuchin in the Cameron Crowe - directed film We Bought a Zoo . After gymnast Gabby Douglas 's gold medal - winning performance at 2012 Summer Olympics individual all - around , NBC aired a commercial of Crystal swinging on gymnastic rings . Wallace of the magazine New York called it a `` cringe - worthy juxtaposition '' that sparked much debate about racism on Twitter . Sportscaster Bob Costas had just said , `` There are some African American girls out there who tonight are saying to themselves : ' Hey , I 'd like to try that too . ' '' Crystal 's ad had been broadcast three times previously and was a promotion for NBC 's upcoming sitcom , Animal Practice . She played Dr. Rizzo , a crony of misanthropic veterinarian Dr. George Coleman in Animal Practice , a sitcom that debuted on September 26 , 2012 . Before the show was cancelled due to low ratings , Crystal netted her owner $12,000 per episode ; the earnings from nine episodes meant that for the year she made more than twice as much as the average Hollywood actor . New York 's Wallace observed the filming of a scene in which Crystal gives Coleman a shoulder massage . Gunderson used gestures to coax Crystal to perform the desired action and let her lick yogurt from his fingers upon finishing . After each scene , Gunderson rewards her with a treat . Wallace noted that her favorite treats included `` chocolate , Nutella , grapes , pistachios , peanuts , the odd crafts - services banana , a weekly egg for protein , and , off - set , spiders and flies '' . Personal life ( edit ) Crystal lives with her trainer , Tom Gunderson , in Los Angeles County , California . Other animals live in the home , `` including dogs , horses , a cat , and another female capuchin , named Squirt '' . Crystal , who sleeps no less than eight hours every day , shares a mattress with Gunderson , his wife , fellow capuchin Squirt , and a chihuahua . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes George of the Jungle Monkey 1998 Dr. Dolittle Drunk Monkey 1999 American Pie Monkey with garage band 2000 Terror Tract Bobo Dr. Dolittle 2 Drunk Monkey American Pie 2 2002 Malcolm In the Middle Oliver the Helper Monkey Garfield : The Movie Pet monkey 2005 Fun with Dick and Jane Test monkey 2006 The Shaggy Dog Capuchin Night at the Museum Dexter Failure to Launch Forest Monkey 2007 3 : 10 to Yuma 2009 Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Dexter , Able 2010 -- 13 Community Annie 's Boobs 2011 The Hangover Part II Drug Dealing Monkey Credited as Crystal The Big Bang Theory Ricky the Smoking Monkey Zookeeper Donald the Monkey We Bought a Zoo Herself 2012 Animal Practice Dr. Rizzo 2013 The Good Thing Herself The Hangover Part III Monkey Post credit scene Super Buddies Mon - kee 2014 All Hail the King Bar Monkey Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Dexter 2015 Russell Madness Hunk 2016 Monkey Up Monty Legends of the Hidden Temple Mikey the Monkey Television film The 101 - Year - Old Man Who Skipped Out on the Bill and Disappeared Erlander Swedish movie Gibby Gibby Lead role References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Flint , Joe ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Monkey business on ' Animal Practice ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Benjamin ( 2012 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Crystal Takes Hollywood '' . New York ( magazine ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 12 : page 1 , page 2 , page 3 , and page 4 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Everett , Cristina ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) . `` ' The Hangover 2 ' premiere : Crystal the monkey steals the show from star - studded cast '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( 2011 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Crystal the ' Hangover ' monkey comes out swinging '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Weinfeld , Michael ( 2009 - 05 - 20 ) . `` More monkey slaps , more humiliation for Stiller in ' Night at the Museum ' sequel '' . Breitbart.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kung , Michelle ( 2011 - 07 - 23 ) . `` ' Community ' Cast Gets Warm Welcome at Comic - Con '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Rottenberg , Josh ( 2011 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Monkey trouble ? : ' The Hangover Part II ' raises concerns from animal rights advocates '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( 2011 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Hey , I Know That Critter ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Karger , Dave ( 2011 - 08 - 06 ) . `` Cameron Crowe goes animal wild with ' We Bought A Zoo ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NBC forced to apologise after ill - timed ad features a monkey doing gymnastics - right after showing Gabby Douglas ' gold medal victory '' . Daily Mail . 2012 - 08 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) . `` ' Animal Practice ' cancelled '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Salaries Revealed , From Movie Stars to Agents ( and Even Their Assistants '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 30 . Crystal the monkey earned $108,000 in 2012 for appearing in nine episodes of NBC 's Animal Practice . That 's more than most of the below - the - line talent featured in this story and twice as much as the average actor , who earns $52,000 , according to SAG - AFTRA . But most animals work for peanuts : The day rate for a dog or cat in Hollywood is $400 , with most earning $5,000 to $10,000 a year . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crystal the Monkey . Crystal the Monkey on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crystal_the_Monkey&oldid=836139651 '' Categories : 1994 animal births Animal actors Individual monkeys Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 22 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name of monkey from night at the museum | [
"Crystal (born May 6, 1994) is a female capuchin monkey and animal actress, acquired and trained by Birds & Animals Unlimited, Hollywood's largest supplier of animals.[1] Her acting career began as a baby monkey in the 1997 film George of the Jungle. More recently, she portrayed the irritating monkey Dexter in the Night at the Museum franchise, and a drug-dealing monkey in The Hangover Part II. In 2012, she played Dr. Rizzo on the sitcom Animal Practice."
] | [
"Dexter"
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-3593443025895410267 | Mannitol salt agar | Mannitol salt agar - Wikipedia Mannitol salt agar Jump to : navigation , search An MSA plate with Micrococcus sp. ( 1 ) , Staphylococcus epidermidis ( 2 ) and S. aureus colonies ( 3 ) . Mannitol salt agar or MSA is a commonly used selective and differential growth medium in microbiology . It encourages the growth of a group of certain bacteria while inhibiting the growth of others . This medium is important in medical laboratories by distinguishing pathogenic microbes in a short period of time . It contains a high concentration ( about 7.5 % - 10 % ) of salt ( NaCl ) , making it selective for Gram - positive bacteria ( Staphylococcus and Micrococcaceae ) since this level of salt is inhibitory to most other bacteria . It is also a differential medium for mannitol - fermenting staphylococci , containing carbohydrate mannitol and the indicator phenol red , a pH indicator for detecting acid produced by mannitol - fermenting staphylococci . Staphylococcus aureus produces yellow colonies with yellow zones , whereas other coagulase - negative staphylococci produce small pink or red colonies with no colour change to the medium . If an organism can ferment mannitol , an acidic byproduct is formed that causes the phenol red in the agar to turn yellow . It is used for the selective isolation of presumptive pathogenic ( pp ) Staphylococcus species . Colonies of Staphylococcus on Chapman 's media Contents ( hide ) 1 Expected results 2 Typical composition 3 References 4 External links Expected results ( edit ) Gram + Staphylococcus : fermenting mannitol : medium turns yellow ( e.g. S. aureus ) Gram + Staphylococcus : not fermenting mannitol , medium does not change color ( e.g. S. epidermidis ) Gram + Streptococcus : inhibited growth Gram - : inhibited growth Typical composition ( edit ) MSA typically contains : 5.0 g / L enzymatic digest of casein 5.0 g / L enzymatic digest of animal tissue 1.0 g / L beef extract 10.0 g / L D - mannitol 75.0 g / L sodium chloride 0.025 g / L phenol red 15.0 g / L agar pH 7.4 ± 0.2 at 25 ° C References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bachoon , Dave S. ; Dustman , Wendy A. ( 2008 ) . `` Exercise 8 : Selective and Differential Media for Isolation '' . In Michael Stranz . Microbiology Laboratory Manual . Mason , OH : Cengage Learning . Jump up ^ `` Mannitol salt agar '' ( PDF ) . Becton , Dickinson and Company . 2005 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Cindy ( 2013 ) . Great Adventures in the Microbiology Laboratory . Pearson . pp. 175 -- 176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 269 - 39068 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Mannitol salt agar ( 7143 ) '' ( PDF ) . Neogen Corp. 2008 . Jump up ^ Identification of Staphylococcus aureus : DNase and Mannitol salt agar improve the efficiency of the tube coagulase test Jump up ^ The United States Pharmacopeia ( 23rd ed . ) . Rockville , MD : The United States Pharmacopeial Convention . 1995 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Growth media / agar plates Selective media Gram positive Actinobacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Löwenstein -- Jensen medium Middlebrook 7H9 Broth Middlebrook 7H10 Agar Middlebrook 7H11 Agar Mycoplasma pneumoniae Eaton 's agar Firmicutes Corynebacterium diphtheriae Hoyle 's agar Enterococcus Bile esculin agar Lactobacillus MRS agar Lactococcus M17 agar Staphylococcus Mannitol salt agar Gram negative Alphaproteobacteria Brucella Brucella agar Farrell 's medium Betaproteobacteria Neisseria Thayer - Martin agar Gammaproteobacteria Bordetella Bordet - Gengou agar Enterobacteriaceae VRBD agar Haemophilus influenzae / Legionella pneumophila Buffered charcoal yeast extract agar Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cetrimide agar Salmonella XLT agar DCA agar Salmonella / Shigella XLD agar Differential media Lactose fermenting gram negative MacConkey agar / Sorbitol - MacConkey agar Eosin methylene blue Hektoen enteric agar sulfur Bismuth sulfite agar Fungal media Czapek medium Dermatophyte test medium Potato dextrose agar Sabouraud agar Nonselective media Chocolate agar Nutrient agar Plate count agar Other / ungrouped media Cystine lactose electrolyte deficient agar Cystine tryptic agar Endo agar Lysine iron agar slant Müller - Hinton agar / PNP agar R2a agar Simmons ' citrate agar Trypticase soy agar Tryptic soy broth TSI slant This microbiology - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mannitol_salt_agar&oldid=807212136 '' Categories : Microbiological media Microbiology stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano മലയാളം 日本 語 Polski ไทย 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 16 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the role of phenol red in the mannitol salt medium | [
"Mannitol salt agar or MSA is a commonly used selective and differential growth medium in microbiology. It encourages the growth of a group of certain bacteria while inhibiting the growth of others. This medium is important in medical laboratories by distinguishing pathogenic microbes in a short period of time.[1] It contains a high concentration (about 7.5%-10%) of salt (NaCl), making it selective for Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus and Micrococcaceae) since this level of salt is inhibitory to most other bacteria.[2] It is also a differential medium for mannitol-fermenting staphylococci, containing carbohydrate mannitol and the indicator phenol red, a pH indicator for detecting acid produced by mannitol-fermenting staphylococci. [3] Staphylococcus aureus produces yellow colonies with yellow zones, whereas other coagulase-negative staphylococci produce small pink or red colonies with no colour change to the medium.[4] If an organism can ferment mannitol, an acidic byproduct is formed that causes the phenol red in the agar to turn yellow.[1] It is used for the selective isolation of presumptive pathogenic (pp) Staphylococcus species.[5]"
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"a pH indicator for detecting acid"
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3436097645204748236 | Wisden 100 | Wisden 100 - wikipedia Wisden 100 The Wisden 100 is a set of lists created by Wisden which attempted to objectively rate the 100 best individual innings performances in Test and One Day International cricket in each of the disciplines of batting and bowling . The Test list was released in 2001 and the ODI list was released in 2002 . The ratings were calculated by scoring each individual batting and bowling performance in various criteria . Apart from the player 's actual score or figures , criteria which were taken into account included the strength of the opposition players , the quality of the pitch , the result of the match , and the player 's contribution to this result . The maximum possible rating was 300 . Contents 1 Test cricket 1.1 Top 10 Batting performances 1.2 Top 10 Bowling performances 1.3 Controversy 1.4 Updating the list 2 ODI cricket 2.1 Top 10 Batting performances 2.2 Top 10 Bowling performances 2.3 Updating the list 3 All - time lists 3.1 Top 5 Test batsmen 3.2 Top 5 Test bowlers 3.3 Top 5 ODI batsmen 3.4 Top 5 ODI bowlers 4 Other lists 5 References 6 External links Test cricket Harbhajan , pictured here bowling in the nets , was one of only two players to have four bowling performances in the top 100 . The Wisden 100 list for Test cricket was released on 26 July 2001 . The top - rated batting performance was Donald Bradman 's 270 for Australia against England at Melbourne in the 1936 -- 37 Ashes series . 5 of Bradman 's innings appeared in the top 100 , more than any other batsman . The top - rated bowling performance was Hugh Tayfield 's 9 / 113 for South Africa against England at Johannesburg in the 1956 -- 57 series . Curtly Ambrose and Harbhajan Singh each had 4 performances in the top 100 , more than any other bowler . Top 10 batting performances Rank Batsman Score For Against Venue Season Rating Donald Bradman 270 Australia England Melbourne 1936 -- 37 262.4 Brian Lara 153 * West Indies Australia Bridgetown 1998 -- 99 255.2 Graham Gooch 154 * England West Indies Leeds 1991 252.0 Ian Botham 149 * England Australia Leeds 1981 240.8 5 Donald Bradman 299 * Australia South Africa Adelaide 1931 -- 32 236.8 6 V.V.S. Laxman 281 India Australia Kolkata 2000 -- 01 234.8 7 Clem Hill 188 Australia England Melbourne 1897 -- 98 234.2 8 Azhar Mahmood 132 Pakistan South Africa Durban 1997 -- 98 232.6 9 Kim Hughes 100 * Australia West Indies Melbourne 1981 -- 82 229.7 10 Brian Lara 375 West Indies England St. John 's 1993 -- 94 228.1 For the full list , see Top 100 Batsmen ( Test ) at Rediff.com . Top 10 bowling performances Rank Bowler Figures For Against Venue Season Rating Hugh Tayfield 9 / 113 South Africa England Johannesburg 1956 -- 57 253.9 Anil Kumble 10 / 74 India Pakistan Delhi 1998 -- 99 248.6 Jim Laker 10 / 53 England Australia Manchester 1956 241.7 Jack White 8 / 126 England Australia Adelaide 1928 -- 29 238.8 5 Richard Hadlee 9 / 52 New Zealand Australia Brisbane 1985 -- 86 237.1 6 Devon Malcolm 9 / 57 England South Africa The Oval , London 234.4 7 Bob Willis 8 / 43 England Australia Leeds 1981 226.1 8 Hedley Verity 8 / 43 England Australia Lord 's , London 1934 225.1 9 Bill O'Reilly 7 / 54 Australia England Trent Bridge 1934 224.3 10 Graham McKenzie 8 / 71 Australia West Indies Melbourne 1968 -- 69 224.1 For the full list , see Top 100 Bowlers ( Test ) at Rediff.com . Controversy Despite his highly impressive career record , not one of Sachin Tendulkar 's innings appeared in the top 100 batting performances . His omission was strongly criticised by fans and many sections of the media in India . Wisden defended the list stating that performances which majorly contributed to victories received a much larger weighting than those in which the match was drawn or lost . Tendulkar 's most important innings had usually come in draws and defeats which received a lower weighting . The list also received general criticism from a few leading sports editors . Updating the list The list has had no official updated release since its inception . However , shortly after the list 's release , Wisden stated that Mark Butcher 's match - winning innings of 173 * in the 4th Test of the 2001 Ashes series placed him in 48th place on the batting list with a rating of 200.8 . ODI cricket Following the success of the list for Test cricket , the Wisden 100 list for ODI cricket was released on 1 February 2002 . The top - rated batting performance was Viv Richards ' 189 * for West Indies against England at Manchester in 1984 . 7 of Richards ' innings appeared in the top 100 , more than any other batsman . The top - rated bowling performance was Gary Gilmour 's 6 / 14 for Australia against England at Leeds in 1975 . Waqar Younis appears 9 times in the top 100 , more than any other player . Top 10 batting performances Rank Batsman Score For Against Venue Year Rating Viv Richards 189 * West Indies England Old Trafford 1984 257.59 Viv Richards 138 * West Indies England Lord 's , London 1979 245.76 Sanath Jayasuriya 189 Sri Lanka India Sharjah 2000 245.33 Kapil Dev 175 * India Zimbabwe Tunbridge Wells 241.87 5 Saeed Anwar 194 Pakistan India Chennai 225.62 6 David Gower 158 England New Zealand Brisbane 219.84 7 Brian Lara 169 West Indies Sri Lanka Sharjah 1995 215.21 8 Aravinda de Silva 107 * Sri Lanka Australia Lahore 212.91 9 Clive Lloyd 102 West Indies Australia Lord 's , London 209.84 10 Brian Lara 153 West Indies Pakistan Sharjah 204.46 For the full list , see Top 100 Batsmen ( ODI ) at Rediff.com . Top 10 bowling performances Rank Bowler Figures For Against Venue Year Rating Gary Gilmour 6 / 14 Australia England Leeds 205.56 Aaqib Javed 7 / 37 Pakistan India Sharjah 1991 202.25 Waqar Younis 7 / 36 Pakistan England Leeds 2001 181.34 Chaminda Vaas 8 / 19 Sri Lanka Zimbabwe Colombo 2001 174.94 5 Chaminda Vaas 5 / 14 Sri Lanka India Sharjah 2000 173.93 6 Joel Garner 5 / 38 West Indies England Lord 's , London 1979 172.78 7 Sunil Joshi 5 / 6 India South Africa Nairobi 1999 170.66 8 Shaun Pollock 5 / 36 South Africa Australia Birmingham 1999 161.99 9 Muttiah Muralitharan 7 / 30 Sri Lanka India Sharjah 2000 160.02 10 Madan Lal 3 / 31 India West Indies Lord 's , London 158.50 For the full list , see Top 100 Bowlers ( ODI ) at Rediff.com . Updating the list As with the Test cricket list , this list has had no official updated release since its inception . However , Wisden stated that Ricky Ponting 's 140 * against India in the 2003 World Cup final placed him 2nd on the batting list . All - time lists Following the launch of the top Test and ODI performances lists , Wisden received many requests asking whether it was possible to create a ranking list of all - time great players by using the same formula and examining the average rating each player received per innings . Including a weighting for players with longer careers , Wisden arrived at the lists below . In Tests , Donald Bradman was the clear leader in the batting category and Muttiah Muralitharan was ranked as the top bowler . In the ODI section , Viv Richards and Wasim Akram are the top - ranked players . Top 5 Test batsmen Rank Batsman Rating Donald Bradman 1349.0 Sachin Tendulkar 1000 . 5 Viv Richards 913.9 Garfield Sobers 912.0 5 Allan Border 911.2 Top 5 Test Bowlers Rank Bowler Rating Muttiah Muralitharan 1320.4 Richard Hadlee 1232.9 Sydney Barnes 1209.3 Shane Warne 1195.8 5 Clarrie Grimmett 1184.8 For the full Top 10 list for Test cricket , see All - time W100 Test Top 10s at Cricinfo.com . Top 5 ODI batsmen Rank Batsman Rating Viv Richards 1132.5 Sachin Tendulkar 1119.3 Michael Bevan 1036.8 Ricky Ponting 1022.1 5 Brian Lara 1016.7 Top 5 ODI Bowlers Rank Bowler Rating Wasim Akram 1223.5 Allan Donald 1180.1 Waqar Younis 1167.1 Glenn McGrath 1165.9 5 Joel Garner 1160.7 For the full Top 10 list for ODI cricket , see All - time W100 ODI Top 10s at Cricinfo.com . Other lists The same methodology was used to rank each player 's overall performance in the 2003 Cricket World Cup . In this list , the top batsman was Sachin Tendulkar and the top bowler was Glenn McGrath . References Jump up ^ `` The Selection Criteria ( Test ) '' . Rediff.com . Jump up ^ `` The Selection Criteria ( ODI ) '' . Rediff.com . Jump up ^ `` India miffed as Wisden snubs Tendulkar '' . Thatscricket. 27 July 2001 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tendulkar rumpus : our man responds '' . Cricinfo.com. 1 August 2001 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Wisden Online or Offline ? '' . The Hindu . 14 August 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Butcher storms the top 50 '' . Cricinfo.com. 21 August 2001 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ponting powers to the top '' . Cricinfo.com. 24 March 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The best of the best '' . Cricinfo.com. 10 December 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Murali ' best bowler ever ' '' . BBC News . 13 December 2002 . Jump up ^ http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2002/dec/13wisden.htm Jump up ^ `` Akram , Richards top Wisden ODI rankings '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 16 December 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Murali ' best bowler ever ' '' . BBC News . 13 December 2002 . Jump up ^ `` WC 2002 -- 03 rankings -- batting '' . Cricinfo.com. 25 March 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` WC 2002 -- 03 rankings -- bowling '' . Cricinfo.com. 25 March 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 05 . External links Wisden 100 for Test cricket at Rediff.com Wisden 100 for ODI cricket at Rediff.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wisden_100&oldid=818963209 '' Categories : Cricket awards and rankings Wisden Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 16 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the best batsman in the world of all time | [
"The top-rated batting performance was Donald Bradman's 270 for Australia against England at Melbourne in the 1936–37 Ashes series. 5 of Bradman's innings appeared in the top 100, more than any other batsman.\n"
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"Donald Bradman"
] |
-1437582403945532657 | Intrinsic factor | Intrinsic factor - wikipedia Intrinsic factor Jump to : navigation , search GIF Available structures PDB Ortholog search : PDBe RCSB ( show ) List of PDB id codes 2PMV , 3KQ4 Identifiers Aliases GIF , IF , IFMH , INF , TCN3 , gastric intrinsic factor , intrinsic factor , Intrinsic factor , IF External IDs OMIM : 609342 MGI : 1202394 HomoloGene : 3773 GeneCards : GIF ( hide ) Gene location ( Human ) Chr . Chromosome 11 ( human ) Band 11q12. 1 Start 59,829,268 bp End 59,845,501 bp ( show ) Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr . Chromosome 19 ( mouse ) Band 19 19 A Start 11,747,554 bp End 11,763,447 bp ( show ) Gene ontology Molecular function cobalamin binding Cellular component extracellular region microvillus endosome lysosomal lumen apical plasma membrane extracellular space Biological process cobalt ion transport ion transport cobalamin transport cobalamin metabolic process transport Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2694 14603 Ensembl ENSG00000134812 ENSMUSG00000024682 UniProt P27352 P52787 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_005142 NM_008118 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_005133 NP_032144 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 11 : 59.83 -- 59.85 Mb Chr 11 : 11.75 -- 11.76 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse Intrinsic factor ( IF ) , also known as gastric intrinsic factor ( GIF ) , is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach . It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B ( cobalamin ) later on in the ileum of the small intestine . In humans , the gastric intrinsic factor protein is encoded by the GIF gene . Haptocorrin ( also known as HC , R protein , and transcobalamin I , TCN1 ) is another glycoprotein secreted by the salivary glands which binds to vitamin B. Vitamin B is acid sensitive and in binding to transcobalamin I it can safely pass through the acidic stomach to the duodenum . In the less acidic environment of the small intestine , pancreatic enzymes digest the glycoprotein carrier and vitamin B can then bind to intrinsic factor . This new complex is then absorbed by the epithelial cells ( enterocytes ) of the ileum . Inside the cells , B dissociates once again and binds to another protein , transcobalamin II ( TCN2 ) ; the new complex can then exit the epithelial cells to be carried to the liver . Contents ( hide ) 1 Site of secretion 2 Insufficiency 3 Treatment 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Site of secretion ( edit ) The intrinsic factor is secreted by the stomach , and so is present in the gastric juice as well as in the gastric mucous membrane . The optimum pH for its action is approximately 7 . Its concentration does not correlate with the amount of HCl or pepsin in the gastric juice , e.g. , intrinsic factor may be present even when pepsin is largely absent . The site of formation of the intrinsic factor varies in different species . In pigs it is obtained from the pylorus and beginning of the duodenum ; in human beings it is present in the fundus and body of the stomach . The limited amount of normal human gastric intrinsic factor limits normal efficient absorption of B to about 2 μg per meal , a nominally adequate intake of B . Insufficiency ( edit ) In pernicious anemia , which is usually an autoimmune disease , autoantibodies directed against intrinsic factor or parietal cells themselves lead to an intrinsic factor deficiency , malabsorption of vitamin B , and subsequent megaloblastic anemia . Atrophic gastritis can also cause intrinsic factor deficiency and anemia through damage to the parietal cells of the stomach wall . Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency can interfere with normal dissociation of vitamin B from its binding proteins in the small intestine , preventing its absorption via the intrinsic factor complex . Other risk factors contributing to pernicious anemia are anything that damages or removes a portion of the stomach 's parietal cells , including bariatric surgery , gastric tumors , gastric ulcers , and excessive consumption of alcohol . Mutations in the GIF gene are responsible for a rare inheritable disease called intrinsic factor deficiency which results in malabsorption of vitamin B . Treatment ( edit ) In most countries , intramuscular injections of vitamin B are used to treat pernicious anemia . Orally administered vitamin B is absorbed without intrinsic factor , but at levels of less than one percent than if intrinsic factor is present . Despite the low amounts absorbed , oral vitamin B therapy is effective at reducing symptoms of pernicious anemia . Vitamin B can also be given sublingually , but there is no evidence that this route of administration is superior to the oral route . Despite evidence of efficacy of oral vitamin B treatment , only Canada and Sweden routinely prescribe this route of administration . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000134812 - Ensembl , May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000024682 - Ensembl , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ Pocock G , Richards C ( 2006 ) . Human Physiology : The Basis of Medicine ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 019 - 856878 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Alpers DH , Russell - Jones G ( May 2013 ) . `` Gastric intrinsic factor : the gastric and small intestinal stages of cobalamin absorption . a personal journey '' . ( review ) . Biochimie. 95 ( 5 ) : 989 -- 94 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biochi. 2012.12. 006 . PMID 23274574 . ^ Jump up to : Fedosov SN ( 2012 ) . `` Physiological and molecular aspects of cobalamin transport '' . ( review ) . Sub-Cellular Biochemistry . 56 : 347 -- 67 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 2199 - 9_18 . PMID 22116708 . Jump up ^ Sharma K ( 2016 ) . `` Gastrointestinal System '' . In Talwar G , Hasnain SE , Sarin SK . Textbook Of Biochemistry , Biotechnology , Allied And Molecular Medicine . ( secondary ) ( 4th ed . ) . PHI Learning Private Limited . p. 632 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 5125 - 7 . Jump up ^ Shum HY , O'Neill BJ , Streeter AM ( 1971 ) . `` Effect of pH changes on the binding of vitamin B12 by intrinsic factor '' . Journal of Clinical Pathology. 24 ( 3 ) : 239 -- 43 . doi : 10.1136 / jcp. 24.3. 239 . PMC 476962 . PMID 5103294 . Jump up ^ Poliner IJ , Spiro HM , Pask BA , Trocchio N ( 1958 ) . `` The independent secretion of acid , pepsin , and intrinsic factor by the human stomach '' . ( primary ) . Gastroenterology. 34 ( 2 ) : 196 -- 209 . doi : 10.1016 / S0016 - 5085 ( 58 ) 80102 - X . PMID 13512593 . Jump up ^ Heatley NG , Florey H , Turnbull A , Jennings MA , Watson GM , Wakisaka G , Witts LJ ( 1954 ) . `` Intrinsic factor in the pyloric and duodenal secretions of the pig '' . ( primary ) . Lancet . 267 ( 6838 ) : 578 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 54 ) 90355 - 4 . PMID 13193076 . Jump up ^ Howard TA , Misra DN , Grove M , Becich MJ , Shao JS , Gordon M , Alpers DH ( 1996 ) . `` Human gastric intrinsic factor expression is not restricted to parietal cells '' . ( primary ) . Journal of Anatomy. 189 ( Pt 2 ) : 303 -- 13 . PMC 1167747 . PMID 8886952 . Jump up ^ Watanabe F ( Nov 2007 ) . `` Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability '' . ( review ) . Experimental Biology and Medicine . 232 ( 10 ) : 1266 -- 74 . doi : 10.3181 / 0703 - MR - 67 . PMID 17959839 . Jump up ^ Osborne D , Sobczyńska - Malefora A ( 2015 ) . `` Autoimmune mechanisms in pernicious anaemia & thyroid disease '' . ( review ) . Autoimmunity Reviews . 14 ( 9 ) : 763 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. autrev. 2015.04. 011 . PMID 25936607 . Jump up ^ Neumann WL , Coss E , Rugge M , Genta RM ( 2013 ) . `` Autoimmune atrophic gastritis -- pathogenesis , pathology and management '' . ( review ) . Nature Reviews . Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 10 ( 9 ) : 529 -- 41 . doi : 10.1038 / nrgastro. 2013.101 . PMID 23774773 . Jump up ^ Guéant JL , Champigneulle B , Gaucher P , Nicolas JP ( 1990 ) . `` Malabsorption of vitamin B12 in pancreatic insufficiency of the adult and of the child '' . ( review ) . Pancreas. 5 ( 5 ) : 559 -- 67 . doi : 10.1097 / 00006676 - 199009000 - 00011 . PMID 2235967 . Jump up ^ Kozyraki R , Cases O ( 2013 ) . `` Vitamin B12 absorption : mammalian physiology and acquired and inherited disorders '' . ( review ) . Biochimie. 95 ( 5 ) : 1002 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biochi. 2012.11. 004 . PMID 23178706 . ^ Jump up to : Shipton MJ , Thachil J ( 2015 ) . `` Vitamin B12 deficiency - A 21st century perspective '' . ( review ) . Clinical Medicine . 15 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 50 . doi : 10.7861 / clinmedicine. 15 - 2 - 145 . PMID 25824066 . Jump up ^ Alpers DH ( Mar 2005 ) . `` What is new in vitamin B ( 12 ) ? '' . ( review ) . Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 21 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 6 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mog. 0000148331.96932. 44 . PMID 15711210 . Jump up ^ Andrès E , Fothergill H , Mecili M ( 2010 ) . `` Efficacy of oral cobalamin ( vitamin B12 ) therapy '' . ( review ) . Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 11 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 56 . doi : 10.1517 / 14656560903456053 . PMID 20088746 . Jump up ^ Sharabi A , Cohen E , Sulkes J , Garty M ( 2003 ) . `` Replacement therapy for vitamin B12 deficiency : comparison between the sublingual and oral route '' . ( primary ) . British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology . 56 ( 6 ) : 635 -- 8 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2125.2003. 01907. x . PMC 1884303 . PMID 14616423 . Further reading ( edit ) Devalia V , Hamilton MS , Molloy AM ( Aug 2014 ) . `` Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cobalamin and folate disorders '' . ( review ) . British Journal of Haematology. 166 ( 4 ) : 496 -- 513 . doi : 10.1111 / bjh. 12959 . PMID 24942828 . Coati I , Fassan M , Farinati F , Graham DY , Genta RM , Rugge M ( Nov 2015 ) . `` Autoimmune gastritis : Pathologist 's viewpoint '' . ( review ) . World Journal of Gastroenterology. 21 ( 42 ) : 12179 -- 89 . doi : 10.3748 / wjg. v21. i42. 12179 . PMC 4641135 . PMID 26576102 . Quadros EV ( Jan 2010 ) . `` Advances in the understanding of cobalamin assimilation and metabolism '' . ( review ) . British Journal of Haematology. 148 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 204 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2009. 07937. x . PMC 2809139 . PMID 19832808 . Christensen EI , Nielsen R , Birn H ( Feb 2013 ) . `` From bowel to kidneys : the role of cubilin in physiology and disease '' . ( review ) . Nephrology , Dialysis , Transplantation. 28 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 81 . doi : 10.1093 / ndt / gfs565 . PMID 23291372 . External links ( edit ) Intrinsic factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) MedlinePlus Encyclopedia 002381 Overview at colostate.edu Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid Protein , glycoconjugate : glycoproteins and glycopeptides Mucoproteins Mucin CD43 CD164 MUC1 MUC2 MUC3A MUC3B MUC4 MUC5AC MUC5B MUC6 MUC7 MUC8 MUC12 MUC13 MUC15 MUC16 MUC17 MUC19 MUC20 Other Haptoglobin Intrinsic factor Orosomucoid Peptidoglycan Phytohaemagglutinin Ovomucin Proteoglycans CS / DS Decorin Biglycan Versican HS / CS Testican Perlecan CS Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans : Aggrecan Neurocan Brevican CD44 CSPG4 CSPG5 Platelet factor 4 Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3 KS Fibromodulin Lumican Keratocan HS Syndecan 1 Other Activin and inhibin ADAM Alpha 1 - antichymotrypsin Apolipoprotein H CD70 Asialoglycoprotein Avidin B - cell activating factor 4 - 1BB ligand Cholesterylester transfer protein Clusterin Colony - stimulating factor Hemopexin Lactoferrin Membrane glycoproteins Myelin protein zero Osteonectin Protein C Protein S Serum amyloid P component Sialoglycoprotein CD43 Glycophorin Glycophorin C Thrombopoietin Thyroglobulin Thyroxine - binding proteins Transcortin Tumor necrosis factor alpha Uteroglobin Vitronectin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intrinsic_factor&oldid=809232693 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 11 Hematology Gastroenterology Genes mutated in mice Stomach Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 22 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which substance facilitates the gastric absorption of vitamin b 12 | [
"Intrinsic factor (IF), also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF), is a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) later on in the ileum of the small intestine.[5] In humans, the gastric intrinsic factor protein is encoded by the GIF gene.[6]:989"
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"Intrinsic factor (IF), also known as gastric intrinsic factor (GIF)"
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-500784049922508196 | Pareto principle | Pareto principle - wikipedia Pareto principle Jump to : navigation , search For the optimal allocation of resources , see Pareto efficiency . The Pareto Principle is derived from Vilfredo Pareto 's observation that only a `` vital few '' of the peapods in his garden produced the majority of peas . The Pareto principle ( also known as the 80 / 20 rule , the law of the vital few , or the principle of factor sparsity ) states that , for many events , roughly 80 % of the effects come from 20 % of the causes . Management consultant Joseph M. Juran suggested the principle and named it after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto , who noted the 80 / 20 connection while at the University of Lausanne in 1896 , as published in his first paper , `` Cours d'économie politique '' . Essentially , Pareto showed that approximately 80 % of the land in Italy was owned by 20 % of the population ; Pareto developed the principle by observing that about 20 % of the peapods in his garden contained 80 % of the peas . It is a common principle in business management ; e.g. , `` 80 % of sales come from 20 % of clients . '' Many business executives have cited the 80 / 20 rule as a tool to maximize business efficiency . Richard Koch has authored a book , The 80 / 20 principle , demonstrating the practical application of the Pareto principle to business management and life . Mathematically , the 80 / 20 rule is roughly followed by a power law distribution ( also known as a Pareto distribution ) for a particular set of parameters , and many natural phenomena have been shown empirically to exhibit such a distribution . The Pareto principle is only tangentially related to Pareto efficiency . Pareto developed both concepts in the context of the distribution of income and wealth among the population . Contents ( hide ) 1 In economics 2 In science 3 In software 4 In sports 5 Occupational health and safety 6 Other applications 7 Mathematical notes 8 Equality measures 8.1 Gini coefficient and Hoover index 8.2 Theil index 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links In economics ( edit ) The original observation was in connection with population and wealth . Pareto noticed that 80 % of Italy 's land was owned by 20 % of the population . He then carried out surveys on a variety of other countries and found to his surprise that a similar distribution applied . A chart that gave the inequality a very visible and comprehensible form , the so - called ' champagne glass ' effect , was contained in the 1992 United Nations Development Program Report , which showed that distribution of global income is very uneven , with the richest 20 % of the world 's population controlling 82.7 % of the world 's income . Distribution of world GDP , 1989 Quintile of population Income Richest 20 % 82.70 % Second 20 % 11.75 % Third 20 % 2.30 % Fourth 20 % 1.85 % Poorest 20 % 1.40 % In science ( edit ) The more predictions a theory makes , the greater the chance is of some of them being cheaply testable . Modifications of existing theories make many fewer new unique predictions , increasing the risk that the few predictions remaining will be very expensive to test . In software ( edit ) In computer science the Pareto principle can be applied to optimization efforts . For example , Microsoft noted that by fixing the top 20 % of the most - reported bugs , 80 % of the related errors and crashes in a given system would be eliminated . Lowell Arthur expressed that `` 20 percent of the code has 80 percent of the errors . Find them , fix them ! '' In load testing , it is also common practice to estimate that 80 % of the traffic will occur during a particular 20 % of the total time period . In sports ( edit ) The Pareto principle has been applied to training , where roughly 20 % of the exercises and habits have 80 % of the impact and the trainee should not focus so much on a varied training . This does not necessarily mean eating healthy or going to the gym are not important , just that they are not as significant as the key activities . Occupational health and safety ( edit ) Occupational health and safety professionals use the Pareto principle to underline the importance of hazard prioritization . Assuming 20 % of the hazards account for 80 % of the injuries , and by categorizing hazards , safety professionals can target those 20 % of the hazards that cause 80 % of the injuries or accidents . Alternatively , if hazards are addressed in random order , a safety professional is more likely to fix one of the 80 % of hazards that account only for some fraction of the remaining 20 % of injuries . Aside from ensuring efficient accident prevention practices , the Pareto principle also ensures hazards are addressed in an economical order as the technique ensures the resources used are best used to prevent the most accidents . Other applications ( edit ) In engineering control theory , such as for electromechanical energy converters , the 80 / 20 principle applies to optimization efforts . The law of the few can be also seen in betting , where it is said that with 20 % effort you can match the accuracy of 80 % of the bettors . In the systems science discipline , Epstein and Axtell created an agent - based simulation model called SugarScape , from a decentralized modeling approach , based on individual behavior rules defined for each agent in the economy . Wealth distribution and Pareto 's 80 / 20 principle became emergent in their results , which suggests the principle is a collective consequence of these individual rules . The Pareto principle has many applications in quality control . It is the basis for the Pareto chart , one of the key tools used in total quality control and Six Sigma techniques . The Pareto principle serves as a baseline for ABC - analysis and XYZ - analysis , widely used in logistics and procurement for the purpose of optimizing stock of goods , as well as costs of keeping and replenishing that stock . In health care in the United States , 20 % of patients have been found to use 80 % of health care resources . Some cases of super-spreading conform to the 20 / 80 rule , where approximately 20 % of infected individuals are responsible for 80 % of transmissions , although super-spreading can still be said to occur when super-spreaders account for a higher or lower percentage of transmissions . In epidemics with super-spreading , the majority of individuals infect relatively few secondary contacts . The Dunedin Study has found 80 % of crimes are committed by 20 % of criminals . This statistic is used to support both stop - and - frisk policies and broken windows policing , as catching those criminals committing minor crimes will likely net many criminals wanted for ( or who would normally commit ) larger ones . Mathematical notes ( edit ) The idea has a rule of thumb application in many places , but it is commonly misused . For example , it is a misuse to state a solution to a problem `` fits the 80 / 20 rule '' just because it fits 80 % of the cases ; it must also be that the solution requires only 20 % of the resources that would be needed to solve all cases . Additionally , it is a misuse of the 80 / 20 rule to interpret a small number of categories or observations . This is a special case of the wider phenomenon of Pareto distributions . If the Pareto index α , which is one of the parameters characterizing a Pareto distribution , is chosen as α = log 5 ≈ 1.16 , then one has 80 % of effects coming from 20 % of causes . It follows that one also has 80 % of that top 80 % of effects coming from 20 % of that top 20 % of causes , and so on . Eighty percent of 80 % is 64 % ; 20 % of 20 % is 4 % , so this implies a `` 64 / 4 '' law ; and similarly implies a `` 51.2 / 0.8 '' law . Similarly for the bottom 80 % of causes and bottom 20 % of effects , the bottom 80 % of the bottom 80 % only cause 20 % of the remaining 20 % . This is broadly in line with the world population / wealth table above , where the bottom 60 % of the people own 5.5 % of the wealth , as near a 64 / 4 connection . The 64 / 4 correlation also implies a 32 % ' fair ' area between the 4 % and 64 % , where the lower 80 % of the top 20 % ( 16 % ) and upper 20 % of the bottom 80 % ( also 16 % ) relates to the corresponding lower top and upper bottom of effects ( 32 % ) . This is also broadly in line with the world population table above , where the second 20 % control 12 % of the wealth , and the bottom of the top 20 % ( presumably ) control 16 % of the wealth . The term 80 / 20 is only a shorthand for the general principle at work . In individual cases , the distribution could just as well be , say , nearer to 80 / 10 or 80 / 30 . There is no need for the two numbers to add up to the number 100 , as they are measures of different things , ( e.g. , ' number of customers ' vs ' amount spent ' ) . However , each case in which they do not add up to 100 % , is equivalent to one in which they do . For example , as noted above , the `` 64 / 4 law '' ( in which the two numbers do not add up to 100 % ) is equivalent to the `` 80 / 20 law '' ( in which they do add up to 100 % ) . Thus , specifying two percentages independently does not lead to a broader class of distributions than what one gets by specifying the larger one and letting the smaller one be its complement relative to 100 % . Thus , there is only one degree of freedom in the choice of that parameter . Adding up to 100 leads to a nice symmetry . For example , if 80 % of effects come from the top 20 % of sources , then the remaining 20 % of effects come from the lower 80 % of sources . This is called the `` joint ratio '' , and can be used to measure the degree of imbalance : a joint ratio of 96 : 4 is very imbalanced , 80 : 20 is significantly imbalanced ( Gini index : 60 % ) , 70 : 30 is moderately imbalanced ( Gini index : 40 % ) , and 55 : 45 is just slightly imbalanced . The Pareto principle is an illustration of a `` power law '' relationship , which also occurs in phenomena such as brush fires and earthquakes . Because it is self - similar over a wide range of magnitudes , it produces outcomes completely different from Gaussian distribution phenomena . This fact explains the frequent breakdowns of sophisticated financial instruments , which are modeled on the assumption that a Gaussian relationship is appropriate to , for example , stock price movements . Equality measures ( edit ) Gini coefficient and Hoover index ( edit ) Using the `` A : B '' notation ( for example , 0.8 : 0.2 ) and with A + B = 1 , inequality measures like the Gini index ( G ) and the Hoover index ( H ) can be computed . In this case both are the same . H = G = 2 A − 1 = 1 − 2 B ( \ displaystyle H = G = 2A - 1 = 1 - 2B \ , ) A : B = ( 1 + H 2 ) : ( 1 − H 2 ) ( \ displaystyle A : B = \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 + H ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) : \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 - H ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) Theil index ( edit ) The Theil index is an entropy measure used to quantify inequalities . The measure is 0 for 50 : 50 distributions and reaches 1 at a Pareto distribution of 82 : 18 . Higher inequalities yield Theil indices above 1 . T T = T L = T s = 2 H artanh ( H ) . ( \ displaystyle T_ ( T ) = T_ ( L ) = T_ ( s ) = 2H \ , \ operatorname ( artanh ) ( H ). \ , ) See also ( edit ) 1 % rule ( Internet culture ) 10 / 90 gap Benford 's law Diminishing returns Elephant flow Keystone species Long tail Mathematical economics Megadiverse countries Ninety - ninety rule Pareto distribution Pareto priority index Parkinson 's law Price 's law Principle of least effort Profit risk Rank - size distribution Sturgeon 's law Vitality curve Wealth concentration Zipf 's law Microtransaction whale References ( edit ) Jump up ^ THE APPLICATION OF THE PARETO PRINCIPLE IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING . Ankunda R. Kiremire 19th October , 2011 Jump up ^ Bunkley , Nick ( March 3 , 2008 ) , `` Joseph Juran , 103 , Pioneer in Quality Control , Dies '' , New York Times Jump up ^ `` What is 80 / 20 rule ? '' . 80 / 20 Rule of Presenting Ideas . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Newman , MEJ. `` Power laws , Pareto Distributions , and Zipf 's law '' ( PDF ) . p. 11 . Retrieved 10 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Pareto , Vilfredo ; Page , Alfred N. ( 1971 ) , Translation of Manuale di economia politica ( `` Manual of political economy '' ) , A.M. Kelley , ISBN 978 - 0 - 678 - 00881 - 2 Jump up ^ Gorostiaga , Xabier ( January 27 , 1995 ) , `` World has become a ' champagne glass ' globalization will fill it fuller for a wealthy few '' , National Catholic Reporter Jump up ^ United Nations Development Program ( 1992 ) , 1992 Human Development Report , New York : Oxford University Press Jump up ^ Human Development Report 1992 , Chapter 3 , retrieved 2007 - 07 - 08 Jump up ^ `` Illustrations of the Logic of Science '' 1877 -- 1878 , Charles Sanders Peirce ^ Jump up to : Gen , M. ; Cheng , R. ( 2002 ) , Genetic Algorithms and Engineering Optimization , New York : Wiley Jump up ^ Rooney , Paula ( October 3 , 2002 ) , Microsoft 's CEO : 80 -- 20 Rule Applies To Bugs , Not Just Features , ChannelWeb Jump up ^ Pressman , Roger S. ( 2010 ) . Software Engineering : A Practitioner 's Approach ( 7th ed . ) . Boston , Mass : McGraw - Hill , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 337597 - 7 . Jump up ^ Training and the 80 - 20 rule of Pareto 's Principle Jump up ^ Woodcock , Kathryn ( 2010 ) . Safety Evaluation Techniques . Toronto , ON : Ryerson University . p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Risk - based Decision - Making '' ( PDF ) . USCG Safety Program . United States Coast Guard . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ The Pareto Principle of Prediction Jump up ^ Epstein , Joshua ; Axtell , Robert ( 1996 ) , Growing Artificial Societies : Social Science from the Bottom - Up , MIT Press , p. 208 , ISBN 0 - 262 - 55025 - 3 Jump up ^ Rushton , Oxley & Croucher ( 2000 ) , pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Myrl Weinberg : In health - care reform , the 20 - 80 solution Contributors projo.com The Providence Journal Archived 2009 - 08 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Galvani , Alison P. ; May , Robert M. `` Epidemiology : Dimensions of superspreading '' . Nature . 438 : 293 -- 295 . PMID 16292292 . doi : 10.1038 / 438293a . Jump up ^ Lloyd - Smith , JO ; Schreiber , SJ ; Kopp , PE ; Getz , WM ( 2005 ) . `` Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence '' . Nature . 438 : 355 -- 359 . PMID 16292310 . doi : 10.1038 / nature04153 . Jump up ^ Nicola , Davis ( 2016 ) , ' High social cost ' adults can be predicted from as young as three , says study , The Guardian Jump up ^ Bak , Per ( 1999 ) , How Nature Works : the science of self - organized criticality , Springer , p. 89 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 94791 - 4 Jump up ^ Taleb , Nassim ( 2007 ) , The Black Swan , pp. 229 -- 252 , 274 -- 285 Jump up ^ On Line Calculator : Inequality Further reading ( edit ) Bookstein , Abraham ( 1990 ) , `` Informetric distributions , part I : Unified overview '' , Journal of the American Society for Information Science , 41 ( 5 ) : 368 -- 375 , doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 4571 ( 199007 ) 41 : 5 < 368 : : AID - ASI8 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - C Klass , O.S. ; Biham , O. ; Levy , M. ; Malcai , O. ; Soloman , S. ( 2006 ) , `` The Forbes 400 and the Pareto wealth distribution '' , Economics Letters , 90 ( 2 ) : 290 -- 295 , doi : 10.1016 / j. econlet. 2005.08. 020 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Koch , R. ( 2001 ) , The 80 / 20 Principle : The Secret of Achieving More with Less , London : Nicholas Brealey Publishing Koch , R. ( 2004 ) , Living the 80 / 20 Way : Work Less , Worry Less , Succeed More , Enjoy More , London : Nicholas Brealey Publishing , ISBN 1 - 85788 - 331 - 4 Reed , W.J. ( 2001 ) , `` The Pareto , Zipf and other power laws '' , Economics Letters , 74 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 19 , doi : 10.1016 / S0165 - 1765 ( 01 ) 00524 - 9 Rosen , K.T. ; Resnick , M. ( 1980 ) , `` The size distribution of cities : an examination of the Pareto law and primacy '' , Journal of Urban Economics , 8 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 186 , doi : 10.1016 / 0094 - 1190 ( 80 ) 90043 - 1 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Rushton , A. ; Oxley , J. ; Croucher , P. ( 2000 ) , The handbook of logistics and distribution management ( 2nd ed . ) , London : Kogan Page , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7494 - 3365 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pareto principle . About.com : Pareto 's Principle Wealth Condensation in Pareto Macro-Economies The Pareto Principle : Accomplishing goals with purpose Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pareto_principle&oldid=803225225 '' Categories : Statistical laws Rules of thumb Tails of probability distributions Statistical principles Adages Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar मराठी Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 06 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the 80 20 rule come from | [
"The Pareto principle (also known as the 80/20 rule, the law of the vital few, or the principle of factor sparsity)[1] states that, for many events, roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes.[2] Management consultant Joseph M. Juran suggested the principle and named it after Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who noted the 80/20 connection while at the University of Lausanne in 1896, as published in his first paper, \"Cours d'économie politique\". Essentially, Pareto showed that approximately 80% of the land in Italy was owned by 20% of the population; Pareto developed the principle by observing that about 20% of the peapods in his garden contained 80% of the peas.[3]"
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"Management consultant Joseph M. Juran"
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-8228252041211002107 | FIFA World Cup qualification | FIFA World Cup qualification - wikipedia FIFA World Cup qualification For the recent qualifying tournament , see 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification . The FIFA World Cup qualification is the process that a national association football team goes through to qualify for the FIFA World Cup finals . The FIFA World Cup is the largest international team sport competition in the world with a qualification process required to reduce the large field of countries from 211 to just 32 for the World Cup finals . Qualifying tournaments are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , Europe ) , and are organized by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides beforehand the number of places in the finals allocated to each of the continental zones , based on the numbers or relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth . Unlike many other sports , results of the previous World Cups or of the continental championships are not taken into account . Until 2002 , the defending champions also received an automatic berth , but starting from the 2006 World Cup this is no longer the case . The most recent qualification process was the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification which commenced in 2015 and finished in 2017 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Qualification spots by continent 1.2 Qualification competition entrants over time 1.3 First appearance in qualification by team 1.4 National teams results in World Cup preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) 1.5 Top scorers in preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) 1.6 First games and goalscorers in preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) 2 Current format 2.1 Africa 2.2 Asia 2.3 Europe 2.4 North and Central America and Caribbean 2.5 Oceania 2.6 South America 2.7 Intercontinental play - offs 3 Qualification tournament rules 3.1 Groups 3.2 Home - and - away ties 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Over many years , the World Cup 's qualification has evolved , from having no qualification at all in 1930 , when the tournament was invitational and only 13 teams entered , to the current two - year process . The first World Cup qualifying match was played on 11 June when Sweden defeated Estonia 6 -- 2 in Stockholm . The first ever goal in a World Cup qualifying match was scored 7 minutes into the game : it was scored according to some sources by Swedish captain Knut Kroon , or according to other sources by Estonian goalkeeper Evald Tipner ( own goal ) . While the number of teams which qualified for the finals has increased steadily , from 16 between 1934 and 1978 , to 24 between 1982 and 1994 , and finally to 32 starting from 1998 , the qualification format has been basically the same throughout the history of the World Cup . The teams have been grouped continentally , and they competed for a fixed number of places , with one or two places awarded to the winners of intercontinental play - offs . Qualification spots by continent ( edit ) The table below lists the numbers of spots allocated by FIFA for each continent in each tournament . If no places were allocated to a continent as per the case of Oceania prior to 1966 and Africa in 1938 - 1954 and 1966 , this does not indicate an exclusion of those continents by FIFA , but rather that no country from those continents made an entry to the aforementioned Cups . It should be noted that a large part of Africa was under European colonial rule for the majority of the 20th century . Consequently , only three African countries were affiliated to FIFA in 1954 : Egypt ( since 1923 ) , Sudan ( since 1948 ) and Ethiopia ( since 1952 ) . Egypt entered the 1934 , 1938 and 1954 Cups , but not the 1930 or 1950 Cups , while Sudan and Ethiopia did not enter the Cup until 1958 . Though an African country , Egypt entered in 1938 and 1954 in the European group , and therefore the table below gives no data about Africa for these two Cups . Places in the intercontinental play - offs count as 0.5 spots , and numbers in bold represent the winners of the intercontinental play - offs . `` + C '' denotes an additional spot for defending champions ( 1938 - 2002 ) , and `` + H '' denotes an additional spot for host nations ( from 1938 ) . Places allocated for continents Continental zone 1934 ( 16 ) 1938 ( 15 ) 1950 ( 13 ) 1954 ( 16 ) 1958 ( 16 ) 1962 ( 16 ) 1966 ( 16 ) 1970 ( 16 ) ( 16 ) 1978 ( 16 ) 1982 ( 24 ) 1986 ( 24 ) 1990 ( 24 ) 1994 ( 24 ) 1998 ( 32 ) 2002 ( 32 ) 2006 ( 32 ) ( 32 ) 2014 ( 32 ) 2018 ( 32 ) 2022 ( 32 ) 2026 ( 48 ) Africa 0 0.5 0.5 0 5 5 5 5 + H 5 5 5 9 Asia 0.5 3.5 2.5 + 2H 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 + H 8 Oceania did not exist 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Europe 12 11 + C + H 7 + C 11 + H 9.5 + C + H 8+ 2 × 0.5 9 + H 8 + C 8.5 + H 8.5 + C 13 + H 12.5 + C 13 + H 12 + C 14 + H 13.5 + C 13 + H 13 13 13 + H 13 16 North and Central America and Caribbean 0.5 + H + H 1.25 + H 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 6 South America + H + C 3.5 + C + H + C 2.5 + C 2.5 + H + C 2.5 + C 3.5 + C 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 + H 4.5 4.5 6 Play - off tournament did not exist Total 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 24 24 24 24 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 48 In 1938 , Austria withdrew after qualifying after being annexed by Germany and were not replaced , so only 15 teams , 12 of them European , played in the finals . In 1950 , India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew after qualifying and were not replaced , so only 13 teams , none of them Asian and 6 of them European , played in the finals . Initially in 1958 , Africa and Asia together were given 1 spot , while Europe was given 9 spots . However , after Israel won the African and Asian zone without playing any matches due to withdrawals of other teams , a special play - off was arranged between them and a European team ( Wales ) . So in effect , Africa and Asia together were given 0.5 spots , while Europe was given 9.5 spots . In 1962 , Europe was given 8 automatic spots , plus 2 additional spots in the intercontinental play - offs , in effect giving them 9 spots . The two European teams played an African team and an Asian team respectively , and both European teams won . Therefore , 10 European teams played in the finals . In 1966 , Africa and Asia were given one place , contested between the winner of a four team Asian tournament and three group winners from the second round of African qualifiers . All 15 African teams subsequently withdrew to protest FIFA 's failure to allocate a place to an African team , leaving North Korea to qualify . In 1994 , there were two rounds of intercontinental play - offs . First , an Oceanian team played a team from North and Central America and Caribbean , and the winner then played a South American team . From the 2006 qualifiers on , the defending champion no longer has an automatic spot secured . Qualification competition entrants over time ( edit ) The number of teams entering the qualification process and the number of matches played have been steadily growing over time . Although Egypt , an African country , entered qualifying in 1938 and 1954 , it was in the European group ; thus , the number of teams for Africa is considered to be zero in these years . Number of teams entering qualification ( including automatic qualifiers ) Continental zone 1934 ( 16 ) 1938 ( 15 ) 1950 ( 13 ) 1954 ( 16 ) 1958 ( 16 ) 1962 ( 16 ) 1966 ( 16 ) 1970 ( 16 ) ( 16 ) 1978 ( 16 ) 1982 ( 24 ) 1986 ( 24 ) 1990 ( 24 ) 1994 ( 24 ) 1998 ( 32 ) 2002 ( 32 ) 2006 ( 32 ) ( 32 ) 2014 ( 32 ) 2018 ( 32 ) 2022 ( 32 ) 2026 ( 48 ) Africa 0 0 0 11 6 21 13 24 26 29 29 26 40 38 51 51 53 52 54 Asia 5 7 18 22 21 27 26 29 36 42 39 43 43 46 Oceania 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 7 10 10 12 11 11 11 Europe 21 26 19 29 29 30 33 31 33 32 34 33 33 39 50 51 52 53 53 54 North and Central America and Caribbean 7 5 6 8 10 14 14 17 15 18 16 23 30 35 34 35 35 35 South America 8 6 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 Total entrants 32 37 34 45 55 56 74 75 99 107 109 121 116 147 174 199 198 205 204 210 Teams played 27 21 19 33 46 49 51 68 90 95 103 110 103 130 168 193 194 200 203 208 Matches played 27 22 26 57 89 92 127 172 226 252 306 308 314 497 643 777 847 853 828 872 Goals scored 141 96 121 208 341 325 393 542 620 723 797 801 735 1446 1922 2452 2464 2344 2303 2454 Average goals per match 5.22 4.36 4.65 3.65 3.83 3.53 3.09 3.15 2.74 2.87 2.60 2.60 2.34 2.91 2.99 3.16 2.91 2.75 2.81 2.81 Because the Oceania Football Confederation has used the World Cup Qualifiers as a phase of ( or as the entire ) OFC Nations Cup , there is the possibility that non-FIFA countries may play in matches that double as World Cup qualifiers . In the 2006 qualifiers , New Caledonia were included in the tournament although they were not FIFA members at the date of close of entries . They are , however , included in the 12 nations listed as they joined FIFA during the course of qualification , even though they had been technically eliminated from contention a few days earlier ( a similar situation occurred in the entries for 2010 , with Montenegro 's entry accepted prior to their admission by FIFA ) . By contrast , Tuvalu competed in the 2007 South Pacific Games football tournament , which doubled as qualifiers for the 2010 World Cup . As they were not FIFA members at the time of the completion of the competition , they are not included in the 11 OFC entrants , although their results counted towards the qualification of other teams . From 1973 to 1989 , the CONCACAF Championship and its qualifying tournament determined CONCACAF 's entrant in the World Cup . The confederation 's champion qualified outright . `` Teams played '' is the total number of teams that played at least one qualifying match . This number includes Tuvalu ( see note 1 ) and South Africa . Although South Africa qualified automatically for 2010 as hosts , they competed in the CAF qualifiers , becoming the first hosts to compete in World Cup qualifying since 1934 . This is because the Confederation of African Football used its 2010 World Cup qualifiers as the qualifying phase for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations , a tournament for which South Africa had attempted to qualify . First appearance in qualification by team ( edit ) Note : Only teams that played at least one match are considered for the purposes of first appearance . Teams that withdrew prior to the qualification , or that qualified to the World Cup by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals , are not considered . Teams that succeeded in their first qualification attempt are in bold . Teams that have never qualified for the World Cup finals are in italic . World Cup Europe South America North , Central America and Caribbean Asia Africa Oceania CT 1934 Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Irish Free State Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland Yugoslavia none Cuba Haiti Mexico United States Palestine , British Mandate Egypt none 27 27 1938 Finland Latvia Norway none none none none none 30 1950 England Ireland Scotland Turkey Wales none none Syria none none 6 36 1954 Saar Brazil Chile Paraguay none Japan South Korea none none 6 42 1958 Denmark East Germany Iceland Soviet Union Argentina Bolivia Colombia Peru Uruguay Canada Costa Rica Guatemala Territory of Curaçao China PR Indonesia Sudan none 16 58 1962 Cyprus Ecuador Dutch Guyana Honduras none Ethiopia Ghana Morocco Nigeria Tunisia none 9 67 1966 Albania Venezuela Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago North Korea none Australia 6 73 1970 none none Bermuda El Salvador none Algeria Cameroon Libya Rhodesia Senegal Zambia New Zealand 9 82 Malta none Antigua and Barbuda Puerto Rico Hong Kong Iran Iraq Kuwait Malaysia South Vietnam Thailand Congo Dahomey Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Mauritius Sierra Leone Tanzania Togo Zaire none 21 103 1978 none none Barbados Dominican Republic Guyana Panama Bahrain Qatar Republic of China Saudi Arabia Singapore Malawi Mauritania Niger Uganda Upper Volta none 14 117 1982 none none Grenada Macau Gambia Liberia Madagascar Mozambique Somalia Fiji 8 125 1986 none none none Bangladesh Brunei Jordan India Nepal North Yemen South Yemen United Arab Emirates Angola none 9 134 1990 none none none Oman Pakistan Gabon none 137 1994 Faroe Islands San Marino none Nicaragua Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Lebanon Sri Lanka Botswana Burundi Namibia South Africa Swaziland Solomon Islands Tahiti Vanuatu 15 152 1998 Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Georgia Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldova Slovakia Slovenia Ukraine none Aruba Belize Cayman Islands Dominica Saint Kitts and Nevis Cambodia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Maldives Philippines Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Guinea - Bissau Rwanda Cook Islands Papua New Guinea Tonga Western Samoa 31 183 2002 Andorra none Anguilla Bahamas British Virgin Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands Guam Laos Mongolia Palestine Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Mali São Tomé and Príncipe Seychelles American Samoa 21 204 2006 none none none Afghanistan none New Caledonia 206 Montenegro none none Myanmar Timor - Leste Comoros Tuvalu 5 211 2014 none none none none none none 0 211 2018 Gibraltar Kosovo none none Bhutan South Sudan none 215 Notes ^ The Czechoslovakia team was officially renamed as the Representation of Czechs and Slovaks during the 1994 qualification , and was then succeeded by the Czech Republic ( first appearance : 1998 ) . ^ Germany was later succeeded by West Germany ( first appearance : 1954 ) , which in turn was succeeded by the reunified Germany ( first appearance : 1994 ) . ^ The Irish Free State was later succeeded by Ireland ( first appearance : 1950 ) , which later became officially known as the Republic of Ireland ( first appearance : 1954 ) . ^ Italy had to qualify for the tournament despite being the host . ^ The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was later succeeded by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( first appearance : 1950 ) , which was then succeeded by the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( first appearance : 1998 ) , which was later renamed as Serbia and Montenegro ( first appearance : 2006 ) , which in turn was succeeded by Serbia ( first appearance : 2010 ) . ^ Mandatory Palestine was later succeeded by Israel ( first appearance : 1950 ) . ^ Egypt was later succeeded by the United Arab Republic , a political union between Egypt and Syria , which entered the 1962 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . Later , Egypt entered the 1966 qualification independently but still under the name `` United Arab Republic '' , but withdrew yet again before playing any matches . The team 's first appearance after it changed its name back to Egypt came in 1974 . ^ Ireland was later succeeded by Northern Ireland ( first appearance : 1954 ) . ^ Turkey entered the 1934 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Brazil entered the 1934 and 1938 qualifications , but on both occasions qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . It also qualified automatically for the 1950 World Cup as host . ^ Chile entered the 1934 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . It also entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . ^ Paraguay entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . ^ Japan entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Soviet Union was later succeeded by Russia ( first appearance : 1994 ) . ^ Argentina entered the 1934 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . It also entered the 1938 and 1950 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Bolivia entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . ^ Colombia entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Peru entered the 1934 , 1950 and 1954 qualifications , but on all three occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Uruguay entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . It also qualified automatically for the 1954 World Cup as defending champion . ^ Costa Rica entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Territory of Curaçao ( six islands ) was later succeeded by the Netherlands Antilles ( first appearance : 1962 ) , which in turn was succeeded by Curaçao ( one island ; first appearance : 2014 ) . ^ Indonesia entered the 1938 qualification as Dutch East Indies , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals . It also entered the 1950 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Cyprus entered the 1958 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Ecuador entered the 1950 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Dutch Guyana entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . It was later succeeded by Suriname ( first appearance : 1978 ) . ^ Venezuela entered the 1958 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ El Salvador entered the 1938 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Algeria entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Cameroon entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Libya entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Rhodesia was later succeeded by Zimbabwe ( first appearance : 1982 ) . ^ Senegal entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ South Vietnam was later succeeded by Vietnam ( first appearance : 1994 ) . ^ Dahomey was later renamed as Benin ( first appearance : 1986 ) . ^ Guinea entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Zaire was renamed as DR Congo during the 1998 qualification . ^ The Republic of China entered the 1954 and 1958 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . It later became officially known as Chinese Taipei ( first appearance : 1982 ) . ^ Upper Volta was later renamed as Burkina Faso ( first appearance : 1990 ) . ^ Liberia entered the 1966 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Madagascar entered the 1974 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ India entered the 1950 qualification , but qualified by walkover due to other teams ' withdrawals , and subsequently withdrew from participation in the finals . It also entered the 1974 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ North Yemen was later succeeded by Yemen ( first appearance : 1994 ) . ^ The United Arab Emirates entered the 1978 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Oman entered the 1986 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Gabon entered the 1966 and 1974 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Lebanon entered but was disqualified during the 1986 qualification , and the team 's matches from that campaign were annulled . ^ Sri Lanka entered the 1974 and 1978 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Liechtenstein entered the 1994 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Maldives entered the 1990 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Philippines entered the 1950 and 1974 qualifications , but on both occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Rwanda entered the 1990 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Western Samoa entered the 1994 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . It was later renamed as Samoa ( first appearance : 2002 ) . ^ The Bahamas entered the 1998 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ The Central African Republic entered the 1978 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . It also entered the 1982 qualification , but was disqualified before playing any matches . ^ Mali entered the 1966 , 1994 and 1998 qualifications , but on all three occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ São Tomé and Príncipe entered the 1994 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Myanmar entered the 1950 ( as Burma ) , 1994 and 2002 qualifications , but on all three occasions withdrew before playing any matches . ^ Tuvalu was not a member of FIFA at the time of qualification and had not entered the FIFA World Cup , although matches in the Football tournament of the South Pacific Games did count towards the qualification tournament for the OFC , and Tuvalu 's results did count in determining advancement from this stage . ^ Bhutan entered the 2010 qualification , but withdrew before playing any matches . National teams results in World Cup preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Legend Team has won the World Cup Team has qualified for the main tournament through a qualifying process Team has qualified for the main tournament only by walkover ( Cuba , and Indonesia as Dutch East Indies ) Team has qualified for the main tournament by walkover but has n't participated there because it withdrew ( India ) Team has n't qualified for the main tournament but is assured of an automatic spot in 2022 as host ( Qatar ) Team has n't qualified for the main tournament Defunct team that has qualified for the main tournament ( East Germany ) Defunct team that never qualified for the main tournament ( Saar and South Yemen ) Team is not a member of FIFA and is not eligible for the main tournament ( Tuvalu ) Up to and including the 2018 qualification . No . Team App 's Overall qualification record Points Confederation Pld GF GA GD Total Avg Mexico 19 175 113 37 25 436 126 + 310 376 2.149 CONCACAF Costa Rica 16 172 85 43 44 295 176 + 119 298 1.733 CONCACAF Australia 14 141 82 36 23 362 113 + 249 282 2.000 AFC South Korea 14 135 82 36 17 264 86 + 178 282 2.089 AFC 5 Netherlands 18 125 82 24 19 296 93 + 203 270 2.160 UEFA 6 Spain 18 117 81 25 11 276 76 + 200 268 2.291 UEFA 7 Iran 10 128 78 34 16 267 81 + 186 268 2.094 AFC 8 United States 18 154 77 36 41 266 181 + 85 267 1.734 CONCACAF 9 Sweden 19 131 80 21 30 267 121 + 146 261 1.992 UEFA 10 Portugal 20 139 76 33 30 262 139 + 123 261 1.878 UEFA 11 Argentina 13 136 75 36 25 235 127 + 108 261 1.919 CONMEBOL 12 Serbia ( 2010 -- ) Serbia and Montenegro ( 2006 ) FR Yugoslavia ( 1998 -- 2002 ) SFR Yugoslavia ( 1950 -- 1990 ) Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 19 128 75 31 22 269 114 + 155 256 2.000 UEFA 13 Belgium 19 133 77 25 31 277 141 + 136 256 1.925 UEFA 14 Czech Republic ( 1998 -- ) Representation of Czechs and Slovaks ( 1994 ) Czechoslovakia ( 1934 -- 1994 ) 19 138 75 29 34 266 116 + 150 254 1.841 UEFA 15 England 16 112 76 25 11 275 67 + 208 253 2.259 UEFA 16 Uruguay 16 154 69 42 43 218 164 + 54 249 1.617 CONMEBOL 17 Italy 16 109 74 26 9 221 69 + 152 248 2.275 UEFA 18 Honduras 14 150 69 40 41 255 173 + 82 247 1.647 CONCACAF 19 Russia ( 1994 -- ) Soviet Union ( 1958 -- 1990 ) 15 115 73 23 19 227 75 + 152 242 2.104 UEFA 20 Germany ( 1994 -- ) West Germany ( 1954 -- 1990 ) Germany ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 14 94 74 18 292 70 + 222 240 2.553 UEFA 21 Brazil 12 110 68 30 12 240 70 + 170 234 2.127 CONMEBOL 22 Saudi Arabia 11 118 68 28 22 232 93 + 139 232 1.966 AFC 23 Japan 14 120 68 26 26 247 85 + 162 230 1.917 AFC 24 Paraguay 17 154 66 30 58 201 189 + 12 228 1.481 CONMEBOL 25 Romania 17 128 67 26 35 223 134 + 89 227 1.773 UEFA 26 Switzerland 19 132 64 33 35 205 146 + 59 225 1.705 UEFA 27 France 17 111 65 23 23 216 88 + 128 218 1.964 UEFA 28 El Salvador 13 140 63 28 49 233 168 + 65 217 1.550 CONCACAF 29 Colombia 16 152 57 46 49 180 159 + 21 217 1.428 CONMEBOL 30 China PR 11 108 66 16 26 230 74 + 156 214 1.981 AFC 31 Scotland 18 125 62 28 35 192 136 + 56 214 1.712 UEFA 32 Chile 15 146 61 29 56 217 195 + 22 212 1.452 CONMEBOL 33 Republic of Ireland ( 1954 -- ) Ireland ( 1950 ) Irish Free State ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 20 141 56 43 42 199 169 + 30 211 1.496 UEFA 34 Bulgaria 19 129 60 27 42 209 177 + 32 207 1.605 UEFA 35 Austria 18 123 59 28 36 212 136 + 76 205 1.667 UEFA 36 Denmark 15 122 58 30 34 212 141 + 71 204 1.672 UEFA 37 Nigeria 14 104 58 29 17 175 80 + 95 203 1.952 CAF 38 Poland 18 117 60 21 36 228 143 + 85 201 1.718 UEFA 39 Hungary 18 122 58 26 38 216 163 + 53 200 1.639 UEFA 40 Tunisia 14 104 57 28 19 180 84 + 96 199 1.913 CAF 41 Trinidad and Tobago 14 137 55 27 55 201 183 + 18 192 1.401 CONCACAF 42 Morocco 14 111 51 38 22 150 80 + 70 191 1.721 CAF 43 Greece 19 128 54 29 45 159 171 − 12 191 1.492 UEFA 44 Guatemala 15 122 49 31 42 194 150 + 44 178 1.459 CONCACAF 45 Canada 14 117 48 34 35 161 136 + 25 178 1.521 CONCACAF 46 New Zealand 13 96 53 18 25 221 99 + 122 177 1.844 OFC 47 Cameroon 13 87 51 22 14 144 66 + 78 175 2.011 CAF 48 Egypt 14 93 52 19 22 165 89 + 76 175 1.882 CAF 49 Ecuador 15 143 47 33 63 169 202 − 33 174 1.217 CONMEBOL 50 Qatar 11 112 50 22 40 181 121 + 60 172 1.536 AFC 51 Iraq 11 101 48 24 29 201 103 + 98 168 1.663 AFC 52 Uzbekistan 6 94 49 19 26 177 95 + 82 166 1.766 AFC 53 Peru 16 149 43 37 69 164 211 − 47 166 1.114 CONMEBOL 54 Turkey 17 128 47 24 57 176 187 − 11 165 1.289 UEFA 55 Northern Ireland ( 1954 -- ) Ireland ( 1950 ) 18 134 43 36 55 149 161 − 12 165 1.231 UEFA 56 Norway 18 126 44 30 52 170 178 − 8 162 1.286 UEFA 57 Kuwait 12 93 48 14 31 160 92 + 68 158 1.699 AFC 58 Zambia 13 96 45 20 31 145 88 + 57 155 1.615 CAF 59 Israel ( 1950 -- ) Palestine , British Mandate ( 1934 -- 1938 ) 20 122 40 34 48 166 178 − 12 154 1.262 UEFA 60 Ivory Coast 11 78 41 25 12 144 67 + 77 148 1.897 CAF 61 United Arab Emirates 9 97 42 20 35 163 111 + 52 146 1.505 AFC 62 Bolivia 16 150 39 29 82 177 284 − 107 146 0.973 CONMEBOL 63 Algeria 13 89 40 23 26 126 91 + 35 143 1.607 CAF 64 Ghana 13 83 40 22 21 132 66 + 66 142 1.711 CAF 65 Jamaica 11 104 37 27 40 115 132 − 17 138 1.327 CONCACAF 66 Wales 18 120 37 26 57 151 170 − 19 137 1.142 UEFA 67 North Korea 10 83 39 19 25 116 77 + 39 136 1.639 AFC 68 Haiti 14 90 39 17 34 152 120 + 32 134 1.489 CONCACAF 69 Syria 14 84 36 20 28 174 97 + 77 128 1.524 AFC 70 Ukraine 6 70 35 22 13 108 52 + 56 127 1.814 UEFA 71 Croatia 6 62 36 18 8 108 47 + 61 126 2.032 UEFA 72 DR Congo ( 1998 -- ) Zaire ( 1974 -- 1998 ) 10 76 36 17 23 128 84 + 44 125 1.645 CAF 73 Finland 19 129 32 23 74 134 287 − 153 119 0.922 UEFA 74 Bahrain 10 88 31 25 32 105 94 + 11 118 1.341 AFC 75 Guinea 12 75 35 10 30 114 97 + 17 115 1.533 CAF 76 Slovakia 6 64 32 14 18 110 64 + 46 110 1.719 UEFA 77 Oman 8 70 29 19 22 115 70 + 45 106 1.514 AFC 78 Panama 11 94 27 22 45 104 157 − 53 103 1.096 CONCACAF 79 Iceland 13 106 28 19 59 116 215 − 99 103 0.972 UEFA 80 Senegal 12 63 26 22 15 90 56 + 34 100 1.587 CAF 81 Venezuela 13 140 25 25 90 120 314 − 194 100 0.714 CONMEBOL 82 Jordan 9 70 28 14 28 105 92 + 13 98 1.400 AFC 83 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6 58 28 10 20 112 69 + 43 94 1.621 UEFA 84 Angola 9 61 24 22 15 79 57 + 22 94 1.541 CAF 85 South Africa 7 50 28 8 14 66 45 + 21 92 1.840 CAF 86 Slovenia 6 62 25 15 22 81 68 + 13 90 1.452 UEFA 87 Thailand 12 89 24 18 47 116 156 − 40 90 1.011 AFC 88 Burkina Faso ( 1990 -- ) Upper Volta ( 1978 ) 8 60 26 10 24 87 78 + 9 88 1.467 CAF 89 Kenya 12 68 23 16 29 77 91 − 14 85 1.250 CAF 90 Hong Kong 12 73 23 14 36 91 128 − 37 83 1.137 AFC 91 Cuba 12 68 20 20 28 85 102 − 17 80 1.176 CONCACAF 92 Zimbabwe ( 1982 -- ) Rhodesia ( 1970 ) 10 61 21 16 24 62 75 − 13 79 1.295 CAF 93 Togo 10 63 21 14 28 68 86 − 18 77 1.222 CAF 94 Libya 10 56 21 13 22 63 62 + 1 76 1.357 CAF 95 Congo 9 62 21 13 28 70 83 − 13 76 1.226 CAF 96 East Germany 9 47 22 8 17 87 65 + 22 74 1.574 defunct 97 Gabon 8 57 21 11 25 57 65 − 8 74 1.298 CAF 98 Indonesia ( 1958 -- ) Dutch East Indies ( 1938 ) 12 71 19 16 36 87 143 − 56 73 1.028 AFC 99 Solomon Islands 7 54 21 9 24 112 113 − 1 72 1.333 OFC 100 Latvia 8 75 19 15 41 82 130 − 48 72 0.960 UEFA 101 Lebanon 7 56 19 14 23 87 77 + 10 71 1.268 AFC 102 Suriname ( 1978 -- ) Dutch Guyana ( 1962 -- 1974 ) 14 65 19 14 32 91 111 − 20 71 1.092 CONCACAF 103 Fiji 9 53 20 10 23 111 98 + 13 70 1.321 OFC 104 Albania 12 104 18 14 72 72 188 − 116 68 0.654 UEFA 105 Singapore 11 68 19 10 39 74 121 − 47 67 0.985 AFC 106 Lithuania 9 73 17 16 40 59 111 − 52 67 0.918 UEFA 107 Malaysia 12 59 17 13 29 73 110 − 37 64 1.085 AFC 108 New Caledonia 35 18 8 9 87 36 + 51 62 1.771 OFC 109 Sudan 12 64 15 17 32 56 101 − 45 62 0.969 CAF 110 Tahiti 7 43 17 8 18 66 81 − 15 59 1.372 OFC 111 Estonia 9 76 16 11 49 65 166 − 101 59 0.776 UEFA 112 Malawi 10 58 14 16 28 56 83 − 27 58 1.000 CAF 113 Cyprus 15 114 15 13 86 87 299 − 212 58 0.509 UEFA 114 Liberia 9 58 15 12 31 39 84 − 45 57 0.983 CAF 115 Curaçao ( 2014 -- ) Netherlands Antilles ( 1962 -- 2010 ) Territory of Curaçao ( 1958 ) 16 60 13 18 29 53 116 − 63 57 0.950 CONCACAF 116 Turkmenistan 6 40 17 5 18 64 59 + 5 56 1.400 AFC 117 Bermuda 7 36 15 9 12 76 46 + 30 54 1.500 CONCACAF 118 Uganda 9 42 15 9 18 41 57 − 16 54 1.286 CAF 119 Macedonia 6 60 14 12 34 71 102 − 31 54 0.900 UEFA 120 Mali 5 40 14 11 15 50 52 − 2 53 1.325 CAF 121 Belarus 6 58 13 12 33 61 97 − 36 51 0.879 UEFA 122 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7 58 14 8 36 77 170 − 93 50 0.862 CONCACAF 123 Yemen ( 1994 -- ) North Yemen ( 1986 -- 1990 ) 9 50 12 11 27 52 80 − 28 47 0.940 AFC 124 Kazakhstan 6 60 12 11 37 71 128 − 57 47 0.783 UEFA 125 Tajikistan 6 36 13 7 16 63 55 + 8 46 1.278 AFC 126 Benin ( 1986 -- ) Dahomey ( 1974 ) 8 44 13 7 24 46 89 − 43 46 1.045 CAF 127 Madagascar 9 36 12 8 16 45 51 − 6 44 1.222 CAF 128 Antigua and Barbuda 10 42 13 5 24 66 93 − 27 44 1.048 CONCACAF 129 Armenia 6 62 10 14 38 52 122 − 70 44 0.710 UEFA 130 Georgia 6 56 9 16 31 51 89 − 38 43 0.768 UEFA 131 Cape Verde 5 34 13 18 34 46 − 12 42 1.235 CAF 132 Sierra Leone 10 45 11 9 25 39 69 − 30 42 0.933 CAF 133 Saint Kitts and Nevis 6 30 11 8 11 64 54 + 10 41 1.367 CONCACAF 134 India 8 43 10 11 22 43 87 − 44 41 0.953 AFC 135 Montenegro 30 10 10 10 47 43 + 4 40 1.333 UEFA 136 Kyrgyzstan 6 31 12 15 38 49 − 11 40 1.290 AFC 137 Ethiopia 11 41 10 10 21 47 65 − 18 40 0.976 CAF 138 Vanuatu 7 37 12 22 76 89 − 13 39 1.054 OFC 139 Vietnam ( 1994 -- ) South Vietnam ( 1974 ) 8 41 11 27 43 81 − 38 36 0.878 AFC 140 Namibia 7 42 9 9 24 37 82 − 45 36 0.857 CAF 141 Dominican Republic 8 29 10 5 14 42 50 − 8 35 1.207 CONCACAF 142 Botswana 6 34 10 5 19 33 52 − 19 35 1.029 CAF 143 Azerbaijan 6 58 7 14 37 29 104 − 75 35 0.603 UEFA 144 Barbados 8 37 10 23 35 73 − 38 34 0.919 CONCACAF 145 Palestine 5 26 9 6 11 48 36 + 12 33 1.269 AFC 146 Mozambique 8 34 8 8 18 30 50 − 20 32 0.941 CAF 147 Niger 7 30 9 5 16 27 48 − 21 32 1.067 CAF 148 Bangladesh 9 48 9 5 34 33 122 − 89 32 0.667 AFC 149 Tanzania 9 33 7 10 16 35 50 − 15 31 0.939 CAF 150 Samoa ( 2002 -- ) Western Samoa ( 1998 ) 6 26 9 16 37 88 − 51 28 1.077 OFC 151 Faroe Islands 7 70 7 7 56 34 184 − 150 28 0.400 UEFA 152 Papua New Guinea 22 7 6 9 43 36 + 7 27 1.227 OFC 153 Belize 6 26 7 6 13 32 54 − 22 27 1.038 CONCACAF 154 Rwanda 6 36 6 9 21 29 54 − 25 27 0.750 CAF 155 Guyana 10 34 7 6 21 36 81 − 45 27 0.794 CONCACAF 156 Moldova 6 58 5 12 41 35 115 − 80 27 0.466 UEFA 157 Luxembourg 20 134 5 10 119 69 433 − 364 25 0.187 UEFA 158 Grenada 7 25 7 15 49 54 − 5 24 0.960 CONCACAF 159 Burundi 6 20 7 10 17 26 − 9 24 1.200 CAF 160 Gambia 8 24 6 6 12 20 36 − 16 24 1.000 CAF 161 Maldives 6 32 7 23 36 120 − 84 23 0.719 AFC 162 Nicaragua 7 22 7 14 25 44 − 19 22 1.000 CONCACAF 163 Saint Lucia 7 24 7 16 32 62 − 30 22 0.917 CONCACAF 164 Tonga 6 22 7 14 23 82 − 59 22 1.000 OFC 165 Chinese Taipei ( 1982 -- ) Republic of China ( 1978 ) 11 58 6 48 35 200 − 165 22 0.379 AFC 166 Puerto Rico 9 25 5 6 14 22 55 − 33 21 0.840 CONCACAF 167 Chad 5 16 6 9 15 23 − 8 19 1.187 CAF 168 Swaziland 7 19 11 15 39 − 24 16 0.842 CAF 169 Nepal 7 30 22 23 100 − 77 16 0.533 AFC 170 Malta 12 102 10 90 33 300 − 267 16 0.157 UEFA 171 Bahamas 5 14 7 20 43 − 23 15 1.071 CONCACAF 172 Philippines 21 14 16 57 − 41 15 0.714 AFC 173 Sri Lanka 7 31 6 22 21 75 − 54 15 0.484 AFC 174 Equatorial Guinea 5 20 14 17 36 − 19 14 0.700 CAF 175 Lesotho 7 24 8 14 14 51 − 37 14 0.583 CAF 176 Aruba 6 16 11 23 42 − 19 13 0.812 CONCACAF 177 Dominica 6 20 13 15 54 − 39 13 0.650 CONCACAF 178 Laos 26 20 23 124 − 101 12 0.462 AFC 179 Liechtenstein 6 60 6 52 23 185 − 162 12 0.200 UEFA 180 Myanmar 14 9 11 38 − 27 11 0.786 AFC 181 Macau 9 35 30 15 165 − 150 11 0.314 AFC 182 Mongolia 5 14 10 11 46 − 35 10 0.714 AFC 183 Afghanistan 14 10 10 45 − 35 10 0.714 AFC 184 Cook Islands 6 20 16 16 63 − 47 10 0.500 OFC 185 American Samoa 5 18 14 11 136 − 125 10 0.556 OFC 186 Mauritania 6 16 11 13 31 − 18 9 0.562 CAF 187 U.S. Virgin Islands 5 15 0 12 8 80 − 72 9 0.600 CONCACAF 188 Cambodia 5 26 21 16 90 − 74 9 0.346 AFC 189 Andorra 5 52 47 14 162 − 148 9 0.173 UEFA 190 Guinea - Bissau 6 12 7 8 19 − 11 7 0.583 CAF 191 São Tomé and Príncipe 8 5 22 − 18 7 0.875 CAF 192 Guam 10 7 51 − 48 7 0.700 AFC 193 Mauritius 7 18 14 14 49 − 35 6 0.333 CAF 194 Bhutan 10 0 8 8 53 − 45 6 0.600 AFC 195 Cayman Islands 6 16 0 5 11 6 35 − 29 5 0.313 CONCACAF 196 Saar 8 − 4 1.000 defunct 197 Central African Republic 10 8 8 21 − 13 0.400 CAF 198 Djibouti 13 11 6 56 − 50 0.308 CAF 199 Pakistan 8 30 0 26 12 118 − 106 0.133 AFC 200 Eritrea 8 0 5 16 − 13 0.375 CAF 201 Comoros 8 0 5 18 − 14 0.375 CAF 202 Somalia 6 11 0 8 26 − 25 0.273 CAF 203 British Virgin Islands 5 10 0 7 7 34 − 27 0.300 CONCACAF 204 Turks and Caicos Islands 5 10 0 9 6 46 − 40 0.300 CONCACAF 205 Brunei 14 0 13 59 − 56 0.214 AFC 206 Seychelles 5 14 0 12 6 36 − 30 0.143 CAF 207 San Marino 7 66 0 64 11 310 − 299 0.030 UEFA 208 South Yemen 0 7 − 3 0.500 defunct 209 South Sudan 0 5 − 4 0.500 CAF 210 Tuvalu 0 22 − 20 0.250 OFC 211 Kosovo 10 0 9 24 − 21 0.100 UEFA 212 Montserrat 5 9 0 8 8 45 − 37 0.111 CONCACAF 213 Anguilla 5 10 0 9 41 − 39 0.100 CONCACAF 214 Gibraltar 10 0 0 10 47 − 44 0 0.000 UEFA 215 Timor - Leste 14 0 0 14 68 − 64 0 0.000 AFC Footnotes ^ Teams are ranked by total points , then by goal difference , then by goals scored . Note that this column does not represent any official rankings . ^ Only qualifying campaigns are counted where the team played at least one match that was not annulled . ^ The three points for a win system is used . Top scorers in preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) # Nation Player Goals Games played Goal ratio Qualification tournaments Carlos Ruiz 39 47 0.75 2002 ( 8 goals ) , 2006 ( 10 ) , 2010 ( 6 ) , 2014 ( 6 ) , 2018 ( 9 ) Ali Daei 35 50 0.70 1994 ( 7 goals ) , 1998 ( 9 ) , 2002 ( 10 ) , 2006 ( 9 ) Cristiano Ronaldo 30 38 0.79 2006 ( 7 goals ) , 2014 ( 8 ) , 2018 ( 15 ) Karim Bagheri 28 29 0.97 1998 ( 19 goals ) , 2002 ( 8 ) , 2010 ( 1 ) 5 Kazu Miura 27 25 1.08 1994 ( 13 goals ) , 1998 ( 14 ) 6 Andriy Shevchenko 26 40 0.65 1998 ( 4 goals ) , 2002 ( 10 ) , 2006 ( 6 ) , 2010 ( 6 ) 7 Tim Cahill 25 36 0.69 2006 ( 7 goals ) , 2010 ( 4 ) , 2014 ( 3 ) , 2018 ( 11 ) 8 Carlos Pavón 25 37 0.68 1998 ( 2 goals ) , 2002 ( 15 ) , 2006 ( 1 ) , 2010 ( 7 ) 9 Edin Džeko 24 31 0.77 2010 ( 9 goals ) , 2014 ( 10 ) , 2018 ( 5 ) 10 Jared Borgetti 23 24 0.96 2002 ( 6 goals ) , 2006 ( 14 ) , 2010 ( 3 ) 11 Robert Lewandowski 21 28 0.75 2010 ( 2 goals ) , 2014 ( 3 ) , 2018 ( 16 ) 12 Paulo Wanchope 21 37 0.57 1998 ( 6 goals ) , 2002 ( 7 ) , 2006 ( 8 ) 13 Lionel Messi 21 45 0.47 2010 ( 4 goals ) , 2014 ( 10 ) , 2018 ( 7 ) 14 Luis Suárez 21 48 0.44 2010 ( 5 goals ) , 2014 ( 11 ) , 2018 ( 5 ) 15 Archie Thompson 20 15 1.33 2002 ( 16 goals ) , 2006 ( 2 ) , 2014 ( 2 ) 16 Stern John 20 49 0.41 1998 ( 3 goals ) , 2002 ( 3 ) , 2006 ( 12 ) , 2010 ( 2 ) 17 Vaughan Coveny 19 19 1.00 1998 ( 4 goals ) , 2002 ( 9 ) , 2006 ( 6 ) 18 Emmanuel Sanon 19 20 0.95 1974 ( 11 goals ) , 1978 ( 8 ) 19 Pauleta 19 24 0.79 2002 ( 8 goals ) , 2006 ( 11 ) 20 Zlatan Ibrahimović 19 29 0.66 2002 ( 1 goal ) , 2006 ( 8 ) , 2010 ( 2 ) , 2014 ( 8 ) 21 Hernán Crespo 19 33 0.58 1998 ( 3 goals ) , 2002 ( 9 ) , 2006 ( 7 ) 22 Didier Drogba 18 19 0.95 2006 ( 9 goals ) , 2010 ( 6 ) , 2014 ( 3 ) 23 Moumouni Dagano 18 24 0.75 2002 ( 1 goal ) , 2006 ( 5 ) , 2010 ( 12 ) 24 Samuel Eto'o 18 29 0.62 2002 ( 3 goals ) , 2006 ( 4 ) , 2010 ( 9 ) , 2014 ( 2 ) 25 Raúl Díaz Arce 18 29 0.62 1994 ( 2 goals ) , 1998 ( 9 ) , 2002 ( 7 ) 26 Marcelo Salas 18 32 0.56 1998 ( 11 goals ) , 2002 ( 4 ) , 2006 ( 1 ) , 2010 ( 2 ) 27 Robbie Keane 18 37 0.49 2002 ( 2 goals ) , 2006 ( 4 ) , 2010 ( 6 ) , 2014 ( 6 ) 28 Clint Dempsey 18 43 0.42 2010 ( 5 goals ) , 2014 ( 8 ) , 2018 ( 5 ) 29 Iván Zamorano 17 11 1.54 1990 ( 1 goal ) , 1998 ( 12 ) , 2002 ( 4 ) 30 Deon McCaulay 17 16 1.06 2010 ( 2 goals ) , 2014 ( 11 ) , 2018 ( 4 ) 31 Dimitar Berbatov 17 24 0.71 2002 ( 6 goals ) , 2006 ( 8 ) , 2010 ( 5 ) 32 Alexander Frei 17 25 0.68 2002 ( 5 goals ) , 2006 ( 7 ) , 2010 ( 5 ) 33 Álvaro Saborío 17 41 0.41 2006 ( 3 goals ) , 2010 ( 6 ) , 2014 ( 8 ) ( updated as of FIFA World Cup 2018 qualifiers ) First games and goalscorers in preliminary competition ( 1934 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) World Cup First game First goal 1934 11 June 1933 ; Sweden 6 -- 2 Estonia 11 June 1933 ; Knut Kroon for Sweden vs. Estonia 1938 16 June 1937 ; Sweden 4 -- 0 Finland 16 June 1937 ; Lennart Bunke for Sweden vs. Finland 1950 2 June 1949 ; Sweden 3 -- 1 Republic of Ireland 2 June 1949 ; Davy Walsh for Republic of Ireland vs. Sweden 1954 9 May 1953 ; Yugoslavia 1 -- 0 Greece 9 May 1953 ; Frane Matošić for Yugoslavia vs. Greece 1958 30 September 1956 ; Austria 7 -- 0 Luxembourg 30 September 1956 ; Gerhard Hanappi for Austria vs. Luxembourg 1962 21 August 1960 ; Costa Rica 3 -- 2 Guatemala 21 August 1960 ; Jorge Hernán Monge for Costa Rica vs. Guatemala 1966 24 May 1964 ; Netherlands 2 -- 0 Albania 24 May 1964 ; Daan Schrijvers for Netherlands vs. Albania 1970 19 May 1968 ; Austria 7 -- 1 Cyprus 19 May 1968 ; Erich Hof for Austria vs. Cyprus 14 November 1971 ; Malta 0 -- 2 Hungary 14 November 1971 ; Ferenc Bene for Hungary vs. Malta 1978 4 April 1976 ; Panama 3 -- 2 Costa Rica 4 April 1976 ; Javier Jiménez for Costa Rica vs. Panama 1982 26 March 1980 ; Israel 0 -- 0 Northern Ireland 26 March 1980 ; Cyprus 2 -- 3 Republic of Ireland 26 March 1980 ; Paul McGee for Republic of Ireland vs. Cyprus 1986 2 May 1984 ; Cyprus 1 -- 2 Austria 2 May 1984 ; Martin Gisinger for Austria vs. Cyprus 1990 17 April 1988 ; Guyana 0 -- 4 Trinidad and Tobago 17 April 1988 ; Paul Elliot - Allen for Trinidad and Tobago vs. Guyana 1994 21 March 1992 ; Dominican Republic 0 -- 4 Puerto Rico 21 March 1992 ; Marcos Lugris for Puerto Rico vs. Dominican Republic 1998 10 March 1996 ; Dominica 3 -- 3 Antigua and Barbuda 10 March 1996 ; Anthony Dominique for Dominica vs. Antigua and Barbuda 2002 4 March 2000 ; Trinidad and Tobago 5 -- 0 Netherlands Antilles 4 March 2000 ; Honduras 3 -- 0 Nicaragua 4 March 2000 ; Marvin Andrews for Trinidad and Tobago vs. Netherlands Antilles 2006 6 September 2003 ; Ecuador 2 -- 0 Venezuela 6 September 2003 ; Giovanny Espinoza for Ecuador vs. Venezuela 25 August 2007 ; Tahiti 0 -- 1 New Caledonia 25 August 2007 ; Pierre Wajoka for New Caledonia vs. Tahiti 2014 15 June 2011 ; Montserrat 2 -- 5 Belize 15 June 2011 ; Deon McCauley for Belize vs. Montserrat 2018 12 March 2015 ; Timor - Leste 0 -- 3 Mongolia ( forfeited ) 12 March 2015 ; Chan Vathanaka for Cambodia vs. Macau Current format ( edit ) Currently , 32 places are available in the final tournament until 2022 . One of them is reserved for the host nation , but if two or more nations co-host the competition , each is awarded a place . From 1934 to 2002 , one berth was reserved for the winners of the previous World Cup , but in November 2001 , FIFA announced that the defending champion would no longer get automatic entry to the subsequent tournament , starting with the 2006 finals . This decision was made to address the issue of the returning champions being at a disadvantage to their fellow competitors due to having not played a competitive match in the previous two years . The problem was amply demonstrated at the 2002 FIFA World Cup , as returning champions France tumbled out in the first round , finishing bottom of their group without scoring a single goal . 2002 winner Brazil qualified for 2006 at the top of their qualifiers group , but Italy , defending champions from 2006 , finished bottom of their group in 2010 , despite playing in the qualifying matches . At Brazil 2014 , 2010 champions Spain finished third in their group and failed to advance to the Round of 16 , despite having qualified as first in their group . FIFA decides beforehand the number of spots awarded to each of the continental zones . For the 2018 World Cup , the following numbers were used : UEFA ( Europe ) -- 13 berths , plus the host Russia CAF ( Africa ) -- 5 berths AFC ( Asia ) -- 4 berths CONMEBOL ( South America ) -- 4 berths CONCACAF ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) -- 3 berths 2 berths for the winners of intercontinental play - offs between the best team from the OFC ( Oceania ) , as well as additional teams from the AFC , CONMEBOL and CONCACAF . The pairings for these play - offs were determined by an open draw . The number of berths allocated per continent is widely debated , with the main point of contention being the extent to which berths should be allocated to regions based on sheer population vs. talent . A historically weaker continent , Africa has called for more places , as they are allocated only five in comparison to Europe 's 13 . In early October 2016 , it was announced that the World Cup would have featured 40 teams starting with the 2026 tournament , then FIFA President Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup , mainly to address African concerns . On 10 January 2017 , the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand the World Cup to a 48 team tournament that will open with a group stage consisting of 16 groups of three teams , with two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 32 . The new format for the qualifying process has yet to be confirmed , other than a play - off tournament that consists of one team from each confederation ( except UEFA ) and one additional team from the confederation of the host country for the last two World Cup berths . These numbers vary slightly between tournaments ( see above ) . Qualification in all zones ends at approximately the same time , in September -- November of the year preceding the finals . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations and over time . The systems used in 2018 are outlined below . Africa ( edit ) The CAF qualification process began with two preliminary rounds to narrow the field of 53 entrants to 20 teams in October 2015 ( Zimbabwe were disqualified ) . The group stage consisted of 5 groups of 4 , with the group winners advancing to the World Cup finals . Asia ( edit ) Bhutan and Guam entered the AFC qualification process , while Indonesia were disqualified after being suspended for political interference . Qualifying was altered significantly from the 2014 method , with changes to the structure of the preliminary rounds -- which were held before the main draw . One home - and - away preliminary round reduced the 12 weakest entrants to 6 , which then joined the 34 strongest sides in 8 groups of 5 , with the winners and 4 best runners - up advancing to the final group stage , comprising two 6 - team groups . The winners and runners - up of the two final groups of 6 advanced to the World Cup finals with the two third - placed sides playing off in the fourth round for the right to play in an inter-confederation play - off for a final World Cup spot . The first two rounds also acted as the qualifiers for the expanded 2019 AFC Asian Cup . A total of 24 teams eliminated from World Cup qualification in the second round competed in the third round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification ( which was separate from the third round of 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification ) , where they were divided into six groups of four teams and competed for the remaining slots of the 2019 AFC Asian Cup . The 24 teams consisted of the 16 highest ranked teams eliminated in the second round , and the eight teams that advanced from the play - off round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualification which were contested by the remaining 12 teams eliminated in the second round . Europe ( edit ) The European qualification was unchanged from the 2010 system . The 54 national teams were divided into nine groups of six teams , with the group winners qualifying directly to the finals , and the best eight runners - up playing home - and - away ties for the remaining four places . With the admission of Gibraltar and Kosovo as FIFA members in May 2016 , both national teams made their debuts in World Cup qualifying . With two groups of only five teams in the first round , Kosovo was assigned to group I as it was decided that Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia should not play against Kosovo for security reasons , and Gibraltar was then added to group H . North and Central America and Caribbean ( edit ) See also : Hexagonal ( CONCACAF ) The 2018 CONCACAF qualification process changed significantly from the 2014 qualification cycle . The first three rounds had teams play home - and - away over two legs . A first preliminary round involved the 14 lowest ranked teams and the seven winners advanced to the second round . The 13 higher ranked sides received byes in the second round and were joined by the seven first round winners ; the ten winners advanced to the third round . Two higher ranked teams received byes in the third round and were joined by ten second round winners ; the six winners advanced to the preliminary group stage . As in 2014 , the remaining 12 teams played in 3 semifinal groups of 4 teams with the top two in each group advancing to a final six - team group . The final round -- often referred to as the `` hexagonal '' because there are six teams involved -- saw the top three teams advance to the World Cup finals , while the fourth placed side entered an inter-confederation play - off for a final World Cup spot . Oceania ( edit ) Qualification in Oceania was held as part of a further competition . The first stage took place with one group of four lowest ranked teams and the winner advanced to the second stage ( which also acted as the 2016 OFC Nations Cup ) . In the second stage the top three teams advanced to the third round , among them Nations Cup champions New Zealand . Two groups of three teams contested the third round , or final group stage , and the winners of each group entered a two - leg final . The winners of this final advanced to an inter-confederation play - off for a World Cup spot . South America ( edit ) As in recent qualification series CONMEBOL qualification consisted of a single group of all entrants . Unlike previous qualifying tournaments where the fixtures were pre-determined , the fixtures were determined by a draw , which was held as part of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Preliminary Draw , on 25 July 2015 . The top 4 teams from the 10 - team group advanced to the World Cup finals , while the fifth placed team entered an inter-confederation play - off for a World Cup spot . Intercontinental play - offs ( edit ) Like the previous 2014 tournament , the pairings for the two play - offs were determined by an open draw on 25 July 2015 , as part of the aforementioned preliminary draw . Intercontinental play - offs are played as home - and - away ties . Qualification tournament rules ( edit ) Qualification tournaments generally consist of a number of stages , made up of groups or knock - out ties . Groups ( edit ) In all group tournaments , three points are awarded for a win , one for a draw , and none for a loss . FIFA has set the order of the tie - breakers for teams that finish level on points : goal difference in all group matches greater number of goals scored in all group matches Where teams are still not able to be separated , the following tie - breakers are used : greater number of points obtained in matches between the tied teams goal difference in matches between the tied teams greater number of goals scored in matches between the tied teams Where teams are still equal , then a play - off on neutral ground , with extra time and penalties if necessary will be played if FIFA deems such a play - off able to be fitted within the coordinated international match calendar . If this is not deemed feasible , then the result will be determined by the drawing of lot . Note that this order of tie - breaker application has not always been applied . While it was used in the 2010 qualifiers , the qualification for the 2006 World Cup used the head - to - head comparison prior to goal difference ( although this system was -- where applicable -- used in the 2006 finals themselves ) . If these rules had applied in 2006 , then Nigeria would have qualified rather than Angola . Home - and - away ties ( edit ) Most knock - out qualifiers ( such as the inter-confederation play - offs , the second round of UEFA qualifying and many preliminary ties ) are played over two legs . The team that scores a greater aggregate number of goals qualifies . Away goals rule applies . If these rules fail to determine the winner , extra time and penalty shootouts are used . Occasionally -- usually when one entrant lacks adequate facilities to host international matches -- ties are played over a single leg , in which case matches level after 90 minutes will go to extra time and then to a penalty shootout if required . Alternatively , `` home '' matches can be played in neutral countries , or occasionally one team will host both matches . In the latter case the visiting team will still be considered as the `` home '' team for one of the legs -- which may determine which side advances under the away goals rule , as occurred in CONCACAF qualification in 2010 . See also ( edit ) National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup UEFA European Championship qualifying AFC Asian Cup qualification References ( edit ) ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup preliminary competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . fifa.com . FIFA . November 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ `` FIFA 's 209 member associations '' ( PDF ) . fifa.com . FIFA . July 2012 . ^ `` Fifa makes major policy shift '' . BBC News . 30 November 2001 . ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup confederation slots maintained '' ( Press release ) . FIFA. 30 May 2015 . ^ `` Africa calls for FIFA to increase World Cup places '' . Ahram Online . Reuters. 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . ^ `` New Fifa chief backs 48 - team World Cup '' . heraldlive. 7 October 2016 . It 's an idea , just as the World Cup with 40 teams is already on the table with groups of four or five teams . ^ `` World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests '' . The Guardian . 3 October 2016 . ^ `` Fifa approves Infantino 's plan to expand World Cup to 48 teams from 2026 '' . The Guardian . 10 January 2017 . ^ `` Bureau of the Council recommends slot allocation for the 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA. 30 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2017 . ^ `` ExCo approves expanded AFC Asian Cup finals '' . AFC. 16 April 2014 . ^ `` World Cup draw looms large in Asia '' . FIFA.com. 13 April 2015 . Completing the tournament 's qualifying contenders will be the next 16 highest ranked teams , with the remaining 12 sides battling it out in play - off matches to claim the last eight spots . ^ `` Uefa retains 2010 World Cup qualifying format for 2014 '' . bbc.co.uk. 21 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . ^ `` FIFA Congress drives football forward , first female secretary general appointed '' . FIFA.com. 13 May 2016 . ^ `` Kosovo to play in Group I in European Qualifiers '' . uefa.org . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . 9 June 2016 . ^ `` Kosovo and Gibraltar assigned to 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying groups '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . 9 June 2016 . ^ `` A unanimous decision : A draw will determine the classifications for the World Cup and CONMEBOL Tournaments '' . CONMEBOL.com. 23 January 2015 . External links ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition Statistics ( from FIFA.com ) FIFA World Cup Preliminary History ( from FIFA.com ) FIFA World Cup 2018 Regulations FIFA World Cup 2018 Guide ( from fifa-world-cup-2018.info ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup_qualification&oldid=857112454 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup qualification Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית मराठी 日本 語 Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who gets direct entry to fifa world cup | [
"The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth. Unlike many other sports, results of the previous World Cups or of the continental championships are not taken into account. Until 2002, the defending champions also received an automatic berth, but starting from the 2006 World Cup this is no longer the case.\n"
] | [
"The hosts of the World Cup"
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4217178571027290112 | Battle of Shiloh | Battle of Shiloh - wikipedia Battle of Shiloh Jump to : navigation , search Battle of Shiloh ( Battle of Pittsburg Landing ) Part of American Civil War Battle of Shiloh , by Thure de Thulstrup Date April 6 -- 7 , 1862 Location Hardin County , Tennessee 35 ° 09 ′ 02 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 19 '' W / 35.15068 ° N 88.32183 ° W / 35.15068 ; - 88.32183 Coordinates : 35 ° 09 ′ 02 '' N 88 ° 19 ′ 19 '' W / 35.15068 ° N 88.32183 ° W / 35.15068 ; - 88.32183 Result Union victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant Don Carlos Buell Albert Sidney Johnston † P.G.T. Beauregard Units involved Army of the Tennessee Army of the Ohio Army of Mississippi Strength ∼ 63,000 ( estimated ) : Army of the Tennessee : 44,894 Army of the Ohio : ∼ 17,918 40,335 Casualties and losses 13,047 ( 1,754 killed ; 8,408 wounded ; 2,885 captured / missing ) 10,699 ( 1,728 killed ; 8,012 wounded ; 959 captured / missing ) Federal Penetration up the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers Fort Henry Fort Donelson Shiloh Corinth The Battle of Shiloh , also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing , was a major battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War , fought April 6 -- 7 , 1862 , in southwestern Tennessee . A Union force known as the Army of the Tennessee under Major General Ulysses S. Grant had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing , Tennessee on the west bank of that river , where the Confederate Army of Mississippi , under General Albert Sidney Johnston and second - in - command P.G.T. Beauregard , launched a surprise attack on Grant 's army from its base in Corinth , Mississippi . Johnston was mortally wounded during the fighting ; Beauregard , who thus succeeded to command of the army , decided against pressing the attack late in the evening . Overnight Grant was reinforced by one of his own divisions stationed further north and was joined by three divisions from another Union army under Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell . This allowed them to launch an unexpected counterattack the next morning which completely reversed the Confederate gains of the previous day . On April 6 , the first day of the battle , the Confederates struck with the intention of driving the Union defenders away from the river and into the swamps of Owl Creek to the west . Johnston hoped to defeat Grant 's army before the anticipated arrival of General Buell 's Army of the Ohio . The Confederate battle lines became confused during the fierce fighting , and Grant 's men instead fell back to the northeast , in the direction of Pittsburg Landing . A Union position on a slightly sunken road , nicknamed the `` Hornet 's Nest , '' defended by the men of Brig . Gens . Benjamin Prentiss 's and William H.L. Wallace 's divisions , provided critical time for the remainder of the Union line to stabilize under the protection of numerous artillery batteries . Wallace was mortally wounded when the position collapsed , while several regiments from the two divisions were eventually surrounded and surrendered . General Johnston was shot in the leg and bled to death while personally leading an attack . Beauregard , his second in command , acknowledged how tired the army was from the day 's exertions and decided against assaulting the final Union position that night . Tired but unfought and well - organized men from Buell 's army and a division of Grant 's army arrived in the evening of April 6 and helped turn the tide the next morning , when the Union commanders launched a counterattack along the entire line . Confederate forces were forced to retreat from the area , ending their hopes of blocking the Union advance into northern Mississippi . The Battle of Shiloh was the bloodiest battle in American history up to that time . It was eventually superseded that coming September by the Battle of Antietam ( an overall bloodier battle , and still the bloodiest single - day in American military history ) , then the next year by the Battle of Chancellorsville , and , soon after , the three - day Battle of Gettysburg , which would prove to be the bloodiest overall battle of the war . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and plans 1.1 Military situation 2 Opposing forces and initial movements 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 2.3 Comparison between Union and Confederate armies 2.4 Johnston 's plan 3 Battle , April 6 ( first day : Confederate assault ) 3.1 Early morning attack 3.2 Grant and his army rally 3.3 Lew Wallace 's division 3.4 Hornet 's Nest 3.5 Defense at Pittsburg Landing 3.6 Evening lull 4 Battle , April 7 ( second day : Union counterattack ) 4.1 Confederate retreat 5 Fallen Timbers , April 8 6 Aftermath 6.1 Reactions and effects 6.2 Subsequent events 6.3 Casualties 7 Notable veterans 8 Battlefield preservation 9 Honors and commemoration 10 In popular culture 10.1 Simulation games 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Memoirs and primary sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Background and plans ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Kentucky - Tennessee , 1862 Tennessee - Alabama , 1862 Main articles : Battle of Fort Henry and Battle of Fort Donelson Further information : Western Theater of the American Civil War and American Civil War After the losses of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862 , Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew his forces into western Tennessee , northern Mississippi , and Alabama to reorganize . Johnston established his base at Corinth , Mississippi , the site of a major railroad junction and strategic transportation link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi River , but left the Union troops with access into southern Tennessee and points farther south via the Tennessee River . In early March , Union Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck , then commander of the Department of the Missouri , ordered Grant to remain at Fort Henry , and on March 4 turned field command of the expedition over to a subordinate , Brig. Gen. C.F. Smith , who had recently been nominated as a major general . ( Various writers assert that Halleck took this step because of professional and personal animosity toward Grant ; however , Halleck shortly restored Grant to full command , perhaps influenced by an inquiry from President Abraham Lincoln . ) Smith 's orders were to lead raids intended to capture or damage the railroads in southwestern Tennessee . Brig. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman 's troops arrived from Paducah , Kentucky , to conduct a similar mission to break the railroads near Eastport , Mississippi . Halleck also ordered Grant to advance his Army of West Tennessee ( soon to be known by its more famous name , the Army of the Tennessee ) on an invasion up the Tennessee River . Grant left Fort Henry and headed upriver ( south ) , arriving at Savannah , Tennessee , on March 14 , and established his headquarters on the east bank of the river . Grant 's troops set up camp farther upriver : five divisions at Pittsburg Landing , Tennessee , and a sixth at Crump 's Landing , four miles from Grant 's headquarters . Meanwhile , Halleck 's command was enlarged through consolidation of Grant 's and Buell 's armies and renamed the Department of the Mississippi . With Buell 's Army of the Ohio under his command , Halleck ordered Buell to concentrate with Grant at Savannah . Buell began a march with much of his army from Nashville , Tennessee , and headed southwest toward Savannah . Halleck intended to take the field in person and lead both armies in an advance south to seize Corinth , Mississippi , where the Mobile and Ohio Railroad linking Mobile , Alabama , to the Ohio River intersected the Memphis and Charleston Railroad . The railroad was a vital supply line connecting the Mississippi River at Memphis , Tennessee to Richmond , Virginia . Opposing forces and initial movements ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle Union army commanders Maj. Gen . Ulysses S. Grant , USA Maj. Gen . Don Carlos Buell , USA Union division commanders ( Army of the Tennessee ) Brig. Gen . William T. Sherman , USA Maj. Gen . John A. McClernand , USA Brig. Gen . W.H.L. Wallace , USA Brig. Gen . Benjamin Prentiss , USA Maj. Gen . Lew Wallace , USA Brig. Gen . Stephen A. Hurlbut , USA Union division commanders ( Army of the Ohio ) Brig. Gen . Alexander M. McCook , USA Brig. Gen . William Nelson , USA Brig. Gen . Thomas L. Crittenden , USA Brig. Gen . Thomas J. Wood , USA Western Theater in early 1862 : Confederate Union Shiloh Campaign ( 1862 ) Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 's Army of the Tennessee of 44,895 men consisted of six divisions : 1st Division ( Maj. Gen. John A. McClernand ) : 3 brigades ; 2nd Division ( Brig. Gen. W.H.L. Wallace ) : 3 brigades ; 3rd Division ( Maj. Gen. Lew Wallace ) : 3 brigades ; 4th Division ( Brig. Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut ) : 3 brigades ; 5th Division ( Brig. Gen. William T. Sherman ) : 4 brigades ; 6th Division ( Brig. Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss ) : 2 brigades ; Of the six divisions encamped on the western side of the Tennessee River in early April , only Lew Wallace 's 3rd Division was at Crump 's Landing ; the remainder were farther south ( upriver ) at Pittsburg Landing . Grant developed a reputation during the war for being more concerned with his own plans than with those of the enemy . His encampment at Pittsburg Landing displayed his most consequential lack of such concern -- his army was spread out in bivouac style , with many of his men surrounding a small , log meetinghouse named Shiloh Church ( Shiloh was a biblical city that served as the capital of the Kingdom of Israel ) , passing the time waiting for Buell 's army with drills for his many raw troops without establishing entrenchments or other significant defensive measures . In his memoirs , Grant reacted to criticism of his lack of entrenchments : `` Besides this , the troops with me , officers and men , needed discipline and drill more than they did experience with the pick , shovel and axe ... under all these circumstances I concluded that drill and discipline were worth more to our men than fortifications . '' Lew Wallace 's division was 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) downstream ( north ) from Pittsburg Landing , at Crump 's Landing , a position intended to prevent the placement of Confederate river batteries , to protect the road connecting Crump 's Landing to Bethel Station , Tennessee , and to guard the Union army 's right flank . In addition , Wallace 's troops could strike the railroad line connecting Bethel Station to Corinth , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) to the south . The portion of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell 's Army of the Ohio that was engaged in the battle consisted of four divisions : 2nd Division ( Brig. Gen. Alexander M. McCook ) : 3 brigades ; 4th Division ( Brig. Gen. William `` Bull '' Nelson ) : 3 brigades ; 5th Division ( Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden ) : 2 brigades ; 6th Division ( Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood ) : 2 brigades ; On April 5 , the eve of battle , the first of Buell 's divisions , under the command of Brig. Gen. William `` Bull '' Nelson , reached Savannah . Grant instructed Nelson to encamp there instead of immediately crossing the river . The remainder of Buell 's army , still marching toward Savannah with only portions of four of his divisions , totaling 17,918 men , did not reach the area in time to have a significant role in the battle until its second day . Buell 's three other divisions were led by Brig . Gens . Alexander M. McCook , Thomas L. Crittenden , and Thomas J. Wood . ( Wood 's division appeared too late even to be of much service on the second day . ) Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Confederate army commanders Gen . Albert Sidney Johnston , CSA Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard , CSA Confederate corps commanders Maj. Gen . Leonidas Polk , CSA Maj. Gen . Braxton Bragg , CSA Maj. Gen . William J. Hardee , CSA Brig. Gen . John C. Breckinridge , CSA On the Confederate side , Albert S. Johnston named his newly assembled force the Army of Mississippi . Johnston was one of the most experienced officers at this point in the war , having participated in five different wars for three different nations during a military career that covered 34 years . Jefferson Davis once said `` '' If Johnston is not a general , then we have no general . '' He concentrated almost 55,000 men around Corinth , Mississippi , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) southwest of Grant 's troops at Pittsburg Landing . Of these men , 40,335 departed from Corinth on April 3 , hoping to surprise Grant before Buell arrived to join forces . They were organized into four large corps , commanded by : I Corps ( Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk ) , with 2 divisions under Brig. Gen. Charles Clark and Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham ; II Corps ( Maj. Gen. Braxton Bragg ) , with 2 divisions under Brig . Gens . Daniel Ruggles and Jones M. Withers ; III Corps ( Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee ) , with 3 brigades under Brig . Gens . Thomas C. Hindman , Patrick Cleburne , and Sterling A.M. Wood ; Reserve Corps ( Brig. Gen. John C. Breckinridge ) , with 3 brigades under Cols . Robert Trabue and Winfield S. Statham , and Brig. Gen. John S. Bowen , and attached cavalry ; Comparison between Union and Confederate armies ( edit ) On the eve of battle , Grant 's and Johnston 's armies were of comparable size , but the Confederates were poorly armed with antique weapons , including shotguns , hunting rifles , pistols , flintlock muskets , and even a few pikes ; however , some regiments , such as the 6th and 7th Kentucky Infantry , had Enfield rifles . The troops approached the battle with very little combat experience ; Braxton Bragg 's men from Pensacola and Mobile were the best trained . Grant 's army included 32 out of 62 infantry regiments who had combat experience at Fort Donelson . One half of his artillery batteries and most of his cavalry were also combat veterans . Johnston 's plan ( edit ) In the struggle tomorrow we shall be fighting men of our own blood , Western men , who understand the use of firearms . The struggle will be a desperate one . P.G.T. Beauregard Johnston 's plan was to attack Grant 's left , separate the Union army from its gunboat support and avenue of retreat on the Tennessee River , and drive it west into the swamps of Snake and Owl Creeks , where it could be destroyed . The attack on Grant was originally planned for April 4 , but it was delayed forty - eight hours due to a heavy rain storm that turned roads into seas of mud , causing some units to get lost in the woods and others to grind to a halt faced with heavy traffic jams . It ended up taking Johnston 3 days to move his army just 23 miles . This was a significant setback for the Confederate Army , as the originally scheduled attack would have commenced when Buell 's Army of the Ohio was too far away to be of any aid to Grant . Instead , it would happen on the 6th with Buell 's army close at hand and able to re-enforce Grant on the second day . Furthermore , the delay left the Confederate Army desperately short of rations . They had issued their troops 5 days of rations just before leaving Corinth , but failure to properly conserve their food intake and the 2 - day delay left most troops completely out of rations by the time the battle commenced . During the Confederate march , there were several minor skirmishes with Union scouts and both sides had taken prisoners . Furthermore , many Confederate troops failed to maintain proper noise discipline as the army prepared for the attack . Positioned only a few miles from the Union Army , the rebel soldiers routinely played their bugles , pounded their drums , and even discharged their muskets hunting for game . As a result , Johnston 's second in command , P.G.T. Beauregard , feared that the element of surprise had been lost and recommended withdrawing to Corinth , believing that by the time the battle commenced , they would be facing an enemy `` entrenched up to the eyes '' . He was also concerned about the lack of rations , fearing that if the army got into prolonged engagement , their meager remaining food supplies would not be able to sustain them . But Johnston once more refused to consider retreat . Johnston made the decision to attack , stating `` I would fight them if they were a million . '' Despite Beauregard 's well - founded concern , most of the Union forces did not hear the marching army approach and were unaware of the enemy camps less than 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) away . Battle , April 6 ( first day : Confederate assault ) ( edit ) Map of the Battle of Shiloh , morning of April 6 , 1862 Early morning attack ( edit ) Before 6 a.m. on Sunday , April 6 , Johnston 's army was deployed for battle , straddling the Corinth Road . The army had spent the entire night bivouacking in order of battle within 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) of the Union camp near Sherman 's headquarters at Shiloh Church . Despite several contacts , a few minor skirmishes with Union forces , and the failure of the army to maintain proper noise discipline in the days leading up to the 6th , their approach and dawn assault achieved a strategic and tactical surprise . Grant wanted to avoid provoking any major battles until the linkup with Buell 's Army of the Ohio was complete . Thus the Union army had sent out no scouts or regular patrols and did not have any vedettes in place for early warning , concerned that scouts and patrols might provoke a major battle before the Army of the Ohio finished crossing the river . Grant telegraphed a message to Halleck on the night of April 5 , `` I have scarcely the faintest idea of an attack ( general one ) being made upon us , but will be prepared should such a thing take place . '' Grant 's declaration proved to be overstated . Sherman , the informal camp commander at Pittsburg Landing , did not believe the Confederates had a major assault force nearby ; he discounted the possibility of an attack from the south . Sherman expected that Johnston would eventually attack from the direction of Purdy , Tennessee , to the west . When Col. Jesse Appler , 53rd Ohio Infantry , warned Sherman that an attack was imminent , the general angrily replied , `` Take your damned regiment back to Ohio . There are no Confederates closer than Corinth . '' Around 3 a.m. , Col. Everett Peabody , commanding Brig. Gen. Benjamin Prentiss 's 1st Brigade , sent a patrol of 250 infantry men from the 25th Missouri and the 12th Michigan out on reconnaissance patrol , convinced that the constant reports of Confederate contacts over the last few days meant there was a strong possibility of a large confederate force in the area . The patrol , under the command of Maj . James E. Powell , met fire from Confederates who then fled into the woods . A short time later , 5 : 15 a.m. , they encountered Confederate outposts manned by the 3rd Mississippi Battalion , and a spirited fight lasted about an hour . Arriving messengers and sounds of gunfire from the skirmish alerted the nearest Union troops , who formed battle line positions before the Confederates were able to reach them ; however , the Union army command had not adequately prepared for an attack on their camps . When Prentiss learned that Peabody had sent out a patrol without his authorization he was outraged and accused the Colonel of provoking a major engagement in violation of Grant 's orders , but he soon realized he was facing an assault by an entire Confederate army and rushed to prepare his men for defense . By 9 a.m. Union forces at Pittsburg Landing were either engaged or moving toward the front line . Both Peabody and Powell were soon killed in the subsequent fighting . The confusing alignment of the Confederate troops helped reduce the effectiveness of the attack , since Johnston and Beauregard had no unified battle plan . Earlier , Johnston had telegraphed Confederate President Jefferson Davis his plan for the attack : `` Polk the left , Bragg the center , Hardee the right , Breckinridge in reserve . '' His strategy was to emphasize the attack on his right flank to prevent the Union army from reaching the Tennessee River , its supply line and avenue of retreat . Johnston instructed Beauregard to stay in the rear and direct men and supplies as needed , while he rode to the front to lead the men on the battle line . This effectively ceded control of the battle to Beauregard , who had a different concept , which was simply to attack in three waves and push the Union army eastward to the river . The corps of Hardee and Bragg began the assault with their divisions in one line , nearly 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) wide and about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) from its front to its rear column . As these units advanced , they became intermingled and difficult to control . Corps commanders attacked in line without reserves , and artillery could not be concentrated to effect a breakthrough . At about 7 : 30 a.m. , from his position in the rear , Beauregard ordered the corps of Polk and Breckinridge forward on the left and right of the line , diluting their effectiveness . The attack therefore went forward as a frontal assault conducted by a single linear formation , which lacked both the depth and weight needed for success . Units marching through rough uneven terrain were unable to maintain formation integrity and ended up mixing together with regiments from other commands . Generals ended up having to take command of zones of the battlefield rather than their own assigned divisions . Command and control , in the modern sense , were lost from the onset of the first assault . Grant and his army rally ( edit ) The Confederate assault , despite its shortcomings , was ferocious , causing some of the numerous inexperienced Union soldiers in Grant 's new army to flee to the river for safety . Others fought well , but were forced to withdraw under strong pressure from the Confederates , and attempted to form new defensive lines . Many Union regiments fragmented entirely ; the companies and sections that remained on the field attached themselves to other commands . Sherman , who had been negligent in preparing for an attack , became one of its most important elements . He appeared everywhere along his lines , inspiring his raw recruits to resist the initial assaults , despite the staggering losses on both sides . Sherman received two minor wounds and had three horses shot out from under him . Historian James M. McPherson cites the battle as the turning point of Sherman 's life , helping him to become one of the North 's premier generals . Sherman 's division bore the brunt of the initial attack . Despite heavy fire on their position and their left flank crumbling , Sherman 's men fought stubbornly , but the Union troops slowly lost ground and fell back to a position behind Shiloh Church . McClernand 's division temporarily stabilized the position . Overall , however , Johnston 's forces made steady progress until noon , rolling up Union positions one by one . As the Confederates advanced , many threw away their flintlock muskets and grabbed rifles dropped by the fleeing Union troops . By 11 : 00 am , the Confederate advance began to slow down , due to stiff Union resistance , but also due to disciplinary problems as the army overran the Federal camps . The sight of fresh food still burning on camp fires proved too tempting for many hungry Confederates , and many broke ranks to pillage and loot the camps , putting the army on hold until their officers could get them back into line . Grant was about 10 miles ( 16 km ) downriver at Savannah , Tennessee , when he heard the sound of artillery fire . ( On April 4 , he had been injured when his horse fell and pinned him underneath . He was convalescing and unable to move without crutches . ) Before leaving Savannah , Grant ordered Bull Nelson 's division to march along the east side of the river , to a point opposite Pittsburg Landing , where it could be ferried over to the battlefield . Grant then took his steamboat , Tigress , to Crump 's Landing , where he gave Lew Wallace his first orders , which were to wait in reserve and be ready to move . Grant proceeded to Pittsburg Landing , arriving about 8 : 30 a.m. ; most of the day went by before the first of these reinforcements arrived . ( Nelson 's division arrived around 5 p.m. ; Wallace 's appeared about 7 p.m. ) Wallace 's slow movement to the battlefield would become particularly controversial . Lew Wallace 's division ( edit ) On the morning of April 6 , around 8 : 00 or 8 : 30 a.m. , Grant 's flagship stopped alongside Wallace 's boat moored at Crump 's Landing and gave orders for the 3rd Division to be held ready to move in any direction . Wallace concentrated his troops at Stoney Lonesome , although his westernmost brigade remained at Adamsville . He then waited for further orders , which arrived between 11 and 11 : 30 a.m. Grant ordered Wallace to move his unit up to join the Union right , a move that would have been in support of Sherman 's 5th Division , which was encamped around Shiloh Church when the battle began . The written orders , transcribed from verbal orders that Grant gave to an aide , were lost during the battle and controversy remains over their wording . Wallace maintained that he was not ordered to Pittsburg Landing , which was to the left rear of the army , or told which road to use . Grant later claimed that he ordered Wallace to Pittsburg Landing by way of the River Road ( also called the Hamburg -- Savannah Road ) . Around noon , Wallace began the journey along the Shunpike , a route familiar to his men . A member of Grant 's staff , William R. Rowley , found Wallace between 2 and 2 : 30 p.m. on the Shunpike , after Grant wondered where Wallace was and why he had not arrived on the battlefield , while the main Union force was being slowly pressed backward . Rowley told Wallace that the Union army had retreated , Sherman was no longer fighting at Shiloh Church , and the battle line had moved northeast toward Pittsburg Landing . If Wallace continued in the same direction , he would have found himself in the rear of the advancing Confederate troops . Wallace had to make a choice : he could launch an attack and fight through the Confederate rear to reach Grant 's forces closer to Pittsburg Landing , or reverse his direction and march toward Pittsburg Landing via a crossroads to the River Road . Wallace chose the second option . ( After the war , Wallace claimed that his division might have attacked and defeated the Confederates if his advance had not been interrupted , but later conceded that the move would not have been successful . ) Rather than realign his troops so the rear guard would be in the front , Wallace made a controversial decision to countermarch his troops to maintain the original order , only facing in the other direction . The move further delayed Wallace 's troops as they marched north along the Shunpike road , then took a crossover to reach the River Road to the east , and headed south toward the battlefield . Wallace 's division began arriving at Grant 's position about 6 : 30 p.m. , after a march of about 14 miles ( 23 km ) in seven hours over poor and muddy roads . It formed line on the battlefield about 7 p.m. , when the fighting was nearly over for the day . Although Grant showed no disapproval at the time , his later endorsement of Wallace 's battle report was negative enough to severely damage Wallace 's military career . Today , Wallace is better remembered as the author of Ben - Hur . Hornet 's Nest ( edit ) Map of the Battle of Shiloh , afternoon of April 6 , 1862 Hurlbut 's Division defending the peach orchard On the main Union defensive line , starting around 9 a.m. , Prentiss 's and W.H.L. Wallace 's divisions established and held a position nicknamed the `` Hornet 's Nest '' , in a field along a road , now popularly called the `` Sunken Road , '' although there is little physical justification for that name . The Confederates assaulted the position for several hours rather than simply bypassing it , and suffered heavy casualties . Historians ' estimates of the number of separate charges range from 8 to 14 . The Union forces to the left and right of the Nest were forced back , making Prentiss 's position a prominent point in the line . Coordination within the Nest was poor , and units withdrew based solely on their individual commanders ' decisions . The pressure increased when W.H.L. Wallace , commander of the largest concentration of troops in the position , was mortally wounded while attempting to lead a breakout from the Confederate encirclement . Union regiments became disorganized and companies disintegrated as the Confederates , led by Brig. Gen. Daniel Ruggles , assembled more than 50 cannons into `` Ruggles 's Battery '' , the largest concentration of artillery ever assembled in North America , to blast the line at close range . Confederates surrounded the Hornet 's Nest , and it fell after holding out for seven hours . Prentiss surrendered himself and the remains of his division to the Confederates . A large portion of the Union survivors , an estimated 2,200 to 2,400 men , were captured , but their sacrifice bought time for Grant to establish a final defense line near Pittsburg Landing . While dealing with the Hornet 's Nest , the South suffered a serious setback with the death of their commanding general . Albert Sidney Johnston was mortally wounded at about 2 : 30 p.m. as he led attacks on the Union left through the Widow Bell 's cotton field against the Peach Orchard , accompanied by Tennessee governor Isham Harris . Johnston was shot in his right leg , behind the knee . Deeming the wound insignificant ( possibly due to a wound he received 25 years earlier that had inflicted permanent nerve damage preventing him from feeling how bad his injury was ) , Johnston continued on leading the battle . Eventually , Johnston 's staff members noticed him slumping in his saddle . Harris asked Johnston if he was wounded , and the general replied `` Yes , and I fear seriously . '' Earlier in the battle , Johnston had sent his personal surgeon to care for the wounded Confederate troops and Yankee prisoners , and there was no medical staff at his current location . An aide helped him off his horse and laid him down under a tree , then went to fetch his surgeon , but did not apply a tourniquet to Johnston 's wounded leg . Before a doctor could be found , Johnston bled to death from a torn popliteal artery that caused internal bleeding and blood to collect unnoticed in his riding boot . Jefferson Davis considered Johnston to be the most effective general they had ( this was two months before Robert E. Lee emerged as the preeminent Confederate general ) . Johnston was the highest - ranking officer from either side to be killed in combat during the Civil War . Beauregard assumed command , but his position in the rear , where he relied on field reports from his subordinates , may have given him only a vague idea of the disposition of forces at the front . Beauregard ordered Johnston 's body shrouded for secrecy to avoid lowering morale and resumed attacks against the Hornet 's Nest . This was likely a tactical error , because the Union flanks were slowly pulling back to form a semicircular line around Pittsburg Landing . If Beauregard had concentrated his forces against the flanks , he might have defeated the Union army at the landing , and then reduced the Hornet 's Nest position at his leisure . Defense at Pittsburg Landing ( edit ) Lexington and Tyler at Shiloh The Union flanks were being pushed back , but not decisively . Hardee and Polk caused Sherman and McClernand on the Union right to retreat in the direction of Pittsburg Landing , leaving the right flank of the Hornet 's Nest exposed . Just after Johnston 's death , Breckinridge , whose corps had been in reserve , attacked on the extreme left of the Union line , driving off the understrength brigade of Col. David Stuart and potentially opening a path into the Union rear and the Tennessee River . However , the Confederates paused to regroup and recover from exhaustion and disorganization , then followed the sounds of the guns toward the Hornet 's Nest , and an opportunity was lost . After the Hornet 's Nest fell , the remnants of the Union line established a solid three - mile ( 5 km ) front around Pittsburg Landing , extending west from the river and then north , up the River Road , keeping the approach open for the expected , although belated , arrival of Lew Wallace 's division . Sherman commanded the right of the line , McClernand took the center , and on the left , the remnants of W.H.L. Wallace 's , Hurlbut 's , and Stuart 's men mixed with thousands of stragglers who were crowding on the bluff over the landing . The advance of Buell 's army , Col. Jacob Ammen 's brigade of Bull Nelson 's division , arrived in time to be ferried over and join the left end of the line . The defensive line included a ring of more than 50 cannons and naval guns from the river ( the gunboats USS Lexington and USS Tyler ) . A final Confederate charge of two brigades , led by Brig. Gen. Withers , attempted to break through the line but was repulsed . Beauregard called off a second attempt after 6 p.m. , as the sun set . The Confederate plan had failed ; they had pushed Grant east to a defensible position on the river , not forced him west into the swamps . Evening lull ( edit ) The evening of April 6 was a dispiriting end to the first day of one of the bloodiest battles in American history . The cries of wounded and dying men on the fields between the armies could be heard in the Union and Confederate camps throughout the night . Exhausted Confederate soldiers bedded down in the abandoned Union camps . The Union troops were pushed back to the river and the junction of the River ( Hamburg -- Savannah Road ) and the Corinth - Pittsburg Landing Roads . Around 10 p.m. a thunderstorm passed through the area . Coupled with the continuous shelling from the Union gunboats Lexington and Tyler , it made the night a miserable experience for both sides . A famous anecdote encapsulates Grant 's unflinching attitude to temporary setbacks and his tendency for offensive action . Sometime after midnight , Sherman encountered Grant standing under a tree , sheltering himself from the pouring rain and smoking one of his cigars , while considering his losses and planning for the next day . Sherman remarked , `` Well , Grant , we 've had the devil 's own day , have n't we ? '' Grant looked up . `` Yes , '' he replied , followed by a puff . `` Yes . Lick ' em tomorrow , though . '' If the enemy comes on us in the morning , we 'll be whipped like hell . Nathan Bedford Forrest to Patrick R. Cleburne Beauregard sent a telegram to President Davis announcing a complete victory . He later admitted , `` I thought I had Grant just where I wanted him and could finish him up in the morning . '' Many of his men were jubilant , having overrun the Union camps and taken thousands of prisoners and tons of supplies . Grant still had reason to be optimistic : Lew Wallace 's 5,800 men ( minus the two regiments guarding the supplies at Crump 's Landing ) and 15,000 of Don Carlos Buell 's army began to arrive that evening . Wallace 's division took up a position on the right of the Union line and was in place by 1 a.m. ; Buell 's men were fully on the scene by 4 a.m. , in time to turn the tide the next day . Beauregard caused considerable historical controversy with his decision to halt the assault at dusk . Braxton Bragg and Albert Sidney Johnston 's son , Col. William Preston Johnston , were among those who bemoaned the so - called `` lost opportunity at Shiloh . '' Beauregard did not come to the front to inspect the strength of the Union lines ; he remained at Shiloh Church . He also discounted intelligence reports from Col. Nathan Bedford Forrest ( and bluster from prisoner of war General Prentiss ) that Buell 's men were crossing the river to reinforce Grant . In defense of his decision , Beauregard 's troops were simply exhausted , there was less than an hour of daylight left , and Grant 's artillery advantage was formidable . In addition , he had received a dispatch from Brig. Gen. Benjamin Hardin Helm in northern Alabama that indicated Buell was marching toward Decatur and not Pittsburg Landing . Battle , April 7 ( second day : Union counterattack ) ( edit ) Map of the Battle of Shiloh , April 7 , 1862 On Monday morning , April 7 , the combined Union armies numbered 45,000 men ; the Confederates suffered as many as 8,500 casualties the first day and their commanders reported no more than 20,000 effectives due to stragglers and deserters . ( Buell disputed that figure after the war , stating that there were 28,000 ) . The Confederates had withdrawn south into Prentiss 's and Sherman 's former camps , while Polk 's corps retired to the Confederate bivouac established on April 5 , which was 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southwest of Pittsburg Landing . No line of battle was formed , and few if any commands were resupplied with ammunition . The soldiers were consumed by the need to locate food , water , and shelter for a much - needed night 's rest . Beauregard , unaware that he was now outnumbered , planned to continue the attack and drive Grant into the river . To his surprise , Union forces started moving forward in a massive counterattack at dawn . Grant and Buell launched their attacks separately ; coordination occurred only at the division level . Lew Wallace 's division was the first to see action , about 5 : 30 a.m. , at the extreme right of the Union line . Wallace continued the advance , crossing Tilghman Branch around 7 a.m. and met little resistance . Changing direction and moving to the southwest , Wallace 's men drove back the brigade of Col. Preston Pond . On Wallace 's left were the survivors of Sherman 's division , then McClernand 's , and W.H.L. Wallace 's ( now under the command of Col. James M. Tuttle ) . Buell 's army continued to the left with Bull Nelson 's , Crittenden 's , and McCook 's divisions . The Confederate defenders were so badly commingled that little unit cohesion existed above the brigade level . It required more than two hours to locate Gen. Polk and bring up his division from its bivouac to the southwest . By 10 a.m. , Beauregard had stabilized his front with his corps commanders from left to right : Bragg , Polk , Breckinridge , and Hardee . In a thicket near the Hamburg - Purdy Road , the fighting was so intense that Sherman described in his report of the battle `` the severest musketry fire I ever heard . '' On the Union left , Nelson 's division led the advance , followed closely by Crittenden 's and McCook 's men , down the Corinth and Hamburg - Savannah roads . After heavy fighting , Crittenden 's division recaptured the Hornet 's Nest area by late morning , but the Crittenden and Nelson forces were repulsed by determined counterattacks from Breckinridge . Wallace 's and Sherman 's men on the Union right made steady progress , driving Bragg and Polk to the south . As Crittenden and McCook resumed their attacks , Breckinridge was forced to retire . By noon Beauregard 's line paralleled the Hamburg - Purdy Road . In early afternoon , Beauregard launched a series of counterattacks from the Shiloh Church area , aiming to control the Corinth Road . The Union right was temporarily driven back by these assaults at Water Oaks Pond . Crittenden , reinforced by Tuttle , seized the junction of the Hamburg - Purdy and East Corinth roads , driving the Confederates into Prentiss 's old camps . Nelson resumed his attack and seized the heights overlooking Locust Grove Branch by late afternoon . Beauregard 's final counterattack was flanked and repulsed when Grant moved Col. James C. Veatch 's brigade forward . Confederate retreat ( edit ) Realizing that he had lost the initiative , was low on ammunition and food , and had more than 10,000 of his men killed , wounded , or missing , Beauregard could go no further . He withdrew beyond Shiloh Church , leaving 5,000 men under Breckinridge as a covering force , and massed Confederate batteries at the church and on the ridge south of Shiloh Branch . Confederate forces kept the Union men in position on the Corinth Road until 5 p.m. , then began an orderly withdrawal southwest to Corinth . The exhausted Union soldiers did not pursue much farther than the original Sherman and Prentiss encampments . Lew Wallace 's division crossed Shiloh Branch and advanced nearly 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) , but received no support from other units and was recalled . They returned to Sherman 's camps at dark . The battle was over . For long afterwards , Grant and Buell quarreled over Grant 's decision not to mount an immediate pursuit with another hour of daylight remaining . Grant cited the exhaustion of his troops , although the Confederates were certainly just as exhausted . Part of Grant 's reluctance to act could have been the unusual command relationship he had with Buell . Although Grant was the senior officer and technically was in command of both armies , Buell made it quite clear throughout the two days that he was acting independently . Fallen Timbers , April 8 ( edit ) On April 8 , Grant sent Sherman south along the Corinth Road on a reconnaissance in force to confirm that the Confederates had retreated , or if they were regrouping to resume their attacks . Grant 's army lacked the large organized cavalry units that would have been better suited for reconnaissance and vigorous pursuit of a retreating enemy . Sherman marched with two infantry brigades from his division , along with two battalions of cavalry , and met Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood 's division of Buell 's army . Six miles ( 10 km ) southwest of Pittsburg Landing , Sherman 's men came upon a clear field in which an extensive camp was erected , including a Confederate field hospital . The camp was protected by 300 troopers of Confederate cavalry , commanded by Col. Nathan Bedford Forrest . The road approaching the field was covered by fallen trees for more than 200 yards ( 180 m ) . As skirmishers from the 77th Ohio Infantry approached , having difficulty clearing the fallen timber , Forrest ordered a charge . The wild melee , with Confederate troops firing shotguns and revolvers and brandishing sabers , nearly resulted in Forrest 's capture . As Col. Jesse Hildebrand 's brigade began forming in line of battle , the Southern troopers started to retreat at the sight of the strong force , and Forrest , who was well in advance of his men , came within a few yards of the Union soldiers before realizing he was all alone . Sherman 's men yelled out , `` Kill him ! Kill him and his horse ! '' A Union soldier shoved his musket into Forrest 's side and fired , striking him above the hip , penetrating to near the spine . Although he was seriously wounded , Forrest was able to stay on horseback and escape ; he survived both the wound and the war . The Union lost about 100 men , most of them captured during Forrest 's charge , in an incident that has been remembered with the name `` Fallen Timbers '' . After capturing the Confederate field hospital , Sherman encountered the rear of Breckinridge 's covering force , but determined the enemy was making no signs of renewing its attack and withdrew back to the Union camps . Aftermath ( edit ) Shiloh Church at Shiloh National Military Park , 2006 . The original church building did not survive the battle . The present - day structure is a reconstruction erected in 2003 on the historical site by the Tennessee Sons of Confederate Veterans organization . In his Memoirs Grant intimated that , `` The battle of Shiloh , or Pittsburg landing , has been perhaps less understood , or , to state the case more accurately , more persistently misunderstood , than any other engagement between National and Confederate troops during the entire rebellion . Correct reports of the battle have been published , notably by Sherman , Badeau and , in a speech before a meeting of veterans , by General Prentiss ; but all of these appeared long subsequent to the close of the rebellion and after public opinion had been most erroneously formed '' -- Ulysses S. Grant Reactions and effects ( edit ) In the immediate aftermath of the battle , Northern newspapers vilified Grant for his performance during the battle on April 6 , especially for being surprised and unprepared . Reporters , many far from the battle , spread the story that Grant had been drunk , falsely alleging that this had resulted in many of his men being bayoneted in their tents because of a lack of defensive preparedness . Despite the Union victory , Grant 's reputation suffered in Northern public opinion . Many credited Buell with taking control of the broken Union forces and leading them to victory on April 7 . Calls for Grant 's removal overwhelmed the White House . President Lincoln replied with one of his most famous quotations about Grant : `` I ca n't spare this man ; he fights . '' Although all of the Union division commanders fought well , Sherman emerged as an immediate hero after Grant and Halleck commended him especially . His steadfastness under fire and amid chaos atoned for his previous melancholy and his defensive lapses preceding the battle . Army officers that were with Grant gave a starkly different account of his capacity , and performance , than those of enterprising newspaper reporters far away from Grant during the battle . One such officer , Colonel William R. Rowley , answering a letter of inquiry about allegations aimed at Grant , maintained : `` I pronounce it an unmitigated slander . I have been on his Staff ever since the Donelson affair ( and saw him frequently during that ) and necessary in close contact with him every day , and I have never seen him take even a glass of liquor more than two or three times in my life and then only a single at a time . And I have never seen him intoxicated or even approximate to it . As to the story that he was intoxicated at the Battle of Pittsburg , I have only to say that the man who fabricated the story is an infamous liar , and you are at liberty to say to him that I say so ... '' -- Yours &c WR ROWLEY In retrospect , however , Grant is recognized positively for the clear judgment he was able to retain under the strenuous circumstances , and his ability to perceive the larger tactical picture that ultimately resulted in victory on the second day . Subsequent events ( edit ) Nevertheless , Grant 's career suffered temporarily in the aftermath of Shiloh . Halleck combined and reorganized his armies , relegating Grant to the powerless position of second - in - command . Meanwhile , Beauregard remained in command of the Army of Mississippi and led it back to Corinth . In late April and May , the Union armies , under Halleck 's personal command , advanced slowly toward Corinth and captured it , while an amphibious force on the Mississippi River destroyed the Confederates ' River Defense Fleet and captured Memphis , Tennessee . Halleck was promoted to be general in chief of all the Union armies . With Halleck 's departure to the East , Grant was restored to command and eventually pushed down the Mississippi River to besiege Vicksburg , Mississippi . After the surrender of Vicksburg and the fall of Port Hudson in the summer of 1863 , the Mississippi River was under Union control and the Confederacy was cut in two . Davis was outraged at Beauregard for withdrawing from Corinth without a fight , even though he faced an army nearly twice his size and his water supplies in the city had become contaminated . Shortly after the fall of Corinth , Beauregard took medical leave without receiving authorization from Davis . This was the final straw for Davis , who quickly reassigned him to oversee the coastal defenses in South Carolina . Command of the Army of Mississippi fell to Braxton Bragg , who was promoted to full general on April 6 , and during the fall of 1862 , he led it on an unsuccessful invasion of Kentucky , culminating in his retreat from the Battle of Perryville . Union General Lew Wallace was heavily criticized for failing to get his division into the battle until 1830 hours , near the end of combat on the first day . He was removed from the Army of the Tennessee and would never again get a front line command or take part in a major offensive operation , though his backwater assignments would still place him in important battles . Shortly after Shiloh , he was sent to the War Department in Ohio where he led the successful Defense of Cincinnati during Bragg 's invasion of Kentucky . In 1864 , at the Battle of Monocacy , Wallace commanded a 5,800 man force tasked with opposing Jubal Early 's 14,000 man invasion of Maryland . Faced against an army more than twice his size , Wallace was eventually forced to retreat to Baltimore , but his men delayed Early 's advance for a full day , enabling Union re-enforcement to be brought up to secure Washington D.C. from Early 's further incursion . Despite this success , and later fame for writing the book Ben Hur , criticism of Wallace 's conduct at Shiloh would haunt him for the rest of his life and he would spend much of it trying to defend his actions there . Casualties ( edit ) The two - day battle of Shiloh , the costliest in American history up to that time , resulted in the defeat of the Confederate army and frustration of Johnston 's plans to prevent the two Union armies in Tennessee from joining together . Union casualties were 13,047 ( 1,754 killed , 8,408 wounded , and 2,885 missing ) ; Grant 's army bore the brunt of the fighting over the two days , with casualties of 1,513 killed , 6,601 wounded , and 2,830 missing or captured . Confederate casualties were 10,699 ( 1,728 killed , 8,012 wounded , and 959 missing or captured ) . The dead included the Confederate army 's commander , Albert Sidney Johnston , as well as Brigadier General Adley H. Gladden . The highest ranking Union general killed was W.H.L. Wallace . Union Colonel Everett Peabody , whose decision to send out a patrol the morning of the battle may have saved the Union from disaster , was also among the dead . Both sides were shocked at the carnage , which resulted in more than four times as many casualties as the Battle of Bull Run that had horrified the nation 10 months earlier . `` I saw an open field , in our possession on the second day , over which the Confederates had made repeated charges the day before , so covered with dead that it would have been possible to walk across the clearing , in any direction , stepping on dead bodies , without a foot touching the ground . '' -- Ulysses S. Grant Three more years of such bloodshed remained and eight larger and bloodier battles were yet to come . Grant later came to realize that his prediction of one great battle bringing the war to a close would probably not occur . The war would continue , at great cost in casualties and resources , until the Confederacy succumbed or the Union was divided . Grant also learned a valuable personal lesson on preparedness that ( mostly ) served him well for the rest of the war . The loss of Albert Johnston was a particularly severe blow to the Confederacy . President Jefferson Davis called it `` the turning point of our fate . '' For the remainder of the war , the Confederate armies in the West would go through a long string of commanders , much like the Union in the east , as Davis searched for a leader who was the caliber of Robert E. Lee . Notable veterans ( edit ) In addition to those already mentioned , several other famous people participated in the Battle of Shiloh Sam Watkins , a famous writer and humorist who fought in many famous Civil War battles , experienced his first major battle at Shiloh . Famed African explorer Henry Morton Stanley fought for the Confederacy at Shiloh and was taken prisoner on the second day . Ambrose Bierce fought in Shiloh as a Union officer . He published a memoir of the battle , `` What I Saw of Shiloh '' , in 1881 , and took a tour of the battlefield shortly before his disappearance in 1913 . Geologist and explorer John Wesley Powell fought in the battle as an officer in the Union Army . Despite suffering a severe wound that resulted in the amputation of his right arm , Powell would later go on many famous expeditions and become the first white American ever to explore the Grand Canyon . Future U.S. President James Garfield took part in the battle on the second day , leading a brigade under Don Buell 's Army of the Ohio . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) Shiloh National Military Park Ruggles ' Battery at Shiloh National Military Park . Location Shiloh , Hardin County , Tennessee & Corinth , Mississippi , USA Nearest city Savannah , Tennessee Area 3,996.64 acres ( 16.1738 km ) Established December 27 , 1894 Visitors 315,296 ( in 2005 ) Governing body National Park Service Shiloh 's importance as a Civil War battle , coupled with the lack of widespread agricultural or industrial development in the battle area after the war , led to its development as one of the first five battlefields restored by the federal government in the 1890s . Government involvement eventually proved insufficient to preserve the land on which the battle took place . ( The federal government had saved just over 2,000 acres at Shiloh by 1897 , and consolidated those gains by adding another 1,700 acres by 1954 . ) Preservation eventually slowed . Since 1954 , only 300 additional acres of the saved land had been preserved . Private preservation organizations stepped in to fill the void . The Civil War Trust became the primary agent of these efforts , preserving 1,158 acres at Shiloh since its inception . The land preserved by the Trust at Shiloh included tracts over which Confederate divisions passed as they fought Grant 's men on the battle 's first day and their retreat during the Union counteroffensive on day two . A 2012 campaign focused in particular on a section of land which was part of the Confederate right flank on day one and on several tracts which were part of the Battle of Fallen Timbers . Shiloh National Military Park is managed by the National Park Service . Honors and commemoration ( edit ) Issue of 1962 The United States Postal Service released a commemorative stamp on the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Shiloh , first issued through the Shiloh , Tennessee , Post Office on April 7 , 1962 . It was the second in a series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial . In popular culture ( edit ) The writer Ambrose Bierce was at Shiloh as a First Lieutenant on Gen. William B. Hazen 's staff , serving as a topographical engineer . He recalled his experiences in the short story `` What I Saw of Shiloh '' , written in 1874 and twice revised in the following 35 years . He describes Pittsburg Landing as follows : `` Here in 1862 were some fields and a house or two ; now there are a national cemetery and other improvements . '' Some scholars think ' What I Saw of Shiloh ' is Bierce 's best work . The song `` Shiloh 's Hill '' was written shortly after the battle and soon became a popular civil war tune . The Battle of Shiloh was depicted in the 1962 film How the West Was Won , directed by John Ford . Shel Silverstein wrote `` In the Hills of Shiloh '' , a poignant song about widowed bride forever awaiting the return of a man killed in the battle of Shiloh . The song was recorded by The New Christy Minstrels , Judy Collins , and others . Bobbie Ann Mason 's short story `` Shiloh '' , which appeared in The New Yorker on October 20 , 1980 , describes a visit to the site of the battle by a modern couple whose marriage is about to collapse . The context gives the mundane events depicted in the story layer on layer of broad significance . In Frederick Forsyth 's 1999 novel The Phantom of Manhattan , one of the main plots is of the Phantom composing an opera set during the battle called The Angel of Shiloh . In 2011 , the American Celtic punk band Dropkick Murphys included a song lamenting the heavy casualties taken by Irish units at Shiloh on their album Going Out in Style entitled `` Broken Hymns . '' Simulation Games ( edit ) The Battle of Shiloh was depicted in the wargame Bloody April : The Battle of Shiloh , 1862 , published in 1979 by Simulation Publications Inc . ( SPI ) . In May 2016 , Bloody April , a computer game based on the SPI title was released by HexWar Games , Ltd . ( Scotland ) , for iPhone / iPad / Mac platforms . This single - player game ( with a computer opponent ) presents several scenarios covering the two - day battle . The battle is also depicted on in Ultimate General : Civil War ( released November 2016 by Game Labs ) , a computer game that presents various battles of the civil war in a realistic and tactical manner . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Tennessee portal Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Shiloh National Military Park Battle of Fort Henry Battle of Fort Donelson Battle of Island Number Ten List of American Civil War battles Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1862 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Armies in the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , pages 100 -- 105 Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , pages 105 -- 108 ^ Jump up to : Eicher , 2001 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , pages 382 -- 384 ^ Jump up to : During the battle , correspondence referred to the army as the Army of the Mississippi , deviating from the general rule that only Union armies were named after rivers . See , for instance , the NPS website . It was also sometimes referred to as the Army of the West . The army was activated on March 5 , 1862 , and was renamed by Braxton Bragg as the Army of Tennessee in November . See Army of Mississippi . Jump up ^ 66,812 according to Eicher , pp. 222 -- 223 ( Army of the Tennessee : 48,894 ; Army of the Ohio : 17,918 ) ; Stephens , pp. 80 , 90 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , page 112 . ^ Jump up to : 48,894 according to Eicher , p. 222 . Jump up ^ 17,918 according to Eicher , p. 223 . ^ Jump up to : Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , page 396 ^ Jump up to : 44,699 according to Eicher , p. 222 Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , page 108 Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 422 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , page 395 Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Stephens , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Conger , p. 211 ; Nevin , p. 104 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 128 -- 31 , 141 -- 42 ; Smith , pp. 173 -- 79 ; Cunningham , pp. 72 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 64 , 68 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 179 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , p. 136 ; Marszalek , pp. 119 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Official Records , Series I , Volume X , Part 1 , page 112 Jump up ^ Smith , p. 185 ; Eicher , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Grant , pp. 211 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Daniel , p. 139 ; Nevin , p. 105 ; Stephens , p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Eicher , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 222 , 230 ; Grant , Memoirs , p. 245 ( Lib. of Am. ed . ) . Jump up ^ Kent , Tim ( May 8 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Kent 's Civil War tales : Who killed Albert Sidney Johnston '' . Jump up ^ Weapons of the Orphan Brigade , accessed August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 93 , 98 -- 101 , 120 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 125 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Road to Shiloh , April 1862 - The Civil War For Dummies '' . erenow.com . Jump up ^ http://digitalcommons.apus.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1108&context=theses Jump up ^ `` Battle of Shiloh : Shattering Myths '' . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Shiloh '' . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 119 , 121 -- 23 ; Cunningham , pp. 128 -- 29 , 137 -- 40 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , p. 108 ; Eicher , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 127 -- 28 ; Stephens , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Stephens , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Shiloh : Shattering Myths '' . ^ Jump up to : Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Allen - Issue3 - 19 > `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 150 -- 54 ; Nevin , pp. 110 -- 11 ; Cunningham , pp. 143 -- 44 ; Sword , p. 127 ; Eicher , p. 224 ; Daniel , pp. 141 -- 42 ; Smith , p. 185 ; McPherson , p. 408 . Jump up ^ `` Great American History Unsung Hero of the Civil War - '' . Jump up ^ Stephens , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Nevin , p. 113 . Daniel , p. 145 . Esposito , text for Map 34 , states that Johnston was severely criticized for this arrangement with Beauregard , but there was some justification since Johnston 's had many inexperienced recruits in his army that needed personal inspiration at the front . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 200 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Shiloh : The Devil 's Day '' . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 187 ; Esposito , map 34 ; Eicher pp. 224 -- 26 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 143 -- 64 ; Eicher , p. 226 ; Esposito , map 34 . Jump up ^ `` Concise History of the 7th Arkansas Infantry , Company I '' . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Shiloh -- Essential Civil War Curriculum '' . Jump up ^ Daniel , p. 139 ; Cunningham , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Stephens , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 79 , 91 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 143 -- 64 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 164 -- 66 ; Cunningham , pp. 157 -- 58 , 174 ; Eicher , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 83 -- 84 ; Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 85 , 92 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 86 -- 88 . ^ Jump up to : Stephens , pp. 88 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Grant 's Lieutenants , p. 77 ; Cunningham , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 80 , 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Grant 's Lieutenants , p. 72 -- 82 ; Daniel , pp. 256 -- 61 ; Sword , pp. 439 -- 40 ; Cunningham , pp. 338 -- 39 ; Smith , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Ray Boomhower ( Winter 1993 ) . `` The Gen. Lew Wallace Study and Ben - Hur Museum '' . Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society . 5 ( 1 ) : 14 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 241 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 227 , cites 12 . Daniel , p. 214 , refers to `` modern historians '' who criticize Bragg for ordering 11 to 14 assaults , but Daniel accounts for only 8 unique instances . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Historians disagree on the number of artillery pieces the Confederates massed against the Hornets Nest . Cunningham , p. 290 , accounts for 51 ; Daniel , p. 229 , argues for 53 ; and Sword , p. 326 , and Eicher , p. 228 , report the traditional count of 62 , which was originally established by battlefield historian D.W. Reed . Jump up ^ `` Ruggles ' Battery , Battle of Shiloh , Tennessee - Static Artillery Displays on Waymarking.com '' . www.waymarking.com . Jump up ^ Nevin , pp. 121 -- 29 , 136 -- 39 ; Esposito , map 36 ; Daniel , pp. 207 -- 14 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 179 -- 85 ; Eicher , p. 227 . Sword , p. 306 , lists 2,320 captured ; Eicher , p. 228 , 2,200 ; Daniel , p. 214 , 2,400 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 226 -- 27 ; Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 53 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee 4 Me - General Albert Sidney Johnston 's death at Shiloh '' . www.tn4me.org . Jump up ^ `` cwla - Shiloh Battlefield Tours - 1 Death of General Johnston Frame '' . civilwarlandscapes.org . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 275 -- 77 ; Sword , pp. 271 -- 73 , 443 -- 46 . In 1837 , Johnston had been hit in the right hip by a pistol shot during a duel that severed the sciatic nerve . This earlier injury caused nerve damage and numbness in his right leg . As a result , Johnston was unable to feel heat , cold , or pain in his right leg and may not have realized that he had been seriously wounded at Shiloh . See Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 53 . Jump up ^ A traditional view of the battle holds that Johnston 's death caused a lull in fighting , which deprived the Confederates of their momentum and eventually led to their defeat in battle . Both Sword , p. 310 , and Daniel , p. 235 , subscribe to this view ; however , Cunningham , p. 277 -- 78 , maintains that any such lull was a factor of the general Confederate disorganization , not Beauregard 's lack of action , and that he held a good sense of the dispositions on the battlefield . Jump up ^ Nevin , pp. 121 -- 29 , 136 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 321 , estimates the number of stragglers and noncombatant troops at the landing to be about 15,000 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 317 . Jump up ^ As with the Hornets Nest , the estimate of the number of guns varies widely . Grant , in his memoirs , recalls `` 20 or more . '' Daniel , p. 246 , and Grimsley , p. 109 , account for 41 guns ; Sword , p. 356 , states there were `` at least 10 batteries '' ; and Cunningham , p. 307 , cites historical accounts that vary from 42 to more than 100 . Jump up ^ Daniel , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 323 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 227 -- 28 ; Daniel , pp. 235 -- 37 ; Nevin , pp. 138 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 201 ; Sword , p. 369 -- 82 , and Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 80 , 90 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 340 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 332 -- 34 . Prentiss laughed to his captors , `` You gentlemen have had your way today , but it will be very different to - morrow . You 'll see ! Buell will effect the junction with Grant to - night , and we 'll turn the tables on you in the morning . '' Jump up ^ Nevin , p. 147 ; Daniel , pp. 252 -- 56 ; Cunningham , pp. 323 -- 26 , 332 ; Sword , p. 378 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 263 -- 64 , 278 . Jump up ^ Stephens , pp. 93 and 95 , and Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 265 , 278 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Nothing But Victory , p. 196 . In Woodworth 's Sherman : Lessons in Leadership , Palgrave Macmillan , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61024 - 8 , p. 57 , he wrote ( without a citation ) that Sherman recalled in later years that the gunfire there was the heaviest he heard during the war . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 275 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 283 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 46 ; Stephens , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 289 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Daniel , pp. 296 -- 97 ; Sword , pp. 423 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Allen , `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Sword , pp. 425 -- 26 ; Daniel , pp. 296 -- 97 ; Cunningham , pp. 373 -- 75 . A popular story about Forrest 's grabbing a Union soldier by the collar and lifting him up on the horse to be a human shield is probably not true ; none of the cited references include it . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Landscapes Association '' . Civilwarlandscapes.org . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant , Chapter XXV Jump up ^ Daniel , p. 308 . ^ Jump up to : Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 198 -- 201 ; Smith , pp. 204 -- 205 ; Cunningham , pp. 382 -- 83 . Jump up ^ The Ulysses S. Grant Association Newsletter , 1972 , Volume X1 Jump up ^ Cunningham , pp. 384 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Some authors claim that the total of 23,746 casualties at the battle ( counting both sides ) represented more than the American battle - related casualties of the American Revolutionary War , the War of 1812 , and the Mexican - American War combined . See Smith , p. 204 , and Daniel , p. 305 . The other references to this article do not make this claim , perhaps due to the uncertainties of the actual casualty figures in the earlier wars . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 230 ; Cunningham , pp. 421 -- 24 . In his memoirs , Grant ( vol. 1 , chap. 25 , p. 22 ) disputes the Confederate casualties reported by Beauregard , claiming that the Union burial parties documented far more Confederate dead than Beauregard 's figures . Grant estimates the Confederate dead at 4,000 . Jump up ^ List of battles . The eight battles with higher casualties than Shiloh were : Gettysburg , Chickamauga , Chancellorsville , Spotsylvania , Antietam , Wilderness , Second Bull Run , and Stones River . Jump up ^ McDonough , p. 1775 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Things You May Not Know About the Battle of Shiloh -- History in the Headlines '' . Jump up ^ `` '' A History of Shiloh National Military Park , '' Charles E. Shedd , Jr. , 1954 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Shiloh Summary & Facts - Civilwar.org '' . Jump up ^ `` Maps of Shiloh , Tennessee ( 1862 ) : Battle of Shiloh -- April 6 , 1862 '' . Civil War Trust . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 Civil War Centennial Issue '' . Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What I Saw of Shiloh by Ambrose Bierce @ Classic Reader '' . www.classicreader.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Skaptason , Bjorn ( 2007 ) . `` What I Saw of Shiloh : In the Footsteps of Ambrose Bierce '' ( PDF ) . The Ambrose Bierce Project . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wuthering Expectations : What He Saw at Shiloh -- the best piece Bierce ever wrote '' . wutheringexpectations.blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Songs of Yesterday : Civil War Series , Part 1 - The Battle of Shiloh Hill '' . Genealogy Today . Jump up ^ `` Dropkick Murphys : Broken Hymns Meaning '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish in the American Civil War : Battle of Shiloh '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Allen , Stacy D. ( February 1997 ) . `` Shiloh ! : The Campaign and First Day 's Battle '' . Blue & Gray . Columbus , OH : Blue and Gray Enterprises , Inc . XIV ( 3 ) : 7 -- 8 . Allen , Stacy D. ( April 1997 ) . `` Shiloh ! : The Second Day 's Battle and Aftermath '' . Blue & Gray . Columbus , OH : Blue and Gray Enterprises , Inc . XIV ( 4 ) : 7 -- 8 . Conger , Arthur Latham . The Rise of U.S. Grant . Freeport , NY : Books for Libraries Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5572 - 2 . First published 1931 by the Century Co . Cunningham , O. Edward . Shiloh and the Western Campaign of 1862 . Edited by Gary Joiner and Timothy Smith . New York : Savas Beatie , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 27 - 2 . Daniel , Larry J. Shiloh : The Battle That Changed the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80375 - 5 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Grimsley , Mark , and Steven E. Woodworth . Shiloh : A Battlefield Guide . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 7100 - X . Hanson , Victor Davis . Ripples of Battle : How Wars of the Past Still Determine How We Fight , How We Live , and How We Think . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 50400 - 4 . McDonough , James L. `` Battle of Shiloh . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( Oxford History of the United States ) . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Marszalek , John F. Commander of All Lincoln 's Armies : A Life of General Henry W. Halleck . Boston : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01493 - 6 . Nevin , David , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . The Road to Shiloh : Early Battles in the West . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4716 - 9 . Smith , Jean Edward . Grant . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84927 - 5 . Stephens , Gail . The Shadow of Shiloh : Major General Lew Wallace in the Civil War . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society Press , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87195 - 287 - 5 . Sword , Wiley . Shiloh : Bloody April . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0650 - 5 . First published 1974 by Morrow . Woodworth , Steven E. , ed . Grant 's Lieutenants : From Cairo to Vicksburg . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1127 - 4 . Woodworth , Steven E. , ed . Nothing but Victory : The Army of the Tennessee , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41218 - 2 . `` The Ulysses S. Grant Association Newsletter ( s ) , Volume X : ( X , 1 -- X , 4 ) '' . Ulysses S. Grant Presidential Library / Ulysses S. Grant Association . 1972 -- 1973 . Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Grant , Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant . 2 vols . Charles L. Webster & Company , 1885 -- 86 . ISBN 0 - 914427 - 67 - 9 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 -- 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading ( edit ) Arnold , James R. , Carl Smith , and Alan Perry . Shiloh 1862 : The Death of Innocence . London : Osprey Publishing , 1998 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 606 - X . Frank , Joseph Allan , and George A. Reaves . Seeing the Elephant : Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07126 - 3 . First published 1989 by Greenwood Press . Groom , Winston . Shiloh , 1862 . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0874 - 4 . Groom , Winston . `` Why Shiloh Matters . '' New York Times Opinionator weblog , April 6 , 2012 . Gudmens , Jeffrey J. Staff Ride Handbook for the Battle of Shiloh , 6 -- 7 April 1862 . Fort Leavenworth , KS : Combat Studies Institute Press , 2005 . OCLC 58801939 . Howard , Samuel Meek ( 1921 ) . The illustrated comprehensive history of the great battle of Shiloh . Gettysburg , S.D. : Howard . McDonough , James Lee . Shiloh : In Hell before Night . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 232 - 2 . Martin , David G . The Shiloh Campaign : March -- April 1862 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81259 - 2 . Reasoner , James . Shiloh : A Novel , Nashville , TN : Cumberland House , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 58182 - 248 - 0 ; fiction Reed , David W . The Battle of Shiloh and the Organizations Engaged . 2nd ed . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1909 . Smith , Timothy B. Rethinking Shiloh : Myth and Memory . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 941 - 5 . -- -- The Untold Story of Shiloh : The Battle and the Battlefield . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 466 - 3 . Woodworth , Steven E ... , ed . The Shiloh Campaign . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2892 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Shiloh . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shiloh National Military Park . Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Battle of Shiloh . 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Grant 18th President of the United States ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Commanding General of the United States Army 1865 - 1869 Life and politics Early life and career Birth Place Boyhood home Grant Schoolhouse Point Pleasant , Ohio White Haven home farm Galena home Military Career Military Service Commanding General of the United States Army American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Appomattox Court House Campaigns Vicksburg Campaign Chattanooga Campaign Overland Campaign Petersburg Campaign Appomattox Campaign General of the Army Reconstruction Era Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Scandals Reforms Peace Policy Department of Justice Fifteenth Amendment Treaty of Washington Korean Expedition Comstock Laws Panic of 1873 1875 Civil Rights Act Modoc War Great Sioux War Pardons Cabinet Judicial appointments State of the Union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Elections Republican National Convention , 1868 1872 United States presidential election , 1868 1872 Post-presidency Later life Bid for a Third Term World tour of Ulysses S. 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Hayes → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Shiloh&oldid=816242482 '' Categories : Battles of the Federal Penetration up the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers of the American Civil War Battles of the Western Theater of the American Civil War Union victories of the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Tennessee Hardin County , Tennessee 1862 in the American Civil War 1862 in Tennessee April 1862 events Battles commanded by Ulysses S. Grant Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 04 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the battle of shiloh confederate or union | [
"\n\nBattle of Shiloh\n(Battle of Pittsburg Landing)\n\n\nPart of American Civil War\n\n\n\nBattle of Shiloh, by Thure de Thulstrup\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nApril 6–7, 1862\n\n\nLocation\nHardin County, Tennessee\n35°09′02″N 88°19′19″W / 35.15068°N 88.32183°W / 35.15068; -88.32183Coordinates: 35°09′02″N 88°19′19″W / 35.15068°N 88.32183°W / 35.15068; -88.32183\n\n\nResult\nUnion victory[1]\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n United States (Union)\n Confederate States\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n Ulysses S. Grant\n Don Carlos Buell\n Albert Sidney Johnston †\n P. G. T. Beauregard\n\n\nUnits involved\n\n\n\n\nArmy of the Tennessee[2]\nArmy of the Ohio[3][4]\n\n\nArmy of Mississippi[5][6]\n\n\nStrength\n\n\n\n∼ 63,000 (estimated):[7]\n\nArmy of the Tennessee: 44,894[8][9]\nArmy of the Ohio:\n∼ 17,918[10]\n\n\n40,335[11][12]\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n13,047[13][14]\n(1,754 killed;\n 8,408 wounded;\n 2,885 captured/missing)\n\n10,699[15][16]\n(1,728 killed;\n 8,012 wounded;\n 959 captured/missing)\n\n\n"
] | [
"Union"
] |
4059968907473489712 | Gregorian calendar | Gregorian calendar - wikipedia Gregorian calendar For the calendar of religious holidays and periods , see Liturgical year . For this year 's Gregorian calendar , see Common year starting on Monday . 2018 in various calendars Gregorian calendar 2018 MMXVIII Ab urbe condita 2771 Armenian calendar 1467 ԹՎ ՌՆԿԷ Assyrian calendar 6768 Bahá'í calendar 174 -- 175 Balinese saka calendar 1939 -- 1940 Bengali calendar 1425 Berber calendar 2968 British Regnal year 66 Eliz. 2 -- 67 Eliz. 2 Buddhist calendar 2562 Burmese calendar 1380 Byzantine calendar 7526 -- 7527 Chinese calendar 丁酉 年 ( Fire Rooster ) 4714 or 4654 -- to -- 戊戌 年 ( Earth Dog ) 4715 or 4655 Coptic calendar 1734 -- 1735 Discordian calendar 3184 Ethiopian calendar 2010 -- 2011 Hebrew calendar 5778 -- 5779 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 2074 -- 2075 - Shaka Samvat 1939 -- 1940 - Kali Yuga 5118 -- 5119 Holocene calendar 12018 Igbo calendar 1018 -- 1019 Iranian calendar 1396 -- 1397 Islamic calendar 1439 -- 1440 Japanese calendar Heisei 30 ( 平成 30 年 ) Javanese calendar 1951 -- 1952 Juche calendar 107 Julian calendar Gregorian minus 13 days Korean calendar 4351 Minguo calendar ROC 107 民國 107 年 Nanakshahi calendar 550 Thai solar calendar 2561 Tibetan calendar 阴 火 鸡 年 ( female Fire - Rooster ) 2144 or 1763 or 991 -- to -- 阳 土 狗 年 ( male Earth - Dog ) 2145 or 1764 or 992 Unix time 1514764800 -- 1546300799 The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used civil calendar in the world . It is named after Pope Gregory XIII , who introduced it in October 1582 . The calendar spaces leap years to make the average year 365.2425 days long , approximating the 365.2422 day tropical year that is determined by the Earth 's revolution around the Sun . The rule for leap years is as follows : Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year , except for years that are exactly divisible by 100 , but these centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by 400 . For example , the years 1700 , 1800 , and 1900 are not leap years , but the year 2000 is . The calendar was developed as a correction to the Julian calendar , shortening the average year by 0.0075 days to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes . To deal with the 10 days difference ( between calendar and reality ) that this drift had already reached , the date was advanced so that 4 October 1582 was followed by 15 October 1582 . There was no discontinuity in the cycle of weekdays or of the Anno Domini calendar era . The reform also altered the lunar cycle used by the Church to calculate the date for Easter ( computus ) , restoring it to the time of the year as originally celebrated by the early Church . The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe and their overseas possessions . Over the next three centuries , the Protestant and Eastern Orthodox countries also moved to what they called the Improved calendar , with Greece being the last European country to adopt the calendar in 1923 . To unambiguously specify a date during the transition period , dual dating is sometimes used to specify both Old Style and New Style dates . Due to globalization in the 20th century , the calendar has also been adopted by most non - `` Western '' countries for civil purposes . The calendar era carries the alternative secular name of `` Common Era '' . Contents 1 Description 2 Gregorian reform 2.1 Background 2.2 Preparation 2.3 Adoption 3 Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates 4 Beginning of the year 5 Dual dating 5.1 Old Style and New Style dates 6 Proleptic Gregorian calendar 7 Months 8 Weeks 9 Accuracy 9.1 Calendar seasonal error 10 Proposed reforms 11 See also 12 Notes 13 Citations 14 References 15 External links Description A year is divided into twelve months No . Name Length in days January 31 February 28 ( 29 in leap years ) March 31 April 30 5 May 31 6 June 30 7 July 31 8 August 31 9 September 30 10 October 31 11 November 30 12 December 31 Christopher Clavius ( 1538 -- 1612 ) , one of the main authors of the reform . Pope Gregory XIII in an early 17th - century engraving . The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar with 12 months of 28 -- 31 days each . A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days , but in certain years known as leap years , a leap day is added to February . Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers . A calendar date is fully specified by the year ( numbered according to a calendar era , in this case Anno Domini or Common Era ) , the month ( identified by name or number ) , and the day of the month ( numbered sequentially starting from 1 ) . Although the calendar year currently runs from 1 January to 31 December , at previous times year numbers were based on a different starting point within the calendar ( see the `` beginning of the year '' section below ) . In the Julian calendar , a leap year occurred every 4 years , and the leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February . The Gregorian reform omitted a leap day in three of every 400 years and left the leap day unchanged . However , it has become customary in the modern period to number the days sequentially with no gaps , and 29 February is typically considered as the leap day . Before the 1969 revision of the Roman Calendar , the Roman Catholic Church delayed February feasts after the 23rd by one day in leap years ; Masses celebrated according to the previous calendar still reflect this delay . Calendar cycles repeat completely every 400 years , which equals 146,097 days . Of these 400 years , 303 are regular years of 365 days and 97 are leap years of 366 days . A mean calendar year is 365 97 / 400 days = 365.2425 days , or 365 days , 5 hours , 49 minutes and 12 seconds . Gregorian reform First page of the papal bull Inter gravissimas Detail of the pope 's tomb by Camillo Rusconi ( completed 1723 ) ; Antonio Lilio is genuflecting before the pope , presenting his printed calendar . The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar . It was instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII , after whom the calendar was named , by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582 . The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church . The error in the Julian calendar ( its assumption that there are exactly 365.25 days in a year ) had led to the date of the equinox according to the calendar drifting from the observed reality , and thus an error had been introduced into the calculation of the date of Easter . Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day , it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria ( see Easter for the issues which arose ) . Background Further information : Computus Because the date of Easter was tied to the Spring Equinox , the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable . The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon ( computed using the Metonic cycle ) that falls on or after the vernal equinox , which they placed on 21 March . However , the Church of Rome still regarded 25 March ( Lady Day ) as the equinox ( until 342 ) , and used a different cycle to compute the day of the moon . In the Alexandrian system , since the 14th day of the Easter moon could fall at earliest on 21 March its first day could fall no earlier than 8 March and no later than 5 April . This meant that Easter varied between 22 March and 25 April . In Rome , Easter was not allowed to fall later than 21 April , that being the day of the Parilia or birthday of Rome and a pagan festival . The first day of the Easter moon could fall no earlier than 5 March and no later than 2 April . Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon , whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox . Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day . By the 10th century all churches ( except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire ) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter , which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March , although Bede had already noted its drift in 725 -- it had drifted even further by the 16th century . Worse , the reckoned Moon that was used to compute Easter was fixed to the Julian year by a 19 - year cycle . That approximation built up an error of one day every 310 years , so by the 16th century the lunar calendar was out of phase with the real Moon by four days . European scholars had been well aware of the calendar drift since the early medieval period . Bede , writing in the 8th century , showed that the accumulated error in his day was more than three days . Roger Bacon in c. 1200 estimated the error at seven or eight days . Dante , writing c. 1300 , was aware of the need of a calendar reform . The first attempt to go forward with such a reform was undertaken by Pope Sixtus IV , who in 1475 invited Regiomontanus to the Vatican for this purpose . However , the project was interrupted by the death of Regiomontanus shortly after his arrival in Rome . The increase of astronomical knowledge and the precision of observations towards the end of the 15th century made the question more pressing . Numerous publications over the following decades called for a calendar reform , among them two papers sent to the Vatican by the University of Salamanca in 1515 and 1578 , but the project was not taken up again until the 1540s , and implemented only under Pope Gregory XIII ( r . 1572 -- 1585 ) . Preparation In 1545 , the Council of Trent authorized Pope Paul III to reform the calendar , requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift . This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter . In 1577 , a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments . Some of these experts , including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto , believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon , rather than using a tabular method , but these recommendations were not adopted . The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius ( or Lilio ) . Lilius 's proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97 , by making three out of four centurial years common instead of leap years . He also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter , solving a long - standing obstacle to calendar reform . Ancient tables provided the sun 's mean longitude . Christopher Clavius , the architect of the Gregorian calendar , noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year . Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies . The Gregorian leap year rule ( 97 leap years in 400 years ) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560 . He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus ( De revolutionibus ) and Reinhold ( Prutenic tables ) . The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days ( the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude ) were 14 , 33 , 9 , 57 ( Alphonsine ) , 14 , 33 , 11 , 12 ( Copernicus ) and 14 , 33 , 9 , 24 ( Reinhold ) . All values are the same to two places ( 14 : 33 ) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year . Thus Pitatus ' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers . Lilius 's proposals had two components . Firstly , he proposed a correction to the length of the year . The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long . ) ( A commonly used value , In Lilius 's time , from the Alfonsine tables , is 365.2425463 days . As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days , the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year . The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years . Lilius 's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days ( see Accuracy ) . At the time of Gregory 's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea , resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March , and if unreformed it would drift further . Lilius proposed that the 10 - day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years , thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March . Lilius 's work was expanded upon by Christopher Clavius in a closely argued , 800 - page volume . He would later defend his and Lilius 's work against detractors . Clavius 's opinion was that the correction should take place in one move , and it was this advice which prevailed with Gregory . The second component consisted of an approximation which would provide an accurate yet simple , rule - based calendar . Lilius 's formula was a 10 - day correction to revert the drift since the Council of Nicaea , and the imposition of a leap day in only 97 years in 400 rather than in 1 year in 4 . The proposed rule was that years divisible by 100 would be leap years only if they were divisible by 400 as well . The 19 - year cycle used for the lunar calendar was also to be corrected by one day every 300 or 400 years ( 8 times in 2500 years ) along with corrections for the years that are no longer leap years ( i.e. , 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , etc . ) . In fact , a new method for computing the date of Easter was introduced . When the new calendar was put in use , the error accumulated in the 13 centuries since the Council of Nicaea was corrected by a deletion of 10 days . The Julian calendar day Thursday , 4 October 1582 was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar , Friday , 15 October 1582 ( the cycle of weekdays was not affected ) . Adoption Main article : Adoption of the Gregorian calendar Although Gregory 's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church , the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States . The changes that he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar , over which he had no authority . They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect . The bull Inter gravissimas became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582 , but it was not recognised by Protestant Churches , Eastern Orthodox Churches , Oriental Orthodox Churches , and a few others . Consequently , the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged . A month after having decreed the reform , the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio , the brother of Luigi Lilio , the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years . The Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma printed by Vincenzo Accolti , one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform , notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio ( Con licentia delli Superiori ... et permissu Ant ( onii ) Lilij ) . The papal brief was later revoked , on 20 September 1582 , because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies . On 29 September 1582 , Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar . This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe , as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy . In these territories , as well as in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( ruled by Anna Jagiellon ) and in the Papal States , the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull , with Julian Thursday , 4 October 1582 , being followed by Gregorian Friday , 15 October 1582 . The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication . Many Protestant countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation ; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold . For example , the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly : the Annexe to their Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory 's rules , without actually referring to him . Britain and the British Empire ( including the eastern part of what is now the United States ) adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752 . Sweden followed in 1753 . Prior to 1917 , Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes . The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year ( see Rumi calendar ) . As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of `` escape years '' every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump . From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian , rather than Julian . On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in most other countries . Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 1582 : Spain , Portugal , France , Poland , Italy , Catholic Low Countries , Luxemburg , and colonies 1584 : Kingdom of Bohemia 1610 : Prussia 1648 : Alsace 1682 : Strasbourg 1700 : ' Germany ' , Swiss Cantons , Protestant Low Countries , Norway , Denmark 1752 : Great Britain and colonies 1753 : Sweden and Finland 1873 : Japan 1875 : Egypt 1896 : Korea 1912 : China , Albania 1915 : Latvia , Lithuania 1916 : Bulgaria 1918 : Russia , Estonia 1919 : Romania , Yugoslavia 1923 : Greece 1926 : Turkey Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates Conversion from Julian to Gregorian dates . Gregorian range Julian range Difference From 15 October 1582 to 28 February 1700 From 5 October 1582 to 18 February 1700 10 days From 1 March 1700 to 28 February 1800 From 19 February 1700 to 17 February 1800 11 days From 1 March 1800 to 28 February 1900 From 18 February 1800 to 16 February 1900 12 days From 1 March 1900 to 28 February 2100 From 17 February 1900 to 15 February 2100 13 days From 1 March 2100 to 28 February 2200 From 16 February 2100 to 14 February 2200 14 days Since the introduction of the Gregorian calendar , the difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates has increased by three days every four centuries ( all date ranges are inclusive ) : This section always places the intercalary day on 29 February even though it was always obtained by doubling 24 February ( the bissextum ( twice sixth ) or bissextile day ) until the late Middle Ages . The Gregorian calendar is proleptic before 1582 ( assumed to exist before 1582 ) . The following equation gives the number of days ( actually , dates ) that the Gregorian calendar is ahead of the Julian calendar , called the secular difference between the two calendars . A negative difference means the Julian calendar is ahead of the Gregorian calendar . D = ⌊ Y / 100 ⌋ − ⌊ Y / 400 ⌋ − 2 ( \ displaystyle D = \ left \ lfloor ( Y / 100 ) \ right \ rfloor - \ left \ lfloor ( Y / 400 ) \ right \ rfloor - 2 ) where D ( \ displaystyle D ) is the secular difference and Y ( \ displaystyle Y ) is the year using astronomical year numbering , that is , use ( year BC ) − 1 for BC years . ⌊ x ⌋ ( \ displaystyle \ left \ lfloor ( x ) \ right \ rfloor ) means that if the result of the division is not an integer it is rounded down to the nearest integer . Thus during the 1900s , 1900 / 400 = 4 , while during the − 500s , − 500 / 400 = − 2 . The general rule , in years which are leap years in the Julian calendar but not the Gregorian , is as follows : Up to 28 February in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value . Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into . When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful , when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of 29 February ( Julian ) , to remember that 29 February is discounted . Thus if the calculated value is − 4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is 24 February . Beginning of the year Country Start numbered year on 1 January Adoption of Gregorian calendar Denmark Gradual change from 13th to 16th centuries 1700 Venice 1522 1582 Holy Roman Empire ( Catholic states ) 1544 1583 Spain , Poland , Portugal 1556 1582 Holy Roman Empire ( Protestant states ) 1559 1700 Sweden 1559 1753 France 1564 1582 Southern Netherlands 1576 1582 Lorraine 1579 1682 Dutch Republic 1583 1582 Scotland 1600 1752 Russia 1700 1918 Tuscany 1721 1750 Great Britain and the British Empire except Scotland 1752 1752 The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year , which began on the day when consuls first entered office -- probably 1 May before 222 BC , 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC . The Julian calendar , which began in 45 BC , continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year . Even though the year used for dates changed , the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present . During the Middle Ages , under the influence of the Catholic Church , many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals -- 25 December ( supposed Nativity of Jesus ) , 25 March ( Annunciation ) , or Easter ( France ) , while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492 when the new year was moved to 1 September . In common usage , 1 January was regarded as New Year 's Day and celebrated as such , but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March ( Lady Day ) . So , for example , the Parliamentary record lists the execution of Charles I on 30 January as occurring in 1648 ( as the year did not end until 24 March ) , although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649 . Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar . For example , Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 ( this means that 1599 was a short year ) . England , Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 ( so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days ) though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March ( O.S. ) , 5 April ( N.S. ) until 1800 , when it moved to 6 April . Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies ( see the section Adoption ) . These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 . In some countries , an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January . For such countries a specific year when a 1 January - year became the norm can be identified . In other countries the customs varied , and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs . Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date , though it is implied by two tables of saint 's days , one labelled 1582 which ends on 31 December , and another for any full year that begins on 1 January . It also specifies its epact relative to 1 January , in contrast with the Julian calendar , which specified it relative to 22 March . The old date was derived from the Greek system : the earlier Supputatio Romana specified it relative to 1 January . Jump up ^ In 1793 France abandoned the Gregorian calendar in favour of the French Republican Calendar . This change was reverted in 1805 . Dual dating Main article : Dual dating During the period between 1582 , when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar , and 1923 , when the last European country adopted it , it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar , for example , `` 10 / 21 February 1750 / 51 '' , where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date . Even before 1582 , the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries . Woolley , writing in his biography of John Dee ( 1527 -- 1608 / 9 ) , notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers `` customarily '' used `` two dates '' on their letters , one OS and one NS . Old Style and New Style dates Main articles : Old Style and New Style dates and Dual dating `` Old Style '' ( OS ) and `` New Style '' ( NS ) are sometimes added to dates to identify which calendar reference system is used for the date given . In Britain and its Colonies , where the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year , and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar , there is some confusion as to what these terms mean . They can indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January ( NS ) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year ( OS ) ; or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar ( OS ) , formerly in use in many countries , rather than the Gregorian calendar ( NS ) . Proleptic Gregorian calendar Main article : Proleptic Gregorian calendar Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar , which should be used with some caution . For ordinary purposes , the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar , with the year starting on 1 January , and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents . For example , the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin 's Day . Usually , the mapping of new dates onto old dates with a start of year adjustment works well with little confusion for events that happened before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar . But for the period between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582 and its introduction in Britain on 14 September 1752 , there can be considerable confusion between events in continental western Europe and in British domains in English language histories . Events in continental western Europe are usually reported in English language histories as happening under the Gregorian calendar . For example , the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704 . Confusion occurs when an event affects both . For example , William III of England set sail from the Netherlands on 11 November 1688 ( Gregorian calendar ) and arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November 1688 ( Julian calendar ) . Shakespeare and Cervantes seemingly died on exactly the same date ( 23 April 1616 ) , but Cervantes predeceased Shakespeare by ten days in real time ( as Spain used the Gregorian calendar , but Britain used the Julian calendar ) . This coincidence encouraged UNESCO to make 23 April the World Book and Copyright Day . Astronomers avoid this ambiguity by the use of the Julian day number . For dates before the year 1 , unlike the proleptic Gregorian calendar used in the international standard ISO 8601 , the traditional proleptic Gregorian calendar ( like the Julian calendar ) does not have a year 0 and instead uses the ordinal numbers 1 , 2 , ... both for years AD and BC . Thus the traditional time line is 2 BC , 1 BC , AD 1 , and AD 2 . ISO 8601 uses astronomical year numbering which includes a year 0 and negative numbers before it . Thus the ISO 8601 time line is − 0001 , 0000 , 0001 , and 0002 . Months The Gregorian calendar continued to employ the Julian months , which have Latinate names and irregular numbers of days : January ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Iānuārius , `` Month of Janus '' , the Roman god of gates , doorways , beginnings and endings February ( 28 days in common and 29 in leap years ) , from Latin mēnsis Februārius , `` Month of the Februa '' , the Roman festival of purgation and purification , cognate with fever , the Etruscan death god Februus ( `` Purifier '' ) , and the PIE word for sulfur March ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Mārtius , `` Month of Mars '' , the Roman war god April ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Aprīlis , of uncertain meaning but usually derived from some form of the verb aperire ( `` to open '' ) or the name of the goddess Aphrodite May ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Māius , `` Month of Maia '' , a Roman vegetation goddess whose name is cognate with Latin magnus ( `` great '' ) and English major June ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Iūnius , `` Month of Juno '' , the Roman goddess of marriage , childbirth , and rule July ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Iūlius , `` Month of Julius Caesar '' , the month of Caesar 's birth , instituted in 44 BC as part of his calendrical reforms August ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Augustus , `` Month of Augustus '' , instituted by Augustus in 8 BC in agreement with July and from the occurrence during the month of several important events during his rise to power September ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis september , `` seventh month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC October ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis octōber , `` eighth month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC November ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis november , `` ninth month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC December ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis december , `` tenth month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC Europeans sometimes attempt to remember the number of days in each month by memorizing some form of the traditional verse `` Thirty Days Hath September '' . It appears in Latin , Italian , and French , and belongs to a broad oral tradition but the earliest currently attested form of the poem is the English marginalia inserted into a calendar of saints c. 1425 : Thirti dayes hath novembir April june and Septembir . Of xxviij is but oon And alle the remenaunt xxx and j Thirty days have November , April , June , and September . Of 28 is but one And all the remnant 30 and 1 . The knuckle mnemonic for the days of the months of the year Variations appeared in Mother Goose and continue to be taught at schools . The unhelpfulness of such involved mnemonics has been parodied as `` Thirty days hath September / But all the rest I ca n't remember '' but it has also been called `` probably the only sixteenth - century poem most ordinary citizens know by heart '' . A common nonverbal alternative is the knuckle mnemonic , considering the knuckles of one 's hands as months with 31 days and the lower spaces between them as the months with fewer days . Using two hands , one may start from either pinkie knuckle as January and count across , omitting the space between the index knuckles ( July and August ) . The same procedure can be done using the knuckles of a single hand , returning from the last ( July ) to the first ( August ) and continuing through . A similar mnemonic is to move up a piano keyboard in semitones from an F key , taking the white keys as the longer months and the black keys as the shorter ones . Weeks Main article : Seven - day week In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks . A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday , and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month . Calculating the day of the week is not very simple , because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system . When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country , the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted . For example , in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar 's adoption , Friday , 15 October 1582 , the preceding date was Thursday , 4 October 1582 ( Julian calendar ) . Opinions vary about the numbering of the days of the week . ISO 8601 , in common use worldwide , starts with Monday = 1 ; printed monthly calendar grids often list Mondays in the first ( left ) column of dates and Sundays in the last . In North America , the week typically begins on Sunday and ends on Saturday . Accuracy The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years , giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long . This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,030 years with respect to the current value of the mean tropical year . However , because of the precession of the equinoxes , which is not constant , and the movement of the perihelion ( which affects the Earth 's orbital speed ) the error with respect to the astronomical vernal equinox is variable ; using the average interval between vernal equinoxes near 2000 of 365.24237 days implies an error closer to 1 day every 7,700 years . By any criterion , the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar ( average year 365.25 days ) . In the 19th century , Sir John Herschel proposed a modification to the Gregorian calendar with 969 leap days every 4000 years , instead of 970 leap days that the Gregorian calendar would insert over the same period . This would reduce the average year to 365.24225 days . Herschel 's proposal would make the year 4000 , and multiples thereof , common instead of leap . While this modification has often been proposed since , it has never been officially adopted . On time scales of thousands of years , the Gregorian calendar falls behind the astronomical seasons because the slowing down of the Earth 's rotation makes each day slightly longer over time ( see tidal acceleration and leap second ) while the year maintains a more uniform duration . Calendar seasonal error This image shows the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the astronomical seasons . The y - axis is the date in June and the x-axis is Gregorian calendar years . Each point is the date and time of the June solstice in that particular year . The error shifts by about a quarter of a day per year . Centurial years are ordinary years , unless they are divisible by 400 , in which case they are leap years . This causes a correction in the years 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , 2200 , and 2300 . For instance , these corrections cause 23 December 1903 to be the latest December solstice , and 20 December 2096 to be the earliest solstice -- about 2.35 days of variation compared with the seasonal event . Proposed reforms The following are proposed reforms of the Gregorian calendar : Holocene calendar International Fixed Calendar ( also called the International Perpetual calendar ) World Calendar World Season Calendar Leap week calendars Pax Calendar Symmetry454 Hanke -- Henry Permanent Calendar See also Christianity portal Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 Calendar reform Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars Doomsday rule French revolutionary calendar Hebrew calendar Islamic calendar Inter gravissimas in English -- Wikisource Julian day calculation History of calendars List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar per country List of calendars Old Calendarists Greek Old Calendarists Revised Julian calendar ( Milanković ) -- used in Eastern Orthodoxy Precursors of the Gregorian reform Johannes de Sacrobosco , De Anni Ratione ( `` On reckoning the years '' ) , c. 1235 Roger Bacon , Opus Majus ( `` Greater Work '' ) , c. 1267 Notes Jump up ^ The international standard for the representation of dates and times , ISO 8601 , uses the Gregorian calendar . Section 3.2. 1 . Jump up ^ Two era names occur within the bull Inter gravissimas itself , anno Incarnationis dominicæ ( `` in the year of the Incarnation of the Lord '' ) for the year it was signed , and anno à Nativitate Domini nostri Jesu Christi ( `` in the year from the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ '' ) for the year it was printed . Jump up ^ The first known occurrence of Common Era in English dates to 1708 , years before the beginning of the era are abbreviated in English as either BC for `` Before Christ '' , or as BCE for `` Before the Common Era ''. < / ref > Jump up ^ The cycle described applies to the solar , or civil , calendar . If one also considers the ecclesiastical lunar rules , the lunisolar Easter computus cycle repeats only after 5,700,000 years of 2,081,882,250 days in 70,499,183 lunar months , based on an assumed mean lunar month of 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2 49928114 / 70499183 seconds . ( Seidelmann ( 1992 ) , p. 582 ) ( To properly function as an Easter computus , this lunisolar cycle must have the same mean year as the Gregorian solar cycle , and indeed that is exactly the case . ) Jump up ^ The extreme length of the Gregorian Easter computus is due to its being the product of the 19 - year Metonic cycle , the thirty different possible values of the epact , and the least common multiple ( 10,000 ) of the 400 - year and 2,500 - year solar and lunar correction cycles . Jump up ^ The same result is obtained by summing the fractional parts implied by the rule : 365 + 1 / 4 − 1 / 100 + 1 / 400 = 365 + 0.25 − 0.01 + 0.0025 = 365.2425 Jump up ^ The last major Christian region to accept the Alexandrian rules was the Carolingian Empire ( most of Western Europe ) during 780 -- 800 . The last monastery in England to accept the Alexandrian rules did so in 931 , and a few churches in southwest Asia beyond the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire continued to use rules that differed slightly , causing four dates for Easter to differ every 532 years . Jump up ^ 1919 in the regions comprising the former Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro ( present - day Kosovo , Montenegro , Serbia and Macedonia ) . The western and northern regions of what became Yugoslavia were already using the Gregorian calendar . For example , most of Slovenia adopted the Gregorian calendar at the same time as Austria in 1583 . Coastal Croatia , which was at the time ruled by Venice , adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1582 . Inland Croatia , ruled by the Habsburgs , adopted it in 1587 along with Hungary . The Gregorian calendar was used in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the 16th century by the Catholic population and was formally adopted for government use in 1878 following occupation by Austria - Hungary . Jump up ^ In Scotland the legal start of year had been moved to 1 January in 1600 ( Mike Spathaky. Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar ) . Citations Jump up ^ Introduction to Calendars . United States Naval Observatory . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Calendars Archived 1 April 2004 at the Wayback Machine . by L.E. Doggett . Section 2 . Jump up ^ Introduction to Calendars. ( 15 May 2013 ) . United States Naval Observatory . ^ Jump up to : See Wikisource English translation of the ( Latin ) 1582 papal bull Inter gravissimas . Jump up ^ Les canons of Les textes fondateurs du calendrier grégorien ( in Latin ) ( in French ) Jump up ^ Blegen n.d. Jump up ^ Clause 3.2. 1 ISO 8601 Jump up ^ Richards , p. 101 Jump up ^ Walker ( 1945 ) , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Pedersen ( 1983 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ For example , in the Julian calendar , at Rome in 1550 , the March equinox occurred at 11 Mar 6 : 51 AM local mean time . `` Seasons calculator '' , Time and Date AS , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ari Ben - Menahem , Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences vol. 1 ( 2009 ) , p. 863 . Jump up ^ Carabias Torres , 2012 , p. 241 Jump up ^ Ziggelaar ( 1983 ) , pp. 211 , 214 . Jump up ^ Moyer 1983 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Tabule illustrissimi principis regis alfonsii , Prague 1401 − 4 ( Latin ) . A full set of Alphonsine Tables ( including tables for mean motions , conjunctions of sun and moon , equation of time , spherical astronomy , longitudes and latitudes of cities , star tables , eclipse tables ) . Jump up ^ For an example of the information provided see Jacques Cassini , Tables astronomiques du soleil , de la lune , des planetes , des etoiles fixes , et des satellites de Jupiter et de Saturne , Paris 1740 , available at ( 1 ) ( go forward ten pages to Table III on p. 10 ) . Jump up ^ Dreyer , JLE ( 2014 ) . Tycho Brahe . Cambridge . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 06871 - 0 . He remarks that both the Alphonsine and the Prutenic Tables are several hours wrong with regard to the time of the equinoxes and solstices . Jump up ^ North , J ( 1989 ) . The Universal frame : historical essays in astronomy , natural philosophy and scientific method . London . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 907628 - 95 - 8 . He noted on one occasion that the Alphonsine tables differed from the Prutenic by nineteen hours as to the time of the vernal equinox of 1588 . Jump up ^ Swerdlow ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Meeus and Savoie ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Moyer ( 1983 ) . p . Jump up ^ Mezzi , E. , and Vizza , F. , Luigi Lilio Medico Astronomo e Matematico di Cirò , Laruffa Editore , Reggio Calabria , 2010 , p. 14 ; p. 52 , citing as primary references : Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale die Firenze , Magl. 5.10. 5 / a , ASV A.A. , Arm . I ‐ XVII , 5506 , f. 362r . Jump up ^ Kamen , Henry ( 1998 ) . Philip of Spain . Yale University Press . p. 248 . Jump up ^ `` Pragmatica '' on the Ten Days of the Year World Digital Library , the first known South American imprint , produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo , of a four - page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582 , decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar . Jump up ^ 24 Geo. II Ch. 23 , § 3 . Jump up ^ A more extensive list is available at Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars Jump up ^ Blackburn & Holford - Strevens ( 1999 ) , p. 788 . Jump up ^ James Evans , The history and practice of ancient astronomy ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1998 ) 169 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509539 - 1 . Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement to The Astronomical Ephemeris and The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac ( London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1961 ) 417 . Jump up ^ Herluf Nielsen : Kronologi ( 2nd ed. , Dansk Historisk Fællesforening , Copenhagen 1967 ) , pp. 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Le calendrier grégorien en France ( in French ) Jump up ^ Per decree of 16 June 1575 . Hermann Grotefend , `` Osteranfang '' ( Easter beginning ) , Zeitrechnung de Deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit ( Chronology of the German Middle Ages and modern times ) ( 1891 -- 1898 ) ^ Jump up to : Blackburn & Holford - Strevens ( 1999 ) , p. 784 . Jump up ^ John James Bond , Handy - book of rules and tables for verifying dates with the Christian era Scottish decree on pp. xvii -- xviii . Jump up ^ Roscoe Lamont , The reform of the Julian calendar , Popular Astronomy 28 ( 1920 ) 18 -- 32 . Decree of Peter the Great is on pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ `` Roman Dates : Eponymous Years '' . Tyndalehouse.com . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Spathaky Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar : A summary for genealogists Jump up ^ S.I. Seleschnikow : Wieviel Monde hat ein Jahr ? ( Aulis - Verlag , Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1981 , p. 149 ) , which is a German translation of С . И . Селешников : История календаря и хронология ( Издательство `` Наука '' , Moscow 1977 ) . The relevant chapter is available online here : История календаря в России и в СССР ( Calendar history in Russia and the USSR ) . Anno Mundi 7000 lasted from 1 March 1492 to 31 August 1492 . ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Tuesday 31 December 1661 , The Diary of Samuel Pepys `` I sat down to end my journell for this year , ... '' Jump up ^ Nørby , Toke . The Perpetual Calendar : What about England Version 29 February 2000 Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Journal Volume 8 , 9 June 1660 ( Regicides ) '' . British History Online . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Death warrant of Charles I web page of the UK National Archives . A demonstration of New Style meaning Julian calendar with a start of year adjustment . Jump up ^ Nørby , Toke . The Perpetual Calendar Jump up ^ Benjamin Woolley , The Queen 's Conjurer : The science and magic of Dr. John Dee , adviser to Queen Elizabeth I ( New York : Henry Holt , 2001 ) p. 173 Jump up ^ Spathaky , Mike Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar . `` increasingly parish registers , in addition to a new year heading after 24th March showing , for example ' 1733 ' , had another heading at the end of the following December indicating ' 1733 / 4 ' . This showed where the New Style 1734 started even though the Old Style 1733 continued until 24th March ... We as historians have no excuse for creating ambiguity and must keep to the notation described above in one of its forms . It is no good writing simply 20th January 1745 , for a reader is left wondering whether we have used the Old or the New Style reckoning . The date should either be written 20th January 1745 OS ( if indeed it was Old Style ) or as 20th January 1745 / 6 . The hyphen ( 1745 - 6 ) is best avoided as it can be interpreted as indicating a period of time . '' Jump up ^ The October ( November ) Revolution Britannica encyclopaedia , A demonstration of New Style meaning the Gregorian calendar . Jump up ^ Stockton , J.R. Date Miscellany I : The Old and New Styles `` The terms ' Old Style ' and ' New Style ' are now commonly used for both the ' Start of Year ' and ' Leap Year ' ( ( Gregorian calendar ) ) changes ( England & Wales : both in 1752 ; Scotland : 1600 , 1752 ) . I believe that , properly and historically , the ' Styles ' really refer only to the ' Start of Year ' change ( from March 25th to January 1st ) ; and that the ' Leap Year ' change should be described as the change from Julian to Gregorian . '' Jump up ^ `` January , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : `` February , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Liberman , Anatoly ( 7 March 2007 ) , `` On a Self - Congratulatory Note '' , Oxford Etymologist Archives , Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` March , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` April , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ It 's not unusual for month names to be based on natural descriptions but this etymology is sometimes doubted since no other Roman months have such names . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Numa , Ch . xix . Jump up ^ Scullard , Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Forsythe , Time in Roman Religion , p. 10 . Jump up ^ This derivation was apparently a popular one in ancient Rome , given by Plutarch but rejected by Varro and Cincius . ^ Jump up to : `` May , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` June , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` July , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` August , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : `` September , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` October , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` November , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` December , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Ballew , Pat ( 1 September 2015 ) , `` On This Day in Math '' , Pat 's Blog . Jump up ^ Anianus , Computus Metricus Manualis , Strasbourg . ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Onofri , Francesca Romana ; et al. ( 2012 ) , Italian for Dummies , Berlitz , pp. 101 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Bond , Otto Ferdinand ; et al. ( 1918 ) , Military Manual of Elementary French , Austin : E.L. Steck , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Misstear , Rachael ( 16 January 2012 ) , `` Welsh Author Digs Deep to Find Medieval Origins of Thirty Days Hath Verse '' , Wales Online , Media Wales . ^ Jump up to : Bryan , Roger ( 30 October 2011 ) , `` The Oldest Rhyme in the Book '' , The Times , London : Times Newspapers . Jump up ^ `` Memorable Mnemonics '' , Today , London : BBC Radio 4 , 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ The Cincinnati Enquirer , Cincinnati , 20 September 1924 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Holland , Norman N. ( 1992 ) , The Critical I , New York : Columbia University Press , p. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Seidelmann ( 1992 ) , pp. 580 -- 581 . Jump up ^ Using value from Richards ( 2013 , p. 587 ) for tropical year in mean solar days , the calculation is 1 / ( 365.2425 - 365.24217 ) Jump up ^ Meeus and Savoie ( 1992 ) , p. 42 Jump up ^ John Herschel , Outlines of Astronomy , 1849 , p. 629 . Jump up ^ Steel , Duncan ( 2000 ) . Marking Time : The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar . John Wiley & Sons . p. 185 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 29827 - 1 . References Barsoum , Ignatius A. ( 2003 ) . The Scattered Pearls . Piscataway : Georgias Press . Blackburn , B. & Holford - Strevens , L. ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . Blackburn , B. & Holford - Strevens , L. ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year : An exploration of calendar customs and time - reckoning , Oxford University Press . Blegen , Carl W. ( n.d. ) . `` An Odd Christmas '' . Posted with an introduction by Natalia Vogeikoff - Brogan on 25 December 2013 . From the Archivist 's Notebook retrieved 1 April 2018 . Borkowski , K.M. , ( 1991 ) . `` The tropical calendar and solar year '' , J. Royal Astronomical Soc. of Canada 85 ( 3 ) : 121 -- 130 . Carabias Torres , A.M. ( 2012 ) . Salamanca y la medida del tiempo . Salamanca : Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca . Coyne , G.V. , Hoskin , M.A. , Pedersen , O. ( Eds . ) ( 1983 ) . Gregorian Reform of the Calendar : Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary , 1582 -- 1982 . Vatican City : Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Vatican Observatory ( Pontificia Academia Scientarum , Specola Vaticana ) . Duncan , D.E. ( 1999 ) . Calendar : Humanity 's Epic Struggle To Determine A True And Accurate Year . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780380793242 . Gregory XIII. ( 2002 ( 1582 ) ) . Inter Gravissimas ( subscription required ) ( W. Spenser & R.T. Crowley , Trans . ) . International Organization for Standardization . Meeus , J. & Savoie , D. ( 1992 ) . The history of the tropical year . Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 102 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 42 . Morrison , L.V. & Stephenson , F.R. ( 2004 ) . Historical values of the Earth 's clock error ΔT and the calculation of eclipses . Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. 35 , Part 3 , No. 120 , pp. 327 -- 336 . Moyer , Gordon ( May 1982 ) . `` The Gregorian Calendar '' . Scientific American , pp. 144 -- 152 . Moyer , Gordon ( 1983 ) . `` Aloisius Lilius and the Compendium Novae Rationis Restituendi Kalendarium '' . In Coyne , Hoskin , Pedersen ( 1983 ) , pp. 171 -- 188 . Pattie , T.S. ( 1976 ) `` An unexpected effect of the change in calendar in 1752 '' . British Library Journal . Pedersen , O. ( 1983 ) . `` The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church '' . In Coyne , Hoskin , Pedersen ( eds ) , Gregorian Reform of the Calendar : Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary . Vatican City : Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Specolo Vaticano , pp. 17 -- 74 . Richards , E.G. ( 1998 ) . Mapping Time : The Calendar and its History . Oxford U. Press . Richards , E.G. ( 2013 ) . `` Calendars '' . In S.E. Urban and P.K. Seidelmann ( eds . ) , Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac ( pp. 585 -- 624 ) . Mill Valley CA : University Science Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891389 - 85 - 6 Seidelmann , P.K. ( Ed . ) ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . Sausalito , CA : University Science Books . Swerdlow , N.M. ( 1986 ) . The Length of the Year in the Original Proposal for the Gregorian Calendar . Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. 17 , No. 49 , pp. 109 -- 118 . Walker , G.W. `` Easter Intervals '' . Popular Astronomy June 1945 , Vol. 53 , pp. 162 -- 178 , 218 -- 232 . Ziggelaar , A. ( 1983 ) . `` The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar '' . In Coyne , Hoskin , Pedersen ( eds ) , Gregorian Reform of the Calendar : Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary . Vatican City : Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Specolo Vaticano , pp. 201 -- 239 . 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"The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used civil calendar in the world.[1][2][Note 1] It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582. The calendar spaces leap years to make the average year 365.2425 days long, approximating the 365.2422 day tropical year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun. The rule for leap years is as follows:\n"
] | [
"October 1582"
] |
8704212241630786625 | Sam Claflin | Sam Claflin - wikipedia Sam Claflin Sam Claflin Claflin at the London premiere of The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 in November 2014 Samuel George Claflin ( 1986 - 06 - 27 ) 27 June 1986 ( age 32 ) Ipswich , Suffolk , England Residence Chiswick , London , England Education Costessey High School Norwich City College Alma mater London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art Occupation Actor Years active 2010 -- present Home town Norwich , Norfolk , England Spouse ( s ) Laura Haddock ( m . 2013 ) Children Samuel George Claflin ( born 27 June 1986 ) is an English actor . He is known for portraying Finnick Odair in The Hunger Games film series , Philip Swift in Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , and Will Traynor in Me Before You . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Sam Claflin was born in Ipswich , Suffolk , the third boy of a family of four boys for Mark , a finance officer , and Sue Claflin , a classroom assistant . He has two older brothers , Benjamin and Daniel , and a younger brother , Joseph ( born 1989 ) , who is also an actor . He grew up in Norwich , Norfolk . As a child , he had an interest in football . He played throughout his childhood until he broke his ankle , an injury that he felt would prevent him from playing professionally . After some persuasion from his parents and a teacher with whom he 'd made an impression during his high school play at Costessey High School , he pursued acting . A member of the Norwich City School of Excellence , in 2003 , he took up Performing Arts at Norwich City College . Claflin subsequently graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2009 . Career ( edit ) Claflin at the Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides premiere in May 2011 Claflin made his acting debut in 2010 , when he appeared in two television miniseries -- in The Pillars of the Earth as Richard and in Any Human Heart as young Logan Mountstuart . In March 2011 , he was cast as Thomas in Seventh Son , a film adaptation of The Spook 's Apprentice , but dropped for unknown reasons and was replaced by Ben Barnes . His next appearance came in April 2011 , when he portrayed footballer Duncan Edwards in the BBC TV drama United , which was centred on the events of the 1958 Munich air disaster , in which Edwards was fatally injured . In April 2010 , he was cast as Phillip Swift , a missionary that falls in love with the mermaid Syrena ( portrayed by Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey ) , in 2011 's Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , the fourth instalment of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . For the film , he received a nomination in the 17th Empire Awards for `` Best Male Newcomer . '' In 2012 , he appeared as Jack in the six - episode miniseries White Heat . Later that year , he played a supporting role in the 2012 film Snow White and the Huntsman , as William , Snow White 's childhood friend . He received a nomination in the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for the category `` Best Movie Breakout . '' Also in 2012 , he was cast in the lead role in Hammer Films ' The Quiet Ones , which was filmed in mid-2013 and was released in April 2014 . On 22 August 2012 , Lionsgate announced that Claflin had been cast as Finnick Odair in The Hunger Games film series , starting with The Hunger Games : Catching Fire . Director of Catching Fire , Francis Lawrence , stated of Claflin 's performance during filming : `` Finnick 's an interesting character . At first he feels like a bit of a flirt and there 's a little bit of sexual tension , but really you kind of fall in love with the guy and you see that there 's a real deep emotional side to him . It 's one of the reasons I really hired him in the first place was that it 's where his character goes in the next couple of stories and I just think he did a fantastic job . '' The film was released in November 2013 to general acclaim and Claflin 's portrayal of Finnick received positive reviews . Claflin reprised the role in The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 , released in November 2014 , and Part 2 , released in November 2015 . In February 2013 , it was announced that Claflin was cast as Alex in the film adaptation of Cecelia Ahern 's novel Where Rainbows End , distributed as Love , Rosie in some territories . The following month , he starred in the TV film Mary and Martha as Ben , which was broadcast by BBC One . He received critical acclaim for his role as Oxford University student Alistair Ryle in the British dramatic thriller The Riot Club with Charlotte O'Sullivan of the London Evening Standard saying `` Claflin captures his character 's vitriol very well '' and Laura Dibdin of Digital Spy saying `` Claflin brings intrigue and vulnerability to offset the sense of entitlement thus making Alistair the film 's most fascinating character '' . In 2016 , Claflin reprised his role as William , Snow White 's childhood friend , in several scenes of the sequel The Huntsman : Winter 's War . The same year , he starred in Me Before You , the film adaptation of the novel of the same name , in which he played William Traynor . Claflin gained further critical acclaim for his role of Captain Stanhope in the war drama Journey 's End ( 2017 ) and Adrift ( 2018 ) . Personal life ( edit ) In 2011 , Claflin started dating actress Laura Haddock . In a 2012 interview , he said of Haddock , `` She 's my female counterpart is the best way to describe her . '' She is my mum , She reminds me of my mum so much which I think - a guy will know , right ? It 's important . Your mum knows like everything . '' Claflin states that , after he first met her , he called his agent to exclaim that he had just met the woman he wanted to marry . The two married in July 2013 in a private ceremony . They have two children : a son ( 2015 ) and daughter ( 2018 ) . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Philip Swift 2012 Snow White and the Huntsman William 2013 The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Finnick Odair 2014 The Quiet Ones Brian McNeil The Riot Club Alistair Ryle Love , Rosie Alex Stewart The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 Finnick Odair 2015 The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 2016 The Huntsman : Winter 's War William Cameo Me Before You Will Traynor Their Finest Tom Buckley 2017 My Cousin Rachel Philip Ashley Journey 's End Captain Stanhope 2018 Adrift Richard Sharp Red Shoes & the 7 Dwarfs Merlin ( voice ) Post-production The Nightingale Hawkins Post-production 2019 The Corrupted Liam Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes The Pillars of the Earth Richard of Kingsbridge Miniseries ; 8 episodes The Lost Future Kaleb Television film Any Human Heart Young Logan Mountstuart Miniseries ; 4 episodes 2011 United Duncan Edwards Television film 2012 White Heat Young Jack Walsh Miniseries ; 6 episodes 2013 Mary and Martha Ben Television film Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2012 Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Nominated 2012 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Breakout Snow White and the Huntsman Nominated 2014 Empire Awards Best Supporting Actor The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Nominated 2014 MTV Movie Awards Best Shirtless Performance The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Nominated 2014 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Scene Stealer The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Nominated 2014 Glamour Awards Man of the Year Won 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Liplock ( shared with Emilia Clarke ) Me Before You Nominated 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Tearjerker ( shared with Emilia Clarke ) Me Before You Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Claflin Biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Anything you can do ... -- Rising star Joe aims to follow in brother Sam Claflin 's footsteps - News - Norwich Evening News '' . Eveningnews24.co.uk. 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , Peter ( 20 November 2010 ) . `` Former Costessey pupil lands major Manchester United film role '' . Norwich Evening News . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Film star wanted to play football for Norwich City '' . Eveningnews24.co.uk . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth . `` Interview : Sam Claflin Talks ' Snow White and the Huntsman ' '' . ScreenRant.com . Archived from the original on 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 31 March 2011 ) . `` ' Seventh Son ' finds young leads '' . Variety . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 24 June 2011 ) . `` Ben Barnes Lands Lead Opposite Jeff Bridges In Warner Bros ' ' Seventh Son ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Male Newcomer '' . Empire . Archived from the original on 30 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Sam Claflin Signs up for ' The Quiet Ones ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( 22 August 2012 ) . `` ' Catching Fire ' Casts Sam Claflin as Finnick '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 22 August 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( 22 August 2012 ) . `` Sam Claflin Cast as Finnick in The Hunger Games : Catching Fire '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Josh ; Josh Horowitz ( 21 July 2013 ) . `` ' Catching Fire ' : How Sam Claflin Captured Finnick 's ' Sexual Tension ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 22 November 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Catching Fire ' smoothly exciting '' . CNN . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Morris , Christopher ( 4 December 2013 ) . `` Hunger Games : Mockingjay shooting site under construction '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cecelia Ahern 's ' Love , Rosie ' To Be Adapted - GalleyCat '' . Mediabistro.com. 2013 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Danny Cohen , Controller , BBC One ( 2012 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Media Centre - Hilary Swank and Brenda Blethyn to star in new film for BBC One '' . BBC . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Emilia Clarke films Me Before You with Matthew Lewis '' . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( 7 May 2015 ) . `` Sam Claflin Returns for ' The Huntsman ' Without Kristen Stewart 's Snow White '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin : `` I 'm very gentlemanly '' `` . Yahoo . 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin , `` The Hunger Games : Catching Fire '' star , marries Laura Haddock `` . CBS News . 1 August 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin , Hunger Games Star , Marries Actress Laura Haddock in Private Ceremony '' . 1 August 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Cumming , Ed . `` Sam Claflin : ' I hate being offered heart - throb after heart - throb ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin and Laura Haddock Welcome First Child '' . People . 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sam-claflin-joins-timothy-spall-corrupted-1081912 Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2018/film/news/noel-clarke-sam-claflin-hugh-bonneville-the-corrupted-1202728723/ Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Lands 7 MTV Movie Awards Nominations '' . E !. Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sam Claflin . Sam Claflin on IMDb Sam Claflin at Biography.com Glamour Awards Man of the Year David Schwimmer ( 2004 ) Usher ( 2005 ) Paul Bettany ( 2006 ) Eric Mabius ( 2007 ) Mark Ronson ( 2008 ) Kanye West ( 2009 ) Aaron Johnson ( 2010 ) Garrett Hedlund ( 2011 ) Tom Hiddleston ( 2012 ) Daniel Radcliffe ( 2013 ) Sam Claflin ( 2014 ) Calvin Harris ( 2015 ) James Norton ( 2016 ) BNF : cb16594039q ( data ) GND : 1011171058 ISNI : 0000 0001 1883 8897 LCCN : no2011045662 VIAF : 169388267 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Claflin&oldid=856308216 '' Categories : 1986 births 21st - century English male actors Actors from Norfolk Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art Claflin family English male film actors English male television actors Living people People from Ipswich People from Norwich Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from August 2012 Use British English from August 2012 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 09 : 21 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what actor plays finnick in the hunger games | [
"Samuel George Claflin (born 27 June 1986) is an English actor. He is known for portraying Finnick Odair in The Hunger Games film series, Philip Swift in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, and Will Traynor in Me Before You.\n"
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"Samuel George Claflin"
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7078313208138433564 | National Disaster Management Authority (India) | National Disaster Management Authority ( India ) - Wikipedia National Disaster Management Authority ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search National Disaster Management Authority राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रबंधन प्रभाग Agency overview Formed 2005 Type Agency Jurisdiction Government of India Headquarters NDMA Bhavan , Safdarjung Enclave , New Delhi Annual budget ₹ 3.56 billion ( US $56 million ) ( Planned , 2013 - 14 ) Agency executive Narendra Modi , Prime Minister Parent department Ministry of Home Affairs Website www.ndma.gov.in National Disaster Management Authority , abbreviated as NDMA is an agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs whose primary purpose is to coordinate response to natural or man - made disasters and for capacity - building in disaster resiliency and crisis response . NDMA was established through the Disaster Management Act enacted by the Government of India in may 30 2005 . The Prime Minister is the ex-officio chairperson of it . The agency is responsible for framing policies , laying down guidelines and best - practices and coordinating with the State Disaster Management Authorities ( SDMAs ) to ensure a holistic and distributed approach to disaster management . By a 9 - member board chaired by the Prime Minister of India . The remainder of the board consists of members nominated based on their expertise in areas such as , planning , infrastructure management , communications , meteorology and natural sciences . The day - to - day management of the agency is overseen by the office of the Vice Chair . NDMA is operationally organized into the following divisions : Policy & Planning Mitigation Operations & Communications Administration Capacity Building Government ... NDMA equips and trains other Government officials , institutions and the community in mitigation for and response during a crisis situation or a disaster . It operates the National Institute of Disaster Management , which develops practices , delivers hands - on training and organizes drills for disaster management . It also equips and trains disaster management cells at the state and local levels . NDMA also collaborates with the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy to impart training to administration and police officers in planning and incident response . It monitors and develops guidelines for the local Firefighting Services across the country . It collaborates with the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in developing emergency health and ambulance services . Specifically , it focuses on capacity building in dealing with mass casualty at local hospitals . Functions and responsibilities NDMA , as the apex body , is mandated to lay down the policies , plans and guidelines for Disaster Management to ensure timely and effective response to disasters . Towards this , it has the following responsibilities : - Lay down policies on disaster management ; Approve the National Plan ; Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in accordance with the National Plan ; Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan ; Lay down guidelines to be followed by the different Ministries or Departments of the Government of India for the Purpose of integrating the measures for prevention of disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their development plans and projects ; Coordinate the enforcement and implementation of the policy and plans for disaster management ; Recommend provision of funds for the purpose of mitigation ; Provide such support to other countries affected by major disasters as may be determined by the Central Government ; Take such other measures for the prevention of disaster , or the mitigation , or preparedness and capacity building for dealing with threatening disaster situations or disasters as it may consider necessary ; Lay down broad policies and guidelines for the functioning of the National Institute of Disaster Management . Contents ( hide ) 1 Programs 2 NDMA Guidelines 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Programs ( edit ) NDMA runs various programs for mitigation and responsiveness for specific situations . These include the National Cyclone Risk Management Project , School Safety Project , Decision Support System and others . India Disaster Response Summit recently held on 9 November 2017 held at New Delhi . This Summit was jointly organised by the National Disaster Management Authority ( NDMA ) and social networking site Facebook . India has become the first country to partner with Facebook on disaster response . NDMA guidelines ( edit ) AT NDMA Official Site : - Guidelines for Preparation of Action Plan -- Prevention and Management of Heat - Wave Guidelines on Management of School Safety : Guidelines on Management of Hospital Safety Guidelines on Minimum Standards for Shelter , Food , Water , Sanitation , Medical Cover in Relief Camps Guidelines on Management of Earthquakes Guidelines on Management of Tsunamis Guidelines on Management of Cyclones Guidelines on Management of Flood Guidelines on Management of Urban Flooding Guidelines On Drought Management Guidelines On Landslide and snow avalanches Guidelines for Nuclear attack disaster . Guidelines on Chemical Disaster ( Industrial ) Guidelines for Chemical ( Terrorism ) Disaster ) Guidelines on Medical Preparedness and Mass Casualty Management Guidelines for Biological Disaster Guidelines for Psycho - Social Support Guidelines on Formulation of State DM Plans Guidelines for Incident Response System Guidelines for National Disaster Management Information and Communication System Guidelines for Scaling , Type of Equipment and Training of Fire Services Guidelines for Seismic Retrofitting of Deficient Buildings and Structures . See also ( edit ) National Disaster Response Force References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Plan Budget '' . National Disaster Management Authority . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NDMA Vision '' . National Disaster Management Authority . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of NDMA '' . National Disaster Management Authority . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Functions and Responsibilities '' . National Disaster Management Authority . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Parliament of India ( 23 December 2005 ) . `` Disaster Management Act , 2005 , ( 23rd December , 2005 . ) NO . 53 OF 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Capacity Building and is bhavin Training '' . National Disaster Management Authority . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Services '' . National Disaster Management Authority . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Trauma Care '' . National Disaster Management Authority . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.ndma.gov.in/en/about-ndma/roles-responsibilities.html Jump up ^ `` National Cyclone Risk Management Project '' . National Disaster Management Authority . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` School Safety Project '' . National Disaster Management Authority . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://ndma.gov.in/en/ndma-guidelines.html External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Natural disasters in India Floods and flash floods 2000 India - Bangladesh floods Gohna Lake dam - burst Maharashtra floods of 2005 Ladakh floods North Indian floods 2007 North Indian floods 2013 2014 India -- Pakistan floods June 2015 Gujarat flood July 2015 Gujarat flood 2015 South Indian floods 2017 Gujarat flood Landslides Amarnath Yatra tragedy Mumbai landslide Karanjadi train crash Malin landslide Malpa landslide Vaibhavwadi train crash Tsunamis 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami ( effect on India ) Storms General North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Specific 1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone 2010 Eastern Indian storm Others National Disaster Response Force Effects of global warming on South Asia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Disaster_Management_Authority_(India)&oldid=825476332 '' Categories : Government agencies of India Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) Organisations based in Delhi Government agencies established in 2005 Emergency management in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 16 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | agencies in india responsible for warning natural disasters | [
"National Disaster Management Authority, abbreviated as NDMA is an agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs whose primary purpose is to coordinate response to natural or man-made disasters and for capacity-building in disaster resiliency and crisis response.[2] NDMA was established through the Disaster Management Act enacted by the Government of India in may 30 2005.[3] The Prime Minister is the ex-officio chairperson of it . The agency is responsible for framing policies, laying down guidelines and best-practices and coordinating with the State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) to ensure a holistic and distributed approach to disaster management.[4]"
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"National Disaster Management Authority"
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-2237379369024904703 | Cheaper by the Dozen | Cheaper by the Dozen - wikipedia Cheaper by the Dozen Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cheaper by the Dozen ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cheaper by The Dozen First edition cover ( Thomas Y . Crowell Co . ) Author Frank B. Gilbreth , Jr. , and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey Language English Genre Autobiography Publisher Thomas Y . Crowell Co . Publication date 1948 Media type Print Pages 237 ISBN 0 - 06 - 076313 - 2 Followed by Belles on Their Toes ( 1950 book ; 1952 film ) Cheaper by the Dozen is a semi-autobiographical novel written by Frank Bunker Gilbreth , Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey , published in 1948 . The novel recounts the authors ' childhood lives growing up in a household of 12 kids . The bestselling book was later adapted into a feature film by Twentieth Century Fox in 1950 and followed up by the sequel , Belles on Their Toes ( 1950 ) , which was adapted as a 1952 film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Adaptations 3 Contemporary appraisals 4 References 5 Further reading Plot ( edit ) The book tells the story of time and motion study and efficiency experts Frank Bunker Gilbreth and Lillian Moller Gilbreth , and their children ( said to be 11 at the start of the movie and 11 actually appear on film , but a 12th is born by the end , ) , as they reside in Montclair , New Jersey for many years . This fictionalized version tells the story of real - life pioneering industrial / organizational psychologist Lillian Gilbreth , her husband , and children . Lillian Gilbreth was described in the 1940s as `` a genius in the art of living . '' The film was based on the best - selling biographical novel that two of her twelve children wrote about their childhoods . Gilbreth 's home doubled as a sort of real - world laboratory that tested her and her husband Frank 's ideas about efficiency . The title comes from one of Frank Sr. 's favorite jokes : it often happened that when he and his family were out driving and stopped at a red light , a pedestrian would ask , `` Hey , Mister ! How come you got so many kids ? '' Gilbreth would pretend to ponder the question carefully , and then , just as the light turned green , would say , `` Well , they come cheaper by the dozen , you know , '' and drive off . In real life , the Gilbreths ' second eldest child , Mary , died of diphtheria at age five . The book does not explicitly explain the absence of Mary Gilbreth . It was not until the sequel , Belles on Their Toes , was published in 1950 that her death is mentioned in a footnote . Adaptations ( edit ) Cheaper by the Dozen was made into a 1950 motion picture , starring Clifton Webb and Myrna Loy as Frank and Lillian Gilbreth . Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1992 ) has been adapted as a stage play by Christopher Sergel . It played at Grey Lite Theatre in 1992 , directed by Lori David . Cheaper by the Dozen has been adapted as a musical , dramatized by Christopher Sergel with a score by David Rogers and Mark Bucci . Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) and Cheaper by the Dozen 2 ( 2005 ) , starring comedians Steve Martin and Bonnie Hunt , make a few references to the 1950 film . On the cover of Kate 's book , the title is shown to be Cheaper by the Dozen , and the author 's maiden name Gilbreth ( the name of the real family in the book upon which the 1950 film was based ) . During a game of Apple Schmear , Nora tells Hank that her `` Great Grandma Gilbreth '' invented the game . Furthermore , Lorraine and Tom argue about how much time she should be allotted in front of the mirror in the mornings . He allots her a few extra minutes , connecting back to the time efficiency specialist that the father , Frank Gilbreth , was in the 1950 film . Contemporary appraisals ( edit ) Re-reading the book in 2003 , Pulitzer Prize - winning critic Jonathan Yardley wrote in The Washington Post : `` ( I ) t is a joy to report that Cheaper by the Dozen still reads remarkably well ... The prose ... is unadorned and matter of fact , and its organizational structure is a bit difficult to detect , but what matters most is that it is a touching family portrait that also happens to be very , very funny . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carol. , Kennedy , ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . Guide to the management gurus . Random House Business . ISBN 9781905211029 . OCLC 655247876 . Jump up ^ Carol. , Kennedy , ( 2007 - 01 - 01 ) . Guide to the management gurus . Random House Business . ISBN 9781905211029 . OCLC 655247876 . Jump up ^ Tamny , Elizabeth M. ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Cheaper by Eleven ? '' . Chicago Reader . Jump up ^ `` Cheaper by the Dozen '' . Dramatic Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Cheaper by the Dozen ( musical ) '' . Dramatic Publishing . ISBN 0871295601 . Jump up ^ Yardley , Jonathan ( August 25 , 2003 ) . `` Second Reading - Gold by a Couple : ' Cheaper by the Dozen ' '' . The Washington Post . Further Reading ( edit ) Gilbreth , Frank B. , Jr . ( Summer 1991 ) . `` The Gilbreth ' Bug - lights ' '' . Historic Nantucket. 39 ( 2 ) . Nantucket Historical Association . pp. 20 -- 22 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( Article by Frank Jr. about their summer home on Nantucket Island . ) `` The Gilbreths : An Extraordinary American Family '' . , comprehensive family and professional history . ( hide ) Gilbreth family Family members Frank Bunker Gilbreth Sr . Lillian Moller Gilbreth Ernestine Gilbreth Carey Frank Bunker Gilbreth Jr . Robert Moller Gilbreth Scientific management Time and motion study The Psychology of Management Therblig Family memoirs Cheaper by the Dozen Belles on Their Toes Film adaptations Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 film ) Belles on Their Toes Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 film ) Cheaper by the Dozen 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheaper_by_the_Dozen&oldid=840882507 '' Categories : 1948 books American biographies Time and motion study Thomas Y . Crowell Co. books Novels set in New Jersey Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 19 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the book cheaper by the dozen | [
"Cheaper by the Dozen is a semi-autobiographical novel written by Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey, published in 1948. The novel recounts the authors' childhood lives growing up in a household of 12 kids. The bestselling book was later adapted into a feature film by Twentieth Century Fox in 1950 and followed up by the sequel, Belles on Their Toes (1950), which was adapted as a 1952 film.",
"Cheaper by the Dozen is a semi-autobiographical novel written by Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey, published in 1948. The novel recounts the authors' childhood lives growing up in a household of 12 kids. The bestselling book was later adapted into a feature film by Twentieth Century Fox in 1950 and followed up by the sequel, Belles on Their Toes (1950), which was adapted as a 1952 film."
] | [
"Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Jr.",
"Ernestine Gilbreth Carey"
] |
-7831886807803206368 | List of Baby Daddy episodes | List of Baby Daddy episodes - wikipedia List of Baby Daddy episodes Baby Daddy is an American sitcom that premiered on Freeform ( then known as ABC Family ) on June 20 , 2012 . The sitcom stars Jean - Luc Bilodeau as Ben Wheeler , a bartender , who while moving his brother Danny Wheeler ( Derek Theler ) into the apartment Ben shares with best friend Tucker Dobbs ( Tahj Mowry ) , he 's surprised when Emma , a baby girl , is left on his doorstep by Angela , a girl with whom he had a one - night stand . He gets help from his mother Bonnie Wheeler ( Melissa Peterman ) and his close female friend Riley Perrin ( Chelsea Kane ) who also is in love with him . During the course of the series , 100 episodes of Baby Daddy aired over six seasons . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 ) 3 Ratings 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 June 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 20 ) August 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 29 ) 16 May 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 29 ) December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 21 January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) June 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 18 ) 22 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) August 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) 5 20 February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) 6 11 March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) May 22 , 2017 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen June 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 20 ) 1001 1.65 Ben Wheeler ( Jean - Luc Bilodeau ) , a flair bartender in his 20s becomes surprised when Emma , a three - month - old baby girl , is left on his apartment doorstep by Angela , his ex-girlfriend . He takes care of Emma , with help from his mother Bonnie ( Melissa Peterman ) , his roommate Tucker ( Tahj Mowry ) , his best friend Riley ( Chelsea Kane ) , and his brother Danny ( Derek Theler ) . When Angela returns , she leaves Ben adoption papers for Emma , which she has already signed and hopes that Ben will do the same . This means Emma would be put up for adoption . However , Ben decides to keep Emma and raise her . `` I Told You So '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen June 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 27 ) 1002 1.72 Bonnie is worried that the guys ca n't handle taking care of Emma . Ben , wanting to avoid his mother 's `` I told you so '' and prove he can handle taking care of Emma , acts as though he has everything under control . However , in a series of mishaps , Emma ends up accidentally being left alone in the guys ' apartment . Ben , feeling his first parental gut - wrenching scare that he could have lost his child , with help from Bonnie , he realizes he needs to get his act together to really become a good parent to Emma . `` The Nurse and the Curse '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements July 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 11 ) 1003 1.44 Ben and Tucker take Emma to her first doctor 's appointment , and Ben ends up asking her nurse , Cassie ( Briana Lane ) , out on a date , and she accepts . Riley is jealous of Ben 's new relationship with Cassie , but tries to befriend her respecting Ben 's request . Meanwhile , Danny has his first hockey game with the New York Rangers and he 's very superstitious - he wears an old high school jersey that has never been washed to every game and Bonnie caters to his every ritual because she wants Danny to win his first game . While doing laundry , Tucker accidentally washes Danny 's lucky jersey and it shrinks down to a tattered mess which devastates Danny . At the game , Cassie tells Riley she knows she likes Ben and directly insults her , saying Ben will only ever see her as `` Fat Pants '' . This causes Riley to fight with her , which is featured on the jumbotron . Ben breaks up with Cassie , because she thinks that Riley likes him , which Riley denies . With Danny 's old jersey shrunken , Tucker puts it on Emma and Danny calls her his new good luck charm . `` Guys , Interrupted '' Michael Lembeck Nancy Cohen July 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 18 ) 1004 1.10 The guys appreciate all of Bonnie 's help , but she becomes a little too overwhelming for them . Ben looks forward to his time with Emma when he 's not working , but with Bonnie always jumping in to take care of her , he 's starting to miss the time he is supposed to have with Emma . Meanwhile , Riley has a new study partner , Jack ( David Cade ) , who Danny seems jealous of , but Ben encourages her to date him . The guys try to hide from Bonnie by heading over to Riley 's apartment , which ends up sabotaging her date with Jack . After Bonnie finds out that the boys do n't want her around , she makes Ben tell her how she really feels , which upsets her . However , Ben tells her that she is still important and her help is still needed , but she just needs to give the boys some space . Bonnie agrees to this , and they reconcile . 5 5 `` Married to the Job '' Michael Lembeck Lester Lewis July 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 25 ) 1005 1.39 A baby shower is thrown at the boys ' apartment for Emma and Bonnie gets her a girly stroller , which the guys quickly return in exchange for a much cooler stroller that attracts women . Ben finds out that there is a new position opening up at the bar as a manager , but his boss does n't think that he is responsible enough for the position . However , when he sees Riley with Emma , he reconsiders , since he now thinks that Ben is a family man . Riley goes along with it and all goes well until Ben meets his boss ' daughter at the meeting , who is the same girl that he had previously gotten a number from earlier before . Meanwhile , Danny and Tucker compete to see who can get the most phone numbers from random girls on the street with the help of the stroller , as Bonnie chases them around , looking to get the girly stroller back . Danny finally admits to Riley that he loves her , but she takes it as an act to get her out of the situation with Ben , so she goes along with it and thanks him . On her way to return the stroller that the boys bought , Bonnie grabs the attention of a man on the street and begins using it like the boys did . 6 6 `` Take Her Out of the Ballgame '' Arlene Sanford Mark Amato August 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 01 ) 1006 1.10 Riley is voted into Ben 's position as team captain of his and Tucker 's softball team . Tucker is tired of losing and when Riley jumps in to help them , he is excited until her competitive spirit comes out and pushes the team to the limit . Bonnie brings boxes filled with Ben and Danny 's childhood accomplishments into the boys ' apartment . Meanwhile , Bonnie begins dating Danny 's hockey coach , Hank ( Tuc Watkins ) , which upsets Danny . Riley 's new position as the softball team 's new captain upsets Ben . After Riley pushes the team too hard , they vote Ben captain again , but he has to be the one who fires Riley . Once Danny finally accepts Hank dating Bonnie , Hank says that Bonnie is n't his type and does n't want to date her , Danny gets upset and tells him that he would be lucky to have his mom . Riley and Ben become co-captains and the team celebrates a winning streak . Danny , now ready for Bonnie to begin dating , tries to set her up with any man he can find . 7 7 `` May the Best Friend Win '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman August 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 08 ) 1007 1.12 Ben and Tucker put their friendship aside when they compete for the heart of Ava ( Ashley Argota ) , a beautiful , young woman they both met at a concert . Danny tries to keep them together , telling them that going against each other for a girl will ruin their friendship . Bonnie creates an online dating profile . Danny is asked to give a speech at a press conference in front of his team , but is nervous , so Riley offers to help him . Danny reveals to Bonnie that he has feelings for Riley . Ben and Tucker retaliate against each other to try to keep each other away from Ava . Both end up on the same date with Ava at club , so they have a dance battle which weirds Ava out . She ends up leaving , but before she can Ben and Tucker confront her making her choose between them , and Ava chooses Tucker . At Danny 's press conference , Ben shows up mad at Tucker saying that he did n't invite him to the conference like Danny asked , which made Danny mad . While lecturing Ben about how he and Tucker should n't be fighting because they 're like teammates , he gives an accidental speech , which everyone there loves . While celebrating his great speech , Danny accidentally kisses Riley , turning the situation awkward . Ben goes back to the apartment and apologizes to Tucker for being a bad friend , and Tucker forgives him saying that he did n't want Ava anymore because she was too talkative & annoying so they then come up with a plan to change her feelings towards Tucker , thus they set Danny and Ava up . 8 8 `` The Daddy Whisper '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements August 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 15 ) 1008 1.32 Ben signs him and Emma up for their first Mommy and Me class . Tucker and Danny plan to watch a huge wrestling event with Ben in the apartment , until Ben brings Izzy ( Amber Stevens ) , a mom who knows a lot about babies and is referred to as `` The Mommy Whisperer '' , to discuss ways to baby proof the apartment . Leaving Tucker and Danny needing to find a place to watch the match . Riley gets a job as an intern at a law firm . Bonnie takes Emma and Riley shopping for clothes for Riley to wear at her firm , and they end up getting arrested when Emma accidentally takes a gold watch out of a store . Tucker and Danny watch the wrestling match in an old laundry room in their building and call it their `` man cave '' . Ben checks on the match down in the laundry room and accidentally locks him , along with Tucker and Danny , in the laundry room leaving Izzy in the apartment alone . Bonnie and Riley find Izzy in the apartment and tell her that not everything needs to be perfect when it comes to raising a child , making Izzy admit that having a baby is tiring and hard . They eventually hear the boys yelling through the air vents for help and go down to save them . Then , Izzy , Ben , Danny , Riley watch the remainder of the match leaving Tucker stuck in the air vents . 9 9 `` A Wheeler Christmas Outing '' Michael Lembeck Lester Lewis August 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 22 ) 1009 1.25 It 's the hottest day of the year , and Bonnie and Ben announce the annual Christmas family photo , and that since they are like family , Tucker and Riley will be taking the picture along with them . Ben then surprises Bonnie that his and Danny 's father , Ray ( Greg Grunberg ) , will be coming into town for the photo , much to Bonnie 's dismay . Tucker and Riley are assigned to go to a storage locker and bring back boxes full of old Christmas costumes . On the drive back , Tucker finds a box with Danny 's old high school journal in it . He and Riley read it and find that Danny was in love with a girl in high school , with her name coded `` Girl X '' . Tucker immediately knows that this girl is Riley and leaves her to figure out who the girl is . Ray arrives in town and Ben tries to get him and Bonnie back together . Later , out on the fire escape , Ray and Bonnie form a sort of a connection . Ray then goes to Ben 's job at the bar and reveals to him that he 's gay and that he 's seeing and living with a guy named Steve . Ben tells him that he can not tell anyone till after the family photo so everyone can be happy . Then Danny arrives and both Ben and Ray tell him that there is someone who wants to come out as gay , and that they should keep it between them . Based on how they told him , Danny assumes it 's Ben . Tucker tells Danny that he and Riley read his journal , but that she has no idea who `` Girl X '' is . Bonnie hits on Ray , thinking they 're going to get back together , but Ben interrupts and stops Bonnie from doing anything else . At the family photography center , Everyone dresses into their costumes . Riley confronts Danny and demands to know who `` Girl X '' is , but Danny refuses to say anything . Right before the picture is taken , Danny blurts out that Ben is gay which surprises everyone , but Ray stops this and admits that he is gay , which makes Bonnie happy because it confirms that the reason the divorce was not her fault . 10 10 `` Something Borrowed , Something Ben '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen & Nancy Cohen August 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 29 ) 1010 1.40 Riley is chosen as a maid of honor and is planning a wedding for her friend , Katie ( Melissa Tang ) , who is marrying her childhood sweetheart , Dave , and gets everybody involved . Ben invites a high school friend , Gene ( Trent Garrett ) , a jerk who used to play pranks on Riley , Danny , and Bonnie . Bonnie is asked to make tribute video for the wedding and Danny and Tucker are put in charge of the wedding cake , which they accidentally drop and ruin and try to fix it but are unsuccessful . After partying the night before the wedding , Ben and Katie wake up to find themselves in bed together . At her hotel room , Katie feels guilty and thinks about calling off the wedding and blames Ben for what happened . Riley shows up and makes her nervous , causing her to call off the wedding . Feeling guilty , Ben gives her a speech about true love and finding that special someone and encourages her put the wedding back on . No longer feeling nervous , Katie puts the wedding back on . Back at the boys apartment , Bonnie tells the boys that the wedding could be called off . And Gene says he knows why , revealing to Tucker , Danny , and Bonnie that he 's up to something . Bonnie brings the boys and Gene to Katie 's hotel room to reveal that Ben and Katie never actually slept together . Both were passed out in separate rooms , so Gene put them in the same bed as a prank . Katie and Ben no longer feel guilty , so everybody continues with their wedding duties and Riley shoves Gene into the cake Danny put back together . At the wedding , Riley finds Ben on the roof and Ben asks her to dance with him . During the dance , Ben develops feelings for Riley . While on the roof , Danny sees Ben and Riley dancing and becomes upset because of his feelings for her . Season 2 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) On August 17 , 2012 , Baby Daddy was renewed for a second season , it premiered on May 29 , 2013 . Matt Dallas , who previously worked with Jean - Luc Bilodeau on the ABC Family series Kyle XY , appeared in a recurring role as Fitch Douglas , a love interest for Riley . Both Lacey Chabert and Grace Phipps also had recurring roles this season . Wayne Brady guest starred in the episode `` There 's Something Fitchy Going On '' . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 11 `` I 'm Not That Guy '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen May 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 29 ) 0.86 Ben realizes his romantic feelings for Riley . Riley invites Ben to a work - related party where she has to bring a date and Ben gladly accepts . Because Danny still has feelings for Riley , he questions if she wants to go through with it . Tucker finds out that someone from the wedding named Susie Kettle posted a picture of Ben on a website that ridicules men that say they 'll call a woman but do n't , which upsets Riley . Bonnie tries to get the attention of Marcus ( Anthony Montgomery ) , a fellow young single grandparent . Ben tries to use Susie to get him off the website and tries to stop his playboy ways to get Riley to forgive him . Danny starts a relationship with a Russian supermodel named Milena . Tucker begs Danny to set up a double date with Milena and one of her model friends . Riley asks Danny to be her date to the party at her firm . Ben asks Danny to cancel on Riley so he could be her only option for Riley to go with , which he agrees to . Once Danny cancels on Riley , she lets Ben go with her but he could n't mess anything up for her . Bonnie meets up with Marcus for a date , where she quickly becomes bored with him because of his excessive talking and the fact that there is nothing interesting about him . Bonnie accidentally brings home the wrong baby from her date with Marcus . Because he is out looking for Emma , Ben leaves Riley alone at the firm 's party . Ben tells Danny that Riley 's all alone at her party , so Danny leaves Tucker on the double - date with Milena and her friend . Danny finds Riley at her party where she has already met Dr. Fitch Douglas ( Matt Dallas ) , a caring , charitable , and handsome young doctor who becomes her date , which upsets Danny . Then Ben arrives and also sees Riley with Fitch , which upsets him as well . 12 `` There 's Something Fitchy Going On '' Robbie Countryman Heidi Clements June 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 05 ) 2002 0.80 Ben becomes upset because Riley begins dating Fitch , the man she met at a party that her law firm threw . Tucker gets a new job as an intern for a television station , which he thinks is the next step to being able to actually work in television . Ben does n't trust Fitch and thinks he lying to Riley , while everyone else thinks Fitch is amazing . Ben discovers something that could mean that Fitch is n't who he says he is . When that turns out to be a fluke , he looks for something else to try to expose him . Tucker tries to impress his boss Chase Baxter ( Wayne Brady ) , a self - centered television personality who has a knack for womanizing . Now with Milena , Danny tells Bonnie that he is over Riley and has moved on and that he is glad that he never told her because it would 've ruined their friendship . He then discovers that he had accidentally butt - dialed Riley and recorded his and Bonnie 's conversation over voicemail . Then when Bonnie tries to fix it , she accidentally sends the voicemail to Riley . Tucker tries to get Fitch to hire Chase to be a spokesperson for a charity event , because Tucker believes it could get himself a promotion . However , he turns him down because Chase is self - centered and does n't care about charity . Ben discovers Riley and Fitch alone , and when Riley leaves , Fitch pulls out a wedding ring and puts it on his finger , which surprises Ben , but finally gives him something to expose . When he tries to tell Riley , she refuses to listen to him . Danny and Bonnie recover Riley 's phone and attempt to delete the voicemail Bonnie sent . Before they can delete it , Riley realizes she is missing her phone , thinks that they found it , and takes her phone . Ben leaves Emma with Milena and crashes Riley 's date with Fitch at a restaurant . Then Danny and Bonnie intreat the date trying to get Riley 's phone . Then Tucker and Milena interrupt with Emma and Chase because Tucker is trying to get Fitch to consider Chase to be the spokesperson for his charity event . When Riley discovers that Bonnie keeps taking her phone , Bonnie drops a glass of water . Ben then calls the family , including and Tucker , to a meeting and reveals that Fitch is married . When Riley confronts him about it , he says he was married until his wife died because an elephant sat on her . He then says he wants to talk with Ben . Instead of fighting with him , he says that he is in love with her and thinks that Ben has feelings for Riley . And if Ben loves her , then he 'll back off , much to Ben 's surprise . At first , Ben does n't know what to say because he does n't how he feels about Riley . He tells Fitch that he loves her enough not to stand in her way of true love , and lets Fitch have her . Fitch fixes Riley 's phone and she listens to Danny 's voicemail , and she deletes it . Chase gets the job as Fitch 's spokesperson and messes it up . It goes viral making Tucker realize he 's never getting a promotion . 13 `` The Wheeler and Dealer '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman June 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 12 ) 2006 0.90 While at work , Ben finds Danny a possible endorsement deal with a Japanese energy drink , Okiru . With Fitch in Africa , Riley wants to give to back to community by volunteering as a candy striper at a local hospital . Ben introduces the endorsement deal to Danny and Bonnie . While Danny is excited , Bonnie does n't agree that he should be endorsing a foreign drink . At the hospital , Riley realizes volunteering is n't all it 's cracked up to be . Riley bumps into Tucker , who is pretending to be a doctor . After meeting with people representing Okiru , Bonnie still does n't agree with the endorsement . Ben lies to Danny telling him that Bonnie said yes to the endorsement , and Danny signs the Okiru contract . After drinking many cans of Okiru , Danny shows to the commercial shoot hyper . Ben reads the can 's label , and reads that you 're not supposed to drink more than two within 24 hours . Bonnie finds out about the commercial shoot , she goes there and lets Ben lead , knowing something is gon na go wrong . While shooting the commercial , Danny slams into a wall , giving himself a concussion . Just as Riley and Tucker are about to quit their jobs at the hospital , Ben and Bonnie , along with production crew , arrive at the hospital with an unconscious Danny . Tucker and Riley get stuck with Danny in the hospital elevator . Tucker tries to find Danny 's heartbeat with a fake stethoscope , but finds nothing moving him and Riley into panic . Riley tries to give Danny CPR to revive him , which works . Then Danny knocks Riley to the ground , knocking her unconscious . Once the elevator door opens , Danny walks out carrying Riley . At the boy 's apartment , Danny tells riley that he does n't remember anything from the incident . Tucker is called to the hospital , since he stole a pager . 14 `` New Bonnie vs. Old Ben '' Bob Koherr Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio June 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 12 ) 0.72 Bonnie moves into the apartment across the hall from Ben and Tucker 's place ; Ben and Tucker do all they can to get her to move out . Riley helps Danny break up with Milena . 15 5 `` The Slump '' Michael Lembeck Frank Pines June 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) 2005 1.02 Ben is stuck in the middle when his latest fling Jenna ( Anna Maria Perez de Taglé ) , is also a rival of Tucker 's for a coveted job promotion . Danny begins seeing psychologist Dr. Amy Shaw ( Lacey Chabert ) , to discuss his under performance on the ice . 16 6 `` Ben 's Big Gaycare Adventure '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements June 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) 2007 0.85 Ben pretends that he and Tucker are a gay couple to have Emma admitted quicker in a local daycare and tries to date Megan ( Grace Phipps ) , the assistant manager of the daycare . Riley begins to express her jealous feelings of Danny and Amy 's relationship . Bonnie begins going to beauty school . 17 7 `` On The Lamb - y '' Michael Lembeck Nancy Cohen July 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 10 ) 2003 0.71 Ben , Tucker and Danny try to get Lamby , Emma 's stuffed animal that she can not manage to sleep without , from their new neighbor Kayla ( Kelly Stables ) who takes it from the elevator when Ben drops it . Meanwhile , Riley is hosting book club to impress her colleagues at the law firm , but with Bonnie being her roommate while her house is being fumigated causes a rivalry with Riley 's mom , Jennifer ( Caroline Rhea ) and creates many disagreements during book club . 18 8 `` Never Ben in Love '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) 2008 1.02 Ben has a hard time wanting to get intimate with Megan , he begins to think that he may be in love with her . Fitch dies , ( but is actually revealed to be alive when he makes an appearance at the eulogy ) with Riley now conflicted if she was ever in love with him . When Danny found out that Fitch wanted to break up with Riley during a video that he made but when she found out she said that she want to break up with him . With Fitch 's death , Tucker comes up with a bucket list , which a calls a `` Tucket List '' . Bonnie tries to move in romantically with Fitch 's dad , Winston ( Diedrich Bader ) . 19 9 `` All 's Flair in Love and War '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman July 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 24 ) 2009 0.83 Tucker rekindles the romance with his ex-girlfriend Vanessa ( Meagan Tandy ) , which bothers Ben due to fact that they can not get along . Vanessa is later hired as Ben 's boss at the Bar on B. Danny plays matchmaker for Riley to be set up with Gerard ( Antonio Sabàto , Jr . ) , the goalie on his team . However , Gerard mistakenly thinks his date is with Bonnie . 20 10 `` Test Anxiety '' Michael Lembeck Nancy Cohen July 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 31 ) 1.02 A pregnancy test is found in the apartment bathroom causing a misunderstanding with everyone . Riley fails her Bar exam for the third time . Amy 's father ( Andy Buckley ) does n't want Danny to date Amy anymore . 21 11 `` Whatever Lola Wants '' Michael Lembeck Frank Pines August 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) 2011 0.87 Ben is left in charge of watching Megan 's dog Lola , but the dog is not fond of Ben . Lola is then stolen by a cleaning crew that Danny hired to clean the apartment . Riley attempts to be re-hired by her previous law firm and tries to convince her old boss , Mrs. Jensen ( Kym Whitley ) that she is tough enough to be a lawyer , by suing Bonnie for a botched tan job . 22 12 `` The Christening '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements August 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 14 ) 2012 0.74 The Wheelers pretend to be a happy normal family when their Aunt Betty ( Mary Pat Gleason ) comes to town for Emma 's christening . This also happens at a bad time when Ray 's ex-boyfriend Steve ( Robert Gant ) , also comes to town to win Ray back . Riley , who was named Emma 's godmother , must mediate between Danny and Tucker on who should be Emma 's godfather . 23 13 `` All Riled Up '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) 2013 0.92 Ben feels it is finally time to express his romantic feelings for Riley , so he takes her on a `` pretend date '' . However , the `` pretend date '' leads to an actual date with Ben giving mixed messages about wanting to set up Riley with the perfect guy , when he really meant himself . Ben then sets Riley up with Kevin ( Aaron Hill ) , the beer delivery guy who frequents the Bar on B , with Ben giving Kevin false information on what to say on their date . Meanwhile , Bonnie and Tucker audition together as the mascots for the New York Rangers , much to Danny 's chagrin . 24 14 `` The Emma Dilemma '' Michael Lembeck Brian Fernandes August 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) 2014 1.35 Ben tries to get Emma included in the playgroup hosted by his upstairs neighbor Kayla , who still has a grudge against him . Riley helps Danny understand the language of `` girl '' to patch things up with Amy . 25 15 `` Surprise ! '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen September 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) 2015 1.27 Ben decides to throw Riley a birthday party to try to make amends after ruining her sixteenth birthday party . Danny finally reveals to Ben that Riley has been in love with him since they were kids . Upon hearing this , he decides to set up a romantic date before taking her back to his apartment for her surprise party . However , things go awry when he loses her on the subway . Meanwhile , Bonnie and Tucker get in contact with Angela ( Mimi Gianopulos ) , Emma 's mother , after realizing that Bonnie never sent in the paperwork granting Ben sole custody of Emma . Riley finds her way back to Ben 's apartment and says she realized Ben ditched her when she was in the Bronx and that it was the worst birthday ever . After Danny hears that Ben lost Riley on the subway , he berates him by saying that he knew that he would hurt her feelings if he told him that she 's in love with him . Amy overhears this and tearfully breaks up with Danny . Ben returns inside and explains to Riley that he lost her and what his plans were and she tries to leave but he stops and kisses Riley , who kisses him back . Angela is then standing in Ben 's doorway and states that after seeing a picture of a smiling Emma , she decided that she misses her and wants her back . After Riley 's party , Tucker asks Danny if he 's okay with Ben dating Riley and he says yes , while also revealing that he got a tattoo of Amy 's name on his wrist before she broke up with him , and a wrist tattoo of Riley 's name , on the other . 26 16 `` Emma 's First Christmas '' Michael Lembeck Ben Montanio & Vince Cheung December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 2016 1.11 Ben and Danny shop at the last minute to buy Emma the perfect toy , which leads to them making a deal with Edwin ( Leslie Jordan ) , a shady mall elf . Riley and Tucker are appointed as Bonnie 's `` little helpers '' , to help pull off the perfect Christmas for the apartment . Season 3 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) On March 22 , 2013 , two months before the second season premiered , ABC Family renewed Baby Daddy for a third season . It premiered on January 15 , 2014 . Bruce Thomas , who previously worked with Jean - Luc Bilodeau on Kyle XY , guest starred in the episode `` The Bet '' . Bilodeau 's other Kyle XY co-star Matt Dallas reprised his role as Fitch in the episode `` Lights ! Camera ! No Action ! '' , Mary Hart also guest starred as herself in that episode . Other guest stars this season included Lucy Hale , David DeLuise , Phil Morris , Mark DeCarlo , Kelsey Chow and Dot Jones . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 27 `` The Naked Truth '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 3001 1.10 Now that they are officially a couple , Ben and Riley are thinking about taking their relationship to the sexual level . Emma 's mother , Angela tries to be more involved in her daughter 's life , despite frequent ridicule from Bonnie . Tucker helps Danny get back into the dating scene , after Amy breaks up with him . 28 `` The Lying Game '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 3002 1.10 Angela continues to romantically pursue Ben , despite the fact that he is in a relationship with Riley . Still jealous of Ben and Riley 's relationship , Danny decides it is time to get his own apartment . Bonnie lies about her age , as she is dating a younger guy named Brad ( Peter Porte ) . 29 `` Lights ! Camera ! No Action ! '' Michael Lembeck Frank Pines January 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) 3003 1.29 Now that Ben and Riley have broken up , they both decide to rebound with their exes . Riley gets back with Fitch , and Ben gives into feelings for Angela . To get a promotion to television producer , Tucker books Danny on Mary Hart 's talk show . 30 `` Bonnie 's Unreal Estate '' Michael Lembeck Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 3004 1.03 Riley is left in charge of watching Piper Stockdale ( Lucy Hale ) , a minister 's daughter , whose father is being investigated for money laundering . However , Piper turns out to be a handful to every one around her unbeknownst to Riley , who believes Piper 's sweet innocent act . After burning down an apartment that Bonnie was going to sell for her new real estate job , Ben tries to make things right with Bonnie 's boss Carol Beltran ( Maria Canals - Barrera ) . Danny and Tucker make a bet to swear off women . 31 5 `` Life 's a Beach '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman February 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 12 ) 3005 0.98 Tired of Sondra ( Rachna Khatau ) , their overbearing board president , Ben , Danny and Tucker campaign to have her removed from the position , after she shuts down their rooftop beach . Bonnie and Riley go on a double date with Brad and his twin brother Tad . However , the women suspect that Tad does n't really exist and that Brad is covering for the fact that he flirted with Riley , so Bonnie does n't break up with him . 32 6 `` Romancing the Phone '' Michael Lembeck Janae Bakken February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 3006 0.84 Ben finds the cell phone of an attractive woman named Sydney ( Aimee Carrero ) , who he believes is his new soul - mate . However , the relationship sours , when Ben is late to meet her to give back her cell phone , so Ben asks Tucker to pretend to be him , so he can swoop in salvage his relationship with her . Riley meets up with Heather ( Cassie Scerbo ) , her competitive friend from summer camp , she then has Danny get involved to prove how successful her life is now . Bonnie 's new real estate ads send the wrong messages to her customers . 33 7 `` The Bet '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 3007 0.86 Ben makes a bet with Riley that he will able to get a date with Riley 's friend Heather , even though Ben and Heather only had a one - night stand , and Heather has already forgotten about him . Bonnie wants to break up with Brad , but changes her mind after he ends up in the hospital and confesses his love for her . Bonnie also falls for Brad 's father Jim ( Bruce Thomas ) . Tucker tries to use Emma to pick up women . 34 8 `` A Knight to Remember '' Michael Lembeck Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio March 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 12 ) 3008 0.79 Marshall Dobbs ( Phil Morris ) , Tucker 's dad visits , with Ben helping Tucker lie about him being a lawyer . Riley falls for a British stranger , a professor named Philip Farlow ( Christopher O'Shea ) . Not knowing about Philip , a misunderstanding from Bonnie , has her thinking that Riley has fallen for Danny . 35 9 `` Go Brit or Go Home '' Michael Lembeck Janae Bakken March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 3009 0.73 Riley wants Ben to be friends with Philip . Ben then pretends to be Philip and flirts with one of his students and puts Philip 's job in jeopardy when he is charged with sexual harassment . Danny 's hockey playing is criticized by Logan ( Courtney Parks ) , an attractive sports reporter , but that does not stop them from sleeping together , which bothers Bonnie . Tucker develops a fake British accent to pick up women . 36 10 `` An Affair Not to Remember '' Michael Lembeck Frank Pines March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 3010 0.90 Tucker begins dating Stephanie ( Kelsey Chow ) , a woman who previously dated Ben , with Ben fearing that Stephanie is still holding a grudge against him , due to things ending badly between the two of them . Mrs. Jensen invites Riley to a spa day with the other women at the law office , with Bonnie also being invited by Mrs. Jensen , as Riley 's plus one , much to Riley 's dislike . 37 11 `` The Wingmom '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 3011 0.87 Ben has a hard time meeting women and agrees to have Bonnie be his `` wingmom '' . However , Bailey ( Bailey Buntain ) , the woman that Bonnie has set Ben up with , has a very similar personality to Bonnie 's . Riley and Tucker accidentally wreck Danny 's new car , that used to belong to Danny 's dad . 38 12 `` Send in the Clowns '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen & Heidi Clements April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 3012 0.92 Ben wants to throw Emma her 1st birthday party at the ice cream parlor where he used to work as a teenager . However , he has been banned from the parlor since then for having sexual relations with the boss 's daughter . Danny learns a dark secret about Riley 's family involving her Aunt Margot ( Amanda Detmer ) . 39 13 `` Play It Again , Bonnie '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen & Heidi Clements April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 3013 0.88 Bonnie still has feelings for Brad and asks for Tucker 's help to get him back . Brad has the same feelings for Bonnie , but is encouraged by Ben to date someone else , after Bonnie tells Ben , Tucker and Danny prior , that she is over Brad , before changing her mind . Danny helps Riley and Margot have a better mother - daughter relationship and is upset that Margot allowed Riley to let Philip move into Riley 's place . 40 14 `` Livin ' on a Prom '' Michael Lembeck Janae Bakken April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 3014 0.79 Ben tries to get Bonnie tickets to a Bon Jovi concert at Madison Square Garden . Danny and Riley attend a prom at their old high school as chaperones . 41 15 `` From Here to Paternity '' Michael Lembeck Frank Pines April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 3015 0.91 Now knowing that her Aunt Margot is her biological mother , Riley sets out to find her biological father , with help from Ben . Riley is then conflicted with the possibly of it being two different men , David Brinkerhoff ( David DeLuise ) , a pastry chef and Mark Clements ( Adam J. Harrington ) , a successful lawyer . Marshall Dobbs tells Tucker that he is divorcing his mother . Danny then encourages Bonnie to spend time with Marshall to loosen him up , which leads to embarrassing results . In the end , through a paternity test , it was revealed that David is Riley 's father . 42 16 `` Curious Georgie '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 3016 0.71 Philip 's sister Georgie ( Mallory Jansen ) visits , with Riley being put off by her standoffish attitude . Danny and Bonnie are worried about contract re-negotiations , they then ask Tucker to date the new New York Rangers general manager Valerie ( Gabrielle Dennis ) , so Danny can secure a spot on the team . 43 17 `` Flirty Dancing '' Michael Lembeck Joshua Malek May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 3017 0.75 Ben , Danny and Riley look at their old time capsules from elementary school , with Ben and Riley pursuing life goals to better themselves . Danny and Georgie begin to develop feelings for each other , even though Ben and Georgie are dating . Bonnie , Riley and Tucker join a dance class and then take part in a dance competition . 44 18 `` Baby Steps '' Michael Lembeck Frank Pines & Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman May 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 28 ) 3018 0.92 Danny , Tucker , Riley and Bonnie look back on their past ridiculous situations , while Ben is at work . Right after Ben leaves for work , Emma takes her first steps , walking to Danny . Danny , Tucker , Riley and Bonnie then scheme to have Emma take her `` first steps '' again , this time walking to Ben . 45 19 `` Foos It or Lose It '' Michael Lembeck Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio June 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) 3019 0.78 Bonnie baby - proofs the apartment and accidentally sells the foosball table that held Emma 's college fund to a fraternity . Ben and Tucker apply as pledges to the fraternity to get the foosball table back . Meanwhile , Danny and Georgie 's relationship continues to grow , much to Riley 's dislike . Georgie then sets up an interview for Riley at her job at Vogue magazine , for the magazine 's legal department . Until Riley overhears from Georgie that her interview was fake . 46 20 `` All Aboard the Love Train '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 3020 0.69 Riley has to go to a family reunion in Florida , and takes a train instead of a plane due to her fear of dying in a plane crash . Ben agrees to accompany Riley on her train trip , and uses the opportunity to try to win her back , with a romantic evening , until Riley figures out Ben 's plan . Tucker wants to be the new co-host for Mary Hart 's talk show , and has Bonnie help him with an audition tape . However , Mary Hart is more impressed with Bonnie and has her take the co-hosting spot instead of Tucker . Danny is left to baby - sit Emma along with preparing dinner for his date with Georgie . 47 21 `` You Ca n't Go Home Again '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen June 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 18 ) 3021 0.80 Ben and Riley reunite , with Ben wanting to tell everyone that they back together , however Riley is still hesitant to announce the news , fearing that Ben will fall back into his old womanizing ways . Georgie tells Danny that she is moving to Paris for her job at Vogue , with Danny contemplating on moving there with her . Bonnie plans on winning at the annual block party at her old neighborhood that she started , by having Tucker sing at the party 's karaoke contest . Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) On March 17 , 2014 , Baby Daddy was renewed for the fourth season . It premiered on October 22 , 2014 , with the series ' first Halloween episode `` Strip or Treat '' . The second Christmas episode of the series entitled `` It 's a Wonderful Emma '' premiered on December 10 , 2014 . Aisha Dee guest starred as Olivia , Tucker 's ex-wife . Christa B. Allen appeared in a recurring role as Robyn , a corporate lawyer working at Riley 's law firm , who later begins dating Danny . Eddie Cibrian appeared in a multi-episode arc as Ross , a guy that Riley falls for , later discovering that he is her boss . Jackée Harry guest starred as Judge Johnson in the episode `` Lowering the Bar '' . The episode reunited Harry with Tahj Mowry , Mowry made numerous guest appearances on Harry 's 1990s sitcom Sister , Sister . In the episode `` Home Is Where the Wheeler Is '' , Alex Kapp Horner is now playing the role of Jennifer , Riley 's mom , which was originally played by Caroline Rhea in season 2 episode `` On The Lamb - y '' . Reba McEntire guest starred in the season finale `` It 's a Nice Day for a Wheeler Wedding '' , reuniting with her former Reba co-star Melissa Peterman . Episode 20 , `` Till Dress Do Us Part '' , is left off of Baby Daddy Season 4 on Netflix . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 48 `` Strip or Treat '' Michael Lembeck Frank Pines October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 4021 0.89 On Halloween , Ben , Danny and Tucker all end up in jail after crashing a bachelorette party . Bonnie has a date with Javier ( Matt Cedeño ) , a handsome Latin man , with a secret . Riley attempts to Halloween prank Tucker and the Wheelers after years of being the victim of their pranks . 49 `` It 's a Wonderful Emma '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 4022 0.78 Feeling overwhelmed by Christmas , Ben wishes the holiday never existed , which comes to pass , while also in the process removing the existence of Emma . 50 `` She Loves Me , She Loves Me Note '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen & Heidi Clements January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) 4001 0.96 Ben has suspicions that Riley and Danny have feelings for each other , after seeing them almost kiss , so he leaves a note in her purse to express his love for her . However , Riley thinks that the note is from Danny , which further intensifies Ben 's suspicions . With Danny moving to Paris to be with Georgie , Bonnie tries to come up with other ways to make money by starting a baby - sitting business and continuing her sports memorabilia business while Danny is still in town . 51 `` I See Crazy People '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen & Heidi Clements January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 4002 0.75 Riley feels that her and Ben are not compatible enough to be a couple , to prove otherwise , they see a psychic who has set up shop at the bar . After Georgie breaks up with him , Danny lives with Brad , to continue the guise that he is in Paris with Georgie . 52 5 `` Mugging for the Camera '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 4003 0.80 Danny is now living in Riley 's place , to continue to avoid letting his family know that he is back in town . Tired of interviewing celebrities , Mary Hart puts pressure on Tucker to find a `` regular person '' to be a guest on her talk show . Bonnie tries exploiting Emma by putting her in ridiculous outfits to make money . 53 6 `` Over My Dead Bonnie '' Michael Lembeck Janae Bakken February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 4004 0.61 Ben and Tucker are fed up with Bonnie still living at their place , so they try to trick the person who is currently subletting Bonnie 's apartment into thinking that Bonnie is dead , so Bonnie can move back in . Danny is offered an acting role as himself on General Hospital and soon catches the romantic eye of actress Kelly Monaco . 54 7 `` The Mother of All Dates '' Michael Lembeck Ben Montanio & Vince Cheung February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 4005 0.65 Ben and Danny make a bet that can set Bonnie up with the perfect guy . Ben tries to set her up with one of his customers Frank ( Peter Katona ) and Danny tries to set her up with Ben 's boss Mr. Henderson ( David S. Lee ) . Meanwhile , Riley and Tucker get involved with Sondra 's troubled married life , with Tucker getting caught up even deeper . 55 8 `` House of Cards '' Michael Lembeck Janae Bakken February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 4006 0.73 Tucker wants to end is relationship with Sondra , however she beats him to the punch by breaking up with him first . Tucker then reminisces about his ex-girlfriend from college named Olivia ( Aisha Dee ) . Danny then pulls some strings having Olivia show up to reunite with Tucker , not knowing that Tucker once married her , but only did so she could stay in the country to get her green card . Meanwhile , after being passed over for a promotion at her law firm by a male employee , Riley is encouraged by Bonnie to spend frivolously with the company credit card . 56 9 `` An Officer and a Gentle Ben '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 4007 0.78 Fleet Week makes its way to the city , with Ben and Tucker pretending to be in the navy to pick up women . Riley 's conflicting feelings for Danny begins to show when Robyn ( Christa B. Allen ) , a co-worker of hers , shows romantic interest in him . Bonnie turns down the marriage proposal of Hudson ( Isaiah Mustafa ) , a navy captain that she had sexual flings with in the past . 57 10 `` Happy Birthday Two You '' Michael Lembeck Frank Pines March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 4008 0.80 Ben is tasked to come with a surprise party for Bonnie 's birthday , in doing so he accidentally blurts out a family secret concerning Danny . While in the care of Riley and Tucker , Emma falls out of a chair and gets stitches on her head , with Riley and Tucker attempting to hide Emma 's injury from the Wheelers . 58 11 `` You Give Real Estate a Bad Name '' Michael Lembeck Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 4009 0.66 Bonnie and Brad compete to sell the penthouse that used to belong to Jon Bon Jovi . While Bonnie and Brad are competing , Riley and Tucker compete to have the penthouse for themselves before it is sold . After Ben and Robyn go to a concert as friends , Danny fears that Ben will put the romantic moves on her , knowing of Ben 's womanizing past . 59 12 `` A Love / Fate Relationship '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 4010 0.72 Riley feels it 's finally time to tell Danny about her feelings for him , just as he is about to go on a weekend getaway with Robyn . Seeing Tucker depressed from online dating , Ben and Bonnie create a secret admirer for him with the photo of a model . Only to find out that the model whose name is Christine ( Brittney Alger ) lives in the city and is an actual secret admirer of Tucker . 60 13 `` Home Is Where the Wheeler Is '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements June 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 03 ) 4011 0.77 Riley goes back to her childhood home in New Jersey seeking comfort from her mom Jennifer ( Alex Kapp Horner ) , and is embarrassed about Danny turning down her romantic feelings for him . Ben then goes to see Riley to have her come back . Evelyn , an elderly neighbor that lived across the hall from Ben and Tucker dies , with Bonnie trying to convince Ashley ( Lindsey Gort ) , Evelyn 's granddaughter and beneficiary into getting the listing for the vacant apartment . Bonnie then tries to get Danny to go on a date with Ashley , to get the listing , even though he is still dating Robyn . Tucker having been nice to Evelyn before she died , hopes to get a few valuable things that she promised him . 61 14 `` It Takes a Village Idiot '' Michael Lembeck Janae Bakken June 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 10 ) 4012 0.74 Tucker , Riley , Danny and Bonnie are all tired of being exploited by Ben who always passes off Emma to them to go on dates . They take a stand , with Ben having to fend for himself when taking care of Emma , all while continuing to have a dating life . Bonnie and Danny take a cooking class taught by Tommy Kwan ( Brian Tee ) , a popular chef who turns out to be a misogynist . With Danny not talking to Riley as much as he used to , she takes advice from Tucker and creates a fake boyfriend to try to make Danny jealous . Tucker also still pretends that he is still dating Christine , even though she has not spoken to him in weeks . 62 15 `` One Night Stand Off '' Michael Lembeck Ben Montanio & Vince Cheung June 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 17 ) 4013 0.63 Ben and Riley play a game of `` shot and score '' , first taking a shot of vodka and asking a random stranger out . Ben 's `` score '' is Jessica ( Hilty Bowen ) , who he sleeps with and later finds out that she is married to Ian ( Luke Cook ) , a restaurateur trying to buy the Bar on B. While Riley 's `` score '' is Ross ( Eddie Cibrian ) , an older man , who she sleeps with and later finds out is her boss at her law firm . Bonnie comes and goes from Riley 's office to make copies for her realty business . Danny and Tucker try to one - up each other teaching Emma bad habits and tricks . In the end , Danny buys the Bar on B and he and Ben now own it . 63 16 `` Lowering the Bar '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman June 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 24 ) 4014 0.80 Fearing that Ben and Danny do n't have what it takes to run the Bar on B , Bonnie tries sabotage the working relationship between her sons . Meanwhile , Tucker asks Riley to represent him in a court case that involved him nearly being hurt near a construction site . Judge Johnson ( Jackée Harry ) , the judge presiding over Tucker 's case , has a strong sexual attraction for him . 64 17 `` Wheeler War '' Michael Lembeck Joshua Malek July 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 01 ) 4015 0.84 To sabotage Riley and Ross ' relationship , Ben invites Ross to the boys ' game and poker nights . Riley responds by declaring a `` Wheeler War '' , a strenuous athletic competition . In the meantime , Bonnie competes in the war , because she wants to play poker with the boys , despite Tucker 's strong opposition . 65 18 `` Parental Guidance '' Michael Lembeck Marissa Berlin July 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 08 ) 4016 0.76 After getting a medical physical and waiting to hear the results for it , Ben is worried about who will be the legal guardian for Emma if he were to die . After some convincing he chooses Riley as Emma 's guardian and his medical physical results are fine . Brad pretending to his twin brother Tad tries to win Bonnie back . When Brad 's plan falls apart , he then stages a flash mob to the song `` All of Me '' and proposes to Bonnie , with her saying yes . 66 19 `` Ring Around the Party '' Michael Lembeck Frank Pines July 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 15 ) 4017 0.71 Bonnie hates the engagement ring that Brad gave her , with Tucker volunteering to make it is `` disappear '' . However , she soon regrets her decision after learning that the ring is an heirloom of Brad 's family . After being told about the past romantic relationship between Ben and Riley , Ross demands that Ben not show up to the cocktail party that Riley is throwing . After dating for a number of weeks , Danny is unable to figure out Ashley 's last name . 67 20 `` Till Dress Do Us Part '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements and Frank Pines July 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 22 ) 4018 0.62 Bonnie leaves Ben , Danny , Riley and Tucker responsible for watching her wedding dress , which undergoes one disaster after another . Meanwhile , Ben , Danny and Riley reminisce on their past love triangle entanglements . 68 21 `` What Happens in Vegas '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen & Heidi Clements July 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 29 ) 4019 0.93 Danny and Riley are appointed the best man and maid of honor respectively for Bonnie and Brad 's wedding . Danny and Riley are also both given the responsibility of planning the bachelor and bachelorette parties for Brad and Bonnie . Tucker takes his annual trip to Las Vegas to live his dream as a lounge singer , however Brad , Riley and the Wheelers intrude on his fun by also going to Vegas . Tired of hearing Ben talk about his love for Riley , Danny finally reveals his feelings for Riley to Ben and he does not take the news well . 69 22 `` It 's a Nice Day for a Wheeler Wedding '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen & Heidi Clements August 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) 4020 0.91 Bonnie and Brad 's wedding day closely arrives and the wedding planner bails the day the before the wedding . Therefore , Bonnie has her old friend Charlotte ( Reba McEntire ) plan the big day , until Tucker finds out that it was Charlotte who has been sabotaging the wedding day all along , as revenge for Bonnie sleeping with her fiance . Ben finally decides to step aside and let Danny and Riley become a couple , but it 's one crazy mishap after another to find common ground with their love . Bonnie and Charlotte later clear up their misunderstanding , that it was Charlotte 's other tall blonde friend that slept with her fiance not Bonnie . At the wedding ceremony with Ben officiating , he eggs Danny and Riley on to face their true feelings for each other ruining Bonnie and Brad 's ceremony . Danny then proposes to Riley , with her being hesitant to give him an answer . Season 5 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) On February 28 , 2015 , Baby Daddy was renewed for a fifth season . It premiered on February 3 , 2016 , under ABC Family 's new name Freeform . Allie Gonino was cast in a recurring role as Sam Saffe , a girl who applies for the manager position at the Bar on B. Ben also had a crush on her in high school and she was not very nice to Riley during that time . However , for unknown reasons , Daniella Monet replaced Gonino in the role . Production on the season began on August 17 , 2015 and was temporarily halted on October 26 , after Jean - Luc Bilodeau was hospitalized the weekend before . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` Love and Carriage '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 5001 0.62 Riley faints after being proposed to by Danny , and says that she has no memory of the proposal , it is later revealed that she faked the fainting and lied about forgetting , because she is not ready to take that next step in her relationship with Danny . With Danny and Riley now a couple , Ben decides to move on by setting a date with a woman named Zoey ( Jonna Walsh ) , who has just moved into the building , with Ben later finding out that she is pregnant . After having her wedding ruined by Danny and Riley , Bonnie asks for Tucker 's help so she and Brad can get married in private . 71 `` Reinventing the Wheeler '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 5002 0.48 When Emma starts calling women that she becomes close to `` mommy '' , Ben feels it is finally time to settle down and find the right woman for him , with a little help from Riley . To improve his performance on the ice , Danny and Bonnie smoke a stash of marijuana , the day before Danny is mandated to take a team drug test . 72 `` Ben - geance '' Michael Lembeck Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 5003 0.61 Sam Saffe ( Daniella Monet ) , a girl who went to high school with Ben , Danny and Riley , applies for the manager position at the Bar on B. Ben gives Sam the job , and plans to fire her later as revenge for not noticing him in their high school days . Even while Ben continues with his plan of vengeance , he continues to have romantic feelings for Sam . Danny has hard time telling Riley that her cooking is terrible . Fresh off her honeymoon with Brad , Bonnie already wants to divorce him . 73 `` The Tuck Stops Here '' Michael Lembeck Janae Bakken February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 5004 0.59 When a video of Mary Hart berating Tucker goes viral , thanks to Emma accidentally uploading it online , it 's up to Ben to try make things right . With Brad volunteering in Peru , after his brother Tad 's death , Bonnie is left alone and wants to spend all of her free time with Danny , much to Riley 's chagrin . 74 5 `` The Dating Game '' Michael Lembeck Frank Pines March 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 02 ) 5005 0.47 Ben finally wants to make the move and ask Sam on a date , but has Danny set up the date instead , which has Sam misunderstanding that Danny asked her out . Zoey is nervous about asking Ben out , and has Tucker set up the date for them , with Tucker misunderstanding that Zoey is into him . Riley is forced to take on a big divorce case of Joan Carpenter ( Ginifer King ) a frequent wine drinker , and the sister of one of the law firm partners . Riley then sets up Joan to hang out with Bonnie , unaware that Joan is a lesbian and learns that she has romantic feelings for Bonnie . 75 6 `` Never Ben Jealous '' Michael Lembeck Joshua Malek March 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) 5006 0.57 Ben wants to prove that Danny is jealous of Riley 's continued friendship with him , so he is willing to put himself in awkward situations involving Riley to get Danny in a jealous rage . Tucker continues to have casual sexual flings with Sondra , but ends up finally calling things off for good , having reached his patience with her annoying high - pitched voice . Tucker later ends up changing his mind , when he hears that Sondra 's voice is a lot more pleasant and deeper when she drinks alcohol , so he has her drink all the time when she is with him . Riley is tasked with giving a heartfelt speech to Benard Bender ( Tom Fitzpatrick ) , one of the elderly founding members of her law firm who is retiring . Bonnie plans to use the opportunity to get close to Mr. Bender to elevate her real estate business . 76 7 `` The Return of the Mommy '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) 5007 0.53 Angela is back in town , now with a hit TV show , after being a struggling actress for years . She wants to spend quality time with Emma , however Ben refuses to allow her to do so . Ben later changes his mind when Angela convinces him that she can pull some strings to get Emma admitted into a prestigious preschool . While Angela is spending time with Emma , Ben asks Riley to keep an eye on them . With Sam temporarily out of town , Bonnie takes over as manager of the Bar on B , and comes up with ridiculous ideas to boost business . After being fired by Mary Hart , Tucker writes an anonymous blog about her , and thinks that she is out to get revenge on him because of his demeaning posts . 77 8 `` Room - mating '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 5008 0.44 Ben attempts to get Sam to move into Danny 's room in his and Tucker 's place by stirring up conflict between Danny and Riley to question why they do n't live together , so they ultimately can . Bonnie gets hired by a big time real estate agency and hires Tucker as her assistant . 78 9 `` Stupid Cupid '' Michael Lembeck Frank Pines March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 5009 0.46 Riley tries to set up Ben and Zoey together , due to them both having the same interests , however , neither of them are willing to express their true feelings for each other . Danny and Tucker audition for the sportscasting and weatherman jobs respectively at their local news station , however , Tim Turner ( Cedric Yarbrough ) , the station manager , gives Danny the weatherman job . 79 10 `` Homecoming and Going '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 5010 0.59 Sam invites Ben , Danny and Riley to the Hamptons for a weekend getaway . Riley suspects that Sam will use the getaway as an opportunity to make romantic moves on Ben , now that Sam knows that he has romantic feelings for Zoey , and Riley still wanting Ben and Zoey to be together . An old home video of Ben , Danny , Riley and Sam at a homecoming party back in their high school days uncovers hidden secrets . A misunderstanding via FaceTime , has Bonnie believing that Brad has met someone else in his trip to Peru . While Ben , Danny and Sam are away , Tucker has the apartment all to himself , until Bonnie leaves Emma with him to mingle after being `` heartbroken '' by Brad . On Bonnie 's night out , she meets Luther ( Jonathan Silverman ) , an absent - minded , bumbling guy . 80 11 `` Trial by Liar '' Michael Lembeek Janae Bakken June 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 01 ) 5011 0.57 Riley is still heartbroken about finding out that Danny and Sam slept with each other back in high school and puts in Danny in a mock trial over her broken heart . Ben blackmails Zoey into pretending to date him , to get over losing the opportunity he had to sleep with Sam , despite the fact that Zoey is back together with her baby 's father , Aaron . A fight then erupts at the Bar on B , between Ben and Aaron , which lands both men in jail . 81 12 `` Ben - Semination '' Michael Lembeck Vince Cheung & Ben Montana June 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 08 ) 5012 0.59 With encouragement from Tucker , Ben decides to donate his sperm to a sperm bank to make some extra cash , while Tucker uses the opportunity to get close with the attractive nurse working at the sperm bank . However , Ben begins to have second thoughts about donating after finding out that a couple choose his sperm to have their child . Danny and Riley must follow through with planning an engagement party for a couple that they previously set up . Bonnie and Riley 's mom Jennifer use the party to get Danny and Riley back together . 82 13 `` High School Diplomacy '' Michael Lembeck Joshua Malek June 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 15 ) 5013 0.80 To be good role model to Emma , Ben reveals that he did n't graduate from high school , and proceeds get his diploma . It is also revealed that Bonnie did n't graduate either , so they both must take a makeup biology exam to get their diplomas . In preparing for his exam , Ben becomes attracted to the exam proctor and his old biology teacher Sara Gilcrest ( Jamie - Lynn Sigler ) . Bonnie is too lazy to study for the exam , so she has Tucker help her cheat . Danny , Sam and Riley are inducted in their old high school athletic hall of fame , with Sam and Riley both being upset that Danny has a prime position in the school for his display while they get terrible ones . 83 14 `` Not So Great Grandma '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements June 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) 5014 0.61 Bonnie 's mother , Nana Lyle ( Loni Anderson ) visits , bringing up unresolved feelings between Bonnie and her . To better perform at their jobs , Riley and Tucker take an improv acting class held by Stanley Dexenberry ( Tim Bagley ) , an eccentric stage actor . 84 15 `` Unholy Matrimony '' Michael Lembeck Kirill Baru & Eric Zimmerman June 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) 5015 0.59 Ben pretends to be Brad , to impress Bonnie 's co-workers , who do not believe Bonnie when she says that she is married to a hot younger guy . As part of a publicity stunt , Danny agrees to date Elena Rios ( Alicia Sanz ) , a movie star from Spain . This immediately makes Riley jealous thinking Danny and Elena 's relationship is real , having her rekindle her romantic relationship her boss Ross . Tucker is anxious to use Danny and Elena 's publicity stunt scoop as his big break for his entertainment reporting career . 85 16 `` Double Date Double Down '' Michael Lembeek Frank Pines July 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) 5016 0.56 As the relationships between Ben and Sara and Riley and Ross continue on , both Ben and Riley become tired of their partners and agree to go on a double date to try to come up with whatever they can to have their partners break up with them . Bonnie and Tucker begin betting on Danny 's hockey games . 86 17 `` The Love Seat '' Michael Lembeck Janae Bakken July 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) 5017 0.58 Ben finds an old beat up chair in the street which serves as the centerpiece of misunderstandings between him and Sam , as well as Danny and Riley , with secret admirer notes being left on the chair . Bonnie and Riley assist Tucker on his exposé on the harsh world of child pageantry , by having Emma sign up as a competitor . 87 18 `` She Said , Ben Said '' Michael Lembeck Jen Howell July 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 20 ) 5018 0.54 Ben and Sam are finally a couple , and decide to have their first date . However , misunderstandings on what they want on the date , lead to Danny and Riley getting involved in their relationship , making matters worse . Tucker is dating his dad 's secretary Rene ( Chelsea Harris ) . After getting suspicious assumptions from Bonnie , Tucker begins to believe that his dad is also dating Rene . 88 19 `` Condom Conundrum '' Michael Lembeck Ben Montanio & Vince Cheung July 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) 5019 0.48 Emma pokes holes in Ben 's condoms using Bonnie 's lost earring . Danny and Tucker have also been using Ben 's condoms causing a pregnancy scare among the guys fearing that their respective significant others Riley , Rene and Sam are pregnant . Riley has difficulty dealing with an incompetent new assistant and asks for Bonnie 's advice on firing him . 89 20 `` My Fair Emma '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen & Heidi Clements August 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 03 ) 5020 0.56 While booking a booth for the Bar on B for a street festival , Ben completely forgets about Emma 's birthday , so he plans to celebrate Emma while also looking after the booth . Danny gets an offer to play for the Vancouver Canucks , putting his relationship with Riley in jeopardy . Tucker gets an entertainment reporting job in Los Angeles . Brad returns from Peru with a new bearded look and a new outlook on life , instantly turning off Bonnie . After a pony accident leaving Emma with a broken arm , everyone agrees to stay in New York to continue to help Ben raise Emma . Riley then reveals that she is pregnant with Danny 's child . Ben feels that he may have met the girl of his dreams , despite only spending brief moments together with her . Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) On June 27 , 2016 , Freeform renewed the series for a sixth season . It premiered on March 13 , 2017 . On May 13 , 2017 , it was announced that the series would end this season with the 100th episode . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 90 `` To Elle and Back '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 6001 0.61 Ben continues his quest to find the mystery girl that he met at the dry cleaners months ago . He then ends up sleeping with Olivia ( Natalie Dreyfuss ) and Amanda ( Victoria Park ) , who he later finds out are friends with his mystery girl , whose name is Elle ( Katie Gill ) . Riley is already stressed out carrying Danny 's child , in addition she does not want to deal with Bonnie overseeing her pregnancy . She tells Danny to encourage Bonnie to go on a year - long trip with Brad . Tucker returns home from Los Angeles and refuses to give details on why he had such a bad experience there . 91 `` Pro and Con '' Michael Lembeck Frank Pines March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 6002 0.41 Ben is convinced that Tucker 's latest fling Kiki ( Nathalia Castellon ) is a prostitute , and with Danny 's help is willing to prove all that he can that he is right . Just as Bonnie and Brad are about go on their year - long trip , Brad is arrested for real estate fraud with Bonnie then pressuring Riley to represent him in his case . 92 `` Ben Rides a Unicorn '' Michael Lembeck Eric Zimmerman & Kirill Baru March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) 6003 0.50 Ben moves Emma into Danny 's old room , and finally has his old room to himself since Emma 's arrival . To christen his room , Ben has fallen for a `` unicorn '' , a woman who just wants sex and no emotional ties , which makes Ben very happy proving Riley wrong . Danny accomplishes his lifelong dream of fighting in a wrestling match , his opponent is Ryan Davidson ( John Hennigan ) , who trained with Danny at the New York Rangers training camp and previously slept with Bonnie . 93 `` A Mother of a Day '' Michael Lembeck Ben Montanio & Vince Cheung April 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 03 ) 6004 0.41 Tucker is nominated for a prestigious television production award for the Mother 's Day special that he produced back when he worked for Mary Hart . When Ben suggests that he invites his emotionally cold mother Dr. Joanne Dobbs ( Tricia O'Kelley ) to the award ceremony , Bonnie instead steps in pretending to be Tucker 's mom . Riley is up for the junior partner position at her law firm , but has not told them about her pregnancy fearing it will effect her promotion . 94 5 `` When Elle Freezes Over '' Michael Lembeck Janae Bakken April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 6005 0.47 Sam re-enters Ben 's life just as Bonnie is hired by Elle , the mystery girl that Ben has been looking for . Bonnie feels that Elle ( who is going by her full first name Elizabeth ) is the right girl for Ben , despite the fact that Ben and Sam are now fully back together . Tucker is desperate to play the male lead in an ice skating show starring the actress from his favorite children 's program that he watches with Emma . Riley begins spending more time with Emma as practice before her baby is born . 95 6 `` The Third Wheeler '' Michael Lembeck Joshua Malek April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 6006 0.45 Danny stresses out Riley with advice from his baby parenting book , so Ben comes to the rescue to take Riley away on a hiking trip in the woods . Bonnie learns that her and Brad 's boss Luis Bustamonte ( Juan Monsalvez ) is responsible for Brad being arrested for real estate fraud , so she asks Tucker for help to get a confession from Luis . 96 7 `` The Sonny - Moon '' Michael Lembeck Heidi Clements April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 6007 0.33 Ben and Danny compete to go on a cruise with Bonnie . Meanwhile , Tucker accompanies Riley to a lamaze class and runs into Adrienne ( Davida Williams ) , his ex-girlfriend from high school . Tucker then asks Riley to pretend to be his wife , to make it look like his life is super successful since Adrienne dumped him back in high school . 97 8 `` You Cruise , You Lose '' Michael Lembeck Eric Zimmerman & Kirill Baru May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 6008 0.47 Annabelle ( Alex Frnka ) , a bride having second thoughts about her wedding shows up at the bar claiming that Ben is her soulmate , even though Ben has absolutely no memory of her . Bonnie stows away on the cruise trip that was originally planned for her and Brad , later giving the tickets to Danny and Riley . Bonnie then makes a deal with Danny to try to get Riley to marry him on the trip , even though Riley does not want to get married yet because she is self - conscious about her pregnancy . After getting kicked off the cruise because of Bonnie 's shenanigans , Danny and Riley finally tie the knot at Ben and Tucker 's place . 98 9 `` The Rebound '' Michael Lembeck Vince Cheung & Ben Montanio May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 6009 0.42 Sondra is recently dumped and Ben volunteers to be her `` rebound guy '' so Tucker ( whose romantic feelings for Sondra have re-ignited ) can swoop in to have a serious relationship with her again . Riley tells Danny that she wants to move out of the building for a bigger apartment for when the baby is born , Danny then tries his best to fix their place unbeknownst to Riley . Bonnie with Riley 's help , stay in a department store after hours to get an extravagant crib for Riley 's baby at half price . 99 10 `` What 's in the Box ? ! '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 6010 0.46 Brad 's trial finally begins , with Riley being completely reliant on an impending box of evidence to prove Brad 's innocence . Ben and Danny go to extra lengths to find out the sex of Danny and Riley 's baby . With Judge Johnson presiding over Brad 's case , Tucker uses the opportunity to audition to be her sidekick for her upcoming syndicated court show . 100 11 `` Daddy 's Girl '' Michael Lembeck Dan Berendsen May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 6011 0.54 An upcoming recital at Emma 's dance class has her questioning where her mother is , with Ben wondering about his future as a single dad . Tucker helps Danny find a push gift to mark Riley 's impending labor . Elle tracks Ben down at the dance recital , however they finally meet at Riley 's delivery room where she finally gives birth after numerous false alarms . Ben finds out that Elle is a doctor , she then delivers Riley 's baby and Ben and Elle begin their courtship . In the end , Ben talks to Emma and tells her despite him dating Elle , Emma will always be the number one girl in his life . Ratings ( edit ) Baby Daddy : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Episode number Average 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1.65 1.72 1.44 1.10 1.39 1.10 1.12 1.32 1.25 1.40 N / A 1.35 0.86 0.80 0.90 0.72 1.02 0.85 0.71 1.02 0.83 1.02 0.87 0.74 0.92 1.35 1.27 1.11 N / A 0.91 1.10 1.10 1.29 1.03 0.98 0.84 0.86 0.79 0.73 0.90 0.87 0.92 0.88 0.79 0.91 0.71 0.75 0.92 0.78 0.69 0.80 N / A 0.89 0.89 0.78 0.96 0.75 0.80 0.61 0.65 0.73 0.78 0.80 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.74 0.63 0.80 0.84 0.76 0.71 0.62 0.93 0.91 0.77 5 0.62 0.48 0.61 0.59 0.47 0.57 0.53 0.44 0.46 0.59 0.57 0.59 0.80 0.61 0.59 0.56 0.58 0.54 0.48 0.56 N / A 0.56 6 0.61 0.41 0.50 0.41 0.47 0.45 0.33 0.47 0.42 0.46 0.54 N / A 0.46 Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Baby Daddy on Freeform '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Dallas ' , + ' Royal Pains ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Barter Kings ' , ' Necessary Roughness ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Dallas ' and ' Royal Pains ' Win Night , ' Necessary Roughness ' , ' Baby Daddy ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Espy Awards ' Win Night , ' Royal Pains ' , ' Dallas ' , ' Necessary Roughness ' , ' Baby Daddy ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Wins night + ' Dallas ' , ' Resaurant Impossible ' , ' Necessary Roughness ' , ' Barter Kings ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Tops Night + ' Dallas , ' ' Necessary Roughness , ' ' The Exes ' and More '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Dallas ' Wins Night , + ' Royal Pains ' , ' Operation Repo ' , ' Barter Kings ' , ' Necessary Roughness ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Dallas ' Wins Night , ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' , ' Restaurant Impossible ' , ' Daily Show ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' , ' Futurama ' ' The Exes ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . August 9 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Dallas ' Wins Night , ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' , ' Restaurant Impossible ' , ' Daily Show ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' , ' Futurama ' ' The Exes ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Daily Preliminary Broadcast Cable Finals Broadcast Finals ( August 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' & ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' Win Night , ' Storage Wars Texas ' , ' Necessary Roughness ' , ' Baby Daddy ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' Wins Night , + FOX RNC Coverage , ' Storage Wars Texas ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' American Hoggers ' , ' Daily Show ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ABC Family Sets Summer Premiere Dates '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ABC Family Renews ' Baby Daddy ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' & ' Switched At Birth ' , Gives Back Order To ' Bunheads ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Renews ' Melissa & Joey ' , ' Baby Daddy ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & Orders Additional Episodes of ' Bunheads ' - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . August 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle XY Reunion with Matt Dallas on Baby Daddy '' . ABC Family . Jump up ^ Richard Steven Hack . `` ABC Family Casts Lacey Chabert and Grace Phipps to Guest Star in New Episodes of Original Series ' Baby Daddy ' - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / waynebrady : Here at producer 's run through '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings : Blackhawks / Red Wings Finale Tops Originals '' . The Futon Critic . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings : NBC Sports Network Leads Originals with NHL Playoffs '' . The Futon Critic . June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains , ' ' Necessary Roughness ' Return on Top for USA '' . The Futon Critic . June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Futurama ' & ' Royal Pains ' Win Night + ' Necessary Roughness ' , ' Daily Show ' , ' South Beach Tow ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Royal Pains ' Wins Night , ' Necessary Roughness ' , ' Franklin & Bash ' , ' Futurama ' , ' Toddlers & Tiaras ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings : `` The Challenge , '' `` The Bridge '' Lead Demo Race `` . The Futon Critic . July 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Wednesday 's Cable Ratings : ESPY Awards , `` Honey Boo Boo '' Lead Demo Race `` . TheFutonCritic.com . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Wednesday 's Cable Ratings : `` Royal Pains '' Tops Viewers , `` The Challenge '' Leads Demos `` . TheFutonCritic.com . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - Wednesday 's Cable Ratings : `` Royal Pains '' Tops Viewers , `` Honey Boo Boo '' Leads Demos `` . TheFutonCritic.com . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings : `` Shark Week '' Again Top Demos , `` Royal Pains '' Leads Viewers `` . TheFutonCritic.com . August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings : `` Duck Dynasty '' Returns Big for A&E `` . TheFutonCritic.com . August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Dominates + ' Modern Dads ' , ' Deal With It ' , ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ratings - ABC Family 's `` Melissa & Joey '' Sets Season Highs ; `` Baby Daddy '' Hits 4 - Week Highs in Target Demos `` . TheFutonCritic.com . August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' Modern Dads ' , ' Futurama ' , ' Royal Pains ' , ' The Bridge ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DarkUFO ( December 8 , 2013 ) . `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Wednesday 11th December 2013 Spoilers '' . Spoilertv.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baby Daddy ' Renewed for Season 3 by ABC Family - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baby Daddy ' : Another ' Kyle XY ' reunion when Bruce Thomas guest stars - Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . August 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode Title : ( # 3007 ) `` The Bet '' , Listings - BABY DADDY on ABC FAMILY `` . TheFutonCritic.com . Jump up ^ `` Episode Title : ( # 3003 ) `` Lights ! Camera ! No Action ! '' , Listings - BABY DADDY on ABC FAMILY `` . TheFutonCritic.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Baby Daddy ' welcomes Lucy Hale and a Season 2 finale flashback to Riley 's sweet 16 party - Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . September 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / D_DELUISE : @ ChelseaKane excited to work '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Followtheblonde : Love having the very handsome '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Followtheblonde : Having fun with @ markdecarlo '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Getting notes before show time ! ... '' melissapeterman Instagram . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' American Horror Story ' , ' Crazy Hearts : Nashville ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' American Horror Story ' , ' Wahlburgers ' , ' Workaholics ' , ' Psych ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night + ' American Horror Story ' , NBA Basketball , ' Wahlburgers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : Demos Belong to `` American Idol , '' `` Modern Family '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Workaholics ' Leads Night + College Basketball , ' Men at Work ' and More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Leads Night + ' Wahlburgers ' , ' The Real World ' , ' Workaholics ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Modern Family '' Tops Demos , `` Criminal Minds '' Leads Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Workaholics ' Leads Night + NBA Basketball , ' The Real World : Ex-Plosion ' , ' Wahlburgers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : CBS Tops Viewers , Demos with `` CSI , '' `` Survivor '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Finale Tops Night + NBA Basketball , ' Psych ' , ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American PIckers ' Wins Night , ' Workaholics ' , ' Real World Ex-Plosion ' , ' Baby Daddy ' , ' The Americans ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Tops Night + ' American Pickers ' , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Pickers ' Wins Night , NBA Basketball , ' Bring It ! ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' , ' The Americans ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Leads Night + ' American Pickers ' , ' Inside the NBA Playoffs ' , ' Bring It ! ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Bring It ! ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Baby Daddy ' , ' The Americans ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Criminal Minds , '' `` Modern Family '' Hold Onto Top Spots `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Modern Family '' Tops Demos , `` Criminal Minds '' Leads Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Catfish ' , ' The World Wars ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Ammanda ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' CMT Music Awards ' Win Night + ' Catfish ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Dual Survival ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` Duck Dynasty '' Returns as Demo Champ `` . thefutoncritic . June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` So You Think You Can Dance '' Tops Originals in Viewers , Demos `` . thefutoncritic . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Melissa & Joey ' & ' Baby Daddy ' Renewed for Season 4 by ABC Family & Network Orders 3 Drama Pilots '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Chasing Life ' Actress Boards ABC Family 's ' Baby Daddy ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Christa B. Allen to Guest Star in Season Four of ABC Family 's Hit Comedy ' Baby Daddy ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Eddie Cibrian lands multi-episode arc on ' Baby Daddy ' -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Baby Daddy ' Stages ' Sister , Sister ' Reunion ( Sort Of ) ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episode Title : ( # 4020 ) `` It 's a Nice Day for a Wheeler Wedding '' , Listings - BABY DADDY on ABC FAMILY `` . TheFutonCritic.com . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Reba McEntire Reuniting with Reba Co-Star on Baby Daddy '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix '' . Netflix . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baby Daddy : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals : 6.3. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals : 6.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals : 6.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals : 6.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' Suits ' , Copa Oro , ' Wahlburgers ' ' The Game ' , ' Stephen Universe ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Tops Night + ' The Game ' , ' Catfish ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Suits ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Duck Dynasty ' Wins Night , ' The Game ' , ' Wahlburgers ' , ' Suits ' , ' Mr. Robot ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Baby Daddy ' Renewed for Fifth Season by ABC Family '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Swift ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Baby Daddy ' Season 5 Spoilers -- Allie Gonino Cast As Ben 's New Crush '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clevver News ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Cast of Baby Daddy Create Their Own Wedding Vows ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heather Thompson ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Chelsea Kane Welcomes Daniella Monet to the `` Baby Daddy '' Cast `` . J - 14 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Baby Daddy ' Star Jean - Luc Bilodeau Injured : Season 5 Production Delayed '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Aaron Couch ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' Baby Daddy ' Star Jean - Luc Bilodeau Hospitalized After Being Burned at Halloween Party '' . People . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baby Daddy TV show on Freeform : ratings ( cancel or renew ? ) '' . canceled TV shows - TV Series Finale . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.17. 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.24. 2016 '' . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.2. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.9. 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.16. 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.23. 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.30. 2016 '' . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.6. 2016 '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Baby Daddy TV show on Freeform : ratings ( cancel or renew ? ) '' . 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' The Challenge : Rivals lll ' ticks up '' . 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' The Challenge : Rivals lll ' holds steady '' . 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2016 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( 27 June 2016 ) . `` Baby Daddy Renewed for Season 6 '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Baby Daddy ' Season 6 : Release Date , Casts , And More '' . January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( May 13 , 2017 ) . `` Baby Daddy Ending With Season 6 '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( May 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Baby Daddy ' Canceled : Freeform 's Long - Running Comedy Ends At Episode 100 '' . Deadline . ^ Jump up to : `` Baby Daddy : Season Six Ratings '' . tvseriesfinale.com . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For the first season , see `` Baby Daddy : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . For the second season , see `` Baby Daddy : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . For the third season , see `` Baby Daddy : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . For the fourth season , see `` Baby Daddy : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . For the fifth season , see `` Baby Daddy : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . For the sixth season , see `` Baby Daddy : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) List of Baby Daddy episodes at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Baby_Daddy_episodes&oldid=866513175 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Magyar Polski Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the last episode of baby daddy | [
"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date Prod.code U.S. viewers(millions)901\"To Elle and Back\"Michael LembeckHeidi ClementsMarch 13, 2017 (2017-03-13)60010.61[109]\nBen continues his quest to find the mystery girl that he met at the dry cleaners months ago. He then ends up sleeping with Olivia (Natalie Dreyfuss) and Amanda (Victoria Park), who he later finds out are friends with his mystery girl, whose name is Elle (Katie Gill). Riley is already stressed out carrying Danny's child, in addition she does not want to deal with Bonnie overseeing her pregnancy. She tells Danny to encourage Bonnie to go on a year-long trip with Brad. Tucker returns home from Los Angeles and refuses to give details on why he had such a bad experience there.\n912\"Pro and Con\"Michael LembeckFrank PinesMarch 20, 2017 (2017-03-20)60020.41[109]\nBen is convinced that Tucker's latest fling Kiki (Nathalia Castellon) is a prostitute, and with Danny's help is willing to prove all that he can that he is right. Just as Bonnie and Brad are about go on their year-long trip, Brad is arrested for real estate fraud with Bonnie then pressuring Riley to represent him in his case.923\"Ben Rides a Unicorn\"Michael LembeckEric Zimmerman & Kirill BaruMarch 27, 2017 (2017-03-27)60030.50[109]\nBen moves Emma into Danny's old room, and finally has his old room to himself since Emma's arrival. To christen his room, Ben has fallen for a \"unicorn\", a woman who just wants sex and no emotional ties, which makes Ben very happy proving Riley wrong. Danny accomplishes his lifelong dream of fighting in a wrestling match, his opponent is Ryan Davidson (John Hennigan), who trained with Danny at the New York Rangers training camp and previously slept with Bonnie.\n934\"A Mother of a Day\"Michael LembeckBen Montanio & Vince CheungApril 3, 2017 (2017-04-03)60040.41[109]\nTucker is nominated for a prestigious television production award for the Mother's Day special that he produced back when he worked for Mary Hart. When Ben suggests that he invites his emotionally cold mother Dr. Joanne Dobbs (Tricia O'Kelley) to the award ceremony, Bonnie instead steps in pretending to be Tucker's mom. Riley is up for the junior partner position at her law firm, but has not told them about her pregnancy fearing it will effect her promotion.\n945\"When Elle Freezes Over\"Michael LembeckJanae BakkenApril 10, 2017 (2017-04-10)60050.47[109]\nSam re-enters Ben's life just as Bonnie is hired by Elle, the mystery girl that Ben has been looking for. Bonnie feels that Elle (who is going by her full first name Elizabeth) is the right girl for Ben, despite the fact that Ben and Sam are now fully back together. Tucker is desperate to play the male lead in an ice skating show starring the actress from his favorite children's program that he watches with Emma. Riley begins spending more time with Emma as practice before her baby is born.\n956\"The Third Wheeler\"Michael LembeckJoshua MalekApril 17, 2017 (2017-04-17)60060.45[109]\nDanny stresses out Riley with advice from his baby parenting book, so Ben comes to the rescue to take Riley away on a hiking trip in the woods. Bonnie learns that her and Brad's boss Luis Bustamonte (Juan Monsalvez) is responsible for Brad being arrested for real estate fraud, so she asks Tucker for help to get a confession from Luis.\n967\"The Sonny-Moon\"Michael LembeckHeidi ClementsApril 24, 2017 (2017-04-24)60070.33[109]\nBen and Danny compete to go on a cruise with Bonnie. Meanwhile, Tucker accompanies Riley to a lamaze class and runs into Adrienne (Davida Williams), his ex-girlfriend from high school. Tucker then asks Riley to pretend to be his wife, to make it look like his life is super successful since Adrienne dumped him back in high school.\n978\"You Cruise, You Lose\"Michael LembeckEric Zimmerman & Kirill BaruMay 1, 2017 (2017-05-01)60080.47[109]\nAnnabelle (Alex Frnka), a bride having second thoughts about her wedding shows up at the bar claiming that Ben is her soulmate, even though Ben has absolutely no memory of her. Bonnie stows away on the cruise trip that was originally planned for her and Brad, later giving the tickets to Danny and Riley. Bonnie then makes a deal with Danny to try to get Riley to marry him on the trip, even though Riley does not want to get married yet because she is self-conscious about her pregnancy. After getting kicked off the cruise because of Bonnie's shenanigans, Danny and Riley finally tie the knot at Ben and Tucker's place.\n989\"The Rebound\"Michael LembeckVince Cheung & Ben MontanioMay 8, 2017 (2017-05-08)60090.42[110]\nSondra is recently dumped and Ben volunteers to be her \"rebound guy\" so Tucker (whose romantic feelings for Sondra have re-ignited) can swoop in to have a serious relationship with her again. Riley tells Danny that she wants to move out of the building for a bigger apartment for when the baby is born, Danny then tries his best to fix their place unbeknownst to Riley. Bonnie with Riley's help, stay in a department store after hours to get an extravagant crib for Riley's baby at half price.\n9910\"What's in the Box?!\"Michael LembeckDan BerendsenMay 15, 2017 (2017-05-15)60100.46[111]\nBrad's trial finally begins, with Riley being completely reliant on an impending box of evidence to prove Brad's innocence. Ben and Danny go to extra lengths to find out the sex of Danny and Riley's baby. With Judge Johnson presiding over Brad's case, Tucker uses the opportunity to audition to be her sidekick for her upcoming syndicated court show.\n10011\"Daddy's Girl\"Michael LembeckDan BerendsenMay 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)60110.54[112]\nAn upcoming recital at Emma's dance class has her questioning where her mother is, with Ben wondering about his future as a single dad. Tucker helps Danny find a push gift to mark Riley's impending labor. Elle tracks Ben down at the dance recital, however they finally meet at Riley's delivery room where she finally gives birth after numerous false alarms. Ben finds out that Elle is a doctor, she then delivers Riley's baby and Ben and Elle begin their courtship. In the end, Ben talks to Emma and tells her despite him dating Elle, Emma will always be the number one girl in his life."
] | [
"\"Daddy's Girl\""
] |
-1520621007069376467 | List of Test cricket hat-tricks | List of Test cricket hat - tricks - wikipedia List of Test cricket hat - tricks Jump to : navigation , search English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat - tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011 and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014 . In the sport of cricket , a hat - trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries . As of 31 July 2017 , this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches , the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days ' duration . The first Test hat - trick was recorded on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match to take place , by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth , nicknamed `` The Demon Bowler '' , who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017 . At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat - trick . A player has taken two hat - tricks in the same Test match only once . Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England , leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat - trick in South Africa 's first and second innings , both taken on 28 May 1912 . He completed both hat - tricks by dismissing South Africa 's Tommy Ward . Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat - trick : Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble ( two years apart , between the same teams at the same ground ) , Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram ( just over a week apart , in consecutive matches between the same teams ) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad . Three players have taken a hat - trick on their Test debut : English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 , New Zealand off - spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 , and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 . Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat - trick , taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career . During the match in which he took his hat - trick , Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match . Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat - trick on his birthday , and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat - trick in the same Test match . Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat - trick where the wickets fell over three overs . He took a wicket with the final ball of an over . With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings . He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings . In the five - match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970 , a hat - trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match , at Headingley ( the last three of four wickets in five balls ) . These matches were considered to be Tests at the time , but that status was later removed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Test hat - tricks 2 By team 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Test hat - tricks ( edit ) Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat - trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match . Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat - trick for England , four years after Spofforth achieved the feat . Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat - trick , achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904 . Courtney Walsh 's hat - trick in 1988 was spread across two innings . In Australia 's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings . Wasim Akram took two hat - tricks in the space of nine days in 1999 . When Peter Siddle took a hat - trick for Australia in 2010 , his final victim was Stuart Broad . Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat - trick . Key Symbol Meaning Bowler The name of the bowler For The team for which the bowler was playing Against The team against which the bowler was playing Inn . The innings ( first or second ) in which the hat - trick was achieved Test The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams Dismissals The three players dismissed by the bowler Venue The venue where the hat - trick was achieved Date The date on which the hat - trick was achieved Ref . Reference List of Test cricket hat - tricks No . Bowler For Against Inn . Test Dismissals Venue Date Ref . Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth Australia England 1 / 1 Vernon Royle ( b ) Francis MacKinnon ( b ) Tom Emmett ( c Tom Horan ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 2 January 1879 Bates , Billy Billy Bates England Australia 2 / 3 Percy McDonnell ( b ) George Giffen ( c and b ) George Bonnor ( c Walter Read ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 20 January 1883 Briggs , Johnny Johnny Briggs England Australia 2 / 3 Walter Giffen ( b ) Jack Blackham ( lbw ) Sydney Callaway ( c W.G. Grace ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 February 1892 Lohmann , George George Lohmann England South Africa 1 / 3 Frederick Cook ( b ) Bonnor Middleton ( b ) Joseph Willoughby ( c Tom Hayward ) St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 14 February 1896 Hearne , Jack Jack Hearne England Australia 3 / 5 Clem Hill ( b ) Syd Gregory ( c Archie MacLaren ) Monty Noble ( c Ranjitsinhji ) Headingley , Leeds 30 June 1899 6 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 2 / 5 John Gunn ( c Sammy Jones ) Arthur Jones ( c Joe Darling ) Sydney Barnes ( c and b ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 4 January 1902 7 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 5 / 5 Bernard Bosanquet ( c Algy Gehrs ) Plum Warner ( c and b ) Dick Lilley ( lbw ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 8 March 1904 8 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Rolland Beaumont ( b ) Sid Pegler ( lbw ) Tommy Ward ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 9 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Herbie Taylor ( b ) Reggie Schwarz ( c and b ) Tommy Ward ( c and b ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 10 Allom , Maurice Maurice Allom England New Zealand 1 / 4 Tom Lowry ( lbw ) Ken James ( c Tich Cornford ) Ted Badcock ( b ) Lancaster Park , Christchurch 10 January 1930 11 Goddard , Tom Tom Goddard England South Africa 1 / 5 Dudley Nourse ( c and b ) Norman Gordon ( st Leslie Ames ) Billy Wade ( b ) Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 26 December 1938 12 Loader , Peter Peter Loader England West Indies 4 / 5 John Goddard ( b ) Sonny Ramadhin ( c Fred Trueman ) Roy Gilchrist ( b ) Headingley , Leeds 25 July 1957 13 Kline , Lindsay Lindsay Kline Australia South Africa 2 / 5 Eddie Fuller ( c Richie Benaud ) Hugh Tayfield ( lbw ) Neil Adcock ( c Bob Simpson ) Newlands , Cape Town 3 January 1958 14 Hall , Wes Wes Hall West Indies Pakistan 3 / 3 Mushtaq Mohammed ( lbw ) Fazal Mahmood ( c Garfield Sobers ) Nasim - ul - Ghani ( b ) Bagh - e-Jinnah , Lahore 29 March 1959 15 Griffin , Geoff Geoff Griffin South Africa England 2 / 5 M.J.K. Smith ( c John Waite ) Peter Walker ( b ) Fred Trueman ( b ) Lord 's , London 24 June 1960 16 Gibbs , Lance Lance Gibbs West Indies Australia 4 / 5 Ken Mackay ( lbw ) Wally Grout ( c Garfield Sobers ) Frank Misson ( b ) Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 30 January 1961 17 Petherick , Peter Peter Petherick New Zealand Pakistan 1 / 3 Javed Miandad ( c Richard Hadlee ) Wasim Raja ( c and b ) Intikhab Alam ( c Geoff Howarth ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 9 October 1976 18 Walsh , Courtney Courtney Walsh West Indies Australia 1 & 2 1 / 5 Tony Dodemaide ( c Viv Richards ) Mike Veletta ( c Carl Hooper ) Graeme Wood ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 18 -- 20 November 1988 19 Hughes , Merv Merv Hughes Australia West Indies 1 & 2 2 / 5 Curtly Ambrose ( c Ian Healy ) Patrick Patterson ( c Tony Dodemaide ) Gordon Greenidge ( lbw ) WACA , Perth 3 -- 4 December 1988 20 Fleming , Damien Damien Fleming Australia Pakistan 2 / 3 Aamer Malik ( c Michael Bevan ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( lbw ) Saleem Malik ( c Ian Healy ) Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi 9 October 1994 21 Warne , Shane Shane Warne Australia England 2 / 5 Phil DeFreitas ( lbw ) Darren Gough ( c Ian Healy ) Devon Malcolm ( c David Boon ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 29 December 1994 22 Cork , Dominic Dominic Cork England West Indies 4 / 6 Richie Richardson ( b ) Junior Murray ( lbw ) Carl Hooper ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 30 July 1995 23 Gough , Darren Darren Gough England Australia 5 / 5 Ian Healy ( c Warren Hegg ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Colin Miller ( b ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 January 1999 24 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 4 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Niroshan Bandaratilleke ( b ) Pramodya Wickramasinghe ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 6 March 1999 25 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 4 / 4 Avishka Gunawardene ( c Shahid Afridi ) Chaminda Vaas ( b ) Mahela Jayawardene ( c Wajahatullah Wasti ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 14 March 1999 26 Nuwan Zoysa Sri Lanka Zimbabwe 2 / 3 Trevor Gripper ( lbw ) Murray Goodwin ( c Romesh Kaluwitharana ) Neil Johnson ( lbw ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 26 November 1999 27 Abdul Razzaq Pakistan Sri Lanka 2 / 3 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Rangana Herath ( lbw ) Ravi Pushpakumara ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 21 June 2000 28 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath Australia West Indies 2 / 5 Sherwin Campbell ( c Ricky Ponting ) Brian Lara ( c Stuart MacGill ) Jimmy Adams ( c Justin Langer ) WACA , Perth 1 December 2000 29 Harbhajan Singh India Australia 2 / 3 Ricky Ponting ( lbw ) Adam Gilchrist ( lbw ) Shane Warne ( c Sadagoppan Ramesh ) Eden Gardens , Calcutta 11 March 2001 30 Mohammad Sami Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 3 Charitha Buddhika ( lbw ) Nuwan Zoysa ( lbw ) Muttiah Muralitharan ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 8 March 2002 31 Lawson , Jermaine Jermaine Lawson West Indies Australia 1 & 2 3 / 4 Brett Lee ( b ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Justin Langer ( lbw ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 2 -- 5 May 2003 32 Alok Kapali Bangladesh Pakistan 2 / 3 Shabbir Ahmed ( c Mashrafe Mortaza ) Danish Kaneria ( lbw ) Umar Gul ( lbw ) Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 29 August 2003 33 Blignaut , Andy Andy Blignaut Zimbabwe Bangladesh 1 / 2 Hannan Sarkar ( lbw ) Mohammad Ashraful ( c sub ( Travis Friend ) ) Mushfiqur Rahman ( c Tatenda Taibu ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 22 February 2004 34 Hoggard , Matthew Matthew Hoggard England West Indies 3 / 4 Ramnaresh Sarwan ( c Ashley Giles ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( lbw ) Ryan Hinds ( c Andrew Flintoff ) Kensington Oval , Barbados 3 April 2004 35 Franklin , James James Franklin New Zealand Bangladesh 1 / 2 Manjural Islam Rana ( c Brendon McCullum ) Mohammad Rafique ( c Scott Styris ) Tapash Baisya ( b ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 20 October 2004 36 Irfan Pathan India Pakistan 3 / 3 Salman Butt ( c Rahul Dravid ) Younis Khan ( lbw ) Mohammad Yousuf ( b ) National Stadium , Karachi 29 January 2006 37 Sidebottom , Ryan Ryan Sidebottom England New Zealand 1 / 3 Stephen Fleming ( c Alastair Cook ) Mathew Sinclair ( c Alastair Cook ) Jacob Oram ( lbw ) Seddon Park , Hamilton 8 March 2008 38 Siddle , Peter Peter Siddle Australia England 1 / 5 Alastair Cook ( c Shane Watson ) Matt Prior ( b ) Stuart Broad ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 25 November 2010 39 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England India 2 / 4 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( c James Anderson ) Harbhajan Singh ( lbw ) Praveen Kumar ( b ) Trent Bridge , Nottinghamshire 30 July 2011 40 Gazi , Sohag Sohag Gazi Bangladesh New Zealand 1 / 2 Corey Anderson ( lbw ) BJ Watling ( c Mushfiqur Rahim ) Doug Bracewell ( c Shakib Al Hasan ) Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong 13 October 2013 41 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England Sri Lanka 2 / 2 Kumar Sangakkara ( c Ian Bell ) Dinesh Chandimal ( c Alastair Cook ) Shaminda Eranga ( c Matt Prior ) Headingley , Leeds 20 June 2014 42 Herath , Rangana Rangana Herath Sri Lanka Australia 2 / 3 Adam Voges ( c Dimuth Karunaratne ) Peter Nevill ( lbw ) Mitchell Starc ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 5 August 2016 43 Ali , Moeen Moeen Ali England South Africa 3 / 4 Dean Elgar ( c Ben Stokes ) Kagiso Rabada ( c Ben Stokes ) Morné Morkel ( lbw ) The Oval , London 31 July 2017 By team ( edit ) England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat - tricks to date , 25 of 43 ( 58.14 % ) . Test hat - tricks by team Team Hat - tricks England 14 Australia 11 Pakistan West Indies Bangladesh India Sri Lanka New Zealand South Africa Zimbabwe See also ( edit ) List of One Day International cricket hat - tricks List of Twenty20 International cricket hat - tricks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India in England -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord 's plays host to the 2,000 th when England take on India '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triangular Tournament − 1st match : Australia v South Africa Test Series -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` No - balled out of the game '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Siddle hat - trick gives Australia control '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Islam , Mohammad ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Gazi shines as Test ends in draw '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Three - act plays '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England v Rest Of The World , 1970 -- 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` July 2000 -- The best of the best ? '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1878 / 79 -- Only Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( IFW Bligh 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1882 / 83 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Lord Sheffield 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1891 / 92 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1895 / 96 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England , 1899 : The Ashes -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1901 / 02 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Marylebone Cricket Club ) tour of Australia , 1903 / 04 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triangular Tournament , 1912 : Australia v South Africa Test Series − 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 1929 / 30 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1938 / 39 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1957 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of South Africa , 1957 / 58 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Pakistan , 1958 / 59 -- 3d Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of England , 1960 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1960 / 61 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Pakistan , 1976 / 77 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Pakistan , 1994 / 95 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1994 / 95 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1995 : The Wisden Trophy -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1998 / 99 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe , 1999 / 00 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka , 2000 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 2001 / 02 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of West Indies , 2003 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Pakistan , 2003 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 2003 / 04 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of West Indies , 2003 / 04 : The Wisden Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 2004 / 05 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of Pakistan , 2005 / 06 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 2007 / 08 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 : The Ashes -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 : Pataudi Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 Jun 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Sri Lanka , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test , South Africa tour of England at London , Jul 27 -- Jul 31 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_hat-tricks&oldid=804153912 '' Categories : Cricket - related lists Test cricket hat - trick takers Test cricket records Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the only to have taken a hat trick in both innings of a test match | [
"A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward.[4] Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut: English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930, New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976, and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994.[3] Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat-trick, taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career.[3] During the match in which he took his hat-trick, Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match.[5] Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday,[6] and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat-trick in the same Test match.[7]"
] | [
"Jimmy Matthews"
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4929516855601151616 | J.D. (Scrubs) | J.D. ( Scrubs ) - wikipedia J.D. ( Scrubs ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) J.D. Scrubs character First appearance `` My First Day '' Last appearance `` Our Stuff Gets Real '' Created by Bill Lawrence Portrayed by Zach Braff Cody Estes ( Young J.D. ) Information Full name John Michael Dorian , M.D. Nickname ( s ) Johnny , Newbie , Scooter , Vanilla Bear , Bambi , Q - tip , and a variety of girls ' names Species Human Gender Male Occupation Doctor of internal medicine at Sacred Heart Hospital Title Residency Director Family Sam Dorian ( father , deceased ) Barbara Hobbs Dorian ( mother ) Dan Dorian ( brother ) Nana Hobbs ( maternal grandmother ) Grandma Dorian ( paternal grandmother , deceased ) Dr. Simon Reid ( father - in - law ) Lily Reid ( mother - in - law ) Dr. Barry Reid ( brother - in - law ) Dr. Bradley Reid ( brother - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Elliot Reid Children Sam Perry Gilligan Dorian ( with Kim Briggs ) Unnamed daughter ( with Elliot ) John Michael `` J.D. '' Dorian , M.D. is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the American comedy - drama television series Scrubs . Played by Zach Braff , he acts as narrator and main character of the series from the first season to the eighth , providing voice - overs that reveal his internal thoughts and an overall narration in the show , often linking the story arcs in each episode thematically . J.D. appears in every episode during the first eight seasons except two season 8 episodes : `` My Absence , '' in which he is only heard through a cellphone , and `` My Full Moon '' ; he later partially returns as a major character in the first six episodes of the ninth and final season to help transition the series into its new format . Braff also briefly portrayed the character in the spin - off series Scrubs : Interns and the Muppets film It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie . Both the character and Braff 's performance were positively received . Braff was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 2005 and received three consecutive Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy nominations from 2005 to 2007 . Contents 1 Character background 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Personality 2.2 Family life 2.3 Work 2.4 Friends 2.5 Romantic history 3 Cameo 4 References Character background ( edit ) J.D. 's name is based on that of Dr. Jonathan Doris , a college friend of series creator Bill Lawrence . Doris served as a medical advisor on the show . According to Zach Braff , he feels that after seven years , there is not much of J.D. 's personality left to be explored , except for his relationship with best friend Christopher Turk , while Lawrence has stated that the seventh season was to show J.D. finally growing up , in order to satisfy many fans who did not want to see him stay the same . However , Braff also says that J.D. has gradually evolved over the series , but at the same time can not evolve too much , as they need to `` ( give ) the fans what they want , which is to see the characters be themselves . '' In a 2008 interview , Braff stated that while he feels `` most at home when I 'm playing a Jewish character '' , the writers for Scrubs chose to imply that Dorian was Christian because the show needed `` to appeal to the most massive audience possible '' out of concern that some people might not watch a show featuring a Jewish main character . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Personality ( edit ) J.D. 's most prominently featured quirk is his habit of daydreaming . When this happens , he tilts his head back and to his left , blankly looking upwards . The sequences played out in his daydreams are of surreal scenarios and situations that have just been mentioned or wondered about , often in an exaggerated manner . Many of these are followed by a comment from him which , although in keeping with his daydream , sounds strange and is often highly unrelated to the initial topic , very often earning him odd looks from nearby characters in the scene . Despite his numerous mistakes , quirks and personal neurosis , J.D. is shown throughout the series to be a very skilled doctor . He is described as having compassion for his patients , and a lot of determination and enthusiasm for his job . Family life ( edit ) He grew up in Trotwood , Ohio . In a season 1 episode ( 2001 ) , JD states that 20 years ago he `` had a little trouble with his `` esses '' '' because he was five . In season five JD turns 30 . His father , Sam ( John Ritter ) , a failed office supply salesman , was absent for most of J.D. 's childhood , and often mooched off his son when he was around ; after Sam dies , however , J.D. realizes that his father loved him and was proud of him . His mother is Barbara Turner Dorian . He has an older brother , Dan ( Tom Cavanagh ) , with whom he has a love / hate relationship . Work ( edit ) J.D. begins the show as an intern at Sacred Heart Hospital . After a year , he becomes a resident , then an attending physician in internal medicine , and eventually residency director of another hospital . J.D. begins work at Sacred Heart under Attending Physician Dr. Perry Cox ( John C. McGinley ) , who generally refers to J.D. as `` Newbie '' or by a variety of girls ' names . J.D. thinks of Cox as his mentor , which Cox adamantly denies . As much as he hates to admit it , however , Cox respects J.D. as a doctor and even cares about him as a person , even offering him personal advice on a few occasions . J.D. 's faith in Cox is shaken when the latter has a breakdown following the death of three patients . After a deeply depressed Cox shows up to work drunk , J.D. refuses to see him , claiming that he does not approve of Cox 's behavior . However , he later confesses to Cox that he still looks upon him as a hero , and admires him for caring so much about his patients that he takes it hard when things go badly for them . At the end of the episode , Cox thanks J.D. -- and , atypically , calls him by his real name -- for helping him forgive himself and get on with his life . After Cox is promoted to Chief of Medicine in season 8 , he and J.D. are often at odds over hospital matters , mirroring Cox 's relationship with the former chief , Dr. Bob Kelso ( Ken Jenkins ) , in earlier seasons . Kelso advises J.D. that he is the one who will have to press for hospital matters if they 're important enough , even if it means fighting Cox to do it . On J.D. 's last day Sacred Heart , Cox finally admits that J.D. is an exceptional physician , an exceptional person , and a friend -- albeit only when he thinks J.D. is n't around to hear it . J.D. is also engaged in a constant battle with the Janitor ( Neil Flynn ) from the very first episode . The Janitor is trying to open a jammed door when J.D. suggests there may be a penny stuck in it . When it turns out that there is a penny stuck in the door , the Janitor vows revenge . Throughout the series , the Janitor is constantly playing tricks and pranks on J.D. In the eighth - season finale , it is revealed that J.D. did accidentally put the penny in the door . The Janitor saw him drop the penny , but because he never admitted it , decided that J.D. had failed a `` test of character , '' thus igniting their feud . J.D. leaves Sacred Heart for a job at another hospital in order to be closer to his son , Sam . In season 9 , J.D. becomes a visiting professor at Winston University , a medical school built on the old site of Sacred Heart , which has been torn down . He forms a bond with the series ' new main character , Lucy Bennett ( Kerry Bishé ) , whom he counsels through the rigors of life as a doctor . After a few months , however , he tells her that he eventually plans to move on , and that she must find a new mentor before he leaves . Finally , he leaves his teaching position and steps back from mentoring Lucy , determined that she must learn to function on her own . Friends ( edit ) He often spends time with Chris Turk ( Donald Faison ) , his best friend and surrogate brother , whom he first met when they were roommates at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg , Virginia . The pair continue to be roommates even as they progress to become interns and residents . J.D. is often shown to have a codependent relationship with Turk , regularly going through some stages of depression whenever he ca n't be with him . By their own admission , their relationship is a `` bromance . '' In the first episode , when Turk suggests the two of them seek separate apartments to `` branch out , '' J.D. 's inner monologue tells himself to `` Tell him you think that 's stupid . Tell him you need him , '' but they end up roommates again by the episode 's end . Their friendship is often depicted as being closer and more loving than a marriage ; they sum up their feelings in the song `` Guy Love '' : `` It 's Guy Love / That 's all it is / It 's Guy Love / He 's mine , I 'm his / There 's nothing gay about it in our eyes . '' On his first day , he also meets Carla Espinosa ( Judy Reyes ) , a nurse who looks out for him and affectionately nicknames him `` Bambi . '' On his last day at Sacred Heart , she reveals that she calls him this because he needed to learn how to walk ( meaning to become a doctor ) . Romantic history ( edit ) He meets and forms a connection with Elliot Reid ( Sarah Chalke ) in the pilot episode and finds himself attracted to her . In seasons 1 to 3 , a running joke in the series was that J.D. would sleep with Elliot at least once in each season , although the show 's producers have indicated that this ended to prevent the characters ' development being constrained by clichés . The two form a romantic relationship in the first season , but their romance quickly falls apart when they realize that they do not work as a couple . He has had romantic and sexual liaisons with various women besides Elliot , including Dr. Cox 's ex-wife Jordan Sullivan ( Christa Miller ) , and Jordan 's younger sister Danni Sullivan ( Tara Reid ) . In season five , he meets Dr. Kim Briggs ( Elizabeth Banks ) , the hospital 's urologist , and they are immediately attracted to each other . They go on a date that ends with J.D. getting her pregnant via premature ejaculation . In season 6 , they decide to keep the child and try to make a relationship work , but they break up when Kim announces that she had a miscarriage . Soon afterward , however , J.D. discovers that she is still pregnant , having lied about losing the baby to get out of the relationship . He decides to stay with her for the sake of their child . J.D. realizes that he does n't love her , however , and they break up for good while she is giving birth to their son , Sam Perry Gilligan Dorian . While J.D. and Elliot had an on - and - off romance throughout the series , it is not until the conclusion of Season 6 that they appear ready to get back together . The episode `` My Point of No Return '' ends with J.D. and Elliot lying on a bed in the on - call room , leaning in for a kiss . The action remains unresolved until Season 7 , when Elliot backs out . They both then say that the almost - kiss had nothing to do with their feelings for each other . In Season 8 , they become a couple again after they talk about their history together , and Dr. Kelso advises them to do whatever makes them happy . During the filming for Season 8 , Sarah Chalke said in an interview that she could n't imagine J.D. and Elliot not being together romantically . In the Season 8 finale , it is suggested through a flash forward in the style of a home movie that J.D and Elliot will marry and have a child . In Season 9 , it is revealed that J.D. and Elliot are in fact married and expecting a child . This is punctuated by an extremely awkward morning ritual in front of Elliot 's class where J.D. kisses her stomach for every month she is pregnant and says `` and thank you for making mommy 's boobs bigger '' ; Elliot then puts her breasts on his head . In their final appearance together , they go on a `` babymoon '' , a romantic getaway for expecting parents . Cameo ( edit ) Like Elliot , Carla , Cox and the Janitor , the J.D. character makes a cameo appearance in It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie , trying to reanimate Miss Piggy . However , Piggy and the Scrubs cast finally break the fourth wall , with the actors portraying themselves . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Maria . `` Scrubs : Is it a Boy or Girl for J.D. and Elliot ? '' Archived 2009 - 12 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... BuddyTV.com . December 08 , 2009 . Accessed : September 09 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 57th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Archived from the original on 4 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zach Braff '' . Golden Globes . Archived from the original on 11 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Next Generation '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2016 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Doris - IMDB '' . Archived from the original on 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Biller , Jennifer , et al. `` Tube Talk - Scrubs ' Zach Braff and Bill Lawrence interview Archived 2011 - 09 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Edited transcript of a conference call interview . October 23 , 2007 . Accessed August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` More On `` Scrubs '' From The Zach Braff - Bill Lawrence Interview Archived 2009 - 05 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. `` . Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Zach Braff '' . Schmooze. 4 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keveney , Bill . `` ' Scrubs ' sews things up as the end draws near ... or not Archived 2010 - 01 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . '' USA TODAY. 5 Jan 2009 . Accessed 6 August 2011 Jump up ^ `` My Office '' . Scrubs . Season 4 . Episode 02 . September 7 , 2004 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Super Ego '' . Scrubs . Season 1 . Episode 06 . November 6 , 2001 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Day at the Races '' . Scrubs . Season 6 . Episode 3 . January 10 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Old Man '' . Scrubs . Season 1 . Episode 19 . April 9 , 2002 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Cake '' . Scrubs . Season 4 . Episode 6 . October 12 , 2004 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` My First Day '' . Scrubs . Season 1 . Episode 1 . October 2 , 2001 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Last Day '' . Scrubs . Season 1 . Episode 24 . May 21 , 2002 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Intern 's Eyes '' . Scrubs . Season 5 . Episode 1 . January 3 , 2006 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` My Finale '' . Scrubs . Season 8 . Episode 19 . May 6 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` My Lunch '' . Scrubs . Season 5 . Episode 20 . April 25 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Fallen Idol '' . Scrubs . Season 5 . Episode 21 . May 2 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My New Role '' . Scrubs . Season 8 . Episode 7 . February 3 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` My Chief Concern '' . Scrubs . Season 8 . Episode 17 . May 5 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Our First Day of School '' . Scrubs . Season 9 . Episode 9 . January 12 , 2010 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Our Mysteries '' . Scrubs . Season 9 . Episode 5 . December 22 , 2009 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Our Stuff Gets Real '' . Scrubs . Season 9 . Episode 9 . January 12 , 2010 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` My Perspective '' . Scrubs . Season 6 . Episode 09 . February 15 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Comedy Show '' . Scrubs . Season 8 . Episode 10 . February 10 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` My Musical '' . Scrubs . Season 6 . Episode 6 . January 18 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Drug Buddy '' . Scrubs . Season 1 . Episode 14 . January 22 , 2009 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Bed Banter & Beyond '' . Scrubs . Season 1 . Episode 15 . February 5 , 2002 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Transition '' . Scrubs . Season 5 . Episode 24 . May 16 , 2006 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Road to Nowhere '' . Scrubs . Season 6 . Episode 8 . February 8 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Conventional Wisdom '' . Scrubs . Season 6 . Episode 20 . May 10 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Rabbit '' . Scrubs . Season 6 . Episode 21 . May 17 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Hard Labor '' . Scrubs . Season 7 . Episode 2 . November 1 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Own Worst Enemy ( Scrubs ) '' . Scrubs . Season 7 . Episode 01 . October 25 , 2007 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` My Happy Place '' . Scrubs . Season 8 . Episode 4 . January 13 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Chalke on Britney , the Bahamas , and Braff in a Speedo Archived 2011 - 10 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Buzzsugar.com . July 23 , 2008 . Accessed August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Our First Day of School '' . Scrubs . Season 9 . Episode 01 . December 1 , 2009 . ABC . Scrubs Characters John `` J.D. '' Dorian Christopher Turk Elliot Reid Carla Espinosa Perry Cox Bob Kelso Janitor Seasons 6 7 8 9 Episodes `` My First Day '' `` My Own American Girl '' `` My Screw Up '' `` My Fault '' `` My Life in Four Cameras '' `` My Way Home '' `` My Chopped Liver '' `` My Musical '' `` My Long Goodbye '' `` Their Story '' `` My Point of No Return '' `` My Own Worst Enemy '' `` My Growing Pains '' `` My Bad Too '' `` My Princess '' `` My Jerks '' `` My Last Words '' `` My ABC 's '' `` My Nah Nah Nah '' `` My Finale '' `` Our First Day of School '' `` Our Role Models '' Related Scrubs : Interns Accolades Soundtracks The Blanks Riding the Wave `` Superman '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.D._(Scrubs)&oldid=848281746 '' Categories : Scrubs ( TV series ) characters Fictional physicians Fictional characters from Ohio Fictional professors Fictional characters introduced in 2001 Fictional victims of bullies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from April 2018 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 23 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who does jd end up with in scrubs | [
"In Season 9, it is revealed that J.D. and Elliot are in fact married and expecting a child. This is punctuated by an extremely awkward morning ritual in front of Elliot's class where J.D. kisses her stomach for every month she is pregnant and says \"and thank you for making mommy's boobs bigger\"; Elliot then puts her breasts on his head.[39] In their final appearance together, they go on a \"babymoon\", a romantic getaway for expecting parents.[25]\n"
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"Elliot"
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2832732759851131201 | Joker (character) | Joker ( character ) - wikipedia Joker ( character ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The Joker '' redirects here . For other uses , see Joker ( disambiguation ) . The Joker The Joker Art by Alex Ross Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance Batman # 1 ( April 25 , 1940 ) Created by Bill Finger Bob Kane Jerry Robinson In - story information Team affiliations Injustice Gang Injustice League Notable aliases Red Hood Abilities Criminal mastermind Expert chemist Utilizes weaponized props and toxins The Joker is a fictional supervillain created by Bill Finger , Bob Kane , and Jerry Robinson who first appeared in the debut issue of the comic book Batman ( April 25 , 1940 ) , published by DC Comics . Credit for the Joker 's creation is disputed ; Kane and Robinson claimed responsibility for the Joker 's design , while acknowledging Finger 's writing contribution . Although the Joker was planned to be killed off during his initial appearance , he was spared by editorial intervention , allowing the character to endure as the archenemy of the superhero Batman . In his comic book appearances , the Joker is portrayed as a criminal mastermind . Introduced as a psychopath with a warped , sadistic sense of humor , the character became a goofy prankster in the late 1950s in response to regulation by the Comics Code Authority , before returning to his darker roots during the early 1970s . As Batman 's nemesis , the Joker has been part of the superhero 's defining stories , including the murder of Jason Todd -- the second Robin and Batman 's ward -- and the paralysis of one of Batman 's allies , Barbara Gordon . The Joker has had various possible origin stories during his decades of appearances . The most common story involves him falling into a tank of chemical waste which bleaches his skin white , turns his hair green , and his lips bright red ; the resulting disfigurement drives him insane . The antithesis of Batman in personality and appearance , the Joker is considered by critics to be his perfect adversary . The Joker possesses no superhuman abilities , instead using his expertise in chemical engineering to develop poisonous or lethal concoctions , and thematic weaponry , including razor - tipped playing cards , deadly joy buzzers , and acid - spraying lapel flowers . The Joker sometimes works with other Gotham City supervillains such as the Penguin and Two - Face , and groups like the Injustice Gang and Injustice League , but these relationships often collapse due to the Joker 's desire for unbridled chaos . The 1990s introduced a romantic interest for the Joker in his former psychiatrist , Harley Quinn , who becomes his villainous sidekick . Although his primary obsession is Batman , the Joker has also fought other heroes including Superman and Wonder Woman . One of the most iconic characters in popular culture , the Joker has been listed among the greatest comic book villains and fictional characters ever created . The character 's popularity has seen him appear on a variety of merchandise , such as clothing and collectable items , inspire real - world structures ( such as theme park attractions ) , and be referenced in a number of media . The Joker has been adapted to serve as Batman 's adversary in live - action , animated , and video game incarnations , including the 1960s Batman television series ( played by Cesar Romero ) and in film by Jack Nicholson in Batman ( 1989 ) , Heath Ledger in The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) , and Jared Leto in Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) . Mark Hamill , Troy Baker , and others have provided the character 's voice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation and development 1.1 Concept 1.2 Golden Age 1.3 Silver Age 1.4 Bronze Age 1.5 Modern Age 2 Character biography 2.1 Origins 2.2 Alternative versions 3 Characterization 3.1 Personality 3.2 Skills and equipment 3.3 Relationships 4 Cultural impact 4.1 Literary analysis 4.2 In other media 5 References 5.1 Footnotes 5.2 Sources 6 External links Creation and development Concept ( left ) Jerry Robinson 's 1940 concept sketch of the Joker . ( right ) Actor Conrad Veidt in character as Gwynplaine in The Man Who Laughs ( 1928 ) . Veidt 's grinning visage inspired the Joker design . Bill Finger , Bob Kane , and Jerry Robinson are credited with creating the Joker , but their accounts of the character 's conception differ , each providing his own version of events . Finger 's , Kane 's , and Robinson 's versions acknowledge that Finger produced an image of actor Conrad Veidt in character as Gwynplaine ( a man with a disfigured face , giving him a perpetual grin ) in the 1928 film The Man Who Laughs as an inspiration for the Joker 's appearance , and Robinson produced a sketch of a joker playing card ( right ) . Robinson claimed that it was his 1940 card sketch that served as the character 's concept , and which Finger associated with Veidt 's portrayal . Kane hired the 17 - year - old Robinson as an assistant in 1939 , after he saw Robinson in a white jacket decorated with his own illustrations . Beginning as a letterer and background inker , Robinson quickly became primary artist for the newly created Batman comic book series . In a 1975 interview in The Amazing World of DC Comics , Robinson said he wanted a supreme arch - villain who could test Batman , but not a typical crime lord or gangster designed to be easily disposed . He wanted an exotic , enduring character as an ongoing source of conflict for Batman ( similar to the relationship between Sherlock Holmes and Professor Moriarty ) , designing a diabolically sinister - but - clownish villain . Robinson was intrigued by villains ; his studies at Columbia University taught him that some characters are made up of contradictions , leading to the Joker 's sense of humor . He said that the name came first , followed by an image of a playing card from a deck he often had at hand : `` I wanted somebody visually exciting . I wanted somebody that would make an indelible impression , would be bizarre , would be memorable like the Hunchback of Notre Dame or any other villains that had unique physical characters . '' He told Finger about his concept by telephone , later providing sketches of the character and images of what would become his iconic Joker playing - card design . Finger thought the concept was incomplete , providing the image of Veidt with a ghastly , permanent rictus grin . Kane countered that the Robinson 's sketch was produced only after Finger had already shown the Gwynplaine image to Kane , and that it was only used as a card design belonging to the Joker in his early appearances . Finger said that he was also inspired by an image in Steeplechase Park at Coney Island that resembled a Joker 's head , which he sketched and later shared with future editorial director Carmine Infantino . In a 1994 interview with journalist Frank Lovece , Kane stated his position : Bill Finger and I created the Joker . Bill was the writer . Jerry Robinson came to me with a playing card of the Joker . That 's the way I sum it up . ( The Joker ) looks like Conrad Veidt -- you know , the actor in The Man Who Laughs , ( the 1928 movie based on the novel ) by Victor Hugo ... Bill Finger had a book with a photograph of Conrad Veidt and showed it to me and said , ' Here 's the Joker ' . Jerry Robinson had absolutely nothing to do with it , but he 'll always say he created it till he dies . He brought in a playing card , which we used for a couple of issues for him ( the Joker ) to use as his playing card . Robinson credited himself , Finger and Kane for the Joker 's creation . He said he created the character as Batman 's larger - than - life nemesis when extra stories were quickly needed for Batman # 1 , and he received credit for the story in a college course : In that first meeting when I showed them that sketch of the Joker , Bill said it reminded him of Conrad Veidt in The Man Who Laughs . That was the first mention of it ... He can be credited and Bob himself , we all played a role in it . The concept was mine . Bill finished that first script from my outline of the persona and what should happen in the first story . He wrote the script of that , so he really was co-creator , and Bob and I did the visuals , so Bob was also . Finger provided his own account in 1966 : I got a call from Bob Kane ... He had a new villain . When I arrived he was holding a playing card . Apparently Jerry Robinson or Bob , I do n't recall who , looked at the card and they had an idea for a character ... the Joker . Bob made a rough sketch of it . At first it did n't look much like the Joker . It looked more like a clown . But I remembered that Grosset & Dunlap formerly issued very cheap editions of classics by Alexandre Dumas and Victor Hugo ... The volume I had was The Man Who Laughs -- his face had been permanently operated on so that he will always have this perpetual grin . And it looked absolutely weird . I cut the picture out of the book and gave it to Bob , who drew the profile and gave it a more sinister aspect . Then he worked on the face ; made him look a little clown - like , which accounted for his white face , red lips , green hair . And that was the Joker ! Although Kane adamantly refused to share credit for many of his characters ( and refuted Robinson 's claim until Kane 's death ) , many comic historians credit Robinson with the Joker 's creation and Finger with the character 's development . By 2011 , Finger , Kane , and Robinson had died , leaving the story unresolved . Golden Age From the Joker 's debut in Batman # 1 ( April 25 , 1940 ) The Joker debuted in Batman # 1 ( Spring 1940 ) as the eponymous character 's first villain , shortly after Batman 's debut in Detective Comics # 27 ( May 1939 ) . The Joker initially appeared as a remorseless serial killer , modeled after a joker playing card with a mirthless grin , who killed his victims with `` Joker venom '' : a toxin which left their faces smiling grotesquely . The character was intended to be killed in his second appearance in Batman # 1 , after being stabbed in the heart . Finger wanted the Joker to die because of his concern that recurring villains would make Batman appear inept , but was overruled by then - editor Whitney Ellsworth ; a hastily drawn panel , indicating that the Joker was still alive , was added to the comic . The Joker went on to appear in nine of Batman 's first twelve issues . The character 's regular appearances quickly defined him as the archenemy of the dynamic duo , Batman and Robin ; he killed dozens of people , and even derailed a train . By issue # 13 , Kane 's work on the syndicated Batman newspaper strip left him little time for the comic book ; artist Dick Sprang assumed his duties , and editor Jack Schiff collaborated with Finger on stories . Around the same time , DC Comics found it easier to market its stories to children without the more mature pulp elements that had originated many superhero comics . During this period , the first changes in the Joker began to appear , portraying him more as a prankster than threat ; when he kidnaps Robin , Batman pays the ransom by check , meaning that the Joker can not cash it without being arrested . Comic book writer Mark Waid suggests that the 1942 story `` The Joker Walks the Last Mile '' was the beginning point for the character 's transformation into a more goofy incarnation , a period that Grant Morrison considered lasted the following thirty years . The 1942 cover of Detective Comics # 69 , known as `` Double Guns '' ( with the Joker emerging from a genie lamp , aiming two guns at Batman and Robin ) , is considered one of the greatest superhero comic covers of the Golden Age and is the only image of the character using traditional guns . Robinson said that other contemporary villains used guns , and the creative team wanted the Joker -- as Batman 's adversary -- to be more resourceful . Silver Age The Joker was one of the few popular villains continuing to appear regularly in Batman comics from the Golden Age into the Silver Age , as the series continued during the rise in popularity of mystery and romance comics . In 1951 , Finger wrote an origin story for the Joker in Detective Comics # 168 , which introduced the characteristic of him formerly being the criminal Red Hood , and his disfigurement the result of a fall into a chemical vat . By 1954 , the Comics Code Authority had been established in response to increasing public disapproval of comic book content . The backlash was inspired by Frederic Wertham , who hypothesized that mass media ( especially comic books ) was responsible for the rise in juvenile delinquency , violence and homosexuality , particularly in young males . Parents forbade their children from reading comic books , and there were several mass burnings . The Comics Code banned gore , innuendo and excessive violence , stripping Batman of his menace and transforming the Joker into a goofy , thieving trickster without his original homicidal tendencies . The character appeared less frequently after 1964 , when Julius Schwartz ( who disliked the Joker ) became editor of the Batman comics . The character risked becoming an obscure figure of the preceding era until this goofy prankster version of the character was adapted into the 1966 television series Batman , in which he was played by Cesar Romero . The show 's popularity compelled Schwartz to keep the comics in a similar vein . As the show 's popularity waned , however , so did that of the Batman comics . After the TV series ended in 1968 , the increase in public visibility had not stopped the comic 's sales decline ; editorial director Carmine Infantino resolved to turn things around , moving stories away from schoolboy - friendly adventures . The Silver Age introduced several of the Joker 's defining character traits : lethal joy buzzers , acid - squirting flowers , trick guns , and goofy , elaborate crimes . Bronze Age Cover of Batman # 251 ( September 1973 ) featuring `` The Joker 's Five - Way Revenge '' , which returned the Joker to his homicidal roots . Art by Neal Adams . In 1973 , after a four - year disappearance , the Joker was revived ( and revised ) by writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams . Beginning with Batman # 251 's `` The Joker 's Five - Way Revenge '' , the character returns to his roots as an impulsive , homicidal maniac who matches wits with Batman . This story began a trend in which the Joker was used , sparingly , as a central character . O'Neil said his idea was `` simply to take it back to where it started . I went to the DC library and read some of the early stories . I tried to get a sense of what Kane and Finger were after . '' O'Neil's 1973 run introduced the idea of the Joker being legally insane , to explain why the character is sent to Arkham Asylum ( introduced by O'Neil in 1974 as Arkham Hospital ) instead of to prison . Adams modified the Joker 's appearance , changing his more average figure by extending his jaw and making him taller and leaner . DC Comics was a hotbed of experimentation during the 1970s , and in 1975 the character became the first villain to feature as the title character in a comic book series , The Joker . The series followed the character 's interactions with other supervillains , and the first issue was written by O'Neil . Stories balanced between emphasizing the Joker 's criminality and making him a likable protagonist whom readers could support . Although he murdered thugs and civilians , he never fought Batman ; this made The Joker a series in which the character 's villainy prevailed over rival villains , instead of a struggle between good and evil . Because the Comics Code Authority mandated punishment for villains , each issue ended with the Joker being apprehended , limiting the scope of each story . The series never found an audience , and The Joker was cancelled after nine issues ( despite a `` next issue '' advertisement for an appearance by the Justice League ) . The complete series became difficult to obtain over time , often commanding high prices from collectors . In 2013 , DC Comics reissued the series as a graphic novel . When Jenette Kahn became DC editor in 1976 , she redeveloped the company 's struggling titles ; during her tenure , the Joker would become one of DC 's most popular characters . While O'Neil and Adams ' work was critically acclaimed , writer Steve Englehart and penciller Marshall Rogers 's eight - issue run in Detective Comics # 471 -- 476 ( August 1977 - April 1978 ) defined the Joker for decades to come with stories emphasizing the character 's insanity . In `` The Laughing Fish '' , the Joker disfigures fish with a rictus grin resembling his own ( expecting copyright protection ) , and is unable to understand that copyrighting a natural resource is legally impossible . Englehart and Rogers ' work on the series influenced the 1989 film Batman , and was adapted for 1992 's Batman : The Animated Series . Rogers expanded on Adams ' character design , drawing the Joker with a fedora and trench coat . Englehart outlined how he understood the character by saying that the Joker `` was this very crazy , scary character . I really wanted to get back to the idea of Batman fighting insane murderers at 3 a.m. under the full moon , as the clouds scuttled by . '' Modern Age Years after the end of the 1966 television series , sales of Batman continued to fall and the title was nearly canceled . Although the 1970s restored the Joker as an insane , lethal foe of Batman , it was during the 1980s that the Batman series started to turn around and the Joker came into his own as part of the `` dark age '' of comics : mature tales of death and destruction . The shift was derided for moving away from tamer superheroes ( and villains ) , but comic audiences were no longer primarily children . Several months after Crisis on Infinite Earths launched the era by killing off Silver - Age icons such as the Flash and Supergirl and undoing decades of continuity , Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns ( 1986 ) re-imagined Batman as an older , retired hero and the Joker as a lipstick - wearing celebrity who can not function without his foe . The late 1980s saw the Joker exert a significant impact on Batman and his supporting cast . In the 1988 -- 89 story arc `` A Death in the Family '' , the Joker murders Batman 's sidekick ( the second Robin , Jason Todd ) . Todd was unpopular with fans ; rather than modify his character , DC opted to let them vote for his fate and a 72 - vote plurality had the Joker beat Todd to death with a crowbar . This story altered the Batman universe : instead of killing anonymous bystanders , the Joker murdered a core character in the Batman fiction ; this had a lasting effect on future stories . Written at the height of tensions between the United States and Iran , the story 's conclusion had Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini appoint the Joker his country 's ambassador to the United Nations ( allowing him to temporarily escape justice ) . Alan Moore and Brian Bolland 's 1988 graphic novel The Killing Joke expands on the Joker 's origins , describing the character as a failed comedian who adopts the identity of Red Hood to support his pregnant wife . Unlike The Dark Knight Returns , The Killing Joke takes place in mainstream continuity . The novel is described by critics as one of the greatest Joker stories ever written , influencing later comic stories ( including the forced retirement of then - Batgirl Barbara Gordon after she is paralyzed by the Joker ) and films such as 1989 's Batman and 2008 's The Dark Knight . Grant Morrison 's 1989 Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth explores the psychoses of Batman , the Joker and other rogues in the eponymous facility . The 1992 animated series introduced the Joker 's female sidekick : Harley Quinn , a psychiatrist who falls for -- and ends up in an abusive relationship with -- the Joker , becoming his supervillain accomplice . The character was popular , and was adapted into the comics as the Joker 's romantic interest in 1999 . In the same year , Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle 's comic book Anarky concluded with the revelation that the titular character was the Joker 's son . Breyfogle conceived the idea as a means to expand on Anarky 's characterization , but O'Neil ( by then the editor for the Batman series of books ) was opposed to it , and only allowed it to be written under protest , and with a promise that the revelation would eventually be revealed incorrect . However , the Anarky series was cancelled before the rebuttal could be published . The Joker 's first major storyline in The New 52 , DC Comics ' 2011 reboot of story continuity , was 2012 's `` Death of the Family '' by writer Scott Snyder and artist Greg Capullo . The story arc explores the symbiotic relationship between Joker and Batman , and sees the villain shatter the trust between Batman and his adopted family . Capullo 's Joker design replaced his traditional outfit with a utilitarian , messy , and disheveled appearance to convey that the character was on a mission ; his face ( surgically removed in 2011 's Detective Comics # 1 ) was reattached with belts , wires , and hooks , and he was outfitted with mechanics overalls . The Joker 's face was restored in Snyder 's and Capullo 's `` Endgame '' ( 2014 ) , the concluding chapter to `` Death of the Family '' . Character biography The Joker has undergone many revisions since his 1940 debut . The most common interpretation of the character is that he is disguised as the criminal Red Hood , and pursued by Batman . The Joker falls into a vat of chemicals which bleaches his skin , colors his hair green and his lips red , and drives him insane . The reasons why the Joker was disguised as the Red Hood , and his identity before his transformation have changed over time . The character was introduced in Batman # 1 ( 1940 ) , in which he announces that he will kill three of Gotham 's prominent citizens ( including Mayor Henry Claridge ) . Although the police protect Claridge , the Joker had poisoned him before making his announcement and Claridge dies with a ghastly grin on his face ; Batman eventually defeats him , sending him to prison . The Joker commits whimsical , brutal crimes for reasons that , in Batman 's words , `` make sense to him alone '' . Detective Comics # 168 ( 1951 ) introduced the Joker 's first origin story as Red Hood : a criminal who , during his final heist , vanishes after leaping into a vat of chemicals to escape Batman . His resulting disfigurement led him to adopt the name `` Joker '' , from the playing card figure he came to resemble . The Joker 's Silver - Age transformation into a figure of fun was established in 1952 's `` The Joker 's Millions '' . In this story the Joker is obsessed with maintaining his illusion of wealth and celebrity as a criminal folk hero , afraid to let Gotham 's citizens know that he is penniless and was tricked out of his fortune . The 1970s redefined the character as a homicidal psychopath . `` The Joker 's Five - Way Revenge '' has the Joker taking violent revenge on the former gang members who betrayed him ; in `` The Laughing Fish '' the character chemically adds his face to Gotham 's fish ( hoping to profit from a copyright ) , killing bureaucrats who stand in his way . Batman : The Killing Joke ( 1988 ) built on the Joker 's 1951 origin story , portraying him as a failed comedian pressured into committing crime as the Red Hood to support his pregnant wife . Batman 's interference causes him to leap into a chemical vat , which disfigures him . This , combined with the trauma of his wife 's earlier accidental death , causes him to go insane and become the Joker . However , the Joker says that this story may not be true , as he prefers his past to be `` multiple choice '' . In this graphic novel , the Joker shoots and paralyzes Barbara Gordon and tortures her father , Commissioner James Gordon , to prove that it only takes one bad day to drive a normal man insane . After Batman rescues Gordon and subdues the Joker , he offers to rehabilitate his old foe and end their rivalry . Although the Joker refuses , he shows his appreciation by sharing a joke with Batman . Following the character 's maiming of Barbara , she became a more important character in the DC Universe : Oracle , a data gatherer and superhero informant , who has her revenge in Birds of Prey by shattering the Joker 's teeth and destroying his smile . In the 1988 story `` A Death in the Family '' , the Joker beats Jason Todd with a crowbar and leaves him to die in an explosion . Todd 's death haunts Batman , and for the first time he considers killing the Joker . The Joker temporarily escapes justice when Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini appoints him the Iranian ambassador to the United Nations , giving him diplomatic immunity . However , when he tries to poison the UN membership , he is brought down by Batman and Superman . In the 1999 `` No Man 's Land '' storyline , the Joker murders Commissioner Gordon 's second wife , Sarah , as she shields a group of infants . He taunts Gordon , who shoots him in the kneecap . The Joker , lamenting that he may never walk again , collapses with laughter when he realizes that the commissioner has avenged Barbara 's paralysis . This story also introduced the Joker 's girlfriend , Harley Quinn . The 2000s began with the crossover story `` Emperor Joker '' , in which the Joker steals Mister Mxyzptlk 's reality - altering power and remakes the universe in his image ( torturing and killing Batman daily , before resurrecting him ) . When the supervillain then tries to destroy the universe , his reluctance to eliminate Batman makes him lose control and Superman defeats him . Broken by his experience , Batman 's experiences of death are transferred to Superman by the Spectre so he can heal mentally . In `` Joker 's Last Laugh '' ( 2001 ) , the doctors at Arkham Asylum convince the character that he is dying in an attempt to rehabilitate him . Instead , the Joker ( flanked by an army of `` Jokerized '' supervillains ) launches a final crime spree . Believing that Robin ( Tim Drake ) has been killed in the chaos , Dick Grayson beats the Joker to death ( although Batman revives his foe to keep Grayson from being a murderer ) and the character succeeds in making a member of the Bat - family break their rule against killing . In `` Under the Hood '' ( 2005 ) , a resurrected Todd tries to force Batman to avenge his death by killing the Joker . Batman refuses , arguing that if he allows himself to kill the Joker , he will not be able to stop killing other criminals . The Joker kills Alexander Luthor in Infinite Crisis ( 2005 ) for excluding him from the Secret Society of Super Villains , which considers him too unpredictable for membership . In Morrison 's `` Batman and Son '' ( 2006 ) , a deranged police officer who impersonates Batman shoots the Joker in the face , scarring and disabling him . The supervillain returns in `` The Clown at Midnight '' ( 2007 ) as a cruel , enigmatic force who awakens and tries to kill Harley Quinn to prove to Batman that he has become more than human . In the 2008 story arc `` Batman R.I.P. '' the Joker is recruited by the Black Glove to destroy Batman , but betrays the group , killing its members one by one . After Batman 's apparent death in `` Final Crisis '' ( 2008 ) , Grayson investigates a series of murders ( which leads him to a disguised Joker ) . The Joker is arrested , and then - Robin Damian Wayne beats him with a crowbar , paralleling Todd 's murder . When the Joker escapes , he attacks the Black Glove , burying its leader Simon Hurt alive after the supervillain considers him a failure as an opponent ; the Joker is then defeated by the recently returned Batman . In DC 's New 52 , a 2011 relaunch of its titles following Flashpoint , the Joker has his own face cut off . He disappears for a year , returning to launch an attack on Batman 's extended family in `` Death of the Family '' so he and Batman can be the best hero and villain they can be . At the end of the storyline , the Joker falls off a cliff into a dark abyss . The Joker returns in the 2014 storyline `` Endgame '' in which he brainwashes the Justice League into attacking Batman , believing he has betrayed their relationship . The story implies that the Joker is immortal -- having existed for centuries in Gotham as a cause of tragedy after exposure to a substance the Joker terms ' dionesium ' -- and is able to regenerate from mortal injuries . `` Endgame '' restores the Joker 's face , and also reveals that he knows Batman 's secret identity . The story ends with the apparent deaths of Batman and the Joker at each other 's hands . Origins `` They 've given many origins of the Joker , how he came to be . That does n't seem to matter -- just how he is now . I never intended to give a reason for his appearance . We discussed that and Bill ( Finger ) and I never wanted to change it at that time . I thought -- and he agreed -- that it takes away some of the essential mystery . '' -- Jerry Robinson , the Joker 's creator Though a number of backstories have been given , a definitive one has not yet been established for the Joker . An unreliable narrator , the character is uncertain of who he was before and how he became the Joker : `` Sometimes I remember it one way , sometimes another ... if I 'm going to have a past , I prefer it to be multiple choice ! '' A story about the Joker 's origin appeared in Detective Comics # 168 ( February 1951 ) , nearly a decade after the character 's debut . Here , the character is a laboratory worker who becomes the Red Hood ( a masked criminal ) to steal a million dollars from his employer and retire . He falls into a vat of chemical waste when his heist is thwarted by Batman , emerging with bleached white skin , red lips , green hair and a permanent grin . This story was the basis for the most often - cited origin tale , Moore 's one - shot The Killing Joke . The Joker quits his job as a Lab assistant , becoming a stand - up comedian to support his pregnant wife . Unsuccessful , he agrees to help mobsters with a robbery and dons the Red Hood . The heist goes awry ; the comedian leaps into a chemical vat to escape Batman , surfacing disfigured . This , combined with the earlier accidental death of his wife and unborn child , drives the comedian insane and he becomes the Joker . This version has been cited in many stories , including Batman : The Man Who Laughs ( in which Batman deduces that the Red Hood survived his fall and became the Joker ) , Batman # 450 ( in which the Joker dons the Red Hood to aid his recovery after the events in A Death in the Family , but finds the experience too traumatic ) and `` Death of the Family '' . Other stories have expanded on this origin ; `` Pushback '' explains that the Joker 's wife was murdered by a corrupt policeman working for the mobsters , and `` Payback '' gives the Joker 's first name as `` Jack '' . However , the Joker 's unreliable memory has allowed writers to develop other origins for the character . `` Case Study '' , a Paul Dini - Alex Ross story , describes the Joker as a sadistic gangster who creates the Red Hood identity to continue the thrill of small - time criminality . He has his fateful first meeting with Batman , which results in his disfigurement . It is suggested that the Joker is sane , and feigns insanity to avoid the death penalty . In Batman Confidential ( # 7 -- 12 ) , the character , Jack , is a talented criminal who is bored with his work . He encounters ( and becomes obsessed with ) Batman during a heist , embarking on a crime spree to attract his attention . After Jack injures Batman 's girlfriend , Batman scars Jack 's face with a permanent grin and betrays him to a group of mobsters , who torture him in a chemical plant . Jack escapes , but falls into an empty vat as gunfire punctures chemical tanks above him . The flood of chemicals ( used in anti-psychotic medication ) alters his appearance and completes his transformation . The superhero Atom sees the Joker 's memory of burning his parents alive ( after they find him killing animals ) in The Brave and the Bold # 31 , and Snyder 's `` Zero Year '' ( 2013 ) suggests that the pre-disfigured Joker was a criminal mastermind leading a gang of Red Hoods . The Joker has claimed a number of origins , including being the child of an abusive father who broke his nose and the long - lived jester of an Egyptian pharaoh . As Batman says , `` Like any other comedian , he uses whatever material will work '' . Alternative versions Main article : Alternative versions of Joker A number of alternate universes in DC Comics publications allow writers to introduce variations on the Joker , in which the character 's origins , behavior , and morality differ from the mainstream setting . The Dark Knight Returns depicts the final battle between an aged Batman and Joker ; others portray the aftermath of the Joker 's death at the hands of a number of characters , including Superman . Still others describe distant futures in which the Joker is a computer virus or a hero trying to defeat the era 's tyrannical Batman . In some stories , the Joker is someone else entirely ; `` Flashpoint '' features Batman 's mother Martha Wayne as the Joker in response to her son 's murder , and in Superman : Speeding Bullets Lex Luthor becomes the Joker in a world where Superman is Batman . Characterization Renowned as Batman 's greatest enemy , the Joker is known by a number of nicknames , including the Clown Prince of Crime , the Jester of Genocide , the Harlequin of Hate , and the Ace of Knaves . During the evolution of the DC Universe , interpretations and versions of the Joker have taken two forms . The original , dominant image is that of an extreme psychopath , with genius - level intelligence and a warped , sadistic sense of humor . The other version , popular in comic books from the late 1940s to the 1960s and in the 1960s television series , is an eccentric , harmless prankster and thief . Like other long - lived characters , the Joker 's character and cultural interpretations have changed with time , however unlike other characters who may need to reconcile or ignore previous versions to make sense , more than any other comic book character , the Joker thrives on his mutable and irreconcilable identities . The Joker is typically seen in a purple suit with a long - tailed , padded - shoulder jacket , a string tie , gloves , striped pants and spats on pointed - toe shoes ( sometimes with a wide - brimmed hat ) . This appearance is such a fundamental aspect of the character that when the 2004 animated series The Batman placed the Joker in a straitjacket , it quickly redesigned him in his familiar suit . The Joker is obsessed with Batman , the pair representing a yin - yang of opposing dark and light force ; although it is the Joker who represents humor and color and Batman who dwells in the dark . Murder , theft , and terrorism , no crime is beyond the Joker , and his exploits are a theatrical performance that are funny to him alone . Spectacle is more important than success for the Joker , and if it is not spectacular it is boring . Although the Joker claims indifference to everything , he secretly craves Batman 's attention and validation . The character was described as having killed over 2,000 people in The Joker : Devil 's Advocate ( 1996 ) . Despite this body count , he is always found not guilty by reason of insanity and sent to Arkham Asylum , avoiding the death penalty . Many of the Joker 's acts attempt to force Batman to kill ; if the most orderly and self - controlled of humans can murder , anyone is capable of becoming a monster like the Joker . The villain displays no instinct for self - preservation , and is willing to die to prove his point . The Joker is the `` personification of the irrational '' , and represents `` everything Batman ( opposes ) '' . Personality Joker co-creator Jerry Robinson in 2008 ; he conceived the Joker as an exotic , enduring arch - villain who could repeatedly challenge Batman . The Joker 's main characteristic is his apparent insanity , although he is not described as having any particular psychological disorder . Like a psychopath , he lacks empathy , a conscience , and concern over right and wrong . In A Serious House on Serious Earth , the Joker is described as capable of processing outside sensory information only by adapting to it . This enables him to create a new personality every day ( depending on what would benefit him ) and explains why , at different times , he is a mischievous clown or a psychopathic killer . In `` The Clown at Midnight '' ( Batman # 663 , 2007 ) , the Joker enters a meditative state where he evaluates his previous selves to consciously create a new personality , effectively modifying himself for his needs . The Killing Joke ( in which the Joker is the unreliable narrator ) explains the roots of his insanity as `` one bad day '' : losing his wife and unborn child and being disfigured by chemicals , paralleling Batman 's origin in the loss of his parents . He tries ( and fails ) to prove that anyone can become like him after one bad day by torturing Commissioner Gordon , physically and psychologically . Batman offers to rehabilitate his foe ; the Joker apologetically declines , believing it too late for him to be saved . Other interpretations show that the Joker is fully aware of how his actions affect others and that his insanity as merely an act . Comics scholar Peter Coogan describes the Joker as trying to reshape reality to fit himself by imposing his face on his victims ( and fish ) in an attempt to make the world comprehensible by creating a twisted parody of himself . Englehart 's `` The Laughing Fish '' demonstrates the character 's illogical nature : trying to copyright fish which bear his face , and not understanding why threatening the copyright clerk can not produce the desired result . The Joker is alternatively depicted as sexual and asexual . In The Dark Knight Returns and Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth , the Joker is seductive toward Batman ; it is uncertain if their relationship has homoerotic undertones or if the Joker is simply trying to manipulate his nemesis . Frank Miller interpreted the character as fixated on death and uninterested in sexual relationships , while Robinson believes that the Joker is capable of a romantic relationship . His relationship with Harley Quinn is abusively paradoxical ; although the Joker keeps her at his side , he heedlessly harms her ( for example , throwing her out a window without seeing if she survives ) . Harley loves him but the Joker does not reciprocate her feelings , chiding her for distracting him from other plans . Snyder 's `` Death of the Family '' describes the Joker as in love with Batman , although not in a traditionally romantic way . The Joker believes that Batman has not killed him because he makes Batman better , and he loves the villain for that . Batman comic book writer Peter Tomasi concurred , stating that the Joker 's main goal is to make Batman the best that he can be . The Joker and Batman represent opposites : the extroverted Joker wears colorful clothing and embraces chaos , while the introverted , monochromatic Batman represents order and discipline . The Joker is often depicted as defining his existence through his conflict with Batman . In 1994 's `` Going Sane '' , the villain tries to lead a normal life after Batman 's ( apparent ) death , only to become his old self again when Batman reappears ; in `` Emperor Joker '' , an apparently omnipotent Joker can not destroy Batman without undoing himself . Since the Joker is simply `` the Joker '' , he believes that Batman is `` Batman '' ( with or without the costume ) and has no interest in what is behind Batman 's mask , ignoring opportunities to learn Batman 's secret identity . Given the opportunity to kill Batman , the villain demurs ; he believes that without their game , winning is pointless . The character has no desire for typical criminal goals like money or power ; his criminality is designed only to continue his game with Batman . The Joker is portrayed as having no fear ; when fellow supervillain Scarecrow doses him with fear toxin in Knightfall ( 1993 ) , the Joker merely laughs and says , `` Boo ! '' . The villain has been temporarily rendered sane by several means , including telepathic manipulation by the Martian Manhunter and being resurrected in a life - restoring Lazarus Pit ( an experience typically inducing temporary insanity in the subject ) . At these moments , the Joker is depicted as expressing remorse for his acts ; however , during a medically induced period of partial sanity in Batman : Cacophony he tells his opponent : `` I do n't hate you ' cause I 'm crazy . I 'm crazy ' cause I hate you , '' and confirms that he will only stop murdering when Batman is dead . Skills and equipment The Joker has no inherent superhuman abilities . He commits crimes with a variety of weaponized thematic props such as a deck of razor - tipped playing cards , rolling marbles , Jack - in - the - boxes with unpleasant surprises and exploding cigars capable of leveling a building . The flower in his lapel sprays acid , and his hand often holds a lethal joy buzzer conducting a million volts of electricity , although both items were introduced in 1952 as harmless joke items . However , his chemical genius provides his most - notable weapon : Joker venom , a liquid or gaseous toxin which sends its targets into fits of uncontrollable laughter ; higher doses can lead to paralysis , coma or death , leaving its victim with a ghoulish , pained rictus grin . The Joker has used venom since his debut ; only he knows the formula , and is shown to be gifted enough to manufacture the toxin from ordinary household chemicals . Another version of the venom ( used in `` Joker 's Last Laugh '' ) makes its victims resemble the Joker , susceptible to his orders . The villain is immune to venom and most poisons ; in Batman # 663 ( 2007 ) , Morrison writes that being `` an avid consumer of his own chemical experiments , the Joker 's immunity to poison concoctions that might kill another man in an instant has been developed over years of dedicated abuse . '' The character 's arsenal is inspired by his nemesis ' weaponry , such as batarangs . In `` The Joker 's Utility Belt '' ( 1952 ) , he mimicked Batman 's utility belt with non-lethal items , such as Mexican jumping beans and sneezing powder . In 1942 's `` The Joker Follows Suit '' the villain built his versions of the Batplane and Batmobile , the Jokergyro and Jokermobile ( the latter with a large Joker face on its hood ) , and created a Joker signal with which criminals could summon him for their heists . The Jokermobile lasted for several decades , evolving with the Batmobile . His technical genius is not limited by practicality , allowing him to hijack Gotham 's television airwaves to issue threats , transform buildings into death traps , launch a gas attack on the city and rain poisoned glass shards on its citizens from an airship . The Joker is portrayed as skilled in melee combat , from his initial appearances when he defeats Batman in a sword fight ( nearly killing him ) , and others when he overwhelms Batman but declines to kill him . He is talented with firearms , although even his guns are theatrical ; his long - barreled revolver often releases a flag reading `` Bang '' , and a second trigger - pull launches the flag to skewer its target . Although formidable in combat , the Joker 's chief asset is his mind . Relationships See also : List of Batman Family adversaries The Joker 's unpredictable , homicidal nature makes him one of the most feared supervillains in the DC Universe ; the Trickster says in the 2005 mini-series Underworld Unleashed , `` When super-villains want to scare each other , they tell Joker stories '' . Gotham 's villains also feel threatened by the character ; depending on the circumstances , he is as likely to fight with his rivals for control of the city as he is to join them for an entertaining outcome . The Joker interacts with other supervillains who oppose Batman , whether he is on the streets or in Arkham Asylum . He has collaborated with criminals like the Penguin , the Riddler and Two - Face , although these partnerships rarely end well due to the Joker 's desire for unbridled chaos , and uses his stature to lead others ( such as Killer Croc and the Scarecrow ) . The Joker 's greatest rival is the smartest man in the world , Lex Luthor . Although they have a friendly partnership in 1950 's World 's Finest Comics # 88 , later unions emphasized their mutual hostility and clashing egos . Despite his tendency to kill subordinates on a whim , the Joker has no difficulty attracting henchmen with a seemingly infinite cash supply and intimidation : they are too afraid of their employer to refuse his demands that they wear red clown noses or laugh at macabre jokes . Even with his unpredictability and lack of superhuman powers , the 2007 limited series Salvation Run sees hundreds of villains fall under his spell because they are more afraid of him than the alternative : Luthor . Batman # 186 ( 1966 ) introduced the Joker 's first sidekick : the one - shot character , Gaggy Gagsworth , who is short , and dressed like a clown ; the character was later resurrected as an enemy of his replacement , Harley Quinn . Introduced in the 1992 animated series , Quinn is the Joker 's former Arkham psychiatrist who develops an obsessive infatuation with him and dons a red - and - black harlequin costume to join him in the 1999 graphic novel Batman : Harley Quinn . Although Quinn loves the Joker , he is obsessed with Batman and uses her to achieve his goals at her expense . Despite violent abuse , she returns to him . The Joker is sometimes shown to keep hyenas as pets ; this trait was introduced in the 1977 animated series The New Adventures of Batman . A 1976 issue of Batman Family introduced Duela Dent as the Joker 's daughter , though her parentage claim was later proven to be false . Although his chief obsession is Batman , the character has occasionally ventured outside Gotham City to fight Batman 's superhero allies . In `` To Laugh and Die in Metropolis '' ( 1987 ) the character kidnaps Lois Lane , distracting Superman with a nuclear weapon . The story is notable for the Joker taking on a ( relative ) god and the ease with which Superman defeats him -- it took only 17 pages . Asked why he came to Metropolis , the Joker replies simply : `` Oh Superman , why not ? '' In 1995 , the Joker fought his third major DC hero : Wonder Woman , who drew on the Greek god of trickery to temper the Joker 's humor and shatter his confidence . The character has joined supervillain groups like the Injustice Gang and the Injustice League , to take on superhero groups like the Justice League . Cultural impact Cesar Romero as the Joker in the 1960s Batman TV series with Burgess Meredith ( left ) as the Penguin and Frank Gorshin as the Riddler The Joker is considered one of , if not , the most - recognizable and iconic fictional characters in popular culture ( Batman 's arguable equal ) , one of the best comic villains , and one of the greatest villains of all - time . The character was well - liked following his debut , appearing in nine out of the first twelve Batman issues , and remained one of Batman 's most popular foes throughout his publication . The character is considered one of the four top comic book characters , alongside Batman , Superman , and Spider - Man . Indeed , when DC Comics released the original series of Greatest Stories Ever Told ( 1987 -- 1988 ) featuring collections of stories about heroes like Batman and Superman , the Joker was the only villain included alongside them . The character has been the focus of ethical discussion on the desirability of Batman ( who adheres to an unbreakable code forbidding killing ) saving lives by murdering the Joker ( a relentless dealer of death ) . These debates weigh the positive ( stopping the Joker permanently ) against its effect on Batman 's character and the possibility that he might begin killing all criminals . In 2006 , the Joker was number one on Wizard magazine 's `` 100 Greatest Villains of All Time '' . In 2008 Wizard 's list of `` 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time '' placed the Joker fifth , and the character was eighth on Empire 's list of `` 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters '' ( the highest - ranked villain on both lists ) . In 2009 the Joker was second on IGN 's list of `` Top 100 Comic Book Villains '' , and in 2011 Wired named him `` Comics ' Greatest Supervillain '' . Complex , CollegeHumor and WhatCulture named the Joker the greatest comic book villain of all time while IGN listed him the top DC Comics villain in 2013 , and Newsarama as the greatest Batman villain . The Joker 's popularity ( and his role as Batman 's enemy ) has involved the character in most Batman - related media , from television to video games . These adaptations of the character have been received positively on film , television , and in video games . As in the comics , the character 's personality and appearance shift ; he is campy , ferocious or unstable , depending on the author and the intended audience . The character inspired theme - park roller coasters ( The Joker 's Jinx , The Joker in Mexico and California , and The Joker Chaos Coaster ) , and featured in story - based rides such as Justice League : Battle for Metropolis . The Joker is one of the few comic book supervillains to be represented on children 's merchandise and toys , appearing on items including action figures , trading cards , board games , money boxes , pajamas , socks , and shoes . The Jokermobile was a popular toy ; a Corgi die - cast metal replica was successful during the 1950s , and in the 1970s a Joker - styled , Flower power - era Volkswagen microbus was manufactured by Mego . In 2015 , `` The Joker : A Serious Study of the Clown Prince of Crime '' became the first academic book to be published about a supervillain . Literary analysis A 2015 art exhibition at the Barcelona International Comics Convention focused on the Joker , celebrating the character 's 75th anniversary . Since the Bronze Age of Comics , the Joker has been interpreted as an archetypal trickster , displaying talents for cunning intelligence , social engineering , pranks , theatricality , and idiomatic humor . Like the trickster , the Joker alternates between malicious violence and clever , harmless whimsy . He is amoral and not driven by ethical considerations , but by a shameless and insatiable nature , and although his actions are condemned as evil , he is necessary for cultural robustness . The trickster employs amoral and immoral acts to destabilize the status quo and reveal cultural , political , and ethical hypocrisies that society attempts to ignore . However , the Joker differs in that his actions typically only benefit himself . The Joker possesses abnormal body imagery , reflecting an inversion of order . The trickster is simultaneously subhuman and superhuman , a being that indicates a lack of unity in body and mind . In Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth , the Joker serves as Batman 's trickster guide through the hero 's own psyche , testing him in various ways before ultimately offering to cede his rule of the Asylum to Batman . Rather than the typical anarchist interpretation , others have analysed the character as a Marxist ( opposite to Batman 's capitalist ) , arguing that anarchism requires the rejection of all authority in favor of uncontrolled freedom . The Joker rejects most authority , but retains his own , using his actions to coerce and consolidate power in himself and convert the masses to his own way of thinking , while eliminating any that oppose him . In The Killing Joke , the Joker is an abused member of the underclass who is driven insane by failings of the social system . The Joker rejects material needs , and his first appearance in Batman # 1 sees him perpetrate crimes against Gotham 's wealthiest men and the judge who had sent him to prison . Batman is wealthy , yet the Joker is able to triumph through his own innovations . Ryan Litsey described the Joker as an example of a `` Nietzschean Superman '' , arguing that a fundamental aspect of Friedrich Nietzsche 's Superman , the `` will to power '' , is exemplified in all of the Joker 's actions , providing a master morality to Batman 's slave morality . The character 's indomitable `` will to power '' means he is never discouraged by being caught or defeated and he is not restrained by guilt or remorse . Joker represents the master , who creates rules and defines them , who judges others without needing approval , and for whom something is good because it benefits him . He creates his own morality and is bound only by his own rules without aspiring to something higher than himself , unlike Batman , the slave , who makes a distinction between good and evil , and is bound to rules outside of himself ( such as his avoidance of killing ) , in his quest for justice . The Joker has no defined origin story that requires him to question how he came to be , as like the Superman he does not regret or assess the past and only moves forward . The Joker 's controlling and abusive relationship with Harley Quinn has been analysed as a means of the Joker reinforcing his own belief in his power in a world where he may be killed or neutralized by another villain or Batman . Joker mirrors his identity through Harley in her appearance , and even though he may ignore or act indifferent towards her , he continues to try and subject her to his control . When Harley successfully defeats Batman in Mad Love ( 1994 ) , the Joker , emasculated by his own failure , severely injures her out of fear of what the other villains will think of him . However , while Harley recovers , the Joker sends her flowers which she accepts , reasserting his control over her . Harley 's co-creator , Paul Dini , describes their relationship as Harley being someone who makes the Joker feel better about himself , and who can do the work that he does not want to do himself . In the 1999 one - shot comic Batman : Harley Quinn , the Joker decides to kill Harley , after admitting that he does care for her , that their relationship is romantic , and that these feelings prevent him from fulfilling his purpose . Removing the traditional male - female relationship , such as in the Batman : Thrillkiller storyline where the Joker ( Bianca Steeplechase ) is a female and involved in a lesbian relationship with Harley , their relationship lacks any aspects of violence or subjugation . In other media Main article : Joker in other media Mark Hamill voiced the Joker in animation and video games for two decades , and Heath Ledger won a posthumous Academy Award for his interpretation of the character in 2008 's The Dark Knight . The Joker has appeared in a variety of media , including television series , animated and live - action films . WorldCat ( a catalog of libraries in 170 countries ) records over 250 productions featuring the Joker as a subject , including films , books , and video games , and Batman films featuring the character are typically the most successful . The character 's earliest on - screen adaptation was in the 1966 television series Batman and its film adaptation Batman , in which he was played as a cackling prankster by Cesar Romero ( reflecting his contemporary comic counterpart ) . The Joker then appeared in the animated television series The Adventures of Batman ( 1968 , voiced by Larry Storch ) , The New Adventures of Batman ( 1977 , voiced by Lennie Weinrib ) and The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians ( 1985 , voiced by Frank Welker ) . A darker version of the Joker ( played by Jack Nicholson ) made his film debut in 1989 's Batman , which earned over $400 million at the worldwide box office . The role was a defining performance in Nicholson 's career and was considered to overshadow Batman 's , with film critic Roger Ebert saying that the audience must sometimes remind themselves not to root for the Joker . Batman 's success led to the 1992 television series , Batman : The Animated Series . Voiced by Mark Hamill , the Joker retained the darker tone of the comics in stories acceptable for young children . Hamill 's Joker is considered a defining portrayal , and he voiced the character in spin - off films ( 1993 's Batman : Mask of the Phantasm and 2000 's Batman Beyond : Return of the Joker ) , video games ( 2001 's Batman : Vengeance ) , related series ( 1996 's Superman : The Animated Series , 2000 's Static Shock and 2001 's Justice League ) , action figures , toys and amusement - park voiceovers . A redesigned Joker , voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson , appeared in 2004 's The Batman ; Richardson was the first African - American to play the character . After Christopher Nolan 's successful 2005 Batman film reboot , Batman Begins , which ended with a teaser for the Joker 's involvement in a sequel , the character appeared in 2008 's The Dark Knight , played by Heath Ledger as an avatar of anarchy and chaos . While Batman Begins earned a worldwide total of $370 million ; The Dark Knight earned over $1 billion and was the highest - grossing film of the year , setting several box - office records ( including highest - grossing midnight opening , opening day and opening weekend ) . Ledger won a posthumous Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance , the first acting Oscar ever won for a superhero film . The Joker has featured in a number of animated projects , such as 2009 's Batman : The Brave and the Bold ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) and 2011 's Young Justice ( voiced by Brent Spiner ) , and comic book adaptations ( including 2010 's Batman : Under the Red Hood , in which he is voiced by John DiMaggio ) . In 2012 , Michael Emerson voiced the character in a two - part animated adaptation of The Dark Knight Returns . Jared Leto portrayed the Joker in Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , and Zach Galifianakis voiced the character in The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) . The Joker has also been featured in video games . Hamill returned to voice the character in 2009 's critically acclaimed Batman : Arkham Asylum , its equally praised 2011 sequel Batman : Arkham City and the multiplayer DC Universe Online . Hamill was replaced by Troy Baker for the 2013 prequel , Batman : Arkham Origins , and the Arkham series ' animated spin - off Batman : Assault on Arkham , while Hamill returned for the 2015 series finale , Batman : Arkham Knight . Richard Epcar voiced the Joker in the 2008 fighting game , Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe , 2013 's Injustice : Gods Among Us , and 2017 's Injustice 2 . The character also appeared in Lego Batman : The Videogame ( 2008 ) , Lego Batman 2 : DC Super Heroes ( 2012 ) and its animated adaptation , and Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham ( 2014 ) ( the latter three voiced by Christopher Corey Smith ) . Anthony Ingruber voices the Joker in Batman : The Telltale Series ( 2016 ) and Batman : The Enemy Within ( 2017 ) . 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Jump up ^ Hannley , Steve ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Cast Featured in New LEGO Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham Trailer '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Narcisse , Evan ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` A Very Familiar Smile Will Be Showing Up Next Week in the Telltale Batman Video Game '' . io9 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Riddler returns , Joker takes a selfie in Telltale 's Batman : The Enemy Within trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Sources Duncan , Randy ; Smith , Matthew J. ( 2013 ) . Icons of the American Comic Book : From Captain America to Wonder Woman , Volume 1 . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39923 - 7 . Langley , Travis ( 2012 ) . Batman and Psychology : A Dark and Stormy Knight . New York City , New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 16765 - 6 . Manning , Matthew K. ( 2011 ) . The Joker : A Visual History of the Clown Prince of Crime . Universe Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7893 - 2247 - 0 . Weiner , Robert G. ; Peaslee , Robert Moses ( February 26 , 2015 ) . The Joker : A Serious Study of the Clown Prince of Crime . University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62846 - 238 - 8 . Tollin , Anthony ( January -- February 1975 ) . `` Profile on Jerry Robinson - Creator of The Joker '' . Amazing World of DC Comics . DC Comics. 2 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . I felt that Batman needed a supreme arch - villain to test him ... Batman did n't need another crime lord like Al Capone . I felt he needed something more exotic : something that would fit in with the mysterious mood of Batman ... The strip needed an antagonist that would be more enduring ; a continuing conflict in the literary tradition of Holmes and Moriarty or King Arthur and Mordred . External links Find more aboutJoker ( character ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Joker on DC Database , an external wiki , a DC Comics wiki Batman characters Batman family By secret identity Batman Robin Batgirl Batwing Batwoman Bluebird Catwoman Flamebird Huntress Nightwing Red Hood Red Robin Spoiler By public identity Bruce Wayne Dick Grayson Jason Todd Tim Drake Damian Wayne Barbara Gordon Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Helena Bertinelli Helena Wayne Kate Kane Bette Kane Supporting characters Main support Alfred Pennyworth Ace the Bat - Hound Batman Inc . 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'' `` World War III '' `` Tower of Babel '' `` JLA : Earth 2 '' `` Justice Leagues '' `` Pain of the Gods '' `` The Lightning Saga '' `` Throne of Atlantis '' `` Trinity War '' Current series Justice League ( vol 3 ) Justice League of America ( vol. 5 ) Previous series Justice League of America Justice League International Justice League Europe Justice League Quarterly Justice League Task Force Extreme Justice JLA Justice JLA : Classified Justice League : Generation Lost Justice League ( The New 52 ) Justice League Dark Justice League United Justice League 3000 Limited series Justice Riders Justice League Elite JLA : The Nail series DC Comics Two Thousand Created Equal Act of God Destiny Age of Wonder JLA : Shogun of Steel Cry for Justice Crossovers JLA / Avengers JLA / The 99 Justice League / Power Rangers Related articles Bizarro League Snapper Carr JL8 In other media Justice Society of America Squadron Supreme Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joker_(character)&oldid=806424674 '' Categories : DC Comics supervillains Animated human characters Animated series villains Characters created by Bill Finger Characters created by Bob Kane Characters created by Jerry Robinson Chemical war and weapons in popular culture Comics characters introduced in 1940 DC Comics television characters Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional characters with neurological or psychological disorders Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders Fictional child killers Fictional crime bosses Fictional clowns Fictional chemists Fictional comedians Fictional domestic abusers Fictional engineers Fictional kidnappers Fictional mass murderers Fictional rampage and spree killers Fictional serial killers Fictional torturers Golden Age supervillains The Joker Psychopathy in fiction Superhero film characters Superhero television characters Supervillains with their own comic book titles Video game bosses Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Good articles Use mdy dates from March 2012 Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Converted category character infoboxes Official website not in Wikidata Comics navigational boxes purge Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 23 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the joker before becoming the joker | [
"The character was introduced in Batman #1 (1940), in which he announces that he will kill three of Gotham's prominent citizens (including Mayor Henry Claridge). Although the police protect Claridge, the Joker had poisoned him before making his announcement and Claridge dies with a ghastly grin on his face; Batman eventually defeats him, sending him to prison.[69] The Joker commits whimsical, brutal crimes for reasons that, in Batman's words, \"make sense to him alone\".[46] Detective Comics #168 (1951) introduced the Joker's first origin story as Red Hood: a criminal who, during his final heist, vanishes after leaping into a vat of chemicals to escape Batman. His resulting disfigurement led him to adopt the name \"Joker\", from the playing card figure he came to resemble.[29] The Joker's Silver-Age transformation into a figure of fun was established in 1952's \"The Joker's Millions\". In this story the Joker is obsessed with maintaining his illusion of wealth and celebrity as a criminal folk hero, afraid to let Gotham's citizens know that he is penniless and was tricked out of his fortune.[70] The 1970s redefined the character as a homicidal psychopath. \"The Joker's Five-Way Revenge\" has the Joker taking violent revenge on the former gang members who betrayed him;[37] in \"The Laughing Fish\" the character chemically adds his face to Gotham's fish (hoping to profit from a copyright), killing bureaucrats who stand in his way.[36]"
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"Red Hood"
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7080294159749636129 | The Rose That Grew from Concrete (poetry collection) | The Rose That Grew from Concrete ( poetry collection ) - Wikipedia The Rose That Grew from Concrete ( poetry collection ) Jump to : navigation , search For the compilation album , see The Rose That Grew from Concrete . The Rose That Grew from Concrete Author Tupac Shakur Country United States Language English Genre Poetry Publisher Pocket Books Publication date November 1 , 1999 Pages 149 ( first edition ) 176 ( 2009 reprint ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 02844 - 2 The Rose That Grew from Concrete ( 1999 ) is a collection of poetry written between 1989 and 1991 by Tupac Shakur , published by Pocket Books through its MTV Books imprint . A preface was written by Shakur 's mother Afeni Shakur , a foreword by Nikki Giovanni and an introduction by his manager , Leila Steinberg . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of contents 1.1 The Rose That Grew from Concrete 1.2 Nothing Can Come Between Us 1.3 Just a Breath of Freedom 1.4 Liberty Needs Glasses 2 References Table of contents ( edit ) Acknowledgments Preface by Afeni Shakur Foreword : Tupac , CU in Heaven by Nikki Giovanni Introduction by Leila Steinberg The Rose That Grew from Concrete ( edit ) The Rose That Grew from Concrete In the Depths of Solitude Sometimes I Cry Under the Skies Above Life Through My Eyes When Ure Heart Turns Cold Untitled The Eternal Lament Only 4 the Righteous What of Fame ? The Shining Star Within ! Starry Night If I Fail What Is It That I Search 4 The Fear in the Heart of a Man God Nothing Can Come Between Us ( edit ) Nothing Can Come Between Us My Dearest One ! ! If There Be Pain ... Things That Make Hearts Break Black Woman And Still I Love U The Mutual Heartache ? 1st Impressions A Love Unspoken Forever and Today When I Do Kiss U Carmencita of the Bronx ! Untitled Love Is Just Complicated Elizabeth I Know My Heart Has Lied Before From First Glance 1 for April Wife 4 Life Tears from a Star March 1 -- The Day After April Why Must U Be Unfaithful The Power of a Smile Genesis ( The Rebirth of My Heart ) Love Within a Storm What Can I Offer Her ? Jada The Tears in Cupid 's Eyes Cupid 's Smile II What I See ! In the Midst of Passion 2 People with 1 Wish Hours Pass By Just a Breath of Freedom ( edit ) Just a Breath of Freedom For Mrs. Hawkins The Sun and the Moon `` Fallen Star '' Government Assistance or My Soul Family Tree Or My Soul When Your Hero Falls Untitled `` UR Ripping Us Apart ! ! ! '' A River That Flows Forever Can UC the Pride in the Panther Tears of a Teenage Mother `` Where There Is a Will ... '' Liberty Needs Glasses ( edit ) Liberty Needs Glasses How Can We Be Free The Promise And 2morrow No - Win The Unanswerable ? Nightmares So I Say GOODBYE In the Event of My Demise References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shakur , Tupac ( November 1 , 1999 ) . The Rose That Grew from Concrete ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 02844 - 2 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . ( hide ) Tupac Shakur Studio albums 2Pacalypse Now Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. ... Thug Life : Volume 1 Me Against the World All Eyez on Me The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory Posthumous albums RU Still Down ? ( Remember Me ) Still I Rise Until the End of Time Better Dayz Loyal to the Game Pac 's Life Live albums 2Pac Live Live at the House of Blues Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Rose That Grew from Concrete The Prophet : The Best of the Works Nu - Mixx Klazzics Tupac : Resurrection The Rose , Vol. 2 The Prophet Returns Beginnings : The Lost Tapes 1988 -- 1991 Nu - Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2 Best of 2Pac Related albums Nothing but Trouble ( soundtrack ) Sons of the P Juice ( soundtrack ) Poetic Justice ( soundtrack ) Above the Rim ( soundtrack ) Gridlock 'd ( soundtrack ) Gang Related ( soundtrack ) A 2Pac Tribute : Dare 2 Struggle Extended plays Makaveli & Dillinger Do n't Go 2 Sleep Singles `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' `` If My Homie Calls '' `` Trapped '' `` Holler If Ya Hear Me '' `` I Get Around '' `` Keep Ya Head Up '' `` Papa'z Song '' `` Cradle to the Grave '' `` Dear Mama '' `` So Many Tears '' `` Temptations '' `` California Love '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` How Do U Want It '' `` All Bout U '' `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' `` Life Goes On '' `` Toss It Up '' `` To Live & Die in LA '' `` Hail Mary '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Made Niggaz '' Posthumous singles `` I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto '' `` Do for Love '' `` Changes '' `` Unconditional Love '' `` Baby Do n't Cry ( Keep Ya Head Up II ) '' `` Who Do U Believe In '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Letter 2 My Unborn '' `` Thugz Mansion '' `` Still Ballin ' '' `` Runnin ' ( Dying to Live ) '' `` One Day at a Time ( Em 's Version ) '' `` Thugs Get Lonely Too '' `` Ghetto Gospel '' `` Untouchable '' `` Pac 's Life '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Other songs `` I Do n't Give a Fuck '' `` Runnin ' ( From tha Police ) '' `` Hit ' Em Up '' `` Are U Still Down '' `` Panther Power '' Featured singles `` Smile '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Books The Rose That Grew from Concrete Stage Holler If Ya Hear Me Filmography Nothing but Trouble Juice Poetic Justice Above the Rim Bullet Gridlock 'd Gang Related Documentaries Biggie & Tupac Tupac : Resurrection Tupac : Assassination Outlawz Yaki Kadafi Kastro Napoleon E.D.I. Mean Hussein Fatal Mussolini Komani Young Noble Related articles Discography List of songs Outlawz Digital Underground Afeni Shakur Assata Shakur Mopreme Shakur Mutulu Shakur East Coast - West Coast hip hop rivalry Makaveli Branded Clothing Niccolò Machiavelli Orlando Anderson Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts Billy Garland Kadafi List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur Murder of Tupac Shakur All Eyez on Me This article about a collection of written poetry is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rose_That_Grew_from_Concrete_(poetry_collection)&oldid=763118711 '' Categories : 1999 books American poetry collections Tupac Shakur Poetry collection stubs Hidden categories : Books with missing cover All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Polski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2017 , at 12 : 11 . About Wikipedia | when was the rose that grew from concrete written | [
"The Rose That Grew from Concrete (1999) is a collection of poetry written between 1989 and 1991 by Tupac Shakur, published by Pocket Books through its MTV Books imprint.[1] A preface was written by Shakur's mother Afeni Shakur, a foreword by Nikki Giovanni and an introduction by his manager, Leila Steinberg."
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"between 1989 and 1991"
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-3305900298905061126 | Holy Week in the Philippines | Holy Week in the Philippines - wikipedia Holy Week in the Philippines Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Holy Week in the Philippines ( Filipino : Mahal na Araw ; Spanish : Semana Santa ) is a significant religious observance for the country 's Roman Catholic majority and most Protestant groups . It begins on Palm Sunday and continues on through to Black Saturday . Many communities observe Spanish - influenced Catholic rituals such as processions , that have been syncretised with elements of pre-Hispanic beliefs . This is evident in some ritual practices not sanctioned by the universal Church and the many superstitions associated with the occasion . During the Easter Triduum ( Maundy Thursday until Black Saturday ) , businesses are closed for part or all of the three days . Local terrestrial television and most radio stations usually go off the air . Those that remain on air ( such as stations owned by various denominations ) operate on shorter broadcasting hours , and feature seasonal programming such religious films and news coverage of various services and rites . Cable television channels in the Philippines , however , continue to broadcast their normal programming . Contents ( hide ) 1 Palm Sunday 2 Holy Monday 3 Holy Wednesday 4 Maundy Thursday 5 Good Friday 5.1 Santo Entierro 5.2 Popular culture 6 Easter Sunday 7 Notable observances and pilgrimage sites 7.1 Via Crucis 7.2 Tondo , Manila 7.3 Black Nazarene 7.4 Amulet hunting 7.5 Procession of Statues 7.6 Passion plays 7.6. 1 Senákulo 7.6. 2 Pagtaltal sa Jordan 7.7 Moriones Festival 7.8 Salubong 7.8. 1 Ang Bati 7.8. 2 Salubung in Pasig 7.8. 3 Saboy 7.8. 4 Sayaw ng Pagbatì 7.9 San Pablo City 8 See also 9 External links 10 References Palm Sunday ( edit ) A priest blesses palms on Palm Sunday in the church of Plaridel , Bulacan ( 2012 ) . On Palm Sunday ( Linggo ng Palaspás , Domingo de Ramos , `` Branch Sunday '' ) , worshipers bear ornately woven palm fronds to church for blessing by the priest before or after Mass . Many Filipinos then bring the fronds home and place these on doors , lintels or windows , in the belief that the blessed palms ( considered by the Church as sacramentals ) can ward off demons and avert lightning . Some places hold a procession into the church before the service , a common starting point being an ermita / visita ( chapel of ease ) several blocks away . The presiding priest either walks the route or , in imitation of Jesus ' triumphal entry , is led on horseback to the church . Sometimes a statue of Christ riding a donkey ( known as the Humenta ) is used instead . Whether a statue or the priest is used for the procession , a custom in some parts is for women to cover the route with special , sometimes heirloom cloths or aprons known as tapis ( literally , `` wraparound '' ) . This is to recall how the excited Jerusalemites spread their cloaks before Christ as he entered the city . Upon reaching the church or some other designated spot , children dressed as angels sing the day 's antiphon , Hosanna Filio David ( `` Hosanna to the Son of Davíd '' ) in Latin or the vernacular , and set to traditional hymn tunes . The blessing of palms and the intonation of the antiphon often occurs in the church 's parvise , its parking lot , or the town plaza ( which is usually adjacent or near the church in most Philippine settlements ) . Holy Monday ( edit ) Before the Second World War , the Recollect Order in Manila held its famous Procession of the Passion of Christ on Holy Monday ( Lunes Santo ) . The most famous image was that of the purportedly miraculous Black Nazarene . After the Recollects ' church was destroyed in the 1945 bombing of the city , only the Black Nazarene image survived and was transferred to Quiapo Church . Holy Wednesday ( edit ) In the provinces of Pampanga , Bulacan , Rizal , Laguna , and in the Ilocandia , a long procession of the Passion of Christ is held in the evening on Holy Wednesday ( Miyérkules Santo ) . Except in the Bulacan towns of Baliuag and Pulilan , the Passion tableaux are excluded from the Good Friday Procession . Maundy Thursday ( edit ) Maundy Thursday ( Huwebes Santo ) is a public holiday , and marks the beginning of the Paschal Triduum . Prior to reforms in the wake of the Second Vatican Council , the Procession of the Passion of Christ was held on Maundy Thursday . This was later transferred to Holy Wednesday for Latin Rite Catholics , with the Philippine Independent Church retaining the Maundy Thursday date . Among the most famous processions of the Philippine Independent Church are those of Concepcion , Malabon , Santa Cruz and Paete , Laguna . The first rite of the day is the Chrism Mass , in which parishioners join their parish priest for morning Mass in the cathedral , especially in the large dioceses and archdioceses . Many priests consider this to be the day when they renew their priestly vows . This Mass , over which presides the bishop of the diocese , is when the Chrism , oil of catechumens and the oil for the sick are consecrated after the homily . Priests bring the oils to their respective parishes after the service and store these for future use . The main observance of the day is the last Mass before Easter , the Mass of the Lord 's Supper . This usually includes a re-enactment of the Washing of the Feet of the Twelve Apostles , and is followed by a procession of the Blessed Sacrament , which is placed in the Altar of Repose . Churches remain open until midnight for those who want to venerate the Blessed Sacrament , with others going to one of several priests on standby to confess their sins . One of the most important Holy Week traditions in the Philippines is the Visita Iglesia ( Spanish for `` church visit '' , also known as the Seven Churches Visitation ) . Throughout the day , worshipers pray the Stations of the Cross inside or outside the church , while at night after services , the faithful may also pray before the Blessed Sacrament at the Altar of Repose . Good Friday ( edit ) Good Friday , ( Biyernes Santo ) is the second public holiday of the week . It is observed with solemn street processions , the Way of the Cross , the commemoration of Jesus ' Seven Last Words ( '' Siete Palabras '' ) and the Senákulo , which in some places has already begun on Palm Sunday . Mass is not celebrated during this day but the people gather at the church for the Veneration of Cross and the Mass of the Presanctified . The service begins at three in the afternoon , the time Jesus is said to have died . As the Mass of this day has no Anaphora ( liturgy ) , the Communion given to congregants was already consecrated during the Mass of the Lord 's Supper . In some communities ( most famously in the province of Pampanga ) , the processions include devotees who self - flagellate and sometimes even have themselves nailed to crosses as expressions of penance , in fulfilment of a vow , or in thanksgiving for a prayer granted . The pabasa , or continuous chanting of the Pasyón ( the Filipino epic narrative of Christ 's life , Passion , Death , and Resurrection ) , usually concludes on this day . Television and radio stations also air Siete Palabras services from large churches in Manila , usually beginning at noon . Santo Entierro ( edit ) The usual highlight of Good Friday is the Santo Entierro ( `` holy interment '' ) , which is both the name of the rite itself and of the statue of the dead Christ used in it . Comparable to the Eastern Orthodox practice of processing the epitaphios , the calandra or bier carrying the Santo Entierro is brought around town , normally followed by images of saints connected to the Passion narrative such as Peter and John the Evangelist . Tradition dictates that the image of the Virgin Mary , dressed in black and gold as the mourning Mater Dolorosa , is always the final image in the procession . Some places accord the Santo Entierro traditional , pre-Christian funeral rites such as washing the corpse , laying the body in state , or seating it in a funerary chair . In Paete , Laguna the icon of the Santo Entierro is smoked over burning lansones peelings : during the procession , the calandra makes several stops , and each time is placed over the burning peelings . At each pause , a crier turns towards the bier and shouts , `` ¡ Señor ! Misericordia , Señor ! '' ( `` Lord ! Mercy , Lord ! '' ) , to which the congregation responds , `` ¡ Misericordia , Señor ! '' ( `` Mercy , Lord ! '' ) . Among the famous biers of the Dead Christ can be seen in Paete , Guagua , Sasmuan , Agoo , San Pablo , Molo , Iloilo , Baliwag , Vigan and Silay . Some are century old and commissioned from the famous talleres of Asuncion and Maximo Vicente . In Alimodian , Iloilo the Santo Entierro is interred at the door of the parish church to enable veneration , usually by kissing the icon 's feet . There is also a large crucifix before the altar for people to venerate and kiss . At night , young girls dressed and the Mater Dolorosa , barefoot and bearing lit candles , hold a procession around the town square to meditate and mourn Christ , reenacting the burial rites Christ 's female disciples gave him . Popular culture ( edit ) Several taboos are customarily observed on this day , such as an avoidance of excessive noisemaking , and in older times bathing ( except for health reasons ) . The prohibitions are usually effective after 15 : 00 PHT , the hour of Christ 's death according to scripture , and begins a period of ritual mourning . Children , in particular , were traditionally discouraged from outdoor play , with elders cautioning that since `` God is dead '' , evil spirits are freely roaming the earth and ready to harm people . The ritual mourning and generally somber mood attached to this day gave rise to the Tagalog idiom `` Mukhâ kang Biyernes Santo . '' Literally translating to `` You 've a face like Good Friday , '' it refers to a sad person 's demeanor resembling that of the suffering Christ . Easter Sunday ( edit ) Easter ( Linggó ng Pagkabuhay ) is marked with joyous celebrations , the first being the pre-dawn rite or sometimes 3 : 00 AM ( Witching Hour ) called Salubong in Filipino and Sugat in Cebuano and Hiligaynon ( both calques of the rite 's Spanish name Encuentro , `` meeting '' ) . The ritual is meant to depict the apocryphal reunion of Christ and his Mother , the Virgin Mary , after the Resurrection . Statues of both are borne in two separate processions that converge at a designated area called a Galilea ( `` Galilee '' ) , which is often any open space near the church . Depending on the size and wealth of the congregation , the processions include statues of any or all the Myrrhbearers , particularly the Three Marys ( Mary , mother of James , Mary Magdalene , and Mary Salome ) , along with Peter and John the Evangelist . By custom , the two processions are sex - segregated , with male worshipers following the Risen Christ , twelve men in costume as the Apostles , and icons of male saints , while female congregants accompany icons of the Virgin Mary and female saints . Those in the procession hold lit tapers , and often recite the rosary as a brass band plays hymns and joyful music . The icon of the Virgin Mary , still called the Mater Dolorosa , is clothed or draped in a black veil ( Tagalog : lambóng ) to show her bereavement . An `` angel '' ( often a small girl in costume ) stands at or is suspended in mid-air from the Galilea ( which may be a permanent or temporary scaffold , or even a house 's window festooned with flowers ) . From this lofty perch , the angel chants the Regina Coeli in Latin or in the vernacular , sometimes accompanied by similarly dressed children representing the angelic choirs . The high point is when the principal angel dramatically removes the veil from the Virgin 's icon , signalling the abrupt end to her grieving and the period of mourning . The veil may simply be pulled off the statue , or tied to balloons or doves that are released into the dawn sky . The sorrowing Virgin is thus ritually transformed into Nuestra Señora de Alegria ( `` Our Lady of Joy '' ) ; in celebratory veneration , the angels throw flower petals at the icons of the rejoicing Mother and her Risen Son while confetti are thrown into both images . The moment is punctuated by bells pealing , brass bands playing , and fireworks . The reunited congregation then gathers for the first Mass of Easter in the church . In some parishes , this rite is held earlier at midnight on Easter Sunday immediately following the Easter Vigil proper , but with the same format . Notable observances and pilgrimage sites ( edit ) Cities and towns with famous Holy Week celebrations include : Agoo La Union Arevalo , Iloilo City Baliuag , Bulacan Bustos , Bulacan Bantayan Island , Cebu Batangas City Binangonan , Rizal Betis , Guagua Candaba Pampanga Concepción Malabon Dagupan Pangsinan Guagua , Pampanga Lingayen , Pangasinan Lipa City Batangas Makati , Marikina Marinduque ( see Moriones Festival ) Morong , Rizal Meycauayan , Bulacan Paete , Laguna Pasig City Santa Maria , Bulacan Santa Rita , Pampanga San Pablo , Laguna Sasmuan , Pampanga Silay City Vigan , Ilocos Sur Via crucis ( edit ) During Visita Iglesia , the Pilgrims also pray to the Stations of the Cross inside the church . They are contemplating on the sufferings of the Christ . Tondo , Manila ( edit ) Caridad or Pakaridad is a way of giving or sharing food ( especially ginataan or suman ) to the neighbors or to the local church or chapel to be given to the crowds of people who attend the Good Friday procession . A complimentary drink of water is also given by local residents living along the processional route . Black Nazarene ( edit ) The Black Nazarene icon , brought from Mexico during the Galleon Trade era , is enshrined in Quiapo Church , and is considered miraculous by devotees is brought out for procession every Good Friday . The statue is borne on the shoulders of male devotees in a slow , difficult procession around the narrow streets of the district , a score of men struggle to keep the image moving on . Thousands more try to muscle their way to touch the Nazarene as if carried by a powerful tide in an ocean of humanity . Amulet hunting ( edit ) It is a folk belief that anting - anting ( traditional amulets ) are especially potent if collected , made , or imbued with power on Good Friday . In Sipalay , Negros Occidental many albularyo ( witch doctors ) search for anting - anting in unexplored caves . Procession of Statues ( edit ) On Holy Wednesday , a procession is held with Paete 's 53 images of Christ 's life and death . The procession goes through the town 's narrow streets en route to the church . It stops three times to give way to the Salubong ( meeting ) which depicts three scenes of Jesus ' passion and in which Paete 's `` moving saints '' take part . These are : the meeting of Christ and Mary , held at the church patio ; the wiping of Jesus ' face by Veronica , which takes place at Plaza Edesan ; and finally , the encounter between Mary and Veronica where the latter shows the miraculous imprints of Christ 's face on her cloth . This is held at the town plaza In San Pablo , the Good Friday procession consists of huge , century - old statues bedecked in fresh flowers . In the old times , the famous processions were that of Saint Bartholomew of Malabon , Binan , Laguna , Pateros and Tuguegaro . Unfortunately , the Holy Week Images from Cagayan were destroyed by the war and similarly the Tres Caidas of Binan . In the seventies , the Holy Week Procession of Malabon consisted of 30 silver carrozas . The highlight was the Tres Caidas either from Talleres Maximo or Asuncion . It no longer join the procession of Good Friday . The most famous procession in Manila during the inter war period was of Santa Cruz . Almost all images were obliterated during the aerial - bombardment of Manila Passion plays ( edit ) Senákulo ( edit ) Many towns have their own versions of the Senákulo , using traditional scripts that are decades or centuries old . A version is held at the Cultural Center of the Philippines , sponsored by the Department of Tourism . Popular film and televisions stars often join the cast of the play . In Taguig , they popularize the modern version of Jesus Christ Superstar reshown at the Fort Santiago Amphitheater for the benefit of Manileños . In Mexico , Pampanga and Dinalupihan , Bataan , the actor portraying Jesus has been actually nailed to the cross to simulate Christ 's passion as best and as painfully possible . Similar shows are also held in Makati and in the Santa Ana District of Manila . Pagtaltal sa Jordan ( edit ) In the Visayas , the passion play Ang Pagtaltal sa Jordan is performed in Jordan , Guimaras and in Barotac Viejo , Iloilo every Good Friday . In recent years , the play 's audience included locals as well as people from the United States , Mexico , Costa Rica , Argentina , the Netherlands , Spain , Germany , Canada , and other countries . Moriones Festival ( edit ) The Moriones Festival in the island province of Marinduque commemorates the story of the Roman centurion , Longinus ( Tagalog : San Longhino ) and his legendary conversion at the foot of the cross . The townsfolk of Boac and Mogpog are dressed in masks and helmets ( moriones ) , depicting Roman soldiers , and unusually for the country , observe Holy Week in a much more joyous manner . Salubong ( edit ) Ang Bati ( edit ) Salubung in Pasig ( edit ) The famous Salubong of Pasig Immaculate Church In one book written by an American , the author observed that the Easter Sunday Procession of Pasig was the most beautiful one . Since Pasig is older than the other towns of the former Province of Tondo , it was suggested , Makati , Paranaque and other Augustinian Towns copied their traditions from Pasig . Two processions emerged from the church and met in front of the Plaza . Mother and Son greeted each other to the tune of Regina Coeli . Saboy ( edit ) The Saboy is a traditional dance performed by girls on Easter Sunday in Las Piñas , Metro Manila . The dance is divided into two parts , the `` mourning '' section and the `` joyful '' version . The first dancer is the Salubong Angel , who often has large wings and bears a black veil . Second are the Hosanna Angels dressed in white , who usually hold baskets with rose petals and comprise a majority of the dancers . Third are the Tres Marías ( English : Three Marys ) , three older girls dressed in pink and also bearing baskets . Last are the blue - clad Kapitana ( Captainess ) and Tinyentera ( Female Lieutenant ) ; the Kapitana can be distinguished by the large banner she waves , while the Tinyentera swings a thurible . Sayaw ng Pagbatì ( edit ) The Salubong is also held in Parañaque City , but with the Mass followed by different renditions of the Sayaw ng Pagbatì ( `` Dance at the Greeting '' ) . San Pablo City ( edit ) Celebrities and movie stars from Manila and neighboring provinces join the procession organized by Don Ado Escudero of Villa Escudero . See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Philippines portal Binignit Black Nazarene Good Friday processions in Baliuag Holy Week in Paete Hispanic influence on Filipino culture Kantada sa Semana Santa Pasyon External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holy Week in the Philippines . Good Friday traditions , solemn rites held today Holy Wednesday Focuses On Judas ' Betrayal Of Jesus Baliuag processions Tourists witness Good Friday procession in Baliwag References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vila , Alixandra Caole ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` IN PHOTOS : A look at churches where Filipinos spend Visita Iglesia '' . The Philippine Star . philstar.com . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ BARTOLOME , JESSICA ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Doing the Visita Iglesia in Metro Manila '' . GMA News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Cuaresma Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Week_in_the_Philippines&oldid=813435402 '' Categories : Holy Week processions Christianity in the Philippines Catholic Church in the Philippines Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Filipino - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 18 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is holy week celebrated in the philippines | [
"It begins on Palm Sunday and continues on through to Black Saturday. Many communities observe Spanish-influenced Catholic rituals such as processions, that have been syncretised with elements of pre-Hispanic beliefs. This is evident in some ritual practices not sanctioned by the universal Church and the many superstitions associated with the occasion."
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"Palm Sunday and continues on through to Black Saturday"
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2007451108595655908 | Maggie Wheeler | Maggie Wheeler - wikipedia Maggie Wheeler Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Maggie Wheeler Wheeler in 2013 Margaret Emily Jakobson ( 1961 - 08 - 07 ) August 7 , 1961 ( age 56 ) Manhattan , New York , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1982 -- present Spouse ( s ) Daniel Borden Wheeler ( m . 1990 ) Children Margaret Emily `` Maggie '' Wheeler ( née Jakobson ; born August 7 , 1961 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her role as Janice on the sitcom Friends . She was also a recurring character on Everybody Loves Raymond as Linda and Anita Warrell on the sitcom Ellen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Wheeler was born in Manhattan , the daughter of Barbara , a writer , and John Jakobson , a member of the New York Stock Exchange . She was raised in a Secular Jewish household . She married Daniel Borden Wheeler in 1990 . They have two children . Career ( edit ) In the 1980s , Wheeler ( under her maiden name of Jakobson ) briefly dabbled in voice acting on the animated series SilverHawks , where she provided all the female voices , specifically the villainess Melodia and the heroine Steelheart / Emily Hart , and on the Karate Kat and Mini-Monsters segments of The Comic Strip . It was rumored that Wheeler auditioned for the role of Monica Geller , however after many interviews she stated that it was a false rumour , she was however invited to play Janice Goralnik , a recurring character who was a frequent love interest of main character Chandler Bing . She appeared at least once in each season ; her 19 episodes tie her with Christina Pickles for Friends ' third most frequent guest actor , behind only Elliott Gould 's 20 episodes , and James Michael Tyler 's 150 episodes . She also auditioned for the role of Debra Barone , on the American sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond . Although she was the producers ' choice , CBS ended up selecting Patricia Heaton . Instead , Wheeler played the recurring role of Debra 's friend , Linda . According to Kathy Griffin 's autobiography , Official Book Club Selection , Wheeler was cast in the role of Vicki for the pilot episode of Suddenly Susan and was eventually replaced by Griffin . She had a star billing in the first season of Ellen . She appeared on the hit comedy Seinfeld in the episode `` The Fix - Up '' , as one of Elaine 's friends who is set up with George . She has appeared in many other television programs , including Drake & Josh , ER , The X-Files , The War at Home , Will & Grace , Jack and Jill , How I Met Your Mother and Curb Your Enthusiasm . In 1997 , Wheeler voiced Harley Quinn 's replacement in the Batman : The Animated Series episode `` Joker 's Millions '' . In 1998 , she appeared in the remake of Disney 's The Parent Trap , playing the younger of a mother - daughter pair of camp counselors . She also guest starred in the Disney Channel Original Series Shake It Up as Dina 's Mom . In 2005 , Wheeler starred opposite David DeLuise on the NBC pilot The Sperm Donor . Wheeler provided the voice of Odile in Barbie of Swan Lake , and in 2010 she voiced Trinette in four episodes of Archer on FX . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 1982 Soup for One Nurse Portfolio Assistant Choreographer Someone to Love Attendee 1989 Mortal Sins Marie 1989 New Year 's Day Lucy 1993 Sexual Healing Suzanne Short film 1998 Parent Trap , The The Parent Trap Marva Kulp , Jr 2003 Barbie of Swan Lake Odile Voice role ; direct - to - video film 2006 Dr. Dolittle 3 Brown Hen / Fluffy Hen Voice role ; direct - to - video film 2007 Waking Dreams Jenny 2015 The 3 Tails : A Mermaid Adventure Maria Television roles Year Title Role Notes 1984 New Show , The The New Show Various 8 episodes 1985 Paper Chase , The The Paper Chase N / A Episode : `` The Day Kingsfield Missed Class '' 1986 SilverHawks Melodia / Steelheart Voice role ; main role L.A. Law Paula Lights Episode : `` The Good Human Bar '' 1991 Dream On Bonnie Decker Episode : `` So Funny I Forgot to Laugh '' 1992 Seinfeld Cynthia Episode : `` The Fix - Up '' 1992 Civil Wars Patricia McDermott Episode : `` Mob Psychology '' 1992 Doogie Howser , M.D. Elena Spencer Episodes : `` What You See Ai n't Necessarily What You Get '' , `` The Patient in Spite of Himself '' 1993 Sexual Healing Suzanne X-Files , The The X-Files Det . Sharon Lazard Episode : `` Born Again '' 1994 -- 2004 Friends Janice Litman - Goralnik ( née Hosenstein ) Recurring role , 19 episodes 1994 -- 1996 Ellen Anita Warrell Main role ( season 1 ) ; guest role ( season 3 ) ; 13 episodes 1995 Pride & Joy Flight Attendant Episode : `` Terror at 30,000 Feet '' 1996 -- 2004 Everybody Loves Raymond Linda Gruenfelder Recurring role , 11 episodes 1998 New Batman Adventures , The The New Batman Adventures Fake Harley ( voice ) Episode : `` Joker 's Millions '' 1998 Love Boat : The Next Wave Cindy Episode : `` True Course '' 1999 Get Real Jennifer Episode : Pilot 2001 Jack & Jill Kristen Moss Episodes : `` Crazy Like a Fox , Hungry Like the Wolf '' , `` Bag Full of Love '' 2001 It 's Like , You Know ... Rachel Episode : `` Walking Tall '' 2002 Will & Grace Polly Episode : `` Dyeing Is Easy , Comedy Is Hard '' 2002 Justice League Antiope / Perfume Lady / Firefighter / Pilot Voice role ; episode : `` Fury : Parts 1 & 2 '' 2003 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Stand - Up Comedian Episode : `` Last Laugh '' Kim Possible Dr. Renton Voice role ; episode : `` Motor Ed '' 2005 Paine Management Jeanine Bernsen Television movie 2005 Fat Actress Woman Diapering Baby Episode : `` Charlie 's Angels or Too Pooped to Pop '' 2005 Higglytown Heroes Street Sweeper Hero Voice role ; episode : `` Higgly Frog Day / Eubie 's Ele - Fantastic Adventure '' 2005 E-Ring Investigator Episode : `` Escape and Evade '' 2006 Drake & Josh Mindy 's 3rd Cousin Denise Episode : `` Alien Invasion '' 2006 ER Amy Kellerman Episode : `` Ames v. Kovac '' 2006 Friday Night Lights Teacher Episode : `` It 's Different for Girls '' 2007 War at Home , The The War at Home Mindy Episodes : `` It 's a Lower - Middle - Upper - Middle Class Problem '' , `` The War of the Golds '' 2007 How I Met Your Mother Margaret Episode : `` Dowisetrepla '' 2009 Without a Trace Gail Menken Episode : `` Wanted '' 2009 Breakdown , The The Breakdown Jennifer Unsold television pilot 2009 -- 2012 , 2017 Archer Receptionist , Trinette Magoon Voice role ; 11 episodes Glenn Martin DDS N / A Voice role ; episode : `` Jackie of All Trades '' 2011 Shake It Up Mrs. Garcia Episodes : `` Twist it Up '' , `` In The Bag it Up '' 2011 Curb Your Enthusiasm Ilene Solotaroff Episode : `` Palestinian Chicken '' 2013 Californication Ophelia Robbins Recurring role , 5 episodes 2014 Hot in Cleveland Rachel ( Melanie 's Childhood friend ) Episode : `` Murder House '' 2015 I Did n't Do It Fortune Teller Episode : `` The Bite Club '' 2016 Maron Steph Episode : `` Shrink and Kink '' 2018 Shameless Fiona 's lawyer Episodes : `` A Gallagher Pedicure '' , `` Sleepwalking '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gladstone , Douglas . `` Oh . My . Gawd . Janice from ' Friends ' is a choir director '' . Times of Israel . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Maggie Jakobson , Actress , Marries '' . The New York Times . October 21 , 1990 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catronia ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` Friends Week : Maggie Wheeler on being Janice '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Kathy ( 2009 ) . Official Book Club Selection : A Memoir According to Kathy Griffin . Ballantine Books . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 51851 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Official website Maggie Wheeler on IMDb Maggie Wheeler at filmreference.com Maggie Wheeler on Facebook VIAF : 293039929 LCCN : no2012156175 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maggie_Wheeler&oldid=833319604 '' Categories : 1961 births Living people Actresses from New York City American Jews American film actresses American television actresses American voice actresses People from Manhattan 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from November 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 20 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the actress that played janice on friends | [
"Margaret Emily \"Maggie\" Wheeler (née Jakobson; born August 7, 1961) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Janice on the sitcom Friends. She was also a recurring character on Everybody Loves Raymond as Linda and Anita Warrell on the sitcom Ellen."
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"Margaret Emily \"Maggie\" Wheeler"
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6157133524972735456 | Withering away of the state | Withering away of the state - wikipedia Withering away of the state `` Withering away of the state '' is a Marxist concept coined by Friedrich Engels referring to the idea that , with realization of the ideals of socialism , the social institution of a state will eventually become obsolete and disappear , as the society will be able to govern itself without the state and its coercive enforcement of the law . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the phrase 2 Interpretations 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading Origin of the phrase ( edit ) The phrase was coined by Friedrich Engels in part 3 , chapter 2 , of Anti-Dühring : The interference of the state power in social relations becomes superfluous in one sphere after another , and then ceases of itself . The government of persons is replaced by the administration of things and the direction of the processes of production . The state is not `` abolished '' , it withers away . Another related quote from Engels comes from Origins of the Family , Private Property , and the State : The society which organizes production anew on the basis of free and equal association of the producers will put the whole state machinery where it will then belong -- into the museum of antiquities , next to the spinning wheel and the bronze ax . Interpretations ( edit ) Although Engels first introduced the idea of the withering away of the state , he attributed the underlying concept to Karl Marx ; other Marxist theorists -- including Vladimir Lenin -- would later expand on it . According to this concept of the withering away of the state , eventually a communist society will no longer require coercion to induce individuals to behave in a way that benefits the society . Such a society would occur after a temporary period of the dictatorship of the proletariat . It proceeds from the concept of the transformation of the state in the previous stage of society called socialism . In socialism , Engels posits that , similar to the arguments made by Henri de Saint - Simon before him , that in a socialist society , public organization would become primarily concerned with technical issues such as the optimal allocation of resources and determination of production as opposed to drafting and enforcing laws , and thus the traditional state functions would gradually become irrelevant and unnecessary for the functioning of society . Engels argued that the state transforms itself from a `` government of people , but the administration of things '' , and thus would not be a state in the traditional sense of the term . This scenario depended on Marx 's view of coercive power as a tool of those who own the means of production , i.e. , certain social classes ( the bourgeoisie ) and the capitalist state . In a communist society the social classes would disappear and the means of production would have no single owner ; hence , such a stateless society will no longer require law , and stateless communist society will develop . The concept of the withering away of the state differentiates traditional Marxism from state socialism ( which accepted the retention of the institution of the state ) and antistatist anarchism ( which demanded the immediate abolition of the state , with no perceived need for any `` temporary '' , postrevolutionary institution of the state ) . In the Soviet Marxism of the Soviet Union , Lenin supported the idea of the `` withering away of the state '' as seen in his The State and Revolution ( 1917 ) . Joseph Stalin 's government mentioned it occasionally , but did not believe the world was yet in the advanced stage of development where the state could wither away . Stalin believed in the short - term need for building a strong communist - controlled state primarily for defence against external enemies . Thus , the Stalin - era Soviet Union marginalized the notion of the withering of the state . See also ( edit ) Communism portal `` From each according to his ability , to each according to his needs '' Post-scarcity economy Starve the beast State failure References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : withering away of the state . ( 2007 ) . In Palgrave Macmillan Dictionary of Political Thought . Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/macpt/withering_away_of_the_state ^ Jump up to : `` Withering Away of the State . '' In The Encyclopedia of Political Science , edited by George Thomas Kurian . Washington , DC : CQ Press , 2011 . http://library.cqpress.com/teps/encyps_1775.1 . ^ Jump up to : withering away of the state . ( 1999 ) . In The Blackwell Dictionary of Political Science . Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/bkpolsci/withering_away_of_the_state Jump up ^ Frederick Engels . `` Origins of the Family - Chapter IX '' . Marxists.org . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jianmin Zhao ; Bruce J. Dickson ( 2001 ) . Remaking the Chinese State : Strategies , Society , and Security . Taylor & Francis Group . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 25583 - 7 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Surin , Kenneth ( 1990 ) . `` Marxism ( s ) and ' The Withering Away of the State ' '' . Social Text . 27 : 35 -- 54 . doi : 10.2307 / 466306 . Bloom , Solomon F. ( 1946 ) . `` The `` Withering Away '' of the State `` . Journal of the History of Ideas. 7 ( 1 ) : 113 -- 121 . doi : 10.2307 / 2707273 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Withering_away_of_the_state&oldid=835483662 '' Categories : Marxism Political catchphrases Hidden categories : Use British English Oxford spelling from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 23 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who asserted that the state would ultimately wither away | [
"\"Withering away of the state\" is a Marxist concept coined by Friedrich Engels referring to the idea that, with realization of the ideals of socialism, the social institution of a state will eventually become obsolete and disappear, as the society will be able to govern itself without the state and its coercive enforcement of the law."
] | [
"Friedrich Engels"
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-5560593536298199590 | Need for Speed | Need for Speed - wikipedia Need for Speed This article is about the video game series . For the film based on the series , see Need for Speed ( film ) . For the 2015 game and reboot of the series , see Need for Speed ( 2015 video game ) . For other works using this title , see Need for Speed ( disambiguation ) . Need for Speed Series typeface and logo used since the 2015 reboot . Genres Racing Developer ( s ) Current Ghost Games ( 2013 -- present ) Firemonkeys Studios ( 2012 -- present ) Previous ( show ) Criterion Games ( 2010 -- 13 ) EA Black Box ( 2002 -- 11 ) EA Bright Light ( 2009 ) EA Canada ( 1994 -- 2000 ) Eden Studios ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Exient Entertainment ( 2006 -- 10 ) Firebrand Games ( 2008 -- 11 ) Piranha Games ( 2008 ) Slightly Mad Studios ( 2009 -- 11 ) Publisher ( s ) Electronic Arts Platforms List ( show ) 3DO Android Arcade DOS Game Boy Advance iOS Kindle Fire Mac OS X Microsoft Windows Mobile game MS - DOS Nintendo 3DS Nintendo DS Nintendo GameCube OS X PlayStation PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 PlayStation Portable PlayStation Vita Sega Saturn Wii Wii U Windows Mobile Windows Phone Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One Zeebo Platform of origin 3DO Year of inception 1994 First release The Need for Speed August 31 , 1994 Latest release Need for Speed Payback November 10 , 2017 Need for Speed ( NFS ) is a racing video game franchise published by Electronic Arts and developed by Ghost Games . The series centers around illicit street racing and in general tasks players to complete various types of races while evading the local law enforcement in police pursuits . The series released its first title , The Need for Speed in 1994 . The most recent game , Need for Speed Payback , was released on November 10 , 2017 . The series has been overseen and had games developed by multiple notable teams over the years including EA Black Box and Criterion Games , the developers of Burnout . The franchise has been critically well received and is one of the most successful video game franchises of all time , selling over 150 million copies of games . Due to its strong sales , the franchise has expanded into other forms of media including a film adaptation and licensed Hot Wheels toys . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Series overview 3 Main installments 3.1 The Need for Speed ( 1994 ) 3.2 Need for Speed II ( 1997 ) 3.3 Need for Speed III : Hot Pursuit ( 1998 ) 3.4 Need for Speed : High Stakes / Road Challenge ( 1999 ) 3.5 Need for Speed : Porsche Unleashed / Porsche 2000 ( 2000 ) 3.6 Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit 2 ( 2002 ) 3.7 Need for Speed : Underground ( 2003 ) 3.8 Need for Speed : Underground 2 ( 2004 ) 3.9 Need for Speed : Most Wanted ( 2005 ) 3.10 Need for Speed : Carbon ( 2006 ) 3.11 Need for Speed : ProStreet ( 2007 ) 3.12 Need for Speed : Undercover ( 2008 ) 3.13 Need for Speed : Shift ( 2009 ) 3.14 Need for Speed : Nitro ( 2009 ) 3.15 Need for Speed : World ( 2010 ) 3.16 Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit ( 2010 ) 3.17 Shift 2 : Unleashed ( 2011 ) 3.18 Need for Speed : The Run ( 2011 ) 3.19 Need for Speed : Most Wanted ( 2012 ) 3.20 Need for Speed Rivals ( 2013 ) 3.21 Need for Speed ( 2015 ) 3.22 Need for Speed : No Limits ( 2015 ) 3.23 Need for Speed Payback ( 2017 ) 3.24 Need for Speed : Edge ( 2017 ) 4 Other games 4.1 Need for Speed : V - Rally ( 1997 ) 4.2 Need for Speed : V - Rally 2 ( 1999 ) 4.3 Motor City Online ( 2001 ) 5 Development history 6 Film adaptation 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Almost all of the games in the NFS series employ the same fundamental rules and similar mechanics : the player controls a race car in a variety of races , the goal being to win the race . In the tournament / career mode , the player must win a series of races in order to unlock vehicles and tracks . Before each race , the player chooses a vehicle and has the option of selecting either an automatic or manual transmission . All games in the series have some form of multiplayer mode allowing players to race one another via a split screen , a LAN or the Internet . Since Need for Speed : High Stakes , the series has also integrated car body customization into gameplay . Although the games share the same name , their tone and focus can vary significantly . For example , in some games the cars can suffer mechanical and visual damage , while in other games the cars can not be damaged at all ; in some games , the software simulates real - car behavior ( physics ) , while in others there are more forgiving physics . With the release of Need for Speed : Underground , the series shifted from racing sports cars on scenic point - to - point tracks to an import / tuner subculture involving street racing in an urban setting . To date , this theme has remained prevalent in most of the following games . Need for Speed : Shift and its sequel took a simulator approach to racing , featuring closed - circuit racing on real tracks like the Nürburgring and the Laguna Seca , and fictional street circuits in cities like London and Chicago . The car lists include a combination of exotics , sports cars , and tuners in addition to special race cars . Most of the games in the franchise include police pursuits in some form or other . In some of the games featuring police pursuit ( e.g. Need for Speed III : Hot Pursuit ) , the player can play as either the felon or the cop . The concepts of drifting and dragging were introduced in Need for Speed : Underground . These new mechanics are included in the tournament / career mode aside from the regular street races . Drift races , in games like Need for Speed : Underground and Need for Speed ( 2015 ) , the player must defeat other racers by totaling the most points , earned by the length and timing of the drift made by the player 's vehicle . In drag races , the player must finish first to win the race , though if the player crashes into an obstacle or wall , the race ends . In the recent game Need for Speed : Payback , the player has to earn a certain amount of points to win ; increase their multiplier based on how many points they get , whist passing through a limited amount of checkpoints . The concept of car tuning evolved with each new game , from focusing mainly on the mechanics of the car to including how the car looks . Each game except Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit has car tuning which can set options for items like ABS , traction control , or downforce , or for upgrading parts like the engine or gearbox . Visual tuning of the player 's car becomes important in tournament / career mode after the release of Need for Speed : Underground 2 , when the appearance is rated from zero to ten points . When a car attains a high enough visual rating , the vehicle is eligible to be on the cover of a fictional magazine . Like all racing games , the Need for Speed series features a list of cars , modeled and named after actual cars . Cars in the franchise are divided into four categories : exotic cars , muscle cars , tuners , and special vehicles . Exotic cars feature high performance , expensive cars like the Lamborghini Murciélago , Mercedes - Benz SLR McLaren , Chevrolet Corvette and the Ford GT ; muscle cars refer to the Ford Mustang , Dodge Challenger and the Chevrolet Camaro ; while tuner cars are cars like the Nissan Skyline and the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution . The special vehicles are civilian and police cars that are available for use in some games , such as the Ford Crown Victoria in Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit and garbage trucks , fire engines and taxis in Need for Speed : Carbon . Originally the series took place in international settings , such as race tracks in Australia , Europe , and Africa . Beginning with Underground , the series has taken place in fictional metropolitan cities . The first game featured traffic on `` head to head '' mode , while later games traffic can be toggled on and off , and starting with Underground , traffic is a fixed obstacle . Most of the recent Need for Speed games are set in fictional locations of our world , in a number of different time periods . These include , but are not limited to , Bayview , Rockport , Seacrest County , Fairhaven City , Ventura Bay , Fortune Valley and Palmont City . Series overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Need for Speed video games There have been 23 games released in the Need for Speed series . Main titles in the Need for Speed series Title Year PC Consoles Handheld Developer Notes The Need for Speed 1994 DOS 3DO , Saturn , PS1 N / A Electronic Arts Canada 3DO version was the first version to be released Need for Speed II 1997 Windows PS1 N / A EA ( Canada / Seattle ) Prototypes and showcars available . NFS III : Hot Pursuit 1998 Windows PS1 N / A EA ( Canada / Seattle ) NFS : High Stakes 1999 Windows PS1 N / A EA ( Canada / Seattle ) Known as Need for Speed : Road Challenge in Europe and Brazil NFS : Porsche Unleashed 2000 Windows PS1 GBA Eden Games / EA Canada Pocketeers Known as Need for Speed : Porsche 2000 in most European countries and Need for Speed : Porsche in Germany and Latin America NFS : Hot Pursuit 2 2002 Windows GC , PS2 , Xbox N / A EA ( Black Box / Seattle ) NFS : Underground 2003 Windows GC , PS2 , Xbox GBA EA Black Box NFS : Underground 2 Windows GC , PS2 , Xbox GBA , Mobile , DS , PSP EA Black Box PSP version was titled Need for Speed : Underground Rivals . NFS : Most Wanted 2005 Windows GC , PS2 , Xbox , Xbox 360 GBA , Mobile , DS , PSP EA Black Box PSP version was titled Need for Speed : Most Wanted 5 - 1 - 0 . NFS : Carbon 2006 Windows , Mac OS X GC , PS2 , Xbox , PS3 , Wii , Xbox 360 GBA , Mobile , DS , PSP EA ( Canada / Black Box ) PSP , DS and GBA versions was titled Need for Speed : Carbon Own the City . NFS : ProStreet 2007 Windows PS2 , PS3 , Wii , Xbox 360 Mobile , DS , PSP EA Black Box NFS : Undercover 2008 Windows PS2 , PS3 , Wii , Xbox 360 Mobile , DS , PSP , Windows Mobile , iOS EA Vancouver Exient Entertainment Firebrand Games Piranha Games NFS : Shift 2009 Windows PS3 , Xbox 360 PSP , Mobile , Windows Mobile , Android , iOS Slightly Mad Studios EA Bright Light NFS : Nitro N / A Wii DS Firebrand Games EA Montreal The DSiWare version was called Need for Speed : Nitro - X . NFS : World Windows N / A N / A EA Black Box Free - to - play MMO racing game . Closed in 2015 . NFS : Hot Pursuit Windows PS3 , Wii , Xbox 360 Windows Phone , Android , iOS Criterion Games Wii version by Exient Entertainment Shift 2 : Unleashed 2011 Windows PS3 , Xbox 360 iOS Slightly Mad Studios Also known as Need for Speed : Shift 2 - Unleashed . NFS : The Run Windows PS3 , Wii , Xbox 360 3DS EA Black Box Wii / 3DS versions by Firebrand Games . NFS : Most Wanted 2012 Windows PS3 , Wii U , Xbox 360 PS Vita , Android , iOS Criterion Games Wii U version ( released 2013 ) was titled Need for Speed : Most Wanted U . NFS Rivals 2013 Windows PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One N / A Ghost Games Criterion Games Need for Speed Rivals Complete Edition was released October 21 , 2014 ( including all DLC packs & pre-order bonuses ) . NFS : No Limits 2015 N / A N / A Android , iOS Firemonkeys Studios Need for Speed Windows PS4 , Xbox One N / A Ghost Games Series reboot . Requires consistent internet connectivity . NFS Payback 2017 Windows PS4 , Xbox One N / A Ghost Games NFS : Edge In development Windows Unknown N / A EA Spearhead Free - to - play MMO racing game . Published by Nexon in South Korea and Tencent Interactive Entertainment in China ( titled Need for Speed Online ) . Main installments ( edit ) Timeline of release years 1994 The Need for Speed 1995 1997 Need for Speed II 1998 Need for Speed III : Hot Pursuit 1999 Need for Speed : High Stakes 2000 Need for Speed : Porsche Unleashed Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit 2 2003 Need for Speed : Underground Need for Speed : Underground 2 2005 Need for Speed : Most Wanted 2006 Need for Speed : Carbon 2007 Need for Speed : ProStreet 2008 Need for Speed : Undercover 2009 Need for Speed : Shift Need for Speed : Nitro Need for Speed : World Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit 2011 Shift 2 : Unleashed Need for Speed : The Run 2012 Need for Speed : Most Wanted 2013 Need for Speed Rivals 2014 2015 Need for Speed : No Limits Need for Speed ( 2015 ) 2016 2017 Need for Speed Payback TBA Need for Speed : Edge The Need for Speed ( 1994 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Need for Speed The original Need for Speed was released for 3DO in 1994 with versions released for the PC ( DOS ) ( 1995 ) , PlayStation and Saturn ( 1996 ) following shortly afterwards . The Need for Speed and its Special Edition were the only games in the series to support DOS , with subsequent releases for the PC run only within Windows . The first installment of The Need for Speed was the only serious attempt by the series to provide a realistic simulation of car handling elements through the direct collaboration of Staff members from Road & Track . Electronic Arts left the handling dynamics tuning with the automotive magazine 's seasoned drivers to match vehicle behavior including realistic over and understeer that remains impressive decades later , as well as sounds made by the vehicles ' gear control levers and other functions . The game contained vehicle data with spoken commentary , several `` magazine style '' images of each car , and short video - clips highlighting the vehicles set to music . Most cars and tracks are available at the beginning of the game , and the objective is to unlock the remaining locked content by winning tournaments . This version featured chases by police cars , a popular theme throughout the series . Another version called The Need for Speed : Special Edition , was released only for the PC in 1996 . It featured support for DirectX 2 and TCP / IP networking , two new tracks , but dropped the ever - popular flip and go in favor of the more generic scene reset after an accident , a portents of the arcade style gaming that would dominate the series ever after . Need for Speed II ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed II Need for Speed II ( NFS II ) featured some rare and exotic vehicles , including the Ford Indigo concept vehicle , and featured country - themed tracks from North America , Europe , Asia and Australia . The PlayStation port of NFS II was the first PlayStation game to take advantage of the NeGcon controller , and the Dual Analog and DualShock controllers as well . A new racing mode was also introduced , dubbed `` Knockout '' , where the last racers to finish laps will be eliminated . In addition , track design was more open - ended ; players could now `` drive '' off the asphalt , and cut across fields to take advantage of shortcuts . Need for Speed II : Special Edition includes one extra track , extra cars , and support for Glide . Need for Speed III : Hot Pursuit ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed III : Hot Pursuit Need for Speed III : Hot Pursuit added Hot Pursuit mode , where the player either attempted to outrun the police or be the cop , arresting speeders . NFS III took advantage of the multimedia capabilities by featuring audio commentary , picture slideshows , and music videos . This game was the first in the series to allow the downloading of additional cars from the official website . As a result , modding communities sprang up to create vehicles . The PC version was also the first game in the series to support Direct 3D hardware . Need for Speed : High Stakes / Road challenge ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : High Stakes High Stakes ( North American and Australian title ) , also known as Road Challenge ( European and Brazilian title ) , Conduite en état de liberté ( French title ) and Brennender Asphalt ( German title ) , was released in the summer of 1999 . High Stakes introduced several new types of gameplay : High Stakes , Getaway , Time Trap , and Career . High Stakes was a racing mode ; Getaway required the player to outrun numerous pursuing police vehicles ; Time Trap was a time lap trial , and Career was a tournament mode which incorporated a monetary reward system . Another innovation was the introduction of damage models , where after a race the player is given the option to purchase repairs . The mode also allows players , for the first time , to upgrade cars . The PlayStation version of the game , released some months before the PC version featured improved gameplay . The AI in the game was more advanced : the five AIs known as Nemesis , Bullit , Frost , Ranger , and Chump featured different driving characteristics . In the PlayStation version , the McLaren F1 GTR was based on the 1997 Long Tail , while the PC version was based on the original 95 / 96 version . Need for Speed : Porsche Unleashed / Porsche 2000 ( 2000 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : Porsche Unleashed Porsche Unleashed ( North America and Latin America title ) , Porsche 2000 ( European and Australian title ) or simply Porsche ( in Germany ) is different from the previous versions , because it featured only Porsches . The vehicle handling in the PC version was said to be the most realistic in any NFS game , but the PS1 version had very simplified arcade handling that fell woefully short of the hallmark handling offered in the first game . The player had to win races to unlock cars in chronological order from 1950 to 2000 . Porsche Unleashed also featured a Factory Driver mode , where the player had to test Porsches to move forward in the game and did not feature a split screen mode . Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit 2 ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit 2 Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit 2 was the debut NFS title from EA Black Box , and the first NFS for the sixth generation consoles . Different versions of the game were produced for each game platform ; the Xbox , GameCube and PC versions were developed in EA Seattle , while the PS2 version was developed by Black Box Games in Vancouver . Hot Pursuit 2 draws primarily from the gameplay and style of NFS III ; its emphasis on evading the police and over-the - top tracks . Although the game allowed players to play as the police , the pursuit mode was less realistic than preceding versions of NFS ; players merely needed to `` tap '' a speeder to arrest them , as opposed to using simulated police tactics to immobilize a speeding vehicle . This was the first version since the start of the series not to feature an `` in the driving seat '' ( cockpit ) camera view , transitioning EA from realistic racing to arcade street racing . It was the last game in the series for the PC version to feature the split - screen two player mode introduced in Need for Speed II . For the multiplayer mode of the PC version , GameSpy 's internet matchmaking system was used in place of Local Area Network ( LAN ) play . Hot Pursuit 2 was also the first NFS game to use songs sung by licensed artists under the EA Trax label . Need for Speed : Underground ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : Underground Need for Speed : Underground was developed by EA Black Box and released on November 17 , 2003 . This was the first NFS game to require Hardware Transform and Lighting in Graphics Cards . Most of the new elements in Underground became defining marks of later installments in the Need for Speed series . Underground shifted from semi-professional racing and isolated circuits to the street racing style of other arcade racing series : all circuits became part of a single map , Olympic City , except for drifts . Underground introduced two new play modes ( Drag and Drift ) and more tuning options than in the earlier High Stakes . Underground was also the first game in the series to feature a story , told via pre-rendered videos . Underground features tuner cars and has a wide variety of tuning options such as widebody kits , bumpers , spoilers , etc. , as well as performance upgrades such as engines and nitrous . City street racing is the primary focus of the game . There were no police in Underground and Underground 2 , which drew criticism as police had been an important part of previous titles . Need for Speed : Underground 2 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : Underground 2 Need for Speed : Underground 2 , was developed by EA Black Box and released on November 15 , 2004 . A demo of the game was placed as a bonus in copies of the EA / Criterion collaboration Burnout 3 : Takedown . In Underground 2 , the story mode continued , but there were new racing modes such as Underground Racing League and Street X , more tuning options , and a new method of selecting races . Also included was an `` outrun '' mode where a player can challenge random opponents on the road ( similar to Tokyo Xtreme Racer ) . Underground 2 also introduced several SUVs , used to race against other SUVs . The most significant change vs. the original Underground was the introduction of its Open World ( free roam ) environments , setting the tone for numerous NFS games to come . This was also the publisher 's most marketed feature at launch . In addition , the game featured actresses / models Brooke Burke and Kelly Brook as in - game characters to help guide the player through the campaign . The customization features were significantly expanded on modifications which did not affect vehicle performance . Players were required to customize their car to a certain numerical value in order to be offered DVD and magazine covers , the only way to advance to higher game levels . The game featured more extensive product placement for companies with no connection to auto racing . This game also had extensive customization options in the form of suspension upgrades , nitrous systems , and engine mods . Need for Speed : Underground Rivals was the first Need for Speed game released on the PlayStation Portable . Different from Need for Speed : Underground 2 as it had no free roam and the cars were very limited , it was released on February 24 , 2005 , in Japan , March 14 , 2005 , in North America , and September 1 , 2005 , in Europe . The title went Platinum in Europe on June 30 , 2006 . Need for Speed : Most Wanted ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : Most Wanted ( 2005 video game ) Need for Speed : Most Wanted was developed by EA Black Box , released on November 16 , 2005 , and was one of the first games released for the Xbox 360 . It was released on the Nintendo GameCube , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , Game Boy Advance , Microsoft Windows and Nintendo DS . The PlayStation Portable port of Most Wanted is called Need for Speed : Most Wanted 5 - 1 - 0 . Police chases represent a significant body of the gameplay , and include the free - roaming aspect of Underground 2 , but with less extensive vehicle customization features . The story mode is a different style from Underground , with CGI effects mixed with live action . The game featured the Blacklist , a crew consisting of 15 racers that the player must beat one - by - one to unlock parts , cars , tracks , and to complete career mode . The player had to meet certain requirements before they could take on the next Blacklist rival , such as races completed , milestones achieved , bounty earned , etc . A special Black Edition of Most Wanted was also released , featuring additional races , challenges , and a few bonus cars ; it also included a behind - the - scenes DVD . Both versions were available for the PlayStation 2 , Xbox , Nintendo DS , and Windows - based PCs , while only the standard edition was available for GameCube and Xbox 360 . Most Wanted had extremely positive reviews and received universal acclaim from reviewers in many gaming websites and magazines , praising the graphics , sound effects and general gameplay . With 16 million copies sold worldwide , it 's the best - selling game in the franchise . A game , also named Need for Speed : Most Wanted , was released in 2012 with British developer Criterion Games responsible for the development . Need for Speed : Carbon ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : Carbon Need for Speed : Carbon was developed by EA Black Box and released on October 31 , 2006 . It was the first NFS game for the PlayStation 3 and the Wii and the last NFS game for the Nintendo GameCube , the Game Boy Advance , and the Xbox . Carbon 's handheld port is known as Need for Speed : Carbon -- Own the City . The Wii port lacked online but made full use of the Wii Remote and Nunchuk . NFS : Carbon continued the story from Most Wanted , however , the game has far less emphasis on the police . Carbon saw the return of nighttime - only racing , with a selection of cars similar to that of Most Wanted . Carbon introduced a new feature wherein the player is allowed to form a `` crew '' that aids the player in races . Drift events returned to the series in Carbon . Drag racing was removed from the series , but a new type of race called `` Canyon Duel '' was added , where the closer the player is to the leader , the more points they accrue . If the player overtakes the leader and remains in front for 10 seconds , they win automatically . Another new feature is `` Autosculpt '' , which allows players to custom - fabricate their own auto parts . The Collector 's Edition Featuring three new cars , ten specially tuned cars , six new races , and a bonus DVD with behind - the - scenes footage on the making of the game . Need for Speed : ProStreet ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : ProStreet Need for Speed : ProStreet , developed by EA Black Box , was released in 2007 . Key features of the game included realistic damage , a return to realistic racing , modeling , and burnouts . The game lacked the free roam mode found in earlier releases , instead , all of the races were on closed race tracks that took place on organized race days . The game consisted of drag races , speed challenges ( essentially sprint races and speed traps ) , grip races ( circuit racing ) , and drift races . Need for Speed : Undercover ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : Undercover Need for Speed : Undercover , developed by EA Black Box , was released on November 18 , 2008 . The game had a significantly longer development cycle than previous games , taking 16 months to develop . EA Games president Frank Gibeau stated that since sales of ProStreet did n't live up to EA 's projections , the franchise would go back to its `` roots '' . The game received lower scores on aggregate than Pro Street . The game focused on tuning and police chases , featured over 50 cars , and took place in a fictional city called Tri-City Bay . The player 's role was as an undercover cop , trying to stop street racers . Containing live - action cutscenes which feature the actress Maggie Q , the game also featured a damage system where parts could break off after a crash . The Collector 's Edition for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 added another 5 new cars , twelve new circuits , and sprint and checkpoint track configurations . Also included were specially tuned versions of ten existing cars , plus 35 exclusive vinyls for adding a unique visual style . EA ported Undercover to various mobile devices . It was the last Need for Speed game for PlayStation 2 . Need for Speed : Shift ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : Shift Need for Speed : Shift , developed by Slightly Mad Studios , was released on September 15 , 2009 . It features over 60 cars and 19 tracks , some of which are licensed tracks while others are fictional . The improved driving simulation was accompanied by an adaptive difficulty , while it reintroduced a cockpit view . NFS : Shift focused on racing simulation rather than the arcade racing of previous titles . NFS : Shift received better reviews than the prior 3 games in the series . The Special Edition contained a special tuned BMW M3 GT2 , and an Elite Series track . Two items of downloadable content were released for the game . Need for Speed : Nitro ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : Nitro Need for Speed : Nitro is the first NFS game made exclusively for Nintendo DS and Wii , featuring arcade - style gameplay and targeting a casual audience . Nitro was released on November 3 , 2009 in North America and in Europe on November 6 , 2009 . Need for Speed : Nitro was also available as a social multiplayer game on Facebook . Need for Speed : Nitro - X ( 2010 ) was a newer installment for use with the DSi / XL and the 3DS system . Essentially the original release , it was updated with several updates : 18 licensed vehicles ; new police units ; custom tags ; 16 updated tracks ; a revised career mode ; local multiplayer matches for up to 4 players ; and new rewards and unlockables . The game was released as a digital download only , released on November 15 , 2010 , in North America and November 26 , 2010 , in Europe . Need for Speed : World ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : World Need for Speed : World was a free - to - play MMO racing game for Windows - based PCs . It took on the gameplay style of Most Wanted and Carbon , focusing on illegal street racing , tuning and police chases , and adding classic MMO elements to the mix . World incorporated almost exact replicas of the cities of Rockport and Palmont , the cities of Most Wanted and Carbon respectively , into its map design . World was originally scheduled for an Asian release in the summer of 2009 , however the game was not released at that time and it was released worldwide on July 27 , 2010 . In October 2009 , the game was in public beta - testing limited to residents of Taiwan . The beta was launched on June 2 , 2010 . The game was released to players who had the starter pack on July 20 , 2010 , and to others on July 27 , 2010 . Previously , the players who did not purchase the Starter Pack were not able to progress further from level 10 ; the level cap for those players has since been removed on September 8 , 2010 , allowing all players ' progression and availability . Players were limited to 60 levels only . It has a garage of 150 + cars . On April 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Need for Speed World would be closing its servers on July 14 , 2015 . They soon after removed the ability to create new accounts for the game and began winding down their support for it . Since the announcement , there have been several `` end of the world '' promotions and in - game events but many of the players have since moved on . Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit ( 2010 video game ) Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit was developed by British games developer Criterion Games and published by Electronic Arts on November 16 , 2010 . It focuses on racing and police chases rather than car customization . The game won many awards at the E3 2010 , including `` Best Racing Game '' , becoming the first game in the NFS series since the original Hot Pursuit to win an E3 award . There were over 60 cars , most available to both racers and cops , but a few were exclusive to either side . Unlike previous NFS titles , there was no customization , and the game takes place in a fictional rural area called Seacrest County , which the `` free roam '' feature lets you explore . Hot Pursuit allows play as either police or racer . The game also features many weapons , with some exclusive to the cops or racers . The biggest feature introduced was the Need for Speed Autolog , which tracked player progressions and recommended events to play . In addition to its statistical system , Autolog also features Facebook - like speedwalls where players can post their comments and photos while in the game . Hot Pursuit has received some of the best reviews of the series . The Limited Edition gives players exclusive access to the Alfa Romeo 8C Competizione and Ford Shelby GT500 . Various downloadable content was released for the game . Shift 2 : Unleashed ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Shift 2 : Unleashed The sequel to Need for Speed : Shift , Shift 2 : Unleashed was developed by Slightly Mad Studios , and released on March 29 , 2011 . Shift 2 includes the Autolog feature introduced in Hot Pursuit . It also includes features such as night racing , an in - helmet camera , and a more in - depth career mode . Shift 2 features more than 140 vehicles available for racing and tuning , a smaller number compared with other racing games such as Forza Motorsport 3 and Gran Turismo 5 . There are also 40 real - world locations including Bathurst , Spa - Francorchamps and Suzuka as well as fictional circuits . The Limited Edition features 3 unlocked cars , and an additional 37 career race events . Two downloadable contents were released for Shift 2 . Need for Speed : the Run ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : The Run Need for Speed : The Run was developed by EA Black Box , and released on November 15 , 2011 . The game continued the street - racing gameplay of Black Box 's previous titles , with a story based on a race across the United States from San Francisco to New York . The game featured quick time events with the player , for the first time in NFS history , exiting their car and traveling on foot . The Run was powered by DICE 's Frostbite 2 engine , making the game the first non-shooter and one of the first console titles to use the engine . Additionally , the NFS Autolog was also used in the game . The Run employs a large range of real - world vehicles , which can be altered with visual upgrades . An XP ( Experience points ) system is used for unlocking cars and events . The Limited Edition features three exclusive cars and five exclusive challenges with bonus rewards and achievements . Need for Speed : Most Wanted ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : Most Wanted ( 2012 video game ) Need for Speed : Most Wanted was developed by British games developer Criterion Games , and released on October 30 , 2012 . The game picked up on the Most Wanted IP , as opposed to the Hot Pursuit extension . This was the first game made subsequent to Criterion Games taking over the NFS series from Black Box . It features open world racing , and most of the cars in the game are available from the start , hidden in different locations . It also features a blacklist of 10 instead of 15 , and there is no story or visual customization for the game . It is powered by Autolog 2.0 . Performance upgrades are available for all the cars in the game , such as chassis , tires , nitrous , and bodywork . Milestones and achievements are unlocked through a variety of ways , e.g. completion of races and breaking through billboards . Need for Speed Rivals ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed Rivals Need for Speed : Rivals was developed by Ghost Games ( formerly EA Gothenburg ) in association with Criterion Games , and was released on November 15 , 2013 for the PlayStation 4 , on November 19 , 2013 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and on November 22 , 2013 for the Xbox One . It runs on DICE 's Frostbite 3 Engine . It has the same basic concept as Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit , but with new features like the AllDrive system , and several pursuit techs . Need for Speed ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed ( 2015 video game ) On May 21 , 2015 , EA and Ghost Games revealed Need for Speed , a full reboot of the franchise . The game was released on November 3 , 2015 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One , with a release for Microsoft Windows ( via Origin ) in 2016 . More information on the game was revealed during the EA press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2015 on June 15 , 2015 . A new trailer was released and a short gameplay demo was shown . Beta released on PS4 and Xbox One . PC version was released on March 15 , 2016 , via Origin in two different editions . The Standard Edition is the base edition , whereas the Deluxe Edition has the styling pack , performance pack , tricked - out starter car , exclusive wraps , unique identifying stickers , VIP icons and a lifetime discount on all items using the in - game currency . Need for Speed : no Limits ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed : No Limits Need for Speed : No Limits was released in 2015 for iOS and Android , and a mobile installment in the Need for Speed video game series , developed by Firemonkeys Studios and published by Electronic Arts . It is the franchise 's first original title made exclusively for mobile devices , unlike past mobile games in the series that were simply adaptations of various Need for Speed games . Need for Speed Payback ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Need for Speed Payback EA and Ghost Games announced Need for Speed Payback in June 2017 . The game was released on November 10 , 2017 for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One . The game has an offline single - player mode unlike the previous title . The game was revealed at the EA press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017 from June 10 -- 12 , 2017 . Need for Speed : Edge ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Need for Speed : Edge is a free - to - play MMO racing game developed by EA Spearhead ( formerly EA Korea ) and published by Nexon from South Korea and Tencent Interactive Entertainment ( known as Need for Speed Online ) from China . It is the third free - to - play game in the franchise overall , also the only free - to - play racing game that runs on Frostbite 3 game engine . It is based on the 2013 title , Need for Speed Rivals . Open Beta is released in December 2017 . Other games ( edit ) There are three games which are associated with , but not part of , the Need for Speed series . Need for Speed : V - Rally ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Main article : V - Rally When V - Rally was released in 1997 , it was developed by Eden Studios and had no connection with the Need for Speed games . Electronic Arts acquired the rights to publish the PlayStation version of the game in the United States in order to help sales of the game , due to the fact that rally racing held little support in the U.S. The game was not originally intended to be part of the Need for Speed series ; neither the game 's development was done by Electronic Arts Canada ( which at the time was the primary developer of the Need for Speed series ) , nor was it developed in as association with Electronic Arts in any way . Later versions of the game were solely published by Infogrames and were released under their original names . Need for Speed : V - Rally 2 ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Main article : V - Rally 2 Much like with the original V - Rally , EA purchased the rights to publish the PlayStation version of V - Rally 2 . Infogrames published the Dreamcast version of the game in America as Test Drive : V - Rally . Motor City Online ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Motor City Online Originally conceived as part of the Need for Speed series under the title Need for Speed : Motor City , all single player elements were discarded in favor of an online - only model . The result , Motor City Online was a racing MMO game released by EA on October 29 , 2001 . The point of the game was to buy classic cars , tune them , and race them against other players . The game went offline less than two years later to enable EA to focus on The Sims Online . Later , EA , would develop a new online racing game , called Need for Speed : World . Development history ( edit ) Aggregate review scores As of April 20 , 2018 . Game GameRankings Metacritic The Need for Speed ( SAT ) 95.00 % ( DOS ) 83.00 % ( PS ) 68.50 % Need for Speed II ( PS1 ) 71.39 % ( PC ) 68.25 % ( PS1 ) 71 / 100 Need for Speed III : Hot Pursuit ( PS1 ) 85.63 % ( PC ) 84.82 % ( PS1 ) 88 / 100 Need for Speed : High Stakes ( PS1 ) 84.38 % ( PC ) 83.08 % ( PS1 ) 86 / 100 Need for Speed : Porsche Unleashed ( PC ) 84.36 % ( PS1 ) 74.50 % ( GBA ) 59.25 % ( PS1 ) 78 / 100 ( GBA ) 62 / 100 Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit 2 ( PS2 ) 88.01 % ( Xbox ) 80.04 % ( PC ) 72.77 % ( GC ) 72.05 % ( PS2 ) 89 / 100 ( Xbox ) 75 / 100 ( PC ) 73 / 100 ( GC ) 68 / 100 Need for Speed : Underground ( PS2 ) 84.29 % ( GC ) 83.73 % ( PC ) 82.29 % ( Xbox ) 81.76 % ( GBA ) 77.33 % ( PS2 ) 85 / 100 ( GC ) 83 / 100 ( Xbox ) 83 / 100 ( PC ) 82 / 100 ( GBA ) 77 / 100 Need for Speed : Underground 2 ( PC ) 83.50 % ( Xbox ) 82.61 % ( PS2 ) 80.77 % ( GC ) 79.98 % ( GBA ) 69.45 % ( NDS ) 65.44 % ( PC ) 82 / 100 ( PS2 ) 82 / 100 ( Xbox ) 77 / 100 ( GBA ) 72 / 100 ( NDS ) 65 / 100 . Need for Speed : Most Wanted ( 2005 ) ( X360 ) 83.05 % ( Xbox ) 82.59 % ( PS2 ) 81.56 % ( PC ) 81.50 % ( GC ) 79.36 % ( GBA ) 67.33 % ( NDS ) 46.89 % ( X360 ) 83 / 100 ( Xbox ) 83 / 100 ( PS2 ) 82 / 100 ( PC ) 82 / 100 ( GC ) 80 / 100 ( NDS ) 45 / 100 Need for Speed : Carbon ( PC ) 78.47 % ( X360 ) 77.51 % ( PS3 ) 76.26 % ( PS2 ) 75.04 % ( GC ) 74.25 % ( Xbox ) 73.28 % ( PSP ) 71.00 % ( GBA ) 69.33 % ( NDS ) 66.50 % ( Wii ) 65.39 % ( PC ) 78 / 100 ( X360 ) 77 / 100 ( PS3 ) 75 / 100 ( GC ) 75 / 100 ( PS2 ) 74 / 100 ( Xbox ) 74 / 100 ( PSP ) 73 / 100 ( NDS ) 70 / 100 ( Wii ) 67 / 100 Need for Speed : ProStreet ( NDS ) 74.83 % ( PS3 ) 72.87 % ( X360 ) 72.17 % ( PC ) 69.12 % ( Wii ) 63.94 % ( PS2 ) 60.64 % ( PSP ) 60.38 % ( NDS ) 74 / 100 ( PS3 ) 73 / 100 ( X360 ) 72 / 100 ( PC ) 70 / 100 ( PS2 ) 62 / 100 ( Wii ) 61 / 100 ( PSP ) 57 / 100 Need for Speed : Undercover ( X360 ) 64.58 % ( PS3 ) 62.66 % ( PC ) 61.70 % ( NDS ) 58.20 % ( PS2 ) 58.00 % ( Wii ) 53.92 % ( PSP ) 50.50 % ( PC ) 65 / 100 ( X360 ) 64 / 100 ( PS3 ) 59 / 100 ( NDS ) 59 / 100 ( Wii ) 54 / 100 ( PSP ) 52 / 100 Need for Speed : Shift ( PS3 ) 83.59 % ( X360 ) 82.84 % ( PC ) 82.36 % ( PSP ) 69.60 % ( PS3 ) 84 / 100 ( X360 ) 83 / 100 ( PC ) 83 / 100 ( PSP ) 69 / 100 Need for Speed : Nitro ( Wii ) 73.31 % ( NDS ) 71.71 % ( NDS ) 70 / 100 ( Wii ) 69 / 100 Need for Speed : World ( PC ) 63.83 % ( PC ) 62 / 100 Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit ( 2010 ) ( PS3 ) 88.86 % ( X360 ) 87.21 % ( PC ) 86.19 % ( Wii ) 45.83 % ( PS3 ) 89 / 100 ( X360 ) 88 / 100 ( PC ) 86 / 100 ( Wii ) 50 / 100 Need for Speed : Shift 2 -- Unleashed ( PC ) 83.08 % ( X360 ) 81.91 % ( PS3 ) 80.40 % ( PC ) 84 / 100 ( X360 ) 82 / 100 ( PS3 ) 81 / 100 Need for Speed : The Run ( Wii ) 70.00 % ( X360 ) 69.92 % ( 3DS ) 68.20 % ( PS3 ) 64.04 % ( PC ) 60.14 % ( PC ) 69 / 100 ( X360 ) 68 / 100 ( 3DS ) 65 / 100 ( Wii ) 64 / 100 ( PS3 ) 64 / 100 Need for Speed : Most Wanted ( 2012 ) ( WIIU ) 86.46 % ( PS3 ) 85.09 % ( Vita ) 83.44 % ( X360 ) 83.05 % ( PC ) 81.50 % ( WiiU ) 86 / 100 ( PS3 ) 84 / 100 ( X360 ) 84 / 100 ( Vita ) 79 / 100 ( PC ) 78 / 100 Need for Speed Rivals ( PS3 ) 79.00 % ( PS4 ) 80.59 % ( XOne ) 79.08 % ( PC ) 73.67 % ( X360 ) 71.43 % ( PS3 ) 80 / 100 ( PS4 ) 80 / 100 ( XOne ) 75 / 100 ( PC ) 76 / 100 ( X360 ) 76 / 100 Need for Speed : No Limits ( iOS ) 72.00 % ( iOS ) 67 / 100 Need for Speed ( PC ) 61.00 % ( PS4 ) 66.44 % ( XONE ) 66.12 % ( PC ) 68 / 100 ( PS4 ) 66 / 100 ( XONE ) 65 / 100 Need for Speed Payback ( PC ) 93.00 % ( PS4 ) 59.00 % ( XONE ) 56.81 % ( PC ) 62 / 100 ( PS4 ) 61 / 100 ( XONE ) 61 / 100 The Need for Speed series was originally developed by Distinctive Software , a video game studio based in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . Prior to Electronic Arts ' purchase of the company in 1991 , it had created popular racing games such as Stunts and Test Drive II : The Duel . After the purchase , the company was renamed Electronic Arts ( EA ) Canada . The company capitalized on its experience in the domain by developing the Need for Speed series in late 1992 . EA Canada continued to develop and expand the Need for Speed franchise up to 2002 , when another Vancouver - based gaming company , named Black Box Games , was contracted to continue the series with Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit 2 . EA Black Box has been the primary series developer on a yearly cycle from 2002 - 08 . In 2009 , EA brought in Slightly Mad Studios , due to sagging sales , and they released Need for Speed : Shift , and EA 's own UK - based company Criterion Games came with Hot Pursuit in 2010 . In 2011 , Slightly Mad Studios released a sequel to Shift , Shift 2 : Unleashed and EA Black Box released Need for Speed : The Run . In 2010 , EA introduced a social platform , titled Autolog , for Need for Speed : Hot Pursuit and future games in the series . Autolog provides social features for Need for Speed games via a mobile app and website ; it allows players to track game progress , view leaderboards , share screenshots with friends , and more . At E3 2012 , Criterion Games vice president Alex Ward announced that random developers would no longer be developing NFS titles . Ward would n't confirm that all Need for Speed games in the future would be developed entirely by Criterion , but he did say the studio would have `` strong involvement '' in them and would have control over which NFS titles would be released in the future . In August 2013 , following the downsizing of Criterion Games , it was announced that Swedish developer Ghost Games would gain control of the Need for Speed racing franchise and oversee future development of the main series . At the time , 80 % of Ghost Games ' work force consisted of former Criterion Games employees . Film adaptation ( edit ) One of two surviving Mustangs used in Need for Speed Main article : Need for Speed ( film ) EA worked with DreamWorks Pictures to create a film version of Need for Speed starring Aaron Paul as Tobey Marshall , a mechanic and street racer who was framed by a wealthy business associate . The movie was released by Disney 's Touchstone Pictures on March 14 , 2014 , and despite receiving negative reviews ended up grossing over $200 million at the worldwide box office . In April 2015 , it was reported that a sequel would be produced by China Movie Channel , Jiaflix , and 1905.com in association with EA Games . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Yin , Wesley ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Criterion takes full control of Need for Speed and Burnout franchises '' . Eurogamer.net . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . 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Business Wire . Findarticles.com . January 24 , 1995 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Marke ( January 3 , 2008 ) . `` Martin Sikes co-founded Black Box Games '' . Vancouver Sun . Canada.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2008 . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Mike ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` News : Criterion in control of entire Need for Speed franchise '' . ComputerAndVideoGames.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ghost takes control of the Need For Speed brand '' . VideoGamer.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scamell , David . `` The Ghost Of Criterions past '' . Jump up ^ `` Need For Speed Trailer '' . needforspeedtrailer.com . March 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Heather . `` Need for Speed Editorial Montage '' . West Coast Midnight Run . Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coonan , Clifford ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Need for Speed ' Sequel in Development as U.S. - China Co-Production '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Need For Speed 2 ' Is Actually Happening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Need for Speed . Official website EA Sports Need for Speed List of video games Film Installments The Need for Speed ( 1994 ) Need for Speed II III : Hot Pursuit ( 1998 ) High Stakes Porsche Unleashed Hot Pursuit 2 Underground Underground 2 Most Wanted ( 2005 ) Carbon ProStreet Undercover Shift Nitro World Hot Pursuit ( 2010 ) Shift 2 : Unleashed The Run Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rivals No Limits Need for Speed ( 2015 ) Payback Related games V - Rally V - Rally 2 Motor City Online Book : Need for Speed series Category : Need for Speed Electronic Arts Employees Founder Trip Hawkins Current Larry Probst ( Executive Chairman ) Andrew Wilson ( CEO ) Amy Hennig Jade Raymond Patrick Söderlund ( EVP ) Mike Verdu Former Louis Castle Steve Chiang Bing Gordon Don Mattrick Frank Gibeau Jeff Green Ralph Guggenheim Robin Hunicke Greg Kasavin Aaron Loeb Peter Moore John Riccitiello John Schappert ( video game executive ) Mark Skaggs Joe Ybarra Neil Young ( video game executive ) Will Wright Subsidiaries Current BioWare Criterion Games EA Vancouver EA DICE DICE Los Angeles EA Mobile EA Montreal EA Singapore EA Sports EA Tiburon European Integration Studio Firemonkeys Studios GameFly Ghost Games Industrial Toys Maxis Motive Studios PopCap Games Respawn Entertainment The Sims Studio Defunct Bullfrog Productions EA Black Box EA Bright Light EA Chicago EA Pacific EA Phenomic EA Salt Lake EA Sports Big Kesmai Mythic Entertainment Origin Systems Pandemic Studios Playfish Visceral Games Westwood Studios Franchises Alice Army of Two Battlefield Bejeweled Bookworm Boom Blox Burnout Command & Conquer Crysis Dead Space Dragon Age Feeding Frenzy FIFA Fight Night Madden NFL Mass Effect Medal of Honor Midnight Star Mirror 's Edge NBA Live NCAA Basketball NCAA Football Need for Speed NHL Peggle PGA Tour Plants vs. Zombies Rock Band Shank SimCity Skate Star Wars : Battlefront Spore SSX System Shock The Sims Titanfall UFC Ultima Unravel Wing Commander Zuma Related EA Access Origin Pogo.com RenderWare Frostbite Ignite List of acquisitions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Need_for_Speed&oldid=854405048 '' Categories : Need for Speed Video game franchises introduced in 1994 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Dorerin Naoero Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Setswana Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 03 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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"Need for Speed (NFS) is a racing video game franchise published by Electronic Arts and developed by Ghost Games. The series centers around illicit street racing and in general tasks players to complete various types of races while evading the local law enforcement in police pursuits. The series released its first title, The Need for Speed in 1994. The most recent game, Need for Speed Payback, was released on November 10, 2017.\n"
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-6749302898147392496 | American wine | American wine - wikipedia American wine Jump to : navigation , search American wine has been produced for over 300 years . Today , wine production is undertaken in all fifty states , with California producing 89 percent of all US wine . The United States is the fourth - largest wine producing country in the world after France , Italy , and Spain . The North American continent is home to several native species of grape , including Vitis labrusca , Vitis riparia , Vitis rotundifolia , and Vitis vulpina . But the wine making industry is based on the cultivation of the European Vitis vinifera , which was introduced by European settlers . With more than 1,100,000 acres ( 4,500 km ) under vine , the United States is the sixth-most planted country in the world after France , Italy , Spain , China and Turkey . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Wine regions 2.1 Production by state 3 Appellation system 3.1 Appellation labeling laws 3.2 Semi-generic wines 3.3 Fighting varietals 4 Other U.S. labeling laws 5 Three - tier distribution 6 Largest producers 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of American wine Sparkling wine made from a second label of Pleasant Valley Wine Company in New York which was the first bonded winery in the United States . The first Europeans to explore North America , a Viking expedition from Greenland , called it Vinland because of the profusion of grape vines they found . The earliest wine made in what is now the United States was produced between 1562 and 1564 by French Huguenot settlers from Scuppernong grapes at a settlement near Jacksonville , Florida . In the early American colonies of Virginia and the Carolinas , wine making was an official goal laid out in the founding charters . However , settlers discovered that the wine made from the various native grapes had flavors which were unfamiliar and which they did not like . This led to repeated efforts to grow the familiar European Vitis vinifera varieties , beginning with the Virginia Company exporting French vinifera vines with French vignerons to Virginia in 1619 . These early plantings met with failure as native pest and vine disease ravaged the vineyards . In 1683 , William Penn planted a vineyard of French vinifera in Pennsylvania ; it may have interbred with a native Vitis labrusca vine to create the hybrid grape Alexander . One of the first commercial wineries in the United States was founded in 1787 by Pierre Legaux in Pennsylvania . A settler in Indiana in 1806 produced wine made from the Alexander grape . Today French - American hybrid grapes are the staples of wine production on the East Coast of the United States . The Kentucky General Assembly on November 21 , 1799 passed a bill to establish a commercial vineyard and winery . The vinedresser for the vineyard was John James Dufour , formerly of Vevey , Switzerland . The vineyard was located overlooking the Kentucky River in Jessamine County in what is known as Blue Grass country of central Kentucky . Dufour named it First Vineyard on November 5 , 1798 . The vineyard 's current address in 5800 Sugar Creek Pike , Nicholasville , Kentucky . The first wine from First Vineyard was consumed by subscribers to the vineyard at John Postelthwaite 's house on March 21 , 1803 . Two 5 - gallon oak casks of wine were taken to President Thomas Jefferson in Washington , D.C. in February 1805 . The vineyard continued until 1809 , when a killing freeze in May destroyed the crop and many vines . The Dufour family abandoned Kentucky and migrated west to Vevay , Indiana , a center of a Swiss - immigrant community . In California , the first vineyard and winery was established in 1769 by the Franciscan missionary Junípero Serra near San Diego . Later missionaries carried vines northward ; Sonoma 's first vineyard was planted around 1805 . California has two native grape varieties , but they make very poor quality wine . The California Wild Grape ( Vitis californicus ) does not produce wine - quality fruit , although it sometimes is used as rootstock for wine grape varieties . The missionaries used the Mission grape . ( In South America , this grape is known as criolla or `` colonialized European '' . ) Although a Vitis vinifera variety , it is a grape of `` very modest '' quality . Jean - Louis Vignes was one of the early settlers to use a higher quality vinifera in his vineyard near Los Angeles . The first winery in the United States to become commercially successful was founded in Cincinnati , Ohio in the mid-1830s by Nicholas Longworth . He made a sparkling wine from Catawba grapes . By 1855 Ohio had 1500 acres in vineyards , according to travel writer Frederick Law Olmsted , who said it was more than in Missouri and Illinois , which each had 1100 acres in wine . German immigrants from the late 1840s had been instrumental in building the wine industry in those states . In the 1860s , vineyards in the Ohio River Valley were attacked by Black rot . This prompted several winemakers to move north to the Finger Lakes region of western New York . During this time , the Missouri wine industry , centered on the German colony in Hermann , was expanding rapidly along both shores of the Missouri River west of St. Louis . By the end of the century , the state was second to California in wine production . In the late 19th century , the phylloxera epidemic in the West and Pierce 's disease in the East ravaged the American wine industry . Prohibition in the United States began when the state of Maine became the first state to go completely dry in 1846 . Nationally , Prohibition was implemented after ratification by the states of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920 , which forbade the manufacturing , sale and transport of alcohol . Exceptions were made for sacramental wine used for religious purposes , and some wineries were able to maintain minimal production under those auspices , but most vineyards ceased operations . Others resorted to bootlegging . Home winemaking also became common , allowed through exemptions for sacramental wines and production for home use . Following the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 , operators tried to revive the American wine making industry , which was nearly ended . Many talented winemakers had died , vineyards had been neglected or replanted with table grapes , and Prohibition had changed Americans ' taste in wines . During the Great Depression , consumers demanded cheap `` jug wine '' ( so - called dago red ) and sweet , fortified ( high alcohol ) wine . Before Prohibition dry table wines outsold sweet wines by three to one , but afterward , the ratio of demand changed dramatically . As a result , by 1935 , 81 % of California 's production was sweet wines . For decades , wine production was low and limited . Leading the way to new methods of wine production was research conducted at the University of California , Davis and some of the state universities in New York . Faculty at the universities published reports on which varieties of grapes grew best in which regions , held seminars on winemaking techniques , consulted with grape growers and winemakers , offered academic degrees in viticulture , and promoted the production of quality wines . In the 1970s and 1980s , success by Californian winemakers in the northern part of the state helped to secure foreign investment from other winemaking regions , most notably the Champenois of France . Winemakers also cultivated vineyards in Oregon and Washington , on Long Island in New York , and numerous other new locales . Americans became more educated about wines and increased their demand for high - quality wine . All 50 states now have some acreage in vineyard cultivation . By 2004 , 668 million gallons ( 25.3 million hectoliters ) of wine were consumed in the United States . Today , the U.S. produces over 800 million gallons of wine a year , of which California produces more than 84 % , followed by Washington , New York , Pennsylvania , and Oregon . In the second decade of the 21st century , the US wine industry faces the growing challenges of competition from international exports and managing domestic regulations on interstate sales and shipment of wine . Wine regions ( edit ) The Pacific Northwest includes in the winemaking regions of Washington State where varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon are grown . There are nearly 3,000 commercial vineyards in the United States , and at least one winery in each of the 50 states . West Coast -- More than 90 % of the total American wine production occurs in the states of California , Washington and Oregon . Rocky Mountain Region -- Notably Idaho and Colorado Southwestern United States -- Notably Texas and New Mexico Midwestern United States -- Notably Missouri and Illinois Great Lakes region -- Notably Michigan , northern New York and Ohio East Coast of the United States -- Notably western New York State and eastern Long Island , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Virginia , North Carolina and Florida . Production by state ( edit ) Production of still wine per state in 2016 was as follows : 2016 production of still wine State Production ( gal ) Production ( % ) Alabama 34,966 0.004 % Arizona 190,008 0.024 % Arkansas 246,363 0.031 % California 680,272,512 84.354 % Colorado 556,994 0.069 % Connecticut 134,517 0.017 % Florida 1,634,103 0.203 % Georgia 276,144 0.034 % Idaho 497,007 0.062 % Illinois 391,805 0.049 % Indiana 1,411,540 0.175 % Iowa 335,522 0.042 % Kansas 104,129 0.013 % Kentucky 2,176,059 0.270 % Louisiana 38,232 0.005 % Maine 48,222 0.006 % Maryland 436,185 0.054 % Massachusetts 792,884 0.098 % Michigan 2,576,238 0.319 % Minnesota 331,946 0.041 % Missouri 993,831 0.123 % Montana 33,445 0.004 % Nebraska 120,366 0.015 % New Hampshire 159,316 0.020 % New Jersey 1,832,325 0.227 % New Mexico 749,818 0.093 % New York 27,969,308 3.468 % North Carolina 1,903,060 0.236 % Ohio 5,938,738 0.736 % Oklahoma 70,204 0.009 % Oregon 11,822,972 1.466 % Pennsylvania 12,405,181 1.538 % South Carolina 77,842 0.010 % South Dakota 139,738 0.017 % Tennessee 1,279,752 0.159 % Texas 1,907,299 0.237 % Vermont 2,172,526 0.269 % Virginia 2,157,395 0.268 % Washington 40,747,190 5.053 % West Virginia 40,733 0.005 % Wisconsin 1,129,405 0.140 % Others 312,051 0.039 % Sum 806,447,891 100 % Appellation system ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see American Viticultural Area . The early American appellation system was based on the political boundaries of states and counties . In September 1978 the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms ( now Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ) developed regulations to establish American Viticultural Areas ( AVA ) based on distinct climate and geographical features . In June 1980 , the Augusta AVA in Missouri was established as the first American Viticultural Area under the new appellation system . For the sake of wine labeling purposes , all the states and county appellations were grandfathered in as appellations . There were 187 distinct AVAs designated under U.S. law as of April 2007 . Appellation labeling laws ( edit ) In order to have an AVA appear on a wine label , at least 85 % of the grapes used to produce the wine must be grown in the AVA . With the larger state and county appellations the laws vary depending on the area . For a County Appellation , 75 % of the grapes used must be from that county . If grapes are from two or three contiguous counties , a label can have a multi-county designation so long as the percentages used from each county are clearly on the label . For the majority of U.S. States the State Appellation requires 75 % of the grapes in the wine to be grown in the state . Texas requires 75 % , but if an AVA is used like `` Texas Hill Country '' or `` Texas High Plains , '' 85 % Texas grapes must be used . California and Oregon require 100 % . If grapes are from two to three contiguous states a wine can be made under a multi-state designations following the same requirements as the multi-county appellation . American wine or United States is a rarely used appellation that classifies a wine made from anywhere in the United States , including Puerto Rico and Washington , D.C. . Wines with this designation are similar to the French wine vin de table and can not include a vintage year . By law this is the only appellation allowed for bulk wines exported to other counties . Semi-generic wines ( edit ) An example of American wines using semi-generic labels of burgundy , chablis , etc . Current U.S. laws allow American made wines to be labeled as `` American Burgundy '' or `` California champagne '' , even though these names are restricted in Europe . U.S. laws only restrict usage to include the qualifying area of origin to go with these semi-generic names . Other semi-generic names in the United States include Claret , Chablis , Chianti , Madeira , Malaga , Marsala , Moselle , Port , Rhine wine , Sauternes ( commonly spelled on U.S. wine labels as Sauterne or Haut Sauterne ) , Sherry and Tokay . European Union officials have been working with their U.S. counterparts through World Trade Organization negotiations to eliminate the use of these semi-generic names . FIGHTING varietals ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fighting varietal is a term that originated in California during the late - 1970s as a marketing response to combat overt pressure from European wine producers . The term was coined to separate traditional domestic jug wine , whimsical brands , and imports , from premium wine production in the U.S. The U.S. dollar in the early 1980s was trading with such historic strength , it was dominating world currency markets , eventually leading to the first coordinated agreement between Central Banks in 1985 to intervene and depreciate the Dollar in what is now termed the Plaza Accord . European wines with centuries of history supporting them found it easy to compete with wine production in the U.S. on quality since the U.S. had only decades in real development of its vineyards and wine production techniques . With better quality and lower price , European wines had a substantial advantage over domestic producers which potentially slowed the growth of U.S. wine producing regions . While European consumers understood the types of grapes grown in their regions , U.S. wine consumers found European labeling standards confusing . California wineries saw that as the opportunity and coordinated together to sell varietals , named for the variety of grapes in the bottle , as a means of educating the consumer and making the product easier to understand . The actual term was coined referencing the `` fight '' against imported wines in the U.S. market using `` varietals '' instead of brands or regions for content identification . While many different people have been given credit for the origination of the term , it is unlikely a conclusive author will ever be confirmed . Other U.S. labeling laws ( edit ) In the United States , at least 95 % of grapes must be from a particular vintage for that year to appear on the label . Prior to the early 1970s , all grapes had to be from the vintage year . All labels must list the alcohol content based on percentage by volume . For bottles labeled as varietals at least 75 % of the grape must be of the variety . In Oregon , the requirement is 90 % . American wine labels are also required to list if they contain sulfites and carry the Surgeon General 's warning about alcohol consumption . Three - tier distribution ( edit ) Following the repeal of Prohibition , the federal government allowed each state to regulate its own production and sale of alcohol . For the majority of states this led to the development of a three - tier distribution system between the producer , wholesaler and consumer . Depending on the state there are some exceptions , with wineries allowed to sell directly to consumers on site at the winery . Some states allow interstate sales through e-commerce . In the 2005 case of Granholm v. Heald , the Supreme Court of the United States struck down state laws banning interstate shipments but allowing in - state sales . The outcome of the Supreme Court decision was that states could decide to allow out of states wine sales along with in state sales or ban both altogether . Convenience stores and retail stores are large distributors of wine , with over 175,000 outlets that sell wine across the United States . In addition , there are around 332,000 other locations ( bars , restaurants , etc . ) that sell wine , contributing to the $30 + billion in annual sales over the past three years . In 2010 , the average monthly per - store sales of wine jumped to nearly $12,000 from $9,084 in 2009 . The average gross margin dollars from wine increased to $3,324 from $2,616 in the year prior , with gross margin percentages up to an average 28.2 percent in 2010 , versus 27 percent in 2009 . Largest producers ( edit ) As of 2005 The largest producers of American wine . E & J Gallo Winery - Accounts for more than a quarter of all U.S. wine sales and is the second largest producer in the world . Constellation Brands - With foreign wine holdings Constellation is the largest producer in the world and includes Robert Mondavi Winery and Columbia Winery in its portfolio The Wine Group - San Francisco - based business which owns the Franzia box wine label , Concannon Vineyard and Mogen David kosher wine . Bronco Wine Company - Owners of the Charles Shaw wine `` Two Buck Chuck '' line which accounts for nearly 5 million of Bronco 's annual average 9 million cases per year . Diageo - UK based company with American holdings in Sterling Vineyards , Beaulieu Vineyard and Chalone Vineyard Brown - Forman Corporation - Owners of the Korbel Champagne Cellars brand Beringer Blass - Australian based wine division of Foster 's Group and owner of the Beringer wine and Stags ' Leap Winery brands Jackson Wine Estates - Owners of the Kendall - Jackson brand See also ( edit ) Wine portal American Viticultural Area Globalization of wine Judgment of Paris References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Department of Agriculture `` Global Wine Report August 2006 Archived April 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , '' pp. 7 - 9 ^ Jump up to : T. Stevenson , The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia Fourth Edition , pg 462 , Dorling Kindersly , 2005 ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1324 - 8 ^ Jump up to : H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 268 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson , ed . The Oxford Companion to Wine , Third Edition p. 719 ; Oxford University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Littell 's Laws of Kentucky Vol. 2 , pp. 268 - 270 Jump up ^ The Swiss Settlement of Switzerland County , Indiana , page 293 , Day Journal of J.J. Dufour Jump up ^ Kentucky Gazette , March 29 , 1803 Jump up ^ Library of Congress Doc # 25644 Letters of Jefferson and Doc # 25657 Letters of Jefferson Jump up ^ John James Dufour , The Swiss Settlement of Switzerland County , Indiana , page XVII ; and John James Dufour , The American Vine - Dressers Guide , page 10 ISBN 2 - 940289 - 00 - X Jump up ^ J. Robinson , ed . The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition , p. 756 ; Oxford University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Frederick Law Olmsted , A Journey through Texas ( 1859 ) , pp. 6 - 7 , at Open Library.org , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Section 29 of the Volstead Act ( 27 U.S.C. § 46 ) Jump up ^ J. Robinson , ed . The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition , p. 720 ; Oxford University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ D. Shaw & A. Bahney , The New York Times ( October 31 , 2003 ) JOURNEYS ; Welcome to Napa Nation Jump up ^ `` Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau : Statistical Report -- Wine ( Reporting Period : January 2016 - December 2016 ) , 17 May 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 269 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 84000 - 332 - 4 Jump up ^ Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau U.S. Viticultural Areas Updated as of 4 / 23 / 2007 Jump up ^ `` Texas Wine Labeling , What Exactly is Texas Wine ? Texas Wine Lover '' . txwinelover.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : T. Stevenson The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia Fourth Edition pg 464 Dorling Kindersly 2005 ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1324 - 8 Jump up ^ `` FIGHTING VARIETALS - September 12 , 1988 '' . money.cnn.com . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ T. Stevenson The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia Fourth Edition pg 465 - 466 Dorling Kindersly 2005 ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1324 - 8 Jump up ^ J. Robinson , ed . The Oxford Companion to Wine , Third Edition p. 721 ; Oxford University Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ `` A Toast to Wine '' . SpareFoot . August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Category Close Up : Pouring on the Profits - NACS Online -- Magazine -- Past Issues -- 2011 -- November 2011 '' . www.nacsonline.com . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ T. Stevenson The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia Fourth Edition pg 468 Dorling Kindersly 2005 ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1324 - 8 Further reading ( edit ) Clarke , Oz . Oz Clarke 's New Encyclopedia of Wine . NY : Harcourt Brace , 1999 . Johnson , Hugh . Vintage : The Story of Wine . NY : Simon & Schuster , 1989 . Taber , George M. Judgment of Paris : California vs. France and the Historic 1976 Paris Tasting that Revolutionized Wine . NY : Scribner , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Appellation America.com U.S. wine region and AVA portal All American Wineries U.S. winery and vineyard guide Free the Grapes : State wine shipment laws Doubtless as Good : Thomas Jefferson 's Dream for American Wine Fulfilled An online exhibition from the National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution American wine States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Wine by country Africa Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Morocco Namibia South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bhutan China Georgia India Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Lebanon Nepal Palestine Philippines Vietnam Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Paraguay Peru Uruguay Agriculture in the United States History History African - American history Industries Almond Apple Banana Blueberry Cherry Christmas tree Citrus Corn Cotton Maple syrup Onion Pepper Rice Spinach Strawberry Tea Tomato Wheat Wine State - specific Idaho New York State - specific by type Aquaculture in Alaska Aquaculture in Hawaii Aquaculture in Maine Coffee in Hawaii Garlic in California Pistachios in California Walnuts in California Law and politics Agricultural policy Packers and Stockyards Act Capper - Volstead Act Grain Futures Act 1929 Agricultural Marketing Act 1938 Agricultural Adjustment Act National School Lunch Act of 1946 Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 1956 Soil Bank Act Food and Agricultural Act of 1962 1964 Food Stamp Act Food Security Act of 1985 Food , Agriculture , Conservation , and Trade Act of 1990 1990 Wetlands Reserve Program Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000 2002 Grassland Reserve Program Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_wine&oldid=809996308 '' Categories : American wine American cuisine Agriculture in the United States Wine by country Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Français Nederlands 日本 語 Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 20 : 24 . 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-4054261849824236668 | Corporation | Corporation - wikipedia Corporation Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Corporation ( disambiguation ) . `` Corporate '' redirects here . For other uses , see Corporate ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on Corporate law By jurisdiction ( show ) Anguilla Australia BVI Canada Cayman Islands India South Africa United States Vietnam European Union France Germany United Kingdom General corporate forms ( show ) Company Conglomerate Cooperative Corporation Holding company Joint - stock Partnership General Limited Limited liability Private limited Sole proprietorship Corporate forms by jurisdiction ( show ) European Union Societas ( SE ) Societas cooperativa ( SCE ) Societas privata ( SPE ) Societas unius personae ( SUP ) Economic interest grouping ( EEIG ) UK / Ireland / Commonwealth Charitable incorporated organisation ( CIO ) Community interest company ( CIC ) Industrial and provident society ( IPS ) Limited company ( Ltd . ) by guarantee by shares proprietary public Unlimited company United States Benefit corporation C corporation Limited liability company ( LLC ) Low - profit LLC Series LLC Limited liability limited partnership ( LLLP ) S corporation Delaware corporation / statutory trust Massachusetts business trust Nevada corporation Others Aktiebolag ( AB ) Aktiengesellschaft ( AG ) Ansvarlig selskap ( ANS ) Aktieselskab ( A / S ) Aksjeselskap ( AS ) Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung ( GmbH ) Kabushiki gaisha ( K.K. ) Naamloze vennootschap ( N.V. ) Osakeyhtiö ( Oy ) S.A. Société à responsabilité limitée ( SARL ) more ... Doctrines ( show ) Business judgment rule Corporate governance De facto and estoppel corporations Internal affairs doctrine Limited liability Piercing the corporate veil Rochdale Principles Ultra vires Related areas ( show ) Civil procedure Contract Corporate registers Company portal Law portal McDonald 's Corporation is one of the most recognizable corporations in the world . A corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity ( legally a person ) and recognized as such in law . Early incorporated entities were established by charter ( i.e. by an ad hoc act granted by a monarch or passed by a parliament or legislature ) . Most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration . Corporations enjoy limited liability for their investors , which can lead to losses being externalized from investors to the government or general public . Corporations come in many different types but are usually divided by the law of the jurisdiction where they are chartered into two kinds : by whether they can issue stock or not , or by whether they are formed to make a profit or not . Where local law distinguishes corporations by the ability to issue stock , corporations allowed to do so are referred to as `` stock corporations '' , ownership of the corporation is through stock , and owners of stock are referred to as `` stockholders '' or `` shareholders '' . Corporations not allowed to issue stock are referred to as `` non-stock '' corporations ; those who are considered the owners of a non-stock corporation are persons ( or other entities ) who have obtained membership in the corporation and are referred to as a `` member '' of the corporation . Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by whether they are allowed to be for profit or not are referred to as `` for profit '' and `` not - for - profit '' corporations , respectively . There is some overlap between stock / non-stock and for - profit / not - for - profit in that not - for - profit corporations are always non-stock as well . A for - profit corporation is almost always a stock corporation , but some for - profit corporations may choose to be non-stock . To simplify the explanation , whenever `` Stockholder '' or `` shareholder '' is used in the rest of this article to refer to a stock corporation , it is presumed to mean the same as `` member '' for a non-profit corporation or for a profit , non-stock corporation . Registered corporations have legal personality and are owned by shareholders whose liability is generally limited to their investment . Shareholders do not typically actively manage a corporation ; shareholders instead elect or appoint a board of directors to control the corporation in a fiduciary capacity . In most circumstances , a shareholder may also serve as a director or officer of a corporation . In American English , the word corporation is most often used to describe large business corporations . In British English and in the Commonwealth countries , the term company is more widely used to describe the same sort of entity while the word corporation encompasses all incorporated entities . In American English , the word company can include entities such as partnerships that would not be referred to as companies in British English as they are not a separate legal entity . Despite not being individual human beings , corporations , as far as US law is concerned , are legal persons , and have many of the same rights and responsibilities as natural persons do . For example , a corporation can own property , and can sue or be sued . Corporations can exercise human rights against real individuals and the state , and they can themselves be responsible for human rights violations . Corporations can be `` dissolved '' either by statutory operation , order of court , or voluntary action on the part of shareholders . Insolvency may result in a form of corporate failure , when creditors force the liquidation and dissolution of the corporation under court order , but it most often results in a restructuring of corporate holdings . Corporations can even be convicted of criminal offenses , such as fraud and manslaughter . However , corporations are not considered living entities in the way that humans are . Late in the 19th century , a new form of company having the limited liability protections of a corporation , and the more favorable tax treatment of either a sole proprietorship or partnership was developed . While not a corporation , this new type of entity became very attractive as an alternative for corporations not needing to issue stock . In Germany , the organization was referred to as Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung or GmbH . In the last quarter of the 20th Century this new form of non-corporate organization became available in the United States and other countries , and was known as the limited liability company or LLC . Since the GmbH and LLC forms of organization are technically not corporations ( even though they have many of the same features ) , they will not be discussed in this article . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Mercantilism 1.2 Modern company law 1.2. 1 Deregulation 1.2. 2 Limited liability 1.2. 3 Further developments 2 Ownership and control 2.1 Formation 2.2 Naming 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of oldest companies 1 / 8 share of the Stora Kopparberg mine , dated June 16 , 1288 . The word `` corporation '' derives from corpus , the Latin word for body , or a `` body of people '' . By the time of Justinian ( reigned 527 -- 565 ) , Roman law recognized a range of corporate entities under the names universitas , corpus or collegium . These included the state itself ( the Populus Romanus ) , municipalities , and such private associations as sponsors of a religious cult , burial clubs , political groups , and guilds of craftsmen or traders . Such bodies commonly had the right to own property and make contracts , to receive gifts and legacies , to sue and be sued , and , in general , to perform legal acts through representatives . Private associations were granted designated privileges and liberties by the emperor . Entities which carried on business and were the subjects of legal rights were found in ancient Rome , and the Maurya Empire in ancient India . In medieval Europe , churches became incorporated , as did local governments , such as the Pope and the City of London Corporation . The point was that the incorporation would survive longer than the lives of any particular member , existing in perpetuity . The alleged oldest commercial corporation in the world , the Stora Kopparberg mining community in Falun , Sweden , obtained a charter from King Magnus Eriksson in 1347 . In medieval times , traders would do business through common law constructs , such as partnerships . Whenever people acted together with a view to profit , the law deemed that a partnership arose . Early guilds and livery companies were also often involved in the regulation of competition between traders . Mercantilism ( edit ) See also : Mercantilism A bond issued by the Dutch East India Company , dating from 1623 , for the amount of 2,400 florins The progenitors of the modern corporation were the chartered companies , such as the Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) and the Hudson 's Bay Company , which were created to lead the colonial ventures of European nations in the 17th century . Acting under a charter sanctioned by the Dutch government , the Dutch East India Company defeated Portuguese forces and established itself in the Moluccan Islands in order to profit from the European demand for spices . Investors in the VOC have issued paper certificates as proof of share ownership , and were able to trade their shares on the original Amsterdam Stock Exchange . Shareholders are also explicitly granted limited liability in the company 's royal charter . In England , the government created corporations under a royal charter or an Act of Parliament with the grant of a monopoly over a specified territory . The best - known example , established in 1600 , was the East India Company of London . Queen Elizabeth I granted it the exclusive right to trade with all countries to the east of the Cape of Good Hope . Some corporations at this time would act on the government 's behalf , bringing in revenue from its exploits abroad . Subsequently , the Company became increasingly integrated with English and later British military and colonial policy , just as most corporations were essentially dependent on the Royal Navy 's ability to control trade routes . Labeled by both contemporaries and historians as `` the grandest society of merchants in the universe '' , the English East India Company would come to symbolize the dazzlingly rich potential of the corporation , as well as new methods of business that could be both brutal and exploitative . On 31 December 1600 , Queen Elizabeth I granted the company a 15 - year monopoly on trade to and from the East Indies and Africa . By 1711 , shareholders in the East India Company were earning a return on their investment of almost 150 per cent . Subsequent stock offerings demonstrated just how lucrative the Company had become . Its first stock offering in 1713 -- 1716 raised £ 418,000 , its second in 1717 -- 1722 raised £ 1.6 million . Chart of the South Sea Company 's stock prices . The rapid inflation of the stock value in the 1710s led to the Bubble Act 1720 , which restricted the establishment of companies without a royal charter . A similar chartered company , the South Sea Company , was established in 1711 to trade in the Spanish South American colonies , but met with less success . The South Sea Company 's monopoly rights were supposedly backed by the Treaty of Utrecht , signed in 1713 as a settlement following the War of the Spanish Succession , which gave Great Britain an asiento to trade in the region for thirty years . In fact the Spanish remained hostile and let only one ship a year enter . Unaware of the problems , investors in Britain , enticed by extravagant promises of profit from company promoters bought thousands of shares . By 1717 , the South Sea Company was so wealthy ( still having done no real business ) that it assumed the public debt of the British government . This accelerated the inflation of the share price further , as did the Bubble Act 1720 , which ( possibly with the motive of protecting the South Sea Company from competition ) prohibited the establishment of any companies without a Royal Charter . The share price rose so rapidly that people began buying shares merely in order to sell them at a higher price , which in turn led to higher share prices . This was the first speculative bubble the country had seen , but by the end of 1720 , the bubble had `` burst '' , and the share price sank from £ 1000 to under £ 100 . As bankruptcies and recriminations ricocheted through government and high society , the mood against corporations , and errant directors was bitter . In the late 18th century , Stewart Kyd , the author of the first treatise on corporate law in English , defined a corporation as : a collection of many individuals united into one body , under a special denomination , having perpetual succession under an artificial form , and vested , by policy of the law , with the capacity of acting , in several respects , as an individual , particularly of taking and granting property , of contracting obligations , and of suing and being sued , of enjoying privileges and immunities in common , and of exercising a variety of political rights , more or less extensive , according to the design of its institution , or the powers conferred upon it , either at the time of its creation , or at any subsequent period of its existence . -- A Treatise on the Law of Corporations , Stewart Kyd ( 1793 -- 1794 ) Modern company law ( edit ) Due to the late 18th century abandonment of mercantilist economic theory and the rise of classical liberalism and laissez - faire economic theory due to a revolution in economics led by Adam Smith and other economists , corporations transitioned from being government or guild affiliated entities to being public and private economic entities free of governmental directions . Adam Smith wrote in his 1776 work The Wealth of Nations that mass corporate activity could not match private entrepreneurship , because people in charge of others ' money would not exercise as much care as they would with their own . Deregulation ( edit ) `` Jack and the Giant Joint - Stock '' , a cartoon in Town Talk ( 1858 ) satirizing the ' monster ' joint - stock economy that came into being after the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 . The British Bubble Act 1720 's prohibition on establishing companies remained in force until its repeal in 1825 . By this point , the Industrial Revolution had gathered pace , pressing for legal change to facilitate business activity . The repeal was the beginning of a gradual lifting on restrictions , though business ventures ( such as those chronicled by Charles Dickens in Martin Chuzzlewit ) under primitive companies legislation were often scams . Without cohesive regulation , proverbial operations like the `` Anglo - Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life Assurance Company '' were undercapitalised ventures promising no hope of success except for richly paid promoters . The process of incorporation was possible only through a royal charter or a private act and was limited , owing to Parliament 's jealous protection of the privileges and advantages thereby granted . As a result , many businesses came to be operated as unincorporated associations with possibly thousands of members . Any consequent litigation had to be carried out in the joint names of all the members and was almost impossibly cumbersome . Though Parliament would sometimes grant a private act to allow an individual to represent the whole in legal proceedings , this was a narrow and necessarily costly expedient , allowed only to established companies . Then , in 1843 , William Gladstone became the chairman of a Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies , which led to the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 , regarded as the first modern piece of company law . The Act created the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies , empowered to register companies by a two - stage process . The first , provisional , stage cost £ 5 and did not confer corporate status , which arose after completing the second stage for another £ 5 . For the first time in history , it was possible for ordinary people through a simple registration procedure to incorporate . The advantage of establishing a company as a separate legal person was mainly administrative , as a unified entity under which the rights and duties of all investors and managers could be channeled . Limited liability ( edit ) However , there was still no limited liability and company members could still be held responsible for unlimited losses by the company . The next , crucial development , then , was the Limited Liability Act 1855 , passed at the behest of the then Vice President of the Board of Trade , Mr. Robert Lowe . This allowed investors to limit their liability in the event of business failure to the amount they invested in the company -- shareholders were still liable directly to creditors , but just for the unpaid portion of their shares . ( The principle that shareholders are liable to the corporation had been introduced in the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844 ) . The 1855 Act allowed limited liability to companies of more than 25 members ( shareholders ) . Insurance companies were excluded from the act , though it was standard practice for insurance contracts to exclude action against individual members . Limited liability for insurance companies was allowed by the Companies Act 1862 . This prompted the English periodical The Economist to write in 1855 that `` never , perhaps , was a change so vehemently and generally demanded , of which the importance was so much overrated . '' The major error of this judgment was recognised by the same magazine more than 70 years later , when it claimed that , `` ( t ) he economic historian of the future ... may be inclined to assign to the nameless inventor of the principle of limited liability , as applied to trading corporations , a place of honour with Watt and Stephenson , and other pioneers of the Industrial Revolution . '' These two features -- a simple registration procedure and limited liability -- were subsequently codified into the landmark 1856 Joint Stock Companies Act . This was subsequently consolidated with a number of other statutes in the Companies Act 1862 , which remained in force for the rest of the century , up to and including the time of the decision in Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd . The legislation shortly gave way to a railway boom , and from then , the numbers of companies formed soared . In the later nineteenth century , depression took hold , and just as company numbers had boomed , many began to implode and fall into insolvency . Much strong academic , legislative and judicial opinion was opposed to the notion that businessmen could escape accountability for their role in the failing businesses . Further developments ( edit ) Lindley LJ was the leading expert on partnerships and company law in the Salomon v. Salomon & Co. case . The landmark case confirmed the distinct corporate identity of the company . In 1892 , Germany introduced the Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung with a separate legal personality and limited liability even if all the shares of the company were held by only one person . This inspired other countries to introduce corporations of this kind . The last significant development in the history of companies was the 1897 decision of the House of Lords in Salomon v. Salomon & Co. where the House of Lords confirmed the separate legal personality of the company , and that the liabilities of the company were separate and distinct from those of its owners . In the United States , forming a corporation usually required an act of legislation until the late 19th century . Many private firms , such as Carnegie 's steel company and Rockefeller 's Standard Oil , avoided the corporate model for this reason ( as a trust ) . State governments began to adopt more permissive corporate laws from the early 19th century , although these were all restrictive in design , often with the intention of preventing corporations for gaining too much wealth and power . New Jersey was the first state to adopt an `` enabling '' corporate law , with the goal of attracting more business to the state , in 1896 . In 1899 , Delaware followed New Jersey 's lead with the enactment of an enabling corporate statute , but Delaware only became the leading corporate state after the enabling provisions of the 1896 New Jersey corporate law were repealed in 1913 . The end of the 19th century saw the emergence of holding companies and corporate mergers creating larger corporations with dispersed shareholders . Countries began enacting anti-trust laws to prevent anti-competitive practices and corporations were granted more legal rights and protections . The 20th century saw a proliferation of laws allowing for the creation of corporations by registration across the world , which helped to drive economic booms in many countries before and after World War I. Another major post World War I shift was toward the development of conglomerates , in which large corporations purchased smaller corporations to expand their industrial base . Starting in the 1980s , many countries with large state - owned corporations moved toward privatization , the selling of publicly owned ( or ' nationalised ' ) services and enterprises to corporations . Deregulation ( reducing the regulation of corporate activity ) often accompanied privatization as part of a laissez - faire policy . Ownership and control ( edit ) A corporation is , at least in theory , owned and controlled by its members . In a joint - stock company the members are known as shareholders and each of their shares in the ownership , control , and profits of the corporation is determined by the portion of shares in the company that they own . Thus a person who owns a quarter of the shares of a joint - stock company owns a quarter of the company , is entitled to a quarter of the profit ( or at least a quarter of the profit given to shareholders as dividends ) and has a quarter of the votes capable of being cast at general meetings . In another kind of corporation , the legal document which established the corporation or which contains its current rules will determine who the corporation 's members are . Who a member is depends on what kind of corporation is involved . In a worker cooperative , the members are people who work for the cooperative . In a credit union , the members are people who have accounts with the credit union . The day - to - day activities of a corporation are typically controlled by individuals appointed by the members . In some cases , this will be a single individual but more commonly corporations are controlled by a committee or by committees . Broadly speaking , there are two kinds of committee structure . A single committee known as a board of directors is the method favored in most common law countries . Under this model , the board of directors is composed of both executive and non-executive directors , the latter being meant to supervise the former 's management of the company . A two - tiered committee structure with a supervisory board and a managing board is common in civil law countries . Formation ( edit ) Historically , corporations were created by a charter granted by government . Today , corporations are usually registered with the state , province , or national government and regulated by the laws enacted by that government . Registration is the main prerequisite to the corporation 's assumption of limited liability . The law sometimes requires the corporation to designate its principal address , as well as a registered agent ( a person or company designated to receive legal service of process ) . It may also be required to designate an agent or other legal representative of the corporation . Generally , a corporation files articles of incorporation with the government , laying out the general nature of the corporation , the amount of stock it is authorized to issue , and the names and addresses of directors . Once the articles are approved , the corporation 's directors meet to create bylaws that govern the internal functions of the corporation , such as meeting procedures and officer positions . The law of the jurisdiction in which a corporation operates will regulate most of its internal activities , as well as its finances . If a corporation operates outside its home state , it is often required to register with other governments as a foreign corporation , and is almost always subject to laws of its host state pertaining to employment , crimes , contracts , civil actions , and the like . Naming ( edit ) Corporations generally have a distinct name . Historically , some corporations were named after their membership : for instance , `` The President and Fellows of Harvard College '' . Nowadays , corporations in most jurisdictions have a distinct name that does not need to make reference to their membership . In Canada , this possibility is taken to its logical extreme : many smaller Canadian corporations have no names at all , merely numbers based on a registration number ( for example , `` 12345678 Ontario Limited '' ) , which is assigned by the provincial or territorial government where the corporation incorporates . In most countries , corporate names include a term or an abbreviation that denotes the corporate status of the entity ( for example , `` Incorporated '' or `` Inc . '' in the United States ) or the limited liability of its members ( for example , `` Limited '' or `` Ltd . '' ) . These terms vary by jurisdiction and language . In some jurisdictions , they are mandatory , and in others they are not . Their use puts everybody on constructive notice that they are dealing with an entity whose liability is limited : one can only collect from whatever assets the entity still controls when one obtains a judgment against it . Some jurisdictions do not allow the use of the word `` company '' alone to denote corporate status , since the word `` company '' may refer to a partnership or some other form of collective ownership ( in the United States it can be used by a sole proprietorship but this is not generally the case elsewhere ) . See also ( edit ) Law Commercial law United States corporate law European corporate law German company law History of company law in the United Kingdom United Kingdom company law Other Anti-corporate activism Business attire Blocker corporation Community interest company Cooperative Corporate crime Corporate governance Corporate haven Corporate welfare Corporation sole Corporatism Corporatization Decentralized autonomous organization Evil corporation Fascism Good standing Government - owned corporation History of competition law Incorporation ( business ) Limited liability company Living wage Megacorporation Multinational corporation Nationalization Nonprofit corporation Organizational culture Preferred stock Privatization Professional corporation ( PC or P.C. ) Public limited company ( PLC ) Shelf corporation Small business South Sea Company Tulip mania United States antitrust law Unlimited company Unlimited liability corporation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Limited Liability and the Known Unknown '' . Social Science Research Network . 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Types Of Corporations Incorporate A Business '' . www.corpnet.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Pettet , B.G. ( 2005 ) . Company Law . Pearson Education . p. 151 . Reading the above , makes it possible to forget that the shareholders are the owners of the company . Jump up ^ Courtney , Thomas B. ( 2002 ) . The Law of Private Companies ( 2nd ed . ) . Bloomsbury Professional . 4.001 . As a corporation , or body corporate , a private company is regarded in law as having a separate legal personality from its shareholders ( owners ) and directors ( managers ) . Jump up ^ corporation . CollinsDictionary.com . Collins English Dictionary -- Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition . Retrieved December 07 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Emberland , Marius ( 2006 ) . The Human Rights of Companies : Exploring the Structure of ECHR Protection ( PDF ) . Oxford University Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 928983 - 7 . Retrieved 2 June 2012 . Jump up ^ e.g. South African Constitution Sect. 8 , especially Art. ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Phillip I. Blumberg , The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law : The Search for a New Corporate Personality , ( 1993 ) discusses the controversial nature of additional rights being granted to corporations . Jump up ^ See , for example , the Business Corporations Act ( B.C. ) ( SBC 2002 ) CHAPTER 57 , Part 10 Jump up ^ e.g. Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 Jump up ^ Harold Joseph Berman , Law and Revolution ( vol. 1 ) : The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1983 , pp. 215 -- 16 . ISBN 0674517768 Jump up ^ Vikramaditya S. Khanna ( 2005 ) . The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India . University of Michigan . Jump up ^ Om Prakash , European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India ( Cambridge University Press , Cambridge 1998 ) . Jump up ^ John Keay , The Honorable Company : A History of the English East India Company ( MacMillan , New York 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Haynes , Gerard Cohen - Vrignaud , Stephanie Metz , Jody Dunville , Shannon Heath , Julia P. McLeod , Kat Powell , Brent Robida , John Stromski , Brandon . `` British East India Company '' . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ibid . at p. 113 Jump up ^ `` Adam Smith Laissez - Faire '' . political-economy.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ A Smith , An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations ( 1776 ) Book V , ch 1 , para 107 Jump up ^ See Bubble Companies , etc . Act 1825 , 6 Geo 4 , c 91 Jump up ^ See C Dickens , Martin Chuzzlewit ( 1843 ) ch 27 Jump up ^ Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies ( 1844 ) in British Parliamentary Papers , vol . VII Jump up ^ Paul Lyndon Davies ( 2010 ) . Introduction to Company Law . Oxford University Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Re Sea Fire and Life Assurance Co. , Greenwood 's Case ( 1854 ) 3 De GM&G 459 Jump up ^ Graeme G. Acheson & John D. Turner , The Impact of Limited Liability on Ownership and Control : Irish Banking , 1877 -- 1914 , School of Management and Economics , Queen 's University of Belfast , available at `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 . and `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 16 ... Jump up ^ Economist , December 18 , 1926 , at 1053 , as quoted in Mahoney , supra , at 875 . Jump up ^ Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd ( 1897 ) AC 22 ^ Jump up to : Smiddy , Linda O. ; Cunningham , Lawrence A. ( 2010 ) , Corporations and Other Business Organizations : Cases , Materials , Problems ( Seventh ed . ) , LexisNexis , pp. 228 -- 31 , 241 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4224 - 7659 - 8 Jump up ^ The Law of Business Organizations , Cengage Learning Jump up ^ Besley , Scott ; Brigham , Eugene ( 2008 ) . Principles of Finance ( 4th ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 105 . ISBN 9780324655889 . A credit union is a depository institution that is owned by its depositors ... Jump up ^ `` Company & Commercial -- Netherlands : In a nutshell -- one - tier boards '' . International Law Office . 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ The U.S. state of California is an example of a jurisdiction that does not require corporations to indicate corporate status in their names , except for close corporations . The drafters of the 1977 revision of the California General Corporation Law considered the possibility of forcing all California corporations to have a name indicating corporate status , but decided against it because of the huge number of corporations that would have had to change their names , and the lack of any evidence that anyone had been harmed in California by entities whose corporate status was not immediately apparent from their names . However , the 1977 drafters were able to impose the current disclosure requirement for close corporations . See Harold Marsh , Jr. , R. Roy Finkle , Larry W. Sonsini , and Ann Yvonne Walker , Marsh 's California Corporation Law , 4th ed. , vol. 1 ( New York : Aspen Publishers , 2004 ) , 5 -- 15 -- 5 -- 16 . Further reading ( edit ) A Comparative Bibliography : Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law Blumberg , Phillip I. , The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law : The Search for a New Corporate Personality , ( 1993 ) Bromberg , Alan R. Crane and Bromberg on Partnership . 1968 . Brown , Bruce . The History of the Corporation ( 2003 ) Cadman , John William . The Corporation in New Jersey : Business and Politics , , ( 1949 ) Conard , Alfred F. Corporations in Perspective . 1976 . Cooke , C.A. , Corporation , Trust and Company : A Legal History , ( 1950 ) Davis , John P. Corporations ( 1904 ) Davis , Joseph S. Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations ( 1917 ) Dignam , A and Lowry , J ( 2006 ) Company Law , Oxford University Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 928936 - 3 Dodd , Edwin Merrick . American Business Corporations until 1860 , With Special Reference to Massachusetts , ( 1954 ) DuBois , A.B. The English Business Company after the Bubble Act , , ( 1938 ) \ Freedman , Charles . Joint - stock Enterprise in France , : From Privileged Company to Modern Corporation ( 1979 ) Freund , Ernst . MCMaster.ca , The Legal Nature of the Corporation ( 1897 ) Hallis , Frederick . Corporate Personality : A Study in Jurisprudence ( 1930 ) Hessen , Robert . In Defense of the Corporation . Hoover Institute . 1979 . Hunt , Bishop . The Development of the Business Corporation in England ( 1936 ) Klein and Coffee . Business Organization and Finance : Legal and Economic Principles . Foundation . 2002 . Majumdar , Ramesh Chandra . Corporate Life in Ancient India , ( 1920 ) Means , Robert Charles . Underdevelopment and the Development of Law : Corporations and Corporation Law in Nineteenth - century Colombia , ( 1980 ) Micklethwait , John and Wooldridge , Adrian . The Company : a Short History of a Revolutionary Idea . New York : Modern Library . 2003 . Owen , Thomas . The Corporation under Russian Law , : A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy ( 1991 ) Rungta , Radhe Shyam . The Rise of the Business Corporation in India , 1851 -- 1900 , ( 1970 ) Scott , W.R. Constitution and Finance of English , Scottish and Irish Joint - Stock Companies to 1720 ( 1912 ) Sobel , Robert . The Age of Giant Corporations : a Microeconomic History of American Business . ( 1984 ) Barnet , Richard ; Muller , Ronald E. ( 1974 ) . Global Reach : The Power of the Multinational Corporation . New York : Simon & Schuster . PG Mahoney , ' Contract or Concession ? An Essay on the History of Corporate Law ' ( 2000 ) 34 Ga . Law Review 873 PI Blumberg , The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law ( 1993 ) PL Davies and LCB Gower , Principles of Modern Company Law ( 6th edn Sweet and Maxwell 1997 ) chapters 2 - 4 RR Formoy , The Historical Foundations of Company Law ( Sweet and Maxwell 1923 ) 21 P Frentrop , A History of Corporate Governance 1602 -- 2002 ( Brussels et al. , 2003 ) S Kyd , A Treatise on the Law of Corporations ( 1793 -- 1794 ) J Micklethwait and A Wooldridge , The company : A short history of a revolutionary idea ( Modern Library 2003 ) W Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England ( 1765 ) 455 -- 73 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Corporations US Corporate Law at Wikibooks an Audio from a talk about the history of corporations and the English Law by Barrister Daniel Bennett Aspects of corporations Abuse Appointeeship Citizenship Communication Crime Design Despotism Entertainment Ethics Identity Interlocks Liability Machiavellianism Narcissism Nationalism Opportunity Pathos Power Promoter Propaganda Psychopathy Raid Recovery Resolution Scandals Security Services Social entrepreneurship Social media Social responsibility Sourcing Statism Sustainability Synergy Tax Taxonomy Title Trainer Transparency Travel Trust Veil Video See also templates Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Aspects of workplaces Corporate titles Aspects of workplaces Topics Absenteeism Abusive supervision Aggression Bullying Conflict Control freak Counterproductive behaviour Coworker backstabbing Culture of fear Cyber-aggression Democracy Deviance Discrimination Diversity Divide and rule Emotions Employee engagement Employee monitoring Employee morale Employee silence Employee surveys Empowerment Evaluation Feminisation Fit in or fuck off Friendship Gender inequality Gossip Happiness Harassment Health surveillance Humor Incivility Intervention Jargon Kick the cat Kiss up kick down Listening Machiavellianism Micromanagement Mobbing Narcissism Office politics Performance appraisal Personality clash Phobia Positive psychology Privacy Probation Profanity Psychopathy Queen bee syndrome Rat race Relationships Revenge Role conflict Romance Sabotage Safety and health Spirituality Staff turnover Strategy Stress Toxic workplace Training Undermining Violence Wellness Work -- family conflict Workload See also Corporation Employment Factory Job Office Organization Whistleblower Templates Aspects of corporations Aspects of jobs Aspects of occupations Aspects of organizations Employment Companies portal GND : 4128521 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporation&oldid=825812914 '' Categories : Companies Business law Corporate law Corporations Legal entities Types of business entity Hidden categories : Tagged pages containing blacklisted links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido עברית Қазақша Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 15 : 47 . 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3592110130533865805 | The Star-Spangled Banner | The Star - Spangled Banner - wikipedia The Star - Spangled Banner Jump to : navigation , search `` Star - Spangled Banner '' redirects here . For the flag that flew over Fort McHenry , see Star - Spangled Banner ( flag ) . For the present flag , see Flag of the United States . The Star - Spangled Banner The earliest surviving sheet music of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , from 1814 . National anthem of the United States Lyrics Francis Scott Key , 1814 Music John Stafford Smith , c. 1773 Adopted March 4 , 1931 ; 86 years ago ( 1931 - 03 - 04 ) Audio sample `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' instrumental file help `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is the national anthem of the United States of America . The lyrics come from `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem written on September 14 , 1814 , by the 35 - year - old lawyer and amateur poet Francis Scott Key after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry by British ships of the Royal Navy in Baltimore Harbor during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812 . Key was inspired by the large American flag , the Star - Spangled Banner , flying triumphantly above the fort during the American victory . The poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society , a men 's social club in London . `` To Anacreon in Heaven '' ( or `` The Anacreontic Song '' ) , with various lyrics , was already popular in the United States . Set to Key 's poem and renamed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , it soon became a well - known American patriotic song . With a range of one octave and one fifth ( a semitone more than an octave and a half ) , it is known for being difficult to sing . Although the poem has four stanzas , only the first is commonly sung today . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889 , and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916 , and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3 , 1931 ( 46 Stat. 1508 , codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) , which was signed by President Herbert Hoover . Before 1931 , other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom . `` Hail , Columbia '' served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century . `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' , whose melody is identical to `` God Save the Queen '' , the British national anthem , also served as a de facto anthem . Following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars , other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events , among them `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , as well as `` America the Beautiful '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Francis Scott Key 's lyrics 1.2 John Stafford Smith 's music 1.3 National anthem 2 Lyrics 2.1 Additional Civil War period lyrics 2.2 Alternative lyrics 3 Modern history 3.1 Performances 3.2 200th anniversary celebrations 3.3 Adaptations 4 References in film , television , literature 5 Customs and federal law 6 Protests 6.1 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute 6.2 2016 protests 7 Translations 8 Media 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Historical audio Early history Francis Scott Key 's lyrics Francis Scott Key 's original manuscript copy of his `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' poem . It is now on display at the Maryland Historical Society . On September 3 , 1814 , following the Burning of Washington and the Raid on Alexandria , Francis Scott Key and John Stuart Skinner set sail from Baltimore aboard the ship HMS Minden , flying a flag of truce on a mission approved by President James Madison . Their objective was to secure an exchange of prisoners , one of whom was Dr. William Beanes , the elderly and popular town physician of Upper Marlboro and a friend of Key 's who had been captured in his home . Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers . Key and Skinner boarded the British flagship HMS Tonnant on September 7 and spoke with Major General Robert Ross and Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane over dinner while the two officers discussed war plans . At first , Ross and Cochrane refused to release Beanes , but relented after Key and Skinner showed them letters written by wounded British prisoners praising Beanes and other Americans for their kind treatment . Because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore , they were held captive until after the battle , first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden . After the bombardment , certain British gunboats attempted to slip past the fort and effect a landing in a cove to the west of it , but they were turned away by fire from nearby Fort Covington , the city 's last line of defense . An artist 's rendering of the battle at Fort McHenry During the rainy night , Key had witnessed the bombardment and observed that the fort 's smaller `` storm flag '' continued to fly , but once the shell and Congreve rocket barrage had stopped , he would not know how the battle had turned out until dawn . On the morning of September 14 , the storm flag had been lowered and the larger flag had been raised . During the bombardment , HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the `` bombs bursting in air '' . The 15 - star , 15 - stripe `` Star - Spangled Banner '' that inspired the poem Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort . This flag , with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes , had been made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimore 's Pratt Street . The flag later came to be known as the Star - Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History , a treasure of the Smithsonian Institution . It was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler , and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program . Aboard the ship the next day , Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket . At twilight on September 16 , he and Skinner were released in Baltimore . He completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel , where he was staying , and titled it `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Much of the idea of the poem , including the flag imagery and some of the wording , is derived from an earlier song by Key , also set to the tune of `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song , known as `` When the Warrior Returns '' , was written in honor of Stephen Decatur and Charles Stewart on their return from the First Barbary War . Absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843 , some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses . According to British historian Robin Blackburn , the words `` the hireling and slave '' allude to the thousands of ex-slaves in the British ranks organised as the Corps of Colonial Marines , who had been liberated by the British and demanded to be placed in the battle line `` where they might expect to meet their former masters . '' Nevertheless , Professor Mark Clague , a professor of musicology at the University of Michigan , argues that the `` middle two verses of Key 's lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 '' and `` in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery . '' Clague writes that `` For Key ... the British mercenaries were scoundrels and the Colonial Marines were traitors who threatened to spark a national insurrection . '' This harshly anti-British nature of Verse 3 led to its omission in sheet music in World War I , when Britain and the U.S. were allies . Responding to the assertion of writer Jon Schwarz of The Intercept that the song is a `` celebration of slavery , '' Clague said that : `` The reference to slaves is about the use , and in some sense the manipulation , of black Americans to fight for the British , with the promise of freedom . The American forces included African - Americans as well as whites . The term ' freemen , ' whose heroism is celebrated in the fourth stanza , would have encompassed both . '' Others suggest that `` Key may have intended the phrase as a reference to the British Navy 's practice of impressment ( kidnapping sailors and forcing them to fight in defense of the crown ) , or as a semi-metaphorical slap at the British invading force as a whole ( which included a large number of mercenaries ) . '' John Stafford Smith 's music Sheet music version Play ( help info ) The memorial to John Stafford Smith in Gloucester Cathedral , Gloucester , England Key gave the poem to his brother - in - law Judge Joseph H. Nicholson who saw that the words fit the popular melody `` The Anacreontic Song '' , by English composer John Stafford Smith . This was the official song of the Anacreontic Society , an 18th - century gentlemen 's club of amateur musicians in London . Nicholson took the poem to a printer in Baltimore , who anonymously made the first known broadside printing on September 17 ; of these , two known copies survive . On September 20 , both the Baltimore Patriot and The American printed the song , with the note `` Tune : Anacreon in Heaven '' . The song quickly became popular , with seventeen newspapers from Georgia to New Hampshire printing it . Soon after , Thomas Carr of the Carr Music Store in Baltimore published the words and music together under the title `` The Star Spangled Banner '' , although it was originally called `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' . Thomas Carr 's arrangement introduced the raised fourth which became the standard deviation from `` The Anacreontic Song '' . The song 's popularity increased , and its first public performance took place in October , when Baltimore actor Ferdinand Durang sang it at Captain McCauley 's tavern . Washington Irving , then editor of the Analectic Magazine in Philadelphia , reprinted the song in November 1814 . By the early 20th century , there were various versions of the song in popular use . Seeking a singular , standard version , President Woodrow Wilson tasked the U.S. Bureau of Education with providing that official version . In response , the Bureau enlisted the help of five musicians to agree upon an arrangement . Those musicians were Walter Damrosch , Will Earhart , Arnold J. Gantvoort , Oscar Sonneck and John Philip Sousa . The standardized version that was voted upon by these five musicians premiered at Carnegie Hall on December 5 , 1917 , in a program that included Edward Elgar 's Carillon and Gabriel Pierné 's The Children 's Crusade . The concert was put on by the Oratorio Society of New York and conducted by Walter Damrosch . An official handwritten version of the final votes of these five men has been found and shows all five men 's votes tallied , measure by measure . The Italian opera composer Giacomo Puccini used an extract of the melody in writing the aria `` Dovunque al mondo ... '' in 1904 for his work Madama Butterfly . National anthem Commemorative plaque in Washington , D.C. marking the site at 601 Pennsylvania Avenue where `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' was first publicly sung One of two surviving copies of the 1814 broadside printing of the `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that later became the lyrics of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem of the United States . The song gained popularity throughout the 19th century and bands played it during public events , such as July 4th celebrations . A plaque displayed at Fort Meade , South Dakota , claims that the idea of making `` The Star Spangled Banner '' the national anthem began on their parade ground in 1892 . Colonel Caleb Carlton , Post Commander , established the tradition that the song be played `` at retreat and at the close of parades and concerts . '' Carlton explained the custom to Governor Sheldon of South Dakota who `` promised me that he would try to have the custom established among the state militia . '' Carlton wrote that after a similar discussion , Secretary of War , Daniel E. Lamont issued an order that it `` be played at every Army post every evening at retreat . '' In 1899 , the US Navy officially adopted `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson ordered that `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' be played at military and other appropriate occasions . The playing of the song two years later during the seventh - inning stretch of Game One of the 1918 World Series , and thereafter during each game of the series is often cited as the first instance that the anthem was played at a baseball game , though evidence shows that the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' was performed as early as 1897 at opening day ceremonies in Philadelphia and then more regularly at the Polo Grounds in New York City beginning in 1898 . In any case , the tradition of performing the national anthem before every baseball game began in World War II . On April 10 , 1918 , John Charles Linthicum , U.S. Congressman from Maryland , introduced a bill to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . The bill did not pass . On April 15 , 1929 , Linthicum introduced the bill again , his sixth time doing so . On November 3 , 1929 , Robert Ripley drew a panel in his syndicated cartoon , Ripley 's Believe it or Not ! , saying `` Believe It or Not , America has no national anthem '' . In 1930 , Veterans of Foreign Wars started a petition for the United States to officially recognize `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem . Five million people signed the petition . The petition was presented to the United States House Committee on the Judiciary on January 31 , 1930 . On the same day , Elsie Jorss - Reilley and Grace Evelyn Boudlin sang the song to the Committee to refute the perception that it was too high pitched for a typical person to sing . The Committee voted in favor of sending the bill to the House floor for a vote . The House of Representatives passed the bill later that year . The Senate passed the bill on March 3 , 1931 . President Herbert Hoover signed the bill on March 4 , 1931 , officially adopting `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' as the national anthem of the United States of America . As currently codified , the United States Code states that `` ( t ) he composition consisting of the words and music known as the Star - Spangled Banner is the national anthem . '' Lyrics O say can you see , by the dawn 's early light , What so proudly we hailed at the twilight 's last gleaming , Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight , O'er the ramparts we watched , were so gallantly streaming ? And the rockets ' red glare , the bombs bursting in air , Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; O say does that star - spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep , Where the foe 's haughty host in dread silence reposes , What is that which the breeze , o'er the towering steep , As it fitfully blows , half conceals , half discloses ? Now it catches the gleam of the morning 's first beam , In full glory reflected now shines in the stream : ' Tis the star - spangled banner , O long may it wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . And where is that band who so vauntingly swore That the havoc of war and the battle 's confusion , A home and a country , should leave us no more ? Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps ' pollution . No refuge could save the hireling and slave From the terror of flight , or the gloom of the grave : And the star - spangled banner in triumph doth wave , O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave . O thus be it ever , when freemen shall stand Between their loved homes and the war 's desolation . Blest with vict'ry and peace , may the Heav'n rescued land Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation ! Then conquer we must , when our cause it is just , And this be our motto : ' In God is our trust . ' And the star - spangled banner in triumph shall wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! Cover of sheet music for `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , transcribed for piano by Ch . Voss , Philadelphia : G. Andre & Co. , 1862 Additional Civil War period lyrics In indignation over the start of the American Civil War , Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. added a fifth stanza to the song in 1861 , which appeared in songbooks of the era . When our land is illumined with Liberty 's smile , If a foe from within strike a blow at her glory , Down , down with the traitor that dares to defile The flag of her stars and the page of her story ! By the millions unchained who our birthright have gained , We will keep her bright blazon forever unstained ! And the Star - Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave While the land of the free is the home of the brave . Alternative lyrics In a version hand - written by Francis Scott Key in 1840 , the third line reads `` Whose bright stars and broad stripes , through the clouds of the fight '' . Modern history Main article : Performances and adaptations of The Star - Spangled Banner Performances This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( November 2012 ) Crowd performing the U.S. national anthem before a baseball game at Coors Field The song is notoriously difficult for nonprofessionals to sing because of its wide range -- a 12th . Humorist Richard Armour referred to the song 's difficulty in his book It All Started With Columbus . In an attempt to take Baltimore , the British attacked Fort McHenry , which protected the harbor . Bombs were soon bursting in air , rockets were glaring , and all in all it was a moment of great historical interest . During the bombardment , a young lawyer named Francis Off Key ( sic ) wrote `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and when , by the dawn 's early light , the British heard it sung , they fled in terror . -- Richard Armour Professional and amateur singers have been known to forget the words , which is one reason the song is sometimes pre-recorded and lip - synced . Other times the issue is avoided by having the performer ( s ) play the anthem instrumentally instead of singing it . The pre-recording of the anthem has become standard practice at some ballparks , such as Boston 's Fenway Park , according to the SABR publication The Fenway Project . `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States , as well as other public gatherings . The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries ( with the `` away '' anthem being performed first ) . It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems ( done in the same way as the NHL and MLS ) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors ( respectively ) , the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues , and in All Star Games on the MLB , NBA , and NHL . The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL , which play in a city on the Canada -- US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base , play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based . Two especially unusual performances of the song took place in the immediate aftermath of the United States September 11 attacks . On September 12 , 2001 , the Queen broke with tradition and allowed the Band of the Coldstream Guards to perform the anthem at Buckingham Palace , London , at the ceremonial Changing of the Guard , as a gesture of support for Britain 's ally . The following day at a St. Paul 's Cathedral memorial service , the Queen joined in the singing of the anthem , an unprecedented occurrence . 200th anniversary celebrations The 200th anniversary of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' occurred in 2014 with various special events occurring throughout the United States . A particularly significant celebration occurred during the week of September 10 -- 16 in and around Baltimore , Maryland . Highlights included playing of a new arrangement of the anthem arranged by John Williams and participation of President Obama on Defender 's Day , September 12 , 2014 , at Fort McHenry . In addition , the anthem bicentennial included a youth music celebration including the presentation of the National Anthem Bicentennial Youth Challenge winning composition written by Noah Altshuler . Adaptations See also : The Star Spangled Banner ( Whitney Houston recording ) O'er the ramparts we watch in a 1945 United States Army Air Forces poster The first popular music performance of the anthem heard by the mainstream U.S. was by Puerto Rican singer and guitarist José Feliciano . He created a nationwide uproar when he strummed a slow , blues - style rendition of the song at Tiger Stadium in Detroit before game five of the 1968 World Series , between Detroit and St. Louis . This rendition started contemporary `` Star - Spangled Banner '' controversies . The response from many in the Vietnam War - era U.S. was generally negative . Despite the controversy , Feliciano 's performance opened the door for the countless interpretations of the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' heard in the years since . One week after Feliciano 's performance , the anthem was in the news again when American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos lifted controversial raised fists at the 1968 Olympics while the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' played at a medal ceremony . Marvin Gaye gave a soul - influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All - Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991 , which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 ( along with José Feliciano , the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . In 1993 , Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album , Alive III . Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix 's version , which was a set - list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970 , including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969 . Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the `` rockets ' red glare '' , and `` bombs bursting in air '' , it became a late - 1960s emblem . Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25 , 1990 . The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song , and afterward she attempted a gesture of ball players by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup . The performance offended some , including the sitting U.S. President , George H.W. Bush . Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the `` Star - Spangled Banner '' in live sets , replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today . David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song , `` Yankee Rose '' on his 1986 solo album , Eat ' Em and Smile . Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 ( at the Indianapolis 500 , to which he later issued a public apology ) and again in 2012 ( at the AFC Championship Game ) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics . A version of Aerosmith 's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' on the Rockin ' the Joint album . The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album . The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel ( 2000 ) . In March 2005 , a government - sponsored program , the National Anthem Project , was launched after a Harris Interactive poll showed many adults knew neither the lyrics nor the history of the anthem . References in film , television , literature Several films have their titles taken from the song 's lyrics . These include two films titled Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 and 2005 ) ; two made - for - TV features titled By Dawn 's Early Light ( 1990 and 2000 ) ; two films titled So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 and 1990 ) ; a feature ( 1977 ) and a short ( 2005 ) titled Twilight 's Last Gleaming ; and four films titled Home of the Brave ( 1949 , 1986 , 2004 , and 2006 ) . A 1936 short titled `` The Song of a Nation '' from Warner Brothers shows a version of the origin of the song . Customs and federal law Plaque detailing how the custom of standing during the Anthem came about in Tacoma , Washington , on October 18 , 1893 , in the Bostwick building When the National Anthem was first recognized by law in 1932 , there was no proscription as to behavior during its playing . On June 22 , 1942 , the law was revised indicating that those in uniform should salute during its playing , while others should simply stand at attention , men removing their hats . ( The same code also required that women should place their hands over their hearts when the flag is displayed during the playing of the Anthem , but not if the flag was not present . ) On December 23 , 1942 the law was again revised instructing men and women to stand at attention and face in the direction of the music when it was played . That revision also directed men and women to place their hands over their hearts only if the flag was displayed . Those in uniform were required to salute . On July 7 , 1976 , the law was simplified . Men and women were instructed to stand with their hands over their hearts , men removing their hats , irrespective of whether or not the flag was displayed and those in uniform saluting . On August 12 , 1998 , the law was rewritten keeping the same instructions , but differentiating between `` those in uniform '' and `` members of the Armed Forces and veterans '' who were both instructed to salute during the playing whether or not the flag was displayed . Because of the changes in law over the years and confusion between instructions for the Pledge of Allegence versus the National Anthem , throughout most of the 20th century many people simply stood at attention or with their hands folded in front of them during the playing of the Anthem , and when reciting the Pledge they would hold their hand ( or hat ) over their heart . After 9 / 11 , the custom of placing the hand over the heart during the playing of the Anthem became nearly universal . Since 1998 , federal law ( viz. , the United States Code 36 U.S.C. § 301 ) states that during a rendition of the national anthem , when the flag is displayed , all present including those in uniform should stand at attention ; Non-military service individuals should face the flag with the right hand over the heart ; Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are present and not in uniform may render the military salute ; Military service persons not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold the headdress at the left shoulder , the hand being over the heart ; and Members of the Armed Forces and veterans who are in uniform should give the military salute at the first note of the anthem and maintain that position until the last note . The law further provides that when the flag is not displayed , all present should face toward the music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed . Military law requires all vehicles on the installation to stop when the song is played and all individuals outside to stand at attention and face the direction of the music and either salute , in uniform , or place the right hand over the heart , if out of uniform . The law was amended in 2008 , and since allows military veterans to salute out of uniform , as well . The text of 36 U.S.C. § 301 is suggestive and not regulatory in nature . Failure to follow the suggestions is not a violation of law . This behavioral requirement for the national anthem is subject to the same First Amendment controversies that surround the Pledge of Allegiance . For example , Jehovah 's Witnesses do not sing the national anthem , though they are taught that standing is an `` ethical decision '' that individual believers must make based on their `` conscience . '' Protests Main article : U.S. national anthem protests 1968 Olympics Black Power salute Main article : 1968 Olympics Black Power Salute The 1968 Olympics Black Power salute was a political demonstration conducted by African - American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos during their medal ceremony at the 1968 Summer Olympics in the Olympic Stadium in Mexico City . After having won gold and bronze medals respectively in the 200 meter running event , they turned on the podium to face their flags , and to hear the American national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Each athlete raised a black - gloved fist , and kept them raised until the anthem had finished . In addition , Smith , Carlos , and Australian silver medalist Peter Norman all wore human rights badges on their jackets . In his autobiography , Silent Gesture , Smith stated that the gesture was not a `` Black Power '' salute , but a `` human rights salute '' . The event is regarded as one of the most overtly political statements in the history of the modern Olympic Games . 2016 protests Main article : U.S. national anthem protests ( 2016 -- present ) Politically motivated protests of the national anthem began in the National Football League ( NFL ) after San Francisco 49ers quarterback ( QB ) Colin Kaepernick sat during the anthem , as opposed to the tradition of standing , before his team 's third preseason game of 2016 . Kaepernick also sat during the first two preseason games , but he went unnoticed . Translations As a result of immigration to the United States and the incorporation of non-English speaking people into the country , the lyrics of the song have been translated into other languages . In 1861 , it was translated into German . The Library of Congress also has record of a Spanish - language version from 1919 . It has since been translated into Hebrew and Yiddish by Jewish immigrants , Latin American Spanish ( with one version popularized during immigration reform protests in 2006 ) , French by Acadians of Louisiana , Samoan , and Irish . The third verse of the anthem has also been translated into Latin . With regard to the indigenous languages of North America , there are versions in Navajo and Cherokee . Media The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1915 ) A 1915 recording of the Star - Spangled Banner as sung by Margaret Woodrow Wilson , daughter of Woodrow Wilson The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1942 ) Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star - Spangled Banner in 1942 The Star - Spangled Banner ( 1953 ) A 1953 instrumental recording by the United States Marine Corps band The Star Spangled Banner ( circa 2000 ) An instrumental recording by the United States Navy Band . Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media ( 1944 ) Play media ( 1940 ) See also In God We Trust Sign - on and sign - off Music portal United States portal References ^ Jump up to : `` '' Star - Spangled Banner '' Is Now Official Anthem `` . The Washington Post . March 5 , 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Defence of Fort M'Henry Library of Congress '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` My country ' tis of thee ( Song Collection ) '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Lois Leo ( 1990 ) . Encyclopedia of Nationalism . Paragon House . p. 13 . ISBN 1 - 55778 - 167 - 2 . Jump up ^ British Rockets at the US National Park Service , Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine . Retrieved February 2008 . Archived April 3 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` When the Warrior Returns - Key '' . Potw.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Robin ( 1988 ) . The Overthrdow of Colonial Slavery , 1776 -- 1848 . pp. 288 -- 290 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Clague ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' critics miss the point '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick Is Righter Than You Know : The National Anthem Is a Celebration of Slavery '' . Theintercept.com. 2016 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Is the National Anthem Racist ? Beyond the Debate Over Colin Kaepernick '' . The New York Times . 3 September 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' and Slavery '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Clague , Mark , and Jamie Vander Broek . `` Banner moments : the national anthem in American life '' . University of Michigan , 2014 . 4 . Jump up ^ `` Oratorio Society of New York - Star Spangled Banner '' . Oratoriosocietyofny.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Standardization Manuscript for `` The Star Spangled Banner '' Antiques Roadshow `` . PBS . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Plaque , Fort Meade , erected 1976 by the Fort Meade V.A. Hospital and the South Dakota State Historical Society ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Ray ( July 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Star - Spangled Banner : an American anthem with a very British beginning '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs vs Red Sox 1918 World Series : A Tradition is Born '' . Baseballisms.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem Hearing Is Set For January 31 '' . The Baltimore Sun . January 23 , 1930 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Company News - Ripley Entertainment Inc '' . Ripleysnewsroom.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5,000,000 Sign for Anthem : Fifty - Mile Petition Supports `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Bill `` . The New York Times . January 19 , 1930 . p. 31 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000,000 Plea For U.S. Anthem : Giant Petition to Be Given Judiciary Committee of Senate Today '' . The Washington Post . January 31 , 1930 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Hears Star - Spangled Banner Sung : Studies Bill to Make It the National Anthem '' . The New York Times . February 1 , 1930 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' Favored As Anthem in Report to House '' . The New York Times . February 5 , 1930 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Star Spangled Banner ' Is Voted National Anthem by Congress '' . The New York Times . March 4 , 1931 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 301 . Jump up ^ Francis Scott Key , The Star Spangled Banner ( lyrics ) , 1814 , MENC : The National Association for Music Education National Anthem Project ( archived from the original Archived January 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . on 2013 - 01 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Hezekiah ; Brown , Theron ( 1906 ) . `` The Story of the Hymns and Tunes '' . George H. Doran Co. : 335 . Jump up ^ The soldier 's companion : dedicated ... -- Google Books . Books.google.com. 1865 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Library of Congress image '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Fenway Project -- Part One '' . Red Sox Connection . May 2004 . Jump up ^ Allen , Kevin ( 2003 - 03 - 23 ) . `` NHL Seeks to Stop Booing For a Song '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fanzone , A-Z Guide : National Anthems '' . Buffalo Sabres . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . If you are interested in singing the National Anthems at a sporting event at First Niagara Center , you must submit a DVD or CD of your performance of both the Canadian & American National Anthems ... Jump up ^ Graves , David ( September 14 , 2001 ) `` Palace breaks with tradition in musical tribute '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 Jump up ^ Steyn , Mark ( September 17 , 2001 ) . `` The Queen 's Tears / And global resolve against terrorism '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` Francis Scott Key 's anthem keeps asking : Have we survived as a nation ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2014 - 11 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 52 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 8 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Paul White , USA TODAY Sports ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jose Feliciano 's once - controversial anthem kicks off NLCS '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jose Feliciano Personal account about the anthem performance Archived 2015 - 10 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Letofsky , Irv ( July 28 , 1990 ) . `` Roseanne Is Sorry -- but Not That Sorry '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AOL Radio -- Listen to Free Online Radio -- Free Internet Radio Stations and Music Playlists '' . Spinner.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harris Interactive poll on `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` . Tnap.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawn 's Early Light TV ( 2000 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1943 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ So Proudly We Hail ( 1990 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 1977 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Twilight 's Last Gleaming ( 2005 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1949 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 1986 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2004 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) on the Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Jump up ^ `` Public Laws , June 22 , 1942 '' . June 22 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` 77th Congress , 2nd session '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public law , July 7 , 1976 '' . uscode.house.gov . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duane Streufert . `` A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America -- United States Code '' . USFlag.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code '' . Uscode.house.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Circle School v. Phillips , 270 F. Supp . 2d 616 , 622 ( E.D. Pa. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of the Beliefs of Jehovah 's Witnesses '' . Towerwatch.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Botting , Gary Norman Arthur ( 1993 ) . Fundamental freedoms and Jehovah 's Witnesses . University of Calgary Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 895176 - 06 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chryssides , George D. ( 2008 ) . Historical Dictionary of Jehovah 's Witnesses . Scarecrow Press . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6074 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Richard ( 8 October 2006 ) . `` Caught in Time : Black Power salute , Mexico , 1968 '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandritter , Mark . `` A timeline of Colin Kaepernick 's national anthem protest and the NFL players who joined him '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Das Star - Spangled Banner , US Library of Congress . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ La Bandera de las Estrellas , US Library of Congress . Retrieved May 31 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Hebrew Version Jump up ^ Abraham Asen , The Star Spangled Banner in pool , 1745 , Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry , McGill University Digital Collections Programme . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Day to Day . `` A Spanish Version of ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ David Émile Marcantel , La Bannière Étoilée Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Musique Acadienne . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmer , Benjamin ( 2006 - 04 - 29 ) . `` The ' ' Samoa News ' ' reporting of a Samoan version '' . Itre.cis.upenn.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' An Bhratach Gheal - Réaltach ' ' -- Irish version '' . Daltai.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Brunelle , Third Verse in Latin , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Gallup Independent , 25 March 2005 '' . Gallupindependent.com. 2005 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Schedule for the Presidential Inauguration 2007 , Navajo Nation Government '' . Navajo.org. 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Phoenix , Accessed 2009 - 08 - 15 '' . Cherokeephoenix.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 14 . Further reading Ferris , Marc . Star - Spangled Banner : the Unlikely Story of America 's National Anthem . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2014 . ISBN 9781421415185 OCLC 879370575 Leepson , Marc . What So Proudly We Hailed : Francis Scott Key , a Life . Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 . ISBN 9781137278289 OCLC 860395373 External links `` New book reveals dark history behind the Star Spangled Banner , '' CBS This Morning , September 13 , 2014 . `` Star - Spangled History : 5 Facts About the Making of the National Anthem , '' Biography.com . `` ' Star - Spangled Banner ' writer had complex record on race , '' Mary Carole McCauley , ' ' Baltimore Sun , July 26 , 2014 . `` The Man Behind The National Anthem Paid Little Attention To It . '' NPR 's `` Hear and Now , '' July 4 , 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Star - Spangled Banner . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Star - Spangled Banner Look up haughty or rampart in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Star - Spangled Banner ( Memory ) : American Treasures of the Library of Congress `` How the National Anthem Has Unfurled ; ' The Star - Spangled Banner ' Has Changed a Lot in 200 Years . '' By WILLIAM ROBIN JUNE 27 , 2014 The New York Times C - SPAN American History TV tour of the Smithsonian National Museum of American History Star - Spangled Banner exhibit Historical audio The Star Spangled Banner , The Diamond Four , 1898 The Star Spangled Banner , Margaret Woodrow Wilson , 1915 National anthems of North America Independent countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies American West Indies Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands British West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius ( Statia ) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint - Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland Complete list Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania and the Pacific Islands South America National anthems of Oceania and the Pacific Islands National anthems Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Regional anthems American Samoa ( USA ) Cook Islands ( NZ ) Easter Island ( Chile ) French Polynesia ( France ) Guam ( USA ) Hawaii ( USA ) New Caledonia ( France ) Niue ( NZ ) Northern Mariana Islands ( USA ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) Tokelau ( NZ ) United States Minor Outlying Islands ( USA ) Wallis and Futuna ( France ) Former anthems Marshall Islands ( 1977 -- 91 ) Federated States of Micronesia ( 1979 -- 91 ) Complete list Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania and the Pacific Islands South America War of 1812 Battles Campaigns Origins Chronology Results People Isaac Brock Andrew Jackson Francis Scott Key James Madison Laura Secord Tecumseh Places Fort Detroit / Shelby Illinois Indiana Kentucky Battles Baltimore Beaver Dams Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm Frenchtown Lundy 's Lane New Orleans Queenston Heights Spur 's Defeat Thames Washington Songs `` The Bold Canadian '' `` The Hunters of Kentucky '' `` The Star - 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5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Star-Spangled_Banner&oldid=807425982 '' Categories : 1814 compositions 1814 in the United States American patriotic songs History of Baltimore Maryland in the War of 1812 National anthems National symbols of the United States Songs based on actual events Jimi Hendrix songs José Feliciano songs Marvin Gaye songs North American anthems Oceanian anthems 1814 poems The Star - Spangled Banner Songs based on American history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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"\"The Star-Spangled Banner\" was recognized for official use by the United States Navy in 1889, and by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in 1916, and was made the national anthem by a congressional resolution on March 3, 1931 (46 Stat. 1508, codified at 36 U.S.C. § 301), which was signed by President Herbert Hoover."
] | [
"March 3, 1931"
] |
-770798978871732012 | Declaration of war by the United States | Declaration of war by the United States - wikipedia Declaration of war by the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the declaration of war against Japan on December 8 , 1941 A declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation and another . The document Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications gives an extensive listing and summary of statutes which are automatically engaged upon the US declaring war . For the United States , Article One , Section Eight of the Constitution says `` Congress shall have power to ... declare War . '' However , that passage provides no specific format for what form legislation must have in order to be considered a `` declaration of war '' nor does the Constitution itself use this term . In the courts , the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit , in Doe v. Bush , said : `` ( T ) he text of the October Resolution itself spells out justifications for a war and frames itself as an ' authorization ' of such a war . '' in effect saying an authorization suffices for declaration and what some may view as a formal Congressional `` Declaration of War '' was not required by the Constitution . The last time the United States declared war on any nation was in 1942 , when war was declared against Axis - allied Hungary , Bulgaria , and Romania , because President Franklin Roosevelt thought it was improper to engage in hostilities against a country without a declaration of war . Since then , every American president has used military force without a declaration of war . This article will use the term `` formal declaration of war '' to mean Congressional legislation that uses the phrase `` declaration of war '' in the title . Elsewhere , this article will use the terms `` authorized by Congress , '' `` funded by Congress '' or `` undeclared war '' to describe other such conflicts . Contents 1 History 2 Declarations of war 2.1 Formal 3 Undeclared wars 3.1 Military engagements authorized by Congress 3.2 Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress 3.3 Other undeclared wars 4 The War Powers Resolution 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times , each upon prior request by the President of the United States . Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun . James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787 , the phrase `` make war '' was changed to `` declare war '' in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress . Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President 's authority in this regard . Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars , particularly during the 1930s , was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war . Several Constitutional Amendments , such as the Ludlow Amendment , have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war . After Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971 and President Richard Nixon continued to wage war in Vietnam , Congress passed the War Powers Resolution ( Pub. L. 93 -- 148 ) over the veto of Nixon in an attempt to rein in some of the president 's claimed powers . The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress . Declarations of war ( edit ) Formal ( edit ) The table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations . The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany , against which the United States has declared war twice ( though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria - Hungary ) . In World War II , the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 . Germany and Italy , led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini , declared war on the United States , and the U.S. Congress responded in kind . War Declaration Opponent ( s ) Date of declaration Votes President Result Senate House War of 1812 Declaration of War upon the U.K. United Kingdom June 18 , 1812 19 -- 13 79 -- 49 James Madison Treaty of Ghent ( December 24 , 1814 ) Mexican -- American War `` An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico . '' Mexico May 13 , 1846 40 -- 2 173 -- 14 James K. Polk Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ( February 2 , 1848 ) Spanish -- American War Declaration of War upon Spain Spain April 25 , 1898 42 -- 35 310 -- 6 William McKinley Treaty of Paris ( December 10 , 1898 ) World War I Declaration of War upon Germany Germany April 6 , 1917 82 -- 6 373 -- 50 Woodrow Wilson Treaty of Berlin ( August 25 , 1921 ) Declaration of War upon Austria - Hungary Austria - Hungary December 7 , 1917 74 -- 0 365 -- 1 1921 U.S. -- Austrian Peace Treaty ( August 24 , 1921 ) , 1921 U.S. - Hungarian Peace Treaty ( August 29 , 1921 ) World War II Declaration of War upon Japan Japan December 8 , 1941 82 -- 0 388 -- 1 Franklin D. Roosevelt V-J Day , Japanese Instrument of Surrender ( September 2 , 1945 ) , Treaty of San Francisco ( September 8 , 1951 ) Declaration of War upon Germany Germany December 11 , 1941 88 -- 0 393 -- 0 V-E Day , German Instrument of Surrender ( May 8 , 1945 ) , Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ( September 12 , 1990 ) , Treaty of Vienna with Austria ( May 15 , 1955 ) Declaration of War upon Italy Italy 90 -- 0 399 -- 0 Paris Peace Treaty ( February 10 , 1947 ) Declaration of War upon Bulgaria Bulgaria June 5 , 1942 73 -- 0 357 -- 0 Declaration of War upon Hungary Hungary 360 -- 0 Declaration of War upon Romania Romania 361 -- 0 Undeclared wars ( edit ) Military engagements authorized by Congress ( edit ) In other instances , the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress . War or conflict Opponent ( s ) Initial authorization Votes President Result Senate House Quasi-War France An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States July 9 , 1798 18 -- 4 John Adams Treaty of Mortefontaine First Barbary War Morocco Tripolitania February 6 , 1802 Thomas Jefferson War ended 1805 Second Barbary War Algiers May 10 , 1815 James Madison War ended 1816 Enforcing 1808 slave trade ban ; naval squadron sent to African waters to apprehend illegal slave traders Slave traders and pirates `` Act in addition to the acts prohibiting the Slave Trade '' 1819 James Monroe 1822 first African - American settlement founded in Liberia , 1823 U.S. Navy stops anti-trafficking patrols Redress for attack on U.S. Navy 's USS Water Witch Paraguay 1858 . James Buchanan Mexican Revolution United States occupation of Veracruz Mexico H.J.R. 251 , 38 Stat. 770 April 22 , 1914 337 -- 37 Woodrow Wilson Force withdrawn after six months . However , the Joint Resolution was likely used to authorize the Pancho Villa Expedition . In the Senate , `` when word reached the Senate that the invasion had gone forward before the use - of - force resolution had been approved , Republicans reacted angrily '' saying it was a violation of the Constitution , but eventually after the action had already started , a resolution was passed after the action to `` justify '' it since Senators did not think it was a declaration of war . Russian Civil War Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Commune of Estonia Far Eastern Republic Latvia Mongolian People 's Party Russia Ukraine 1918 Woodrow Wilson Lebanon crisis of 1958 Lebanese Opposition Al - Mourabitoun Lebanese Communist Party Progressive Socialist Party H.J. Res. 117 , Public Law 85 - 7 , Joint Resolution `` To promote peace and stability in the Middle East '' , March 9 , 1957 72 -- 19 355 -- 61 Dwight D. Eisenhower U.S. forces withdrawn , October 25 , 1958 Vietnam War Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War China National United Front of Kampuchea Khmer Rouge Khmer Rumdo Khmer Việt Minh North Korea North Vietnam Pathet Lao South Vietnam Việt Cộng Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , August 7 , 1964 88 -- 2 416 -- 0 Lyndon B. Johnson U.S. forces withdrawn under terms of the Paris Peace Accords signed January 27 , 1973 Multinational Force in Lebanon Shia and Druze militias ; Syria S.J. Res. 159 Pub. L. 98 -- 119 September 29 , 1983 54 -- 46 253 -- 156 Ronald W. Reagan Forces withdrawn in 1984 Persian Gulf War Iraq H.J. Res. 77 January 12 , 1991 . 52 -- 47 250 -- 183 George H.W. Bush The United Nations Security Council drew up terms for the cease - fire , April 3 , 1991 War in Afghanistan Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan Operation Freedom 's Sentinel al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni Civil War Somali Civil War Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa War in North - West Pakistan Moro conflict Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines Iraqi Civil War Operation Inherent Resolve Syrian Civil War Operation Inherent Resolve Second Libyan Civil War Afghanistan Quetta Shura Taliban Haqqani network Mullah Dadullah Front al - Qaeda 055 Brigade Al - Nusra Front Khorasan group al - Qaeda Emirate in Yemen Aden - Abyan Islamic Army Islamic Jihad of Yemen al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Ansar al - Sharia al - Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent Lashkar al - Zil Harakat Ahrar al - Sham al - Islamiyya Hezb - e Islami Gulbuddin Islamic Jihad Union Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Jamaat - ul - Ahrar Jundallah Lashkar - e-Islam Lashkar - e-Jhangvi Tehreek - e-Nafaz - e-Shariat - e-Mohammadi Turkistan Islamic Party Tehrik - i - Taliban Pakistan High Council of the Islamic Emirate Fidai Mahaz al - Itihaad al - Islamiya Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia Harakat al - Shabaab Mujahedeen Hizbul Islam Islamic Courts Union Jabhatul Islamiya Mu'askar Anole Ras Kamboni Brigades Abu Sayyaf Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters Islamic State Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Maute group Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao S.J. Res. 23 September 14 , 2001 98 -- 0 420 -- 1 George W. Bush Iraq War Iraq H.J. Res. 114 , March 3 , 2003 77 -- 23 296 -- 132 George W. Bush Ba'athist Iraqi government deposed April 2003 . U.S. combat operations ended August 31 , 2010 . War ended December 15 , 2011 . Destabilization of Iraq and emergence of ISIL in the region 2011 -- present . Military engagements authorized by United nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress ( edit ) In many instances , the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by appropriations from Congress . Military engagement Opponent ( s ) Initial authorization President Result Korean War China North Korea Soviet Union UNSCR 84 , 1950 Harry S. Truman Korean Armistice Agreement , 1953 Multinational Force in Lebanon Shia militias , Druze militias , Syria UNSCR 425 , 1978 UNSCR 426 , 1978 Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan U.S. forces withdrew in 1984 Persian Gulf War Iraq UNSCR 678 , 1990 George H.W. Bush UNSCR 689 , 1991 Bosnian War Republika Srpska UNSCR 770 , 1992 UNSCR 776 , 1992 UNSCR 836 , 1993 Bill Clinton Reflagged as IFOR in 1995 , Reflagged as SFOR in 1996 , Completed in 2004 Second Liberian Civil War Peacekeeping UNSCR 1497 , 2003 George W. Bush U.S. forces are withdrawn in 2003 after the UNMIL is established . Haitian coup d'état UNSCR 1529 , 2004 UNSCR 1542 , 2004 First Libyan Civil War 2011 military intervention in Libya Operation Odyssey Dawn Operation Unified Protector Libya UNSCR 1973 , 2011 Barack Obama Debellation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya , October 31 , 2011 Other undeclared wars ( edit ) Military engagement Opponent ( s ) President Result American Revolutionary War Great Britain Quebec Loyalists German auxiliaries Hesse - Kassel Hesse - Hanau Hanover Waldeck Brunswick Ansbach Anhalt - Zerbst Native Americans Iroquois Confederacy None Peace of Paris On at least 125 occasions , the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress . These include instances in which the United States fought in the Philippine -- American War from 1898 -- 1903 , in Nicaragua in 1927 , as well as the NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999 , and the 2017 missile strikes on Syria . The United States ' longest war was fought between approximately 1840 and 1886 against the Apache Nation . During that entire 46 - year period , there was never more than 90 days of peace . The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements . These localized conflicts , with Native Americans , began with European colonists coming to North America , long before the establishment of the United States . For the purpose of this discussion , the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America . They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918 . The United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890 -- 1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups . The American Civil War was not an international conflict under the laws of war , because the Confederate States of America was not a government that had been granted full diplomatic recognition as a sovereign nation by other sovereign states . The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power , a different status of recognition that authorized Confederate warships to visit non-U.S. ports . This recognition of the CSA 's status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy , and the United States never did so . The war Powers Resolution ( edit ) Main article : War Powers Resolution In 1973 , following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War , a debate emerged about the extent of presidential power in deploying troops without a declaration of war . A compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution . This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States and for how long . It also required formal reports by the President to Congress regarding the status of such deployments , and limited the total amount of time that American forces could be deployed without a formal declaration of war . Although the constitutionality of the act has never been tested , it is usually followed , most notably during the Grenada Conflict , the Panamanian Conflict , the Somalia Conflict , the Persian Gulf War , and the Iraq War . The only exception was President Clinton 's use of U.S. troops in the 78 - day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War . In all other cases , the President asserted the constitutional authority to commit troops without the necessity of Congressional approval , but in each case the President received Congressional authorization that satisfied the provisions of the War Powers Act . On March 21 , 2011 , a number of lawmakers expressed concern that the decision of President Barack Obama to order the U.S. military to join in attacks of Libyan air defenses and government forces exceeded his constitutional authority because the decision to authorize the attack was made without Congressional permission . Obama explained his rationale in a two - page letter , stating that as commander in chief , he had constitutional authority to authorize the strikes , which would be limited in scope and duration , and necessary to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Libya . See also ( edit ) United States portal War portal Cold War Declaration of war by Canada Declaration of war by the United Kingdom Just War Theory Police action Timeline of United States military operations War on Terror War on Drugs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Doe v. Bush , 03 - 1266 , ( March 13 , 2003 ) '' . FindLaw . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Cooke , Alistair , Alistair Cooke 's America , Alfred A. Knopf , New York , 1973 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Phillip G. ( 2000 ) . The presidency then and now . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 9739 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : August 17 , The Avalon Project , Yale Law School , retrieved Feb 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Petition for a Constitutional Amendment to Hold National Referendums on Declarations of War from Danville , Ohio '' . The National Archives of the United States . 1938 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shindler , Michael ( 1 March 2018 ) . `` War Powers : Return to Congress '' . RealClearDefense . RealClear Media Group . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Official Declarations of War by Congress Jump up ^ BBC News , On This Day Jump up ^ Whereas the Government of Germany has formally declared war against the government and the people of the United States of America ... the state of war between the United States and the Government of Germany which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared . The War Resolution Jump up ^ United States Congress ( May 13 , 1846 ) . `` An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Government of the United States of America . Government of the United States of America . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 10 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate Jump up ^ Key Events in the Presidency of Thomas Jefferson , Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia , ( retrieved on August 10 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Key Events in the Presidency of James Madison , Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia , ( retrieved on August 10 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Expenses - Paraguay Expedition , House of Representatives , 36th Congress , 1st Session , Mis . Doc . No. 86 ( May 11 , 1860 ) , p. 142 Jump up ^ Cyrulik , John M. , A Strategic Examination of the Punitive Expedition into Mexico , 1916 - 1917 . Fort Leavenworth , KS , 2003 . ( Master 's thesis ) Jump up ^ Wolfensberger , Don . Congress and Woodrow Wilson 's Introductory Forays into Mexico , an Introductory Essay . Congress Project Seminar On Congress and U.S. Military Interventions Abroad . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Monday , May 17 , 2004 Jump up ^ A History of Russia , 7th Edition , Nichlas V. Riasanovsky & Mark D. Steinberg , Oxford University Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ http://www.shafr.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/U.S.-Congress-Approval-of-the-Eisenhower-Doctrine-1957.pdf Jump up ^ Obama 's full speech : Operation Iraqi Freedom is Over , MSNBC Jump up ^ Londoño , Ernesto ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Operation Iraqi Freedom ends as last combat soldiers leave Baghdad '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ s : Korean Armistice Agreement Jump up ^ Onondaga , Mohawk , Cayuga , Seneca , Mi'kmaq ( from 1779 ) , Cherokee , Odawa , Muscogee , Susquehannock , Shawnee Jump up ^ The President 's Constitutional Authority To Conduct Military Operations Against Terrorists and Nations Supporting Them Jump up ^ Army Continues to Parade Wounded Knee Battle Streamer , National Congress of American Indians . Jump up ^ `` Preventing Diplomatic Recognition of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( 2007 ) . This Mighty Scourge : Perspectives on the Civil War . Oxford University Press US . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531366 - 6 . Jump up ^ Obama Attacked for No Congressional Consent on Libya , New York Times . Further reading ( edit ) Grotius , Hugo ( 2004 ) . On The Law Of War And Peace . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4191 - 3875 - 1 . Edwin Meese ; Matthew Spalding ; David F. Forte ( 2005 ) . The Heritage guide to the Constitution . Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 001 - 3 . Kenneth A. Schultz , Tying Hands and Washing Hands : The U.S. Congress and Multilateral Humanitarian Intervention , Ch. 4 , pp 105 -- 142 , in Daniel Drezner , Ed . Locating the Proper Authorities : The Interaction of Domestic and International Institutions , University of Michigan Press , 2003 . External links ( edit ) The House of Rep , Republican Study Committee of War and Military Authorized Conflicts. 2003 . Declarations of war and votes Text of Declaration of War on Japan Text of Declaration of War on Germany Text of Declaration of War on Bulgaria Authorization for Use of Military Force -- signed September 18 , 2001 House Joint Resolution Authorizing Use of Force Against Iraq -- signed October 16 , 2002 Instances of Use of United States Forces Abroad , 1798 -- 1993 A partial list of U.S. military interventions from 1890 to 2006 U.S. - Africa Chronology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States&oldid=855238360 '' Categories : Wars involving the United States United States military law United States defense policymaking Declarations of war by the United States Article One of the United States Constitution Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from December 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 21 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the last time america declared war | [
"\n\n\nWar\n\nDeclaration\n\nOpponent(s)\n\nDate of declaration\n\nVotes\n\nPresident\n\nResult\n\n\nSenate\n\nHouse\n\n\nWar of 1812\n\nDeclaration of War upon the U.K.\n\n United Kingdom\n\nJune 18, 1812\n\n19–13\n\n79–49\n\nJames Madison\n\nTreaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)\n\n\nMexican–American War\n\n\"An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico.\"[10]\n\n Mexico\n\nMay 13, 1846\n\n40–2\n\n173–14\n\nJames K. Polk\n\nTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848)\n\n\nSpanish–American War\n\nDeclaration of War upon Spain\n\n Spain\n\nApril 25, 1898\n\n42–35\n\n310–6\n\nWilliam McKinley\n\nTreaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)\n\n\nWorld War I\n\nDeclaration of War upon Germany\n\n Germany\n\nApril 6, 1917\n\n82–6\n\n373–50\n\nWoodrow Wilson\n\nTreaty of Berlin (August 25, 1921)\n\n\nDeclaration of War upon Austria-Hungary[11][12]\n\n Austria-Hungary\n\nDecember 7, 1917\n\n74–0\n\n365–1\n\n1921 U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (August 24, 1921), 1921 U.S.-Hungarian Peace Treaty (August 29, 1921)\n\n\nWorld War II\n\nDeclaration of War upon Japan\n\n Japan\n\nDecember 8, 1941\n\n82–0\n\n388–1\n\nFranklin D. Roosevelt\n\nV-J Day, Japanese Instrument of Surrender (September 2, 1945), Treaty of San Francisco (September 8, 1951)\n\n\nDeclaration of War upon Germany\n\n Germany\n\nDecember 11, 1941\n\n88–0\n\n393–0\n\nV-E Day, German Instrument of Surrender (May 8, 1945), Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (September 12, 1990), Treaty of Vienna with Austria (May 15, 1955)\n\n\nDeclaration of War upon Italy\n\n Italy\n\n90–0\n\n399–0\n\nParis Peace Treaty (February 10, 1947)\n\n\nDeclaration of War upon Bulgaria\n\n Bulgaria\n\nJune 5, 1942\n\n73–0\n\n357–0\n\n\nDeclaration of War upon Hungary[11]\n\n Hungary\n\n360–0\n\n\nDeclaration of War upon Romania[11]\n\n Romania\n\n361–0\n"
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"June 5, 1942"
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3695164715016265494 | Electoral College (United States) | Electoral College ( United states ) - wikipedia Electoral College ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United States Electoral College . For electoral colleges in general , see Electoral college . For other uses and regions , see Electoral college ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Electoral College 2016 presidential election The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the indirect election of the President of the United States and Vice President of the United States . Citizens of the United States vote in each state and the District of Columbia at a general election to choose a slate of `` electors '' pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate . The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president . In each state and the District of Columbia , electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November , and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected President and Vice President of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in January . Each state chooses electors , totaling in number to that state 's combined total of senators and representatives . There are a total of 538 electors , corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty - third Amendment . The Constitution bars any federal official , elected or appointed , from being an elector . The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College . Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen , the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide , except in four elections : 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain ; the electors failed to select a winning candidate , so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives . All states except California ( before 1913 ) , Maine , and Nebraska have chosen electors on a `` winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s . Under the winner - take - all system , the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state , thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote . Although no elector is required by federal law to honor their pledge , there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge and never once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election . If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president , the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president , with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote . If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president , then the Senate will select the vice president , with each of the 100 senators having one vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Original plan 2.2 Breakdown and revision 2.3 Evolution to the general ticket 2.4 Evolution of selection plans 2.5 Fourteenth Amendment 3 Modern mechanics 3.1 Summary 3.2 Electors 3.2. 1 Apportionment 3.2. 2 Nomination 3.2. 3 Selection 3.2. 4 Meetings 3.2. 5 Faithlessness 3.3 Joint session of Congress and contingencies 3.3. 1 Contingent presidential election by House 3.3. 2 Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3.3. 3 Deadlocked election 3.4 Current electoral vote distribution 4 Chronological table 5 Alternative methods of choosing electors 5.1 Appointment by state legislature 5.2 Electoral districts 5.3 Proportional vote 5.4 Congressional district method 5.4. 1 Implementation 6 Contemporary issues 6.1 Criticism 6.1. 1 Non-determinacy of popular vote 6.1. 2 Exclusive focus on large swing states 6.1. 3 Discouragement of turnout and participation 6.1. 4 Obscuring disenfranchisement within states 6.1. 5 Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories 6.1. 6 Advantage based on state population 6.1. 7 Disadvantage for third parties 6.2 Support 6.2. 1 Prevention of an urban - centric victory 6.2. 2 Maintenance of the federal character of the nation 6.2. 3 Enhancement of the status of minority groups 6.2. 4 Encouragement of stability through the two - party system 6.2. 5 Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies 6.2. 6 Isolation of election problems 7 Efforts to abolish 7.1 Constitutional amendment 7.1. 1 Bayh -- Celler amendment 7.1. 2 Carter proposal 7.1. 3 Current proposal 7.2 National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links Background ( edit ) The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions , as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first . The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president . Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election . However , a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president , recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress ( the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise ) , but chosen by each state `` in such manner as its Legislature may direct . '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change ; among others , there were fears of `` intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly , as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress . However once the Electoral College had been decided on , several delegates ( Mason , Butler , Morris , Wilson , and Madison ) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal , corruption , intrigue , and faction . Some delegates , including James Wilson and James Madison , preferred popular election of the executive . Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal , it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South : There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people . The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States ; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes . The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal , with minor modifications , on September 6 , 1787 . Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut , New Jersey and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states . At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates , the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections . In The Federalist Papers , James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution . In Federalist No. 39 , Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government . Congress would have two houses : the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives . Meanwhile , the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate . Another consideration was the decision would be made without `` tumult and disorder '' , as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably , not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated . If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority , then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates , ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character . Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified , but with a talent for `` low intrigue , and the little arts of popularity '' , attaining high office . Additionally , in the Federalist No. 10 , James Madison argued against `` an interested and overbearing majority '' and the `` mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system . He defined a faction as `` a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community . '' What was then called republican government ( i.e. , federalism , as opposed to direct democracy ) , with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers , would countervail against factions . Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic , the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism . Although the United States Constitution refers to `` Electors '' and `` electors '' , neither the phrase `` Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively . It was not until the early 19th century the name `` Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president . The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4 , in the section heading and in the text as `` college of electors . '' History ( edit ) Original plan ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states : Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 of the Constitution states : The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president . Under the original plan , the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president ; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president . The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution : Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress . According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors . Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below . Breakdown and revision ( edit ) The emergence of political parties and nationally - coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . In 1796 , Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election . Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists ' opponent , who became the vice president . This resulted in the President and Vice President not being of the same political party . In 1800 , the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president , and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president . After the election , Jefferson and Burr both obtained a majority of electoral votes , but tied one another with 73 votes each . Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president , every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president , despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice . Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards , the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision . Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition and attempted to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for an election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson . Responding to the problems from those elections , the Congress proposed the Twelfth Amendment in 1803 -- prescribing electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president -- to replace the system outlined in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 . By June 1804 , the states had ratified the amendment in time for the 1804 election . Evolution to the general ticket ( edit ) Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president . Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election . When James Madison and Hamilton , two of the most important architects of the Electoral College , saw this strategy being taken by some states , they protested strongly . Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution . According to Hamilton , the selection of the president should be `` made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ( of president ) . '' According to Hamilton , the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one . He also used the term `` deliberate . '' Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no `` analysis '' or `` deliberate '' concerning the candidates . Madison agreed entirely , saying that when the Constitution was written , all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a `` general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept . Madison wrote to George Hay , The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted ; & was exchanged for the general ticket ( many years later ) . The founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president . Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated for a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan : `` the election of Presidential Electors by districts , is an amendment very proper to be brought forward '' , Madison told George Hay in 1823 . Hamilton went further . He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors . Evolution of selection plans ( edit ) In 1789 , at - large popular vote , the winner - take - all method , began with Pennsylvania and Maryland ; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote , and in the five other states participating in the election ( Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , New Hampshire New Jersey and South Carolina ) , state legislatures chose . By 1800 , Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large , Kentucky , Maryland and North Carolina voted popularly by district , and eleven states voted by state legislature . Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote . States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country . By 1832 , only South Carolina used the state legislature , and it abandoned the method after 1860 . States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country . By 1832 there was only Maryland , and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century , though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only . Since 1836 , statewide , winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice . As of 2016 , Maine ( from 1972 ) and Nebraska ( from 1996 ) use the district plan , with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote . Fourteenth Amendment ( edit ) Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote . The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote . This amendment refers to voting `` at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States ; '' the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote . On May 8 , 1866 , during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thaddeus Stevens , the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives , delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent . Regarding Section 2 , he said : The second section I consider the most important in the article . It fixes the basis of representation in Congress . If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise , or abridge that right , she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion . The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government , both legislative and executive . Federal law ( 2 U.S.C. § 6 ) implements Section 2 's mandate . Modern mechanics ( edit ) The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland 's delegation to the Electoral College . Summary ( edit ) Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials , media organizations , and the Federal Election Commission , the people only indirectly elect the president , as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president . The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College , which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington , D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis , as determined by the laws of each state . Since the election of 1824 , most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis , based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day . Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions , as both states use the congressional district method . Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates ( who run on a ticket ) , voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president . These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices . Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee , but some `` faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 ) to win the presidency or the vice presidency . If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president , the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment . In such a situation , the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president , while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president . Electors ( edit ) Apportionment. ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional apportionment State population per electoral vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C. A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress . The number of representatives is based on the respective populations , determined every 10 years by the United States Census . Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons . Under the Twenty - third Amendment , Washington , D.C. , is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state , but no more electors than the least populous state . The least populous state ( which is Wyoming according to the 2010 Census ) has three electors ; thus , D.C. can not have more than three electors . Even if D.C. were a state , its population would entitle it to only three electors ; based on its population per electoral vote , D.C. has the second highest per - capita Electoral College representation , after Wyoming . Currently , there is a total of 538 electors , there being 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors allocated to Washington , D.C. The six states with the most electors are California ( 55 ) , Texas ( 38 ) , New York ( 29 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , Illinois ( 20 ) and Pennsylvania ( 20 ) . The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming -- have three electors each . This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators . Nomination ( edit ) Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen , but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office , either elected or appointed , from being an elector . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office , and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so , is disqualified from being an elector . However , the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House . Since the Civil War , all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote . This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states : Rhode Island , Tennessee , Louisiana , Arizona , Idaho , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota . The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections , called the Election Day . In 48 states and Washington , D.C. , the `` winner - takes - all method '' is used ( electors selected as a single bloc ) . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote . This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996 . The current system of choosing electors is called the `` short ballot '' . In most states , voters choose a slate of electors , and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors . In some states , if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president , the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors . After the election , each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment , each listing the candidates for president and vice president , their pledged electors , and the total votes each candidacy received . One certificate is sent , as soon after Election Day as practicable , to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal , and the signature of the Governor ( in the case of the District of Columbia , the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia . ) Meetings ( edit ) Certificate for the electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana ( 1876 ) . The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president . Although procedures in each state vary slightly , the electors generally follow a similar series of steps , and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow . The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment . This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes . The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing . The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting , sometimes also with a vice chairman . The electors sometimes choose a secretary , often not himself an elector , to take the minutes of the meeting . In many states , political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings . When the time for balloting arrives , the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers . Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes ( the candidate for president of the political party of the electors ) . Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president . In New Jersey , the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card ; in North Carolina , the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card . The tellers count the ballots and announce the result . The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president , which follows a similar pattern . Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president . The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion : One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate ( who usually is the incumbent Vice President of the United States ) ; Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States ; Two are sent to the state 's Secretary of State ; and One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met . A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box . Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness ( edit ) Main article : Faithless elector Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain . Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors , although none have ever been enforced . Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment . In 1952 , the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair , 343 U.S. 214 ( 1952 ) . The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate , as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge . As stated in the ruling , electors are acting as a functionary of the state , not the federal government . Therefore , states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors . The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote , rather than refusing to pledge , has never been decided by the Supreme Court . However , in his dissent in Ray v. Blair , Justice Robert Jackson wrote : `` no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents , to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices . '' While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact , states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided . As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges . In 2000 , elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington , D.C. , chose not to vote , rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do . In 2016 , seven electors voted contrary to their pledges . Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election . Joint session of Congress and contingencies ( edit ) Further information : Contingent election The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election . The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors . Since the Twentieth Amendment , the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election ; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House . The meeting is held at 1 : 00 pm in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . The sitting vice president is expected to preside , but in several cases the President pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings . The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium , with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House . Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives . Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote ( normally one member of each political party ) . Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state , in alphabetical order . Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count , provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress . An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress ; after both Houses deliberate on the objection , the joint session is resumed . A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection . In that case , the votes from the State in question are simply ignored . The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872 . Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the Vice President of the United States , Al Gore . Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally . After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted , the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and , provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved , declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president . This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect . The senators then depart from the House Chamber . The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals . Contingent presidential election by House ( edit ) The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes ( since 1964 , 270 of the 538 electoral votes ) . In this event , the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president . Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote ; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes ( i.e. , at present , a minimum of 26 votes ) in order for that candidate to become the President - elect . Additionally , delegations from at least two - thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place . The House continues balloting until it elects a president . The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice : in 1801 under Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment . Contingent vice presidential election by Senate ( edit ) If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president . The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president . Normally this would mean two candidates , one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote . However , the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two . The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case ( i.e. , ballots are individually cast by each senator , not by state delegations ) . However , two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place . Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie which might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary . The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837 . In that instance , the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud . The rules further stated , `` ( I ) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger , he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States '' ; the Senate chose Johnson . Deadlocked election ( edit ) Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration ( noon EST on January 20 ) , then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president . Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration . Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president . Neither of these situations has ever occurred . Current Electoral vote distribution ( edit ) See also : Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Electoral votes ( EV ) allocations for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . Triangular markers ( ) indicate gains or losses following the 2010 Census . EV × States States 3 × 8 = 24 Alaska , Delaware , District of Columbia * , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming 4 × 5 = 20 Hawaii , Idaho , Maine * * , New Hampshire , Rhode Island 5 × 3 = 15 Nebraska * * , New Mexico , West Virginia 6 × 6 = 36 Arkansas , Iowa , Kansas , Mississippi , Nevada , Utah 7 × 3 = 21 Connecticut , Oklahoma , Oregon 8 × 2 = 16 Kentucky , Louisiana 9 × 3 = 27 Alabama , Colorado , South Carolina 10 × 4 = 40 Maryland , Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin 11 × 4 = 44 Arizona , Indiana , Massachusetts , Tennessee 12 × 1 = 12 Washington 13 × 1 = 13 Virginia 14 × 1 = 14 New Jersey 15 × 1 = 15 North Carolina 16 × 2 = 32 Georgia , Michigan 18 × 1 = 18 Ohio 20 × 2 = 40 Illinois , Pennsylvania 29 × 2 = 58 Florida , New York 38 × 1 = 38 Texas 55 × 1 = 55 California = 538 Total electors * The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method . Chronological Table ( edit ) Number of presidential electors by state and year Election year 1788 -- 1800 1804 -- 1900 1904 -- 2000 2004 -- ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 State 22 Alabama 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 0.1 ! 0 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 49 Alaska 48 Arizona 5 6 7 8 10 11 25 Arkansas 0.1 ! 0 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 31 California 05 ! 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 10 13 22 25 32 32 40 45 47 54 55 55 38 Colorado 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 5 Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 06 ! 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 51 ! - D.C. Delaware 03 ! 3 27 Florida 0.1 ! 0 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 17 21 25 27 29 Georgia 5 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 50 Hawaii 43 Idaho 21 Illinois 5 5 9 9 11 11 16 16 21 21 22 24 24 27 27 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 Indiana 5 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 29 Iowa 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 34 Kansas 03 ! 3 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 15 Kentucky 8 12 12 12 14 15 15 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 18 Louisiana 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0.1 ! 0 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 23 Maine 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 07 ! 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 Maryland 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 07 ! 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 Massachusetts 10 16 16 19 22 22 15 15 14 14 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 18 17 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 11 26 Michigan 5 5 6 6 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 18 17 16 32 Minnesota 04 ! 4 5 5 7 9 9 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 Mississippi 6 6 7 7 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 24 Missouri 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 15 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 41 Montana 37 Nebraska 5 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 Nevada 03 ! 3 5 6 9 New Hampshire 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 New Jersey 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 07 ! 7 7 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 15 15 14 47 New Mexico 5 5 5 5 11 New York 8 12 12 19 29 29 29 36 42 42 36 36 35 35 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 39 39 45 47 47 45 45 43 41 36 33 31 29 12 North Carolina 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 15 15 39 North Dakota 5 17 Ohio 8 8 8 16 21 21 23 23 23 23 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 26 25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 18 46 Oklahoma 7 10 11 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 33 Oregon 03 ! 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Pennsylvania 10 15 15 20 25 25 25 28 30 30 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 29 30 32 32 34 34 38 36 35 32 32 29 27 25 23 21 20 13 Rhode Island 04 ! 4 5 8 South Carolina 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 0.1 ! 0 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 40 South Dakota 5 16 Tennessee 5 8 8 8 11 15 15 13 13 12 12 0.1 ! 0 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 28 Texas 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 13 15 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 24 25 26 29 32 34 38 45 Utah 5 5 5 6 14 Vermont 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 10 Virginia 12 21 21 24 25 25 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 15 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 42 Washington 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 35 West Virginia 05 ! 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 30 Wisconsin 5 5 08 ! 8 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 44 Wyoming # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 Source : Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos ( Adam Carr 's Election Archive ) Note : In 1788 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 , each elector cast two votes for president . Number of electors from each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . 12 electoral votes changed between 18 states , based on the 2010 census . Eight states lost one electoral vote and two ( New York & Ohio ) each lost two electoral votes . Eight states gained electoral votes , six gained one electoral vote , Florida gained two & Texas gained four . Alternative methods of choosing electors ( edit ) Methods of presidential elector selection , by state , 1789 -- 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA 1789 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1792 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1796 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1800 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1804 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1808 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1812 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1816 -- -- -- -- -- 1820 1824 1828 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA Key Popular vote , At - large Popular vote , Districting Legislative selection Hybrid system Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century , as described above , the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket . The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it . In the general ticket , voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector ( while in the short ballot , voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors ) . In the general ticket , the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector , a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill . Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting . The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times ; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932 . Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot . The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases . In McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 ( 1892 ) , the Court cited Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected `` in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words `` operat ( e ) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power '' . In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) , a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated ( not reversed ) based on McPherson . On the other hand , three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , wrote : `` ( N ) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it . '' Appointment by state legislature ( edit ) In the earliest presidential elections , state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors . A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 ( 9 of 15 ) and 1800 ( 10 of 16 ) , and half of them did so in 1812 . Even in the 1824 election , a quarter of state legislatures ( 6 of 24 ) chose electors . In that election , Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes , with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors . Some state legislatures simply chose electors , while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote . By 1828 , with the rise of Jacksonian democracy , only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice . Delaware ended its practice the following election ( 1832 ) , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860 . South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election . Excluding South Carolina , legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832 : In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election . Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election . Had the recount continued , the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors . The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors . Electoral districts ( edit ) Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts . By this method , voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector . This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts . However , the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts . As with congressional districts , moreover , this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering . Proportional vote ( edit ) Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote . Congressional district method ( edit ) There are two versions of the congressional district method : one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska ; another has been proposed in Virginia . Under the implemented congressional district method , the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts ; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes . In 2013 , a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia . This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts ; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts , rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote . The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method , in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method . State legislation is sufficient to use this method . Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states . Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes ; in Democratic California there are Republican districts , in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts . Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts , with a district plan , candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven `` swing '' states . Opponents of the system , however , argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can . Unlike simple congressional district comparisons , the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win , it `` would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ( 53 % ) '' . Implementation ( edit ) Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method , only Maine and Nebraska apply it today . Maine has four electoral votes , based on its two representatives and two senators . Nebraska has two senators and three representatives , giving it five electoral votes . Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972 . Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992 . Schwartz , Maralee ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Nebraska 's Vote Change '' . The Washington Post . Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election , and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840 : Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , North Carolina , Massachusetts , Illinois , Maine , Missouri , and New York . The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates . Prior to 2008 , neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes . Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008 , giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts , while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . Following the 2008 split , some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system . In January 2010 , a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system ; the bill died in committee in March 2011 . Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska , but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson . In 2010 , Republicans in Pennsylvania , who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship , put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system . Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections , so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes . Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 , he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote . The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes , a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering . The plan later lost support . Other Republicans , including Michigan state representative Pete Lund , RNC Chairman Reince Priebus , and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker , have floated similar ideas . Contemporary issues ( edit ) Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics : indirect election , disproportionate voting power by some states , the winner - takes - all distribution method ( as chosen by 48 of the 50 states ) , and federalism . Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion mostly focus on the allocation of the voting power among the states . Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation , whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view . Criticism ( edit ) Non-determinacy of popular vote ( edit ) See also : United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in a hypothetical electoral college system . A bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections ( through 2012 ) , with blue stars marking the four elections in which the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote . Black squares mark the cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie , or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes . An ' H ' marks the two cases where the election was decided by the House , and an ' S ' marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court . The elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors . The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function . One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of Presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect . Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner ( projected winner in the 2016 election ) lost the popular vote . Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states ( and thus captures their electoral votes ) by small margins , but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states . In this case , the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally . However , commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote ; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system ; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for , and strategy choices by , presidential campaigns . Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system , it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College ; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered `` safe '' for themselves or their opponents , respectively . Conversely , the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found , even in `` safe '' states they are already expected to win , and in `` safe '' states they have no hope of winning . Educational YouTuber CGP Grey , who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College , has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote , by winning the barest simple majority of the 40 smallest states and the District of Columbia . Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely ( it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska ) , he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is `` indefensible '' . The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting . -- George C. Edwards III , 2011 Exclusive focus on large swing states ( edit ) Main article : Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns during the final five weeks of the 2004 election . At the top , each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate during the final five weeks . At the bottom , each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period . According to this criticism , the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called `` swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country . Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates , while `` four out of five '' voters in the national election are `` absolutely ignored '' , according to one assessment . Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes , there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states ; in recent elections , these states have included Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Florida in 2004 and 2008 , and also Colorado in 2012 . In contrast , states with large populations such as California , Texas , and New York , have in recent elections been considered `` safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there . Many small states are also considered to be `` safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners : of the 13 smallest states , six are reliably Democratic , six are reliably Republican , and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state , according to critic George C. Edwards III . In the 2008 election , campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states . Discouragement of turnout and participation ( edit ) Except in closely fought swing states , voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states . The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out , except in those swing states . If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote , in contrast , campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere . Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote . The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly . Obscuring disenfranchisement within states ( edit ) According to this criticism , the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state , and , as a result , it obscures any voting problems within a particular state . For example , if a particular state blocks some groups from voting , perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests , poll taxes , registration requirements , or legally disfranchising specific minority groups , then voting inside that state would be reduced , but as the state 's electoral count would be the same , disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally . Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College . A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout : there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event . According to this view , if elections were by popular vote , then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally . Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens . Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that : The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women . In a direct national election system , any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout . Under the Electoral College , however , a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise ; as with slaves , what mattered was how many women lived in a state , not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout . By contrast , a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote . -- Akhil and Vikram Amar Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories ( edit ) See also : Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Territories of the United States , such as Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Guam , are not entitled to electors in presidential elections . Constitutionally , only U.S. states ( per Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 ) and Washington , D.C. ( per the Twenty - third Amendment ) are entitled to electors . Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact . This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections . Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic . Half of the population lives in these counties Advantage based on state population ( edit ) Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election . Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes , regardless of population , which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita . For example , an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming . Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time , because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities , most of which are in big states . This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states , but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single block . Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocks , such as the Banzhaf power index ( BPI ) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power . In 1968 , John F. Banzhaf III ( who developed the Banzhaf power index ) determined that a voter in the state of New York had , on average , 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state . It was found that based on 1990 census and districting , individual voters in California , the largest state , had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana , the largest of the minimum 3 elector states . Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states , it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips . More empirically based models of voting yield results which seem to favor larger states less . Disadvantage for third parties ( edit ) See also : Duverger 's law and Causes of a two - party system In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Support ( edit ) Prevention of an urban - centric victory ( edit ) Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas , and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote . They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas . Proponents of a national popular vote for president dismiss such arguments , pointing out combined population of the 50 biggest cities ( not including metropolitan areas ) only amounts to 15 % of the population , and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate , and for statewide allocation of electoral votes , do not ignore voters in less populated areas . In addition , it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states ; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states ( three reliably Republican states , four swing states , and four reliably Democratic states ) , not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself . If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party , then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory . Maintenance of the federal character of the Nation ( edit ) The United States of America is a federal coalition which consists of component states . Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small , though numerically equivalent , portion of a very populous state . The system also allows each state the freedom , within constitutional bounds , to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast . For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the President must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government . In his book A More Perfect Constitution , Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College , arguing to `` mend it , do n't end it '' , in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism . Enhancement of the status of minority groups ( edit ) Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout , proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair , minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win . This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups . Encouragement of stability through the two - party system ( edit ) Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial . They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change . They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad , long - term support across the nation . Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections . Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009 , for example , more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote , and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote . Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies ( edit ) According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public . According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation of election problems ( edit ) Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election . Efforts to abolish ( edit ) Constitutional Amendment ( edit ) Bayh -- Celler Amendment ( edit ) The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes ( 56 % of electors ) , Hubert Humphrey 191 ( 35.5 % ) and George Wallace 46 ( 8.5 % ) with 13.5 % of the popular vote . However , Nixon had only received 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey , 43.5 % to 42.9 % , less than 1 % of the national total . Representative Emanuel Celler ( D -- New York ) , Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681 , a proposed Constitutional amendment which would have replaced the Electoral College with simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote . With this system , the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency providing they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote . If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote , a runoff election would be held in which the choice of President and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election . The word `` pair '' was defined as `` two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President '' . On April 29 , 1969 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal . Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11 , 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18 , 1969 , by a vote of 339 to 70 . On September 30 , 1969 , President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal , encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh ( D -- Indiana ) . On October 8 , 1969 , the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were `` either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate '' . Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption . The paper also reported that 6 other states had yet to state a preference , 6 were leaning toward opposition and 8 were solidly opposed . On August 14 , 1970 , the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate . The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6 . The six members who opposed the plan , Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi , John Little McClellan of Arkansas and Sam Ervin of North Carolina along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska , Hiram Fong of Hawaii and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes , it had worked well throughout the years . Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate . He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal . However , Nixon , while not reneging on his previous endorsement , chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal . On September 8 , 1970 , the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered . The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states , both Democrats and Republicans , who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence . On September 17 , 1970 , a motion for cloture , which would have ended the filibuster , received 54 votes to 36 for cloture , failing to receive the then required two - thirds majority of senators voting . A second motion for cloture on September 29 , 1970 also failed , by 53 to 34 . Thereafter , the Senate Majority Leader , Mike Mansfield of Montana , moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business . However , the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3 , 1971 . Carter proposal ( edit ) On March 22 , 1977 , President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College . The letter read in part : My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President . Such an amendment , which would abolish the Electoral College , will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President . Under the Electoral College , it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected . This has already happened in three elections , 1824 , 1876 , and 1888 . In the last election , the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii , despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million . I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly . I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance . But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue . I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment . I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal . President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern President during this time , and in some aspects of the package , went beyond original expectations . Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as `` a modest surprise '' because of the indication of President Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form . Newspaper reaction to President Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials , like that in the Chicago Tribune , criticizing the President for proposing the end of the Electoral College . In a letter to The New York Times , Representative Jonathan B. Bingham highlighted the danger of the `` flawed , outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of less than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin . Current proposal ( edit ) On January 5 , 2017 , Representative Steve Cohen introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President . Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election , Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the `` greatest number of votes '' to be elected . National popular vote interstate Compact ( edit ) Main article : National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact . Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote . The Compact will not come into effect until the number of states agreeing to the Compact equals a majority ( at least 270 ) of all electors . As of 2017 , 10 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact ; collectively , these jurisdictions control 165 electoral votes , which is 61 % of the 270 required for the Compact to take effect . Only strongly `` blue '' states have joined the compact , each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election . The Compact is based on the current rule in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution that gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors , though some have suggested that Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the Compact could be enforceable . Some scholars note that any attempted implementation of the NPV interstate compact would face court challenges to its constitutionality . Not only are states forbidden to enter into any agreement or compact with another state without consent of Congress , but it would overturn the Constitutional provision of electing a president of the United States by the people state by state . See also ( edit ) County Unit System Lists of United States presidential electors : 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 United States presidential elections : 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , 2016 United States presidential election maps Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections List of U.S. states and territories by population Number of Electoral Votes Per Popular Vote Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Does the Electoral College Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why the Constitution 's Framers did n't want us to directly elect the president '' . MinnPost . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic , 1787 - 1804 . Greenwood . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29151 - 7 . OCLC 29518703 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Roles and Responsibilities '' . Jump up ^ Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution ^ Jump up to : Zak , Dan ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The electoral college is n't a real place . But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days . '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gore , D'Angelo ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Morris , Irwin L. ( 2010 ) . The American Presidency : An Analytical Approach . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49162 - 4 . OCLC 607985767 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College -- Maine and Nebraska '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appointment of 2004 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' . Jump up ^ Many states have laws designed to ensure electors vote for their pledged candidate , but the constitutionality of these laws has never been positively established . See The Green Papers Jump up ^ Library of Congress -- Election Process Archived April 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Fast Facts -- US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : May 29 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : June 2 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 4 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention , p. 57 Farrand 's Records , Volume 2 , A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 6 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1966 ) . Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 . The Norton Library . p. 294 . ASIN B003G6AKX2 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514273 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist 39 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton . The Federalist Papers : No. 68 The Avalon Project , Yale Law School . viewed November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Twelfth Amendment changed this to the top three candidates Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers : Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay The New American Library , 1961 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Stanley ( 2007 ) . `` Updating the Electoral College : The National Popular Vote Legislation '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation . Cambridge , MA : President and Fellows of Harvard College . 44 ( 205 , at 208 ) . Jump up ^ Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work , Alexander Hamilton wrote , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ( decisions regarding the selection of a president ) . '' ( Hamilton , Federalist 68 ) . Hamilton so strongly believed this was to be done district by district , and when states began doing otherwise , he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system ( Hamilton , Draft of a Constitutional Amendment ) . Madison concurred , `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted . '' ( Madison to Hay , 1823 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 68 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Passed at Their Session , which Commenced on Wednesday , the Thirty First of May , and Ended on the Seventeenth of June , One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty . Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January , 1812 . Boston , Russell & Gardner , for B. Russell , 1820 ; ( repr '' . Boston Book Company . January 1 , 1820 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Devin McCarthy ( Ph. D. Polysci , Duke ) , `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' Jump up ^ Chief Justice Robert Jackson , Ray v. Blair , dissent , 1952 ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : James Madison to George Hay , 23 August 1823 '' . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the ... '' . Jump up ^ `` 1788 Election For the First Term , 1789 - 1793 '' . U.S. Electoral College . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . New York , North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election . New York 's electors deadlocked and abstained ; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution . `` United States presidential election of 1789 '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 11 Jump up ^ THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT from America Book 9 ( archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens , v. 2 , Stevens , Thaddeus , 1792 -- 1868 , Palmer , Beverly Wilson , 1936 , Ochoa , Holly Byers , 1951 , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh , Digital Research Library , 2011 , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ McCarthy , Devin . `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' . Fairvote . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the Electoral vote distribution section . Jump up ^ The number of electors allocated to each state is based on Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , subject to being reduced pursuant to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Congressional Apportionment. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 Archived November 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . in State Totals : Vintage 2011 Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` How is the president elected ? Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system '' . Jump up ^ Sabrina Eaton ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Brown learns he ca n't serve as Kerry elector , steps down '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland Plain Dealer ( reprint at Edison Research ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Darrell J. Kozlowski ( 2010 ) . Federalism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 218 - 2 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 A uniform national date for presidential elections was not set until 1845 , although the Congress always had constitutional authority to do so . -- Kimberling , William C. ( 1992 ) The Electoral College , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Instructions to State Officials '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment ( archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 ) Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - third Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.C. § 7 : US Code -- Section 7 : Meeting and vote of electors '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College -- For State Officials '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Congress meets to count electoral votes '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Bill ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Electors almost always follow the vote in their state '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Election Law Section 168.47 '' . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Papers '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boccagno , Julia ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Which candidates did the seven `` faithless '' electors support ? `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted . '' Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 -- 27 , National Archives and Records Administration ^ Jump up to : 3 U.S.C. § 15 , Counting electoral votes in Congress Jump up ^ David A. McKnight ( 1878 ) . The Electoral System of the United States : A Critical and Historical Exposition of Its Fundamental Principles in the Constitution and the Acts and Proceedings of Congress Enforcing It . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 2446 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` RL30804 : The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals , L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale , January 16 , 2001 '' . Ncseonline.org . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longley , Lawrence D. ; Pierce , Neal R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Electoral College Primer 2000 '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Election evolves into ' perfect ' electoral storm '' . USA Today . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Journal from 1837 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives Based on the 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . December 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Each state 's number of electoral votes is equal to its total congressional representation ( its number of Representatives plus its two Senators ) . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : State Population and the Distribution of Electoral Votes and Representatives '' . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc . pp. 254 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Bush v. Gore , ( Justice Stevens dissenting ) ( quote in second paragraph ) Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency. 23 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 64 . doi : 10.1080 / 07343469609507834 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 '' ( PDF ) . Princeton Press . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Our Electoral College system is weird -- and not in a good way '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Action ? , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , November 30 , 2000 '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on 2001 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` FairVote '' . FairVote . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiddling with the Rules '' . Franklin & Marshall College . March 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Nia - Malika ; Haines , Errin ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Republicans in Virginia , other states seeking electoral college changes '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election Reform '' ( PDF ) . Dos.state.pa.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Timothy ( December 23 , 2012 ) . `` Pennsylvania looks to alter state 's electoral vote system '' . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry . `` A more perfect Constitution '' viewed November 22 , 2014 . ( archiveed from the original on 2016 - 01 - 02 ) Jump up ^ Levy , Robert A. , Should we reform the Electoral College ? Cato Institute , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral College -- Reform Options '' . Fairvote.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Services Electoral College , p. 15 , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Articles -- Upgrading The College '' . President Elect . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Skelley , Geoffrey ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` What Goes Around Comes Around ? '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Books , `` Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 1996 '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tysver , Robynn ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Obama wins electoral vote in Nebraska '' . Omaha World Herald . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Molai , Nabil ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System '' . KPTM Fox 42 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jean ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bill targets Neb. ability to split electoral votes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kleeb , Jane ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fail : Sen. McCoy 's Partisan Electoral College Bill '' . Bold Nebraska . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Republicans Weigh Electoral Vote Changes '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat - Screwing Electoral Plan '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ GOP Pennsylvania electoral vote plan might be out of steam -- The York Daily Record ( archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Kathleen ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Bill to change Michigan 's electoral vote gets hearing '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis ( 31 January 2013 ) . `` The Ramifications of Changing the Electoral College '' . Governing Magazine . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` The GOP 's Electoral College Scheme '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugh , Gary E. ( 2016 ) . `` Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System '' . In Bugh , Gary . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 14527 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Op - Chart : How Much Is Your Vote Worth ? Op - Chart '' . November 2 , 2008 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ FairVote.org . `` Problems with the Electoral College -- Fairvote '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 1 , 37 , 61 , 176 -- 77 , 193 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Mischief , The Wall Street Journal , September 8 , 2004 '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . RealClearPolitics . October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler . `` Your candidate got more of the popular vote ? Irrelevant . '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashe Schow . `` Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) , The Trouble with the Electoral College , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Pearson , Christopher ; Richie , Rob ; Johnson , Adam ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` Who Picks the President ? '' ( PDF ) . FairVote -- The Center for Voting and Democracy . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College : Here 's how . '' . The Nation . November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nivola , Pietro ( January 2005 ) . `` Thinking About Political Polarization '' ( 139 ) . Brookings Institution Policy Brief . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koza , John ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Every Vote Equal : A State - Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote '' ( PDF ) . p. xvii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil ; Amar , Vikram ( September 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Votes Against Equality '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College '' . The Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Electoral college defenders offer a range of arguments , from the openly anti-democratic ( direct election equals mob rule ) , to the nostalgic ( we 've always done it this way ) , to the opportunistic ( your little state will get ignored ! More vote - counting means more controversies ! The Electoral College protects hurricane victims ! ) . But none of those arguments overcome this one : One person , one vote . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` In Guam , ' Non-Binding Straw Poll ' Gives Obama A Commanding Win '' . NPR. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The electoral college badly distorts the vote . And it 's going to get worse . '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) Jump up ^ Miroff , Bruce ; Seidelman , Raymond ; Swanstrom , Todd ( November 2001 ) . The Democratic Debate : An Introduction to American Politics ( Third ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Banzhaf , John ( 1968 ) . `` One Man , 3.312 Votes : A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . Villanova Law Review . 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Livingston , Department of Computer Science . `` Banzhaf Power Index '' . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Katz , Jonathan ; Tuerlinckx , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- @ 35 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1049993201 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ P. Andrew Sandlin ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Electoral College '' . Lewrockwell.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hands Off the Electoral College by Rep. Ron Paul , MD , December 28 , 2004 Jump up ^ Hernandez , Carlos Felipe . `` National Popular Vote -- Electoral college reform by direct election of the President '' . archive.nationalpopularvote.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ See also List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ Myths about Big Cities and Big States by National Popular Vote ( archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 ) Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) , Re : The Trouble With The Electoral College -- Cities , Metro Areas , Elections and The United States , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 ^ Jump up to : Kimberling , William C. ( May 1992 ) . `` The Electoral College '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ( 2007 ) . A More Perfect Constitution ( First U.S. ed . ) . Walker Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1621 - 0 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Majority and Plurality in U.S. Gubernatorial Elections . FairVote.org ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Note : this may be a few days or even weeks before an election ; many states can not change ballots at a late stage . Jump up ^ Note : the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . Jump up ^ Note : three electoral votes were still cast for Greeley despite being dead . Jump up ^ Ethan Trex ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Electoral College for dummies '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... In 1872 , though , Democrat Horace Greeley died just over three weeks after Ulysses S. Grant thumped him in the election ... electors who would have voted for Greeley simply spread their 66 votes among other Democratic candidates ... Thomas Andrews Hendricks actually came in second in the election with 42 electoral votes despite not campaigning for the presidency ... Jump up ^ SHELLY FREIERMAN ( November 2 , 2000 ) . `` NEWS WATCH ; Looking for Comic Relief ? Then Consider the Duke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... ( In 1872 , Horace Greeley , opposing Ulysses S. Grant , got zero electoral votes to Grant 's 286 , but five other candidates received from one to 42 votes each ) . Jump up ^ JAMES BARRON ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... But Sherman died in office , less than a month before the election of 1912 ... The Republican Party designated Nicholas Murray Butler ... as the candidate to receive Sherman 's votes in the Electoral College ... Jump up ^ Darlington , Richard B . `` The Electoral College : Bulwark Against Fraud '' . Cornell University Department of Psychology . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2000 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myths about Recounts '' . National Popular Vote . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ For a more detailed account of this proposal read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ 1968 Electoral College Results , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` House Unit Votes To Drop Electors '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 1969 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` House Approves Direct Election of The President '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh Calls for Nixon 's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan '' . The New York Times . August 15 , 1970 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Warren ( September 18 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Debating Direct Election '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1970 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two - thirds of those voting ( 66 votes ) to three - fifths ( 60 votes ) . See United States Senate website . Jump up ^ `` Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress , Jimmy Carter : `` Election reform Message to the Congress '' , Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes , The New York Times , March 23 , 1977 , Pages 1 , 18 . Jump up ^ Carter v . The Electoral College , Chicago Tribune , March 24 , 1977 , Section 3 , Page 2 Jump up ^ The New York Times , Special To ( 15 March 1979 ) . `` Letters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Cohen proposes elimination of Electoral College '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 19 Jump up ^ `` National Popular Vote '' . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. Electoral College Reform Congressional Research Service pp. 21 -- 22 , viewed November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spakovsky , Hans A. , Destroying the Electoral College : the Anti-Federalist Natioanal Popular Vote scheme Heritage Memorandum # 73 on Legal Issues , viewed November 12 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral College . U.S. Electoral College FAQ ( www.archives.gov ) Interactive U.S. Electoral Map Historical Documents on the Electoral College Electoral Vote 270 to win Winning The Electoral College `` Math Against Tyranny '' The Green Papers : More detailed description of reform proposals The Electoral College : How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections Congressional Research Service Office of the Federal Register Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count , January 9 , 2009 ( C - Span video ) Introductory chapter of Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities Voter Turnout Data - United States Election Project Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in order to be elected president of the united states a candidate must win | [
"The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president.[3] In each state and the District of Columbia, electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December.[4] The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected President and Vice President of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in January."
] | [
"a majority of electoral votes among the states"
] |
-3259763875899122163 | My Way | My Way - wikipedia My Way This article is about the Frank Sinatra song . For other uses , see My Way ( disambiguation ) . `` My Way '' German vinyl release Single by Frank Sinatra from the album My Way B - side `` Blue Lace '' Released 1969 Recorded December 30 , 1968 , Los Angeles Genre Traditional pop Length 4 : 35 Label Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Claude François and Jacques Revaux ; English lyrics by Paul Anka Producer ( s ) Sonny Burke `` My Way '' is a song popularized in 1969 by Frank Sinatra . Its lyrics were written by Paul Anka and set to the music of the French song `` Comme d'habitude '' co-composed and co-written ( with Jacques Revaux ) , and performed in 1967 by Claude François . Anka 's English lyrics are unrelated to the original French song . The song was a success for a variety of performers including Sinatra , Elvis Presley , and Sid Vicious . Sinatra 's version of `` My Way '' spent 75 weeks in the UK Top 40 , a record which still stands . Contents 1 Background 2 Charts 3 Certifications 4 Versions 4.1 Dorothy Squires 4.2 Elvis Presley 4.2. 1 Certifications 4.3 Sid Vicious 4.4 Chris Mann 4.5 Other 5 In popular culture 5.1 Films 5.2 Funerals 5.3 Karaoke 5.4 Politics 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Paul Anka heard the original 1967 French pop song , Comme d'habitude ( As Usual ) performed by Claude François , while on holiday in the south of France . He flew to Paris to negotiate the rights to the song . In a 2007 interview , he said , `` I thought it was a shitty record , but there was something in it . '' He acquired adaptation , recording , and publishing rights for the mere nominal , but formal , consideration of one dollar , subject to the provision that the melody 's composers would retain their original share of royalty rights with respect to whatever versions Anka or his designates created or produced . Some time later , Anka had a dinner in Florida with Frank Sinatra and `` a couple of Mob guys '' during which Sinatra said `` I 'm quitting the business . I 'm sick of it ; I 'm getting the hell out . '' Back in New York , Anka re-wrote the original French song for Sinatra , subtly altering the melodic structure and changing the lyrics : `` At one o'clock in the morning , I sat down at an old IBM electric typewriter and said , ' If Frank were writing this , what would he say ? ' And I started , metaphorically , ' And now the end is near . ' I read a lot of periodicals , and I noticed everything was ' my this ' and ' my that ' . We were in the ' me generation ' and Frank became the guy for me to use to say that . I used words I would never use : ' I ate it up and spit it out . ' But that 's the way he talked . I used to be around steam rooms with the Rat Pack guys -- they liked to talk like Mob guys , even though they would have been scared of their own shadows . '' Anka finished the song at 5 in the morning . `` I called Frank up in Nevada -- he was at Caesar 's Palace -- and said , ' I 've got something really special for you . ' '' Anka claimed , `` When my record company caught wind of it , they were very pissed that I did n't keep it for myself . I said , ' Hey , I can write it , but I 'm not the guy to sing it . ' It was for Frank , no one else . '' Despite this , Anka would later record the song in 1969 ( very shortly after Sinatra 's recording was released ) . Anka recorded it four other times as well : in 1996 ( as a duet with Gabriel Byrne , performed in the movie Mad Dog Time ) , in 1998 in Spanish as `` A Mi Manera '' ( duet with Julio Iglesias ) , in 2007 ( as a duet with Jon Bon Jovi ) and in 2013 ( as a duet with Garou ) . A few hours before going to celebrate New Year 's Eve at the Casino SANDS , Frank Sinatra recorded his version of the song on December 30 , 1968 , which was released in early 1969 on the ' ' My Way ' ' LP and as a single . It reached No. 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and No. 2 on the Easy Listening chart in the US . In the UK , the single achieved a still unmatched record , becoming the recording with the most weeks inside the Top 40 , spending 75 weeks from April 1969 to September 1971 . It spent a further 49 weeks in the Top 75 but never bettered the No. 5 slot achieved upon its first chart run . Although this work became Frank Sinatra 's signature song , his daughter Tina says the legendary singer came to hate the song . `` He did n't like it . That song stuck and he could n't get it off his shoe . He always thought that song was self - serving and self - indulgent . '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 28 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 27 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 29 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 991,563 sales figures based on certification alone Versions ( edit ) Dorothy Squires ( edit ) In the midst of Sinatra 's multiple runs on the UK Singles Chart , Welsh singer Dorothy Squires also released a rendition of `` My Way '' in Summer 1970 . Her recording reached number 25 on the UK Singles Chart and re-entered the chart twice more during that year . Elvis Presley ( edit ) `` My Way '' Single by Elvis Presley from the album Elvis in Concert B - side `` America '' Released October 3 , 1977 Format 7 '' single Recorded June 21 , 1977 Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Paul Anka and Claude François Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Way Down '' ( 1977 ) `` My Way '' ( 1977 ) `` Unchained Melody '' ( 1978 ) Elvis Presley began performing the song in concert during the mid-1970s , despite Anka 's suggestions that the song did not suit him . Nevertheless , on January 12 and 14 , 1973 , Presley sang the song during his satellite show Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite , beamed live and on deferred basis ( for European audiences , who also saw it in prime time ) , to 43 countries via Intelsat . On October 3 , 1977 , several weeks after Presley 's death , his live recording of `` My Way '' ( recorded for the Elvis In Concert CBS - TV special on June 21 , 1977 ) was released as a single . In the U.S. , it reached number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart in late - 1977 / early - 1978 ( higher than Frank Sinatra 's peak position ) , number 6 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart , and went Gold for its successful sales of over a million copies . The following year the single reached number 2 on the Billboard Country singles chart but went all the way to number 1 on the rival Cash Box Country Singles chart . In the UK , it reached number 9 on the UK Singles Chart . Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 150,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Sid Vicious ( edit ) `` My Way '' Single by Sid Vicious from the album The Great Rock ' n ' Roll Swindle Released 1978 Recorded January -- August 1978 Genre Punk rock Length 4 : 06 Label Virgin Records Songwriter ( s ) Paul Anka , Sid Vicious ( A few lines ) Producer ( s ) Bill Price , Simon Jeffes Sex Pistols ' bassist Sid Vicious did a punk rock version of the song , in which a large body of the words were changed and the arrangement was sped up . The orchestral backing was arranged by Simon Jeffes . Interviewed in 2007 , Paul Anka said he had been `` somewhat destabilized by the Sex Pistols ' version . It was kind of curious , but I felt he ( Sid Vicious ) was sincere about it . '' Vicious did not know all the lyrics to the song when it was recorded , so he improvised several lyrics , including use of the swear words `` cunt '' and `` fuck '' as well as the word `` queer '' ( slang for a gay man ) . Vicious ' reference to a `` prat who wears hats '' was an in - joke directed towards Vicious ' friend and Sex Pistols bandmate Johnny Rotten , who was fond of wearing different kinds of hats he would pick up at rummage sales . An edited version of Vicious 's cover is played during the closing credits of the films Goodfellas and Juan of the Dead . In her album The End , released in conjunction with the film Nana 2 , singer and actress Mika Nakashima performs a cover of Vicious ' version of the song with what sounds like an audience singing background vocals . Chris Mann ( edit ) In 2012 Anka revised the lyrics of the song for Chris Mann 's debut album Roads . In Mann 's version the song is presented from the perspective of a young man looking to the future instead of an older man reflecting on his life . Other ( edit ) In 1970 , British singer Samantha Jones won the music festival held in Belgian Knokke - Heist with a version of `` My Way '' , which subsequently reached # 4 on the Dutch charts . The Pogues ' Shane MacGowan recorded a punk cover of the song , reaching No. 29 on the UK singles chart . In 2002 , American rapper Jay - Z released a hip - hop version of `` My Way '' titled `` I Did It My Way '' on his album The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture , using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Films ( edit ) Robin Williams recorded a Spanish version , `` My Way ( A Mi Manera ) , '' for the 2006 animated film Happy Feet . Seth MacFarlane recorded his version of `` My Way '' for the 2016 animated film Sing . The Frank Sinatra version of the song was used in the trailer for the 2017 film Kingsman : The Golden Circle . Funerals ( edit ) `` My Way '' is the song most frequently played at funeral services in the UK . Karaoke ( edit ) `` My Way '' is a popular karaoke song around the world . However , it has been reported to cause numerous incidents of violence and homicides among drunkards in bars in the Philippines , referred to in the media as the `` My Way killings '' . Politics ( edit ) In 1971 impressionist David Frye ( as Nixon ) sung `` My Way '' on the album Radio Free Nixon . Sinatra Doctrine was the name that the Soviet government of Mikhail Gorbachev used jokingly to describe its policy of allowing neighboring Warsaw Pact states to determine their own internal affairs , alluding to the song `` My Way '' in that the Soviet Union was allowing those states to go their own way . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Sinatra did it My Way - via a French pop star and a Canadian lounge act '' . the Guardian . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Paul Anka : One song the Sex Pistols wo n't be singing '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Anka , `` With Paul Anka , ' Rock Swings ' , Part Two '' , interviewed on Fresh Air , WHYY , August 10 , 2005 Jump up ^ The rights holders including Jacques Revaux and Claude François ' heirs sold it to Xavier Niel in 2009 Jump up ^ `` Classic Songs , My Way '' . Jump up ^ Forever_Gentlemen Jump up ^ `` Record - Breakers and Trivia - everyHit.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Sinatra ' loathed ' My Way '' . BBC . 30 October 2000 . Retrieved 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , May 17 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Frank Sinatra -- My Way '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Frank Sinatra -- My Way '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter My Way in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Elvis Presley -- My Way '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Elvis Presley -- My Way '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter My Way in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Elvis Presley -- My Way '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` MY WAY LYRICS - SID VICIOUS '' . Jump up ^ `` The Blueprint2 : The Gift & the Curse - Jay - Z Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ My Way tops funeral charts -- An article in The Guardian Jump up ^ Utton , Dominic ( March 28 , 2009 ) . `` My Way : The story behind the song '' . Daily Express . London : Northern and Shell Media Publications . Retrieved July 11 , 2009 . ' Meanwhile in the Philippines My Way is so popular at karaoke bars that it has been declared responsible for a number of deaths after arguments over performances degenerated into violence -- a social phenomenon referred to by the Philippine media as `` My Way killings '' . ' Jump up ^ Onishi , Norimitsu ( February 6 , 2010 ) . `` Sinatra Song Often Strikes Deadly Chord '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . ' Whatever the reason , many karaoke bars have removed the song from their playbooks . And the country 's many Sinatra lovers ... are practicing self - censorship out of perceived self - preservation . ' External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Paul Anka Discography Albums 3 Great Guys 30th Anniversary Collection Amigos Rock Swings Classic Songs , My Way Singles `` Diana '' `` You Are My Destiny '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Lonely Boy '' `` Put Your Head on My Shoulder '' `` Puppy Love '' `` In the Still of the Night '' `` ( You 're ) Having My Baby '' `` Times of Your Life '' `` Hold Me ' Til the Mornin ' Comes '' Songs `` Send for Me '' `` Everything 's Been Changed '' `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' `` Johnny 's Theme '' `` My Way '' `` She 's a Lady '' `` This Is It '' `` ( I 'm Watching ) Every Little Move You Make '' Related articles Anna Åberg Lonely Boy Book : Paul Anka Nina Hagen Discography Filmography Studio albums Nina Hagen Band ( 1978 ) Unbehagen ( 1979 ) NunSexMonkRock ( 1982 ) Fearless / Angstlos ( 1983 ) Nina Hagen in Ekstasy / In Ekstase ( 1985 ) Nina Hagen ( 1989 ) Street ( 1991 ) Revolution Ballroom ( 1993 ) FreuD euch ( 1995 ) BeeHappy ( 1996 ) Om Namah Shivay ( 1999 ) Return of the Mother ( 2000 ) Big Band Explosion ( 2003 ) Irgendwo auf der Welt ( 2006 ) Personal Jesus ( 2010 ) Volksbeat ( 2011 ) Extended plays Nina Hagen Band ( 1980 ) Punk Wedding ( 1987 ) Compilations The Very Best of Nina Hagen ( 1990 ) Rock aus Deutschland : Nina Hagen ( 1992 ) Definitive Collection ( 1995 ) 14 Friendly Abductions ( 1996 ) Prima Nina in Ekstasy ( 2000 ) Sternenmädchen ( 2001 ) Rangeh'n -- Das Beste von Nina Hagen ( 2004 ) Was Denn : Hits ' 74 -- ' 95 ( 2004 ) Heiß ( 2005 ) Soundtracks Cha Cha ( 1979 ) Live releases Live in Krefeld ( 2001 ) Singles `` Du hast den Farbfilm vergessen '' `` Hatschi - Waldera '' `` TV - Glotzer '' `` My Way '' `` Smack Jack '' `` Zarah '' `` New York New York '' `` Universal Radio '' `` Fieber '' `` Total Eclipse / Die schwarze Witwe '' `` Seemann '' `` Personal Jesus '' Related articles Eva - Maria Hagen Wolf Biermann Cosma Shiva Hagen Book Brook Benton Singles `` Endlessly '' `` It 's Just a Matter of Time '' `` So Many Ways '' `` Thank You Pretty Baby '' `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' `` Fools Rush In ( Where Angels Fear to Tread ) '' `` Kiddio '' `` A Rockin ' Good Way ( to Mess Around and Fall in Love ) '' `` Think Twice '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' `` Boll Weevil '' `` Shadrack '' `` Walk on the Wild Side '' `` Laura ( What 's He Got That I Ai n't Got ) '' `` My Way '' `` Rainy Night in Georgia '' Other songs `` Goodnight My Love '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` Looking Back '' `` Send for Me '' Sex Pistols Johnny Rotten Steve Jones Glen Matlock Paul Cook Sid Vicious Studio album Never Mind the Bollocks , Here 's the Sex Pistols Compilations and soundtracks Spunk The Great Rock ' n ' Roll Swindle Some Product : Carri on Sex Pistols Flogging a Dead Horse Kiss This The Filth and the Fury Jubilee Sex Pistols ( box set ) Agents of Anarchy Silver Jubilee Live albums Anarchy in the U.K : Live at the 76 Club Filthy Lucre Live Live at Winterland 1978 Raw and Live Live & Filthy Singles `` Anarchy in the U.K. '' `` God Save the Queen '' `` Pretty Vacant '' `` Holidays in the Sun '' `` No One Is Innocent '' / `` My Way '' `` Something Else '' `` Silly Thing '' `` C'mon Everybody '' `` The Great Rock ' n ' Roll Swindle '' `` ( I 'm Not Your ) Steppin ' Stone '' `` Who Killed Bambi ? '' `` Pretty Vacant '' ( live ) Other notable songs `` Belsen Was a Gas '' `` Bodies '' Films The Punk Rock Movie D.O.A. : A Rite of Passage The Great Rock ' n ' Roll Swindle The Filth and the Fury There 'll Always Be an England Related articles 100 Club Punk Festival Filthy Lucre Tour Nancy Spungen Malcolm McLaren Vivienne Westwood Jamie Reid Julien Temple Dave Goodman Chris Thomas Wally Nightingale Ronnie Biggs Edward Tudor - Pole Nick Kent Rich Kids Vicious White Kids Public Image Ltd The Professionals Ex Pistols Neurotic Outsiders Who Killed Bambi ? Sid and Nancy Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Amor ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( first wife ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Way&oldid=854306054 '' Categories : 1960s ballads 1969 singles 1970 singles 1977 singles 1980 singles Pop ballads Songs written by Paul Anka Frank Sinatra songs Elvis Presley songs Paul Anka songs Nina Hagen songs Nina Simone songs Tom Jones ( singer ) songs Tiny Tim ( musician ) songs Shirley Bassey songs Il Divo songs Andy Williams songs Glen Campbell songs Jay - Z songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Schlager songs Songs about death Songs with music by Claude François RCA Records singles Reprise Records singles Virgin Records singles 1969 songs Songs written by Jacques Revaux Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from December 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with trivia sections from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Baso Minangkabau Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sardu Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 10 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang i did it my way first | [
"\"My Way\" is a song popularized in 1969 by Frank Sinatra. Its lyrics were written by Paul Anka and set to the music of the French song \"Comme d'habitude\" co-composed and co-written (with Jacques Revaux), and performed in 1967 by Claude François. Anka's English lyrics are unrelated to the original French song. The song was a success for a variety of performers including Sinatra, Elvis Presley, and Sid Vicious. Sinatra's version of \"My Way\" spent 75 weeks in the UK Top 40, a record which still stands.\n"
] | [
"Frank Sinatra"
] |
-9016460927985575557 | 12 Monkeys (TV series) | 12 Monkeys ( TV series ) - wikipedia 12 Monkeys ( TV series ) 12 Monkeys Genre Science fiction Mystery Drama Based on 12 Monkeys by David Peoples Janet Peoples Developed by Terry Matalas Travis Fickett Starring Aaron Stanford Amanda Schull Kirk Acevedo Noah Bean Todd Stashwick Emily Hampshire Barbara Sukowa Composer ( s ) Trevor Rabin Paul Linford Bryce Jacobs Stephen Barton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 47 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Richard Suckle Charles Roven Natalie Chaidez ( season 1 ) Jeffrey Reiner ( pilot ) David Grossman ( season 2 -- 4 ) Travis Fickett ( season 2 ) Terry Matalas ( season 2 -- 4 ) Producer ( s ) Jake Kurily ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Rebecca Kirsch ( season 1 ) Richard E. Robbins ( season 2 ) Tony Elliott ( season 3 -- 4 ) Sean Tretta ( season 3 -- 4 ) Production location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada Detroit , Michigan , US ( pilot ) Republic of Macedonia ( season 1 ) Dominican Republic ( season 1 ) Budapest , Hungary ( season 2 ) Prague , Czech Republic ( season 3 -- 4 ) Cinematography Todd McMullen ( pilot ) David Greene Tico Poulakakis Boris Mojsovski Camera setup Single - camera Running time 40 -- 48 minutes Production company ( s ) Division Street ( season 3 -- 4 ) Atlas Entertainment Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Syfy Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 ( Surround ) Original release January 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 16 ) -- July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) External links Official website 12 Monkeys is an American television series on Syfy created by Terry Matalas and Travis Fickett . It is a science fiction mystery drama with a time traveling plot loosely based on the 1995 film of the same name , which was written by David and Janet Peoples and directed by Terry Gilliam , itself being inspired by Chris Marker 's 1962 short film La Jetée ; the series credits both Peoples and Marker for their original works . In the series , Aaron Stanford and Amanda Schull star as James Cole and Dr. Cassandra `` Cassie '' Railly in their efforts to take advantage of time travel to stop the destructive plans of the enigmatic organization `` Army of the 12 Monkeys '' . Kirk Acevedo and Noah Bean also star in the first season . In the second season , Bean makes a guest appearance , and Todd Stashwick , Emily Hampshire and Barbara Sukowa are promoted from recurring guests to regulars . In the fourth season , Acevedo moves from starring to recurring guest star . Stanford , Schull and Hampshire play reimagined versions of characters respectively portrayed by Bruce Willis , Madeleine Stowe and Brad Pitt in the 1995 film . Natalie Chaidez was the showrunner of 12 Monkeys during its first season , assisting Matalas and Fickett . For the second season she stepped down to the role of consultant , and Matalas and Fickett became showrunners . In the third and fourth season Fickett became a consultant , and Matalas was the sole showrunner . The series was produced by Atlas Entertainment , which also made the original film , and Universal Cable Productions . Charles Roven , producer of the original , is one of the executive producers . 12 Monkeys premiered on January 16 , 2015 , with a 13 - episode first season . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for a fourth and final season consisting of 11 episodes , which aired over four consecutive weeks in three blocks of three hours each , with a concluding two - hour finale . The fourth season was broadcast between June 15 and July 6 , 2018 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 3.1 Conception 3.2 Development 3.3 Filming locations 3.4 Cinematography 3.5 Visual effects 3.6 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Creative response 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Home media 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Further information : List of 12 Monkeys episodes In the year 2043 , scavenger James Cole ( Aaron Stanford ) has been recruited by a team of `` Project Splinter '' scientists led by physicist Katarina Jones ( Barbara Sukowa ) , to travel back in time to the year 2015 , and stop the release of a deadly virus by the enigmatic organization known as the `` Army of the 12 Monkeys '' . In Cole 's original timeline , the virus caused a plague that resulted in the death of seven billion humans in the year 2017 , and its on - going mutations will mean the eventual end of the human race . In the 2015 timeline , Cole will meet and enlist the help of brilliant virologist Dr. Cassandra `` Cassie '' Railly ( Amanda Schull ) ; the two are brought together because a recording mentioning Cole , that Cassie made after the viral outbreak , is uncovered by Jones in the future timeline , prompting her to select Cole for the mission . Cole will also encounter a seemingly unstable math genius named Jennifer Goines ( Emily Hampshire ) , whose father Cole has been tasked to kill , Cassie 's ex-boyfriend Aaron Marker ( Noah Bean ) , and the dangerous high - ranking members of the Army of the 12 Monkeys , `` Pallid Man '' ( Tom Noonan ) and Olivia ( Alisen Down ) . In the future timeline , Cole will also have to deal with his best friend José Ramse ( Kirk Acevedo ) , and a man named Theodore Deacon ( Todd Stashwick ) , who leads a brutal pack of scavengers from which Cole and Ramse fled . Meanwhile , Cole and Cassie will try to unveil the identity and whereabouts of the mysterious leader of the Army of the 12 Monkeys , who is only known as `` The Witness '' , and is always one step ahead of them . Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 16 ) April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) 13 April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 10 May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) 11 June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Aaron Stanford as James Cole , a scavenger who travels back in time to stop the plague and redeem himself from his troubled past Amanda Schull as Dr. Cassandra `` Cassie '' Railly , a virologist who leaves a message about the origins of the plague that scientists recover in the future Kirk Acevedo as José Ramse ( seasons 1 -- 3 ; recurring season 4 ) , Cole 's best friend Noah Bean as Aaron Marker ( season 1 ; guest season 2 ) , Cassie 's ex-boyfriend and political insider Todd Stashwick as Theodore Deacon ( season 2 -- 4 ; recurring season 1 ) , leader of a brutal group of survivors called the West VII Emily Hampshire as Jennifer Goines ( season 2 -- 4 ; recurring season 1 ) , daughter of Leland Goines and a math genius , who meets Cole in a psych ward Barbara Sukowa as Dr. Katarina Jones ( née Werner ) ( season 2 -- 4 ; recurring season 1 ) , the inventor and operator of the time machine Recurring ( edit ) Tom Noonan as the man commonly referred as `` Tall Man '' by the characters , and `` Pallid Man '' by the writers , who is the villainous face of the Army of the 12 Monkeys Romina D'Ugo as Max ( season 1 ; co-star season 4 ) , a scavenger from the West VII group , and former lover of Cole Demore Barnes as Marcus Whitley , one of the few remaining soldiers of the U.S. military . Ramon de Ocampo as Oliver Peters ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) , Markridge Group 's medical researcher Alisen Down as Olivia Kirschner , also known as `` Striking Woman '' outside the show , a high - ranking member of the Army of the 12 Monkeys Amy Sloan as Elena ( season 1 ) , mother of Ramse 's son Andrew Gillies as Dr. Julian Adler ( seasons 2 -- 4 ; co-star season 1 ) , a Project Splinter scientist Michael Hogan as Dr. Vance Eckland ( season 2 ) , a charismatic and intelligent scientist from the future Scottie Thompson as the unnamed woman referred by the writers as `` Mantis '' ( season 2 -- 4 ) a calculating and menacing time traveler , and mother of the Tall Man and Olivia Jay Karnes as Robert Gale ( season 2 -- 4 ) , a savvy 1940s FBI agent who believes a series of grisly murders may have something to do with Cole , whom he suspects might not be from this time Brooke Williams as Hannah Jones , also known as `` Zeit '' ( season 2 -- 4 ) , Katarina and Elliot Jones ' biological daughter and the primary motivator for Jones to invent time travel to undo her death . Murray Furrow as Dr. Lasky ( seasons 3 -- 4 ; co-star seasons 1 -- 2 ) , a Project Splinter scientist Hannah Waddingham as Magdalena ( season 3 ) , a member of the Army of the 12 Monkeys charged with protecting The Witness and who has been dubbed `` both ruthless and expedient '' in her methods Faran Tahir as Mallick ( season 3 -- 4 ) , an imposing and devout enforcer of the Army of the 12 Monkeys who resides in Titan James Callis as Athan Cole ( season 3 ; co-star season 4 ) , Cole and Railly 's son , who has been raised by the Army of the 12 Monkeys to become their leader known as The Witness Julian Richings as an advisor to Olivia ( season 4 ) Abigail Hardingham as Emma ( season 4 ) , also known as Marion Woods , Olivia 's daughter Production ( edit ) Conception ( edit ) Terry Matalas and Travis Fickett , who had written together for the series Nikita and Terra Nova , wrote an original spec script television pilot with a time travelling plot , named Splinter . Eventually , the script found its way to Atlas Entertainment 's offices , who had produced the 12 Monkeys movie and had been wanting to create a TV series based on it for some time . After some deliberation , Matalas and Fickett came to an agreement with Atlas Entertainment to transform Splinter into a 12 Monkeys adaptation . According to Matalas , aside of the overall structure of the plot being an attempt to stop a man from doing something in the past , the concept of the same watch from different points in time , the terminology used for traveling through time ( `` splintering '' ) , and the female lead character named `` Cassie '' , most of the Splinter pilot was changed . Development ( edit ) `` Ultimately , our version of predestination -- and where it diverges from La Jetée or the original film -- is that it 's a basically a bullfight , a ballet , against Time . That Time is something to be wrestled with and fought against -- and after you 've bled and been beaten and gotten your ass thoroughly kicked , maybe you 've moved it an inch . The idea of a closed loop works beautifully in a film , but for the story and the emotion of a TV series to really resonate , the characters and the audience have to believe that change is possible . It 's hard - fought and not without causalities along the way , but we 've already seen that time can be affected . Whether it can be changed enough -- or how Time might account for those changes -- are some of the central questions of the show . It 's also possible that all of this is a closed loop with several loops inside that loop . '' -- Terry Matalas , co-creator , on how the time travel model of the series differs from that of its source material . On July 22 , 2013 , The Hollywood Reporter first revealed that Syfy was developing a 12 Monkeys television adaptation , in the form of a 90 - minute backdoor pilot that would lead to a straight - to - series order , similarly to what the Battlestar Galactica miniseries did . The pitch for the pilot , which would be written by Matalas and Picket , was submitted to Syfy by Atlas Entertainment 's Charles Roven and Richard Suckle ; Roven was one of the producers of the original film . Jon Cassar was reported as being on board to direct . The following month , it was reported that Syfy decided to green - light an hour - long pilot , which would be executive produced by Roven and Suckle , with production set to begin in November . Due to the series being labeled as `` cast contingent '' , production could not move forward until the roles of Cole and Goines were cast . On April 4 , 2014 , Syfy green - lit the first season , consisting of 13 episodes , including the pilot filmed in 2013 . The pilot was directed and executive produced by Jeffrey Reiner ; Matalas and Ficket , who wrote it , were announced to co-executive produce the season , while Natalie Chaidez would serve as showrunner . Chaidez credited her experience writing for the first season of Heroes and the two seasons of Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles , two science fiction series with time traveling plots , as valuable to understanding how to make 12 Monkeys work . Matalas presented the series as a `` complete reimagining '' of the film and not just a remake , citing Looper as an inspiration for the time travel visual effects . In fact , as Matalas explained , the story of the film was adapted into the first act of the pilot , and from there on , the series follows an original storyline , although it continues to homage both the film and La Jetée . Madeleine Stowe , who played the equivalent of Amanda Schull 's character in the film , narrated the opening of the season 2 premiere and made an appearance in its finale . Two major differences compared to the movie are that this version of time travel allows for changes in the past to affect the future , and that the `` Army of the 12 Monkeys '' is a real organization rather than a red herring . The series creators plotted three seasons in advance , although they noted that the show could go on for longer than that . During the second season they said they need four seasons to tell the complete story . The ending of the series has been known to them since the beginning . Matalas said about it : `` We have a definitive target in place . It 's very emotional and it 's going to make everyone cry . '' Chaidez said the ending is designed to `` circle back '' . The series premiered on January 16 , 2015 , and was renewed for a second season on March 12 , 2015 , which premiered on April 18 , 2016 . Matalas and Fickett , who had opted for Chaidez to showrun the first season because of her bigger experience working on TV , replaced her during the second season , after her departure to showrun her own TV series , Hunters . Chaidez instead was credited as a consultant for the season . The third season was announced on June 29 , 2016 , and premiered on May 19 , 2017 , with the first episode being the directorial debut for Matalas . Fickett left his position as executive producer and was credited as consultant , leaving Matalas the sole showrunner for the season . Nevertheless , Fickett provided the story and helped write the screenplay for the season 's fourth episode , `` Brothers '' . In a change over how the previous seasons were released , Syfy aired the entire third season over three consecutive nights . A fourth and final season was announced on March 16 , 2017 . It consisted of 11 episodes , which premiered on June 15 , 2018 , and concluded on July 6 , 2018 . Filming locations ( edit ) The pilot for 12 Monkeys was filmed in Detroit . Starting with the second episode , the bulk of principal photography for the series took place in Toronto , both on location and at the Cinespace Film Studios , where they constructed sets like the room with the time machine . Additional filming for the first season took place in the Republic of Macedonia , standing in for Chechnya , and the Dominican Republic , masquerading as Haiti . During the second season , production filmed for roughly 10 days in Budapest . Filming in Prague took place for about three weeks for the third season . The reason for moving to Europe was to benefit from the different flair and to use the older architecture for 1950s stand - ins . Production returned to Prague for the fourth season . Standing sets used in the series were changed constantly to reflect both older and newer versions of the locales and also alterations to the locations that resulted from the characters ' trips through time . Cinematography ( edit ) Todd McMullen served as director of photography for the pilot , but once the series was ordered to series , David Greene replaced him . After shooting the first five episodes , Greene asked the producers if it would be possible to bring in an additional cinematographer so that they could alternate . Tico Poulakakis was brought in and filmed three episodes for the first season . In the second season , Greene and Poulakakis were joined by Boris Mojsovski , who became Greene 's main alternate until the end of the series . To get more shooting days out of the production 's schedule , two camera units shot in parallel resulting in episodes featuring work done by both Greene and Mojsovski . Mojsovski said about his close collaboration with Greene : `` David and I were constantly working in unison . I 'd prelight his sets and he 'd prelight mine ; I 'd shoot one - third of his episode , and he 'd shoot one - third of mine . We got so good at that , today we do n't know who shot what ! '' Stylistically , for the scenes set in the bleak future timeline , the production team decided to use a palette of constant blue and green tones , as well as smoke and atmosphere , to differentiate it from the ones set in the present timeline . The present timeline often used a wider range of colors . Green decided to ignore the visual style of the original film , as he felt the series told a different story than it had . Instead , Greene 's biggest stylistic influence while establishing the show 's look in the first season was the film Children of Men , which he referenced for the look of the future timeline . Filming for the show was done digitally in 1080p . For the first season , the cinematographers used the Arri Alexa Classic EV camera . Beginning with the second season , they transitioned to using the Alexa Mini . Lenses used for the first two seasons were Cooke 5 / i and S4 , and Leica Summilux - C later . Green mentioned using Panavision Primo lenses as well . In the third season , the MoVi camera stabilizer was used , and for a scene where Cole encounters his future self , the motion control Technodolly . The American Society of Cinematographers has recognized the artistry and craftsmanship behind the show 's cinematography by awarding it once and nominating it another two times , in categories relating to `` Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography '' . The Canadian Society of Cinematographers similarly recognized it with one award and one nomination in the category of `` TV Series Cinematography '' . Visual effects ( edit ) For the first season of 12 Monkeys , visual effects for the series were provided by Stargate Studios . Typical effects work included the `` splintering '' time travel effect , matte paintings of the decayed future timeline , and enhancing the stage sets . Starting with the second season , Folks VFX took over . According to Sebastien Bergeron , founder and VFX supervisor at Folks VFX , an episode of 12 Monkeys has 60 -- 75 effects shots on average , but any given episode could have as low as 30 or as high as 100 -- 125 shots . Bergeron said the bulk of their work was creating `` unseen environments '' , but other instances of their output included `` environment work , big futuristic cities , a time - traveling city , twinning of characters when they meet themselves in the past , destruction , explosions , all sorts of FX and particles -- pretty much everything . There are also situations when we freeze the time , and then one character walks in the shot . '' Music ( edit ) Trevor Rabin and his longtime assistant Paul Linford composed the series ' music for its first two seasons . Varèse Sarabande released the composers ' score for the first season , consisting of 23 tracks , digitally and on CD , on July 31 , 2015 . Rabin called it `` a hybrid score of ethnic sounds , orchestra , and electronic , with a strong theme base '' . The original film 's theme music -- an arrangement of Astor Piazzolla 's Suite Punta del Este made by Paul Buckmaster -- can be heard during the ninth episode of the second season , `` Hyena '' . Rabin and Linford did not return for the remaining seasons of the show . Instead , the music for the first few episodes of the third season was composed by Bryce Jacobs . Stephen Barton composed additional music for those episodes and took over as composer for the remaining episodes of the season , and the next . Barton 's score for season 3 was released by Varèse Sarabande on December 15 , 2017 , on CD -- and later digitally -- and consists of 27 tracks . The fourth season 's score was released digitally on June 15 , 2018 , by Lakeshore Records . It consists of 31 tracks by Barton . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Critical reaction to the first season of 12 Monkeys was mixed to positive . Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator website , reported a 62 % critical approval rating with an average rating of 5.98 / 10 based on 34 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The nonsensical time travel in 12 Monkeys makes it less watchable than its original source material , but the high quality execution and cool characters are top - notch . '' On Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , the season was assigned a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 25 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Christine Seghers rated the first season 8.8 / 10 and wrote in her review for IGN : `` What started as a simple ' let 's go back and fix this ' story soon blossomed into a deep philosophical mediation on the concept of predestination versus free will . If you wanted it . The show is also an awful lot of fun . '' The critical reception of the later episodes of the first season was more positive than the initial reception . The final episode of the season , Arms of Mine , received rave reviews , including a 9.4 / 10 rating from IGN and a 4.5 / 5 rating from Den of Geek . The twelfth episode of the season , called Paradox , also received rave reviews , including a 9.3 / 10 rating from IGN and a A - rating from The AV Club . The second season was received positively . Rotten Tomatoes indexed 8 reviews and reported an 88 % critical approval rating with an average rating of 8.0 / 10 . Seghers , rating the season 9.0 / 10 , wrote for IGN : `` In its outstanding sophomore season , 12 Monkeys became bigger , bolder and more beautifully baffling , reaffirming its status as one of the best sci - fi shows on television today . '' Metacritic indexed one positive review . The episodes Lullaby and Memory of Tomorrow are generally considered to be the best episodes of the second season . Lullaby has a 9.4 / 10 rating from IGN and a perfect 5 / 5 rating from Den of Geek . Memory of Tomorrow has a 9.6 / 10 rating from IGN and a 4.5 / 5 rating from Den of Geek . For the third season of 12 Monkeys , Rotten Tomatoes indexed four positive reviews , and Metacritic one positive . Rotten Tomatoes indexed seven positive reviews for the fourth season , leading to a 100 % critical approval rating with an average rating of 9.33 / 10 . Metacritic indexed one positive review . Creative response ( edit ) Before the 12 Monkeys series premiere , Terry Gilliam , director of the original film , expressed his reservations about the concept : `` It does n't have anything to do with me and no - one has contacted me . It 's a very dumb idea ... If it was going to be any good it would have to be written by David and Janet Peoples , who wrote the film , otherwise it would just be another version of Time Bandits . '' In another interview , Gilliam sounded apprehensive regarding whether Chris Marker -- the author of La Jetée , the featurette that inspired Gilliam 's film -- would approve of the series : `` I think that they 've got just another time travel series . Of course , Chris Marker is dead , so he does n't have to see it , what La Jetée spawned . '' However , according to Matalas , both the Peoples and Marker read the pilot and gave the series creators their blessing and support to move forward with it . The Peoples and Marker are credited in the opening and closing credits of each episode for their respective original works . Madeleine Stowe , lead actress of the original film , became supportive of the filmmakers after watching the pilot , appreciating the differences between her character and Amanda Schull 's interpretation . She was later cast in a pivotal role in the second season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Syfy UK and Ireland acquired regional broadcasting rights and 12 Monkeys premiered in the UK and Ireland on February 27 , 2015 . Home media ( edit ) Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of the series on DVD and Blu - ray on January 19 , 2016 . On February 11 , 2016 , Syfy and Hulu announced that the latter will have the exclusive streaming rights for the first season 's episodes , after they are made available on February 24 . Universal made available the second season of the show on DVD and Blu - ray on January 17 , 2017 . The third season was released in Australia by Via Vision Entertainment on May 23 , 2018 . Universal is set to release the third and fourth seasons on Blu - ray on August 14 , 2018 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref 2015 Golden Maple Awards Newcomer of the Year in a TV Series Broadcast in the U.S. Emily Hampshire Won Saturn Awards Best Syndicated / Cable Television Series 12 Monkeys Nominated American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Episode of a Regular Series David Greene ( for `` Mentally Divergent '' ) Nominated 2016 Golden Maple Awards Best Actress in a TV Series Broadcast in the U.S. Emily Hampshire Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematographers Awards TV Series Cinematography David Greene ( for `` Divine Move '' ) Won 2017 TV Series Cinematography Boris Mojsovski ( for `` Fatherland '' ) Nominated 2018 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Commercial Television Boris Mojsovski ( for `` Thief '' ) Won David Greene ( for `` Mother '' ) Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The ' Post'apocalyptic Sound of Syfy 's 12 Monkeys - Sound & Picture '' . soundandpicture.com . 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Jump up ^ `` 12 Monkeys : Season Three Blu - ray '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal : 12 Monkeys Seasons Three and Four Coming to Blu - ray in August '' . blu-ray.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brandon Jay McLaren , Amanda Crew Win Golden Maple Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Saturn Awards : ' Captain America : Winter Soldier , ' ' Walking Dead ' lead nominees '' . EW.com . March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards '' . www.theasc.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Maple Awards Nominees Unveiled '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website 12 Monkeys on IMDb 12 Monkeys at TV.com Syfy original programming Current Channel Zero ( since 2016 ) Con Man ( since 2017 ) Face Off ( since 2011 ) Face Off : Game Face ( since 2017 ) Happy ! 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-1264095715553274906 | List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career scoring leaders | List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball career scoring leaders Jump to : navigation , search Pete Maravich , who averaged 44.2 points per game over three seasons for LSU , holds the NCAA Division I scoring record with 3,667 points In basketball , points are the sum of the score accumulated through free throw or field goal . In National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I basketball , where a player 's career is at most four seasons long , it is considered a notable achievement to reach the 1,000 - points scored threshold . In even rarer instances , players have reached the 2,000 - and 3,000 - point plateaus ( no player has ever scored 4,000 or more points at the Division I level ) . The top 25 highest scorers in NCAA Division I men 's basketball history are listed below . The NCAA did not split into its current divisions format until August 1973 . From 1906 to 1955 , there were no classifications to the NCAA nor its predecessor , the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States ( IAAUS ) . Then , from 1956 to spring 1973 , colleges were classified as either `` NCAA University Division ( Major College ) '' or `` NCAA College Division ( Small College ) '' . Some of the top 25 scorers in Division I history played before the three - point line was officially instituted in 1986 -- 87 . All of the players with a dash through the three - point field goals made column were affected by this rule . Hank Gathers of Loyola Marymount is the only three - point shot era player on this list who did not make a single three - point shot . From the 1986 -- 87 season through the 2007 -- 08 season , the three - point perimeter was marked at 19 ft 9 in ( 6.02 m ) for both men 's and women 's college basketball . On May 3 , 2007 , the NCAA men 's basketball rules committee passed a measure to extend the distance of the men 's three - point line back to 20 ft 9 in ( 6.32 m ) ; the women 's line would remain at the original distance until it was moved to match the men 's distance effective in 2011 -- 12 . Additionally , several of the players on this list played during an era when college freshmen were ineligible to compete at the varsity level and were forced to participate on either freshman or junior varsity teams . Since freshman and junior varsity points do not count toward official NCAA records , three players -- Pete Maravich , Oscar Robertson and Elvin Hayes -- only had three seasons to compile their totals . Larry Bird redshirted ( sat out ) his freshman year , and therefore , like Maravich , Robertson , and Hayes , his totals also cover only three seasons ( though in Bird 's case , unlike the others , it was his own choice not to play a fourth season at the college level ) . With the added benefits of a three - point line and a full extra year of varsity eligibility , their already - historical statistics would have been much higher . Maravich , a guard from LSU , not only owns the three highest single season averages in Division I history , but also the highest career total . Remarkably , he scored 3,667 points ( over 400 more than the next closest player ) in a mere 83 games . His record is considered nearly unbreakable ; the only player who could have potentially overtaken him as the top scorer in Division I history is Stephen Curry of Davidson , who had scored 2,635 points through his first three seasons of college basketball . However , Curry opted to forgo his final year of NCAA eligibility and moved on to the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) following his junior season in 2008 -- 09 . Five players on this list are enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame : Pete Maravich , Oscar Robertson , Elvin Hayes , Larry Bird and David Robinson . Key ( edit ) Pos . Ref . Position Guard Forward Center References * Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Team ( X ) Denotes the number of times a player from that team appears on the list Career scoring leaders ( edit ) Elvin Hayes finished with 2,884 points . J.J. Redick is also second all - time in three - point field goals made ( 457 ) . Player Pos . Team Career start Career end Games played Field goals made 3 - point field goals made Free throws made Points PPG Ref . Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * LSU 1967 1970 83 1,387 -- 893 3,667 44.2 Williams , Freeman Freeman Williams F / G Portland State 1978 106 1,369 -- 511 3,249 30.7 Simmons , Lionel Lionel Simmons La Salle 1986 1990 131 1,244 56 673 3,217 24.6 Ford , Alphonso Alphonso Ford Mississippi Valley State 1989 1993 109 1,121 333 590 3,165 29.0 McDermott , Doug Doug McDermott Creighton 2014 145 1,141 274 594 3,150 21.7 Kelly , Harry Harry Kelly Texas Southern 1979 110 1,234 -- 598 3,066 27.9 Clark , Keydren Keydren Clark Saint Peter 's 2002 2006 118 967 435 689 3,058 25.9 Hawkins , Hersey Hersey Hawkins Bradley 1984 1988 125 1,100 118 690 3,008 25.5 Robertson , Oscar Oscar Robertson * Cincinnati 1957 1960 88 1,052 -- 869 2,973 33.8 Manning , Danny Danny Manning Kansas 1984 1988 147 1,216 10 509 2,951 20.1 Hughes , Alfredrick Alfredrick Hughes Loyola ( IL ) 1981 1985 120 1,226 -- 462 2,914 24.3 Hayes , Elvin Elvin Hayes * C / F Houston 1965 1968 93 1,215 -- 454 2,884 31.0 Hansbrough , Tyler Tyler Hansbrough North Carolina 2005 2009 142 939 12 982 2,872 20.2 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * Indiana State 1976 1979 94 1,154 -- 542 2,850 30.3 Birdsong , Otis Otis Birdsong Houston ( 2 ) 1973 1977 116 1,176 -- 480 2,832 24.4 Bradshaw , Kevin Kevin Bradshaw Bethune - Cookman / U.S. International 1991 111 1,027 132 618 2,804 25.3 Houston , Allan Allan Houston G / F Tennessee 1989 1993 128 902 346 651 2,801 21.9 Redick , J.J. J.J. Redick Duke 2002 2006 139 825 457 662 2,769 19.9 Gathers , Hank Hank Gathers F / C Southern California / Loyola Marymount 1985 1990 117 1,127 0 469 2,723 23.3 Haws , Tyler Tyler Haws BYU 2009 2015 139 917 162 724 2,720 19.6 Lewis , Reggie Reggie Lewis Northeastern 122 1,043 30 592 2,709 22.2 Queenan , Daren Daren Queenan G / F Lehigh 1984 1988 118 1,024 29 626 2,703 22.9 Larkin , Byron Byron Larkin Xavier 1984 1988 121 1,022 51 601 2,696 22.3 McCalebb , Bo Bo McCalebb New Orleans 2003 2008 128 977 115 610 2,679 20.9 Robinson , David David Robinson * Navy 127 1,032 604 2,669 21.0 All - time Conference scoring leaders ( edit ) The following list contains current and defunct Division I conferences ' all - time scoring leaders . The `` conference founded '' column indicates when each respective conference first began intercollegiate athletic competition , not necessarily when they began basketball . For example , the Great West Conference was established as a football - only conference in 2004 but became an all - sports conference in 2008 ( with basketball actually beginning in 2009 -- 10 ) . Also note that some of the schools on this list are no longer in the conference in which they are identified . Utah , for instance , is currently a member of the Pac - 12 Conference , but when Keith Van Horn set the scoring record they were still a member of the Western Athletic Conference . Similarly , BYU is currently in the West Coast Conference , but their final four seasons in the Mountain West Conference were the years in which Jimmer Fredette played at the school and set that conference 's scoring record . Tyler Hansbrough amassed an ACC - record 2,872 points at North Carolina . Bill Bradley , the Ivy League 's all - time leading scorer , is also in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Conference Conference founded Conference disbanded Player School Career start Career end Points Ref . America East 1979 -- Lewis , Reggie Reggie Lewis Northeastern 2,709 American Athletic 2013 -- Gray , Rob Rob Gray Houston 2015 2018 1,710 American South 1991 Brooks , Kevin Kevin Brooks Southwestern Louisiana 1991 2,294 Atlantic 10 1976 -- Macon , Mark Mark Macon Temple 1991 2,609 ACC 1953 -- Hansbrough , Tyler Tyler Hansbrough North Carolina 2005 2009 2,872 Atlantic Sun 1978 -- Jackson , Willie Willie Jackson Centenary 1980 1984 2,535 Big 12 -- Hield , Buddy Buddy Hield Oklahoma 2012 2016 2,291 Big East 1979 -- Bell , Troy Troy Bell Boston College 1999 2003 2,632 Big Eight 1907 Manning , Danny Danny Manning Kansas 1984 1988 2,951 Big Sky 1963 -- Bliznyuk , Bogdan Bogdan Bliznyuk Eastern Washington 2014 2018 2,169 Big South -- Williams , Reggie Reggie Williams VMI 2008 2,556 Big Ten 1896 -- Cheaney , Calbert Calbert Cheaney Indiana 1990 1993 2,613 Big West 1969 -- Harris , Lucious Lucious Harris Long Beach State 1989 1993 2,312 CAA 1982 -- Robinson , David David Robinson * Navy 2,669 C - USA 1995 -- Jackson , Stefon Stefon Jackson UTEP 2005 2009 2,456 East Coast 1958 1994 Queenan , Daren Daren Queenan Lehigh 1984 1988 2,703 Great Midwest 1990 1995 Claggett , Erwin Erwin Claggett Saint Louis 1991 1995 1,910 Great West 2013 Flores , Chris Chris Flores NJIT 2009 2013 1,726 Horizon 1979 -- Hughes , Alfredrick Alfredrick Hughes Loyola ( IL ) 1981 1985 2,914 Ivy 1901 -- Bradley , Bill Bill Bradley * Princeton 1962 1965 2,503 MAAC 1980 -- Simmons , Lionel Lionel Simmons La Salle 1986 1990 3,217 Metro 1995 Coles , Bimbo Bimbo Coles Virginia Tech 1986 1990 2,484 MAC 1946 -- Wells , Bonzi Bonzi Wells Ball State 1994 1998 2,485 MEAC 1970 -- Davis , Tom Tom Davis Delaware State 1991 2,275 Missouri Valley 1907 -- Hawkins , Hersey Hersey Hawkins Bradley 1984 1988 3,008 Mountain West 1999 -- Fredette , Jimmer Jimmer Fredette BYU 2007 2011 2,599 NEC 1981 -- Bailey , Terrance Terrance Bailey Wagner 2,591 OVC 1948 -- Domercant , Henry Henry Domercant Eastern Illinois 1999 2003 2,602 Pac - 12 1959 -- MacLean , Don Don MacLean UCLA 1988 2,608 Patriot 1986 -- McCollum , C.J. C.J. McCollum Lehigh 2009 2013 2,361 SEC 1933 -- Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * LSU 1967 1970 3,667 Southern 1921 -- Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry Davidson 2006 2009 2,635 Southland 1963 -- Dumars , Joe Joe Dumars * McNeese State 1981 1985 2,607 Summit 1982 -- Green , Caleb Caleb Green Oral Roberts 2003 2007 2,504 Sun Belt 1976 -- McCalebb , Bo Bo McCalebb New Orleans 2003 2008 2,679 Southwest 1914 Rencher , Terrence Terrence Rencher Texas 1991 1995 2,306 SWAC 1920 -- Ford , Alphonso Alphonso Ford Mississippi Valley State 1989 1993 3,165 West Coast 1952 -- Gathers , Hank Hank Gathers Loyola Marymount 1990 2,490 WAC 1962 -- Van Horn , Keith Keith Van Horn Utah 1993 2,542 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ After playing as a freshman in 2009 -- 10 , Haws spent two years on a Mormon mission and did not play his sophomore season until 2012 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : The original Big East Conference , founded in 1979 with basketball competition starting at that time , split along football lines in July 2013 . The seven schools that did not sponsor Division I FBS football reorganized as a new Big East Conference , while the FBS football schools that had not left for other conferences , plus several new members , began operating as the American Athletic Conference . The American now considers its basketball history to have begun with the 2013 split , while the current Big East maintains the basketball history of the original Big East . Jump up ^ The Big East Conference recognizes Lawrence Moten , who played at Syracuse between 1991 and 1995 , as its all - time conference scoring leader , using the criterion of points scored in regular - season conference games only . Moten scored 1,405 points in games that counted toward the record . Troy Bell , who is technically second on the list with 1,388 points , scored more career points than Moten when all games are taken into account . The above conference scoring leaders list uses overall career totals , not conference - career totals , as its criterion . Jump up ^ The Southland Conference recognizes Dwight `` Bo '' Lamar , who played at Southwestern Louisiana ( now Louisiana ) between 1968 and 1972 , as their all - time conference scoring leader , using the criterion of points scored against conference opponents only . He scored 1,054 points in conference games . Additionally , Southwestern Louisiana did not join the Southland Conference until 1971 , so all of Lamar 's points prior to then do not count toward Southland Conference scoring . Joe Dumars , who is technically second on the list with 819 points , actually scored more career points than Lamar since McNeese State was a member of the Southland Conference for the duration of Dumars ' career . The above conference scoring leaders list uses overall career totals , not conference - career totals , as its criterion . Jump up ^ Hank Gathers ' scoring total in this table includes only games played for WCC member Loyola Marymount ; he played his freshman season of 1985 -- 86 at USC in what was then known as the Pacific - 10 Conference . He transferred from USC after that season ; after sitting out the 1986 -- 87 season due to NCAA transfer rules , he played at Loyola Marymount until his death during his senior season in 1990 . References ( edit ) General `` 2017 -- 18 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the NCAA '' . NCAA.org . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 -- 10 NCAA Men 's Basketball Records '' ( PDF ) . 2009 -- 10 NCAA Men 's Basketball Media Guide . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Andy ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Committee extends men 's 3 - point line to 20 - 9 '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Peter P. `` Pete '' Maravich `` . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . hoophall.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar P. Robertson '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . hoophall.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin E. Hayes '' . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . hoophall.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Bird '' . hoophall.com . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson '' . hoophall.com . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . 2009 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Maravich '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freeman Williams '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Simmons '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alphonso Ford '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Doug McDermott '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2014 . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nance , Roscoe ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Harry `` Machine Gun '' Kelly `` . SWAC Men 's Basketball Profiles . Southwestern Athletic Conference . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keydren Clark '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hersey Hawkins '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Robertson '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Manning '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfredrick Hughes '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin Hayes '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Hansbrough '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Bird '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Otis Birdsong '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Allan Houston '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Redick '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maurer , Matthew ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Honorable Draftee : The Case for Hank Gathers '' . TheDraftReview.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Haws '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Lewis '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lehigh 's Hall of Famer : Daren Queenan '' . history.lehighsports.com . Lehigh University . 2010 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2005 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Byron K. Larkin '' . Player profile . Xavier University . 2010 . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bo McCalebb '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Robinson '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference , LLC. 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About the Great West '' . greatwestconference.org . Great West Conference . 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 America East Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' . Career leaders . America East Conference . 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 -- 15 American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . American Athletic Conference . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . See especially `` Miscellaneous Records '' , p. 90 , in which year - by - year conference standings only include 2013 -- 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 -- 15 BIG EAST Men 's Basketball Guide '' ( PDF ) . Big East Conference . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . See , e.g. , `` Year - By - Year Standings '' , pp. 109 -- 112 , which have entries for all Big East seasons starting with the creation of the original conference in 1979 . Jump up ^ Duarte , Joseph ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` UH 's Rob Gray becomes AAC 's all - time scoring leader '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Atlantic 10 Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Career records . Atlantic 10 Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Hansbrough Bio Page '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Centenary Places Two on Atlantic Sun 's List of 30 Shining Moments '' . GoCentenary.com . Centenary College of Louisiana . September 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buddy Hield becomes Big 12 's all - time leading scorer '' . SI.com . Sports Illustrated . April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders : Points '' ( PDF ) . 2014 - 15 BIG EAST Men 's Basketball Guide . Big East Conference . p. 89 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Troy Bell player biography '' . Boston College . 2003 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Douchant , Mike ( 1998 ) . Inside sports college basketball . Visible Ink Press . ISBN 1 - 57859 - 009 - 4 . pg. 598 Jump up ^ Allen , Jim ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Bogdan Bliznyuk becomes Big Sky 's all - time leading scorer while leading Eastern Washington to title game '' . The Spokesman - Review . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Big South Conference Basketball Media Guide '' . Men 's basketball career records . Big South Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . 2,000 Point Club ( All Games ) . Big Ten Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Big West Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Career Records : Points Scored . Big West Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` CAA names Robinson , Smith among its 25 Silver Stars '' . The Baltimore Sun . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Conference USA Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Individual Career Records . Conference USA . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nine to be Inducted into Billiken Hall of Fame '' . Saint Louis University . January 16 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Horizon League Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Men 's Basketball Individual Records . Horizon League . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Ivy League Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Men 's Individual Records . Ivy League . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 MAAC Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Points . Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Douchant , Mike ( 1998 ) . Inside sports college basketball . Visible Ink Press . ISBN 1 - 57859 - 009 - 4 . pg. 599 Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 MAC Men 's Basketball Record Book '' ( PDF ) . Most Points in a Career . Mid-American Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Donald ( March 25 , 1991 ) . `` Tom Davis Sets Sights On NBA '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . philly.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 MVC Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' . All - Time Scorers and Rebounders . Missouri Valley Conference . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fredette Breaks Mountain West Scoring Record in BYU Win '' . Sporting News . February 2011 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Northeast Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . NEC Coaching & Individual Records . Northeast Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 OVC Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Records and Awards . Ohio Valley Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Pac - 10 Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . History . Pacific - 10 Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` McCollum breaks record in 91 -- 77 win at Sacred Heart '' . Sports . Lehigh University . November 25 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Southeastern Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Individual Records -- Points Scored . Southeastern Conference . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Southern Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' . Individual Record Book . Southern Conference . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records ( page 103 ) '' . 2011 -- 12 Southland Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide . Southland Conference . 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 McNeese State Cowboys Basketball Media Guide '' . Records . McNeese State University . 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Summit League Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Career Leaders : Points . The Summit League . 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Sun Belt Conference Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Sun Belt Records -- Top 25 ( Scoring ) . Sun Belt Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Douchant , Mike ( 1998 ) . Inside sports college basketball . Visible Ink Press . ISBN 1 - 57859 - 009 - 4 . pg. 600 Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders : All Games '' ( PDF ) . 2012 -- 13 West Coast Conference Men 's Basketball Record Book . West Coast Conference . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 WAC Men 's Basketball Media Guide '' . Career Records . Western Athletic Conference . 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . NCAA Division I men 's basketball statistical leaders Career Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Three - point field goals Free throws Games 2,000 points and 1,000 rebounds Season Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Three - point field goals Game Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Three - point field goals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_basketball_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=833175935 '' Categories : NCAA Division I men 's basketball statistical leaders Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 02 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who scored the most points in ncaa basketball history | [
"\n\nPlayer\nPos.\nTeam\nCareer\nstart\nCareer\nend\nGames\nplayed\nField goals\nmade\n3-point\nfield\ngoals made\nFree\nthrows made\nPoints\nPPG\nRef.\n\n\nMaravich, PetePete Maravich*\nG\nLSU\n1967\n1970\n83\n1,387\n\n—\n\n893\n3,667\n44.2\n[10]\n\n\nWilliams, FreemanFreeman Williams\nF/G\nPortland State\n1974\n1978\n106\n1,369\n\n—\n\n511\n3,249\n30.7\n[11]\n\n\nSimmons, LionelLionel Simmons\nF\nLa Salle\n1986\n1990\n131\n1,244\n56\n673\n3,217\n24.6\n[12]\n\n\nFord, AlphonsoAlphonso Ford\nG\nMississippi Valley State\n1989\n1993\n109\n1,121\n333\n590\n3,165\n29.0\n[13]\n\n\nMcDermott, DougDoug McDermott\nF\nCreighton\n2010\n2014\n145\n1,141\n274\n594\n3,150\n21.7\n[14]\n\n\nKelly, HarryHarry Kelly\nF\nTexas Southern\n1979\n1983\n110\n1,234\n\n—\n\n598\n3,066\n27.9\n[15]\n\n\nClark, KeydrenKeydren Clark\nG\nSaint Peter's\n2002\n2006\n118\n967\n435\n689\n3,058\n25.9\n[16]\n\n\nHawkins, HerseyHersey Hawkins\nG\nBradley\n1984\n1988\n125\n1,100\n118\n690\n3,008\n25.5\n[17]\n\n\nRobertson, OscarOscar Robertson*\nG\nCincinnati\n1957\n1960\n88\n1,052\n\n—\n\n869\n2,973\n33.8\n[18]\n\n\nManning, DannyDanny Manning\nF\nKansas\n1984\n1988\n147\n1,216\n10\n509\n2,951\n20.1\n[19]\n\n\nHughes, AlfredrickAlfredrick Hughes\nG\nLoyola (IL)\n1981\n1985\n120\n1,226\n\n—\n\n462\n2,914\n24.3\n[20]\n\n\nHayes, ElvinElvin Hayes*\nC/F\nHouston\n1965\n1968\n93\n1,215\n\n—\n\n454\n2,884\n31.0\n[21]\n\n\nHansbrough, TylerTyler Hansbrough\nF\nNorth Carolina\n2005\n2009\n142\n939\n12\n982\n2,872\n20.2\n[22]\n\n\nBird, LarryLarry Bird*\nF\nIndiana State\n1976\n1979\n94\n1,154\n\n—\n\n542\n2,850\n30.3\n[23]\n\n\nBirdsong, OtisOtis Birdsong\nG\nHouston (2)\n1973\n1977\n116\n1,176\n\n—\n\n480\n2,832\n24.4\n[24]\n\n\nBradshaw, KevinKevin Bradshaw\nG\nBethune-Cookman /\nU.S. International\n1987\n1991\n111\n1,027\n132\n618\n2,804\n25.3\n[3]\n\n\nHouston, AllanAllan Houston\nG/F\nTennessee\n1989\n1993\n128\n902\n346\n651\n2,801\n21.9\n[25]\n\n\nRedick, J. J.J. J. Redick\nG\nDuke\n2002\n2006\n139\n825\n457\n662\n2,769\n19.9\n[26]\n\n\nGathers, HankHank Gathers\nF/C\nSouthern California /\nLoyola Marymount\n1985\n1990\n117\n1,127\n0\n469\n2,723\n23.3\n[27]\n\n\nHaws, TylerTyler Haws\nG\nBYU\n2009\n2015[n 1]\n139\n917\n162\n724\n2,720\n19.6\n[28]\n\n\nLewis, ReggieReggie Lewis\nF\nNortheastern\n1983\n1987\n122\n1,043\n30\n592\n2,709\n22.2\n[29]\n\n\nQueenan, DarenDaren Queenan\nG/F\nLehigh\n1984\n1988\n118\n1,024\n29\n626\n2,703\n22.9\n[30]\n\n\nLarkin, ByronByron Larkin\nG\nXavier\n1984\n1988\n121\n1,022\n51\n601\n2,696\n22.3\n[31]\n\n\nMcCalebb, BoBo McCalebb\nG\nNew Orleans\n2003\n2008\n128\n977\n115\n610\n2,679\n20.9\n[32]\n\n\nRobinson, DavidDavid Robinson*\nC\nNavy\n1983\n1987\n127\n1,032\n1\n604\n2,669\n21.0\n[33]\n\n"
] | [
"Pete Maravich"
] |
-3619984367916600299 | AFL Grand Final | AFL grand final - Wikipedia AFL grand final Jump to : navigation , search AFL Grand Final Part of the pre-match entertainment at the 2006 AFL Grand Final . Giant banners were unfurled featuring the colours and emblems of ( then ) all 16 AFL clubs . Locale Melbourne , Victoria First meeting 24 September 1898 Latest meeting 30 September 2017 Next meeting 29 September 2018 Broadcasters Seven Network ( 1977 -- 1986 ; 1988 -- 2001 ; 2008 ; 2010 ; 2012 -- present ) Network Ten ( 2002 -- 2007 ; 2009 ; 2011 ) SportsPlay ( 1987 ) ABC ( 1987 ) Stadiums Melbourne Cricket Ground ( 1902 -- 1941 ; 1946 -- 1990 ; 1992 -- present ) Waverley Park ( 1991 ) Princes Park ( 1942 -- 1943 ; 1945 ) Junction Oval ( 1898 -- 1899 ; 1944 ) Lake Oval ( 1901 ) East Melbourne ( 1900 ) Statistics Meetings total 121 Most wins Carlton ( 16 ) Essendon ( 16 ) Largest victory Geelong 24.19. 163 def Port Adelaide 6.8. 44 , 2007 The AFL Grand Final is an annual Australian rules football match , traditionally held on the final Saturday in September or the first Saturday in October at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne , Australia , to determine the Australian Football League ( AFL ) premiers for that year . The game has become significant to Australian culture , spawning a number of traditions and surrounding activities which have grown in popularity since the interstate expansion of the Victorian Football League in the 1980s and the subsequent creation of the national AFL competition in the 1990s . The 2006 Sweeney Sports Report concluded that the AFL Grand Final has become Australia 's most important sporting event , with the largest attendance , metropolitan television audience and overall interest of any annual Australian sporting event . The winning club of the grand final receives the AFL 's premiership cup and the premiership flag . All players in the winning team receive a gold premiership medallion . Every club has played in the grand final , with the exception of the two recent expansion clubs , Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney , and two former clubs , the Brisbane Bears and the short - lived University . Contents ( hide ) 1 Game history 1.1 1897 -- 1901 : Origins 1.2 1902 -- 1914 : MCG move 1.3 1915 -- 1930 : World War I and the end of the challenge final system 1.4 1931 -- 1939 : New finals system and start of a golden age 1.5 1940 -- 1953 : World War II and after 1.6 1954 -- 1961 : Melbourne Olympic Games and ticketing 1.7 1962 -- 1983 : Second golden age 1.8 1982 -- 1999 : National team competition 1.9 21st century 2 Notable grand finals 3 Qualification and prize 3.1 Flag 3.2 Trophies 3.3 Prize money 3.4 Brownlow Medal 3.5 Grand final parade 3.6 Pre-match entertainment 3.7 Halftime and post-match entertainment 3.8 Sprint race 4 Venue and schedule 5 Numbering of grand finals 6 Individual awards 6.1 Norm Smith Medal 6.2 Other awards 7 Grand final records 8 Audience 8.1 Attendance 8.2 Australian metropolitan television viewers 8.3 International telecasts 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Game history ( edit ) See also : Grand final 1897 -- 1901 : origins ( edit ) The concept of a `` grand '' final gradually evolved from experimentation by the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) in the initial years of competition following its inception in 1897 . During the 19th century , Australian football competition adopted the approach that the team on top of the ladder at the end of the home - and - away series was declared the premiers . However , the fledgling VFL decided that a finals series played between the top four teams at the end of the season would generate more interest and gate money . For 1897 , the VFL scheduled a round robin tournament whereby the top four played each other once and the team that won the most matches was declared the winner . However , this method had flaws , so the VFL continued to experiment , playing `` section '' matches after the regular season and then a finals series where first on the ladder played the third team and second met fourth . The winners of these `` semi '' finals then met in a final to decide the premiership . The first such final was contested in 1898 between the Essendon Football Club and Fitzroy Football Club at the St Kilda Cricket Ground , which Fitzroy won scoring 5.8 ( 38 ) to Essendon 's 3.5 ( 23 ) . The second finals format was ultimately discarded by the VFL after the unsatisfactory conclusion to the 1900 VFL season , where Melbourne won the premiership after having finished sixth out of the eight teams after the home - and - away season ( ahead of Carlton and St Kilda ) with a record of 6 - 8 . The new finals system caused problems in 1901 when Geelong finished on top of the ladder but was immediately eliminated when defeated in the semi final . A `` right of challenge '' was introduced , giving the team that finished on top at the end of the regular season ( the minor premier ) the right to challenge if they lost the semi final or the final . This challenge match came to be called the `` grand final '' . The first four grand finals were scattered around various Melbourne venues : one at Albert Park , two at St Kilda 's Junction Oval and one at the East Melbourne Cricket Ground . The selection of the venue could depend on the portion of the gate demanded by the ground 's landlords . 1902 -- 1914 : MCG move ( edit ) The public remained ambivalent to the concept of finals football until the VFL pulled off a coup in 1902 . Previously , the MCG was unavailable to football in the early spring months as it was being prepared for the coming cricket season . The VFL convinced the Melbourne Cricket Club ( MCC ) to rent the ground for the finals series and the first grand final at what is today considered the home of the game attracted more than 35,000 people to watch Collingwood down Essendon . The success of the finals at the MCG was proven with big attendances every year , and soon all the major competitions around Australia were employing what was known as the `` amended Argus system '' of finals . The `` original Argus system '' had been instituted by the VFL in 1901 , the amended system was instituted by the VFL in 1902 . By 1908 , a new record attendance of 50,261 was set , on a day when the crowd was so huge that it broke through the fence and filed onto the ground , sitting around the boundary line to watch the action . This figure was beaten in the 1912 Grand Final when 54,463 saw Essendon defeat South Melbourne . The big finals crowds ( and increasing cricket attendances ) prompted the MCC to cut down the eleven fifty - year - old elm trees inside the ground and turn the stadium into a concrete bowl , complete with extra stands and standing room . The record fell again in the last grand final before World War I , when the excitement of St Kilda 's first premiership attempt drew 59,479 spectators . 1915 -- 1930 : World War I and the end of the challenge final system ( edit ) The war had a considerable effect on the impact of the grand final and attendances plummeted . One critic called for the Carlton team to receive the Iron Cross after they defeated Collingwood in the thrilling 1915 Grand Final , ironically dubbed a `` glorious contest '' by famous coach Jack Worrall . But many diggers supported the continuance of the game , and both the 1918 and 1919 grand finals were notable for the large number of Australian servicemen in attendance , many of whom wore uniform . During the 1920s , the VFL grappled with the problems associated with the `` amended Argus system '' , specifically that a true grand final was not played if the minor premier won both the semi final and the final . Although new attendance records were set in 1920 and 1922 , these were for the semi finals , which often drew bigger crowds than the grand final . There was no grand final in 1924 ; a once - off finals system was trialled , in which the top four contested a round robin , with the top team from the round robin to face the minor premiers in a grand final if required ; but , when minor premiers Essendon also won the round robin , no grand final was staged . The league reverted to the `` amended Argus system '' for 1925 , when the grand final attracted a new record crowd of 64,288 : the match was Geelong 's first VFL premiership win , and a huge contingent from Victoria 's second city descended on the MCG to watch their team make history . From 1927 until 1930 , Collingwood won four premierships in a row , which remains the league record . In 1927 , 1928 and 1930 , the biggest crowd of the year was again drawn to the semi final and not to the grand final . This , coupled with the perception that the minor premier could find losing its semi-final to be advantageous , resulted in the league abandoning the amended Argus system after 1931 , replacing it with the Page -- McIntyre system . 1931 -- 1939 : new finals system and start of a golden age ( edit ) The Page playoff system ( or ' final four `` ) was introduced for 1931 , whereby the semi finals ( 1 v 2 and 3 v 4 ) were followed by the preliminary final and then the grand final , with the right of challenge abolished . This proved satisfactory to all , and the new system ushered in a golden age for the grand final . New records were constantly set and when 75,754 attended the 1933 Grand Final between South Melbourne and Richmond , it started the MCC thinking of expansion again . Just months earlier , cricket attendance records were shattered during the `` bodyline '' series between Australia and England . The MCC decided to build the southern stand , which enclosed almost half the ground and was completed in 1937 . That year , the Geelong - Collingwood Grand Final attracted 88,540 and the spectators were sitting five deep along the boundary line . Somehow , the following year , 96,834 people turned up and squashed in to watch the Magpies take on Carlton . At the time , Melbourne 's population was about one million , which meant that on grand final day , almost one tenth of the city was at the game . 1940 -- 1953 : World War II and after ( edit ) The VFL grand final in 1946 from the stands of the MCG Football served as a distraction for people on the home front during the war , particularly during the darkest days between 1941 and 1943 . The Australian government requisitioned a number of VFL grounds , including the MCG . Therefore , the grand final was staged at Princes Park ( Carlton ) in 1942 , 1943 and 1945 , and at St Kilda 's Junction Oval in 1944 when Fitzroy won its last premiership on the second hottest grand final day on record . The 1943 clash was a thrilling contest , Richmond defeating Essendon by five points . The 1942 and 1945 matches were marred by violence , and the latter game has gone down in history as `` the `` Bloodbath '' . An amazing crowd of 62,986 crammed into the Carlton ground for this game , which was played just weeks after the armistice with Japan was declared . So when the MCG was finally relinquished by the government in August 1946 , there was great expectation in the buildup to the grand final , where Essendon booted a record score to defeat Melbourne . Attendances were back to 1930s levels by 1947 and 85,815 turned up to see Carlton beat Essendon by a solitary point ; a similar crowd a year later watched the Bombers and Demons play the first draw in grand final history . Melbourne won the replay the following week . The sight of thousands sitting between the fence and the boundary line , first seen in the late 1930s , was now usual at the grand final . Spectators were admitted on a first - come basis , and thousands took to lining up outside the stadium in the days before the match to gain the best vantage point when the gates opened on the morning of the match . Some reservations were raised about spectator safety as the MCG was clearly being filled above its capacity . 1954 -- 1961 : Melbourne Olympic games and ticketing ( edit ) As the MCG would be used as the main stadium for the 1956 Olympic Games , the ground was upgraded again with a new stand and extra capacity . Construction work restricted the crowd at the 1954 Grand Final when 80,897 people saw Footscray win their historic first flag . Eight thousand more witnessed the 1955 Grand Final , before the stand was fully completed . The 1956 Grand Final was seen as a dry run for the opening ceremony of the games two months later , but no one was prepared for the outcome . Officially , 115,802 fans turned out to see Melbourne take on Collingwood for the second year in a row , but contemporary reports state that anywhere between twenty and thirty thousand people were turned away . Some gained admittance by storming the gates , while others perched precariously on the roof of the southern stand . The old record had been shattered by almost 19,000 but the chaos outside the ground prompted the VFL to introduce a ticketing system for the first time . Attendances now hovered around the 100,000 mark during the coming years . Melbourne dominated the era with seven straight grand final appearances ( for five flags ) , playing Collingwood three times and Essendon twice . The 1958 Grand Final , when Collingwood upset a Melbourne team attempting to equal the Magpies ' proud record of four consecutive premierships , was arguably the greatest upset recorded in the biggest game of all . The Demons made amends by winning the next year , when the premiership cup was presented for the first time . Previously , the crowd descended on the arena at the end of the game , and the players were variously chaired off the ground or walked to the dressing room . The presentation of the cup gave the after - match a ceremonial focus and allowed the attention to settle on the premier team . Following the 1956 introduction of television to Australia , there were repeated calls for the grand final to be telecast live , but the VFL refused on the basis that the crowd numbers might be affected . A delayed telecast was allowed for the 1961 Grand Final , when Hawthorn won for the first time , but thereafter only a videotaped replay was shown . 1962 -- 1983 : second golden age ( edit ) In contrast to the 1950s when a few teams were monopolising grand final places , the 1960s was a decade of variety . Between 1961 and 1968 , seven teams won the flag and a number of classic encounters were played . In the 1964 grand final , a thrilling finish enabled Melbourne to win their last premiership to date by four points . Two years later , in arguably one of the most famous grand finals of them all , St Kilda won their only premiership by one point , and their players went for an impromptu lap of honour with the cup , a tradition that endures . In the 1967 grand final , Geelong and Richmond played a match of the highest standard , with the Tigers winning in the last minutes to end a long premiership drought . The next season , Carlton also ended a long run without success and set a record as the only winning team to score fewer goals than the opposition as they defeated Essendon by three points . By now , the MCG had been expanded again so that record crowds were set in 1968 , 1969 and 1970 . In what is commonly referred to as the greatest of all - time , the 1970 grand final saw Carlton come back from a 44 - point half time deficit to beat Collingwood ; it was watched by an all - time record crowd of 121,696 people . Most of the matches during this period had something to remember : Hawthorn 's comeback to win in 1971 , Carlton 's record score in the highest scoring grand final ever played in 1972 , Richmond 's two wins over Carlton in 1969 and 1973 in very physical encounters , and North Melbourne 's first grand final victory in 1975 . In the memorable 1977 grand final , North Melbourne came from 27 points down at three quarter time to play the second drawn grand final in history ( the first since 1948 ) . The momentum continued on the first Saturday in October 1977 , when they defeated Collingwood in the replay . After the 1981 grand final , the old scoreboard was removed to Manuka Oval . The MCG installed a new electronic colour scoreboard in 1982 . By the start of the early 1980s , Collingwood had lost eight grand finals in a row since winning its 1958 premiership . The term `` Colliwobbles '' began to be used at this time to describe the team 's inability to win grand finals . 1982 -- 1999 : national team competition ( edit ) The 1980s saw a sustained period of dominance by Hawthorn , who appeared in every grand final from 1983 to 1989 , winning four of them in 1983 , 1986 , and back to back in 1988 and in 1989 contest . The 1989 Grand Final , a high scoring and very physical encounter in which Hawthorn defeated Geelong by six points , is considered to be one of the greatest of all time . With the transformation of the VFL into the Australian Football League in 1990 , and the move to a truly national competition , there emerged a new era in which non-Victorian based clubs now competed for the Premiership . Between 1992 and 2006 , non-Victorian clubs won ten out of fifteen premierships . The first club to achieve the feat was West Coast in 1992 and 1994 , and Adelaide won back - to - back premierships in 1997 and 1998 . North Melbourne was the only other club to win two grand finals in the 1990s , 1996 and 1999 respectively , as no team dominated the era . 21st century ( edit ) Cameron Mooney ( No. 21 ) lines up for goal in the 2008 AFL Grand Final against Hawthorn Between 2001 and 2003 , the Brisbane Lions won three consecutive grand finals , with its nine - point win against Collingwood in 2002 the closest of the three matches . In 2004 , Port Adelaide defeated Brisbane Lions in the first grand final ever played between two non-Victorian teams . The 2005 and 2006 grand finals were played between Sydney and West Coast , with each winning one premiership by less than a goal ; the 2005 match is remembered for the strong defensive mark taken by Sydney 's Leo Barry in the dying seconds . Sydney Swans supporters celebrate a goal at the 2006 AFL Grand Final The years 2007 to 2011 saw a dominant Geelong appear in four out of five grand finals , winning three premierships . The only match to not feature Geelong was in 2010 , when Collingwood and St Kilda played the third draw in grand final history , with Collingwood winning the subsequent replay by 56 points . After 2011 , Hawthorn established itself as a dominant force , finishing runners up to Sydney in 2012 then winning the 2013 , 2014 and 2015 premierships against Fremantle , Sydney and West Coast . On 19 April 2016 , the AFL announced that drawn grand finals will be resolved by the use of two five minute extra time periods , with the siren not being sounded to end the second period until the tie is broken , abolishing the use of a full replay . Notable grand finals ( edit ) 1903 -- Late in the last quarter , Fitzroy skipper Gerald Brosnan marked a pass from teammate Percy Trotter about thirty metres from goal with his team three points behind Collingwood . As he went back to line up his kick , the final bell rang . Brosnan 's shot missed , but was so close that a Collingwood defender later claimed that he could hear the ball 's lace brush the goal post . 1910 -- A massive brawl broke out between Collingwood and Carlton players during the last quarter . A number of players were felled and four players were reported ( the first in grand Final history ) , yet the fight kept going . Umpire Jack Elder settled matters by blowing his whistle and bouncing the ball . Most of the combatants looked on , stunned , as the game recommenced without them , so they had no option but to forget about the fight . The match is generally considered to have initiated the long - standing rivalry between the two clubs . 1913 -- Playing in their first grand final , St Kilda struggled , kicking just one goal in the first three quarters against Fitzroy . But they came charging home in the last by closing a 25 - point gap to one point with a few minutes remaining . A St Kilda player marked very close to goal on an angle and made a bad mistake by following a pre-game tactic of handballing . His intended target was covered , the Saints lost the ball and Fitzroy booted two goals to seal the match . 1914 -- With South Melbourne making a late charge at Carlton , the Blues led by six points when a long kick into South 's goal square was contested by a pack of players . Just metres from the goal mouth , Ern Jamieson , Carlton 's full back leaped straight into Tom Bollard 's back , but Umpire Harry Rawle called play on and the ball was cleared . Moments later , the final bell rang . Had Bollard received a free and kicked it from point - blank range , the game would have ended in the first finals draw . 1918 -- Collingwood had hit the front by a single point . In the final minute of play , South Melbourne went forward and a long kick into the teeth of goal by Gerald Ryan of South spilled from a pack of players . South Melbourne rover Chris Laird came rushing through and rather than attempt to pick the ball up , soccered it off the ground for a goal that won the game . 1921 -- Richmond led Carlton by four points in a low scoring game played on a very wet day . Both teams were covered in mud as Carlton mounted a series of attacks in an attempt to get a winning goal . In the dying minute , a Carlton player passed toward teammate Alec Duncan , who was close to goal . Somehow , Richmond 's Max Hislop hurtled across to Duncan and punched the ball from his grasp to save the premiership for the Tigers . 1927 -- Collingwood defeated Richmond in atrocious conditions , 2.13 ( 25 ) to 1.7 ( 13 ) . It was the lowest scoring game , grand final or otherwise , played during the 20th century . 1930 -- Collingwood won its record fourth consecutive VFL grand final in succession , the ' Machine Team ' , under the tutelage of the legendary Jock McHale , creating a record which has not been matched in ensuing seasons . 1935 -- Star full forward Bob Pratt was forced to withdraw from the grand final after he was hit by a truck in trying to cross the road the day before the game . Pratt had booted 362 goals in three seasons . Without him the Swans lost to Collingwood by 20 points , despite having as many scoring shots as the Magpies . 1945 -- Known as ' the bloodbath ' , the game was marred by constant brawling and fighting . Carlton defeated South Melbourne 15.13 ( 103 ) to 10.15 ( 75 ) ; ten players were reported and received a combined 73 weeks of suspension . 1948 -- In the first drawn grand final , Essendon 's inaccurate kicking led them to draw 7.27 ( 69 ) to Melbourne 's 10.9 ( 69 ) . Melbourne easily won the replay 13.11 ( 89 ) to Essendon 's 7.8 ( 50 ) . 1958 -- A Collingwood outfit which had been badly beaten by Melbourne only two weeks earlier held sway in an 18 - point victory over Melbourne to deny the Demons a fourth consecutive premiership , successfully defending their club 's record of four consecutive premierships . 1960 -- After an historic six consecutive years at the top of the ladder at the end of the home - and - away season , Melbourne won their 5th premiership in seven years , with a convincing win over Collingwood in wet conditions , in which the Demons more than quadrupled the Magpies ' score 8.14 ( 62 ) to Collingwood 's 2.2 ( 14 ) . 1961 -- In their first ever grand final , Hawthorn defeated Footscray to claim their first VFL / AFL premiership . This was , until 2016 , the last Grand Final for the Bulldogs . 1964 -- Collingwood , playing Melbourne , looked set for a victory in the last quarter after Ray Gabelich 's goal put them up by two points . Back pocket Neil Crompton kicked his first goal in 5 years to snatch back the lead and the match for Melbourne by 4 points , just moments from the final siren . 1966 -- St Kilda won their first premiership in 69 years of competition , defeating Collingwood by a solitary point . With only moments left , the two sides were locked level . Finally , Barry Breen snapped the point that gave the club its first and to date only premiership in its history . 1970 -- Carlton makes history by overcoming a 44 - point deficit at half - time to defeat Collingwood by 10 points by the final siren . Alex Jesaulenko takes the Mark of the Year late in the second quarter , and the attendance of 121,696 remains the largest crowd of all time . 1972 -- Carlton and Richmond scored a combined 50.27 ( 327 ) under the changing brand of football , then the highest scoring game of all time , and still the highest - scoring grand final of all - time . 1975 -- North Melbourne win their first grand final -- the last of the 12 VFL teams to do so . 1977 -- The first ever grand final to be televised live resulted in a draw between North Melbourne and Collingwood . In a grand final replay the following week , North Melbourne was victorious . 1979 -- Carlton defeats Collingwood by five points . Wayne Harmes ( Carlton ) was awarded the inaugural Norm Smith Medal as best on field ; Harmes famously tapped the ball from the boundary line to the goal square for his teammate , Ken Sheldon , to kick the winning goal . 1982 -- Maurice Rioli ( Richmond ) became the first player to win the Norm Smith Medal despite being on the losing team . 1989 -- The grand final between Hawthorn and Geelong was one of the closest and hardest fought in years , and nicknamed the `` Battle of ' 89 '' . Noted for its toughness , the game saw injuries and incidents involving Dermott Brereton ( famously knocked out by a solid shirtfront from Mark Yeates but continued to play ) and Robert DiPierdomenico ( played three quarters with a punctured lung ) , and many players were hospitalised after the game . 1990 -- Collingwood broke a 32 - year drought and ended the famous `` Colliwobbles '' , winning the first grand final of the new AFL era . 1991 -- Due to the major construction of the Southern Stand at the MCG , the grand final was played at VFL Park . 1992 -- West Coast became the first non-Victorian team to win a premiership , defeating Geelong by 28 points . 1996 -- North Melbourne defeat the Sydney Swans and receive the only gold - coloured premiership cup in history when the league commemorates the AFL / VFL 's 100th season . 1998 -- In defeating North Melbourne , Adelaide won back - to - back premierships in their second year under Malcolm Blight , becoming first club in modern times to win the premiership after finishing lower than fourth on the premiership ladder after the home - and - away season . Andrew McLeod won the Norm Smith Medal for the second consecutive year , the first to achieve the feat . 2003 -- Brisbane defeated Collingwood by 50 points to win its third premiership in a row , the first club to achieve the feat since Melbourne in 1955 -- 1957 , and the first interstate club to achieve this . 2004 -- Port Adelaide defeated Brisbane by 40 points in the first grand final not to include a Victorian team . 2005 -- Sydney defeated West Coast by four points in a tight , low scoring game to win their first premiership since 1933 ( when they were South Melbourne ) , ending a record drought of 72 years . A late , game - saving pack mark in defence by Leo Barry became an iconic finals moment . 2006 -- West Coast defeated Sydney by one point in a match similar to the previous year . This continued a run of very close games between the two clubs and mirrored the qualifying final result a month earlier . 2007 -- Geelong defeated Port Adelaide by a grand final record margin of 119 points to win their first premiership since 1963 . 2010 -- The grand final between St Kilda and Collingwood was drawn , the third drawn grand final in VFL / AFL history . Collingwood won the grand final replay the following week by 56 points , breaking a 20 - year premiership drought in the process . 2015 -- Hawthorn became just the second club in the modern era to win three premierships in a row , defeating the West Coast Eagles in the hottest conditions ever recorded for a VFL / AFL grand final . 2016 -- The Western Bulldogs ( Footscray ) appeared in their first grand final since 1961 against the Sydney Swans , winning three consecutive finals from a record seventh position on the ladder to progress through to the grand final . The Western Bulldogs defeated the Sydney Swans by 22 points , winning their first premiership since 1954 . 2017 - Richmond won their first finals match since 2001 in the qualifying final against Geelong , going on to defeat Greater Western Sydney to make their first grand final since 1982 . The Tigers would go on to break a 37 - year premiership drought with a 48 - point win against favourites Adelaide . Qualification and prize ( edit ) The two grand finalists qualify via finals series play - offs at the end of the season . In the current system , the eight teams finishing highest on the ladder after all the home and away rounds qualify for the four - week - long finals series culminating in the grand final . The team that finishes the regular season at the top of the ladder is said to have won the minor premiership and , since 1991 , has been awarded the McClelland Trophy . Flag ( edit ) Carlton Football Club hoist the 1906 VFL premiership flag at Princes Park in 1907 The premiers are awarded the `` premiership flag '' , a large pennant which is unfurled at the premiers ' first home game of the following season . The current flag is blue with the AFL logo , the word `` premiers '' and the year of the premiership . Although the cup features much more prominently in celebrations immediately following the grand final , the flag has far greater symbolic significance . This is reflected in football parlance , in which speaking of a team winning the flag rather than the cup is much more common : this is possibly the result of history , as the presentation of a flag first occurred in 1895 when the VFA recognised Fitzroy 's first premiership win , while the cup was not introduced until 1959 ( retrospective cups were awarded by the AFL in 2010 for VFL / AFL premierships in 1897 to 1958 ) . Trophies ( edit ) The winner of the grand final is presented with the AFL premiership cup . The current premiership cup is silver ( with the exception of 1996 , when a gold cup was awarded instead of the usual silver one in recognition of the AFL / VFL 's 100th season ) and manufactured by Cash 's International at their metalworks in Frankston , Victoria . The cup was first introduced in 1959 by the VFL , and the AFL has since retrospectively awarded all prior premiership winners trophies based on the current design . Before the 1960s , premiership players received a personal premiership trophy instead of a medallion . The premier is also recorded on the perpetual E.L. Wilson Shield , which resides at AFL House . The shield , inaugurated in 1929 , was named after Edwin Lionel Wilson , who was the secretary of the Victorian Football League from its inception in 1897 until his retirement in 1929 . It was initially discontinued after 1978 , when there was no room remaining on the shield for more teams . In 2016 , the shield was rediscovered under a stairwell at AFL House . It was refurbished , with extra space being added to bring the shield up to date , and it was reintroduced as a premiership trophy . Prize money ( edit ) Prize money is awarded to the victorious club . However the amount is probably not reflective of the magnitude of participating in the event . It is often assumed simply that the winner of the premiership typically experiences an increase in revenue through increases in membership and merchandise sales . The current cash prize for the winning club is A $ 1 million . Before 2006 , a cash prize to the winning club of A $ 200,000 was awarded ( In contrast , the winner of the NAB Cup , the far less important pre-season competition , is currently awarded a similar amount , A $ 210,000 ) . Following the Sydney Swans premiership in 2005 , many clubs publicly questioned the prize money , which had not increased significantly for many years and barely covered the cost of participation in the finals series . Brownlow Medal ( edit ) Main article : Brownlow Medal The Chas Brownlow Trophy , better known as the Brownlow Medal , is the medal awarded to the `` fairest and best '' player in the Australian Football League during the regular season ( i.e. not including finals matches ) as decided upon by umpires . It was named after a Geelong player and long - serving administrator who was the main advocate in establishing the Victorian Football League , Charles Brownlow . It is awarded at a special dinner on the Monday night before the grand final , recently at the Crown Casino in Melbourne . Grand final parade ( edit ) Since 1977 , a traditional grand final parade featuring the players from each team has been held around midday on the Friday before each grand final . The parade was adopted from a tradition which had begun decades earlier in the amateur VAFA , and it became increasingly popular during the 1980s . From its inception until 2014 , the parade was based in the Melbourne city centre , usually proceeding from St Kilda Road along the city 's main thoroughfares Swanston Street , turning into Collins Street , and ending at the steps outside the Old Treasury Building . The parade featured the players from the competing sides . The players have in the past appeared on parade floats ; in recent times it has become a motorcade of open - top vehicles ( weather permitting ) . When the Friday of the parade was declared a public holiday in Victoria in 2015 , the AFL determined that the traditional city route no longer made sense with most office buildings set to be vacant . The new route will begin at the Old Treasury Building , head south down Spring St , east along Wellington Parade , and end within Yarra Park outside the MCG . Since 2007 , the parades have generally attracted in excess of 100,000 fans each year ( except in inclement weather ) . Crowds have historically been smaller in years when no Victorian clubs contested the grand final -- such as between 2004 and 2006 , when crowds ranged only from 40,000 to 75,000 . A record crowd of 150,000 people attended the first public holiday parade in 2015 . Some of the estimated seventy five thousand people who lined the streets of Melbourne for the 2006 AFL Grand Final parade Pre-match entertainment ( edit ) See also : List of AFL Grand Final pre-match performances West Coast Eagles and Sydney Swans players lining up for the national anthem at the 2005 AFL Grand Final . Over the years many big Australian and international stars have performed or appeared as pre-match entertainment at the grand final . The game has often been criticised for poor pre-game entertainment ; in particular , performances by Angry Anderson in 1991 and Meat Loaf in 2011 have been singled out as poor performances by the entertainers involved . Each team 's club song is performed live as part of the pre-match entertainment ( with the recorded version also played as the team enters the field , in the traditional fashion ) . For a time , many or all of a selection of traditional football and Australian songs ( Up There Cazaly , One Day in September , That 's the Thing About Football , Holy Grail and Waltzing Matilda ) were performed each year , although this has fallen out of favour . Advance Australia Fair is performed when teams and the umpires are on the field , and lined up on the wing . Halftime and post-match entertainment ( edit ) The 2012 AFL Grand Final and 2013 AFL Grand Final , in addition to having pre-match entertainment , also included half - time and post-match entertainment . The post-match entertainment that follows the grand final takes place after the presentations and player celebrations have concluded , and unlike the main match , is free and open to the general public , with anybody invited to attend , regardless of whether they attended the match or not . As of 2012 , the half - time and post-match shows are sponsored by Virgin Australia , with the half - time show known as the Virgin Australia Half - Time Show and the post-match shown named the Virgin Australia Premiership Party as a result . In 2012 , the half - time and post-match entertainment was provided by Paul Kelly and The Temper Trap , while in 2013 , this consisted of Hunters and Collectors and Birds of Tokyo . Half - time entertainment was absent from the 2014 AFL Grand Final , with the entertainment occurring pre-match . However , it retained the post-match entertainment concert , which featured Tom Jones and Ed Sheeran . This was repeated for the 2015 AFL Grand Final , with Ellie Goulding and Bryan Adams providing both pre-match and post-match entertainment , and Chris Isaak providing pre-match entertainment alone . Sprint race ( edit ) The 2015 Grand Final sprint as the competitors cross the finish line . Majak Daw of North Melbourne was the winner . Since 1977 a running race has taken place on grand final day between various players who are not taking part in the game . In 1977 -- 78 it was a long - distance race run over a mile with each league club able to nominate up to two entrants . In 1979 the race was changed to a 100 m sprint with one player per club taking part . Between 1979 -- 87 the two clubs participating in the grand final had the option of providing one of their players who missed selection in the match , but generally chose not to do so , meaning the sprint was usually contested by a field of 10 players during this era . The race was not held from 1988 to 2001 but was reintroduced in 2002 ( along with a goalkicking contest , which only lasted one year ) . With the number of league clubs having grown to 16 during the break in competition , a new format was adopted with the players now split into two groups of eight for the heats ( held before the grand final ) , with the top four from each heat advancing to the final ( held at half - time of the grand final ) . In recent years a handicapping system has also been introduced ; however this was not used in the 2014 Grand Final . Year Sprint winner Football club 1979 Geoff Ablett Hawthorn 1980 Geoff Ablett Hawthorn 1981 Geoff Ablett Hawthorn 1982 Michael Conlan Fitzroy Frank Marchesani Carlton 1984 Douglas Cox Essendon 1985 Geoff Ablett St Kilda 1986 Sprint not held Sprint not held Russell Richards Melbourne 1988 Sprint not held Sprint not held 1989 Sprint not held Sprint not held 1990 Sprint not held Sprint not held 1991 Sprint not held Sprint not held 1992 Sprint not held Sprint not held 1993 Sprint not held Sprint not held 1994 Sprint not held Sprint not held 1995 Sprint not held Sprint not held Sprint not held Sprint not held 1997 Sprint not held Sprint not held 1998 Sprint not held Sprint not held 1999 Sprint not held Sprint not held 2000 Sprint not held Sprint not held 2001 Sprint not held Sprint not held 2002 Jared Crouch Sydney 2003 James Walker Fremantle James Walker Fremantle 2005 Brett Deledio Richmond 2006 Brendan Fevola Carlton 2007 Jake King Richmond 2008 Matthew White Richmond 2009 Rhys Stanley St Kilda Luke Miles St Kilda 2011 Patrick Dangerfield Adelaide 2012 Patrick Dangerfield Adelaide 2013 Patrick Dangerfield Adelaide 2014 Jordan Murdoch Geelong 2015 Majak Daw North Melbourne 2016 James Shirley Murrumbeena 2017 Connor Menadue Richmond Venue and schedule ( edit ) The 2010 AFL Grand Final at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The grand final has always been played in Melbourne on a Saturday afternoon , and all but nine have been played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The venues used on the other nine occasions were : St Kilda Cricket Ground -- 1898 , 1899 and 1944 ( due to the MCG housing US troops during World War II ) East Melbourne Cricket Ground -- 1900 South Melbourne Cricket Ground -- 1901 Princes Park -- 1942 , 1943 and 1945 ( due to the MCG housing US troops during World War II ) Waverley Park -- 1991 ( due to construction work on the Great Southern Stand at the MCG ) Under an agreement between the Melbourne Cricket Club , the MCG Trust , the AFL and the Victorian State Government , the AFL Grand Final will be played at the MCG every year until at least 2037 . The Grand Final has traditionally been played on the last Saturday in September each year , and is often referred to in popular Australian culture as the `` One day in September '' . In this regard , 24 Grand Finals have been played in October ( most recently in 2016 ) , and 10 Grand Finals have been played on another Saturday in September ( most recently in 2000 to avoid a clash with the Sydney Olympics ) . In 2015 , the Friday before the grand final became a gazetted public holiday in Victoria , following an election promise by the incoming state government , under the premiership of Daniel Andrews . Numbering of grand finals ( edit ) Officially , the AFL gives its grand finals the same ordinal number as the season : e.g. the 1996 Grand Final was regarded as the 100th grand final , due to it being the 100th season . This is anachronistic to some extent : There was no grand final match in 1897 and 1924 , as the finals systems in use in those seasons allowed the premiership to be awarded after a round - robin finals tournament without a grand final being required . Under the finals system in use from 1898 to 1900 and the Argus finals systems in use from 1902 to 1923 and 1925 to 1930 , `` Grand Final '' was a term given to a challenge match between the minor premiers and whichever team won the knock - out section of the finals . In 1899 , 1904 , 1906 -- 08 , 1911 , 1918 and 1927 -- 28 , the minor premiers also won the knock - out phase , meaning that they were awarded the premiership without a true grand final being required . In these cases , the last knock - out match has been retrospectively considered to be the grand final . There were three grand final replays played after drawn grand finals : these occurred in 1948 , 1977 and 2010 . In 2016 , the AFL replaced grand final replays with two five - minute halves of extra time , followed by an untimed third period of golden point extra time if required . Individual awards ( edit ) Norm Smith Medal ( edit ) Luke Hodge , 2008 and 2014 Norm Smith medalist . Hodge is one of just three players to have won multiple Norm Smith medals , along with Gary Ayres and Andrew McLeod . For a complete description , and a list of winners , see Norm Smith Medal . The Norm Smith Medal is presented to the player judged as best on the ground during the grand final by a panel of experts . The award is named in honour of Melbourne premiership player and coach Norm Smith , who died in 1973 . It was first awarded in 1979 , to Carlton 's Wayne Harmes , a great nephew of Smith . In time the award has come to carry great prestige as an individual prize . Other awards ( edit ) The coach of the winning team receives the Jock McHale Medal , named in honour of Collingwood coach Jock McHale who holds the record of winning eight premierships as coach . The medal was first awarded in 2001 , and was retrospectively awarded to all premiership - winning coaches starting from 1950 , the first season after McHale 's retirement from coaching . The leading goalkicker or goalkickers in the grand final receive the Jack Collins Medal , named after Jack Collins who kicked seven goals in Footscray 's grand final victory in 1954 . The award was first presented by the AFL Premiership Players ' Club in 2010 , and was also awarded retrospectively to leading goalkickers from previous grand finals . Grand final records ( edit ) Individual Records Most matches ( player ) 11 : Michael Tuck ( Hawthorn ) 10 : Gordon Coventry ( Collingwood ) , Albert Collier ( Collingwood ) , Dick Reynolds ( Essendon ) , Bill Hutchison ( Essendon ) Most matches ( captain ) 9 : Dick Reynolds ( Essendon ) 5 : John Nicholls ( Carlton ) , Michael Tuck ( Hawthorn ) Most matches ( coach ) 17 : Jock McHale ( Collingwood ) 12 : Dick Reynolds ( Essendon ) 11 : Frank ' Checker ' Hughes ( Richmond / Melbourne ) 10 : Tom Hafey ( Richmond / Collingwood ) Most matches ( umpire ) 10 : Jack Elder ( 1908 -- 22 ) 9 : Ian Robinson ( 1973 -- 87 ) 7 : Bob Scott ( 1929 -- 35 ) , Henry ' Ivo ' Crapp ( 1898 -- 1905 ) Brett Rosebury 2009 , 2010 + replay , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 Most matches ( player / coach ) 20 : Jock McHale ( Collingwood ) 17 : Ron Barassi ( Melbourne / Carlton / N Melbourne ) 14 : F ' Checker ' Hughes ( Richmond / Melbourne ) , Norm Smith ( Melbourne ) 14 Most wins ( player ) 7 : Michael Tuck ( Hawthorn ) 6 : Albert Collier ( Collingwood ) , Harry Collier ( Collingwood ) , Frank ' Bluey ' Adams ( Melbourne ) , Ron Barassi ( Melbourne ) Most wins ( captain ) 4 : Dick Reynolds ( Essendon ) , Syd Coventry ( Collingwood ) , Michael Tuck ( Hawthorn ) Most wins ( coach ) 8 : Jock McHale ( Collingwood ) 6 : Norm Smith ( Melbourne ) 5 : Jack Worrall ( Carlton / Essendon ) , F ' Checker ' Hughes ( Richmond / Melbourne ) Most losses ( player ) 6 : Jack Titus ( Richmond ) 5 : Dick Reynolds ( Essendon ) , Bill Hutchison ( Essendon ) , Rene Kink ( Collingwood / Essendon ) , Thomas O'Halloran ( Richmond ) , Jack Dyer ( Richmond ) , Jack Bissett ( Richmond / South Melbourne ) Most losses ( captain ) 4 : Dick Reynolds ( Essendon ) 3 : Jack Bissett ( South Melbourne ) , Jack Dyer ( Richmond ) Most losses ( coach ) 9 : Jock McHale ( Collingwood ) 7 : Dick Reynolds ( Essendon ) 5 : Allan Jeans ( St Kilda / Hawthorn ) , Tom Hafey ( Richmond / Collingwood ) First game in GF Harry Prout ( Essendon ) 1908 , Bill James ( Richmond ) 1920 , George Rawle ( Essendon ) 1923 , F ' Pop ' Vine ( Melbourne ) 1926 , Ken Batchelor ( Collingwood ) 1952 Most games before first GF 313 : Paul Roos ( Fitzroy / Sydney ) 1996 304 : Shane Crawford ( Hawthorn ) 2008 293 : Paul Williams ( Collingwood / Sydney ) 2005 290 : Matthew Pavlich ( Fremantle ) 2013 281 : Matthew Boyd ( Western Bulldogs ) 2016 Most Norm Smith Medals 2 : Gary Ayres ( Hawthorn ) , Andrew McLeod ( Adelaide ) , Luke Hodge ( Hawthorn ) Most possessions in a match 39 : Simon Black ( Brisbane ) 2003 37 : Kane Cornes ( Port Adelaide ) 2007 , Jordan Lewis ( Hawthorn ) 2014 36 : Geoff Raines ( Richmond ) 1980 , Robert Harvey ( St Kilda ) 1997 , Peter Burgoyne ( Port Adelaide ) 2007 35 : Daryn Cresswell ( Sydney ) 1996 , Luke Hodge ( Hawthorn ) 2014 Most goals 35 : Gordon Coventry ( Collingwood ) 25 : Dermott Brereton ( Hawthorn ) 23 : Jason Dunstall ( Hawthorn ) , Jack Mueller ( Melbourne ) Most goals in a match 9 : Gordon Coventry ( Collingwood ) 1928 , Gary Ablett , Sr. ( Geelong ) 1989 8 : Dermott Brereton ( Hawthorn ) 1985 Most goals in a quarter 5 : Darren Jarman ( Adelaide ) 1997 - 4Q Most behinds in a match 10 : Ron Todd ( Collingwood ) 1936 8 : Bob Pratt ( South Melbourne ) 1933 , John Hendrie ( Hawthorn ) 1976 Game records Highest score 28.9 ( 177 ) by Carlton vs Richmond 1972 Lowest score 1.7 ( 13 ) by Richmond vs Collingwood 1927 Highest aggregate 327 points Carlton vs Richmond 1972 Lowest aggregate 38 points Collingwood vs Richmond 1927 Highest winning margin 119 points by Geelong vs Port Adelaide 2007 Lowest winning margin 1 point by Fitzroy vs South Melbourne 1899 , by Carlton vs Essendon 1947 , by St Kilda vs Collingwood 1966 , by West Coast vs Sydney 2006 Drawn games 1948 1977 Essendon vs Melbourne ( Melbourne won replay ) Collingwood vs North Melbourne ( North Melbourne won replay ) Collingwood vs St Kilda ( Collingwood won replay ) Postponed games 1923 Essendon vs Fitzroy postponed one week due to bad weather Highest attendance 121,696 Collingwood vs Carlton 1970 Lowest attendance 4,823 Fitzroy vs South Melbourne 1899 Highest score -- 1st Qtr 8.4 ( 52 ) by Hawthorn vs Geelong 1989 , by Carlton vs Richmond 1972 Highest score -- 2nd Qtr 10.2 ( 62 ) by Carlton vs Richmond 1972 Highest score -- 3rd Qtr 11.8 ( 74 ) by Essendon vs Melbourne 1946 Highest score -- 4th Qtr 11.3 ( 69 ) by Essendon vs Hawthorn 1985 Biggest comeback -- Quarter time 29 by Carlton vs Collingwood 1970 Biggest comeback -- Half time 44 by Carlton vs Collingwood 1970 Biggest comeback -- Three Quarter time 23 by Essendon vs Hawthorn 1984 Biggest comeback -- Overall 44 by Carlton vs Collingwood 1970 Premiership from lowest ladder position 7th by Western Bulldogs vs Sydney 2016 Audience ( edit ) Attendance ( edit ) The event has been sold out every year for decades and once drew a crowd of 121,696 spectators for Collingwood vs Carlton in 1970 , primarily due to the presence of standing room ( areas of the stadium without seats ) . However attendances have wavered due to redevelopment and reduced capacity of the main venue , the Melbourne Cricket Ground ; being favoured by increased seating of approximately 110,000 . AFL members and nominated members of the participating clubs are given first rights to tickets , as are Melbourne Cricket Club members . The 2005 AFL Grand Final was watched by a television audience of more than 3.3 million people across five of Australia 's most highly populated cities , including 1.2 million in Melbourne and 991,000 in Sydney . The worldwide audience has grown substantially to a potential 170 million viewers from 72 countries , although the actual audience is likely to be around 30 million . The AFL Grand Final has been in the top five TV programmes across the five Australian mainland state capitals in 2002 , 2003 , 2004 and 2005 , and was the top - rating sports programme in both 2004 and 2005 and in 2005 , AFL Grand Final related shows ( Final , wrap up and pre-match ) were the top 3 rating television programmes for the year . The program was second in the 2006 ratings after the coverage of the 2006 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony . Australian metropolitan television viewers ( edit ) NOTE : OzTAM figures for five - city metropolitan audience ( SYD - MEL - BRI - ADE - PER ) , does not include regional viewers Season Date Winning team Runner - up Network Viewers ( metropolitan Australia ) 2003 27 September Brisbane Collingwood Network Ten 2,965,600 25 September Port Adelaide Brisbane Network Ten 2,796,000 2005 24 September Sydney West Coast Network Ten 3,386,000 2006 30 September West Coast Sydney Network Ten 3,145,000 2007 29 September Geelong Port Adelaide Network Ten 2,563,000 2008 27 September Hawthorn Geelong Seven Network 2,491,000 2009 26 September Geelong St Kilda Network Ten 2,878,000 25 September Collingwood St Kilda Seven Network 2,768,000 2 October 2,687,000 2011 1 October Geelong Collingwood Network Ten 2,641,000 2012 29 September Sydney Hawthorn Seven Network 3,196,000 2013 28 September Hawthorn Fremantle Seven Network 2,717,000 2014 27 September Hawthorn Sydney Seven Network 2,813,000 2015 3 October Hawthorn West Coast Seven Network 2,640,000 2016 1 October Western Bulldogs Sydney Seven Network 3,030,000 2017 30 September Richmond Tigers Adelaide Crows Seven Network 2,680,000 In the past ( 2007 -- 2011 ) AFL domestic broadcast arrangement , Network Ten and the Seven Network had exclusive hosting rights for the decider with the 2007 , 2009 and 2011 AFL Grand Final on Network Ten and the 2008 and 2010 deciders on the Seven Network . In the event of a grand final replay , the network that televised the first match would also broadcast the second match . With the new television broadcasting deal announced in April 2011 , the Seven Network have exclusive rights to televising the AFL Grand Final for the next five years ( i.e. 2012 -- 2016 ) . Figures include both drawn grand final and replay . International telecasts ( edit ) The AFL Grand Final is televised into many countries and grand final parties are held around the world . The following are television details for the 2009 AFL Grand Final . Papua New Guinea -- EM TV , Australia Plus ( live ) New Zealand -- Sky Sport ( live ) and Freeview ( live ) Asia - Pacific -- Australia Plus ( live ) ( includes China , Hong Kong / Macau , Taiwan , Japan , South Korea , North Korea , Vietnam , Indonesia , Singapore , Thailand , Philippines , Palau , Malaysia , Cambodia , Burma / Myanmar , Laos , Brunei , Fiji , Western Samoa , Tonga , Cook Islands , Tuvalu , Timor - Leste ( East Timor ) , Vanuatu , New Caledonia , Solomon Islands , Marshall Islands , Nauru , Micronesia , Kiribati ) Indian subcontinent ( India , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Nepal , Bhutan ) -- Australia Network ( live ) Middle East -- Australia Plus and Showtime Arabia ( ShowSports ) ( live ) Israel -- Fox Sports Israel ( live ) North America United States -- ESPN3.com and ESPN2 ( live ) , MHz Worldview ( delayed ) . Canada -- TSN ( live ) . United Kingdom and Ireland -- ESPN UK ( live ) ALL of Europe -- Eurosport 2 ( live / delayed coverage to be confirmed ) Africa -- ESPN International ( Pan-Africa channel ) ( live ) Latin America and Caribbean -- ESPN International ( to be confirmed ) See also ( edit ) Australian rules football portal Grand final Australian Football League AFL finals series McIntyre System AFL final eight system List of Australian Football League premiers One Day in September ( song ) AFL Women 's Grand Final Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Norm Smith Medal for best on ground in the Grand Final was first awarded in 1979 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://afltables.com/afl/teams/allteams/grandfinals.html Jump up ^ http://www.convictcreations.com/football/battlestats.html Jump up ^ Rodgers , Stephen ( 1992 ) , Every Game Ever Played : VFL / AFL Results , 1897 -- 1991 ( 3rd ed . ) , Ringwood , VIC : Viking O'Neil Jump up ^ `` League Football -- Premiership Rounds -- New System Adopted '' . The Argus. 25 April 1931 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Manuka Oval -- History Jump up ^ Twomey , Callum . `` No more Grand Final replays '' . Australian Football League . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Melbourne won the premiership after finishing sixth after the fourteen - game home - and - away season in 1900 , qualifying for the semi-finals after a strong performance in the three - week sectional round robin that followed the home - and - away season . Jump up ^ `` Well known men amongst footballers '' . Football Record ( Round 1 ) : 13 . 1930 . Jump up ^ Gilbert Gardiner ( 1 September 2016 ) . `` Old tradition returns '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne , VIC . p. 69 . Jump up ^ Butler , Steve ( 29 October 2005 ) . `` West Coast says premiership prize is inadequate '' . The West Australian . Jump up ^ Scott , Edwina ( 25 September 2009 ) . `` Thousands flock to AFL Grand Final parade '' . Jump up ^ Peter Rolfe ( 13 May 2015 ) . `` AFL Grand Final parade route to finish at MCG '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne , VIC . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ten of thousands fans gather for Australia Football League grand final parade Jump up ^ Hunter , Thomas ( 25 September 2009 ) . `` Fans brave rain to watch grand final parade -- RFNews -- theage.com.au '' . The Age . Melbourne . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Grand final parade takes over Melbourne 's streets -- ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` City of Melbourne , Events Melbourne Branch , 2005 / 2006 Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Record crowd for AFL grand final parade '' . Yahoo ! 7 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Grand folly Jump up ^ Ralph , Jon ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` AFL says Meat Loaf ' just could n't sing ' at grand final performance '' . Herald Sun . Archived from the original on 24 July 2012 . Retrieved 24 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.afl.com.au/greatness/premiership-party Jump up ^ http://www.virginaustralia.com/au/en/about-us/media/2013/VA_AFL_FIVE_YEAR_PSHIP/ Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/afl/afl-news/afl-grand-final-2013-entertainment-headlined-by-local-acts-20130902-2sztb.html Jump up ^ http://www.afl.com.au/news/2014-09-01/tom-jones-to-star-on-gf-stage Jump up ^ Sherine Conyers ( 19 August 2015 ) . `` AFL grand final eve now a public holiday in Victoria '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne , VIC . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ross Lewis ( 9 May 2012 ) . `` Lewie 's List : Curious AFL prizes '' . The West Australian . Perth , WA . Jump up ^ Jon Anderson ( 21 April 2011 ) . `` Scott Russell steps up again on the main stage '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Short History of the MCG '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 20 Programs -- Ranking Report ( E ) '' ( PDF ) . OzTam. 18 -- 24 September 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Grand final 's free kick to economy a tough call Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Programs -- Ranking Report ( E ) '' ( PDF ) . OzTam. 21 -- 27 September 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Programs -- Ranking Report ( E ) '' ( PDF ) . OzTam. 19 -- 25 September 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Programs -- Ranking Report ( E ) '' ( PDF ) . OzTam. 24 -- 30 September 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Programs -- Ranking Report ( E ) '' ( PDF ) . OzTam. 23 -- 29 September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Top 20 Programs -- Ranking Report ( E ) 21 -- 27 September 2008 , OzTam . Jump up ^ Top 20 Programs -- Ranking Report ( E ) 20 -- 26 September 2009 , OzTam . Jump up ^ Top 20 Programs -- Ranking Report ( E ) 19 -- 25 September 2010 , OzTam . Jump up ^ Top 20 Programs -- Ranking Report ( E ) 26 September - 2 October 2010 , OzTam . Jump up ^ Top 20 Programs -- Ranking Report ( E ) 25 September - 1 October 2011 , OzTam . Jump up ^ Grand final TV : AFL beats out the NRL Jump up ^ Saturday 28 September Ratings List Jump up ^ Saturday 27 September Ratings List Jump up ^ 2.64 m as AFL Grand Final leads 2015 ratings Jump up ^ AFL Grand Final tops 3 million Jump up ^ `` AFL Grand Final tops TV year '' . TV Tonight . 2017 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ International Broadcast Partners Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ AFL and ESPN in U.S. / Canada TV Rights deal External links ( edit ) Media related to AFL Grand Final at Wikimedia Commons Grand Final Day video 2009 AFL Finals Live Stream details Victorian / Australian Football League seasons VFL seasons 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 AFL seasons 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Victorian / Australian Football League Grand Finals VFL Grand Finals 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 AFL Grand Finals 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Events in the Melbourne City Centre Note : this includes events held in the Melbourne City Centre and its immediate surrounds , not the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area Summer All : Summer Fun in the City of Melbourne December : Australian Dancesport Championships Boxing Day Test Carols by Candlelight Myer Christmas Parade January : Australian Open Midsumma Festival Melbourne International Boat Show One Day International Cricket February : St Kilda Festival Herald Sun Tour White Night festivals Autumn March : Australian Grand Prix Coates Hire Melbourne 400 Melbourne Fashion Festival Melbourne Food and Wine Festival Moomba Waterfest Melbourne Queer Film Festival April : ANZAC Day parade AFL ANZAC Day clash Logie Awards Melbourne International Comedy Festival Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show May : Melbourne Jazz Fringe Festival Logie Awards Winter All : Melbourne Winter Masterpieces series June : AFL Queen 's Birthday clash Melbourne International Animation Festival Australian International Motor Show Melbourne International Jazz Festival July : State of Design Festival Melbourne International Film Festival Open House Melbourne Run Melbourne August : Melbourne Day Melbourne Underground Film Festival Melbourne Writers Festival Craft Cubed Spring September : AFL Grand Final Melbourne Fringe Festival Melbourne International Festival of Brass Royal Melbourne Show Melbourne Spring Fashion Week October : Around the Bay in a Day Melbourne Festival Melbourne Marathon Festival Melbourne Spring Racing Carnival Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix November : Head of the Yarra Melbourne Cup Carnival City2Sea Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ 12 '' S 144 ° 59 ′ 00 '' E / 37.82000 ° S 144.98333 ° E / - 37.82000 ; 144.98333 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AFL_Grand_Final&oldid=815474207 '' Categories : Festivals in Melbourne Australian Football League VFL / AFL Grand Finals Sport in Melbourne Annual sporting events in Australia Recurring sporting events established in 1898 1898 establishments in Australia Melbourne Cricket Ground Spring ( season ) events in Australia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2012 Use Australian English from September 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 01 : 27 . 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"The concept of a \"grand\" final gradually evolved from experimentation by the Victorian Football League (VFL) in the initial years of competition following its inception in 1897. During the 19th century, Australian football competition adopted the approach that the team on top of the ladder at the end of the home-and-away series was declared the premiers. However, the fledgling VFL decided that a finals series played between the top four teams at the end of the season would generate more interest and gate money. For 1897, the VFL scheduled a round robin tournament whereby the top four played each other once and the team that won the most matches was declared the winner."
] | [
"four"
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5251808043324945001 | The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story | The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story - wikipedia The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Promotional poster Starring Sterling K. Brown Kenneth Choi Christian Clemenson Cuba Gooding Jr . Bruce Greenwood Nathan Lane Sarah Paulson David Schwimmer John Travolta Courtney B. Vance Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network FX Original release February 2 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) -- April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) Season chronology Next → The Assassination of Gianni Versace List of American Crime Story episodes The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story is the first season of the FX true crime anthology television series American Crime Story . The season , which debuted on February 2 , 2016 , revolves around the O.J. Simpson murder case and is based on Jeffrey Toobin 's book The Run of His Life : The People v. O.J. Simpson ( 1997 ) . The season received critical acclaim , with praise for most of the performances , directing and writing . For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , the season received 22 Primetime Emmy Award nominations , in 13 categories , winning nine , more than any other show , including Outstanding Limited Series . It also won the Golden Globe Awards for Best Miniseries or Television Film and Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film for Sarah Paulson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Promotion 5 Reception 5.1 Reviews 5.2 Reaction from individuals involved 5.3 Ratings 5.4 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of American Crime Story cast members Main ( edit ) Sterling K. Brown as Christopher Darden Kenneth Choi as Judge Lance Ito Christian Clemenson as Bill Hodgman Cuba Gooding Jr. as O.J. Simpson Bruce Greenwood as Gil Garcetti Nathan Lane as F. Lee Bailey Sarah Paulson as Marcia Clark David Schwimmer as Robert Kardashian John Travolta as Robert Shapiro Courtney B. Vance as Johnnie Cochran Recurring ( edit ) Chris Bauer as Det . Tom Lange Selma Blair as Kris Jenner Jordana Brewster as Denise Brown Connie Britton as Faye Resnick Garrett M. Brown as Lou Brown Chris Conner as Jeffrey Toobin Bonita Friedericy as Patti Goldman Dale Godboldo as Carl E. Douglas Jessica Blair Herman as Kim Goldman Evan Handler as Alan Dershowitz Larry King as himself Cheryl Ladd as Linell Shapiro Billy Magnussen as Kato Kaelin Rob Morrow as Barry Scheck Robert Morse as Dominick Dunne Michael McGrady as Det . Phillip Vannatter Angel Parker as Shawn Chapman Steven Pasquale as Det . Mark Fuhrman Leonard Roberts as Dennis Schatzman Keesha Sharp as Dale Cochran Joseph Siravo as Fred Goldman Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Al Cowlings Guest ( edit ) Marguerite Moreau as Laura McKinny Angie Patterson as Paula Barbieri Kwame Patterson as Michael Darden Romy Rosemont as Jill Shively Duane Shepard Sr. as Mr. Darden Beau Wirick as Allan Park Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` From the Ashes of Tragedy '' Ryan Murphy Scott Alexander & Larry Karaszewski February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) 1WAX01 5.12 On the morning of June 13 , 1994 , Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman are found stabbed to death outside Brown 's Brentwood , Los Angeles condominium . When Brown 's ex-husband , NFL superstar and actor O.J. Simpson , becomes a person of interest in the double homicide , deputy district attorney Marcia Clark takes the case , discovering that Simpson physically assaulted Brown multiple times in the past . As African - American defense attorney Johnnie Cochran challenges Christopher Darden for not standing up for his race as a prosecutor , the LAPD questions Simpson only for him to give vague responses and fail to establish a timeline for the day prior to the murders . Clark becomes further convinced Simpson is guilty while Robert Kardashian talks Simpson into hiring litigator Robert Shapiro as his new attorney . Days later , a suicidal Simpson brings a gun into Kardashian 's house as the LAPD arrives to arrest him . When both parties are unable to find Simpson , Kardashian realizes Simpson has escaped with childhood friend Al Cowlings in his white Ford Bronco . `` The Run of His Life '' Ryan Murphy Scott Alexander & Larry Karaszewski February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) 1WAX02 3.90 In the aftermath of Simpson 's disappearance , District Attorney Gil Garcetti issues a statewide manhunt while Shapiro and Kardashian discover Simpson 's suicide letter . Shapiro then holds a press conference to save face , with Kardashian reading the letter to the press . A driver on the I - 405 spots Simpson in his Ford Bronco and notifies the LAPD , leading to a low - speed chase that dominates the airwaves . Simpson orders Cowlings to drive him to Brentwood and prepares to kill himself when Kardashian calls him and asks that he peacefully surrender . Simpson complies and emerges from the car before being taken into custody for the murders . `` The Dream Team '' Anthony Hemingway D.V. DeVincentis February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) 1WAX03 3.34 With Simpson now in custody , Shapiro begins assembling his defense team , while Clark confirms to the media that Simpson is to be prosecuted for the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman , which means he is eligible for the death penalty . Clark also reveals the evidence , the glove , and the blood trail to the media , leading most of the media ( and Clark herself ) to believe that the case will be an easy win . A controversial issue of TIME magazine featuring a darkened image of Simpson on the cover raises issues of racism among the media . Shapiro signs F. Lee Bailey first onto the team , who recommends bringing aboard Alan Dershowitz . Dershowitz mentions they could argue that the DNA found at the crime scene could have been tampered with , and this is later made the main defense after it is revealed that Mark Fuhrman , the LAPD detective who found the glove that is key to the prosecution 's case , has made racist comments frequently during his career . Deciding to go with the argument that the LAPD is systemically racist and has framed Simpson for racist reasons , Shapiro talks to a reporter from The New Yorker who publishes it as a front - page story . Simpson , after meeting with Shapiro , Bailey , and Kardashian , reluctantly agrees to bring aboard Cochran as the final member of his defense team . Meanwhile , the prosecution is forced to move onto the attack for the trial after most of key evidence is leaked to the media , and they panic over Shapiro 's plan for the defense . `` 100 % Not Guilty '' Anthony Hemingway Maya Forbes & Wallace Wolodarsky and Scott Alexander & Larry Karaszewski February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 1WAX04 3.00 Simpson 's `` dream team '' bears down on the trial , with Shapiro adopting a strategy of barricading and objecting to every motion the prosecution attempts . However , the defense suffers from dissent in the ranks , as Shapiro begins making desperate efforts to remain the lead defense attorney , despite Cochran 's being clearly more qualified for the position as the defense increasingly begins to lean more on racial tension . Eventually Bailey , Cochran , and Kardashian stage a minor coup while Shapiro is on vacation , and convince Simpson to endorse Cochran as the lead attorney . Lance Ito is called to preside over the trial , and the process of jury selection begins , with both sides seeking a racial composition favorable to their own agenda . While both Clark and Cochran are correct that whites are biased against Simpson and black men are biased in his favor , they each have their own respective theories about why black women would be unsympathetic to him : Cochran believes they would resent Simpson for marrying a white woman , while Clark believes they would be sympathetic to Nicole as a battered woman . However , this theorizing proves inaccurate when all potential black female jurors align with Simpson as much as their male counterparts . Clark is also forced to confront the fact that she herself is singularly uncharismatic to jurors of all demographics . Adding to the media circus surrounding the case is a book published by Faye Resnick , detailing Brown Simpson 's lifestyle and relationship to Simpson , and detracting more potential evidence from the trial itself . With Clark and her team realizing the case is not the easy win they initially thought it was , she and Garcetti decide that the only possible buffer against the charismatic and beloved Cochran is to add a black lawyer to the prosecution . She calls on Christopher Darden , and he joins the prosecution team , surprising the defense . 5 5 `` The Race Card '' John Singleton Joe Robert Cole March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 1WAX05 2.73 The Simpson murder trial begins when in his first contribution to the prosecution , Darden attempts to sway the jury from any racist implications of the case . His wording backfires severely when Cochran delivers a fiery and moving rebuttal , humiliating all of the prosecutors . Clark also assigns Darden to interview Mark Fuhrman and coach him on how to speak during the trial as a credible witness . Darden gets a bad feeling about Fuhrman , strongly suspecting him to be the latent racist suggested by his murky history , but Clark disregards his suspicions , leaving him increasingly conflicted about his role in the case . Meanwhile , Cochran redecorates Simpson 's home , re-imagining him as being more proud and in touch with his African American identity , for a tour by the jury . After the defense springs a surprise and illegal move by introducing new witnesses , William Hodgman suffers a panic attack and faints in court . Clark nominates Darden to replace him as co-leading prosecutor . A new obstacle emerges to the prosecution , unbeknownst to Clark , when Darden 's suspicions are confirmed and Fuhrman is shown to have a collection of Nazi memorabilia . 6 6 `` Marcia , Marcia , Marcia '' Ryan Murphy D.V. DeVincentis March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 1WAX06 3.00 Clark is going through a bitter divorce . The media criticizes her attitude and appearance and she becomes overwhelmed with her sudden celebrity status . Television networks preempt their daytime programming for coverage of the trial . Darden and Clark bond at the office after - hours with drinks and dancing . A reporter from Los Angeles Times confronts Cochran about the alleged past domestic violence against his first wife . Clark decides to get a haircuit in response to the media 's criticisms of her , but it is not well received . Bailey gives his cross examination of Fuhrman , asking him if he has ever used the ' N ' word in the last ten years , which Fuhrman strongly denies . Darden consoles Clark , who bemoans finding herself being turned into a public personality like the defense lawyers . 7 7 `` Conspiracy Theories '' Anthony Hemingway D.V. DeVincentis March 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) 1WAX07 2.89 Shapiro tries to convince others to agree to a plea deal . Kardashian finds himself unable to believe Simpson 's story because of the lack of any other suspects . Clark travels to Oakland with Darden for a friend 's birthday showing the increasing closeness between them both . Simpson tries on the gloves ( found at the scene of the crime ) . After he seemingly struggles to put on the gloves , it appears that they are too small . 8 8 `` A Jury in Jail '' Anthony Hemingway Joe Robert Cole March 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 22 ) 1WAX08 2.91 The members on the jury start to go stir - crazy and deal with cabin fever during sequestration . A few of them are excused for lying on the questionnaire or having connections with Simpson in strange ways . The defense and counsel begin to focus on getting alternates who they are sure would vote favorably at the end of the trial . After the glove debacle , everyone assumes that Simpson is not guilty but when Clark fiercely presents the DNA evidence in court , doubts start again . Even the ever - faithful Kardashian begins to doubt Simpson 's story while Cochran and Shapiro seem unconcerned with this . 9 9 `` Manna from Heaven '' Anthony Hemingway Scott Alexander & Larry Karaszewski March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) 1WAX09 2.76 Simpson 's attorneys uncover tapes of Fuhrman recounting horrifying stories of torturing , murdering and framing black suspects for fun . It emerges that one of the people Fuhrman attacks in those tapes is the wife of Judge Lance Ito , and a mistrial is barely avoided . The tapes are released , Fuhrman takes the stand and further incriminates himself by refusing to answer any more questions , much to the dismay of Clark . 10 10 `` The Verdict '' Ryan Murphy Scott Alexander & Larry Karaszewski April 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 05 ) 1WAX10 3.27 On the last day of proceedings , Simpson declines to take the stand and instead makes a brief statement , maintaining his innocence and expressing his yearning for the trial to end and to return to his family . Following four hours of deliberation , the jury delivers a not guilty verdict , prompting rejoice and shock across the country . Simpson returns to civilian life only to enter a society that perceives him as a different person as he was before the trial : some , primarily his family , welcome him home with open arms while his friends and neighbors view him as a killer who got away with his crime . During a welcome home party , in which he states his intent to find the real killer , Simpson sees Kardashian leave in disgust before going into the backyard and gazing at a life - size statue of himself in his prime . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On October 7 , 2014 , it was announced that FX had ordered a 10 - episode season of American Crime Story , developed by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski , and executive produced by Alexander and Karaszewski , as well as Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk , who co-created such series as Nip / Tuck , Glee , American Horror Story , and Scream Queens . Murphy also directed the pilot episode . Other executive producers are Nina Jacobson and Brad Simpson . Co-executive producers are Anthony Hemingway and D.V. DeVincentis . All 10 episodes were expected to be written by Alexander and Karaszewski . The series was previously in development at Fox but since moved to the company 's sibling cable network FX . Casting ( edit ) Cuba Gooding Jr. and Sarah Paulson were the first to be cast as Simpson and Marcia Clark , respectively . Subsequently , David Schwimmer was cast as Robert Kardashian . In January 2015 , it was reported that John Travolta had joined the cast as Robert Shapiro ; he would also serve as producer . In February 2015 , Courtney B. Vance joined the series as Johnnie Cochran . In March 2015 , it was announced that Connie Britton would co-star as Faye Resnick. April 2015 saw the casting of Sterling K. Brown as Christopher Darden , Jordana Brewster as Denise Brown , and Kenneth Choi as Judge Lance Ito . In May 2015 , it was confirmed Selma Blair would be portraying Kris Kardashian Jenner . In July 2015 , it was announced Nathan Lane had joined the cast as F. Lee Bailey . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on May 14 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , California . Promotion ( edit ) In October 2015 , FX released its first promotional trailer for The People v. O.J. Simpson , showing an Akita dog whining , walking from its residence onto a sidewalk to bark , then walking back to its residence , leaving behind bloody paw prints . Later that month another teaser was released , wherein the first actual footage of Travolta as Shapiro was shown . In the teaser , Shapiro is about to ask Simpson ( whose face is unseen ) if he is responsible for the murder of Simpson 's ex-wife . In the next short teaser that was released , Simpson ( again unseen ) is taking a lie detector test . In November , two new teasers were released . The first shows Simpson writing his attempted suicide letter , while a voice - over by Gooding , Jr. narrates . The second shows the police chasing Simpson 's white Ford Bronco , while dozens of fans cheer for him . The first full trailer was released in December , along with a poster for the season . The trailer included Simpson sitting in the childhood bedroom of Kim Kardashian and contemplating suicide while Robert Kardashian tries to stop him . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The first season of American Crime Story received acclaim from critics . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season an approval rating of 96 % , based on 79 reviews , with an average rating of 8.73 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story brings top - shelf writing , directing , and acting to bear on a still - topical story while shedding further light on the facts -- and provoking passionate responses along the way . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 90 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Many critics singled out many cast members for the performances , particularly Paulson and Vance . Dan Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter praised the performances of Paulson and Vance , writing : `` As Clark 's discomfort grows , Paulson 's collection of tics seem more and more human , ( ... ) Vance 's Cochran is sometimes hilarious , but he has a dynamic range such that he 's occasionally introspective and always intelligent as well . '' Brian Lowry of Variety praised the casting of the smaller roles , particularly Connie Britton as Faye Resnick and Nathan Lane as F. Lee Bailey . Despite the praise for the rest of the cast , Travolta and Gooding 's respective portrayals of Shapiro and Simpson have been met with mixed reviews by critics . Brian Lowry of Variety called Travolta `` awful '' in the role , adding : `` Yes , Shapiro spoke in stiff , measured tones , but the actor 's overly mannered line readings turn the attorney into a buffoon , in sharp contrast to the more nuanced portrayals around him . '' Nicole Jones of Vanity Fair called his performance `` campy and calculated . '' Dan Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also criticized his performance , calling it `` a mesmerizingly bad performance from the eyebrows down . '' He also wrote that `` His unnecessary accent varies by episode , and Travolta 's laser intensity feels arch and almost kabuki at times , turning Shapiro into a terrifying character from the next American Horror Story installment , rather than a part of this ensemble . '' Maureen Ryan of Vanity Fair , conversely , became more impressed with Travolta as the season progressed : `` I started in the realm of puzzled disbelief , arrived at amusement , and ultimately traveled to a place of sincere appreciation . You simply ca n't take your eyes off Travolta , and that is a form of enchantment . '' Elisabeth Garber - Paul of Rolling Stone also called it `` arguably ( Travolta 's ) best performance since Tarantino brought him back from the dead . '' Robert Bianco of USA Today wrote that Travolta 's was the show 's `` broadest performance . '' Dave Schilling of The Guardian panned Gooding 's performance , writing : `` his whiny , gravely voice sounds absolutely nothing like the real O.J. Simpson 's deep , commanding tones . '' Michael Starr of New York Post also was highly critical of Gooding 's performance , saying that he `` portrays Simpson as a hollow , sad - sack cipher who speaks in a high - pitched whine and sleepwalks in a fog he never shakes after being arrested for the brutal double murder of ex-wife Nicole Brown and Ron Goldman . He 's a forgettable , annoying presence in what should be a showcase role for Gooding -- who , to be fair , is reciting lines written for him , so he can only do so much with the material . '' On the other hand , Joe McGovern was more positive on Gooding 's performance , writing that his casting `` takes a risk and pulls it off . '' Elisabeth Garber - Paul of Rolling Stone described his performance as `` an unnervingly believable take on a potential psychopath with teetering sanity . '' Nick Venable of Cinema Blend also opined that Gooding 's turn as Simpson `` could indeed get him on a shortlist of Emmy nominees . '' In spite of the mixed reviews on their performances , Gooding and Travolta received Emmy nominations . Additionally , Travolta was among the recipients for Outstanding Limited Series , being one of the show 's producers . Gooding 's Emmy nomination for his work on the series was criticized by some reviewers . Reaction from individuals involved ( edit ) Mark Fuhrman , who is portrayed by Steven Pasquale , refused to watch the series and called his portrayal untruthful . In an interview with New York Post , he said , `` The last 20 years , I have watched the facts dismissed by the media , journalists and the public simply because it does not fit within the politically correct narrative . At this late date , FX is attempting to establish a historical artifact with this series without reaching out to any prosecution sources . In a time when Americans read less and less and investigative journalism is on vacation , it is sad that this movie will be the historical word on this infamous trial . After all , it was ' based on a true story . ' '' Marcia Clark praised the series and called Sarah Paulson 's portrayal of her `` phenomenal . '' Clark went to the Emmys with Sarah Paulson , who won that night for her performance . The families of Brown and Goldman expressed anger at the show . Ron Goldman 's father , Fred Goldman , had numerous criticisms of the series . He felt that there was not enough material about Ron , who is only depicted on the show as a corpse . He expressed concern that the generations of people who were too young to understand the events at the time would consider everything to be accurate . Goldman 's family also criticized the series for not depicting the murders , as they believe that Goldman died trying to save Brown from her attacker and that he was the man who eyewitnesses heard shouting that night . Goldman 's sister , Kim , criticised the series for sympathetic portrayals of Simpson and Kardashian . Nicole Brown 's sister , Tanya Brown , lashed out at the cast members for what she saw as a lack of consultation with the families . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` From the Ashes of Tragedy '' February 2 , 2016 2.0 5.11 1.6 3.86 3.6 8.97 `` The Run of His Life '' February 9 , 2016 1.5 3.89 1.9 4.37 3.4 8.26 `` The Dream Team '' February 16 , 2016 1.3 3.33 1.6 3.45 2.9 6.78 `` 100 % Not Guilty '' February 23 , 2016 1.3 2.99 1.4 3.35 2.7 6.34 5 `` The Race Card '' March 1 , 2016 1.1 2.72 2.0 4.28 3.1 7.00 6 `` Marcia , Marcia , Marcia '' March 8 , 2016 1.2 3.00 1.8 4.03 3.0 7.03 7 `` Conspiracy Theories '' March 15 , 2016 1.2 2.89 1.7 3.88 2.9 6.77 8 `` A Jury in Jail '' March 22 , 2016 1.2 2.91 1.3 3.01 2.5 5.92 9 `` Manna from Heaven '' March 29 , 2016 1.1 2.76 1.8 3.99 2.9 6.75 10 `` The Verdict '' April 5 , 2016 1.3 3.27 1.6 3.51 2.9 6.78 American Crime Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 The People v. O.J. Simpson 5.12 3.90 3.34 3.00 2.73 3.00 2.89 2.91 2.76 3.27 The Assassination of Gianni Versace 2.22 1.42 1.26 0.98 0.91 1.10 0.92 1.00 1.20 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Category Nominated artist / work Result 2016 BET Awards 2016 Best Actor Courtney B. Vance Nominated 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Limited Series The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Won Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Courtney B. Vance Won Cuba Gooding Jr . Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Sarah Paulson Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Sterling K. Brown Won David Schwimmer Nominated John Travolta Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series , Movie , or Dramatic Special Ryan Murphy ( for `` From the Ashes of Tragedy '' ) Nominated John Singleton ( for `` The Race Card '' ) Nominated Anthony Hemingway ( for `` Manna from Heaven '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series , Movie , or Dramatic Special Scott Alexander & Larry Karaszewski ( for `` From the Ashes of Tragedy '' ) Nominated Joe Robert Cole ( for `` The Race Card '' ) Nominated D.V. DeVincentis ( for `` Marcia , Marcia , Marcia '' ) Won 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special Jeanne McCarthy , Nicole Abellera Hallman , Courtney Bright , and Nicole Daniels Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie Nelson Cragg ( for `` From the Ashes of Tragedy '' ) Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Period / Fantasy Series , Limited Series , or Movie Hala Bahmet , Marina Ray , and Elinor Bardach ( for `` Marcia , Marcia , Marcia '' ) Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie Chris Clark , Natalie Driscoll , Shay Sanford - Fong , and Katrina Chevalier Won Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) Eryn Krueger Mekash , Zoe Hay , Heather Plott , Deborah Huss Humphries , Luis Garcia , and Becky Cotton Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Limited Series or Movie Adam Penn ( for `` From the Ashes of Tragedy '' ) Nominated C. Chi - Yoon Chung ( for `` The Race Card '' ) Won Stewart Schill ( for `` The Verdict '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Limited Series or Movie Doug Andham , Joe Earle , and John Bauman ( for `` From the Ashes of Tragedy '' ) Won 32nd TCA Awards Program of the Year The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Won Outstanding Achievement in Movies , Miniseries and Specials Won Individual Achievement in Drama Sarah Paulson Won Courtney B. Vance Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Movie / Limited Series The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Won Best Actor in a Movie / Limited Series Courtney B. Vance Won Cuba Gooding Jr . Nominated Best Actress in a Movie / Limited Series Sarah Paulson Won Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Limited Series Sterling K. Brown Won John Travolta Nominated 2017 74th Golden Globe Awards Best Limited Series or Television Film The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Won Best Actor -- Limited Series or Television Film Courtney B. Vance Nominated Best Actress -- Limited Series or Television Film Sarah Paulson Won Best Supporting Actor in a Series , Limited Series , or Television Film Sterling K. Brown Nominated John Travolta Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Miniseries or Television Film The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Won Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film Courtney B. Vance Nominated Cuba Gooding Jr . Nominated Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film Sarah Paulson Won Writers Guild of America Awards Long Form -- Adapted Scott Alexander , Joe Robert Cole , D.V. DeVincentis , Maya Forbes , Larry Karaszewski , and Wally Wolodarsky Won American Film Institute Awards 2016 Top 10 Television Programs The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story Won 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Limited Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Courtney B. Vance Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Limited Series Sarah Paulson Won ACE Eddie Awards 2017 Best Edited Miniseries or Motion Picture for Television Adam Penn , Stewart Schill and C. Chi - yoon Chung ( for `` Marcia , Marcia , Marcia '' ) Nominated 21st Art Directors Guild Awards Excellence in Production Design for a Television Movie or Limited Series Jeffrey Mossa ( for `` 100 % Not Guilty '' , '' `` '' Marcia , Marcia , Marcia `` , '' `` `` Manna From Heaven '' ) Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards 2017 Outstanding Producer of Long - Form Television Scott Alexander , Larry Karaszewski , Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk , Nina Jacobson , Brad Simpson , D.V. DeVincentis , Anthony Hemingway , Alexis Martin Woodall , John Travolta , Chip Vucelich Won Cinema Audio Society Awards 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Television Movie or Mini-Series John Bauman , Joe Earle , Doug Andham , Judah Getz and John Guentner Won Society of Camera Operators Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Andrew Mitchell Won British Academy Television Awards Best International Program Ryan Murphy , Nina Jacobson , Brad Simpson Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` FX Orders American Crime Story From American Horror Story Creator '' . IGN.com . October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominations Television Academy '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere soars '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls , ' Pretty Little Liars ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' rises slightly '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' and ' Fixer Upper ' stay steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Fixer Upper ' ticks up , ' If Loving You is Wrong ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' premieres well , ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' The People v O.J. Simpson ' finale stays on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Ryan Murphy to tackle O.J. Simpson case with ' American Crime Story ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Companion Series ' American Crime Story ' From Ryan Murphy Set At FX -- O.J. First Topic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Developing ' Shogun , ' O.J. Simpson Longform Dramas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cuba Gooding , Jr. , Sarah Paulson to Star in FX 's ' American Crime Story : People v. O.J. Simpson '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` David Schwimmer Joins FX 's OJ - Themed American Crime Story as Robert Kardashian '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` John Travolta Lands Lead Role In FX 's ' American Crime Story ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Courtney B. Vance Set as Johnnie Cochran in FX 's ' American Crime Story : The People v. O.J. Simpson ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( March 23 , 2015 ) . `` Excited to announce my friend Connie Britton will play Faye Resnick in the upcoming FX miniseries The People v. O.J. Simpson . '' Twitter . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sterling K. Brown To Play Christopher Darden in ' The People V.O.J. Simpson ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jordana Brewster to play Denise Brown in American Crime Story : The People V. OJ Simpson '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kenneth Choi To Play Judge Ito In ' The People V.O.J. Simpson ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Selma Blair To Play Kris Jenner In ' The People V.O.J. Simpson ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Nathan Lane Set As F. Lee Bailey In FX 's O.J. Trial Series ' American Crime Story ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Travolta , Selma Blair , David Schwimmer And Cuba Gooding Jr . Were All Spotted On Their Way To Filming American Crime Story ! They Look So Authentic ! '' . perezhilton.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roy , Jessica ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` American Crime Story Teaser : Meet the Most Unlikely Witnesses in the O.J. Simpson Trial '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` American Crime Story teaser : O.J. Simpson 's Bronco chase '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Clymer . `` American Crime Story Trailer Revisits the O.J. Simpson Trial '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` Review : FX 's compelling ' The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ' '' . HitFix . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Dan ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jonathan ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` The People v. OJ Simpson : American Crime Story , review : ' expertly executed entertainment ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Nicole ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` The People v. O.J. Simpson Recap : Episode 1 Fact Check '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' In His High - Profile Return to TV , John Travolta Gets Noticed ' '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garber - Paul , Elisabeth ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The People v. O.J. Simpson , ' Episode 1 : Our Fact - Checking Recap '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Review : The glove fits ; O.J. trial series guilty of ' stunning ' performances '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Dave . `` The People v OJ Simpson : episode one -- great casting , with one exception '' . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael . `` Cuba Gooding Jr. has made despicable O.J. Simpson boring '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McGovern , Joe . `` In defense of Cuba Gooding Jr. as O.J. Simpson '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Venable , Nick ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` American Crime Story Review : The People V.O.J. Simpson Is As Riveting As Real Life '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Stephanie . `` Cuba Gooding Jr. 's Emmy Nomination For Playing O.J. Simpson Is Puzzling To Say The Least '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael . `` Detective Mark Fuhrman refuses to watch FX 's ' O.J. ' series '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corinthos , Aurelie ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` O.J. Simpson Prosecutor Marcia Clark Speaks Out About American Crime Story : ' For Me , It 's Reliving a Nightmare ' '' . People . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Marcia Clark Finally Has a Moment to Savor at the Emmys '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Goldman says O.J. miniseries neglects to show his son the hero '' . Daily Mail Online . 2016 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach . `` ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' Blasted by Nicole Brown Simpson & Ron Goldman 's Families : ' Shame on You ' '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings : ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' premiere leads for Feb. 1 - 7 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' and ' Shannara ' lead the week of Feb. 8 - 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` Feb. 15 - 21 : ' Better Call Saul ' premiere moves up the charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Feb. 22 - 28 : ' Walking Dead ' has steady growth '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , Feb. 29 - March 6 : ' The Walking Dead , ' ' It 's Always Sunny ' make biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , March 7 -- 13 : ' Walking Dead ' leads , 3 shows triple in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , March 14 -- 20 : Nearly 50 shows double in adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , March 21 -- 27 : ' Better Call Saul ' jumps up the charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , March 28 - April 3 : ' Walking Dead ' finale jumps '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 4 -- 10 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' finale outgains ' Fear the Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Crime Story : People v OJ Simpson : ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Konerman , Jennifer ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Drake Leads BET Awards With 9 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` The 68th Annual Emmy Nominations : The Complete List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ De Moraes , Lisa ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' People V O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story ' Best Program Of 2016 , Samantha Bee 's ' Full Frontal ' Best News / Info Show , TV Critics Association Says '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO Leads 22 Nominations '' . Indie Wire . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : See the full list of nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Nominees & Winners '' . WGA . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : This Is Us , Stranger Things , Atlanta Make TV 's Top 10 of 2016 '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Producers Guild TV Awards : ' Westworld , ' ' Stranger Things , ' ' Atlanta ' Grab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' La La Land ' , ' Rogue One ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Among Cinema Audio Society Nominees '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Leads BAFTA Television Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story on IMDb American Crime Story Cast members The People v. O.J. Simpson O.J. Simpson murder case O.J. Simpson Marcia Clark Johnnie Cochran Robert Kardashian Robert Shapiro Christopher Darden Lance Ito Gil Garcetti F. Lee Bailey The Assassination of Gianni Versace Gianni Versace Andrew Cunanan Donatella Versace Antonio D'Amico Source material Jeffrey Toobin ( The Run of His Life ) Maureen Orth ( Vulgar Favors ) Sheri Fink ( Five Days at Memorial ) Category Awards template Awards for American Crime Story BAFTA TV Award for Best International Entourage ( 2007 ) Heroes ( 2008 ) Mad Men ( 2009 ) Mad Men ( 2010 ) The Killing ( 2011 ) Borgen ( 2012 ) Girls ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) True Detective ( 2015 ) Transparent ( 2016 ) The People v. O.J. 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830040529948129357 | List of multiple births | List of multiple births - wikipedia List of multiple births Jump to : navigation , search For notable twins , see List of twins . This is a list of multiple births , consisting of notable higher order ( 4 + ) multiple births and pregnancies . Twins and triplets are sufficiently common to have their own separate articles . With the use of reproductive technology such as fertility drugs and in vitro fertilization ( IVF ) such births have become increasingly common . This list contains only multiple births which have some claim to notability , such as being the first recorded in a country , the first to survive to adulthood in a country , or the heaviest , lightest or longest lived ( globally ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cases by number 1.1 Twins ( 2 ) 1.2 Triplets ( 3 ) 1.3 Quadruplets ( 4 ) 1.4 Quintuplets ( 5 ) 1.5 Sextuplets ( 6 ) 1.6 Septuplets ( 7 ) 1.7 Octuplets ( 8 ) 1.8 Nonuplets ( 9 ) 2 See also 3 References Cases by number ( edit ) Twins ( 2 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of twins Triplets ( 3 ) ( edit ) Main article : List of triplets Quadruplets ( 4 ) ( edit ) The Smith quadruplets , born 1750 in Kinsale , a fisherman 's wife . Dominica , 1790 : According to The Times , a Dr. Giuseppe of Dominica reported that an unnamed Afro - Dominican woman ( enslaved servant ) living on the estate of Thomas Jemmitt gave birth to four girls , three of them almost eighteen hours after the first was born . All survived birth . The Gehri quadruplets ( born September 26 , 1880 , in Switzerland ) were the first recorded to have survived to adulthood . There were two boys ( Oskar and Arthur ) and two girls ( Bertha and Rosa ) . The Keys quadruplets ( born June 4 , 1915 , in Hollis , Oklahoma ) were the first same - sex quadruplets known to survive to adulthood . They attended Baylor University on scholarships and graduated in 1937 . Roberta Keys Torn , the last surviving sister , died at 96 years in August 2011 . The Johnson quadruplets ( born in 1935 in Dunedin , New Zealand ) were the first surviving set of quadruplets in Australasia . The Miles quadruplets ( born on November 28 , 1935 in St Neots , United Kingdom ) are the oldest living quadruplets in the world . The Badgett quadruplets ( born February 1 , 1939 , in Galveston , Texas ) were the second surviving set of quadruplets in the United States . The four girls , Geraldine , Joan , Jeanette , and Joyce , were minor celebrities in the 1940s and 1950s . The Fultz quadruplets ( born May 23 , 1946 , in Rockingham County , North Carolina ) were the first identical African - American quadruplets on record . The Sara quadruplets ( born August 17 , 1950 , in Bellingen , New South Wales ) were the first surviving quadruplets in Australia . There were two boys , Mark and Philip , and two girls , Alison and Judith . The Alexander quadruplets ( born September 2 , 1967 , in Auckland , New Zealand ) were the first set of identical quadruplets born in New Zealand . The Steeves quadruplets ( Carrie Dawn , Jennie Lee , Mary Beth , and Patty Ann , born December 17 , 1982 , in Calgary , Alberta ) were the first identical set of quadruplets to be born in Canada . The Durst quadruplets ( Calli , Kendra , Megan , and Sarah ) are identical quadruplets born February 10 , 1993 , in Robbinsdale , Minnesota . They appeared on the reality television series Four of a Kind . The Brino quadruplets ( born September 21 , 1998 , in Woodland Hills , California ) played the twins Sam and David Camden on the television series 7th Heaven . When they all started to look different , the only girl , Myrinda , stopped appearing on the show . Only Nikolas and Lorenzo starred on the show until the series ended in 2007 . The Mathias quadruplets ( born February 16 , 2000 , in Lexington , South Carolina ) are Grace , Emily , Mary Claire , and Anna . A home - movie of the girls laughing in unison was featured on America 's Funniest Home Videos and won them over $250,000 as a result . The girls were featured in three 1 - hour episodes of a documentary called `` Super Quads '' in the Discovery Health Channel . The Aberdeen / Edwards quadruplets ( born November 7 , 2006 , in San Juan , Trinidad and Tobago ) are four girls , born to Lystra Aberdeen ( aged 27 and mother to a 10 - year - old girl , an 8 - year - old boy , and a 4 - year - old boy ) and her common - law husband Anderson Edwards ( aged 33 ) . This was the first confirmed case in Trinidad . The Yarns quadruplets were featured on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , featuring John Travolta ( Season 11 , Episode 97 ) on their birthday , February 20 , 2003 . They are Rhys , Trey , Chase , and Tiana . Adhiti , Aakrithi , Akshathy and Aapthi are quadruplets born in Chennai , Tamil Nadu . They appeared in the Tamil film Enna Satham Indha Neram ( 2014 ) . Quintuplets ( 5 ) ( edit ) The Lyon quintuplets ( born April 29 , 1896 ) were the first American quintuplets who were all born alive . The last survivor died on May 14 , 1896 . The Dionne sisters January 21 , 1935 with then - Premier of Ontario Mitchell Hepburn . The Dionne quintuplets ( born May 28 , 1934 near Corbeil , Ontario , Canada ) were the first quintuplets known to survive infancy . The five girls ( Yvonne , Annette , Cecile , Emilie and Marie ) were also the only set of identical quintuplets known to live into adulthood . The Fischer quintuplets ( born September 14 , 1963 in Aberdeen , South Dakota ) were the first known surviving set of American quintuplets . They consisted of one boy and four girls . 3 of the 4 girls are identical : Magdalene , Margaret , and Catherine . The Lawson quintuplets ( born July 27 , 1965 , in Auckland , New Zealand ) were the first set of surviving quintuplets conceived through the use of fertility medication and are the only known New Zealand quintuplets : They are one boy ( Samuel ) and four girls ( Deborah , Lisa , Shirlene and Selina ) . The Braham quintuplets ( born 31 December 1967 ) were the first quintuplets to be born in Australia . They were conceived naturally and born to Pat and Roger Braham of Tenterfield , New South Wales . In birth order they were Annabel Dorothy , Richard Gibson , Faith Elizabeth , Caroline , and Geoffrey Raymond . Geoffrey died at 4 days old ; the others are still living . The Hanson quintuplets ( born November 13 , 1969 in London ) were the first set to survive in the United Kingdom , as well as the second surviving set of all - girl quintuplets after the Dionne quintuplets . The Kienast quintuplets ( born February 24 , 1970 in Liberty Corners , New Jersey ) were the first surviving set of American quintuplets conceived through fertility medication . The Rychert quintuplets ( born May 15 , 1971 in Gdańsk ) were the first surviving set born in Poland . The Brunner quintuplets ( born June 9 , 1978 in Nancy ) were the first surviving set born in France . Marc , Luc , Gilles , Maud , and Anne were nicknamed `` quintuplés Paris Match , '' and clothed by designer Pierre Cardin , in 17 articles written from 1978 to 1984 . For each article , they were clothed by the couturier Pierre Cardin . The Granata quintuplets ( born June 1 , 1981 in Toledo , Ohio ) were three boys and two girls conceived through the use of fertility medication and born at 28 weeks to Janice and George Granata . They were named ( in birth order ) Britton , Nathan , Amanda , Heather , and Eric . Britton died of lung failure on June 3 , 1981 . In 1983 , the surviving four appeared with Oprah Winfrey on her show , People are Talking , along with their mother and their older sister Jenny . At age 15 , the four appeared on The Jenny Jones Show . The Gaither quintuplets ( born August 3 , 1983 in Indianapolis , Indiana ) were the first surviving African - American quintuplets and were one of only three naturally - conceived American sets in 1983 . The Al - Ghamdi quintuplets ( born February 2 , 1988 in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia ) were the first set to be born in Saudi Arabia . The 5 boys were born to Salha and Saeed Al - Ghamdi . The Nur Adlan quintuplets were born in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia on May 20 , 1996 . The three girls and two boys were the first set of Malaysian quintuplets to survive infancy . The Cassidy quintuplets were born in Dublin , Ireland on August 16 , 2001 to Veronica and Kevin Cassidy of Wexford . The three boys ( Conor James , Cian Richard , and Rory Kevin ) and two girls ( Amy Dorothy and Dearbhail Mary ) were the first quintuplets to be born in Ireland . The Gonzalez - Moreno quintuplets were born in Phoenix , Arizona on April 26 , 2005 to Luisa Gonzalez and Enrique Moreno via surrogate mother , Teresa Anderson . The five boys are the first set of quintuplets born via surrogate . The boys , in order of birth , are ; Enrique , Jorge , Gabriel , Javier , Victor and weighed between 3 lb 7oz and 3 lb 15oz . The Artamkin quintuplets were born in Oxford , England on November 10 , 2007 to Dimitri and Varvara Artamkin via Cesarean section . They were the first set of quintuplets born to Russian parents . The Wilkinson quintuplets ( born July 31 , 2007 in Phoenix , Arizona ) were born to Jayson and Rachelle Wilkinson of Cedar Park , Texas . The three girls ( Kassidy , Kaydence , and Kyndall ) and two boys ( Rustin and Ryder ) hold the record for the highest combined birthweight of a set of quintuplets at 21 lb ( 9.52 kg ) . The Jones quintuplets ( born January 16 , 2009 in Austin , Texas ) were four girls and one boy born to Ethan and Casey Jones . In order of birth , they are Brooklyn Faith , Britton Grace , Jack William , Lila Addison , and Ryan Elizabeth . They have an older sister Eliot McKenna , who was four at the time of their birth . All six children were conceived through fertility treatments of intrauterine insemination ( IUI ) and a sperm donor when the couple learned Ethan had an extremely low sperm count . The same donor was used for Eliot and the quintuplets . The Jones quintuplets and their family had a show on TLC called Quints by Surprise that premiered on August 30 , 2010 . The Kroscen quintuplets were born in Prague , Czech Republic on June 2 , 2013 to Alexandra Kinova and Antonin Kroscen of Milovice . The four boys ( Michael , Deniel , Martin , and Alex ) and one girl ( Tereza ) were the first recorded quintuplets to be born in the Czech Republic . The Busby quintuplets were born on April 8 , 2015 in Houston , Texas , to Adam and Danielle Busby . The five girls ( Ava Lane , Olivia Marie , Hazel Grace , Parker Kate , and Riley Paige ) are the first set of all female quintuplets born in the United States . Ava and Olivia are identical twins . They have an older sister , Blayke . Sextuplets ( 6 ) ( edit ) The Gosselin sextuplets with family on the cover of the May 2008 KoreAm The Thorns sextuplets ( born October 2 , 1968 in Birmingham , England ) were born to Sheila and Barry Thorns . They were the first sextuplets known to have been born alive in the United Kingdom , but one baby died shortly after birth , and another two died within the next two weeks . The Letts sextuplets ( born December 15 , 1969 in London , England ) were born to Rosemary and John Letts two months prematurely at University College Hospital . One boy and four girls survived , ( Cara Dawn , Sharon Marie , Joanne Nadine , Gary John , and Tanya Odile ) one female was stillborn . This was the second case of surviving quintuplets in the United Kingdom . The family immigrated to Canada in 1974 . The Rosenkowitz sextuplets ( born January 11 , 1974 in Cape Town , South Africa ) were the first sextuplets known to survive their infancy . They were conceived using fertility drugs . The Nijssen sextuplets ( born September 21 , 1977 in the Netherlands ) were born to Corry and Sien Nijssen two months prematurely . There were four girls ( Patricia , Priscilla , Mirella , and Ramona ) and two boys ( Ivo and Dennis ) . Dennis died on November 9 , 1977 . They are the only set in the Netherlands . The Giannini sextuplets ( born on January 11 , 1980 in Italy ) were the second sextuplets known to survive their infancy . They were born on the same date as the Rosenkowitz sextuplets , six years later . The Vanhove Gadeyne sextuplets ( born on August 17 , 1983 in Blankenberge , Belgium ) were the first set of sextuplets to have been born in Belgium . The five boys ( Bruno , Jelle , Tom , Lode , Arne ) and one girl ( Veerle ) weighed between 2 lbs 9oz and 3 lbs 3oz at birth . The Walton sextuplets ( born on November 18 , 1983 in Liverpool ) were the first sextuplets born in the United Kingdom known to survive their infancy , and the world 's first all - female sextuplets . They were delivered by Cesarian section at 31 and a half weeks . The Dilley sextuplets ( born on May 25 , 1993 in Indianapolis ) were the first surviving set of sextuplets in the United States . They are two girls ( Brenna Rose and Claire Diane ) and four boys ( Julian Emerson , Quinn Everett , Ian Michael , and Adrian Reed ) . The Boniello sextuplets ( born March 24 , 1997 in Stony Brook , New York ) set a record for the longest gestation of a sextuplet pregnancy in the United States at 29 weeks and one day . They have a younger sister Nadia . This record was broken almost two months later by the Thompson sextuplets . The Thompson sextuplets ( born May 8 , 1997 in Washington , D.C. ) were born to Jacqueline and Linden Thompson . Mrs. Thompson set a record for the longest sextuplet pregnancy in the United States at 29 weeks and six days . One girl was stillborn ; the five survivors are four girls ( Octavia Daniela , Stella Kimberly , Ann Marie Amanda , and Emily Elizabeth ) and one boy ( Richard Linden ) . They are the first African - American sextuplets . They each weighed between 2 lbs 2oz and 2 lbs 6oz . The Harris sextuplets ( born July 7 , 2002 in Alabama ) are two girls ( Kiera Christine and Kalynne Antoinett ) and four boys ( Kaleb Reddrick , Kobe Byshari , Kieran Anthony , and Kyle Jacob ) . They are Alabama 's first set of sextuplets and were the first recorded set of surviving African - American sextuplets . Kaleb has nerve damage ; while Kiera and Kyle are autistic . The Harris family received a new home in a 2005 episode of Extreme Makeover : Home Edition . The Harris ' original three - bedroom , three - bath house was razed and a two story , 5,000 - square - foot ( 460 m ) home was built . The Gosselin sextuplets ( born May 10 , 2004 in Hershey , Pennsylvania ) were born just shy of 30 weeks gestation to parents Jon and Kate Gosselin . The set has three girls ( Alexis Faith , Hannah Joy , and Leah Hope ) and three boys ( Aaden Jonathan , Collin Thomas , Joel Kevin ) . The parents also have twin girls , Madelyn Kate and Cara Nicole , who were three years old at the time of the sextuplets ' birth . The family was the subject of a reality television show , originally titled Jon & Kate Plus 8 , that aired on TLC in the United States and Canada . The show was initially canceled after Jon and Kate 's divorce , but was revived as Kate Plus 8 after viewer complaints . The series ended in 2011 , with the last episode airing on September 12 of that year , then resumed with a new season in January 2015 . The Hayes sextuplets ( born September 14 , 2004 in Long Branch , New Jersey ) are the first surviving sextuplets to be born in New Jersey . The six children , three boys ( Ryan Peter , Connor James , Eric John ) and three girls ( Tara Rose , Rachel Ann , Rebecca Mary ) , weighed a total of 24 lbs. and 14 oz. , setting a world record for the heaviest set of sextuplets . The Hayes also have two sets of twins , Kevin and Kyle ( eight years old at the time of the sextuplets ' birth ) and Kieran and Meghan ( five years old ) . They are the only family in the United States to have two sets of twins and a set of sextuplets . The family were the subject of a reality television show , Table for 12 , on TLC in the U.S. Canada 's first sextuplets ( born January 6 -- 7 , 2007 in Vancouver ) were born at 25 weeks gestation . The parents , who wanted to remain anonymous , are Jehovah 's Witnesses and refused the critical blood transfusions necessary to save the babies ; two of them died shortly after birth and the rest were taken in custody by the Ministry of Children . The babies were later returned to the parents . The Carpio sextuplets ( born October 6 , 2008 in the New York City borough of Queens ) are the first Hispanic sextuplets to be born in America . It is not known if their parents , Victor and Digna Carpio , conceived using fertility treatments . The babies ( Justin , Jadon , Jezreel , Danelia , Genesis , and Joel ) were delivered by Caesarean section at 25 weeks . The Conway sextuplets ( born on May 22 , 2009 ) in Dunmore in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland were the first recorded sextuplets in Ireland . The four girls and two boys weighed between 1 lb. , 7 oz. and 2 lb. , 2 oz. were fourteen weeks premature and were named Ursula , Shannon , Karla , Kerrie ( died July 20 , 2009 ) , Austin and Eoghan . On March 4 , 2013 the first sextuplets in Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean were born at the Maternity Hospital of the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex at Mount Hope , Trinidad and Tobago to an anonymous Trinidadian couple . Two of them died a few weeks later . Septuplets ( 7 ) ( edit ) The Frustaci septuplets ( born May 21 , 1985 in Orange , California ) were the first septuplets to be born in the United States . Born at 28 weeks , only two boys and one girl survived ; one daughter was stillborn and three died within 19 days of birth . The McCaughey septuplets ( born November 19 , 1997 in Des Moines , Iowa ) were the world 's first surviving set of septuplets . The four boys ( Kenneth Jr. , Brandon , Nathan , and Joel ) and three girls ( Alexis , Natalie , and Kelsey ) were born at 31 weeks , weighing between 2 lbs. 5 oz. and 3 lbs 4 oz . In 2016 , they became the first set of septuplets to reach maturity . The Humair septuplets ( born January 14 , 1998 in Abha , Saudi Arabia ) were the world 's second surviving set of septuplets . They were born at 32 weeks to 40 - year - old Hasna Mohammed Humair and her husband , Abdullah Mohammed Ali . They had been told to expect four babies . The Qahtani septuplets ( born July 12 , 2001 in Washington , D.C. ) are the fourth set of septuplets to live past infancy . In December 2001 , it was reported that one of the septuplets had died of liver failure and three were still hospitalized . A set of septuplets were born on April 18 , 2007 in a suburb of Algiers , Algeria to Farhat and Souhila Touile . One of the babies , a boy , was stillborn ; the remaining six are girls . The Khamis septuplets ( born August 16 , 2008 in Alexandria , Egypt ) were born to 27 - year - old Ghazala Khamis . They were the fifth set of septuplets to all survive . The newborns , four boys and three girls , had been placed in incubators in four different hospitals since they were premature . The babies ' weights ranged from 1.45 to 2.8 kilograms ( 3.2 to 6.2 lb ) . The mother took fertility drugs in order to produce a son , since she already had three daughters . The McGhee septuplets ( born June 9 , 2010 in Columbus , Ohio ) were born to Mia and Rozonno McGhee at 27 weeks . One girl was stillborn . The other two girls ( Olivia and Madison ) and the four boys ( Rozonno Jr. , Elijah , Isaac , and Josiah ) weighed between 1.5 lb. to a fraction over 2 lbs . Octuplets ( 8 ) ( edit ) The first confirmed birth of octuplets occurred on March 10 , 1967 in Mexico City , Mexico to Maria Teresa López de Sepulveda . All four boys and four girls died within 13 hours . A set of octuplets were born on August 16 , 1979 to Pasqualina and Stefano Chianese in Naples , Italy . Six of the babies died and two survived . The couple had previously lost a set of sextuplets in 1976 . A set of octuplets were born on December 20 , 1985 to Sevil Capan of İzmir , Turkey . Born prematurely at 28 weeks , six of the octuplets died within 12 hours of birth , and the remaining two died within three days . A set of octuplets were born between September 30 and October 2 , 1996 in a hospital in South London , United Kingdom to Mandy Allwood of Solihull . Allwood was only 19 weeks pregnant when she went into pre-term labor with her six boys ( Adam , Cassius , Donald , Kypros , Martyn , and Nelson ) and two girls ( Layne and Kitali ) . None of her octuplets survived . She had refused selective reduction and her case provoked a media storm in the UK . A set of octuplets were born on December 5 , 1996 in Huelva , Spain to Rosario Clavijo . Two of them were stillborn and six survived . The Chukwu octuplets were born in December 1998 in Houston , Texas , United States . The smallest of the octuplets , Odera , died a week after birth . A set of octuplets were born between September 13 and September 16 , 2000 in Milan , Italy to Mariella Mazzara and Giovanni Pierrera of Trapani . One died immediately after birth , two within a few days of birth , and the oldest , Margherita , died a month later on October 10 . On January 26 , 2009 , the Suleman octuplets were born in Bellflower , California , United States . One week after birth , the Suleman octuplets became the longest - living octuplets in known history . The children 's names are Noah , Maliyah , Isaiah , Nariyah , Makai , Josiah , Jeremiah and Jonah . They were conceived through IVF . They have six older siblings , including a set of fraternal twins . They are the first octuplets known to survive their infancy . Nonuplets ( 9 ) ( edit ) A set of nonuplets were born on June 13 , 1971 in Sydney , Australia to Geraldine Brodrick . They were five boys and four girls ; two of the boys were stillborn and the last of the babies died six days after birth . A set of nonuplets were born on March 26 , 1999 in Malaysia to Zurina Mat Saad . She had five boys and four girls ( Adam , Nuh , Idris , Soleh , Hud , Aishah , Khadijah , Fatimah , and Umi Kalsom ) but none of them survived more than 6 hours . See also ( edit ) List of people with the most children References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aldwell , Alexander . Cork Post Office General Directory , 1884 - 5 ( PDF ) . F. Jackson . p. 156 . Jane Smith , a fisherman 's wife in Kinsale , had four boys at a birth Jump up ^ `` The Times ( London , England ) '' ( 1636 ) . 2 March 1790 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Samson , Jennifer . `` Quadruplets '' . Facts About Multiples . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roberta Keys Torn Obituary '' . Houston Chronicle . August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sell , Bronwyn . ( May 26 , 2007 ) . `` Plunket , a caring society . '' The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest surviving quads celebrate their 80th '' . itv.com . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Badgett Quadruplet of Galveston dies '' . Houston Chronicle . November 9 , 2002 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ahearn , Lorraine ( August 4 , 2002 ) . `` And then there was one '' . The News & Record . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McLagan , Greg ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Birthing at Bellingen River District Hospital '' . Courier - Sun . Bellingen , NSW . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Anna ( October 4 , 2007 ) . `` Quads are still bubbling '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved October 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fortney , Valerie ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` Steeves quadruplets all grown up Archived November 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . The Calgary Herald . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Quads will get lifetime of attention : grown quads '' . CTV News . August 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Levy , Paul ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` The Durst Quadruplets : Four at fourteen Archived November 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lorenzo Brino '' . The Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . 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'' Good Housekeeping . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen . ( March 5 , 1984 ) . `` Quintuplets ' Father Lost Struggle in the Limelight . '' The New York Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ 1st Christmas for `` quintuplés Paris match '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Paris Match 1544 Jump up ^ `` Geologist is Introduced to Life Sciences '' Jump up ^ `` Granata Quints with Oprah on YouTube '' Jump up ^ `` Nation 's first Black Quints , now 17 , attend high school prom Archived 2007 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( May 7 , 2001 ) . Jet . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lisa C. ( October 1993 ) . `` The Gaither quints grow up - quintuplets ' tenth birthday Archived 2007 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Ebony . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` At 17 , Indiana quintuplets back in spotlight at prom . '' ( April 16 , 2001 ) . The Enquirer . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hatrash , Hasan. ( April 12 , 2007 ) . `` Quintuplets Eyeing Scholarships to Fulfill Dreams . '' Arab News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ Cassidy , John . ( August 26 , 2001 ) . `` I only got to hold Conor for a minute but I was on cloud nine Archived 2007 - 11 - 23 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Sunday Mirror . Retrieved June 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ring , Evelyn . ( September 01 , 2001 ) . `` Mother confident over well - being of quintuplets Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Irish Examiner . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Furlong , Brendan . ( September 01 2005 ) . `` The nanny state turns nasty now Famous 5 are four . '' Independent.ie ... Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Surrogate Mother Has Quintuplets '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Quintuplets Born to Surrogate Mother '' . VOA . 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Jump up ^ `` The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ `` World Sextuplets - World Higher Multiples '' . Jump up ^ `` The Six Are 30 Archived 2009 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( January 10 , 2004 ) . Dispatch . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sextuplets Born in Capetown ; Survival Chances Called Good '' . The New York Times . Jan 12 , 1974 . Retrieved Sep 21 , 2009 . ( `` Sextuplets have been born to a number of women who have taken ( hormone fertility ) drugs , and the largest number known to have survived are five of the six babies born in 1973 to Mrs. Edna Stanek of Denver . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Milestones , Oct. 3 , 1977 '' . Jump up ^ ( in Italian ) Marongiu , Cinzia . ( n.d. ) . `` Siamo i gemelli più noti della tv Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... '' TV Sorrisi e Canzoni . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Spokane Chronicle - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ `` Walton sextuplets come of age . '' ( November 14 , 2001 ) . BBC News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Waltons at 30 : Catching up with the famous family as they return to the TV screen Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dilley Sextuplets birth Archived June 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Eltman , Frank . ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` N.Y. sextuplets celebrate turning 10 . '' The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 10 ... `` Retrieved December 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ( 5 ) . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://blog.al.com/birmingham-news-stories/2009/11/harris_sextuplets_of_alabama_g.html Kaleb has slight nerve damage to his mouth , and Kiera and Kyle have autism Jump up ^ http://www.harrissextuplets.net/extreme.shtml Extreme Makeover Pictures Jump up ^ `` Harris sextuplets , mayor 's homes up for preservation group 's tour '' . AL.com . Jump up ^ Farr , Gary . ( May 10 , 2004 ) . `` Gives Birth To Sextuplets Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gosselin Sextuplets To Turn 1 Archived 2007 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( May 7 , 2005 ) . WGAL.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DeNicola , Linda . ( September 21 , 2004 ) . `` Police officer and wife celebrating sextuplet Archived July 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' News Transcript . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lafayette , Jon . ( March 8 , 2009 ) . `` TLC Adds to Its TV Family : ' Table for 12 ' Joins Big - Brood Lineup . '' TVWeek . Retrieved March 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Woman gives birth to sextuplets at B.C. hospital . '' ( January 8 , 2007 ) . CTV.ca . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sextuplets born in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . '' ( January 8 , 2007 ) . Wikinews . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . 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'' ( December 10 , 1997 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McCaughey septuplets turn 1 Archived October 20 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( November 18 , 1998 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi septuplets cause hospital bed shortage . '' ( March 1 , 1998 ) . BBC News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mother of Saudi septuplets reaches pact with hospital Archived September 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( March 6 , 1998 ) . Hannibal Courier - Post . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doctor optimistic about octuplets . '' ( December 22 , 1998 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Georgina . ( July 17 , 2001 ) . `` Father of septuplets thanks God for new arrivals Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Irish Examiner . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay . ( July 14 , 2001 ) . `` Septuplets Born in Capital Are Third Set in the World . 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Jump up ^ `` www.kansascity.com Hospital : Egyptian woman gives birth to septuplets . '' Retrieved August 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First Set Of Sextuplets Born At OSU Medical Center '' . WBNS - 10TV Columbus , Ohio . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 ... `` Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trillion - to - One Chance . '' ( Mar. 17 , 1967 ) . Time . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Octuplets Born in Mexico City . '' ( March 11 , 1967 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Last of Octuplets Dead in Mexico . '' ( March 12 , 1967 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Woman Gives Birth to 8 , but one Dies . '' ( August 17 , 1979 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Octuplet Goes Home . '' ( November 4 , 1979 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Italy / Octuplets . '' ( August 16 , 1979 ) . ABC Evening News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Italy / Octuplets . '' ( August 17 , 1979 ) . ABC Evening News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Italy / Octuplets . '' ( August 30 , 1979 ) . NBC Evening News . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Babineck , Mark . ( December 21 , 1998 ) . `` Woman gives birth to first known surviving octuplets Archived September 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' Abilene Reporter - News . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hall , Celia & King , Tim . ( October 3 , 1996 ) . `` Mandy Allwood loses all eight of her babies . '' The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Sextuplets Born 10 Weeks Early . '' ( December 6 , 1996 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chukwu octuplets greet new year in critical but stable condition . '' ( January 1 , 1999 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sicilian mother gives birth to octuplets Archived November 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( September 17 , 2000 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` First born octuplet is fourth to die Archived October 4 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... '' ( October 10 , 2000 ) . CNN.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Americas - US woman gives birth to octuplets '' . Jump up ^ `` Octuplets born in Bellflower ( UPDATED ) '' . Jump up ^ Octuplets mom gets TV , book offers to tell story , San Francisco Chronicle , February 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ Still alive at 3 per http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/lanow/2012/01/octomom-octuplets-birthday-nadya-suleman.html Jump up ^ `` Australian Woman Gives Birth to Nine , Seven of Them Alive . '' ( June 13 , 1971 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Still Survive in Birth of 9 . '' ( June 14 , 1971 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Last of the Nonuplets Dies at Sydney Hospital . '' ( June 20 , 1971 ) . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pinchuk , Stacey . ( 2000 ). A Difficult Choice in a Different Voice : Multiple Births , Selective Reduction and Abortion . Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy , 7 , p. 29 . Retrieved June 30 , 2007 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_multiple_births&oldid=801761849 '' Categories : Multiple births Lists of groups with specific numbers of members Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with Italian - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 17 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | highest number of babies delivered at a time | [
"\nA set of nonuplets were born on June 13, 1971 in Sydney, Australia to Geraldine Brodrick. They were five boys and four girls; two of the boys were stillborn[128] and the last of the babies died six days after birth.[129][130]\nA set of nonuplets were born on March 26, 1999 in Malaysia to Zurina Mat Saad. She had five boys and four girls (Adam, Nuh, Idris, Soleh, Hud, Aishah, Khadijah, Fatimah, and Umi Kalsom) but none of them survived more than 6 hours.[131]\n"
] | [
"five boys and four girls"
] |
3274989280573530386 | List of serving generals of the Indian Army | List of serving generals of the Indian Army - Wikipedia List of serving generals of the Indian Army hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for biographies . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` List of serving generals of the Indian Army '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of serving Generals of the Indian Army . Contents ( hide ) 1 Indian Army Principal Staff Officers 2 General Officers Commanding - in - Chief ( Army Commanders ) and Chiefs of Staff of Army Commands 3 General Officers of Armed Forces Commands 4 Heads of Combat & Combat Support Arms 5 Heads of Services , Directorates and Commandants of Training Institutions 6 General Officers Commanding of Corps & Areas 7 References Indian Army Principal Staff Officers ( edit ) Post Rank Name Photo decorations Chief of the Army Staff General Bipin Rawat UYSM , AVSM , YSM , SM , VSM Vice Chief of Army Staff Lieutenant General Devraj Anbu PVSM , UYSM , AVSM , YSM , SM Deputy Chief of Army Staff ( Information Systems & Training ) Deputy Chief of Army Staff ( Planning & Systems ) Shravan Kumar Patyal PVSM , UYSM , SM Adjutant General Ashwani Kumar AVSM Military Secretary Jaswinder Singh Sandhu UYSM , AVSM , VSM Master General of Ordnance Engineer - in - Chief S.K Srivastava AVSM Quartermaster General Ashok Ambre PVSM , SM General Officers Commanding - in - Chief ( Army Commanders ) and Chiefs of Staff of Army Commands ( edit ) Post Rank Name Photo Decorations General Officer Commanding - in - Chief Northern Command Lieutenant General Ranbir Singh AVSM * * , YSM , SM General Officer Commanding - in - Chief Eastern Command Abhay Krishna PVSM , UYSM , AVSM , SM , VSM General Officer Commanding - in - Chief Western Command Surinder Singh AVSM & Bar , VSM General Officer Commanding - in - Chief Central Command Balwant Singh Negi PVSM , UYSM , YSM , SM , VSM * * General Officer Commanding - in - Chief Southern Command Dewan Rabindranath Soni PVSM , VSM General Officer Commanding - in - Chief South Western Command Cherish Mathson PVSM , SM , VSM General Officer Commanding - in - Chief Training Command Manoj Mukund Naravane AVSM , SM , VSM , Chief of Staff Northern Command P.S. Sangha Chief of Staff Eastern Command Sunil Shrivastava Chief of Staff Western Command Chief of Staff Central Command J.K. Sharma Chief of Staff Southern Command Manoj Pande Chief of Staff South Western Command Vijay Singh AVSM , SM , VSM Chief of Staff Training Command General officers of armed forces commands ( edit ) Post Rank Name Photo Decorations Commander - in - Chief Strategic Forces Command + Air Marshal Jasbir Walia VM , VSM Dy Commander - in - Chief Strategic Forces Command Lieutenant General J.S. Negi Commander - in - Chief Andaman and Nicobar Command * + Vice Admiral Bimal Verma AVSM Chief of Integrated Defence Staff * * Lieutenant General Satish Dua PVSM , UYSM , SM , VSM Director General Assam Rifles * * * Lieutenant General S.S. Sangwan SM & bar + These are the Tri-services theater commands * Rotational Command . Currently headed by a Naval Officer . * * Rotational Command . Currently headed by an Army Officer . * * * One of two Paramilitary Forces of India Heads of Combat & Combat Support Arms ( edit ) Post Rank Name Photo Decorations Director General Infantry Lieutenant General Yogesh Kumar Joshi AVSM , VrC , SM Engineer - In - Chief S.K. Srivastava AVSM Director General Artillery P.K. Srivastava AVSM , VSM Director General Army Aviation Kanwal Kumar AVSM , VSM Director General Army Air Defence A.P. Singh Director General Mechanized Forces MJS Kahlon AVSM Signal Officer in Chief Ashish Ranjan Prasad AVSM , VSM , ADC Heads of Services , Directorates and Commandants of Training Institutions ( edit ) Post Rank Name Photo Decorations Director General Military Operation Lieutenant General Anil Chauhan UYSM , AVSM , SM , VSM Director General Military Intelligence Arvind Dutta Director General Ordnance Services Giriraj SIngh Director General Armed Forces Medical Services Bipin Puri Director General Medical Services ( Army ) Director General Hospital Services Sanjiv Chopra AVSM , VSM Director General Dental Services T.K. Bandyopadhyay VSM , PHDS Director General Supplies & Transport M.H. Thakur Director General National Cadet Corps P.P. Malhotra Director General Border Roads Organisation Harpal Singh Director General EME K.K. Agarwal Director General Military Training A.S. Bhinder VSM Director General Perspective Planning P.S. Rajeshwar AVSM , VSM Director General Remount Veterinary Services A.J. Singh AVSM , VSM Director General Staff Duties A.K. Sharma UYSM , YSM , SM Director General Information Systems Anil Kapoor Director General Operational Logistics C.P. Mohanty AVSM , SM , VSM Director General Weapons & Equipment Sanjay Verma Director General Administration & Coordination Director General Rashtriya Rifles B.S. Sehrawat Director General Discipline , Ceremonials & Welfare Director General Manpower Planning & Personnel Services S.K. Saini AVSM , YSM , VSM Director General Financial Planning P.N. Rao YSM , SM Director General Quality Assurance Shamsher Singh Director General Land , Works & Environment R.K. Anand SM , VSM Dy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff ( Int ) and Director General Defence Intelligence Agency A.S. Bedi UYSM , YSM , VSM Dy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff ( DOT ) P.J.S. Pannu PVSM , AVSM , VSM Dy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff ( Med ) C.S. Narayanan VSM * * * , PHS Commandant Indian Military Academy S.K. Jha PVSM , AVSM , YSM , SM Commandant Officers Training Academy Chennai Sanjeev Kanal AVSM , VSM Commandant Officers Training Academy Gaya V.S. Sreenivas Commandant National Defence College ( presently tenanted by a Naval Officer ) - Commandant Defence Services Staff College Amrik Singh AVSM , SM Commandant Army War College Raj Shukla YSM , SM Commandant Infantry School R. Chopra AVSM Commandant School of Artillery R.S. Salaria Commandant Armoured Corps Center & School ( presently tenanted by a Major General ) Neeraj Kapur Commandant Army Air Defense College Commandant College of Military Engineering Michael Mathews Commandant Military College of Telecommunications Engineering Rajeev Sabherwal Commandant Military College Electronics and Mechanical Engineering Paramjit Singh Commandant Army Service Corps Center & School Vipan Gupta Commandant College of Materials Management N.K. Mehta Commandant Military Intelligence Training School & Depot L.N. Singh Commandant Army Hospital Research & Referral Commandant Army Medical Corps Center & College Anup Banerji Additional Director General Army Education Corps Major General A.K. Vyas Judge Advocate General Additional Director General Military Nursing Service Annakutty Babu Additional Director General Public Information Ashok Narula Additional Director General Territorial Army D.A. Chaturvedi Provost Marshal Corps of Military Police Additional Director General Army Postal Service Corps General Officers Commanding of Corps & Areas ( edit ) Post Rank Name Photo Decorations General Officer Commanding I Corps Strike Corps Lieutenant General Taranjit Singh General Officer Commanding II Corps Kharga Corps ( Strike Corps ) A.S. Kler General Officer Commanding III Corps Spear Corps Gopal R AVSM , SM General Officer Commanding IV Corps Gajraj Corps Gurpal Singh Sangha YSM , VSM General Officer Commanding IX Corps Rising Star Corps YVK Mohan General Officer Commanding X Corps Chetak Corps PC Thimmayya General Officer Commanding XI Corps Vajra Corps Dushyant Singh General Officer Commanding XII Corps Konark Corps ( Desert Corps ) R.K. Jagga AVSM , VSM General Officer Commanding XIV Corps Fire & Fury Corps S.K. Upadhya General Officer Commanding XV Corps Chinar Corps Anil Kumar Bhatt General Officer Commanding XVI Corps White Knight Corps Saranjit Singh General Officer Commanding XVII Corps Brahmastra Corps ( Mountain Strike Corps ) SS Hasabnis General Officer Commanding XXI Corps Sudarshan Chakra Corps Ravendra Pal Singh AVSM , VSM General Officer Commanding XXXIII Corps Trishakti Corps P.M. Bali AVSM , VSM General Officer Commanding Uttar Bharat Area Harish Thukral General Officer Commanding Madhya Bharat Area Rajesh Rana VSM General Officer Commanding 101 Area D.S. Ahuja AVSM General Officer Commanding Bengal Area General Officer Commanding Maharashtra , Gujarat & Goa Area General Officer Commanding Dakshin Bharat Area S.T. Upasani General Officer Commanding Delhi Area A.B. Mistry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Devraj Anbu is the new Vice Chief of Army Staff '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of Indian Army '' . uniindia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lt General Ashwani Kumar assumes charge as Adjutant General '' . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lt Gen AK Bhatt to take over as 15 Corps GOC - Kashmir News Zone '' . Kashmir News Zone. 2017 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Engineer in Chief '' . Jump up ^ `` 3300 visually challenged and differently abled children participate in 22nd edition of Salwan Marathon race '' . 2017 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Ranbir Singh appointed Northern Army Commander - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` An Experienced Hand Takes over Eastern Theatre '' . pib.nic.in . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Surinder takes over as Western Command GOC - in - C -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen BS Negi appointed Central Command 's new GOC - in - C ( designate ) '' . 6 Dec 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Soni takes over as chief of Southern Command '' . Indian Express . Jump up ^ `` New SW Army head is Sainik School alumnus '' . Thehindu.com . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Naravane takes over as ARTRAC chief '' . Tribune India . Jump up ^ `` APS Akhnoor organizes Northern Command Annual Principal Meet - Early Times '' . www.earlytimes.in . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Serving Colonel Commandants '' . Indian Army . Jump up ^ `` h14 '' . sainiksamachar.nic.in . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Nagpurian appointed as Chief of Staff at Southern Command Headquarters '' . www.nagpurtoday.in . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 1971 war : Tribute paid to heroes of victory Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . dna. 2017 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Govt gets cracking on three new tri-Service commands -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Govt sits on army posts '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Andaman Navy chief in city '' . The Hans India . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Satish Dua takes over as CISC chief - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 331 recruits shine at passing out parade at JAK RRC '' . thehitavada.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Engineer in Chief '' . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of Indian Army - Message of DG Arty '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` DG Army Aviation Flies the LCH '' . pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CII '' . www.cii.in . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Curtain Raiser : DEFCOM -- 2017 '' . pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Pannu is new GOC Leh '' . 2016 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of Indian Army '' . www.indianarmy.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lt General Manoj Kumar Unni takes over as Director General of Army 's Medical Services -- The Economic Times '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` COMMAND HOSPITAL ( EASTERN COMMAND ) Healers Of The East Get Coveted Raksha Mantri Trophy '' . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of Indian Army '' . www.indianarmy.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen MH Thakur '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen PP Malhotra takes over as DG NCC '' . pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Harpal Singh takes Charge as Director General Border Roads '' . pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 75th EME CORPS DAY - DAVP '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` USI of India USI Management '' . usiofindia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Serving Colonel Commandants '' . Jump up ^ `` DIRECTOR GENERAL REMOUNT VETERINARY SERVICES '' . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Army HQs issues posting orders for new Corps Commanders in J&K '' . 2016 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` CII '' . www.cii.in . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` WAR OF WORDS : New Report Lays Bare Indian Army 's Ruined Quest For Basic Assault Rifles '' . Livefist . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Directorate General Quality Assurance '' . www.dgqadefence.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` INDIAN BUSINESS CONGRESS HOME '' . www.bizcongress.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` USI of India USI Management '' . usiofindia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` PressReader.com - Connecting People Through News '' . www.pressreader.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Commandants '' . Jump up ^ `` Befitting farewell accorded to Lt Gen Kanal '' . thehitavada.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Commandants '' . Jump up ^ `` About Commandant '' . www.dssc.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` SEMINAR ON MANOEUVRE WARFARE AND FIREPOWER -- APPLICATION IN THE FUTURE '' ( PDF ) . line feed character in title = at position 11 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Commandant '' . Jump up ^ `` Serving Colonel Commandants '' . Jump up ^ Dighe , Sandip ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` Mechanised forces will have major role in future battles , says Kapur '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bridging infrastructure gap major challenge for armed forces : Lt Gen Michael Mathews '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pioneer , The . `` MCTE holds passing out ceremony with grandeur '' . The Pioneer . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ ANI ( 2017 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Lt Gen Paramjit Singh takes over as Commandant of MCEME '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Army makes world record as 58 men ride on a bike '' . Jammu Kashmir Latest News Tourism Breaking News J&K. 2017 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Kendriya Vidyalaya : : C.M.M. , JABALPUR केंद्रीय विधालय , सीएमएम जबलपुर : Powered By Sun Infosoft Inc. 9425030911 www.suninfosoft.com '' . kvcmm.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Role of Intelligence Corps growing in warfare : Lt Gen Singh '' . The Indian Express . 2017 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` LT . GEN . ANUP BANERJI Takes over As The New COMMANDANT OF AMC CENTRE & COLLEGE Lucknow '' . Uttar Pradesh News Portal. 2018 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of Indian Army '' . indianarmy.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Major General Annakuttybabu assumes Office of ADG , MNS '' . pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.uniindia.com/work-shop-on-military-media-relations-held-at-cdm/states/news/1097129.html Jump up ^ `` Directors / ADGs '' . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Taranjit Singh Assumes Command of Strike1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Alok Singh Kler assumes command of Kharga Corps '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen takes over charge of Spear Corps '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Gurpal Singh Sangha takes over as GOC of Gajraj Corps '' . outlookindia.com/ . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen YVK Mohan takes over as Commander of 9 Corps '' . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thimmaya assumes charge '' . tribuneindia.com . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vajra Corps GOC '' . Jump up ^ `` Army chief unveils slain jawan 's memorial in Raj '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Desk , India.com News ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Lieutenant General of Indian Army 's 14 Corps in Leh Survives Chopper Crash in Ladakh '' . India.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen AK Bhatt new GoC 15 Corps '' . Rising Kashmir . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Saranjit Singh is GOC 16 Corps '' . Jump up ^ `` Prez inaugurates ESM rally at Nabagram military station '' . news.webindia123.com. 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Ravendra Pal Singh assumes command of Sudharshan Chakra Corps '' . thehitavada.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Lt. Gen. PM Bali , VSM , GOC , Trishakti Corps called on Hon'ble Governor Shri Shriniwas Patil at Raj Bhavan on 7th November 2017 . - Raj Bhavan , Gangtok , Sikkim '' . www.rajbhavansikkim.gov.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Army to court - martial soldier who used social media to complain - Deccan Herald DailyHunt '' . DailyHunt . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Rana , VSM assumes command of Headquarters Madhya Bharat area '' . thehitavada.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ India , Press Trust of ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Lt Gen DS Ahuja is the new GOC 101 Area '' . Business Standard India . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Reporter , Staff ; Reporter , Staff ( 2018 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Officials meet ex-servicemen , discuss welfare issues '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Asit Mistry '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_serving_generals_of_the_Indian_Army&oldid=849061981 '' Categories : Indian generals Lists of Indian military personnel Indian Army officers Hidden categories : CS1 errors : invisible characters Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from August 2016 Articles with topics of unclear notability from August 2016 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use Indian English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 07 : 29 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | list of serving major generals in indian army | [
"\n\nPost\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nPhoto\n\nDecorations\n\n\nDirector General Military Operation\n\nLieutenant General\n\nAnil Chauhan[4]\n\n\n\nUYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Military Intelligence\n\nArvind Dutta[29]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Ordnance Services\n\nGiriraj SIngh[30]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Armed Forces Medical Services\n\nBipin Puri[31]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Medical Services (Army)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Hospital Services\n\nSanjiv Chopra[32]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Dental Services\n\nT.K. Bandyopadhyay [33]\n\n\n\nVSM, PHDS\n\n\nDirector General Supplies & Transport\n\nM.H. Thakur[34]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General National Cadet Corps\n\nP.P. Malhotra[35]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Border Roads Organisation\n\nHarpal Singh[36]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General EME\n\nK.K. Agarwal[37]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Military Training\n\nA.S. Bhinder[38]\n\n\n\nVSM\n\n\nDirector General Perspective Planning\n\nP.S. Rajeshwar[39]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Remount Veterinary Services\n\nA.J. Singh[40]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Staff Duties\n\nA.K. Sharma[41]\n\n\n\nUYSM, YSM, SM\n\n\nDirector General Information Systems\n\nAnil Kapoor[41]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Operational Logistics\n\nC.P. Mohanty[42]\n\n\n\nAVSM, SM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Weapons & Equipment\n\nSanjay Verma[43]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Administration & Coordination\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Rashtriya Rifles\n\nB.S. Sehrawat\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Discipline, Ceremonials & Welfare\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Manpower Planning & Personnel Services\n\nS.K. Saini\n\n\n\nAVSM, YSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Financial Planning\n\nP.N. Rao\n\n\n\nYSM, SM\n\n\nDirector General Quality Assurance\n\nShamsher Singh[44]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Land, Works & Environment\n\nR.K. Anand[45]\n\n\n\nSM, VSM\n\n\nDy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Int) and Director General Defence Intelligence Agency\n\nA.S. Bedi\n\n\n\nUYSM, YSM, VSM\n\n\nDy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (DOT)\n\nP.J.S. Pannu[46]\n\n\n\nPVSM, AVSM, VSM\n\n\nDy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Med)\n\nC.S. Narayanan[47]\n\n\n\nVSM***, PHS\n\n\nCommandant Indian Military Academy\n\nS.K. Jha[48]\n\n\n\nPVSM, AVSM, YSM, SM\n\n\nCommandant Officers Training Academy Chennai\n\nSanjeev Kanal[49]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nCommandant Officers Training Academy Gaya\n\nV.S. Sreenivas[50]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant National Defence College (presently tenanted by a Naval Officer)\n\n-\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Defence Services Staff College\n\nAmrik Singh[51]\n\n\n\nAVSM, SM\n\n\nCommandant Army War College\n\nRaj Shukla[52]\n\n\n\nYSM, SM\n\n\nCommandant Infantry School\n\nR. Chopra[53]\n\n\n\nAVSM\n\n\nCommandant School of Artillery\n\nR.S. Salaria[54]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Armoured Corps Center & School (presently tenanted by a Major General)\n\nNeeraj Kapur[55]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Air Defense College\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant College of Military Engineering\n\nMichael Mathews[56]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Military College of Telecommunications Engineering\n\nRajeev Sabherwal[57]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Military College Electronics and Mechanical Engineering\n\nParamjit Singh[58]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Service Corps Center & School\n\nVipan Gupta[59]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant College of Materials Management\n\nN.K. Mehta[60]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Military Intelligence Training School & Depot\n\nL.N. Singh[61]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Hospital Research & Referral\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Medical Corps Center & College\n\nAnup Banerji[62]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Army Education Corps\n\nMajor General\n\nA.K. Vyas[63]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJudge Advocate General\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Military Nursing Service\n\nAnnakutty Babu[64]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Public Information\n\nAshok Narula[65]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Territorial Army\n\nD.A. Chaturvedi[66]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProvost Marshal Corps of Military Police\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Army Postal Service Corps\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nPost\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nPhoto\n\nDecorations\n\n\nDirector General Military Operation\n\nLieutenant General\n\nAnil Chauhan[4]\n\n\n\nUYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Military Intelligence\n\nArvind Dutta[29]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Ordnance Services\n\nGiriraj SIngh[30]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Armed Forces Medical Services\n\nBipin Puri[31]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Medical Services (Army)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Hospital Services\n\nSanjiv Chopra[32]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Dental Services\n\nT.K. Bandyopadhyay [33]\n\n\n\nVSM, PHDS\n\n\nDirector General Supplies & Transport\n\nM.H. Thakur[34]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General National Cadet Corps\n\nP.P. Malhotra[35]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Border Roads Organisation\n\nHarpal Singh[36]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General EME\n\nK.K. Agarwal[37]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Military Training\n\nA.S. Bhinder[38]\n\n\n\nVSM\n\n\nDirector General Perspective Planning\n\nP.S. Rajeshwar[39]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Remount Veterinary Services\n\nA.J. Singh[40]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Staff Duties\n\nA.K. Sharma[41]\n\n\n\nUYSM, YSM, SM\n\n\nDirector General Information Systems\n\nAnil Kapoor[41]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Operational Logistics\n\nC.P. Mohanty[42]\n\n\n\nAVSM, SM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Weapons & Equipment\n\nSanjay Verma[43]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Administration & Coordination\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Rashtriya Rifles\n\nB.S. Sehrawat\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Discipline, Ceremonials & Welfare\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Manpower Planning & Personnel Services\n\nS.K. Saini\n\n\n\nAVSM, YSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Financial Planning\n\nP.N. Rao\n\n\n\nYSM, SM\n\n\nDirector General Quality Assurance\n\nShamsher Singh[44]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Land, Works & Environment\n\nR.K. Anand[45]\n\n\n\nSM, VSM\n\n\nDy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Int) and Director General Defence Intelligence Agency\n\nA.S. Bedi\n\n\n\nUYSM, YSM, VSM\n\n\nDy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (DOT)\n\nP.J.S. Pannu[46]\n\n\n\nPVSM, AVSM, VSM\n\n\nDy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Med)\n\nC.S. Narayanan[47]\n\n\n\nVSM***, PHS\n\n\nCommandant Indian Military Academy\n\nS.K. Jha[48]\n\n\n\nPVSM, AVSM, YSM, SM\n\n\nCommandant Officers Training Academy Chennai\n\nSanjeev Kanal[49]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nCommandant Officers Training Academy Gaya\n\nV.S. Sreenivas[50]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant National Defence College (presently tenanted by a Naval Officer)\n\n-\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Defence Services Staff College\n\nAmrik Singh[51]\n\n\n\nAVSM, SM\n\n\nCommandant Army War College\n\nRaj Shukla[52]\n\n\n\nYSM, SM\n\n\nCommandant Infantry School\n\nR. Chopra[53]\n\n\n\nAVSM\n\n\nCommandant School of Artillery\n\nR.S. Salaria[54]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Armoured Corps Center & School (presently tenanted by a Major General)\n\nNeeraj Kapur[55]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Air Defense College\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant College of Military Engineering\n\nMichael Mathews[56]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Military College of Telecommunications Engineering\n\nRajeev Sabherwal[57]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Military College Electronics and Mechanical Engineering\n\nParamjit Singh[58]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Service Corps Center & School\n\nVipan Gupta[59]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant College of Materials Management\n\nN.K. Mehta[60]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Military Intelligence Training School & Depot\n\nL.N. Singh[61]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Hospital Research & Referral\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Medical Corps Center & College\n\nAnup Banerji[62]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Army Education Corps\n\nMajor General\n\nA.K. Vyas[63]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJudge Advocate General\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Military Nursing Service\n\nAnnakutty Babu[64]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Public Information\n\nAshok Narula[65]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Territorial Army\n\nD.A. Chaturvedi[66]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProvost Marshal Corps of Military Police\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Army Postal Service Corps\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nPost\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nPhoto\n\nDecorations\n\n\nDirector General Military Operation\n\nLieutenant General\n\nAnil Chauhan[4]\n\n\n\nUYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Military Intelligence\n\nArvind Dutta[29]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Ordnance Services\n\nGiriraj SIngh[30]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Armed Forces Medical Services\n\nBipin Puri[31]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Medical Services (Army)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Hospital Services\n\nSanjiv Chopra[32]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Dental Services\n\nT.K. Bandyopadhyay [33]\n\n\n\nVSM, PHDS\n\n\nDirector General Supplies & Transport\n\nM.H. Thakur[34]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General National Cadet Corps\n\nP.P. Malhotra[35]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Border Roads Organisation\n\nHarpal Singh[36]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General EME\n\nK.K. Agarwal[37]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Military Training\n\nA.S. Bhinder[38]\n\n\n\nVSM\n\n\nDirector General Perspective Planning\n\nP.S. Rajeshwar[39]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Remount Veterinary Services\n\nA.J. Singh[40]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Staff Duties\n\nA.K. Sharma[41]\n\n\n\nUYSM, YSM, SM\n\n\nDirector General Information Systems\n\nAnil Kapoor[41]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Operational Logistics\n\nC.P. Mohanty[42]\n\n\n\nAVSM, SM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Weapons & Equipment\n\nSanjay Verma[43]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Administration & Coordination\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Rashtriya Rifles\n\nB.S. Sehrawat\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Discipline, Ceremonials & Welfare\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Manpower Planning & Personnel Services\n\nS.K. Saini\n\n\n\nAVSM, YSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Financial Planning\n\nP.N. Rao\n\n\n\nYSM, SM\n\n\nDirector General Quality Assurance\n\nShamsher Singh[44]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Land, Works & Environment\n\nR.K. Anand[45]\n\n\n\nSM, VSM\n\n\nDy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Int) and Director General Defence Intelligence Agency\n\nA.S. Bedi\n\n\n\nUYSM, YSM, VSM\n\n\nDy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (DOT)\n\nP.J.S. Pannu[46]\n\n\n\nPVSM, AVSM, VSM\n\n\nDy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Med)\n\nC.S. Narayanan[47]\n\n\n\nVSM***, PHS\n\n\nCommandant Indian Military Academy\n\nS.K. Jha[48]\n\n\n\nPVSM, AVSM, YSM, SM\n\n\nCommandant Officers Training Academy Chennai\n\nSanjeev Kanal[49]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nCommandant Officers Training Academy Gaya\n\nV.S. Sreenivas[50]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant National Defence College (presently tenanted by a Naval Officer)\n\n-\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Defence Services Staff College\n\nAmrik Singh[51]\n\n\n\nAVSM, SM\n\n\nCommandant Army War College\n\nRaj Shukla[52]\n\n\n\nYSM, SM\n\n\nCommandant Infantry School\n\nR. Chopra[53]\n\n\n\nAVSM\n\n\nCommandant School of Artillery\n\nR.S. Salaria[54]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Armoured Corps Center & School (presently tenanted by a Major General)\n\nNeeraj Kapur[55]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Air Defense College\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant College of Military Engineering\n\nMichael Mathews[56]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Military College of Telecommunications Engineering\n\nRajeev Sabherwal[57]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Military College Electronics and Mechanical Engineering\n\nParamjit Singh[58]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Service Corps Center & School\n\nVipan Gupta[59]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant College of Materials Management\n\nN.K. Mehta[60]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Military Intelligence Training School & Depot\n\nL.N. Singh[61]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Hospital Research & Referral\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Medical Corps Center & College\n\nAnup Banerji[62]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Army Education Corps\n\nMajor General\n\nA.K. Vyas[63]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJudge Advocate General\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Military Nursing Service\n\nAnnakutty Babu[64]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Public Information\n\nAshok Narula[65]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Territorial Army\n\nD.A. Chaturvedi[66]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProvost Marshal Corps of Military Police\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Army Postal Service Corps\n\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nPost\n\nRank\n\nName\n\nPhoto\n\nDecorations\n\n\nDirector General Military Operation\n\nLieutenant General\n\nAnil Chauhan[4]\n\n\n\nUYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Military Intelligence\n\nArvind Dutta[29]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Ordnance Services\n\nGiriraj SIngh[30]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Armed Forces Medical Services\n\nBipin Puri[31]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Medical Services (Army)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Hospital Services\n\nSanjiv Chopra[32]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Dental Services\n\nT.K. Bandyopadhyay [33]\n\n\n\nVSM, PHDS\n\n\nDirector General Supplies & Transport\n\nM.H. Thakur[34]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General National Cadet Corps\n\nP.P. Malhotra[35]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Border Roads Organisation\n\nHarpal Singh[36]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General EME\n\nK.K. Agarwal[37]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Military Training\n\nA.S. Bhinder[38]\n\n\n\nVSM\n\n\nDirector General Perspective Planning\n\nP.S. Rajeshwar[39]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Remount Veterinary Services\n\nA.J. Singh[40]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Staff Duties\n\nA.K. Sharma[41]\n\n\n\nUYSM, YSM, SM\n\n\nDirector General Information Systems\n\nAnil Kapoor[41]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Operational Logistics\n\nC.P. Mohanty[42]\n\n\n\nAVSM, SM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Weapons & Equipment\n\nSanjay Verma[43]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Administration & Coordination\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Rashtriya Rifles\n\nB.S. Sehrawat\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Discipline, Ceremonials & Welfare\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Manpower Planning & Personnel Services\n\nS.K. Saini\n\n\n\nAVSM, YSM, VSM\n\n\nDirector General Financial Planning\n\nP.N. Rao\n\n\n\nYSM, SM\n\n\nDirector General Quality Assurance\n\nShamsher Singh[44]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDirector General Land, Works & Environment\n\nR.K. Anand[45]\n\n\n\nSM, VSM\n\n\nDy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Int) and Director General Defence Intelligence Agency\n\nA.S. Bedi\n\n\n\nUYSM, YSM, VSM\n\n\nDy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (DOT)\n\nP.J.S. Pannu[46]\n\n\n\nPVSM, AVSM, VSM\n\n\nDy Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Med)\n\nC.S. Narayanan[47]\n\n\n\nVSM***, PHS\n\n\nCommandant Indian Military Academy\n\nS.K. Jha[48]\n\n\n\nPVSM, AVSM, YSM, SM\n\n\nCommandant Officers Training Academy Chennai\n\nSanjeev Kanal[49]\n\n\n\nAVSM, VSM\n\n\nCommandant Officers Training Academy Gaya\n\nV.S. Sreenivas[50]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant National Defence College (presently tenanted by a Naval Officer)\n\n-\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Defence Services Staff College\n\nAmrik Singh[51]\n\n\n\nAVSM, SM\n\n\nCommandant Army War College\n\nRaj Shukla[52]\n\n\n\nYSM, SM\n\n\nCommandant Infantry School\n\nR. Chopra[53]\n\n\n\nAVSM\n\n\nCommandant School of Artillery\n\nR.S. Salaria[54]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Armoured Corps Center & School (presently tenanted by a Major General)\n\nNeeraj Kapur[55]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Air Defense College\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant College of Military Engineering\n\nMichael Mathews[56]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Military College of Telecommunications Engineering\n\nRajeev Sabherwal[57]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Military College Electronics and Mechanical Engineering\n\nParamjit Singh[58]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Service Corps Center & School\n\nVipan Gupta[59]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant College of Materials Management\n\nN.K. Mehta[60]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Military Intelligence Training School & Depot\n\nL.N. Singh[61]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Hospital Research & Referral\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCommandant Army Medical Corps Center & College\n\nAnup Banerji[62]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Army Education Corps\n\nMajor General\n\nA.K. Vyas[63]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJudge Advocate General\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Military Nursing Service\n\nAnnakutty Babu[64]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Public Information\n\nAshok Narula[65]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Territorial Army\n\nD.A. Chaturvedi[66]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nProvost Marshal Corps of Military Police\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAdditional Director General Army Postal Service Corps\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Neeraj Kapur",
"Annakutty Babu",
"Ashok Narula",
"D.A. Chaturvedi"
] |
-6464539787926022134 | Treat You Better | Treat You Better - wikipedia Treat You Better Jump to : navigation , search `` Treat You Better '' Single by Shawn Mendes from the album Illuminate Released June 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) Format CD single digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop Length 3 : 07 Label Island Republic Universal Songwriter ( s ) Shawn Mendes Teddy Geiger Scott Harris Producer ( s ) Teddy Geiger Dan Romer DJ `` Daylight '' Kyriakides Shawn Mendes singles chronology `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' ( 2015 ) `` Treat You Better '' ( 2016 ) `` Mercy '' ( 2016 ) `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' ( 2015 ) `` Treat You Better '' ( 2016 ) `` Mercy '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Treat You Better '' on YouTube `` Treat You Better '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes . It was co-written by Mendes with Teddy Geiger , and Scott Harris . It was released on June 3 , 2016 through Island Records as the lead single from his second studio album , Illuminate ( 2016 ) . The music video was released on July 12 , 2016 and features a storyline about an abusive relationship . The song peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 , making it Mendes ' second top 10 single . In Canada , the song has peaked at number seven on the Canadian Hot 100 , passing `` Life of the Party '' as his highest - peaking single in his home country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Chart performance 5 Track listing 6 Live performances 7 Advertising use 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References Composition ( edit ) The song is written in the key of B ♭ minor . and has a tempo of 83 beats per minute . Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard ranked `` Treat You Better '' at number 42 on their `` 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 '' list . Music video ( edit ) The music video was released on July 12 , 2016 . It features a plot revolving around a situation of violence between couples . The video shows a girl being abused by her boyfriend in various situations , while Mendes hopes to be with her and struggles to understand why she prefers to be in that relationship . The video ends displaying the number for the National Domestic Violence Hotline . The music video also stars Devon Aoki 's half sister Ellie Stuart Hunter played with a guitar , drums and tambourines . The video has received over 1.3 billion YouTube views as of September 2017 , and is the site 's 38th most - watched video . Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted at number thirty four on the US Billboard Hot 100 and later peaked at number six , making it Mendes ' second top 10 single . It also reached the top 10 on the Mainstream Top 40 and Adult Top 40 national airplay charts . In Canada , the song has peaked at number seven on the Canadian Hot 100 , passing `` Life of the Party '' as his highest - peaking single in his home country . The song has additionally achieved a top 5 position on the national CHR and Hot AC airplay charts , and has been certified gold by Music Canada . `` Treat You Better '' has also reached the top 10 in multiple markets including Australia , Germany , and Sweden . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Treat You Better '' Shawn Mendes Teddy Geiger Scott Harris 3 : 07 CD single No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Treat You Better '' Mendes Geiger Harris 3 : 08 2 . `` Ruin '' Mendes Harris Geoffrey Warburton Ido Zmishlany 4 : 00 Total length : 7 : 08 Live performances ( edit ) Mendes ' first televised performance of `` Treat You Better '' happened at the 2016 Much Music Video Awards on June 19 . On July 12 , 2016 , he performed the song on The Tonight Show . On November 20 , 2016 , Mendes performed the ' Treat You Better ' at the 2016 American Music Awards . Advertising Use ( edit ) `` Treat You Better '' is being used in a series of commercials for Southwest Airlines . In July 2017 Swedish melodic metal band Sonic Syndicate released a cover version of the song . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 12 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 15 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 7 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 5 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 33 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 19 France ( SNEP ) 39 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 22 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 11 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Portugal ( AFP ) 7 Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 29 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) 93 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 8 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 16 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 17 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 41 Australia ( ARIA ) 29 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 22 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 56 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 46 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 42 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 23 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 20 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 24 Italy ( FIMI ) 30 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 29 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 Poland ( ZPAV ) 33 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 42 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 20 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 40 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 28 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) 5 × Platinum 200,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 150,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 3 × Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) 3 × Platinum 60,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 4 × Platinum 160,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States June 3 , 2016 Digital download Island Universal June 7 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio Island Republic Germany August 19 , 2016 CD single Island Universal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Melendez , Monique ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Tries to End an Abusive Relationship in ' Treat You Better ' Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Shawn Mendes has released his biggest single yet with ' Treat You Better ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes Store ( US ) - Music - Shawn Mendes - Treat You Better - Single '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . June 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Shawn Mendes ' Powerful ' Treat You Better ' Music Video '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Treat You Better '' . musicnotes . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes 's ' Treat You Better ' video is a reminder that no one has to tolerate abuse '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Treat You Better '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Treat You Better Video Is Here '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Treat You Better '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 300 million views ) , retrieved August 25 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Treat You Better ( 2 - Track ) - Shawn Mendes : Amazon.de : Musik '' . Amazon ( in German ) . August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes To Perform Newest Single ' Treat You Better ' '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` See Shawn Mendes Promise to ' Treat You Better ' on ' Fallon ' '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Oficial del 10 al 16 de Octubre , 2016 ( Argentina ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Shawn Mendes . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201635 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201635 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes : Treat You Better '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 31 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Shawn Mendes search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : Sep 10 , 2016 Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romania 's Airplay 100 -- 30 October 2016 '' . Media Forest . Kiss FM . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201638 into search . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201630 into search . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Shawn Mendes . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 - Single - Charts 2016 '' . oe3.orf.at . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche `` Top of the Music '' 2016 FIMI - GfK : La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali '' ( Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year - end chart PDF documents ) ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Podsumowanie roku -- Airplay 2016 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2016 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA CHART WATCH # 399 '' . auspOp . December 17 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . Music Canada . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Shawn Mendes ; ' Treat You Better ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Shawn Mendes '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2016 in the field `` Year '' . Select ' ' in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Type Shawn Mendes in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Treat You Better and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Enter Treat You Better in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- Treat You Better '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates - AllAccess Media Group '' . AllAccess Media Group . June 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . ( hide ) Shawn Mendes Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Handwritten Illuminate Live albums Live at Madison Square Garden EPs The Shawn Mendes EP Singles `` Life of the Party '' `` Something Big '' `` Stitches '' `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Treat You Better '' `` Mercy '' `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Featured singles `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' Promotional singles `` Believe '' Concert tours # ShawnsFirstHeadlines Shawn Mendes World Tour Illuminate World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treat_You_Better&oldid=802834064 '' Categories : 2016 songs 2016 singles Shawn Mendes songs Island Records singles Republic Records singles Universal Music Group singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland Songs about domestic violence Torch songs Songs about betrayal Songs written by Scott Harris ( songwriter ) Songs written by Shawn Mendes Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 19 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote treat you better by shawn mendes | [
"\"Treat You Better\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes. It was co-written by Mendes with Teddy Geiger, and Scott Harris. It was released on June 3, 2016 through Island Records as the lead single from his second studio album, Illuminate (2016).[3] The music video was released on July 12, 2016 and features a storyline about an abusive relationship.[4]",
"\"Treat You Better\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes. It was co-written by Mendes with Teddy Geiger, and Scott Harris. It was released on June 3, 2016 through Island Records as the lead single from his second studio album, Illuminate (2016).[3] The music video was released on July 12, 2016 and features a storyline about an abusive relationship.[4]",
"\"Treat You Better\" is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes. It was co-written by Mendes with Teddy Geiger, and Scott Harris. It was released on June 3, 2016 through Island Records as the lead single from his second studio album, Illuminate (2016).[3] The music video was released on July 12, 2016 and features a storyline about an abusive relationship.[4]"
] | [
"Shawn Mendes",
"Teddy Geiger",
"Scott Harris"
] |
2409997136104186 | April Kepner | April Kepner - wikipedia April Kepner Jump to : navigation , search April Kepner Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 9 Gallery Picture of Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner First appearance `` Invasion '' 6x05 , October 15 , 2009 ( as recurring cast ) `` With You I 'm Born Again '' 7x01 , September 23 , 2010 ( as main cast ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Sarah Drew Information Nickname ( s ) Virgin Mary Apes Shepherd 's flunkey Ducky Dud Keps The Machine Party Occupation Attending trauma surgeon Interim Chief of General Surgery ( former ) Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Joe Kepner ( Father ) Karen Kepner ( Mother ) Libby , Kimmie and Alice ( sisters ) Spouse ( s ) Jackson Avery ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Matthew Taylor ( ex-fiancé ) Children Samuel Norbert Avery ( son , with Jackson ; deceased ) Harriet Kepner - Avery ( daughter , with Jackson ) Religion Christianity April Kepner M.D. , is a fictional character from the television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes and is portrayed by actress Sarah Drew . She was introduced in the episode `` Invasion '' as a former surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital who joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the two hospitals merge to compensate for the absence of some of the central cast members , and was created to be disliked by her colleagues . The character was originally set to appear in two episodes , Drew 's contract was extended to the remainder of the sixth season , with her becoming a series regular in the seventh season . The character 's focal storyline involved her struggle with fitting into the new work environment , her religious beliefs and balancing her duties as the hospital 's chief resident and her friendship with her colleagues and as of the end of season eight , her relationship with her best friend and now ex-husband Jackson Avery . Although initially focusing on neurosurgery during her residency , Kepner finally settles on trauma surgery as a specialty . After failing her boards , Kepner departs upon her contract 's expiration , but returns as a surgical attending when Chief Hunt offers her job back . Characterizing the character , ABC noted her determination , thoroughness , and intelligence as her main traits , while her insecurity , over-eagerness and vulnerability were highlighted as her main weakness . The character received mixed reviews from critics initially , but later praise was affirmed from her character growth which earned her a fan - favorite status in later seasons . Along with Jessica Capshaw , Drew was fired on Thursday March 8th , 2018 ( International Women 's Day ) for `` creative '' reasons regarding cast changes . Shonda Rhimes alluded to the impact Drew 's character had depicting `` devout Christian communities '' which `` are underrepresented on TV '' . She praised both actresses for `` bringing these characters to life with such vibrant performance and for inspiring women around the globe '' . The decision was controversial , sparking backlash from fans , and even inciting public criticism and calls for a boycott of the show . The following episode after the announcement saw ratings fall 15 % . Further speculation regarding the connection of their firing with Ellen Pompeo 's new $20 million dollar contract a year for the show surfaced . Showrunner Krista Vernoff stated , however , that the decision was purely creative , not budgetary . It is also very heavily speculated by viewers that Drew was fired in order to further develop showrunner favorite ship Jaggie ( consisting in part of Drew 's character 's ex-husband ) with no opposition of the opposing , and significantly more popular , ship Japril . Vernoff has stated in the past , on more than one occasion , that she considers the ship `` toxic . '' Though fans clearly disagree with her as Japril is historically one of the show 's most loved and supported pairings . Vernoff has not formally addressed these allegations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 2.3 Relationships 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2014 ) This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) April Kepner was born in Columbus , Ohio on April 23 , 1982 . Her mother Karen is a teacher and her father Joe is a farmer . She is the second of four daughters ; her sisters are Libby , Kimmie , and Alice . Kepner is initially a surgical resident at Mercy West Hospital . She joins the staff at Seattle Grace Mercy West after the merger of the two hospitals , alongside Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) , and Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) . Kepner is first shown to possess a red diary , in which she writes all her feelings and thoughts which is stolen by Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) . Grey uses the personal information written in the notebook to unnerve and blackmail Kepner but later apologizes . After she made a mistake that led to a patient 's death , she is fired . However , Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) rehires her when he becomes the new Chief of Surgery . As she is not confident anymore , she spends her time doing errands for Shepherd and develops a crush on him , earning her the nickname `` Shepherd 's flunky '' . In the season six finale , she discovers the body of her best friend Reed Adamson , who has been shot . She later runs into the shooter , Gary Clark , who lets her go after she tells him about her life after remembering a technique she says she learned from Oprah . Following the shooting , Kepner and Avery move into Meredith Grey 's ( Ellen Pompeo ) house . Kepner reveals that she is a virgin because she is a Christian and made a promise to God to stay a virgin until she was married , she also states that she thinks men find her annoying after yelling at Alex , Meredith , Lexie and Jackson about secrets , she claims that the fact that she is a 28 year old virgin is not a drinks conversation . She shows potential as a trauma surgeon during a trauma drill . She develops feelings for Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) who almost makes her lose her virginity . When Avery , now her best friend finds out about this , he assaults Karev . Later , Kepner agrees to go on a date with Robert Stark , believing him to have a good side . Her fellow residents make fun of her which prompts her to break up with him . April also impresses Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) and she is ultimately granted the position of Chief Resident in the season seven finale . Kepner initially struggles with her new status as her fellow doctors do not listen to her and do not take her seriously . As the end of the fifth year of residency is near , the surgical residents , including Kepner , prepare for their boards exams for the different fellowships they plan on joining . The night before taking the exam , April loses her virginity to Avery . This causes her to re-evaluate her faith during her Boards Exams , making the examiners feel uncomfortable . It is revealed that she is the only one out of the residents to have failed her Boards Exams . She receives phone calls from other hospital retracting their offers of fellowships and is laid off from Seattle Grace . Although Avery has true feelings for her , she pushes him away because she believes that he feels guilty for having sex with her . As a celebration of the conclusion of their residencies , the former chief of surgery Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) organizes his annual dinner for them . The eighth season ends with Kepner , Avery , Karev and Webber waiting for Meredith and Yang , who are victims of an aviation accident . Months later , Hunt goes to visit April , who had moved back to her parents ' farm in Moline , Ohio . In the wake of the tragic aviation accident , he offers her an attending position at the hospital . When she gets back to Seattle Grace , she resumes her sexual relationship with Avery , despite claiming she wants to re-virginise. April has a pregnancy scare and Jackson promises that he will be there every step of the way , even marry her , if she tests positive . When April finds out that she is not pregnant , she is overjoyed , but inadvertently hurts Jackson 's feelings by saying that they dodged a bullet , seemingly thrilled that they do n't have to get married anymore . Jackson breaks up with April . April suggests to Jackson that they each take a date to Bailey 's wedding in an attempt to move on . Jackson takes intern Stephanie ; the two bond and eventually have sex . When Jackson tells April that he is sleeping with somebody else , she is visibly crushed and tells him that they ca n't be friends again until she has gotten over him . In the next episode , a very attractive paramedic named Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) asks April out for coffee and they start seeing each other . Shortly afterwards she turns to Jackson for dating advice and it is hinted that Jackson is still in love with her when he shows signs of jealousy but Jackson overcomes his jealousy and they then re-establish their friendship . She confesses to Matthew that she is not a virgin anymore as she led him to believe and he breaks up with her because she lied to him . However , in the next episode , Matthew forgives April and they get back together . He asks her to marry him through a flash mob and she says yes . In the season 9 finale , April thinks she lost Jackson when a bus blew up and tells him she loves him , but he only has a few injuries . She remains engaged to Matthew while Jackson dates Stephanie . At the wedding , Jackson realizes he still loves April and stands up professing his love . Jackson and April are seen driving off together at the start of the following episode and later it is revealed that they have secretly eloped . At first April and Jackson do not tell their friends about their marriage , but later they do because of a new rule at the hospital . Catherine Avery is not at all happy about her son 's elopement with April , and the fact that there was n't a prenuptial agreement . They soon make up after April signs a postnuptial agreement . Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views in the way their children should be raised religious . Not long after their fight , April realizes she is pregnant . April and Jackson 's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2 , and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth . Jackson believes that termination is the best option , however April would rather give birth to the baby knowing it will not live very long . They scheduled an induction for the next day , at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby 's death certificate , which is too hard for the couple to bear . April does n't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle , while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancé the night before . They decide to give birth to the baby via induction at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then . She gave birth to Samuel Norbert Avery , and he died a few hours after birth . In the following weeks after Samuel 's death , April and Jackson find it hard to be around each other and be intimate with one another . After April tries to seduce Jackson in a supply closet , Jackson asks if she is sure she wants this so soon after the death of their son , leaving April to storm out in anger . In the series 11 finale April decides to join Owen Hunt for 3 months as a trauma surgeon with the army ; this not being well received by Jackson . But after April states she needs this in order to grieve Samuel - Jackson lets her leave . Over the following months April lengthens her stay in the army , this having a strain on her and Jackson 's marriage as Jackson can rarely get a hold of her or talk to her over the phone . On Christmas Day after already being away for some time , April announces to Jackson while on video chat that she is staying for a longer service period , Jackson becomes angry with April but the conversation is cut short by sounds of gunfire and explosions from April 's base camp , leaving her to terminate the call ; meanwhile Jackson is unsure whether his wife is hurt or if she is ever coming home . On Valentine 's Day April returns to the hospital surprising Jackson , and they embrace in the foyer . In Season 12 , April and Jackson go through divorce proceedings started by Jackson . The morning before they sign the divorce papers , April discovers that she is expecting a second baby . She does not inform Jackson , and he is told by Arizona Robbins , which leads to additional tension . After Catherine Avery convinces Jackson to fight for full custody of his unborn child , April takes out a restraining order against him . The Averys ' lawyer asks for all documentation of their marriage , when reading through their wedding vows , Jackson realizes that they should fix the situation for their child . He and April decide to raise their son or daughter together as friends . Complications arise when April needs a c - section and Ben Warren has to do it without anesthesia or other medications . In Seasons 13 and 14 , April faces a crisis of faith , between Samuel , her divorce , and her c - section , she believed that good people get punished and bad people get good things . In episode 17 of Season 14 she encounters a patient who has reacted to antibiotics with a severe case of TEN which causes his skin to separate from his body . Which leaves him to die within the next few hours . This patients last dying wish was to help someone in need of a Rabbi . This man helped Kepner in a way that Jackson and Hunt could n't . He then died a painful death with the comfort of believing his wife was there while April cried as he died . Episode 18 Season 14 , April apologized to everyone , and in turn , got her ex-husband in trouble with his girlfriend , Dr. Maggie Peirce . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` I think it 's a really fun character and , of course , getting to be on that show is wonderful and exciting for any actress in Hollywood . '' Drew on her role in Grey 's Anatomy . Drew was cast in late September 2009 and first appeared on the show in the fifth episode of the sixth season as one of the residents from the Mercy West Hospital after its merger with Seattle Grace . Drew was brought aboard Grey 's Anatomy after former collaborations with the Series ' producer and creator Shonda Rhimes ; she was formally featured as a guest in two episodes of Private Practice in 2008 and was one of the main cast in Rhimes television pilot Inside the Box ( 2009 ) which was eventually not picked up by ABC . Her casting came after the absence of some of the central cast members , notably Katherine Heigl departure after her maternity leave and Ellen Pompeo 's absence due to pregnancy . Drew was originally contracted to guest star in a multi-episodes story arc where her character would be eventually fired from the series after two episodes . She explained : `` I came on to the show and I was told from day one that I was only going to be there for two episodes . I did not expect anything beyond that . The morning my firing episode aired , my agent got a call that they were talking about a contract and I was just completely floored . '' However she was promoted to a series regular on June 9 , 2010 for the seventh season of the show . Rhimes said in the wake of the news : `` Kepner has really been folded into the group '' of Grey 's Anatomy adding `` It 'll depend on what the studio and the network decide to do with those actors , but I fully advocate to have ( the characters ) '' . Drew received the call for her promotion the morning after the sixth episode of season six was telecast on October 29 , 2009 . She described the call as a `` totally happy surprise '' . Characterization ( edit ) `` I love the idea that there 's this person that everybody kind of hates , yet they all have to deal with , ( and even ) lean on . She is one of them , even though they find her terribly annoying , and I think that that 's sort of charming . '' Drew 's character has been called intelligent , hardworking , thorough and determined by Grey 's Anatomy executives . But she is also considered vulnerable , insecure , sensitive and overly eager by her colleagues . Of the character , Drew said : `` April is a very , very good doctor . She really knows what she 's doing , she 's worked really hard , and she certainly wants to do her best and stick around . '' but also described her as `` annoying '' , `` neurotic '' and `` really insecure '' . In the eighth season , April 's position as chief resident and her struggle to get a handle on her fellow residents formed the central arc of her storyline . Rhimes explained : `` Watching April try to be in charge of Cristina and Alex and Jackson is a pretty impossible task , and it 's made for comedy , it 's one of the funniest things we 're working on this season . '' One of Kepner 's central characteristics is her religious belief , notably her chastity and her instance on saving herself for someone she truly loves . In an interview , Drew assessed that : There certainly has never been a 28 - year - old virgin on Grey 's . I do n't even think there 's been a 28 - year - old virgin on television . Unless it 's someone who is sort of a recluse . A normal , smart , doctor .... pretty , healthy ... that in and of itself is really fascinating , and really interesting , and totally different . It 's neat to see someone who is just totally clueless in that area . Everyone else ( On Grey ' Anatomy ) seems like they know exactly what they 're doing . April is totally , totally clueless . Shonda told one of the directors , there are virgins that have sort of done everything else . But not April . April 's really pretty much done nothing . She 's completely untouched . '' Relationships ( edit ) April and Jackson ( Jesse Williams ) 's sexual encounter makes her re-evaluate her faith and jeopardizes the course of her career . Kepner entertained several relationships throughout her time on Grey 's Anatomy . In her early appearances , she is introduced as the best friend and roommate of her fellow Mercy West resident , Reed Adamson . In the season six finale , when Reed is tragically murdered by Gary Clark during the shooting , April is the first to find her when she trips over her dead body . In season seven April forms a friendship with Meredith Grey and she eventually moves into her house . Ellen Pompeo offered regarding their bond : `` Meredith will accept April in order to get the audience to accept her , '' and Drew further explained : `` She 's being plugged into the community . Meredith has really taken her under her wing , is really looking out for her . Having Meredith come around to April helps the audience come around to April . '' She first develops a crush on Derek Shepherd in season six . Carina MacKenzie from The Los Angeles Times called it `` ridiculous '' and added : `` April is drooling all over Chief McDreamy . Vomit . ( ... ) She 's been reduced to a 12 - year - old with hearts in her eyes and a painful inability to be subtle . '' Drew herself was skeptical about it , saying : `` The biggest thing that people did not like about my character was they thought I was a threat for the Mer / Der relationship , which I kind of found was super ridiculous ( ... ) I never saw it as anything that would ever transpire into something that might threaten them . I only saw it as a really pathetic little crush . '' She briefly has feelings for Alex Karev who almost makes her lose her virginity when he tries to sleep with her in Something 's Gotta Give . Wetpaint commented that he made her feel `` worthless and unwanted when she was at her most vulnerable . '' Kepner also briefly dates Dr. Robert Stark , a senior pediatric surgical attending . After her fellow residents make fun of her , she breaks up with him , creating a coldness between them . However , it is Stark who recommends her as chief resident to Dr. Hunt . Drew stated : `` She sees a side to Dr. Stark that he does n't show to anyone else at the hospital , and she finds that part endearing ... I think they enjoy the companionship . '' In the end of season eight , Kepner embarks on a relationship with her best friend turned lover Jackson Avery ( Williams ) , who she loses her virginity to and that eventually leads her to reflect on her faith and fail her boards . Critics praised the chemistry between April and Jackon . Rhimes commented on the dynamic between the two in season nine and said : `` I think it 's going to be funny , sexy , and good . '' Reception ( edit ) Kepner 's crush on Shepherd in season six was disliked among television critics . The character received mixed reviews from critics and fans alike . Initially , Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times highly praised the characterization of Kepner . writing : `` One of my favorite Mercy Westers is intern April ( Sarah Drew ) . Her saccharine - sweet attitude and wide - eyed insincerity were hilarious , as was her super-mysterious hot pink notebook full of morale - boosting platitudes . '' However , she criticized the later development of her story , especially her crush on Derek Shepherd calling it `` vomit '' PopSugar noted similarities between Kepner and Lexie Grey , stating : `` Am I the only one who thinks the new doctor is kind of like Lexie 2.0 ? Their dynamic reminded me of when Lexie first started and tries really hard to make nice with Mere , but gets the cold shoulder in return . '' Mariella Mosthof from Wetpaint stated : `` Despite her obnoxious yet well - meaning tendencies , we briefly flirted with the idea of liking April 's character last season , and it looks like there 's plenty of opportunity for her to come back and charm us again yet again this time around . '' Reviewing the first part of the eight season , Courtney Morrison of TV Fanatic wrote : `` Although the girl has grown in terms of likeability , her downfalls still outweigh the positives . She does n't really bring too much to the table . She was n't the best choice for Chief Resident ; she does n't seem to be on the same level surgical wise and she has n't carried a story on her own that makes us care about her . '' Kepner was included in TV Guide 's list of The Most Loathed TV Characters , adding : `` The extremely neurotic April ( she makes Liz Lemon look laid back ) has slowly made strides with fans thanks to her personal setbacks -- she lost her treasured virginity to her best friend and failed her boards -- but she still has a long way to go . '' Entertainment Weekly also named her one of the `` 21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever '' , commenting : `` April 's lightened up a little this season ( season 9 ) , but a few episodes of sympathetic behavior ca n't erase the painful memories of Seattle Grace - Mercy West 's most irritating doctor being . '' TV Fanatic included her in their list of Worst Character on TV . Christina Tran commented : `` Could she be any more annoying ? ! ? '' Drew stated that it was initially `` hard '' for her as an actress to play an unpopular character but deemed her `` interesting '' and when she was informed by the writers that her character would get Dr. Shepherd ( Dempsey ) shot in the season six finale , her reaction was : `` Oh , come on , guys , really ? They already hate my character , now they 're going to hate her even more ! '' Critics reception gradually changed positively . Entertainment Weekly noted : `` April was chirpy , irritating , and immature , and her crush on Derek did n't endear her to us either . But these days , we say hooray for April ; since Meredith declared that the two of them are pals , April 's become a lot more tolerable , instead of being Lexie 2.0 . '' Courtney Morrison of TVFanatic wrote : `` April has grown since her character was introduced . She 's no longer much less annoying than she used to be , and she 's honest . A girl with principles is a girl you want to do well . '' and described her and Avery as `` a couple for whom viewers can root '' . The Hollywood Reporter also remarked : `` It 's nice to see April with a bit of a backbone and putting Alex in his place as the newfound confidence suits her well . '' References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Character Bios '' . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Sarah Drew Previews Character , Grey 's Anatomy Role '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Sarah Drew Dishes on Dream Grey 's Anatomy Gig '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brian Tanen ( writer ) , Chandra Wilson ( director ) ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Almost Grown '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 05 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sarah Drew '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Most Loathed TV Characters Pictures , April Photos '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzi , Carina ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Mercy West is in , Izzie Stevens is out '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on 18 October 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Jessica Capshaw , Sarah Drew to Exit After Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Capshaw , Sarah Drew to exit ' Grey 's Anatomy ' after season 14 '' . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 8 March 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Shocker : Jessica Capshaw & Sarah Drew To Exit ABC Medical Drama After Season 14 '' . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Shonda Rhimes ( writer ) ; Rob Corn ( director ) ( May 20 , 2010 ) . `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . Episode 24 . ABC . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Sarah Drew '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Exclusive : Jesse Williams Gets Full - Time Upgrade '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Interview with Sarah Drew : April is ' Super Freaked - Out ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Shonda Rhimes Talks Mer - Der 's Struggle , Cristina 's Pregnancy '' . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` April Kapner Bio '' . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Glenn ( June 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Sarah Drew Knows April is ' Annoying ' '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is in store for April this season '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . August 31 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Will Grey 's Anatomy Incorporate Sarah Drew 's Pregnancy ? '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Drew Exclusive : `` I had no idea ... '' `` . The Star Scoop . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( August 24 , 2010 ) . `` Pompeo : ' Grey 's Meredith , April will bond ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarendon , Dan ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Top 5 OMG Moments From Grey 's Anatomy Season 7 , Episode 8 : `` Something 's Gotta Give '' `` . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` April and Stark ? ! Sarah Drew Speaks on Unexpected Grey 's Anatomy Romance '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Spoiler : Will April and Jackson Get Together in Season 9 ? - Grey 's Anatomy '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( October 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Round Table : `` Love the One You 're With '' `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes explains Eric Dane 's exit , teases unique season opener '' . EW.com . July 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : He 's a Sloan all right '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Rundown , `` Invasion '' `` . PopSugar . Sugar Inc . October 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 21 Most Annoying TV Characters Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Staff Round Table : Worst Character on TV '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : 10 Reasons We Love It Again ! - Finally , April Is Less Annoying '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Review : Nothing Left To Squeeze '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Recap : Get Up , Stand Up '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . General `` April Kepner 's Character Journey '' . ABC . 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal April Kepner on IMDb April Kepner at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=April_Kepner&oldid=835263080 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional characters from Ohio Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles that may be too long from November 2014 Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 16 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does april's baby have on grey's anatomy | [
"At first April and Jackson do not tell their friends about their marriage, but later they do because of a new rule at the hospital. Catherine Avery is not at all happy about her son's elopement with April, and the fact that there wasn't a prenuptial agreement. They soon make up after April signs a postnuptial agreement. Jackson and April soon hit a rough patch when they realize that they have different views in the way their children should be raised religious. Not long after their fight, April realizes she is pregnant. April and Jackson's baby is diagnosed during pregnancy with Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2, and learn that the baby will not survive long after birth. Jackson believes that termination is the best option, however April would rather give birth to the baby knowing it will not live very long. They scheduled an induction for the next day, at the beginning of the appointment they are asked to sign their baby's death certificate, which is too hard for the couple to bear. April doesn't sign the papers and returns to work the same day praying for a miracle, while at work she has a heart to heart with a lady who lost her fiancé the night before. They decide to give birth to the baby via induction at 24 weeks gestation having it baptized right then. She gave birth to Samuel Norbert Avery, and he died a few hours after birth. In the following weeks after Samuel's death, April and Jackson find it hard to be around each other and be intimate with one another. After April tries to seduce Jackson in a supply closet, Jackson asks if she is sure she wants this so soon after the death of their son, leaving April to storm out in anger. In the series 11 finale April decides to join Owen Hunt for 3 months as a trauma surgeon with the army; this not being well received by Jackson. But after April states she needs this in order to grieve Samuel - Jackson lets her leave. Over the following months April lengthens her stay in the army, this having a strain on her and Jackson's marriage as Jackson can rarely get a hold of her or talk to her over the phone. On Christmas Day after already being away for some time, April announces to Jackson while on video chat that she is staying for a longer service period, Jackson becomes angry with April but the conversation is cut short by sounds of gunfire and explosions from April's base camp, leaving her to terminate the call; meanwhile Jackson is unsure whether his wife is hurt or if she is ever coming home. On Valentine's Day April returns to the hospital surprising Jackson, and they embrace in the foyer."
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"Osteogenesis Imperfecta type 2"
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4550076229429265232 | United Nations | United Nations - wikipedia United Nations Jump to : navigation , search For a list of United Nations member states , see Member states of the United Nations . For other uses , see United Nations ( disambiguation ) and UN ( disambiguation ) . United Nations Five other official names ( show ) Arabic : الأمم المتحدة Chinese : 联合国 French : Organisation des Nations unies Russian : Организация Объединённых Наций Spanish : Organización de las Naciones Unidas Flag Emblem Map showing the member states of the United Nations Headquarters New York City ( International territory ) Official languages Arabic Chinese English French Russian Spanish Type Intergovernmental organization Membership 193 member states 2 observer states Leaders Secretary ‐ General António Guterres Deputy Secretary - General Amina J. Mohammed General Assembly President Miroslav Lajčák Economic and Social Council President Frederick Musiiwa Makamure Shava Security Council President Elbio Rosselli Establishment UN Charter signed 26 June 1945 ( 72 years ago ) ( 1945 - 06 - 26 ) Charter entered into force 24 October 1945 ( 72 years ago ) ( 1945 - 10 - 24 ) Website www.un.org www.un.int This article contains Arabic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . The United Nations ( UN ) is an intergovernmental organization tasked to promote international cooperation and to create and maintain international order . A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations , the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict . At its founding , the UN had 51 member states ; there are now 193 . The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan , New York City , and is subject to extraterritoriality . Further main offices are situated in Geneva , Nairobi , and Vienna . The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states . Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security , promoting human rights , fostering social and economic development , protecting the environment , and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine , natural disaster , and armed conflict . The UN is the largest , most familiar , most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world . The UN Charter was drafted at a conference between April -- June 1945 in San Francisco , and was signed on 26 June 1945 at the conclusion of the conference ; this charter took effect 24 October 1945 , and the UN began operation . The UN 's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies . The organization participated in major actions in Korea and the Congo , as well as approving the creation of the state of Israel in 1947 . The organization 's membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s , and by the 1970s its budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping . After the end of the Cold War , the UN took on major military and peacekeeping missions across the world with varying degrees of success . The UN has six principal organs : the General Assembly ( the main deliberative assembly ) ; the Security Council ( for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security ) ; the Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ; for promoting international economic and social co-operation and development ) ; the Secretariat ( for providing studies , information , and facilities needed by the UN ) ; the International Court of Justice ( the primary judicial organ ) ; and the UN Trusteeship Council ( inactive since 1994 ) . UN System agencies include the World Bank Group , the World Health Organization , the World Food Programme , UNESCO , and UNICEF . The UN 's most prominent officer is the Secretary - General , an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017 . Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UN 's work . The organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001 , and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize . Other evaluations of the UN 's effectiveness have been mixed . Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development , while others have called the organization ineffective , corrupt , or biased . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 1942 `` Declaration of United Nations '' by the Allies of World War II 1.3 Founding 1.4 Cold War era 1.5 Post-Cold War 2 Structure 2.1 General Assembly 2.2 Security Council 2.3 Secretariat 2.4 International Court of Justice 2.5 Economic and Social Council 2.6 Specialized agencies 3 Membership 3.1 Group of 77 4 Objectives 4.1 Peacekeeping and security 4.2 Human rights 4.3 Economic development and humanitarian assistance 4.4 Other 5 Funding 6 Evaluations , awards , and criticism 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main article : History of the United Nations 1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of the UN original three branches : The Four Policemen , an executive branch , and an international assembly of forty UN member states . Background In the century prior to the UN 's creation , several international treaty organizations and conferences had been formed to regulate conflicts between nations , such as the International Committee of the Red Cross and the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 . Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War , the Paris Peace Conference established the League of Nations to maintain harmony between countries . This organization resolved some territorial disputes and created international structures for areas such as postal mail , aviation , and opium control , some of which would later be absorbed into the UN . However , the League lacked representation for colonial peoples ( then half the world 's population ) and significant participation from several major powers , including the US , USSR , Germany , and Japan ; it failed to act against the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 , the Second Italo - Ethiopian War in 1935 , the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 , and German expansions under Adolf Hitler that culminated in the Second World War . 1942 `` Declaration of United Nations '' by the Allies of World War II Main article : Declaration by United Nations The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939 . The text of the `` Declaration by United Nations '' was drafted by President Franklin Roosevelt , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins , while meeting at the White House , 29 December 1941 . It incorporated Soviet suggestions , but left no role for France . `` Four Policemen '' was coined to refer to four major Allied countries , United States , United Kingdom , Soviet Union , and China , which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations . Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries . `` On New Year 's Day 1942 , President Roosevelt , Prime Minister Churchill , Maxim Litvinov , of the USSR , and T.V. Soong , of China , signed a short document which later came to be known as the United Nations Declaration and the next day the representatives of twenty - two other nations added their signatures . '' The term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration . One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom , which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted . By 1 March 1945 , 21 additional states had signed . A JOINT DECLARATION BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND , THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS , CHINA , AUSTRALIA , BELGIUM , CANADA , COSTA RICA , CUBA , CZECHOSLOVAKIA , DOMINICAN REPUBLIC , EL SALVADOR , GREECE , GUATEMALA , HAITI , HONDURAS , INDIA , LUXEMBOURG , NETHERLANDS , NEW ZEALAND , NICARAGUA , NORWAY , PANAMA , POLAND , SOUTH AFRICA , YUGOSLAVIA The Governments signatory hereto , Having subscribed to a common program of purposes and principles embodied in the Joint Declaration of the President of the United States of America and the Prime Minister of Great Britain dated August 14 , 1941 , known as the Atlantic Charter , Being convinced that complete victory over their enemies is essential to defend life , liberty , independence and religious freedom , and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands as well as in other lands , and that they are now engaged in a common struggle against savage and brutal forces seeking to subjugate the world , DECLARE : Each Government pledges itself to employ its full resources , military or economic , against those members of the Tripartite Pact and its adherents with which such government is at war . Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto and not to make a separate armistice or peace with the enemies . The foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are , or which may be , rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism . -- The Washington Conference 1941 -- 1942 During the war , `` the United Nations '' became the official term for the Allies . To join , countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis . Founding The UN in 1945 . In light blue , the founding members . In dark blue , protectorates and territories of the founding members . The UN was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Allied Big Four ( the Soviet Union , the UK , the US , and China ) at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944 . After months of planning , the UN Conference on International Organization opened in San Francisco , 25 April 1945 , attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the UN Charter. `` The heads of the delegations of the sponsoring countries took turns as chairman of the plenary meetings : Anthony Eden , of Britain , Edward Stettinius , of the United States , T.V. Soong , of China , and Vyacheslav Molotov , of the Soviet Union . At the later meetings , Lord Halifax deputized for Mr. Eden , Wellington Koo for T.V. Soong , and Mr Gromyko for Mr. Molotov . '' The UN officially came into existence 24 October 1945 , upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council -- France , the Republic of China , the Soviet Union , the UK and the US -- and by a majority of the other 46 signatories . The first meetings of the General Assembly , with 51 nations represented , and the Security Council took place in London beginning 10 January 1946 . The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN , and the facility was completed in 1952 . Its site -- like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva , Vienna , and Nairobi -- is designated as international territory . The Norwegian Foreign Minister , Trygve Lie , was elected as the first UN Secretary - General . Cold War era Dag Hammarskjöld was a particularly active Secretary - General from 1953 until his death in 1961 . Though the UN 's primary mandate was peacekeeping , the division between the US and USSR often paralysed the organization , generally allowing it to intervene only in conflicts distant from the Cold War . ( A notable exception was a Security Council resolution in 1950 authorizing a US - led coalition to repel the North Korean invasion of South Korea , passed in the absence of the USSR . ) In 1947 , the General Assembly approved a resolution to partition Palestine , approving the creation of the state of Israel . Two years later , Ralph Bunche , a UN official , negotiated an armistice to the resulting conflict . In 1956 , the first UN peacekeeping force was established to end the Suez Crisis ; however , the UN was unable to intervene against the USSR 's simultaneous invasion of Hungary following that country 's revolution . In 1960 , the UN deployed United Nations Operation in the Congo ( UNOC ) , the largest military force of its early decades , to bring order to the breakaway State of Katanga , restoring it to the control of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by 1964 . While travelling to meet with rebel leader Moise Tshombe during the conflict , Dag Hammarskjöld , often named as one of the UN 's most effective Secretaries - General , died in a plane crash ; months later he was posthumously awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . In 1964 , Hammarskjöld 's successor , U Thant , deployed the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus , which would become one of the UN 's longest - running peacekeeping missions . With the spread of decolonization in the 1960s , the organization 's membership saw an influx of newly independent nations . In 1960 alone , 17 new states joined the UN , 16 of them from Africa . On 25 October 1971 , with opposition from the United States , but with the support of many Third World nations , the mainland , communist People 's Republic of China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the Republic of China that occupied Taiwan ; the vote was widely seen as a sign of waning US influence in the organization . Third World nations organized into the Group of 77 coalition under the leadership of Algeria , which briefly became a dominant power at the UN . In 1975 , a bloc comprising the USSR and Third World nations passed a resolution , over strenuous US and Israeli opposition , declaring Zionism to be racism ; the resolution was repealed in 1991 , shortly after the end of the Cold War . With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the Middle East , Vietnam , and Kashmir , the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its ostensibly secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange . By the 1970s , the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its peacekeeping budget . Post-cold War Kofi Annan , Secretary - General from 1997 to 2006 After the Cold War , the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties , taking on more missions in ten years than it had in the previous four decades . Between 1988 and 2000 , the number of adopted Security Council resolutions more than doubled , and the peacekeeping budget increased more than tenfold . The UN negotiated an end to the Salvadoran Civil War , launched a successful peacekeeping mission in Namibia , and oversaw democratic elections in post-apartheid South Africa and post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia . In 1991 , the UN authorized a US - led coalition that repulsed the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait . Brian Urquhart , Under - Secretary - General from 1971 to 1985 , later described the hopes raised by these successes as a `` false renaissance '' for the organization , given the more troubled missions that followed . Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one nation against another , in the early 1990s the UN faced a number of simultaneous , serious crises within nations such as Somalia , Haiti , Mozambique , and the former Yugoslavia . The UN mission in Somalia was widely viewed as a failure after the US withdrawal following casualties in the Battle of Mogadishu , and the UN mission to Bosnia faced `` worldwide ridicule '' for its indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing . In 1994 , the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda failed to intervene in the Rwandan genocide amid indecision in the Security Council . Beginning in the last decades of the Cold War , American and European critics of the UN condemned the organization for perceived mismanagement and corruption . In 1984 , the US President , Ronald Reagan , withdrew his nation 's funding from UNESCO ( the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization , founded 1946 ) over allegations of mismanagement , followed by Britain and Singapore . Boutros Boutros - Ghali , Secretary - General from 1992 to 1996 , initiated a reform of the Secretariat , reducing the size of the organization somewhat . His successor , Kofi Annan ( 1997 -- 2006 ) , initiated further management reforms in the face of threats from the United States to withhold its UN dues . In the late 1990s and 2000s , international interventions authorized by the UN took a wider variety of forms . The UN mission in the Sierra Leone Civil War of 1991 -- 2002 was supplemented by British Royal Marines , and the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 was overseen by NATO.In 2003 , the United States invaded Iraq despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization , prompting a new round of questioning of the organization 's effectiveness . Under the eighth Secretary - General , Ban Ki - moon , the UN has intervened with peacekeepers in crises including the War in Darfur in Sudan and the Kivu conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo and sent observers and chemical weapons inspectors to the Syrian Civil War . In 2013 , an internal review of UN actions in the final battles of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered `` systemic failure '' . One hundred and one UN personnel died in the 2010 Haiti earthquake , the worst loss of life in the organization 's history . The Millennium Summit was held in 2000 to discuss the UN 's role in the 21st century . The three day meeting was the largest gathering of world leaders in history , and culminated in the adoption by all member states of the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) , a commitment to achieve international development in areas such as poverty reduction , gender equality , and public health . Progress towards these goals , which were to be met by 2015 , was ultimately uneven . The 2005 World Summit reaffirmed the UN 's focus on promoting development , peacekeeping , human rights , and global security . The Sustainable Development Goals were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium Development Goals . In addition to addressing global challenges , the UN has sought to improve its accountability and democratic legitimacy by engaging more with civil society and fostering a global constituency . In an effort to enhance transparency , in 2016 the organization held its first public debate between candidates for Secretary - General . On January 1 , 2017 , Portuguese diplomat António Guterres , who previously served as UN High Commissioner for Refugees , became the ninth Secretary - General . Guterres has highlighted several key goals for his administration , including an emphasis on diplomacy for preventing conflicts , more effective peacekeeping efforts , and streamlining the organization to be more responsive and versatile to global needs . Structure Main article : United Nations System The UN system is based on five principal organs : the General Assembly , the Security Council , the Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) , the Secretariat , and the International Court of Justice . A sixth principal organ , the Trusteeship Council , suspended operations in 1994 , upon the independence of Palau , the last remaining UN trustee territory . Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City . The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague , while other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva , Vienna , and Nairobi . Other UN institutions are located throughout the world . The six official languages of the UN , used in intergovernmental meetings and documents , are Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian , and Spanish . On the basis of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations , the UN and its agencies are immune from the laws of the countries where they operate , safeguarding the UN 's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries . Below the six organs sit , in the words of the author Linda Fasulo , `` an amazing collection of entities and organizations , some of which are actually older than the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it '' . These include specialized agencies , research and training institutions , programmes and funds , and other UN entities . The UN obey the Noblemaire principle , which is binding on any organization that belongs to the UN system . This principle calls for salaries that will draw and keep citizens of countries where salaries are highest , and also calls for equal pay for work of equal value independent of the employee 's nationality . Staff salaries are subject to an internal tax that is administered by the UN organizations . Principal organs of the United Nations UN General Assembly -- Deliberative assembly of all UN member states -- UN Secretariat -- Administrative organ of the UN -- International Court of Justice -- Universal court for international law -- May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the Security Council ( UNSC ) ; Decides on the admission of new members , following proposal by the UNSC ; Adopts the budget ; Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC ; all members of ECOSOC ; the UN Secretary General ( following his / her proposal by the UNSC ) ; and the fifteen judges of the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) . Each country has one vote . Supports the other UN bodies administratively ( for example , in the organization of conferences , the writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget ) ; Its chairperson -- the UN Secretary General -- is elected by the General Assembly for a five - year mandate and is the UN 's foremost representative . Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction ; Issues legal opinions ; Renders judgement by relative majority . Its fifteen judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine - year terms . UN Security Council -- For international security issues -- UN Economic and Social Council -- For global economical and social affairs -- UN Trusteeship Council -- For administering trust territories ( currently inactive ) -- Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security ; May adopt compulsory resolutions ; Has fifteen members : five permanent members with veto power and ten elected members . Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social matters ; Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN 's numerous specialized agencies ; Has 54 members , elected by the General Assembly to serve staggered three - year mandates . Was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former League of Nations mandates ; Has been inactive since 1994 , when Palau , the last trust territory , attained independence . General Assembly Main article : United Nations General Assembly Mikhail Gorbachev , Soviet general secretary , addresses the UN General Assembly in December 1988 . The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the UN . Composed of all UN member states , the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions , but emergency sessions can also be called . The assembly is led by a president , elected from among the member states on a rotating regional basis , and 21 vice-presidents . The first session convened 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations . When the General Assembly votes on important questions , a two - thirds majority of those present and voting is required . Examples of important questions include recommendations on peace and security ; election of members to organs ; admission , suspension , and expulsion of members ; and budgetary matters . All other questions are decided by a majority vote . Each member country has one vote . Apart from approval of budgetary matters , resolutions are not binding on the members . The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN , except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council . Draft resolutions can be forwarded to the General Assembly by eight committees : General Committee -- a supervisory committee consisting of the assembly 's president , vice-president , and committee heads Credentials Committee -- responsible for determining the credentials of each member nation 's UN representatives First Committee ( Disarmament and International Security ) Second Committee ( Economic and Financial ) Third Committee ( Social , Humanitarian , and Cultural ) Fourth Committee ( Special Political and Decolonization ) Fifth Committee ( Administrative and Budgetary ) Sixth Committee ( Legal ) Security Council Main article : United Nations Security Council Colin Powell , the US Secretary of State , demonstrates a vial with alleged Iraqi chemical weapon probes to the UN Security Council on Iraq war hearings , 5 February 2003 The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries . While other organs of the UN can only make `` recommendations '' to member states , the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out , under the terms of Charter Article 25 . The decisions of the Council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions . The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states , consisting of five permanent members -- China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- and ten non-permanent members elected for two - year terms by the General Assembly ( with end of term date ) -- Bolivia ( term ends 2018 ) , Egypt ( 2017 ) , Ethiopia ( 2018 ) , Italy ( 2018 ) , Japan ( 2017 ) , Kazakhstan ( 2018 ) , Senegal ( 2017 ) , Sweden ( 2018 ) , Ukraine ( 2017 ) , Uruguay ( 2017 ) . The five permanent members hold veto power over UN resolutions , allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution , though not debate . The ten temporary seats are held for two - year terms , with five member states per year voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis . The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month . Secretariat Main articles : United Nations Secretariat and Secretary - General of the United Nations The UN Secretariat is headed by the Secretary - General , assisted by a staff of international civil servants worldwide . It provides studies , information , and facilities needed by UN bodies for their meetings . It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council , the General Assembly , the Economic and Social Council , and other UN bodies . The current Secretary - General , António Guterres The Secretary - General acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN . The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization 's `` chief administrative officer '' . Article 99 of the charter states that the Secretary - General can bring to the Security Council 's attention `` any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security '' , a phrase that Secretaries - General since Trygve Lie have interpreted as giving the position broad scope for action on the world stage . The office has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues . The Secretary - General is appointed by the General Assembly , after being recommended by the Security Council , where the permanent members have veto power . There are no specific criteria for the post , but over the years it has become accepted that the post shall be held for one or two terms of five years . The current Secretary - General is António Guterres , who replaced Ban Ki - moon in 2017 . Secretaries - General of the United Nations No . Name Country of origin Took office Left office Note Trygve Lie Norway 2 February 1946 10 November 1952 Resigned Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden 10 April 1953 18 September 1961 Died in office U Thant Burma 30 November 1961 31 December 1971 Kurt Waldheim Austria 1 January 1972 31 December 1981 5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Peru 1 January 1982 31 December 1991 6 Boutros Boutros - Ghali Egypt 1 January 1992 31 December 1996 7 Kofi Annan Ghana 1 January 1997 31 December 2006 8 Ban Ki - moon South Korea 1 January 2007 31 December 2016 9 António Guterres Portugal 1 January 2017 -- International Court of Justice Main article : International Court of Justice The court had ruled that Kosovo 's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008 did not violate international law The International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) , located in The Hague , in the Netherlands , is the primary judicial organ of the UN . Established in 1945 by the UN Charter , the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice . The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9 - year terms and are appointed by the General Assembly ; every sitting judge must be from a different nation . It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague , sharing the building with the Hague Academy of International Law , a private centre for the study of international law . The ICJ 's primary purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states . The court has heard cases related to war crimes , illegal state interference , ethnic cleansing , and other issues . The ICJ can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions . Economic and social Council Main article : United Nations Economic and Social Council The Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development . ECOSOC has 54 members , which are elected by the General Assembly for a three - year term . The president is elected for a one - year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC . The council has one annual meeting in July , held in either New York or Geneva . Viewed as separate from the specialized bodies it co-ordinates , ECOSOC 's functions include information gathering , advising member nations , and making recommendations . Owing to its broad mandate of co-ordinating many agencies , ECOSOC has at times been criticized as unfocused or irrelevant . ECOSOC 's subsidiary bodies include the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues , which advises UN agencies on issues relating to indigenous peoples ; the United Nations Forum on Forests , which co-ordinates and promotes sustainable forest management ; the United Nations Statistical Commission , which co-ordinates information - gathering efforts between agencies ; and the Commission on Sustainable Development , which co-ordinates efforts between UN agencies and NGOs working towards sustainable development . ECOSOC may also grant consultative status to non-governmental organizations ; by 2004 , more than 2,200 organizations had received this status . Specialized agencies Main article : List of specialized agencies of the United Nations The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the United Nations can establish various specialized agencies to fulfil its duties . Some best - known agencies are the International Atomic Energy Agency , the Food and Agriculture Organization , UNESCO ( United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ) , the World Bank , and the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . The UN performs most of its humanitarian work through these agencies . Examples include mass vaccination programmes ( through WHO ) , the avoidance of famine and malnutrition ( through the work of the WFP ) , and the protection of vulnerable and displaced people ( for example , by UNHCR ) . Organizations and specialized agencies of the United Nations No . Acronym Agency Headquarters Head Established in FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Rome , Italy José Graziano da Silva 1945 IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna , Austria Yukiya Amano 1957 ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization Montreal , Quebec , Canada Fang Liu 1947 IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development Rome , Italy Kanayo F. Nwanze 1977 5 ILO International Labour Organization Geneva , Switzerland Guy Ryder 1946 ( 1919 ) 6 IMO International Maritime Organization London , United Kingdom Kitack Lim 1948 7 IMF International Monetary Fund Washington , D.C. , United States Christine Lagarde 1945 ( 1944 ) 8 ITU International Telecommunication Union Geneva , Switzerland Houlin Zhao 1947 ( 1865 ) 9 UNESCO United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization Paris , France Irina Bokova 1946 10 UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization Vienna , Austria Li Yong 1967 11 UNWTO World Tourism Organization Madrid , Spain Taleb Rifai 12 UPU Universal Postal Union Bern , Switzerland Bishar Abdirahman Hussein 1947 ( 1874 ) 13 WBG World Bank Group Washington , D.C. , United States Jim Y. Kim 1945 ( 1944 ) 14 WFP World Food Programme Rome , Italy Ertharin Cousin 1963 15 WHO World Health Organization Geneva , Switzerland Tedros Adhanom 1948 16 WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization Geneva , Switzerland Francis Gurry 17 WMO World Meteorological Organization Geneva , Switzerland Petteri Taalas ( Secretary - General ) Michel Jarraud ( President ) 1950 ( 1873 ) Membership Main article : Member states of the United Nations Map of the current UN member states by their dates of admission . 1945 ( original members ) 1946 -- 1959 1960 -- 1989 1990 -- present non-member observer states With the addition of South Sudan 14 July 2011 , there are 193 UN member states , including all undisputed independent states apart from Vatican City . The UN Charter outlines the rules for membership : Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace - loving states that accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and , in the judgment of the Organization , are able and willing to carry out these obligations . The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council . Chapter II , Article 4 . In addition , there are two non-member observer states of the United Nations General Assembly : the Holy See ( which holds sovereignty over Vatican City ) and the State of Palestine . The Cook Islands and Niue , both states in free association with New Zealand , are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their `` full treaty - making capacity '' recognized by the Secretariat . Group of 77 Main article : Group of 77 The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations , designed to promote its members ' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the UN . Seventy - seven nations founded the organization , but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries . The group was founded 15 June 1964 by the `` Joint Declaration of the Seventy - Seven Countries '' issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) . The group held its first major meeting in Algiers in 1967 , where it adopted the Charter of Algiers and established the basis for permanent institutional structures . Objectives Peacekeeping and Security Main articles : United Nations peacekeeping and List of United Nations peacekeeping missions Bolivian `` Blue Helmet '' at an exercise in Chile , 21 October 2002 The UN , after approval by the Security Council , sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities . Since the UN does not maintain its own military , peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states . These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed `` Blue Helmets '' for their distinctive gear . The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988 . In September 2013 , the UN had peacekeeping soldiers deployed on 15 missions . The largest was the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo ( MONUSCO ) , which included 20,688 uniformed personnel . The smallest , United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan ( UNMOGIP ) , included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir . UN peacekeepers with the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ( UNTSO ) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948 , the longest - running active peacekeeping mission . A study by the RAND Corporation in 2005 found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts . It compared efforts at nation - building by the UN to those of the United States , and found that seven out of eight UN cases are at peace , as compared with four out of eight US cases at peace . Also in 2005 , the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars , genocides , and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War , and presented evidence , albeit circumstantial , that international activism -- mostly spearheaded by the UN -- has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict in that period . Situations in which the UN has not only acted to keep the peace but also intervened include the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Gulf War ( 1990 -- 91 ) . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus was established in 1974 following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus . The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures . In many cases , member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions . Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are seen as having failed to prevent the Bangladesh genocide in 1971 , the Cambodian genocide in the 1970s , and the Rwandan genocide in 1994 . Similarly , UN inaction is blamed for failing to either prevent the Srebrenica massacre in 1995 or complete the peacekeeping operations in 1992 -- 93 during the Somali Civil War . UN peacekeepers have also been accused of child rape , soliciting prostitutes , and sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Haiti , Liberia , Sudan and what is now South Sudan , Burundi , and Ivory Coast . Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the likely source of the 2010 -- 13 Haiti cholera outbreak , which killed more than 8,000 Haitians following the 2010 Haiti earthquake . In addition to peacekeeping , the UN is also active in encouraging disarmament . Regulation of armaments was included in the writing of the UN Charter in 1945 and was envisioned as a way of limiting the use of human and economic resources for their creation . The advent of nuclear weapons came only weeks after the signing of the charter , resulting in the first resolution of the first General Assembly meeting calling for specific proposals for `` the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction '' . The UN has been involved with arms - limitation treaties , such as the Outer Space Treaty ( 1967 ) , the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ( 1968 ) , the Seabed Arms Control Treaty ( 1971 ) , the Biological Weapons Convention ( 1972 ) , the Chemical Weapons Convention ( 1992 ) , and the Ottawa Treaty ( 1997 ) , which prohibits landmines . Three UN bodies oversee arms proliferation issues : the International Atomic Energy Agency , the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons , and the Comprehensive Nuclear - Test - Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission . Human rights One of the UN 's primary purposes is `` promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race , sex , language , or religion '' , and member states pledge to undertake `` joint and separate action '' to protect these rights . Eleanor Roosevelt with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Spanish , 1949 In 1948 , the General Assembly adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights , drafted by a committee headed by Franklin D. Roosevelt 's widow , Eleanor , and including the French lawyer René Cassin . The document proclaims basic civil , political , and economic rights common to all human beings , though its effectiveness towards achieving these ends has been disputed since its drafting . The Declaration serves as a `` common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations '' rather than a legally binding document , but it has become the basis of two binding treaties , the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . In practice , the UN is unable to take significant action against human rights abuses without a Security Council resolution , though it does substantial work in investigating and reporting abuses . In 1979 , the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women , followed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989 . With the end of the Cold War , the push for human rights action took on new impetus . The United Nations Commission on Human Rights was formed in 1993 to oversee human rights issues for the UN , following the recommendation of that year 's World Conference on Human Rights . Jacques Fomerand , a scholar of the UN , describes this organization 's mandate as `` broad and vague '' , with only `` meagre '' resources to carry it out . In 2006 , it was replaced by a Human Rights Council consisting of 47 nations . Also in 2006 , the General Assembly passed a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , and in 2011 it passed its first resolution recognizing the rights of LGBT people . Other UN bodies responsible for women 's rights issues include United Nations Commission on the Status of Women , a commission of ECOSOC founded in 1946 ; the United Nations Development Fund for Women , created in 1976 ; and the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women , founded in 1979 . The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues , one of three bodies with a mandate to oversee issues related to indigenous peoples , held its first session in 2002 . Economic development and humanitarian assistance Millennium Development Goals Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV / AIDS , malaria , and other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership for development Another primary purpose of the UN is `` to achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic , social , cultural , or humanitarian character '' . Numerous bodies have been created to work towards this goal , primarily under the authority of the General Assembly and ECOSOC . In 2000 , the 192 UN member states agreed to achieve eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015 . The UN Development Programme ( UNDP ) , an organization for grant - based technical assistance founded in 1945 , is one of the leading bodies in the field of international development . The organization also publishes the UN Human Development Index , a comparative measure ranking countries by poverty , literacy , education , life expectancy , and other factors . The Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) , also founded in 1945 , promotes agricultural development and food security . UNICEF ( the United Nations Children 's Fund ) was created in 1946 to aid European children after the Second World War and expanded its mission to provide aid around the world and to uphold the Convention on the Rights of the Child . Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme read the news that smallpox had been globally eradicated , 1980 The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) are independent , specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework , according to a 1947 agreement . They were initially formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944 . The World Bank provides loans for international development , while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency loans to indebted countries . In Jordan , UNHCR remains responsible for the Syrian refugees and the Zaatari refugee camp The World Health Organization ( WHO ) , which focuses on international health issues and disease eradication , is another of the UN 's largest agencies . In 1980 , the agency announced that the eradication of smallpox had been completed . In subsequent decades , WHO largely eradicated polio , river blindness , and leprosy . The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) , begun in 1996 , co-ordinates the organization 's response to the AIDS epidemic . The UN Population Fund , which also dedicates part of its resources to combating HIV , is the world 's largest source of funding for reproductive health and family planning services . Along with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , the UN often takes a leading role in co-ordinating emergency relief . The World Food Programme ( WFP ) , created in 1961 , provides food aid in response to famine , natural disasters , and armed conflict . The organization reports that it feeds an average of 90 million people in 80 nations each year . The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) , established in 1950 , works to protect the rights of refugees , asylum seekers , and stateless people . UNHCR and WFP programmes are funded by voluntary contributions from governments , corporations , and individuals , though the UNHCR 's administrative costs are paid for by the UN 's primary budget . Other Since the UN 's creation , over 80 colonies have attained independence . The General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions from all major colonial powers . The UN works towards decolonization through groups including the UN Committee on Decolonization , created in 1962 . The committee lists seventeen remaining `` Non-Self - Governing Territories '' , the largest and most populous of which is Western Sahara . Beginning with the formation of the UN Environmental Programme ( UNEP ) in 1972 , the UN has made environmental issues a prominent part of its agenda . A lack of success in the first two decades of UN work in this area led to the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , which sought to give new impetus to these efforts . In 1988 , the UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) , another UN organization , established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , which assesses and reports on research on global warming . The UN-sponsored Kyoto Protocol , signed in 1997 , set legally binding emissions reduction targets for ratifying states . The UN also declares and co-ordinates international observances , periods of time to observe issues of international interest or concern . Examples include World Tuberculosis Day , Earth Day , and the International Year of Deserts and Desertification . Funding Top 25 contributors to the United Nations budget for 2016 Member state Contribution ( % of UN budget ) United States 22.000 Japan 9.680 China 7.921 Germany 6.389 France 4.859 United Kingdom 4.463 Brazil 3.823 Italy 3.748 Russia 3.088 Canada 2.921 Spain 2.443 Australia 2.337 South Korea 2.039 Netherlands 1.482 Mexico 1.435 Saudi Arabia 1.146 Switzerland 1.140 Turkey 1.018 Sweden 0.956 Argentina 0.892 Belgium 0.885 Norway 0.849 Poland 0.841 India 0.737 Other member states 12.908 The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states . The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member . This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each country to pay , as measured by its gross national income ( GNI ) , with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income . The two - year budget for 2012 -- 13 was $5.512 billion in total . The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly dependent on any one member to finance its operations . Thus , there is a `` ceiling '' rate , setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for the regular budget . In December 2000 , the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States . As part of that revision , the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25 % to 22 % . For the least developed countries ( LDCs ) , a ceiling rate of 0.01 % is applied . In addition to the ceiling rates , the minimum amount assessed to any member nation ( or `` floor '' rate ) is set at 0.001 % of the UN budget ( $55,120 for the two year budget 2013 -- 2014 ) . A large share of the UN 's expenditure addresses its core mission of peace and security , and this budget is assessed separately from the main organizational budget . The peacekeeping budget for the 2015 -- 16 fiscal year was $8.27 billion , supporting 82,318 troops deployed in 15 missions around the world . UN peace operations are funded by assessments , using a formula derived from the regular funding scale that includes a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members , who must approve all peacekeeping operations . This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries . In 2017 , the top 8 providers of assessed financial contributions to UN peacekeeping operations were the United States ( 28.47 % ) , China ( 10.25 % ) , Japan ( 9.68 % ) , Germany ( 6.39 % ) , France ( 6.28 % ) , United Kingdom ( 5.77 % ) , Russian Federation ( 3.99 % ) and Italy ( 3.75 % ) . Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget , such as UNICEF and the World Food Programme , are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments , corporations , and private individuals . Evaluations , awards , and criticism Main articles : Reform of the United Nations and Reform of the United Nations Security Council See also : Criticism of the United Nations 2001 Nobel Peace Prize to the UN -- diploma in the lobby of the UN Headquarters in New York City A number of agencies and individuals associated with the UN have won the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of their work . Two Secretaries - General , Dag Hammarskjöld and Kofi Annan , were each awarded the prize ( in 1961 and 2001 , respectively ) , as were Ralph Bunche ( 1950 ) , a UN negotiator , René Cassin ( 1968 ) , a contributor to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , and the US Secretary of State Cordell Hull ( 1945 ) , the latter for his role in the organization 's founding . Lester B. Pearson , the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs , was awarded the prize in 1957 for his role in organizing the UN 's first peacekeeping force to resolve the Suez Crisis . UNICEF won the prize in 1965 , the International Labour Organization in 1969 , the UN Peace - Keeping Forces in 1988 , the International Atomic Energy Agency ( which reports to the UN ) in 2005 , and the UN-supported Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in 2013 . The UN High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded in 1954 and 1981 , becoming one of only two recipients to win the prize twice . The UN as a whole was awarded the prize in 2001 , sharing it with Annan . To mark the UN 's 70th anniversary -- Budapest , 2015 Since its founding , there have been many calls for reform of the UN but little consensus on how to do so . Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world affairs , while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work . There have also been numerous calls for the UN Security Council 's membership to be increased , for different ways of electing the UN 's Secretary - General , and for a UN Parliamentary Assembly . Jacques Fomerand states the most enduring divide in views of the UN is `` the North -- South split '' between richer Northern nations and developing Southern nations . Southern nations tend to favour a more empowered UN with a stronger General Assembly , allowing them a greater voice in world affairs , while Northern nations prefer an economically laissez - faire UN that focuses on transnational threats such as terrorism . After World War II , the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the US as the government of France , and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that created the new organization . The future French president Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN , famously calling it a machin ( `` contraption '' ) , and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintain world peace , preferring direct defence treaties between countries . Throughout the Cold War , both the US and USSR repeatedly accused the UN of favouring the other . In 1953 , the USSR effectively forced the resignation of Trygve Lie , the Secretary - General , through its refusal to deal with him , while in the 1950s and 1960s , a popular US bumper sticker read , `` You ca n't spell communism without U.N. '' In a sometimes - misquoted statement , President George W. Bush stated in February 2003 ( referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the Saddam Hussein regime ) that `` free nations will not allow the UN to fade into history as an ineffective , irrelevant debating society . '' In contrast , the French President , François Hollande , stated in 2012 that `` France trusts the United Nations . She knows that no state , no matter how powerful , can solve urgent problems , fight for development and bring an end to all crises ... France wants the UN to be the centre of global governance . '' Critics such as Dore Gold , an Israeli diplomat , Robert S. Wistrich , a British scholar , Alan Dershowitz , an American legal scholar , Mark Dreyfus , an Australian politician , and the Anti-Defamation League consider UN attention to Israel 's treatment of Palestinians to be excessive . In September 2015 , Saudi Arabia 's Faisal bin Hassan Trad has been elected Chair of the UN Human Rights Council panel that appoints independent experts , a move criticized by human rights groups . Since 1971 , the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) has been excluded from the UN and since then has always been rejected in new applications . Citizens of this country are also not allowed to enter the buildings of the United Nations with the passport of Taiwan . In this way , critics agree that the UN is failing its own development goals and guidelines . This criticism also brought pressure from the People 's Republic of China , which regards the territories administered by Taiwan as their own territory . Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency , waste , and corruption . In 1976 , the General Assembly established the Joint Inspection Unit to seek out inefficiencies within the UN system . During the 1990s , the US withheld dues citing inefficiency and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative was introduced . In 1994 , the Office of Internal Oversight Services ( OIOS ) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog . In 1994 , former Special Representative of the Secretary - General of the UN to Somalia Mohamed Sahnoun published `` Somalia : The Missed Opportunities '' , a book in which he analyses the reasons for the failure of the 1992 UN intervention in Somalia , showing that , between the start of the Somali civil war in 1988 and the fall of the Siad Barre regime in January 1991 , the UN missed at least three opportunities to prevent major human tragedies ; when the UN tried to provide humanitarian assistance , they were totally outperformed by NGOs , whose competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the UN 's excessive caution and bureaucratic inefficiencies . If radical reform was not undertaken , warned Mohamed Sahnoun , then the UN would continue to respond to such crisis with inept improvisation . In 2004 , the UN faced accusations that its recently ended Oil - for - Food Programme -- in which Iraq had been allowed to trade oil for basic needs to relieve the pressure of sanctions -- had suffered from widespread corruption , including billions of dollars of kickbacks . An independent inquiry created by the UN found that many of its officials had been involved , as well as raising `` significant '' questions about the role of Kojo Annan , the son of Kofi Annan . In evaluating the UN as a whole , Jacques Fomerand writes that the `` accomplishments of the United Nations in the last 60 years are impressive in their own terms . Progress in human development during the 20th century has been dramatic and the UN and its agencies have certainly helped the world become a more hospitable and livable place for millions . '' Evaluating the first 50 years of the UN 's history , the author Stanley Meisler writes that `` the United Nations never fulfilled the hopes of its founders , but it accomplished a great deal nevertheless '' , citing its role in decolonization and its many successful peacekeeping efforts . The British historian Paul Kennedy states that while the organization has suffered some major setbacks , `` when all its aspects are considered , the UN has brought great benefits to our generation and ... will bring benefits to our children 's and grandchildren 's generations as well . '' See also United Nations portal International relations portal International relations List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations Model United Nations United Nations in popular culture United Nations television film series World Summit on the Information Society List of country groupings List of multilateral free - trade agreements United Nations Memorial Cemetery Notes Jump up ^ This map does not represent the view of its members or the UN concerning the legal status of any country , nor does it accurately reflect which areas ' governments have UN representation . This map shows partially recognized states such as Kosovo or Taiwan as part of their claiming governments ( Serbia and China respectively ) Jump up ^ Roosevelt suggested the name as an alternative to the name `` Associated Powers . '' The British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , accepted it , noting that the phase was used by Lord Byron in the poem Childe Harold 's Pilgrimage ( Stanza 35 ) . Jump up ^ Poland had not been represented among the fifty nations at the San Francisco conference due to the reluctance of the Western superpowers to recognize its post-war communist government . However , the Charter was later amended to list Poland as a founding member , and Poland ratified the Charter on 16 October 1945 . Jump up ^ For details on Vatican City 's status , see Holy See and the United Nations . References Citations Jump up ^ `` The World Today '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 June 2009 . The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country Jump up ^ Official Languages , www.un.org . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/international-organization/ , www.nationalgeographic.org . Retrieved 27 April 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Charter of the United Nations United Nations '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the United Nations United Nations '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , pp. 13 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hoopes & Brinkley 2000 , pp. 1 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Urquhart , Brian . Looking for the Sheriff . New York Review of Books , July 16 , 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1942 : Declaration of The United Nations '' . United Nations . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Roll , David ( 4 January 2013 ) . The Hopkins Touch : Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler . pp. 172 -- 175 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Sherwood 1948 , pp. 447 -- 453 . Jump up ^ Osmańczyk 2004 , p. 2445 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger 2003 . Jump up ^ Bohlen , C.E. ( 1973 ) . Witness to History , 1929 -- 1969 . New York . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Video : Allies Study Post-War Security Etc. ( 1944 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1944 . Retrieved November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco -- the birthplace of the United Nations '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 1945 : The San Francisco Conference '' . United Nations . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN Milestones 1941 - 1950 '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Grant 2009 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ `` Poland and the United Nations '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland . Retrieved 29 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fomerand 2009 , pp. 149 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 51 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : `` UN Milestones 1951 - 1960 '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 114 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 115 -- 134 . Jump up ^ See Meisler , p. 76 ; Kennedy , p. 60 ; Fasulo , pp. 17 , 20 Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 127 -- 128 , 134 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 195 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 208 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 204 -- 226 , 213 , 220 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 167 -- 168 , 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ `` Is China contributing to the United Nations ' mission ? '' . CSIS China Power . Jump up ^ Fasulo , p. 43 ; Meisler , p. 334 Jump up ^ Renner , Michael . `` Peacekeeping Operations Expenditures : 1947 -- 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Global Policy Forum . Jump up ^ Meisler , pp. 252 -- 56 Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , pp. 264 -- 277 . Jump up ^ Meisler 1995 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2007 , pp. 66 -- 67 . 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These questions shall include : recommendations with respect to the maintenance of international peace and security , the election of the non-permanent members of the Security Council , the election of the members of the Economic and Social Council , the election of members of the Trusteeship Council in accordance with paragraph 1 c of Article 86 of the Charter , the admission of new Members to the United Nations , the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership , the expulsion of Members , questions relating to the operation of the trusteeship system , and budgetary questions . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 70 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : `` United Nations Charter : Chapter V '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 39 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` Members of the United Nations Security Council '' . United Nations . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Fasulo 2004 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Security Council Presidency in 2017 '' . United Nations . 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Genocide : A Reference Handbook . Contemporary World Issues . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 488 - 7 . Coulon , Jocelyn ( 1998 ) . Soldiers of Diplomacy : The United Nations , Peacekeeping , and the New World Order . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 0899 - 2 . Fasulo , Linda ( 2004 ) . An Insider 's Guide to the UN . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10155 - 3 . Fomerand , Jacques ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the United Nations . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5547 - 2 . Gold , Dore ( 2004 ) . Tower of Babble : How the United Nations Has Fueled Global Chaos . New York : Crown Forum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 5475 - 6 . Grant , Thomas D. ( 2009 ) . Admission to the United Nations : Charter Article 4 and the Rise of Universal Organization . Legal Aspects of International Organization . 50 . Leiden , Netherlands : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 978 - 900417363 - 7 . ISSN 0924 - 4883 . Hoopes , Townsend ; Brinkley , Douglas ( 2000 ) ( 1997 ) . FDR and the Creation of the U.N . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08553 - 2 . Kennedy , Paul ( 2007 ) ( 2006 ) . The Parliament of Man : The Past , Present , and Future of the United Nations . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 70341 - 6 . Manchester , William ; Reid , Paul ( 2012 ) . The Last Lion : Winston Spencer Churchill . Volume 3 : Defender of the Realm , 1940 -- 1965 . New York : Little Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 54770 - 3 . Meisler , Stanley ( 1995 ) . United Nations : The First Fifty Years . New York : Atlantic Monthly Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87113 - 616 - 9 . Mires , Charlene ( 2013 ) . Capital of the World : The Race to Host the United Nations . New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 0794 - 4 . Osmańczyk , Edmund Jan ( 2004 ) . Mango , Anthony , ed . Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. 4 . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93924 - 9 . Schlesinger , Stephen C. ( 2003 ) . Act of Creation : The Founding of the United Nations : A Story of Super Powers , Secret Agents , Wartime Allies and Enemies , and Their Quest for a Peaceful World . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 3324 - 3 . Sherwood , Robert E. ( 1948 ) . Roosevelt and Hopkins : An Intimate History . New York : Harper and Brothers . Weiss , Thomas G. ; Daws , Sam , eds. ( 2009 ) ( 2007 ) . The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956010 - 3 . Wistrich , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . A Lethal Obsession : Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6097 - 9 . Further reading Lowe , Vaughan ; Roberts , Adam ; Welsh , Jennifer ; Zaum , Dominik , eds. ( 2008 ) . The United Nations Security Council and War : The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 953343 - 5 . Roberts , Adam ; Kingsbury , Benedict , eds. ( 1994 ) . United Nations , Divided World : The UN 's Roles in International Relations ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 827926 - 6 . 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4321127938230792000 | Justice League (film) | Justice League ( film ) - wikipedia Justice League ( film ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Justice League Theatrical release poster Directed by Zack Snyder Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Jon Berg Geoff Johns Screenplay by Chris Terrio Joss Whedon Story by Chris Terrio Zack Snyder Based on Justice League by Gardner Fox Starring Ben Affleck Henry Cavill Amy Adams Gal Gadot Ezra Miller Jason Momoa Ray Fisher Jeremy Irons Diane Lane Connie Nielsen J.K. Simmons Ciarán Hinds Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Fabian Wagner Edited by David Brenner Richard Pearson Martin Walsh Production companies Access Entertainment DC Films Dune Entertainment Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) ( Beijing ) November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $300 million Box office $657.7 million Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Zack Snyder , with a screenplay by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon , from a story by Terrio and Snyder , and features an ensemble cast that includes Ben Affleck , Henry Cavill , Amy Adams , Gal Gadot , Ezra Miller , Jason Momoa , Ray Fisher , Jeremy Irons , Diane Lane , Connie Nielsen , and J.K. Simmons . In Justice League , the superhero team , consisting of Batman , Wonder Woman , Flash , Aquaman , and Cyborg forms to honor the memory of Superman and to save earth from the catastrophic threat of Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons . The film was announced in October 2014 , with Snyder on board to direct and Terrio attached to write the script . Initially titled Justice League Part One , with a second part to follow in 2019 , the second film was indefinitely delayed to accommodate a standalone Batman film with Affleck . Principal photography commenced in April 2016 and ended in October 2016 . Snyder then hired Joss Whedon to write scenes that would be filmed during reshoots ; however , Snyder left the project in May 2017 following the death of his daughter . Whedon was hired to oversee the remainder of post-production , including directing additional scenes written by himself . Snyder received sole director credit for the film , while Whedon received a screenwriting credit . Justice League is the second most expensive film ever made with an estimated production budget of $300 million . The film premiered in Beijing on October 26 , 2017 , and was released in the United States in 2D , 3D and IMAX on November 17 , 2017 . Justice League grossed $657 million worldwide , against an estimated break - even point of up to $750 million . It received mixed reviews from critics ; the action sequences , visual effects , and performances ( particularly Gadot and Miller ) were praised , while the plot , writing , pacing , villain , and overuse of CGI were criticized . The film 's tone was met with a polarized reception , with some appreciating the lighter tone compared to previous DC films , while others found it inconsistent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Post-production 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Thousands of years ago , Steppenwolf and his legions of Parademons attempts to take over Earth with the combined energies of three Mother Boxes . They are foiled by a unified army that included the Olympian Gods , Amazons , Atlanteans , mankind , and the Green Lantern Corps . After repelling Steppenwolf 's army , the Mother Boxes are separated and hidden in locations on the planet . In the present , mankind is in mourning over Superman , whose death triggers the Mother Boxes to reactivate and Steppenwolf 's return to Earth in an effort to regain favor with his master , Darkseid . Steppenwolf aims to gather the artifacts to form `` The Unity '' , which will destroy Earth 's ecology and terraform it in the image of Steppenwolf 's homeworld . Steppenwolf retrieves the Mother Box from Themyscira , prompting Queen Hippolyta to warn her daughter Diana of Steppenwolf 's return . Diana joins Bruce Wayne in his attempt to unite other metahumans to their cause , with Wayne going after Arthur Curry and Barry Allen , while Diana tries to locate Victor Stone . Wayne fails to persuade Curry , but manages to recruit an enthusiastic Allen onto the team . Although Diana fails to convince Stone to join , he agrees to help them locate the threat if he discovers their location . Stone later joins the team after his father Silas , along with several other S.T.A.R. Labs employees , is kidnapped by Steppenwolf seeking to acquire the Mother Box from mankind . Steppenwolf attacks Atlantis to retrieve the next Mother Box , forcing Curry into action . The team receives intel from Commissioner James Gordon leading them to Steppenwolf 's army , based in an abandoned facility under Gotham Harbor . Although the group manages to rescue the kidnapped employees , the facility is flooded during combat , which traps the team until Curry helps delay the flood so they can escape . Stone retrieves the last Mother Box , which he had hidden , for the group to analyze . Stone reveals that his father used the Mother Box to rebuild Stone 's body after an accident almost cost him his life . Facing overwhelming odds against Steppenwolf 's army , Wayne decides to use the Mother Box to resurrect Superman , not only to help them fight off Steppenwolf 's invasion , but also to restore hope to mankind . Diana and Curry are hesitant about the idea , but Wayne forms a secret contingency plan in case Superman returns as a nemesis . Clark Kent 's body is exhumed and placed in the amniotic fluid of the genesis chamber of the Kryptonian ship alongside the Mother Box , which in turn activates and successfully resurrects Superman . However , Superman 's memories have not returned , and he attacks the group after Stone accidentally launches a projectile at him . On the verge of being killed by Superman , Batman enacts his contingency plan : Lois Lane . Superman calms down and leaves with Lane to his family home in Smallville , where he reflects and tries to recover his memories . With the final Mother Box unguarded , Steppenwolf retrieves it with ease . Without Superman to aid them , the five heroes travel to a village in Russia where Steppenwolf aims to unite the Mother Boxes once again and remake Earth . The team fights their way through the Parademons to reach Steppenwolf , although they are unable to distract him enough for Stone to separate the Mother boxes . Superman arrives and assists Allen in evacuating the city , as well as Stone in separating the Mother Boxes . The team defeats Steppenwolf , who , overcome with fear , is attacked by his own Parademons before they all teleport away . In the aftermath of the battle , Bruce and Diana agree to setup a base of operations for the team , with room for more members . Diana steps back into the public spotlight as a hero ; Barry acquires a job in Central City 's police department , impressing his father ; Victor continues to explore and enhance his abilities with his father in S.T.A.R. Labs ; Arthur returns to Atlantis ; and Superman resumes his life as reporter Clark Kent . In a post-credits scene , Lex Luthor escapes from Arkham Asylum and recruits Slade Wilson to form their own league . Cast ( edit ) Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A wealthy socialite , and the owner of Wayne Enterprises . He dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained , masked vigilante equipped with various tools and weapons . Henry Cavill as Clark Kent / Superman : A member of , and inspiration for , the Justice League , a Kryptonian survivor , and a journalist for the Daily Planet based in Metropolis . Amy Adams as Lois Lane : An undaunted and compassionate award - winning journalist for the Daily Planet and the love interest for Kent . Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman : An antiquities dealer , acquaintance of Wayne , and an immortal Amazonian warrior , who is the crown princess of Themyscira and daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus . She is endowed with metahuman attributes and abilities inherited from her parents . Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash : A Central City University student , who can move at superhuman speeds with his ability to tap into the Speed Force . Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman : The heir to the throne of the undersea nation of Atlantis . His metahuman aquatic abilities and physical attributes originate from his Atlantean physiology . Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg : A former college athlete who , after being cybernetically reconstructed after a nearly fatal car accident , is turned into a techno - organic being enhanced by reactive , adaptive biomimetic alien technology . Fisher portrays the character through the use of motion capture for the cybernetic portion of his body . Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne 's butler , chief of security , and trusted confidant . Diane Lane as Martha Kent : Kent 's adoptive mother . Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta : Diana 's mother and Queen of the Amazons . J.K. Simmons as James Gordon : The Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department , and close ally of Batman . Ciarán Hinds as the voice of Steppenwolf : An alien military officer from Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons and is searching for the three Mother Boxes held on Earth . The character is described as `` old , tired '' and trying to find a way to escape his role of servitude under Darkseid . Hinds portrayed the villain through use of motion capture and received some advice in the process from Liam Neeson , who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls . The Olympian Old Gods Zeus , Ares and Artemis are portrayed by fitness model Sergi Constance , stuntman Nick McKinless , and MMA fighter Aurore Lauzeral , respectively . All three were required to reach a specific degree of physicality , with Snyder instructing McKinless to sport `` veins like worms and paper thin skin '' . In the finished film , McKinless ' face was replaced with David Thewlis 's face , and Thewlis received credit as Ares . Robin Wright reprises her role as Antiope during a flashback sequence . Julian Lewis Jones appears as King Atlan , the ancient king of Atlantis , while Amber Heard portrays the Atlantean Mera . Joe Morton reprises his role as Silas Stone , Victor Stone 's father and S.T.A.R. Labs ' head while Billy Crudup appears as Henry Allen , Barry Allen 's father . Joe Manganiello and Jesse Eisenberg appear uncredited in a post-credits scene as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke and Lex Luthor , respectively . Michael McElhatton appears as a bank robber who clashes with Wonder Woman early in the film , while Holt McCallany makes an uncredited appearance as a burglar . Marc McClure , who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in the Christopher Reeve Superman film series , has a cameo as a police officer . An unidentified Green Lantern appears at the beginning of the film , created by use of CGI and embodied by an uncredited actor . Willem Dafoe and Kiersey Clemons filmed scenes as Nuidis Vulko and Iris West , respectively , although their roles were cut from the final film . Both actors are signed for multiple films and will appear in future installments of the franchise , Aquaman and Flashpoint , respectively . Early in production , a scene depicting Green Lanterns Kilowog and Tomar - Re visiting Batman was filmed as another post-credits scene , further teasing Green Lantern Corps . The scene was later scrapped . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In February 2007 , it was announced that Warner Bros. had hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film . The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon 's long - developed Wonder Woman film was cancelled , as well as The Flash , written and directed by David S. Goyer . Reportedly titled Justice League : Mortal , Michele and Kiernan Mulroney submitted their script to Warner Bros. in June 2007 , receiving positive feedback , which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hope of beginning filming before the 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike . Warner Bros. was less willing to proceed with development of a sequel to Superman Returns , having been disappointed with its box office . Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in Justice League : Mortal , nor was Christian Bale from Batman Begins . Warner Bros. intended for Justice League : Mortal to be the start of a new film franchise , and to branch out into separate sequels and spin - offs . Shortly after filming The Dark Knight , Bale stated in an interview that `` It 'd be better if it does n't tread on the toes of what our Batman series is doing , '' and felt it would make more sense for Warner Bros. to release the film after The Dark Knight Rises . Jason Reitman was the original choice to direct Justice League , but he turned it down , as he considers himself an independent filmmaker and prefers to stay out of big budget superhero films . George Miller signed to direct in September 2007 , with Barrie Osbourne producing on a projected $220 million budget . The following month , roughly 40 actors and actresses auditioned for the ensemble superhero roles , among them Joseph Cross , Michael Angarano , Max Thieriot , Minka Kelly , Adrianne Palicki and Scott Porter . Miller had intended to cast younger actors , as he wanted them to `` grow '' into their roles over the course of several films . D.J. Cotrona was cast as Superman , along with Armie Hammer as Batman . Jessica Biel reportedly declined to play Wonder Woman role after negotiations . The character was also linked to actresses Teresa Palmer and Shannyn Sossamon , along with Mary Elizabeth Winstead , who confirmed that she had auditioned . Ultimately , Megan Gale was cast as Wonder Woman , while Palmer was cast as Talia al Ghul , whom Miller had in mind to act with a Russian accent . The script for Justice League : Mortal would have featured John Stewart as Green Lantern , a role originally offered to Columbus Short . Hip hop recording artist and rapper Common was cast , with Adam Brody as Barry Allen / Flash , and Jay Baruchel as the lead villain , Maxwell Lord . Longtime Miller collaborator Hugh Keays - Byrne had been cast in an unnamed role , rumored to be Martian Manhunter . Aquaman had yet to be cast . Marit Allen was hired as the original costume designer before her untimely death in November 2007 , and the responsibilities were assumed by Weta Workshop . However , the writers strike began that same month and placed the film on hold . Warner Bros. had to let the options lapse for the cast , but development was fast tracked once more in February 2008 when the strike ended . Warner Bros. and Miller wanted to start filming immediately , but production was pushed back three months . Originally , the majority of Justice League : Mortal was to be shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney , with other locations scouted nearby at local colleges , and Sydney Heads doubling for Happy Harbor . The Australian Film Commission had a say with casting choices , giving way for George Miller to cast Gale , Palmer and Keays - Bryne , all Australian natives . The production crew was composed entirely of Australians , but the Australian government denied Warner Bros. a 40 percent tax rebate as they felt they had not hired enough Australian actors . Miller was frustrated , stating that `` A once - in - a-lifetime opportunity for the Australian film industry is being frittered away because of very lazy thinking . They 're throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars of investment that the rest of the world is competing for and , much more significantly , highly skilled creative jobs . '' Production offices were then moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada . Filming was pushed back to July 2008 , while Warner Bros was still confident they could produce the film for a summer 2009 release . With production delays continuing , and the success of The Dark Knight in July 2008 , Warner Bros. decided to focus on the development of individual films featuring the main heroes , allowing director Christopher Nolan to separately complete his Batman trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises in 2012 . Gregory Noveck , senior vice president of creative affairs for DC Entertainment , stated , `` we 're going to make a Justice League movie , whether it 's now or 10 years from now . But we 're not going to do it and Warners is not going to do it until we know it 's right . '' Actor Adam Brody joked `` They ( Warner Brothers ) just did n't want to cross their streams with a whole bunch of Batmans in the universe . '' Warner Bros. relaunched development for a solo Green Lantern film , released in 2011 as a critical and financial disappointment . Meanwhile , film adaptations for The Flash and Wonder Woman continued to languish in development , while filming for a Superman reboot commenced in 2011 with Man of Steel , produced by Nolan and written by Batman screenwriter David S. Goyer . Shortly after filming on Man of Steel was complete , Warner Bros hired Will Beall to write the script for a new Justice League film . Warner Bros. president Jeff Robinov explained that Man of Steel would be `` setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward . In that , it 's definitely a first step . '' The film included references to the existence of other superheroes in the DC Universe , and set the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film . Goyer stated that should Green Lantern appear in a future installment , it would be a rebooted version of the character , unconnected to the 2011 film . With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013 , Goyer was hired to write a sequel , as well as a new Justice League , with the Beall draft being scrapped . The sequel was later revealed to be Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , a team - up film featuring Henry Cavill as Superman , Ben Affleck as Batman , Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman , Ezra Miller as The Flash , Jason Momoa as Aquaman , and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg , the latter three in minor roles that became more significant in the Justice League film . The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer 's work on The Dark Knight trilogy , although Nolan was still involved as an executive producer for Batman v Superman . In April 2014 , it was announced that Zack Snyder would also direct Goyer 's Justice League script . Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July , after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . On October 15 , 2014 , Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts , with Part One on November 17 , 2017 , and Part Two on June 14 , 2019 . Snyder was set to direct both films . In early July 2015 , EW revealed that the script for Justice League Part One had been completed by Terrio . Zack Snyder stated that the film would be inspired by the New Gods comic series by Jack Kirby . Although Justice League was initially announced as a two - part film , with the second part set for release two years after the first , Snyder stated in June 2016 that they would be two distinct , separate films and not one film split into two parts , both being stand - alone stories . Casting ( edit ) Ben Affleck , Ezra Miller , Gal Gadot , Ray Fisher and Jason Momoa at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International to promote Justice League In April 2014 , Ray Fisher was cast as Victor Stone / Cyborg . He first cameod in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , followed by a larger role in Justice League . Henry Cavill , Ben Affleck , Gal Gadot , Diane Lane and Amy Adams also reprised their roles from Batman v Superman . In October 2014 , Jason Momoa was cast as Arthur Curry / Aquaman and debuted as the character in Dawn of Justice . On October 20 , 2014 , Momoa told ComicBook.com that the Justice League film would be released first , and that is what they were preparing for . He thought the solo Aquaman film may be Aquaman 's origin story . On January 13 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Amber Heard was in negotiations to appear in the film as Aquaman 's love interest Mera . In March 2016 , producer Charles Roven said that Green Lantern would not appear in any film before Justice League Part Two , and stated that they `` could put Green Lantern in some introduction in Justice League 2 , or barring that , a movie after . '' Also in March , The Hollywood Reporter announced that J.K. Simmons had been cast as Commissioner James Gordon , and Heard was confirmed to join the cast as Mera . Adams also confirmed that she would reprise her role as Lois Lane in both Justice League films . By April 2016 , Willem Dafoe had been cast in an undisclosed role , later revealed to be Nuidis Vulko , while Cavill confirmed that he would return for both Justice League films . In May 2016 , Jeremy Irons confirmed he would appear as Alfred Pennyworth . That same month , Jesse Eisenberg stated that he would reprise his role as Lex Luthor , and in June 2016 , confirmed his return in an interview with Shortlist magazine . In July 2016 , Julian Lewis Jones was cast in an undisclosed role , later revealed to be Atlan , the king of Atlantis . Laurence Fishburne , who portrays Perry White in the DCEU , said he declined to reprise his role in the film due to scheduling conflicts . In April 2017 , Michael McElhatton revealed that he had a role in Justice League , which was later revealed to be a bank robber who faces off against Wonder Woman . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on April 11 , 2016 , with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , as well as various locations around London and Scotland . Additional filming took place in Chicago , Illinois , Los Angeles , and Djúpavík , in the Westfjords of Iceland . The old herring factory in Djúpavík was one Iceland filming location ( Ben Affleck appeared to be standing near the herring oil tanks in the `` Heroes '' trailer ) . Snyder 's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts . Affleck also served as executive producer . In May 2016 , it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg would produce the Justice League films , and would also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe , after the largely negative critical reception of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . The same month , Irons stated that the Justice League storyline would be more linear and simple , compared to the theatrical version of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Johns confirmed on June 3 , 2016 that the title of the film is Justice League , and later stated that the film would be `` hopeful and optimistic '' in comparison to previous DCEU films . Filming wrapped in October 2016 . Post-production ( edit ) In May 2017 , Snyder stepped down during post-production of the film to properly deal with the death of his daughter . Joss Whedon , whom Snyder had previously brought on to rewrite some additional scenes , took over to handle post-production duties in Snyder 's place . In July 2017 , it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles , with Warner Bros. putting about $25 million into them ( more than the typical $6 -- 10 million additional filming costs ) . The reshoots coincided with Cavill 's schedule for Mission : Impossible -- Fallout , for which he had grown a moustache which he was contracted to keep while filming , so Justice League 's VFX team used special effects to digitally remove the moustache in post-production . Warner Bros. later announced that Whedon would receive a screenwriting credit on the film alongside Chris Terrio . Music ( edit ) Main article : Justice League ( soundtrack ) In March 2016 , Hans Zimmer , who co-composed the score for Man of Steel and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , stated that he had officially retired from the `` superhero business '' . Junkie XL , who wrote and composed the soundtrack of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice with Zimmer , was originally scoring the film . In June 2017 , Danny Elfman was announced to have replaced Junkie XL . Elfman had previously composed the films Batman and Batman Returns , and the theme music for Batman : The Animated Series . Elfman confirmed that he would use the Batman theme music from the 1989 film for Batman in the film , and would also briefly use John Williams ' Superman theme during `` a dark , twisted moment '' in the film . The film features a cover of Leonard Cohen 's `` Everybody Knows '' performed by Sigrid , `` Icky Thump '' performed by the White Stripes , and a cover of the Beatles ' `` Come Together '' performed by Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL . Release ( edit ) Justice League held its world premiere in Beijing on October 26 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in North America in standard , RealD 3D and IMAX on November 17 , 2017 . Justice League was released on Digital HD on February 13 , 2018 , and is scheduled to be released on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , 4K Ultra-HD Blu - ray and DVD on March 13 , 2018 . Box Office ( edit ) As of February 25 , 2018 , Justice League has grossed $228.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $428.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $657.7 million , against a production budget of $300 million . It had a worldwide opening of $278.8 million , the 24th biggest of all - time . The estimated gross worldwide for the film to break even is around $750 million . In the United States and Canada , industry tracking initially forecast the film debuting to $110 -- 120 million from 4,051 theaters ( including 400 IMAX screens ) . It made $13 million from Thursday night previews , up from the $11 million made by Wonder Woman the previous June . However , after making $38.8 million on its first day ( including Thursday previews ) , weekend projections were lowered to $95 million . It ended up debuting to $93.8 million , down 45 % from Batman v Superman 's opening of $166 million , and being the first film of the DCEU to open under $100 million . Deadline.com attributed the low figure to lukewarm audience reaction to the film and most of its predecessors , as well as poor critical reception , and partly Warner - owned film review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes not posting their aggregated score until the day before release , causing speculation and doubt from filmgoers . In its second weekend , the film dropped 56 % to $41.1 million , finishing second at the box office , behind newcomer Coco . It was the second - best second weekend hold of the DCEU , behind Wonder Woman 's 43 % , but the lowest overall gross . In its third week it again finished second behind Coco , grossing $16.7 million . Internationally , the film was projected to debut to $215 -- 235 million for a worldwide opening of $325 -- 355 million . It made $8.5 million on its first day from nine countries , including South Korea , France and Brazil . It ended up having a $185 million international debut from 65 countries , including $57.1 million from China , $9.8 million from the United Kingdom , $9.6 million from Mexico and $8.8 million from South Korea . The film broke a record in the Philippines with a debut of $1.12 M ( PHP 57.3 M ) , making it the biggest industry opening day for a film there in 2017 . In Brazil , the film opened to $14.2 million , the biggest opening in the country 's history . Critical response ( edit ) Justice League received mixed reviews , with critics praising the action sequences and solid performances ( primarily Gadot and Miller ) while criticizing the writing , pacing , and CGI , as well as the plot ( regarded as thin ) , and the villain ( regarded as underdeveloped ) . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 40 % , based on 303 reviews , with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Justice League leaps over a number of DC movies , but its single bound is n't enough to shed the murky aesthetic , thin characters , and chaotic action that continue to dog the franchise . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 45 out of 100 , based on 52 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale , whereas PostTrak surveyed audiences scored the film 4 out of 5 . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , praising the cast , especially Gadot , and saying `` It 's a putting - the - band - together origins movie , executed with great fun and energy . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review and wrote , `` Justice League ... has been conceived , in each and every frame , to correct the sins of Batman v Superman . It 's not just a sequel -- it 's an act of franchise penance . The movie ... is never messy or bombastic . It 's light and clean and simple ( at times almost too simple ) , with razory repartee and combat duels that make a point of not going on for too long . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars , praising the cast but criticizing the action sequences and writing , saying : `` The scenes of the League members together , bickering and bonding , spike the film with humor and genuine feeling , creating a rooting interest in the audience . Without it , the film would crumble . '' Conversely , Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter , while praising Gadot and Miller , called the film visually ugly and boring , saying , `` Fatigue , repetition and a laborious approach to exposition are the keynotes of this affair , which is also notable for how Ben Affleck , donning the bat suit for the second time , looks like he 'd rather be almost anywhere else but here . '' Accolades ( edit ) The film 's poster was nominated for `` Best Action Poster '' by the Golden Trailer Awards in June 2017 . In December 2017 , Ezra Miller was nominated for `` Best Comedic Performance '' for his role as Barry Allen by the San Diego Film Critics Society . Justice League was nominated for `` Most Disappointing Film '' by the Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Awards , and it was tied in second place with The Dark Tower . Sequel ( edit ) A sequel was scheduled to be released in June 2019 , but has since been delayed to accommodate the release for a standalone Batman film . By March 2017 , producer Charles Roven announced that Zack Snyder would return as director . In October 2017 , J.K. Simmons stated that the studio is working on a sequel script , alongside The Batman . Shortly after the release of Justice League , Henry Cavill stated that he is under contract with Warner Bros. to play Superman for one more film . In December 2017 , it was reported that there were `` no immediate plans '' for Zack Snyder to direct a Justice League sequel , or any other DC films , with Snyder instead being relegated to an executive producer position . This comes after a reshuffling of film production staff at Warner Bros. due to the film 's financial performance . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Justice League ( 2 - D ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Justice League ' : Warner Bros. CEO Reportedly Mandated a Runtime Under 2 Hours '' . Collider . November 6 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Amy Adams and Gal Gadot Are Excited About Amber Heard 's ' Justice League ' Casting : ' I Hope We All Get to Work Together ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League : J.K. Simmons Talks Commissioner Gordon '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Adds Willem Dafoe to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Who Willem Dafoe Is Playing In Justice League '' . Cinemablend.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Henry Cavill Apr 12 , 2016 at 1 : 46pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jesse Eisenberg 's Lex Luthor will be in Justice League '' . Digital Spy . May 29 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jesse Eisenberg confirms Lex Luthor will return for Justice League '' . Shortlist.com . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` In ' John Wick : Chapter 2 , ' Keanu Reeves and Laurence Fishburne are back together after all these years '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Shooting of the Justice League in Djúpavík '' . Iceland : Visit Westfjords ( official tourism organization ) . 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Justice League begins shooting April 11 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Begley , Chris ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Fabian Wagner is the cinematographer for ' Justice League ' '' . BatmanNews.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Affleck Elevated to ' Justice League ' Executive Producer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Batman v. Superman ' Fallout : Warner Bros. Shakes Up Executive Roles ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Jeremy Irons knocks ' muddled ' Batman v Superman , promises ' simpler ' Justice League : Part One '' . IGN . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Clearing up any misconceptions -- the Justice League movie is called `` Justice League . '' `` . Twitter . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. 's New Strategy on DC : Lighten Up , Superheroes '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( October 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Momoa Thanks ' Justice League ' Crew With Shirtless Photo as Filming Wraps ( Photo ) '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Zack ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Last day filming in the UK . It has been an amazing shoot . Big thanks to everyone involved ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` That 's a wrap '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Zack Snyder Steps Down From ' Justice League ' to Deal With Family Tragedy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ; Lang , Brent ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Extensive Reshoots Causing Headaches for Star Schedules '' . Variety . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How much work it will take to digitally remove Henry Cavill 's mustache for ' Justice League , ' according to visual effects artists '' . Business Insider . July 28 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Whedon officially gets ' Justice League ' writer credit '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Composer Hans Zimmer retires from ' superhero business ' '' . BBC . March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League : Junkie XL Will Score Zack Snyder 's Epic '' . Collider.com . June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' Justice League ' : Danny Elfman to Compose Score ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adlakha , Siddhant . `` JUSTICE LEAGUE Will Feature Danny Elfman 's BATMAN ( 1989 ) Theme '' . BIRTH. MOVIES. DEATH . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam . `` ' Justice League ' : Danny Elfman Says He Puts a Dark Twist on John Williams ' Superman Theme '' . Collider . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` First listen : Hear a track from Danny Elfman 's Justice League score '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonagh , Ross ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` A league of their own ! Ben Affleck and Gal Gadot scrub up with their co-stars at the Beijing premiere of Justice League '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League ( 2017 ) Blu - ray release date '' . DVDs ReleaseDates . January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Lassos $185.5 M Overseas , $281.5 M WW ; ' Thor ' Rocks To $738 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Can Warner Bros . ' Expensive , Long - Awaited ' Justice League ' Deliver the Hit That DC Needs ? '' . Variety . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Disappointing Holiday Box Office Makes Any ' Fantastic Beasts ' Comparisons Moot '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Hits Tracking With Super $110 M - $120 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Powers To $13 M Thursday Night ; Beats ' Wonder Woman ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Encounters Kryptonite At The B.O. With $93 M+ Opening : Why The DC Movie Weakened -- Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Coco ' displaces ' Justice League ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Looking At Sweet $26 M+ As Specialty Sector Pops With Awards Contenders -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' To Prevail Around The World With $325 M+ Start -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Rises To $70.7 M Through Friday At International Box Office '' . Jump up ^ Kevin Melrose ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Justice League : What Critics Are Saying '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom DiChristopher ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' faces a steep climb to $1 billion as middling reviews dash $100 M - plus opening hopes '' . CNBC . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Fun ' Justice League ' cleverly assembles a superhuman fight club '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Justice League ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Review : DC Superhero Team - Up Keeps It Light , For Better or Worse '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Justice League : ' Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Nominations '' . SDFCS.org . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Get Out ' Dominates the Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Awards '' . Collider Movie News . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Justice League : Part Two ' Delayed to Accommodate Ben Affleck 's Standalone ' Batman ' Film '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man of Steel Was Always Setting Up the Future DC Films Universe '' . Comicbook.com . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitch , Adam ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Justice League 2 Script Is Currently Being Written '' . CBR.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zemler , Emily . `` Henry Cavill on the secrets of Superman 's return in ' Justice League ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason . `` ' Justice League ' is reportedly the last DC Comics movie Zack Snyder will direct '' . Business Insider . Business Insider . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . 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"Justice League held its world premiere in Beijing on October 26, 2017, and was theatrically released in North America in standard, RealD 3D and IMAX on November 17, 2017.[110] Justice League was released on Digital HD on February 13, 2018, and is scheduled to be released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray and DVD on March 13, 2018.[111]"
] | [
"November 17, 2017"
] |
990197614999060517 | All Along the Watchtower | All Along the Watchtower - wikipedia All Along the Watchtower Jump to : navigation , search For the Scottish TV comedy series , see All Along the Watchtower ( TV series ) . `` All Along the Watchtower '' Netherlands single picture sleeve Single by Bob Dylan from the album John Wesley Harding B - side `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' Released November 22 , 1968 ( 1968 - 11 - 22 ) Recorded November 6 , 1967 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 30 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Bob Johnston Bob Dylan singles chronology `` Drifter 's Escape '' ( 1968 ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' ( 1968 ) `` I Threw It All Away '' ( 1969 ) John Wesley Harding track listing 12 tracks ( show ) Side one `` John Wesley Harding '' `` As I Went Out One Morning '' `` I Dreamed I Saw St. Augustine '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` The Ballad of Frankie Lee and Judas Priest '' `` Drifter 's Escape '' Side two `` Dear Landlord '' `` I Am a Lonesome Hobo '' `` I Pity the Poor Immigrant '' `` The Wicked Messenger '' `` Down Along the Cove '' `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' Audio sample file help `` All Along the Watchtower '' is a song written and recorded by American singer - songwriter Bob Dylan . The song initially appeared on his 1967 album John Wesley Harding , and it has been included on most of Dylan 's subsequent greatest hits compilations . Since the late 1970s , he has performed it in concert more than any of his other songs . Different versions appear on four of Dylan 's live albums . Covered by numerous artists in various genres , `` All Along the Watchtower '' is strongly identified with the interpretation Jimi Hendrix recorded for Electric Ladyland with the Jimi Hendrix Experience . The Hendrix version , released six months after Dylan 's original recording , became a Top 20 single in 1968 and was ranked 47th in Rolling Stone magazine 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bob Dylan 's original 1.1 Background 1.2 Recording 1.3 Analysis 1.4 Performances and subsequent releases 2 The Jimi Hendrix Experience 2.1 Recording 2.2 Release and charts 2.3 Reception 3 Other recordings 3.1 The Nashville Teens 3.2 Dave Matthews Band 3.3 Dave Mason 3.4 U2 3.5 Neil Young 3.6 Grateful Dead 3.7 Bryan Ferry 3.8 Pearl Jam 3.9 Bear McCreary / Battlestar Galactica 3.10 Steve Hackett Band 3.11 Others 4 In popular culture 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Bob Dylan 's original ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Following a motorcycle accident in July 1966 , Dylan spent the next 18 months recuperating at his home in Woodstock and writing songs . According to Clinton Heylin , all the songs for John Wesley Harding were written and recorded during a six - week period at the end of 1967 . With one child born in early 1966 and another in mid-1967 , Dylan had settled into family life . Recording ( edit ) Dylan recorded `` All Along the Watchtower '' on November 6 , 1967 , at Columbia Studio A in Nashville , Tennessee , the same studio where he had completed Blonde on Blonde in the spring of the previous year . Accompanying Dylan , who played acoustic guitar and harmonica , were two Nashville veterans from the Blonde on Blonde sessions , Charlie McCoy on bass guitar and Kenneth Buttrey on drums . The producer was Bob Johnston , who produced Dylan 's two previous albums , Highway 61 Revisited in 1965 and Blonde on Blonde in 1966 . The final version of `` All Along the Watchtower '' resulted from two different takes during the second of three John Wesley Harding sessions . The session opened with five takes of the song , the third and fifth of which were spliced to create the album track . As with most of the album 's selections , the song is a dark , sparse work that stands in stark contrast with Dylan 's previous recordings of the mid-1960s . Analysis ( edit ) Several reviewers have pointed out that the lyrics in `` All Along the Watchtower '' echo lines in the Book of Isaiah , Chapter 21 , verses 5 - 9 : Prepare the table , watch in the watchtower , eat , drink : arise ye princes , and prepare the shield. / For thus hath the Lord said unto me , Go set a watchman , let him declare what he seeth. / And he saw a chariot with a couple of horsemen , a chariot of asses , and a chariot of camels ; and he hearkened diligently with much heed. / ... And , behold , here cometh a chariot of men , with a couple of horsemen . And he answered and said , Babylon is fallen , is fallen , and all the graven images of her gods he hath broken unto the ground . Commenting on the songs on his album John Wesley Harding , in an interview published in the folk music magazine Sing Out ! in October 1968 , Dylan told John Cohen and Happy Traum : I have n't fulfilled the balladeers 's job . A balladeer can sit down and sing three songs for an hour and a half ... it can all unfold to you . These melodies on John Wesley Harding lack this traditional sense of time . As with the third verse of `` The Wicked Messenger '' , which opens it up , and then the time schedule takes a jump and soon the song becomes wider ... The same thing is true of the song `` All Along the Watchtower '' , which opens up in a slightly different way , in a stranger way , for we have the cycle of events working in a rather reverse order . The unusual structure of the narrative was remarked on by English Literature professor Christopher Ricks , who commented that `` All Along the Watchtower '' is an example of Dylan 's audacity at manipulating chronological time : `` at the conclusion of the last verse , it is as if the song bizarrely begins at last , and as if the myth began again . '' Heylin described Dylan 's narrative technique in `` Watchtower '' as setting the listener up for an epic ballad with the first two verses , but then , after a brief instrumental passage , the singer cuts `` to the end of the song , leaving the listener to fill in his or her own ( doom - laden ) blanks . '' Critics have described Dylan 's version as a masterpiece of understatement . Andy Gill said `` In Dylan 's version of the song , it 's the barrenness of the scenario which grips , the high haunting harmonica and simple forward motion of the riff carrying understated implications of cataclysm ; as subsequently recorded by Jimi Hendrix , ... that cataclysm is rendered scarily palpable through the dervish whirls of guitar . '' Dave Van Ronk , an early supporter and mentor of Dylan , disagreed with the majority view when he made the following criticism : That whole artistic mystique is one of the great traps of this business , because down that road lies unintelligibility . Dylan has a lot to answer for there , because after a while he discovered that he could get away with anything -- he was Bob Dylan and people would take whatever he wrote on faith . So he could do something like ' All Along the Watchtower , ' which is simply a mistake from the title on down : a watchtower is not a road or a wall , and you ca n't go along it . Performances and subsequent releases ( edit ) John Wesley Harding came out at the end of 1967 , on December 27 , less than two months after the recording sessions . The song was the second single from the album , released on November 22 , 1968 , but did not chart . A live recording of `` All Along the Watchtower '' from the album Before the Flood appeared as the B side of `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' in 1974 . The recordings came from separate concerts earlier that year at the Forum outside Los Angeles , both with Dylan backed by The Band . Dylan first performed the song live on January 3 , 1974 , in Chicago on the opening night of his ' comeback tour ' . From this first live performance , Dylan has consistently performed the song closer to Hendrix 's version than to his own original recording . In The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia , critic Michael Gray wrote that this is the most often performed of all of Dylan 's songs . By Gray 's count , Dylan had performed the song in concert 1,393 times by the end of 2003 . According to Dylan 's own website , through 2015 he had performed the song 2,257 times . In recent years , Dylan in live performances has taken to singing the first verse again at the end of the song . As Gray notes in his Bob Dylan Encyclopedia : `` Dylan chooses to end in a way that at once reduces the song 's apocalyptic impact and cranks up its emphasis on the artist 's own centrality . Repeating the first stanza as the last means Dylan now ends with the words ' None of them along the line / Know what any of it is worth ' ( and this is sung with a prolonged , dark linger on that word ' worth ' ) . '' Dylan possibly was following the lead of the Grateful Dead in concluding the song by repeating the first verse ; the Dead covered the song in this fashion , both with and without Dylan . The original recording of `` All Along the Watchtower '' appears on most of Dylan 's `` greatest hits '' albums , as well as his two box set compilations , Biograph , released in 1985 , and Dylan , released in 2007 . In addition , Dylan has released live recordings of the song on the following albums : Before the Flood ( recorded February 1974 ) ; Bob Dylan at Budokan ( recorded March 1978 ) ; Dylan & The Dead ( recorded July 1987 ) ; and MTV Unplugged ( recorded November 1994 ) . The Jimi Hendrix Experience ( edit ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' European single cover Single by the Jimi Hendrix Experience from the album Electric Ladyland B - side `` Burning of the Midnight Lamp '' ( US ) `` Long Hot Summer Night '' ( UK ) Released September 21 , 1968 ( 1968 - 09 - 21 ) ( US ) October 18 , 1968 ( UK ) Format 7 - inch 45 rpm record Recorded January , June -- August 1968 Studio Olympic , London Record Plant , New York City Genre Rock Length 4 : 01 Label Reprise ( US ) Track ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Jimi Hendrix Experience US singles chronology `` Up from the Skies '' ( 1968 ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' ( 1968 ) `` Crosstown Traffic '' ( 1968 ) Experience UK singles chronology `` Burning of the Midnight Lamp '' ( 1967 ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' ( 1968 ) `` Crosstown Traffic '' ( 1968 ) The Jimi Hendrix Experience began to record their version of Dylan 's `` All Along the Watchtower '' on January 21 , 1968 , at Olympic Studios in London . According to engineer Andy Johns , Jimi Hendrix had been given a tape of Dylan 's recording by publicist Michael Goldstein , who worked for Dylan 's manager Albert Grossman . `` ( Hendrix ) came in with these Dylan tapes and we all heard them for the first time in the studio '' , recalled Johns . Recording ( edit ) According to Hendrix 's regular engineer Eddie Kramer , the guitarist cut a large number of takes on the first day , shouting chord changes at Dave Mason who had appeared at the session and played guitar . Halfway through the session , bass player Noel Redding became dissatisfied with the proceedings and left . Mason then took over on bass . According to Kramer , the final bass part was played by Hendrix himself . Hendrix 's friend and Rolling Stones multi-instrumentalist Brian Jones played the various percussion instruments on the track . `` That 's him playing the thwack you hear at the end of each bar in the intro , on an instrument called a vibraslap . '' Jones originally recorded a piano part that was later mixed out in place of the percussion instruments . Kramer and Chas Chandler mixed the first version of `` All Along the Watchtower '' on January 26 , but Hendrix was quickly dissatisfied with the result and went on re-recording and overdubbing guitar parts during June , July , and August at the Record Plant studio in New York . Engineer Tony Bongiovi has described Hendrix becoming increasingly dissatisfied as the song progressed , overdubbing more and more guitar parts , moving the master tape from a four - track to a twelve - track to a sixteen - track machine . Bongiovi recalled , `` Recording these new ideas meant he would have to erase something . In the weeks prior to the mixing , we had already recorded a number of overdubs , wiping track after track . ( Hendrix ) kept saying , ' I think I hear it a little bit differently . ' '' Release and charts ( edit ) The completed version was released as a single in the US on September 21 , 1968 , almost a month prior to the album release on Electric Ladyland in October . The single reached number five in the British charts , becoming the first UK stereo - only single to do so , and number 20 on the Billboard chart , Hendrix 's highest ranking American single . Reception ( edit ) Dylan has described his reaction to hearing Hendrix 's version : `` It overwhelmed me , really . He had such talent , he could find things inside a song and vigorously develop them . He found things that other people would n't think of finding in there . He probably improved upon it by the spaces he was using . I took license with the song from his version , actually , and continue to do it to this day . '' In the booklet accompanying his Biograph album , Dylan said : `` I liked Jimi Hendrix 's record of this and ever since he died I 've been doing it that way ... Strange how when I sing it , I always feel it 's a tribute to him in some kind of way . '' Hendrix 's recording of the song appears at number 47 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , and in 2000 , British magazine Total Guitar named it top of the list of the greatest cover versions of all time . Hendrix 's guitar solo is included at number five on Guitar World 's list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Solos . Other recordings ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Nashville Teens ( edit ) The earliest recording of the song , other than by Dylan , was by British pop group the Nashville Teens , who had previously had a hit in 1964 with the song `` Tobacco Road '' . Their recording of `` All Along the Watchtower '' , produced by Vic Smith , was released as a single in the UK and Europe on Decca Records in March 1968 , some six months before Hendrix 's version . The recording was described by the NME as `` both effective and commendable '' , and by Record Mirror as a `` reasonably strong song idea '' , but failed to have any commercial success , and the band left the Decca label soon afterwards . Dave Matthews band ( edit ) Dave Matthews Band has played the song since the band 's inception in the early 1990s . Their rendition maintains Dylan 's three chord structure and key signature but differs in style . Dave Matthews typically begins the song slowly with just bass , vocals and acoustic guitar . The band members come in after the line `` the hour is getting late '' , picking up the tempo and intensity . The band 's members then take extended solos , culminating with the line , `` No reason to get excited . '' `` Watchtower '' , as it is referred to by the band 's fans , is a concert staple , often performed as either a closer or encore . In all , they have covered the song live more than 600 times , including solo performances by Matthews , and it has appeared on nine of their officially released live albums , though the band has never released a studio version . In addition , the band has had numerous musicians guest with them while playing Watchtower including Carlos Santana , Neil Young , Warren Haynes from Gov 't Mule and the Allman Brothers Band , Trey Anastasio from Phish , Zac Brown , Bela Fleck , Robert Randolph , Marcus Mumford and Gary Clark Jr . Dave Mason ( edit ) Dave Mason covered `` All Along the Watchtower '' . Mason also played on Jimi Hendrix 's widely known version , playing the 12 string acoustic guitar on the track . U2 ( edit ) Irish rock band U2 first played a cover of `` All Along the Watchtower '' during their Boy Tour in 1981 . Years later , during the Joshua Tree Tour in 1987 , the cover was played for a second time , in San Francisco , California , with an additional verse added by Bono . This performance was later included as a scene in U2 's 1988 rockumentary film , Rattle and Hum , and also appeared on the album of the same name . The performance was impromptu , with the band learning the chords and lyrics within minutes of taking the stage , and as a result , there were problems in editing the soundtrack . The song made its way into 47 live shows during the band 's 1989 Lovetown Tour . Neil Young ( edit ) Neil Young , who played Woodstock as part of Crosby , Stills , Nash , and Young , has performed numerous covers of the song , including a notable performance at Farm Aid in 1994 , with band Crazy Horse and Willie Nelson . He also performed the song with Dave Matthews Band and with Booker T. and the M.G. 's at the Dylan 30th Anniversary Celebration at Madison Square Garden , a recording of which was issued in 1993 on The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration album . In 2000 , Young performed a live version with Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders , which appeared on his album Road Rock Vol. 1 : Friends & Relatives . In 2004 , he performed a version with Bruce Springsteen . Grateful Dead ( edit ) The Grateful Dead performed the song 124 times , first on June 20 , 1987 . Bryan Ferry ( edit ) Bryan Ferry recorded this song as a demo with Robin Trower in the mid-1990s . He completed the track during sessions in August 2006 for his Dylan tribute album Dylanesque released March 2007 . It featured up - beat versions of Dylan 's greatest hits . Pearl Jam ( edit ) After performing the song live four times from 2004 to 2006 with Pearl Jam , lead singer Eddie Vedder was asked to record `` All Along the Watchtower '' with The Million Dollar Bashers for the soundtrack of the Dylan biopic I 'm Not There . Named for Dylan 's song `` Million Dollar Bash '' , the group was formed by guitarist Lee Ranaldo of Sonic Youth . Its other members included Steve Shelley on drums ; Television 's Tom Verlaine , Wilco 's Nels Cline , and Smokey Hormel on guitars ; John Medeski of Medeski Martin & Wood on keyboards ; and Dylan 's bassist Tony Garnier . In 2008 , the song was played three times during Pearl Jam 's US East Coast Summer Tour , including the Bonnaroo Music Festival . In 2009 , the band was joined by Ronnie Wood of The Rolling Stones to perform the song at the Shepherds Bush Empire in London , England . Bear McCreary / Battlestar Galactica ( edit ) Television composer Bear McCreary arranged a distinctive version with non-Western tonalities of `` All Along the Watchtower '' for use in the final scene of the Battlestar Galactica season three finale `` Crossroads , Part II '' . A version with all the lyrics was included on the season 3 soundtrack . Steve Hackett band ( edit ) Steve Hackett played a live version of the song during a show at the Shepherd 's Bush Empire with John Wetton on lead vocals ( 2010 ) . Then he created a studio version of the song ( also with John Wetton on vocals ) for the new remastered edition of the Tokyo Tapes live album ( 2013 ) . All Along the Watchtower 's studio version involved : Steve Hackett on guitars and percussion , John Wetton on vocals , Roger King on keyboards , Lee Pomeroy on Bass and Garry O'Toole on drums . The initial live version include the same band except Nick Beggs on bass instead of Lee Pomeroy and Amanda Lehmann in a 2nd guitar part . Others ( edit ) The song has been covered by many other artists , including : Affinity Brewer and Shipley Chris de Burgh Randy California Eric Clapton The Dream Syndicate Richie Havens Jeff Healey Michael Hedges Indigo Girls Van Morrison Supertramp The Persuasions June Tabor T.S.O.L. Klopjag Turtle Island String Quartet Paul Weller Bobby Womack XTC Envy on the Coast Francis Cabrel , in a French translation titled `` D'en haut de la tour du guet '' , on his album `` Viser le ciel '' , 2012 Devlin ft Ed Sheeran John Waite Widespread Panic Dissipated Eight In Popular Culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song as originally recorded by Dylan was used in the 1999 film American Beauty . Hendrix 's version was featured in the movies Withnail and I , Rush , Land of the Lost ( without Hendrix 's vocals ) , Private Parts , Forrest Gump , Clockers , A Bronx Tale , Blue Chips , Vegas Vacation , Tupac : Resurrection , the 2001 remake of Brian 's Song , Watchmen ( among others ) , and also in television shows such as The Simpsons , in episodes `` Mother Simpson '' and `` My Mother the Carjacker '' and appears in the announcement trailer and title screen for the video game Mafia III . The Bob Dylan version appears as playable track in the video game Guitar Hero 5 . The final verse of the song is referenced in Chapter 10 of the graphic novel Watchmen . The song is one of seven Dylan songs of which its lyrics were reset for soprano and piano ( or orchestra ) by John Corigliano for his song cycle Mr. Tambourine Man : Seven Poems of Bob Dylan . The song is featured prominently in the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica , serving as a critical plot element of the show . The lyrics are referenced in the dialogue multiple times , and the opening bars are a recurring theme throughout the show . The show features a new arrangement by Bear McCreary during the season three finale , and Jimi Hendrix 's version during the series ' finale . The Jimi Hendrix cover of the song is used in The Martian trailer . A cover version of the song is performed by Tom Ellis ( actor ) in the Lucifer season two episode `` Everything 's Coming Up Lucifer '' . A cover version of the song by Devlin features in the opening credits of the HBO series , The Young Pope . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gray , Michael ( 2006 ) , The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Bush , John . `` All Along the Watchtower '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sounes p. 215 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Heylin , 2009 , Revolution In The Air , The Songs of Bob Dylan : Volume One , pp. 364 -- 369 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorner , Olof ( May 7 , 2000 ) . `` Still on the Road : Bob Dylan Recording Sessions '' . Olof Bjorner . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gray p. 356 - 7 Jump up ^ Gray p. 7 Jump up ^ Heylin p. 285 Jump up ^ Gill p. 130 -- 1 Jump up ^ Cott p. 122 Jump up ^ Ricks p. 359 Jump up ^ Gill p. 131 Jump up ^ Dave Van Ronk , The Mayor of Macdougal Street , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81479 - 2 Jump up ^ Gray p. 350 Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan Songs '' . bobdylan.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Cf . `` Dylan and the Dead '' . Jump up ^ `` Bob Dylan Albums '' . bobdylan.com . May 21 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eddie Kramer , ' Hendrix : Setting The Record Straight , p. 135 ^ Jump up to : Eddie Kramer , ' Hendrix : Setting The Record Straight , p. 136 Jump up ^ Padgett , Ray : The Story Behind Jimi Hendrix 's `` All Along the Watchtower '' Jump up ^ Eddie Kramer , ' Hendrix : Setting The Record Straight , p. 174 Jump up ^ Eddie Kramer , ' Hendrix : Setting The Record Straight , p. 175 Jump up ^ `` JIMI HENDRIX EXPERIENCE full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Theofficialcharts.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Eddie Kramer , ' Hendrix : Setting The Record Straight , p. 198 Jump up ^ `` Interview with Dylan : 09 / 29 / 95 '' . Fort Lauderdale Sun Sentinel. 1995 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` # 47 , All Along the Watchtower '' . rollingstone.com. April 7 , 2011 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Cover Versions Ever '' . Total Guitar . Future Publishing . August 2000 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Guitar Solos : 5 ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' ( Jimi Hendrix ) `` . Guitar World . 2008 - 10 - 14 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Their Music '' . The Nashville Teens . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Opulent Conceptions : The Nashville Teens - Sun - Dog '' . Expo67-cavestones.blogspot.co.uk. 2012 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` DMBAlmanac.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Dave Mason 's All Along The Watchtower cover of Bob Dylan 's All Along The Watchtower '' . whosampled.com . Retrieved 5 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U2 Live : All Along The Watchtower - Setlists '' . U2tour.de . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones : U2 's ' Joshua Tree ' is 25 today ; watch full 1987 ' Save the Yuppies ' concert -- slicing up eyeballs / / 80s alternative music , college rock , indie '' . Slicingupeyeballs.com. 2012 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` U2 Tour Statistics : Lovetown Tour '' . setlist.fm . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Searchable Grateful Dead Setlists '' . DeadBase . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NME.com : Pearl Jam and Rolling Stones star unite onstage at intimate gig '' . NME.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Radio , Southern California Public . `` Watch ' Walking Dead ' composer Bear McCreary rock out , pirate - style '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` More from TV composers Michael Giacchino and Bear McCreary '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hackett Songs '' . Hackettsongs.sandbag.uk.com. 2010 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ AllMusic lists about 500 recorded versions , a figure which should be reduced to its quarter , after erasing all the duplicates . Jump up ^ Mills , Jon . `` Affinity : Affinity '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Viglione , Joe . `` Brewer & Shipley : Weeds '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chris de Burgh : Footsteps '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Randy California : Shattered Dreams '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lenny Kravitz & Eric Clapton - All Along The Watchtower , 1999 ( Live ) . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mason , Sewart . `` The Dream Syndicate : The Complete Live at Raji 's '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Second Hand Songs '' . secondhandsongs.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Jeff Healey Band : Live at Grossmans 1994 '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jurek , Thom . `` Michael Hedges : Platinum & Gold Collection '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Indigo Girls : Back on the Bus , Y'All '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Collette , Doug ( 2008 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Van Morrison : Remasters Redux '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Supertramp : Portrait 1970 '' . Allmusic . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Persuasions : Knockin ' on Bob 's Door '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Peel Sessions : June Tabor ( 1990 - 11 - 27 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Torreano , Bradley . `` TSOL : Hell & Back Together : 1984 - 1990 '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Klopjag : Musiek vir die Agtergrond '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Turtle Island String Quartet : Have You Ever Been ... ? '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Paul Weller : Studio 150 '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Elias , Jason . `` Bobby Womack : The Facts of Life '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Woodstra , Chris . `` XTC : White Music '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists : Punk Goes Classic Rock '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Discographie - Francis CabrelFrancis Cabrel '' . Franciscabrel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Devlin : A Moving Picture '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` In Real Time ( Extended and Remastered ) by John Waite on Apple Music '' . Jump up ^ `` Everyday Companion All Along the Watchtower Every Time Played = '' . Jump up ^ `` Eight Balls = '' . Jump up ^ Youngquist , Paul ( January 2013 ) . `` Stats of Exception : Watchmen and Nixon 's NSC '' . Postmodern Culture . The Johns Hopkins University Press . 23 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Issue : : Watchmen '' . Comics.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` John Corigliano - Mr. Tambourine Man : Seven Poems of Bob Dylan ( for soprano and piano ) ( 2000 ) - Music Sales Classical '' . Schirmer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Plasketes , Professor George ( 28 January 2013 ) . Play it Again : Cover Songs in Popular Music . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 9400 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Battlestar Galactica , `` Daybreak , Part 2 '' : There must be some kind of way out of here `` . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Whalen , Andrew . `` The Martian Trailer 2 : `` All Along the Watchtower '' Is An Ominous Choice `` . Idigitaltimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Epic Trailer for ' The Martian ' Questions the Value of a Human Life in Space '' . Space.com. 2015 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Trailer : Matt Damon 's ' The Martian ' Aims To Be The Next ' Gravity ' Or ' Interstellar ' '' . Forbes.com. 2015 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gaming . `` The Epic Matt - Damon - Lost - in - Space Trailer ( No , the Other One ) : The Martian '' . Wired.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Young Pope has n't premiered yet , but it 's already the internet 's newest meme '' . Polygon. 2017 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 24 . References ( edit ) Blake ( ed . ) , Mark ( 2005 ) . Dylan : Visions , Portraits , and Back Pages . Mojo / DK Publishing , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 3725 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Cott ( ed . ) , Jonathan ( 2006 ) . Dylan on Dylan : The Essential Interviews . Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 0 - 340 - 92312 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Gill , Andy ( 1999 ) . Classic Bob Dylan : My Back Pages . Carlton . ISBN 1 - 85868 - 599 - 0 . Gray , Michael ( 2006 ) . The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia . Continuum International . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 6933 - 7 . Heylin , Clinton ( 2003 ) . Bob Dylan : Behind the Shades Revisited . Perennial Currents . ISBN 0 - 06 - 052569 - X . Kramer , Eddie ( 1992 ) . Hendrix : Setting the Record Straight . Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 7515 - 1129 - 3 . Ricks , Christopher ( 2003 ) . Dylan 's Visions of Sin . Penguin / Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 80133 - X . Sounes , Howard ( 2001 ) . Down the Highway : The Life of Bob Dylan . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1686 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Marqusee , M ( 2002 ) . Chimes of Freedom : The Politics of Bob Dylan 's Art , New Press External links ( edit ) Full audio of Jimi Hendrix 's version of the song on YouTube Lyrics to the song `` Reason to Rock '' - The lyrics explained Bob Dylan ( discography ) Studio albums Bob Dylan The Freewheelin ' Bob Dylan The Times They Are a-Changin ' Another Side of Bob Dylan Bringing It All Back Home Highway 61 Revisited Blonde on Blonde John Wesley Harding Nashville Skyline Self Portrait New Morning Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid Dylan Planet Waves Blood on the Tracks The Basement Tapes Desire Street - Legal Slow Train Coming Saved Shot of Love Infidels Empire Burlesque Knocked Out Loaded Down in the Groove Oh Mercy Under the Red Sky Good as I Been to You World Gone Wrong Time Out of Mind Love and Theft Modern Times Together Through Life Christmas in the Heart Tempest Shadows in the Night Fallen Angels Triplicate Live albums Before the Flood Hard Rain Bob Dylan at Budokan Real Live Dylan & the Dead The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration MTV Unplugged Live 1961 -- 2000 : Thirty - Nine Years of Great Concert Performances Live at The Gaslight 1962 Live at Carnegie Hall 1963 In Concert -- Brandeis University 1963 The 1966 Live Recordings Compilations Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Vol. II Masterpieces Biograph Bob Dylan 's Greatest Hits Volume 3 The Best of Bob Dylan ( 1997 ) The Best of Bob Dylan , Vol. 2 The Essential Bob Dylan Bob Dylan : The Collection The Best of Bob Dylan ( 2005 ) Blues Dylan The Original Mono Recordings The 50th Anniversary Collection Bob Dylan : The Complete Album Collection Vol . One The 50th Anniversary Collection 1963 The 50th Anniversary Collection 1964 Bootlegs Great White Wonder List of Basement Tapes songs ( 1967 , 1975 ) The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 -- 3 ( Rare & Unreleased ) 1961 -- 1991 Volume 4 : The Royal Albert Hall concert Vol. 5 : Bob Dylan Live 1975 , The Rolling Thunder Revue Vol. 6 : Bob Dylan Live 1964 , Concert at Philharmonic Hall Vol. 7 : No Direction Home : The Soundtrack Vol. 8 : Tell Tale Signs : Rare and Unreleased 1989 -- 2006 Vol. 9 : The Witmark Demos : 1962 -- 1964 Vol. 10 : Another Self Portrait ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Vol. 11 : The Basement Tapes Complete Vol. 12 : The Cutting Edge 1965 -- 1966 Vol. 13 : Trouble No More 1979 -- 1981 Concert tours England Tour ( 1965 ) World Tour ( 1966 ) Tour with The Band ( 1974 ) Rolling Thunder Revue ( 1975 -- 1976 ) World Tour ( 1978 ) Gospel Tour ( 1979 -- 1980 ) World Tour ( 1981 ) European Tour ( 1984 ) True Confessions Tour ( 1986 ) Tour with the Grateful Dead ( 1987 ) Temples in Flames Tour ( 1987 ) Never Ending Tour 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 2017 Films Madhouse on Castle Street Dont Look Back Eat the Document Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Renaldo and Clara Hearts of Fire Masked and Anonymous No Direction Home I 'm Not There 65 Revisited The Other Side of the Mirror : Bob Dylan Live at the Newport Folk Festival 1963 -- 1965 Inside Llewyn Davis Writings Tarantula Writings and Drawings Chronicles : Volume One Books about Dylan The Bob Dylan Encyclopedia Bob Dylan , Performing Artist Invisible Republic The Cambridge Companion to Bob Dylan Related Sara Dylan ( first wife ) Carolyn Dennis ( second wife ) Jesse Dylan ( son ) Jakob Dylan ( son ) Awards Bibliography Songs written by Dylan The Band Electric Dylan controversy Theme Time Radio Hour Traveling Wilburys Artists who have covered Dylan songs Chimes of Freedom ( album ) The Lost Notebooks of Hank Williams Lost on the River : The New Basement Tapes Related topics Songs recorded by Dylan Suze Rotolo American folk music revival The Telegraph magazine Book Category Portal Bob Dylan singles discography 1960s 1962 `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' 1963 `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' 1965 `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' / `` Highway 61 Revisited '' 1966 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' 1967 `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) 1968 `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 1969 `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' 1970s 1970 `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' 1971 `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) 1973 `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) 1976 `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' 1978 `` Baby , Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' 1979 `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' 1980s 1980 `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' 1981 `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' 1984 `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' 1985 `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' 1988 `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' 1989 `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) 1990s 1990 `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' 1991 `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh , It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) 1993 `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) 1995 `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) 2000s 2000 `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) 2006 `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' 2007 `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) 2008 `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) 2009 `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' 2010s `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 2012 `` Duquesne Whistle '' 2013 `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' Book : Bob Dylan Category : Bob Dylan Portal : Bob Dylan WikiProject : Bob Dylan Jimi Hendrix Original 1966 -- 1970 releases are marked in bold . Studio albums Are You Experienced Axis : Bold as Love Electric Ladyland The Cry of Love Rainbow Bridge War Heroes Loose Ends Crash Landing Midnight Lightning Nine to the Universe Voodoo Soup First Rays of the New Rising Sun Valleys of Neptune People , Hell and Angels Live albums Band of Gypsys Historic Performances Recorded at the Monterey International Pop Festival Experience Isle of Wight Hendrix in the West More Experience The Jimi Hendrix Concerts Jimi Plays Monterey Johnny B. Goode Band of Gypsys 2 Live at Winterland Radio One Stages Live Isle of Wight ' 70 Woodstock BBC Sessions Live at the Fillmore East Live at Woodstock Blue Wild Angel : Live at the Isle of Wight Live at Berkeley Live at Monterey Winterland Miami Pop Festival Freedom : Atlanta Pop Festival Machine Gun : The Fillmore East First Show Compilations Smash Hits Soundtrack Recordings from the Film Jimi Hendrix Musique Originale du Film Jimi Plays Berkeley Re-Experienced The Essential Jimi Hendrix The Essential Jimi Hendrix Volume Two Stone Free The Singles Album Kiss the Sky Live & Unreleased : The Radio Show Cornerstones : 1967 -- 1970 Lifelines : The Jimi Hendrix Story Stages The Ultimate Experience Blues South Saturn Delta Experience Hendrix : The Best of Jimi Hendrix The Jimi Hendrix Experience Voodoo Child : The Jimi Hendrix Collection The Singles Collection Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues : Jimi Hendrix West Coast Seattle Boy : The Jimi Hendrix Anthology Fire : The Jimi Hendrix Collection Official bootlegs Live at the Oakland Coliseum Live at Clark University Morning Symphony Ideas Live in Ottawa Baggy 's Rehearsal Sessions Paris 1967 / San Francisco 1968 Hear My Music Live at the Isle of Fehmarn Burning Desire Live in Paris & Ottawa 1968 Live at Woburn Live in Cologne Concert tours The Jimi Hendrix Experience French Tour The Cry of Love Tour Films , books , tributes Rainbow Bridge Jimi Hendrix Stone Free : A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix Hendrix Power of Soul : A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix Room Full of Mirrors An Illustrated Experience Becoming Jimi Hendrix Jimi : All Is by My Side Related people and acts Curtis Knight Lonnie Youngblood Jimmy James and the Blue Flames The Jimi Hendrix Experience Noel Redding Mitch Mitchell Chas Chandler Eddie Kramer Roger Mayer Michael Jeffery Billy Cox Buddy Miles Alan Douglas Leon Hendrix Kathy Etchingham Monika Dannemann Related articles Original discography Posthumous discography List of songs Videography Canadian drug charges and trial Electric Lady Studios Black Gold Death of Jimi Hendrix Book Category Jimi Hendrix songs Are You Experienced ( UK & US ) `` Foxy Lady '' `` Manic Depression '' `` Red House '' `` I Do n't Live Today '' `` May This Be Love '' `` Fire '' `` Third Stone from the Sun '' `` Are You Experienced ? '' `` Purple Haze '' `` Hey Joe '' `` The Wind Cries Mary '' Axis : Bold as Love `` Up from the Skies '' `` Spanish Castle Magic '' `` Wait Until Tomorrow '' `` Little Wing '' `` If 6 Was 9 '' `` Castles Made of Sand '' `` One Rainy Wish '' `` Bold as Love '' Smash Hits ( UK & US ) `` Stone Free '' `` The Stars That Play with Laughing Sam 's Dice '' `` Highway Chile '' `` Burning of the Midnight Lamp '' `` Crosstown Traffic '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' Electric Ladyland `` Have You Ever Been ( To Electric Ladyland ) '' `` Voodoo Chile '' `` Come On ( Part One ) '' `` Gypsy Eyes '' `` 1983 ... ( A Merman I Should Turn to Be ) `` Voodoo Child ( Slight Return ) '' Band of Gypsys `` Machine Gun '' Historic Performances at Monterey Pop `` Like a Rolling Stone '' `` Rock Me Baby '' `` Wild Thing '' The Cry of Love `` Freedom '' `` Ezy Ryder '' `` My Friend '' `` Angel '' Rainbow Bridge `` Dolly Dagger '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Hear My Train A Comin ' '' Hendrix in the West `` The Queen '' `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band '' `` Johnny B. Goode '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' War Heroes `` Bleeding Heart '' `` Peter Gunn '' `` Stepping Stone '' Loose Ends `` The Drifter 's Escape '' `` I 'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man '' ... And a Happy New Year `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` Silent Night '' `` Auld Lang Syne '' Radio One / BBC Sessions `` Day Tripper `` Killing Floor '' `` Hound Dog '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' `` Sunshine of Your Love '' Other compilations `` Gloria '' `` Peace in Mississippi '' `` Born Under a Bad Sign '' `` Mannish Boy '' `` It 's Too Bad '' `` Dear Mr. Fantasy '' `` Valleys of Neptune '' `` Tears of Rage '' `` Testify '' `` Mercy , Mercy '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Along_the_Watchtower&oldid=808037596 '' Categories : Songs written by Bob Dylan Bob Dylan songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients 1968 singles 1967 songs The Jimi Hendrix Experience songs Dave Matthews Band songs U2 songs Grateful Dead songs Folk songs Song recordings produced by Bob Johnston Columbia Records singles Track Records singles Reprise Records singles Polydor Records singles Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 14 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did jimi hendrix cover all along the watchtower | [
"Covered by numerous artists in various genres, \"All Along the Watchtower\" is strongly identified with the interpretation Jimi Hendrix recorded for Electric Ladyland with the Jimi Hendrix Experience.[2] The Hendrix version, released six months after Dylan's original recording, became a Top 20 single in 1968 and was ranked 47th in Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time."
] | [
"1968"
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7102755071643998509 | Tom Brady | Tom Brady - wikipedia Tom Brady Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Tom Brady , see Tom Brady ( disambiguation ) . Tom Brady Brady in 2011 No. 12 -- New England Patriots Position : Quarterback Born : ( 1977 - 08 - 03 ) August 3 , 1977 ( age 40 ) San Mateo , California Height : 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) Weight : 225 lb ( 102 kg ) Career information High school : San Mateo ( CA ) Junípero Serra College : Michigan NFL Draft : 2000 / Round : 6 / Pick : 199 Career history New England Patriots ( 2000 -- present ) Roster status : Active Career highlights and awards 5 × Super Bowl champion ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XXXIX , XLIX , LI ) 4 × Super Bowl MVP ( XXXVI , XXXVIII , XLIX , LI ) 12 × Pro Bowl ( 2001 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 -- 2016 ) 2 × First - team All - Pro ( 2007 , 2010 ) 2 × Second - team All - Pro ( 2005 , 2016 ) 2 × NFL Most Valuable Player ( 2007 , 2010 ) 2 × NFL Offensive Player of the Year ( 2007 , 2010 ) NFL Comeback Player of the Year ( 2009 ) Bert Bell Award ( 2007 ) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( 2007 ) Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year ( 2005 ) 2 × NFL passing yards leader ( 2005 , 2007 ) 4 × NFL passing touchdowns leader ( 2002 , 2007 , 2010 , 2015 ) 2 × NFL passer rating leader ( 2007 , 2010 ) NFL 2000s All - Decade Team National champion ( 1997 ) Career NFL statistics as of Week 15 , 2017 Completions : 5,590 Attempts : 8,740 Completion percentage : 64.0 TD -- INT : 484 -- 159 Passing yards : 65,745 Passer rating : 97.6 Player stats at NFL.com Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr. ( born August 3 , 1977 ) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He is one of only two players to win five Super Bowls ( the other being defensive player Charles Haley ) and the only player to win them all playing for one team . After playing college football for the University of Michigan , Brady was drafted by the Patriots in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft . In Brady 's 15 seasons as a starter , he has quarterbacked the Patriots to seven Super Bowl appearances , the most for any player in history . Brady has been honored with four Super Bowl MVP awards ( Super Bowl XXXVI , XXXVIII , XLIX , and LI ) , the most ever by a single player , has won two league MVP awards ( 2007 and 2010 ) , has been selected to 12 Pro Bowls , and has led his team to more division titles ( 14 ) than any other quarterback in NFL history . As of the end of the 2016 season , Brady is fourth all - time in career passing yards , fourth in career touchdown passes , and third in career passer rating . His career postseason record is 25 -- 9 , winning more playoff games than any other quarterback , and he has appeared in more playoff games than any player at any position . Brady has never had a losing season as a starting quarterback in the NFL . His combined regular - season and postseason wins are also the most of any quarterback in NFL history . Because of his accomplishments and accolades , many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time . Due to his late draft selection , Brady is considered to be the biggest `` steal '' in the history of the NFL Draft . For his alleged involvement in the highly publicized Deflategate football tampering scandal , Brady was suspended for the first four games of the 2016 NFL season . Subsequently , Brady went on to win Super Bowl LI and Super Bowl MVP that season . Brady has been married to Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen since 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 Statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Overview 3.2 2000 season 3.3 2001 season 3.3. 1 2001 postseason 3.4 2002 season 3.5 2003 season 3.5. 1 2003 postseason 3.6 2004 season 3.6. 1 2004 postseason 3.7 2005 season 3.7. 1 2005 postseason 3.8 2006 season 3.8. 1 2006 postseason 3.9 2007 season 3.9. 1 2007 postseason 3.10 2008 season 3.11 2009 season 3.11. 1 2009 postseason 3.12 2010 season 3.12. 1 2010 postseason 3.13 2011 season 3.13. 1 2011 postseason 3.14 2012 season 3.14. 1 2012 postseason 3.15 2013 season 3.15. 1 2013 postseason 3.16 2014 season 3.16. 1 2014 postseason 3.17 2015 season 3.17. 1 2015 offseason 3.17. 2 2015 regular season 3.17. 3 2015 postseason 3.18 2016 season 3.18. 1 2016 offseason 3.18. 2 2016 regular season 3.18. 3 2016 postseason 3.19 2017 season 3.19. 1 2017 offseason 3.19. 2 2017 regular season 4 NFL career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 4.3 Super Bowl 5 NFL records 5.1 Regular season ( career ) 5.2 Playoffs ( career ) 5.3 Super Bowl ( career ) 6 Other endeavors 7 Personal life 7.1 Politics 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life Brady was born in San Mateo , California , the only son and fourth child of Galynn Patricia ( née Johnson ) and Thomas Brady , Sr. He has three older sisters named Nancy , Julie , and Maureen . He was raised Catholic . His father is of Irish descent , while his mother has Norwegian , Polish , and Swedish ancestry and whose great - great - grandparents , John and Bridget Brady , were Irish refugees from the Great Famine who moved to San Francisco from Boston prior to the American Civil War with Bridget 's sister Ann and her husband Lawrence Meegan , who were the parents of the 19th Century American Major League Baseball player `` Steady '' Pete Meegan . Brady 's great uncle , Michael Buckley Jr. was , also , the first American prisoner of war during World War II . In the 1980s , Brady regularly attended San Francisco 49ers games at Candlestick Park , where he was a fan of quarterback Joe Montana ; since then , Brady has mentioned Montana as his idol and one of his inspirations . At the age of four , Brady attended the 1981 NFC Championship against the Dallas Cowboys , in which Montana threw The Catch to Dwight Clark . As a child , Brady attended football camp at the College of San Mateo where he learned to throw the football from camp counselor and future NFL / AFL quarterback Tony Graziani . He grew up as a Los Angeles Lakers and Boston Celtics fan . Brady attended Junípero Serra High School in San Mateo , where he graduated in 1995 ; the ceremony was held at St. Mary 's Cathedral . He played football , basketball , and baseball in high school . He played against Bellarmine College Preparatory rival Pat Burrell in both football and baseball . Brady 's football career started as the backup quarterback on the Padres junior varsity team . At first , Brady was not good enough to start on the 0 -- 8 JV team that had not scored a touchdown all year . However , when the starting quarterback went down with an injury , he ascended to the starting position . He became the varsity starter his junior year and held the position until he graduated . By Brady 's senior year , he struggled getting on the radar of college coaches . He created highlight tapes and sent them out to schools he would consider attending . This led to strong interest from many football programs around the nation . The process of recruiting was much different during Brady 's time , and athletes ' rankings were not as prominent . In terms of recruiting in the 2000s , Brady would have been considered a four - star recruit . In essence , he was a highly rated prospect . Brady was also on Blue Chip Illustrated as well as a Prep Football Report All - American selection . Following his recruiting process he narrowed down his list to five main schools . `` Probably the ones that we did hear from and ultimately pared the list to were Cal - Berkeley , UCLA , USC , Michigan , and Illinois , '' his father said . As a Cal fan , his father hoped that Brady would attend the nearby Cal , where Brady was a silent commit , and be able to watch his son play . Brady was also known as a great baseball player in high school . He was a left handed hitting catcher with power . His skill set impressed MLB scouts , and he was drafted in the 18th round of the 1995 MLB Draft by the Montreal Expos . The Expos projected Brady as a potential All - Star , and offered him money typical of a late second - round or early third - round pick . Nevertheless , Brady was determined to play football at the next level . He was always more passionate about football , and when he found that there was significant interest in him , he decided to take the road of football . Brady was recruited by Michigan assistant Bill Harris , and he signed to play for the University of Michigan in 1995 . He finished his high school football career completing 236 of 447 passes for 3,702 yards and 31 touchdowns . He also won All - State and All - Far West honors as well as the team 's Most Valuable Player Award . During the summers of 1998 and 1999 , Brady was an intern at Merrill Lynch . He was inducted into the Junipero Serra High School Hall of Fame in 2003 , joining fellow Serra High graduates Barry Bonds , Lynn Swann , Gregg Jefferies , Jim Fregosi , and his older sister Maureen , among many others . When Brady revisited two weeks after Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 , school administrators announced that they had named the football stadium Brady Family Stadium . College career Brady played college football for the University of Michigan from 1995 to 1999 . He was a backup quarterback for his first two years , while teammate and future NFL quarterback Brian Griese led the 1997 Wolverines to an undefeated season , which was capped by a victory in the Rose Bowl and a share of the national championship . When he enrolled at Michigan , Brady was seventh on the depth chart , and he had an intense struggle to get some playing time . At one point , Brady hired a sports psychologist to help him cope with frustration and anxiety , and even considered transferring to California . He worked closely with assistant athletic director Greg Harden , who met with Brady every week to build his confidence and to maximize his performance on the field . Brady told 60 Minutes in 2014 : `` He will always be somebody I rely on for sound advice and mentorship . He has helped me with my own personal struggles in both athletics and in life . Greg really pushed me in a direction that I was n't sure I could go . '' Under Michigan head coach Lloyd Carr , Brady battled for the starting job with Drew Henson and ultimately started every game in the 1998 and 1999 seasons . During his first full year as starter , he set new Michigan records for most pass attempts and completions in a season , for a total of 214 . Brady was All - Big Ten honorable mention both seasons , and was the team captain in his senior year . The Wolverines won 20 of 25 games when he started , and he set a school record for completions in a 31 -- 16 loss against Ohio State in 1998 , a season in which Michigan shared the Big Ten Conference title . Brady capped that season with a 45 -- 31 win over Arkansas in the Citrus Bowl . In the 1999 season , Brady had to once again hold off Henson for the starting job . The two players platooned during the season 's first seven games , with Brady playing the first quarter , Henson the second and Carr then deciding upon a quarterback for the second half . The 1999 Michigan Wolverines started off with a 5 -- 0 record , including a 26 -- 22 win over Notre Dame , and a road win against eventual powerhouse Wisconsin . Against Michigan State , Brady was not chosen to play the second half ; however , he was reinserted into the game with Michigan down by 17 points , and he nearly led Michigan all the way back before losing 34 -- 31 . After a 300 - yard passing game the following week , Carr went exclusively with Brady for the remainder of the season . Brady went on to lead Michigan to multiple 4th - quarter comebacks , including a remarkable 31 -- 27 win against Penn State , and leading them out of a close game against Indiana , 34 -- 31 , heading into the regular season 's final game , winners of three straight , earning him the moniker of `` Comeback Kid '' . Michigan concluded the regular season against Ohio State ; this was a dramatic game with a trip to the Orange Bowl on the line . With five minutes left , tied 17 -- 17 , Brady led Michigan to the winning score . He led Michigan to an overtime win in the Orange Bowl over Alabama , throwing for 369 yards , four touchdowns , leading the team back from a pair of 14 - point deficits in regulation ( 14 -- 0 in the first half , and 28 -- 14 in the second ) . He threw the game - winning score on a bootleg to tight end Shawn Thompson . Michigan won the game when Alabama missed an extra point following its own touchdown . In the two seasons that Brady started at Michigan , he posted a 20 -- 5 record , including his two largest victories at the Citrus Bowl ( 1999 ) and the Orange Bowl ( 2000 ) . Brady finished his career ranking third in Michigan history with 710 attempts and 442 completions , fourth with 5,351 yards and 62.3 completion percentage , and fifth with 35 touchdown passes . Statistics Year Team Passing Rushing Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Michigan 5 60.0 % 26 5.2 0 63.7 -- -- -- -- 1997 Michigan 12 15 80.0 % 103 6.9 0 0 137.7 − 14 − 7.0 0 1998 Michigan 200 323 61.9 % 2,427 7.5 14 10 133.1 54 − 105 − 1.9 1999 Michigan 180 295 61.0 % 2,217 7.5 16 6 138.0 34 − 31 − 0.9 Career 395 638 61.9 % 4,773 7.5 30 17 134.9 90 − 150 − 1.7 Source : Professional career Pre-draft measurables Ht Wt 40 ‐ yd dash 10 - yd split 20 - yd split 20 ‐ ss 3 ‐ cone Vert jump Broad Wonderlic 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 211 lb ( 96 kg ) 5.24 s 1.75 s 2.99 s 4.38 s 7.20 s ⁄ in ( 0.01 m ) 8 ft 3 in ( 2.51 m ) 33 All values from NFL Combine Overview A lightly regarded prospect coming out of college , Brady was selected by the New England Patriots with the 199th overall pick in the sixth round of 2000 NFL Draft and has since spent his entire 18 - season career with the Patriots . Since Brady became their starting quarterback in 2001 , the Patriots have never had a losing season and have won 14 division titles . The Patriots played in eleven AFC Championship Games from 2001 to 2016 -- including six in a row from 2011 to 2016 -- and won seven of them . Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback - head coach tandem in NFL history , winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo as well as appearing in seven Super Bowls . All of these events set new NFL records . In his second season , Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured . He led the Patriots to first place in the AFC East and a victory over the favored St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI , winning his first Super Bowl MVP award . Despite the Patriots ' missing the playoffs the following season , Brady would then lead them to back - to - back World Championships in 2003 and 2004 , winning Super Bowl MVP honors again in 2003 . Along the way , the Patriots won an NFL - record 21 consecutive games ( including the playoffs ) between the 2003 and 2004 seasons . The 2005 season was Brady 's first to throw for 4,000 yards and lead the NFL in passing . That postseason , Brady would win his 10th consecutive playoff game , another NFL postseason record . Although Brady and the Patriots continued to win often , they did not return to the Super Bowl until the 2007 season . That year , Brady not only set an NFL record with 50 touchdown passes but he would also lead the Patriots to a 16 -- 0 finish , the first perfect regular - season record since the Miami Dolphins finished 14 - 0 in 1972 . Brady would win his first career NFL MVP Award , winning 49 out of 50 votes . The Associated Press also named him Male Athlete of the Year , the first such award given to an NFL player since Joe Montana won it in 1989 and 1990 . However , the Patriots suffered their first Super Bowl loss with Brady as quarterback , dropping a 17 - 14 decision to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII . Brady missed virtually the entire following season due to a knee injury in the season opener . But he would come back strong in the 2009 season to be named the league 's Comeback Player of the Year . In 2010 , Brady set the NFL record for consecutive passes without an interception ( 358 ) and broke his own record for the highest season touchdown to interception ratio ( among players who have started a full season ) at 9 : 1 , currently the third best TD : INT ratio for a single season by a quarterback . Brady would win his second league MVP award with all 50 votes in his favor . He was the first unanimous NFL MVP since Giants linebacker Lawrence Taylor won the award in 1986 . He and Joe Montana are the only players in NFL history to win multiple NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP awards . Brady was also named the top player by his peers in the first NFL Top 100 list , released in 2011 . In the 2011 season , Brady led the Patriots to their first AFC Championship since 2007 and appeared in the Super Bowl for a fifth time ; but the Patriots would lose again to the Giants . Following AFC Championship Game losses in the following seasons ( 2012 and 2013 ) , Brady and the Patriots made their sixth trip to the Super Bowl after the 2014 season ( Brady 's 15th as a professional ) . There , he led the Patriots to a fourth - quarter comeback over the defending champion Seattle Seahawks . He would lift his fourth Super Bowl trophy ( the Patriots ' first in ten seasons ) and was named Super Bowl MVP for the third time . Despite missing the first four games of the 2016 season , Brady would lead the Patriots ( 3 - 1 before he rejoined them ) to win 11 out of the 12 remaining regular season games and two postseason games to make his seventh and most recent Super Bowl appearance . Brady and the Patriots would overcome a 25 - point deficit against the Atlanta Falcons ( down 28 - 3 in the third quarter ) to force the first overtime in Super Bowl history , winning 34 - 28 to give Brady his fifth Super Bowl title . He earned his fourth Super Bowl MVP award after setting title - game records for appearances , pass attempts , completions , passing yards and fourth - quarter comebacks . Over his career , Brady has won two league MVP awards , five Super Bowls , and four Super Bowl MVP Awards . A 12 - time Pro Bowler , Brady has also twice led the NFL in passing yardage . As of November 2017 , he currently owns the third - highest career passer rating ( 97.9 ) among quarterbacks with at least 1,500 career passing attempts . He has thrown for more passing yards and touchdowns than any quarterback in NFL postseason history ; he also has won more playoff games than any other quarterback . As a result of his highly successful career , Brady is rated among the greatest quarterbacks of all time . 2000 season Brady was selected with pick # 199 , a compensatory pick , in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft . He and his family had believed that Brady would be drafted in the second or third round ; they watched the draft on television , stunned as six other quarterbacks were drafted before him . Brady was so embarrassed that he briefly left the family home during the sixth round , and cried when recalling the experience for an interview 11 years later . When the Patriots notified him that he would be drafted Brady was grateful that , he later said , he would not `` have to be an insurance salesman '' . According to Michael Holley 's book Patriot Reign , the Patriots were considering Brady and Tim Rattay , both of whom had received positive reviews from then - quarterbacks coach Dick Rehbein . Ultimately , the Patriots front office chose Brady . Considering his subsequent success , many analysts have called Brady the best NFL draft pick of all time . Brady started the season as the fourth string quarterback , behind starter Drew Bledsoe and backups John Friesz and Michael Bishop ; by season 's end , he was number two on the depth chart behind Bledsoe . During his rookie season , he was 1 - of - 3 passing , for six yards . Tight end Rod Rutledge caught Brady 's first and only completed pass of the season in a 34 -- 9 loss to the Detroit Lions on November 23 . 2001 season With Bledsoe as the starting quarterback , the Patriots opened the season with a 23 -- 17 loss at Cincinnati . In their second game and home opener on September 23 , the Patriots squared off against their AFC East rivals , the New York Jets . Bledsoe was again the starter ; in the fourth quarter , he suffered internal bleeding after a hit from Jets linebacker Mo Lewis . Bledsoe returned for the next series , but was replaced with Brady for the Patriots ' final series of the game . New York would hold on to win , 10 -- 3 , and the Patriots fell to 0 -- 2 on the season . Brady was named the starter for the season 's third game , against the Indianapolis Colts . In his first two games as starter , Brady posted unspectacular passer ratings of 79.6 and 58.7 , respectively , in a 44 -- 13 victory over the Colts ( in their last season in the AFC East ) and a 30 -- 10 loss to the Miami Dolphins . In the Patriots ' fifth game , Brady began to find his stride . Trailing the visiting San Diego Chargers 26 -- 16 in the fourth quarter , he led the Patriots on two scoring drives to force overtime , and another in overtime to set up a winning field goal . Brady finished the game with 33 pass completions on 54 attempts , for 364 yards , and two touchdowns . The following week , Brady again played well during the rematch at Indianapolis , with a passer rating of 148.3 in a 38 -- 17 win . The Patriots went on to win eleven of the fourteen games Brady started , and six straight to finish the regular season , winning the AFC East and entering the 2001 -- 02 NFL playoffs with a first - round bye . Brady finished the 2001 season with 2,843 passing yards and 18 touchdowns and earned an invitation to the 2002 Pro Bowl . 2001 postseason In Brady 's first playoff game , he threw for 312 yards against the Oakland Raiders and led the Patriots back from a ten - point fourth - quarter deficit to send the game to overtime , where they won on an Adam Vinatieri field goal . A controversial play occurred in that game . Trailing by three points in the fourth quarter , Brady lost control of the ball after being hit by Raiders ' cornerback Charles Woodson . Oakland initially recovered the ball , but , citing the `` tuck rule , '' which states that any forward throwing motion by a quarterback begins a pass even if the quarterback loses possession of the ball as he is attempting to tuck it back toward his body , referee Walt Coleman overturned the call on instant replay , ruling it an incomplete pass rather than a fumble . In the AFC Championship Game against the Pittsburgh Steelers , Brady injured his knee , and was relieved by Bledsoe . The Patriots won the game and were immediately instituted by Las Vegas oddsmakers as 14 - point underdogs against the NFC champion St. Louis Rams in Super Bowl XXXVI . Brady returned from his knee injury in the AFC Championship Game to start in Super Bowl XXXVI a week later in New Orleans . Despite being heavy underdogs , the Patriots played well , holding the Rams ' high powered offense in check through the first three quarters . The Rams rallied from a 17 -- 3 deficit to tie the game with 1 : 30 left in regulation . The Patriots then got the ball back at their own 17 - yard line with no timeouts remaining . Sportscaster and former Super Bowl - winning coach John Madden said he thought the Patriots should run out the clock and try to win the game in overtime . Instead , Brady drove the Patriots ' offense down the field to the Rams ' 31 - yard line before spiking the ball with seven seconds left . Then kicker Adam Vinatieri converted a 48 - yard field goal as time expired to give the Patriots a 20 -- 17 win and their first ever league championship . Brady was named MVP of Super Bowl XXXVI while throwing for 145 yards , one touchdown , and no interceptions . At the age of 24 years and six months , Brady surpassed Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Joe Montana in Super Bowl XVI , who were both 25 years , seven months , and 13 days old at the time of their victories , to earn the title of youngest quarterback to win a Super Bowl . A possible quarterback controversy was averted when Bledsoe was traded to the Buffalo Bills during the offseason ; this event cemented Brady 's status as the starting quarterback . 2002 season Brady and the Patriots finished the year at 9 -- 7 , tied with the New York Jets and Miami Dolphins for the best record in the division ; however , the Jets won the division on the third tiebreaker , and the Patriots missed the playoffs . Though Brady posted a career - low single - season passer rating of 85.7 and a career - high of 14 interceptions , he threw for a league - leading 28 touchdown passes and 921 more yards than in the 2001 season . However , Brady played much of the second half of the season with a shoulder injury , and New England head coach Bill Belichick later indicated that Brady would not have been able to play in their first playoff game if the Patriots had made the playoffs . 2003 season After opening the 2003 NFL season with a 2 -- 2 start , Brady led the Patriots to twelve consecutive victories to finish the regular season in winning the AFC East . Statistically , Brady 's strongest game of the season was against the division rival Buffalo Bills , when he achieved a season - high quarterback rating of 122.9 . Brady finished with 3,620 passing yards and 23 touchdowns , and was third in NFL MVP voting to co-winners Peyton Manning and Steve McNair . 2003 postseason In the first two rounds of the playoffs , the Patriots defeated the Tennessee Titans and Indianapolis Colts . On February 1 , 2004 , Brady led the Patriots to a 32 -- 29 victory over the NFC champion Carolina Panthers in Super Bowl XXXVIII and was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time . During the game , Brady threw for 354 yards with three touchdowns and set the record for most completions by a quarterback in a Super Bowl with 32 . With 1 : 08 left in the fourth quarter and the score tied 29 -- 29 , Brady engineered a drive to put the Patriots in position for the game - winning 41 - yard field goal by Vinatieri . 2004 season Brady during Super Bowl XXXIX During the 2004 season , Brady helped the Patriots set an NFL record with 21 straight wins dating from the previous year , an accomplishment honored in the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( though for official records , the NFL considers it an 18 - game regular season winning streak ; it does not count playoff games ) . New England finished with a 14 -- 2 record , equaling their 2003 record and the best regular - season record ever for a defending champion . The Patriots also won the AFC East divisional title for the third time in four years . Brady threw for 3,692 yards and 28 touchdowns , with a 92.6 passer rating , and was voted to his second Pro Bowl . 2004 postseason In the AFC playoffs , Brady led the Patriots to victories over the Indianapolis Colts and the Pittsburgh Steelers . Brady played his best game of the year in Pittsburgh despite requiring intravenous treatment the previous night when he ran a temperature of 103 ° . Against the NFL 's best defense , he recorded a quarterback passer rating of 130.5 , his highest of the season . On February 6 , 2005 , the Patriots narrowly defeated the Philadelphia Eagles , 24 -- 21 , to win Super Bowl XXXIX . Brady threw for 236 yards and two touchdowns while capturing the Patriots ' third championship in four years . 2005 season During the 2005 season , injuries suffered by running backs Corey Dillon , Patrick Pass , and Kevin Faulk forced the Patriots to rely more on Brady 's passing . Brady also had to adjust to new center Russ Hochstein and running back Heath Evans . Brady finished first in the league with 4,110 passing yards and third in the league with 26 touchdowns . At 92.3 , his 2005 passer rating was the second - highest of his career at the time , although he equaled his career high for interceptions with 14 . He rushed for 89 yards and fumbled a career - low four times . He and the Patriots finished with a 10 -- 6 record , winning their third straight AFC East title . 2005 postseason In the playoffs , Brady led the Patriots to a 28 -- 3 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars in the Wild Card Round ; however , on January 14 , 2006 , the Patriots lost 27 -- 13 to the Denver Broncos at INVESCO Field . Brady threw for 341 yards in the game with one touchdown and two interceptions , in the first playoff loss of his career after ten playoff victories . After the season 's end , it was revealed that Brady had been playing with a sports hernia since December . Linebacker Willie McGinest commented on it and said he knew , but Brady continued playing . Brady on the sideline at Giants Stadium with teammates Randy Moss and Jabar Gaffney , after throwing for his record - breaking 50th passing touchdown of the 2007 season 2006 season Brady led the Patriots to a 12 -- 4 record and the fourth seed in the AFC playoffs . In the regular season , Brady threw for 3,529 yards and 24 touchdowns . He was not among the players initially selected to the Pro Bowl , although he was offered an injury - replacement selection when San Diego Chargers Philip Rivers was forced to withdraw ( which he declined ) . 2006 postseason In the postseason , the Patriots first hosted their division rivals , the New York Jets , in the Wild Card Round . The Patriots defeated the Jets 37 -- 16 , as Brady went 22 -- 34 for 212 yards and two touchdowns . In the Divisional Round , the Patriots traveled to San Diego to take on the Chargers . This was Brady 's first playoff game in his home state of California . Brady and the Patriots struggled against the Chargers , whom many had picked as favorites to win Super Bowl XLI . With eight minutes left in the fourth quarter and the Patriots down by eight points , Brady and the Patriots started a key drive that would ultimately decide the game . After a 49 - yard pass play to wide receiver Reche Caldwell , a Stephen Gostkowski field goal gave the Patriots a 24 -- 21 win . In the AFC Championship , the Patriots faced the Indianapolis Colts . The Patriots and Colts had faced each other twice in the previous three postseasons at Foxborough ; this game , however , was played at Indianapolis . The Patriots led at halftime , 21 -- 6 ; however , the Colts and Peyton Manning staged a comeback , culminating in a last minute interception thrown by Brady , and the Patriots lost the game to the Colts , 34 -- 38 . 2007 season Playing with a dramatically overhauled receiver corps -- in the 2007 offseason , the Patriots acquired wide receivers Donté Stallworth , Wes Welker , Kelley Washington , and Randy Moss ; tight end Kyle Brady ; and running back Sammy Morris -- Brady enjoyed what some sportswriters described as one of the best seasons by a quarterback . The average score of a 2007 Patriots regular - season game would be 37 -- 17 by the end of the year . Brady led the Patriots to the first 16 -- 0 regular - season record in league history , outscoring opponents by more than a 2 - to - 1 margin , but also attained numerous career , franchise , and NFL records and milestones in the process . While away at Dallas , he had a career - high five passing touchdowns in a 48 -- 27 win . The win tied him with Cowboys Hall of Fame quarterback Roger Staubach for the most wins ever by a starting quarterback in his first 100 regular - season games , with 76 . The next week , in part of a 49 -- 28 win at Miami , he had yet another record day , with six passing touchdowns , setting a franchise record . He also had the first perfect passer rating of his career . Two weeks later , as part of a come - from - behind 24 -- 20 victory at Indianapolis , he threw for another three touchdowns , the ninth consecutive game in which he had done so , breaking Peyton Manning 's NFL record of eight . During the last game of the year , Brady threw two touchdown passes ; his second touchdown was his 50th , breaking Peyton Manning 's 2004 record of 49 . Brady in December 2007 Brady finished the season with 4,806 passing yards , 50 touchdown passes , and only eight interceptions . It was unanimously voted the greatest passing season of all time by ESPN in 2013 . His 50 : 8 touchdown to interception ratio was , at the time , an NFL record . He became the first quarterback to pass for 50 touchdowns in a season and his 117.2 passer rating is the fourth highest in a single season . His 8.7 % touchdown passing percentage is the third highest ever in a season . He led the Patriots to becoming the first team to ever go undefeated in the regular season since the 16 game schedule was enforced and directed an offense that scored a then NFL record 589 points and 75 total touchdowns . Those records stood until they were eclipsed by the 2013 Denver Broncos . The team 's 50 total touchdown passes is the fourth most ever in a season . For his efforts , Brady was named the Most Valuable Player of this season , as well as Offensive Player of the Year . He was also honored by the Associated Press as their Male Athlete of the Year , the first time an NFL player has been so honored since Joe Montana won the award in 1990 . 2007 postseason In the Patriots ' first playoff game , an AFC Divisional Round game against Jacksonville , Brady began the game with an NFL postseason record 16 consecutive completed passes , and finished the game with 26 completions in 28 attempts , a completion rate of 92.9 % . That mark is the highest single - game completion percentage ( for passers with at least 20 attempts ) in NFL history , regular season or postseason . With the win , the Patriots matched the undefeated 1972 Miami Dolphins as the only team to win 17 consecutive games in one season . Statistically , Brady did not fare as well in the AFC Championship Game against the San Diego Chargers , throwing three interceptions ( including his first interception in the red zone since the playoff loss to Denver in the 2005 postseason ) . Nevertheless , the Patriots won their 18th game of the season , 21 -- 12 , to advance to the Super Bowl for the fourth time in seven seasons . Brady , with the 100th win of his career , also set an NFL record for the fewest games needed by a starting quarterback to do so : his 100 -- 26 record is sixteen games better than Joe Montana 's . In Super Bowl XLII , Brady was pressured heavily and sacked five times . The Patriots did manage to take the lead with a Brady touchdown to Moss with less than three minutes remaining in the fourth quarter , but the Giants were able to score a last - minute touchdown to upset the Patriots 17 -- 14 , taking away what would have been the first perfect season since the NFL expanded its regular season to 16 games . Brady in action against the Washington Redskins on August 28 , 2009 . 2008 season Brady did not play in any games during the 2008 preseason or in the 2008 Pro Bowl due to two different foot injuries . In the Patriots ' 2008 season opener against the Kansas City Chiefs at Gillette Stadium , Brady 's left knee was seriously injured midway through the first quarter on a hit by Chiefs safety Bernard Pollard ; he left the game and did not return . The team later confirmed that Brady would require surgery , and it would prematurely end his 2008 season . Brady tore both his anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament . The injury ended Brady 's streak of 111 consecutive starts ( seventh in the list of most consecutive starts by an NFL quarterback , behind Brett Favre , Peyton Manning , Ron Jaworski , and Joe Flacco ) . Dr. Neal ElAttrache performed the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction at the Los Angeles Kerlan - Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic October 6 , using Brady 's patellar tendon graft to replace the torn ligament , and also repaired his medial collateral ligament , through a separate incision in his left knee . An infection in the wound resulted in further debridement surgery several times since the original procedure . Brady received IV antibiotics for this infection which , at the time , threatened to delay his rehab . Despite Brady 's absence , the Patriots managed to finish the 2008 season with an 11 -- 5 record ; however , due to tiebreakers , the Patriots not only failed to win the AFC East division title , but missed the playoffs altogether for the first time since the 2002 season . 2009 season Brady in Landover , Maryland , on August 28 , 2009 , during warmups in a preseason game against the Washington Redskins . In his first game in nearly a year , Brady threw for 378 yards and two touchdowns in the 2009 season opener against the Buffalo Bills . In the final minutes of the game , the Patriots were down 24 -- 13 before Brady and tight end Benjamin Watson connected on two straight touchdowns to lead the Patriots to a 25 -- 24 win . Brady was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the 13th time in his career for his performance . On October 18 , 2009 , in an early season snowstorm , Brady set an NFL record against the Tennessee Titans for most touchdowns in a single quarter , throwing five in the second quarter . Brady finished the game with six touchdowns , tying his career best , and 380 yards , completing 29 - of - 34 attempts , finishing with a nearly perfect passer rating of 152.8 . The Patriots ' 59 -- 0 victory over the Titans tied the record for the largest margin of victory since the 1970 AFL - NFL merger , and set a record for largest halftime lead in NFL history , which was 45 -- 0 . Brady finished the 2009 regular season with 4,398 yards passing and 28 touchdowns for a 96.2 rating , despite a broken right ring finger and three fractured ribs , all which were suffered over the course of the season . He was selected as a reserve to the 2010 Pro Bowl and named the 2009 NFL Comeback Player of the Year . 2009 postseason Brady ended the 2009 season throwing three interceptions in a Wild Card Round loss to the Baltimore Ravens , 33 -- 14 , his first career home playoff loss , and the first playoff loss at home by a Patriots quarterback since 1978 ( Steve Grogan ) . 2010 season On September 10 , 2010 , Brady signed a four - year , $72 million contract extension , making him the highest - paid player in the NFL . The extension included $48.5 million in guaranteed money . Brady became the quickest quarterback to achieve 100 regular season wins by helping his team defeat the Miami Dolphins 41 -- 14 on October 4 , 2010 . In a 31 -- 28 win over the Indianapolis Colts on November 21 , 2010 , Brady tied Brett Favre 's record of winning 25 consecutive regular - season home starts . Brady 's last regular - season defeat at home was a 17 -- 14 loss to the New York Jets on November 12 , 2006 . On December 6 , 2010 , Brady engineered a 45 -- 3 victory over the New York Jets and set an NFL record by winning 26 consecutive regular - season home starts . Brady threw for 3,900 yards with 36 touchdowns and only four interceptions on the season . He had a 111.0 passer rating ; this gave him -- at the time -- two of the top five season ratings in NFL history and made him the first player to finish with a rating above 110 in two different seasons . Brady was selected as a starter to the 2011 Pro Bowl . However , he pulled out of the game ( and was replaced by former backup Matt Cassel of the Kansas City Chiefs ) after undergoing surgery for a stress fracture in his right foot dating back to 2008 . Brady was also the only unanimous selection for the AP All - Pro Team and was named the 2010 Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year . By unanimous decision , he won the MVP award for the second time in his career . 2010 postseason After earning the # 1 seed and a bye week , the Patriots lost to the New York Jets in the Divisional Round by a score of 28 -- 21 . Brady finished the game 29 - of - 45 for 299 yards and two touchdowns , with one interception . His one pick ended his NFL record of consecutive passes without an interception at 340 . 2011 season In Week 1 of the 2011 NFL season , Brady threw for 517 yards , four touchdowns , and one interception in a game against the Miami Dolphins . This was the second time that he had thrown for 400 or more yards in a single game . In the regular season finale against the Buffalo Bills , Brady became the fourth quarterback to throw for 5,000 yards in a single season , finishing with 5,235 ; although Brady surpassed Dan Marino 's longstanding record of 5,084 passing yards , he finished the season second in passing yards behind Drew Brees 's 5,476 . In the end , the Patriots finished the season 13 -- 3 and clinched the AFC 's # 1 seed . 2011 postseason There 's no quarterback I 'd rather have than Tom Brady . He 's the best . He does so much for us in so many ways on so many different levels . I 'm very fortunate that he 's our quarterback and what he 's able to do for this team . It 's good to win with him and all the rest of our players . If that 's more than somebody else did , I do n't really care about that . -- Bill Belichick In the Patriots ' 45 -- 10 rout of the Denver Broncos in the Divisional Round , Brady set a personal postseason best with 363 passing yards , and tied an NFL playoff record shared by Daryle Lamonica and Steve Young , throwing for six touchdown passes . The win , his first postseason win since January 2008 , gave Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick sole possession of the NFL record for postseason wins by a quarterback - head coach combo with 15 . In the AFC Championship game against the Baltimore Ravens , Brady failed to throw a touchdown pass for the first time in 36 games , though he did pass for 239 yards and scored a one - yard rushing touchdown late in the game . A missed field goal from Ravens kicker Billy Cundiff gave Brady and the Patriots a 23 - 20 victory , sending the Patriots to the Super Bowl for the fifth time since Brady joined the team . In Super Bowl XLVI , Brady and the Patriots met the New York Giants in a rematch of their Super Bowl XLII meeting four years earlier . Brady played well , leading a Super Bowl record - tying 96 - yard touchdown drive to close the first half and at one point completing 16 passes in a row to give him a 20 - of - 23 mark partway into the third quarter , another Super Bowl record . Brady threw two touchdowns against one interception , and was penalized for intentional grounding in the end zone , giving up a crucial safety to the Giants . A final score of 21 -- 17 for the Giants prevented Brady from winning his fourth Super Bowl . 2012 season Brady started all 16 regular season games of the 2012 NFL season and led the Patriots to a 12 -- 4 record . The Patriots scored 557 total points , the third highest in league history and Brady became the first quarterback to lead his team to ten division titles . With that point total , the Patriots became the first team to score at least 500 points in a season four different times , with Brady leading all four squads , which was a record as well . He finished the season with 4,827 passing yards , 34 touchdowns , only eight interceptions , and a passer rating of 98.7 . It was Brady 's third straight season throwing for over 30 touchdowns . 2012 postseason Brady started both Patriots playoff games , winning against the Houston Texans . With the victory , Brady surpassed Joe Montana for most career playoff wins , with 17 . The Patriots were then upset by the eventual Super Bowl XLVII champion Baltimore Ravens , 28 -- 13 in the AFC Championship . On February 25 , 2013 , Brady and the Patriots agreed on a three - year contract extension , which kept him with the team through 2017 . Peter King called it an `` amazing '' deal , as Brady took just $27 million in new money over the 2015 , 2016 , and 2017 seasons , and also noted that it reflected Patriots owner Robert Kraft 's desire to make sure that Brady retired as a Patriot . 2013 season Brady and the Patriots began the season with much upheaval on the offensive side of the ball . Tight end Rob Gronkowski was injured and Aaron Hernandez was arrested . Wes Welker departed to the Denver Broncos , Danny Woodhead left in free agency for the San Diego Chargers , and Brandon Lloyd was released from the team . In order to replace the five players , the Patriots signed Danny Amendola in free agency from the Rams , drafted rookie wide receivers Aaron Dobson and Josh Boyce , and signed undrafted rookie free agent wide receiver Kenbrell Thompkins . In the first two games of the season , Brady completed 52 % of his passes and had three touchdowns and one interception . Brady during the 2013 season Brady was in pursuit of Drew Brees 's record of at least one touchdown in 54 consecutive regular season games and saw the streak end at 52 games in a Week 5 loss against the Cincinnati Bengals . In a Week 6 game against the Saints , the Patriots struggled in the first half and bounced back in the second with Brady passing for 269 yards with a touchdown to Kenbrell Thompkins as time expired to pull out the win over the Saints . In Week 11 , Brady faced - off against Peyton Manning for the fourteenth time in his career . After going to the half trailing by 24 points , Brady and the Patriots scored 31 unanswered points . The Patriots won after a muffed punt in overtime when Stephen Gostkowski scored a field goal . With a Week 16 win over the Ravens , Brady collected his 147th win as a starting quarterback to tie Dan Marino for fourth place all time , and the following week he defeated the Bills to tie John Elway for third place . 2013 postseason Brady 's Patriots finished the season 12 -- 4 , to earn the second seed in the AFC and a first - round bye . In the Divisional Round matchup against the Indianapolis Colts , Brady made his 25th playoff appearance , breaking Brett Favre 's career record for playoff appearances by a quarterback ( Jerry Rice appeared in 29 playoff games ) . The following week , the Patriots lost 26 -- 16 to the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship , eliminating Brady and the Patriots from the playoffs . 2014 season Brady in September 2014 against the Minnesota Vikings Brady started the 2014 season with a 33 -- 20 loss to the Miami Dolphins . It was Brady 's first opening day loss since the 2003 season . Brady recorded 241 yards and a touchdown in the loss . New England rebounded against the Minnesota Vikings , but Brady struggled , throwing for 149 yards and a touchdown in a 30 -- 7 win . Against the Oakland Raiders Brady was pressured all day , but threw for 234 yards and a touchdown in 16 -- 9 win . After a humiliating 41 -- 14 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs , Brady led New England to back - to - back wins against the Cincinnati Bengals and the Buffalo Bills . Brady then defeated the New York Jets with a 261 - yard performance that included three touchdowns . The following week , a 51 -- 23 embarrassment of the Chicago Bears saw Brady throw for 354 yards and a season - high five touchdowns . After passing for 333 yards , and 257 yards in his next two games against the Denver Broncos and Indianapolis Colts respectively , Brady defeated the Detroit Lions 34 -- 9 with 349 passing yards and two touchdowns against only one interception . The Patriots winning streak was put to the test against the Green Bay Packers in Week 13 . Down 13 -- 0 early , Brady threw for 245 yards and two touchdowns . Still down 26 -- 21 , Brady was unable to give the Patriots their eighth consecutive victory . After trailing 14 -- 3 at the San Diego Chargers , Brady rallied his team with 317 passing yards , two touchdowns , and one interception , to a 23 -- 14 comeback win . Brady clinched his NFL record 12th AFC East division title with 287 passing yards , two touchdowns , and an interception . Brady struggled in his final two games , throwing for only 182 yards , a touchdown , and an interception in 17 -- 16 victory against the Jets , and 80 yards in one half of the final regular season game against the Buffalo Bills , a 17 -- 9 loss , though Julian Edelman , Rob Gronkowski , and three starting offensive linemen did not play either the entirety or the majority of the final game , and Brady only played in the first half . 2014 postseason In a 35 -- 31 Divisional Round win over the Ravens , Brady threw for three touchdowns and ran in a fourth , breaking Curtis Martin 's club record for rushing touchdowns in the playoffs ; Brady also broke Joe Montana 's record for playoff touchdowns with 46 . After the Ravens scored on their first two possessions , the Patriots were quickly down 14 -- 0 . Brady led New England on an eight - play , 78 - yard drive , and ran for a score to cut the Ravens lead to 14 -- 7 . In the second quarter , Brady 's 15 yard touchdown pass to Danny Amendola tied the score at 14 -- 14 . After getting the ball back , Brady threw an interception at the end of the first half . Joe Flacco capitalized on it by throwing an 11 - yard touchdown strike to tight end Owen Daniels to give Baltimore a 21 -- 14 halftime lead . Down 28 -- 14 , Brady engineered an 80 - yard drive , culminating in a touchdown to Rob Gronkowski to cut the lead to 28 -- 21 . The Patriots tied the game once again at 28 off of a trick play where Brady passed laterally to Julian Edelman who then threw a 51 - yard touchdown to Danny Amendola . Ravens kicker Justin Tucker drilled a 25 - yard field goal to give Baltimore a 31 -- 28 4th quarter lead . Brady got the ball back , and threw a 23 - yard touchdown to wide receiver Brandon LaFell to give the Patriots their first lead , up 35 -- 31 . After a Duron Harmon interception and a Joe Flacco Hail Mary attempt failed , Brady clinched his record ninth AFC Championship Game , fourth straight , and the third championship game against the Indianapolis Colts . After a 45 -- 7 blowout , Brady advanced to play in his sixth Super Bowl , breaking a tie with John Elway for most career Super Bowl appearances by a quarterback . In Super Bowl XLIX , Brady completed 37 - of - 50 passes for 328 yards , four touchdowns , and two interceptions . He guided a then - record ten - point fourth quarter comeback as the Patriots defeated the Seattle Seahawks 28 -- 24 to give Brady his fourth Super Bowl ring , tying him with Joe Montana and Terry Bradshaw for most Super Bowl victories by a starting quarterback . He was named Super Bowl MVP for the third time , tying Montana 's record . Brady 's 37 completed passes in the game set a Super Bowl record at the time , which Brady himself would break in Super Bowl LI two years later . 2015 season 2015 offseason Further information : Deflategate On May 6 , 2015 , the NFL published a 243 - page report regarding the deflation of footballs used in the previous season 's AFC Championship Game . The report concluded that , more likely than not , Brady was at least generally aware of the intentional deflation . On May 11 , Brady was suspended for four games by the NFL for his involvement based on `` substantial and credible evidence '' that Brady knew Patriots employees were deflating footballs and that he failed to cooperate with the investigators . On May 11 , Troy Vincent -- NFL Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- penned a letter to Brady that stated in part : `` Your actions as set forth in the report clearly constitute conduct detrimental to the integrity of and public confidence in the game of professional football . '' Vincent 's letter further stated : `` With respect to your particular involvement , the report established that there is substantial and credible evidence to conclude you were at least generally aware of the actions of the Patriots ' employees involved in the deflation of the footballs and that it was unlikely that their actions were done without your knowledge . Moreover , the report documents your failure to cooperate fully and candidly with the investigation , including by refusing to produce any relevant electronic evidence ( emails , texts , etc . ) , despite being offered extraordinary safeguards by the investigators to protect unrelated personal information , and by providing testimony that the report concludes was not plausible and contradicted by other evidence . '' Brady , through the NFL Players Association , officially appealed the suspension on May 14 . On July 28 , NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell announced the upholding of Brady 's four game suspension . Brady gave permission to the NFLPA to appeal the suspension in federal court . Goodell cited Brady 's destruction of his cell phone as a critical factor in his decision to uphold Brady 's suspension . The NFL also filed papers in federal court seeking to confirm Roger Goodell 's decision . On July 29 Brady released a statement on his Facebook page that criticized Goodell 's decision to uphold the suspension , saying in part `` I am very disappointed by the NFL 's decision to uphold the 4 game suspension against me . I did nothing wrong , and no one in the Patriots organization did either ... I will not allow my unfair discipline to become a precedent for other NFL players without a fight . '' Brady in 2015 Commentary on the initial punishment was mixed . Bleacher Report writer Mike Freeman made a statement agreeing with Goodell 's decision , saying the penalties were `` brutal , but it deserved to be . '' Various commentators also implied that the prior reputation of the Patriots organization as a team that bends rules appeared to factor into the harshness of the punishment . Others described the punishment as `` firm but fair '' . On September 3 , 2015 , Judge Richard M. Berman of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York vacated Brady 's suspension ; this ruling allowed Brady to play in the first four games of the 2015 NFL season . In his decision , Judge Berman cited the NFL 's failure to provide proper notice to Brady of the charges against him and the potential for a suspension . Post-appeal commentary also criticized Goodell for `` manipulating Brady 's testimony '' at the appeal hearing in his decision . 2015 regular season In the NFL Kickoff Game , Brady led the Patriots to a 28 -- 21 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers . He threw for 288 yards and four touchdowns , three of them to Rob Gronkowski . The Patriots ' victory was the 161st victory of Brady 's career , all with the Patriots , which surpassed the record held by former Green Bay Packers quarterback Brett Favre for most regular season wins by a starting quarterback with a single team . In Week 2 , Brady followed up his Week 1 performance by throwing for 466 yards and three touchdowns against the Bills . Through the first five games of the season , Brady threw a total of 14 touchdowns with one interception and had a quarterback rating of 118.4 . Despite Brady 's success , the Patriots were hit by many injuries to key players on offense , including wide receiver Julian Edelman , and the Patriots eventually lost their first game against the Broncos , who were without Peyton Manning , in Denver on the Sunday after Thanksgiving following a 10 -- 0 start . The Patriots then lost three of their remaining five games to finish 12 -- 4 for a fourth straight season , tied with the Cincinnati Bengals and Denver Broncos for the AFC 's best record . Denver clinched the No. 1 seed due to their victories over both the Patriots and the Bengals , while the Patriots finished with the AFC 's No. 2 seed due to having a better record against common opponents than Cincinnati . Brady finished the regular season with a league - leading 36 touchdown passes and seven interceptions . He was named to his 11th Pro Bowl ( seventh straight ) , and was ranked as the second best player on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016 behind only league MVP Cam Newton . 2015 postseason With a healthy Julian Edelman returning from a foot injury , the Patriots defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the divisional round by a score of 27 -- 20 after advancing with a first round bye . The Patriots advanced to the AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium to face Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos at Sports Authority Field at Mile High . It was the 17th and final meeting between Brady and his rival Peyton Manning , as Manning would announce his retirement after the season ended . The Broncos ' top - ranked defense harassed Brady , who completed 27 - of - 56 passes with two interceptions and a touchdown , all day , and the Patriots eventually lost the game 20 -- 18 after a potential game - tying two - point conversion attempt failed with 17 seconds left in regulation . 2016 season 2016 offseason Brady at Michigan Stadium in September 2016 On February 29 , 2016 , Brady signed a two - year contract extension covering the 2018 and 2019 seasons . Three days later , the NFL appealed Judge Richard M. Berman 's 2015 decision to vacate Brady 's four - game suspension as punishment for his alleged role in the Deflategate scandal . At the March 3 , 2016 , hearing in New York City , the three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit questioned Players Association lawyer Jeffrey L. Kessler more intensely than NFL lawyer Paul Clement , with Circuit Judge Denny Chin even stating that `` the evidence of ball tampering is compelling , if not overwhelming . '' On April 25 , 2016 , Judge Richard M. Berman 's decision to block Brady 's four - game suspension was overturned by the U.S. Appeals Court . Circuit Judge Barrington Daniels Parker Jr. , joined by Circuit Judge Chin , wrote that they could not `` second - guess '' the arbitration but were merely determining it `` met the minimum legal standards established by the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 '' . Circuit Chief Judge Robert Katzmann dissented , writing that the NFL 's fines for using stickum was `` highly analogous '' and that here `` the Commissioner was doling out his own brand of industrial justice . '' On May 23 , 2016 , Brady appealed for his case to be reheard by the full U.S. 2nd Circuit Court . The 2nd Circuit Court denied Brady 's request for an en banc hearing on July 13 . Two days later , on Friday , July 15 , 2016 , Brady announced on his Facebook page that he would give up his Deflategate fight and accept his suspension for the first four regular season games of the 2016 season . Prior to Brady 's suspension , he had not missed a single regular season or postseason game since the start of the 2009 season . 2016 regular season After serving his four - game suspension , Brady made his 2016 season debut on October 9 on the road against the Cleveland Browns ; he completed 28 - of - 40 passes for 406 yards and three touchdowns in a 33 -- 13 victory . In his home debut the following week , Brady completed 29 - of - 35 passes for 376 yards and three touchdowns in a 35 -- 17 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals . In Week 7 , Brady completed 19 of 26 passes for 222 yards and two touchdowns as New England defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27 -- 16 . The next week , the Patriots defeated the Buffalo Bills 41 -- 25 , with Brady completing 22 - of - 33 passes for 315 yards and four touchdowns . Brady 's outstanding numbers during his first four games following the suspension earned him the AFC Offensive Player of the Month award for October . Following a bye week , Brady and the Patriots faced the Seattle Seahawks in a Week 10 rematch of Super Bowl XLIX . Brady completed 23 - of - 32 passes for 316 yards , one interception , and no touchdowns in a 31 -- 24 loss that saw the two teams trade leads seven times . In Week 11 , Brady completed 24 - of - 40 passes for 280 yards , four touchdowns , and no interceptions in a 30 -- 17 road win against his childhood team , the San Francisco 49ers . Brady 's performance against San Francisco earned him AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for Week 11 . Those four touchdown passes also gave him 444 career regular season touchdown passes with one team , breaking Brett Favre 's record . The following week , Brady completed 30 - of - 50 passes for 286 yards and two touchdowns in a 22 -- 17 road victory against the New York Jets . The win was also the Patriots ' 500th victory ( including playoffs ) in franchise history . During this victory , Brady also became the fifth quarterback to record 60,000 career regular season passing yards , joining Peyton Manning , Brett Favre , Drew Brees , and Dan Marino . The following week , Brady completed 33 - of - 46 passes for 269 yards and one touchdown as the Patriots defeated the Los Angeles Rams by a score of 26 -- 10 . The Patriots ' win against the Rams gave Brady his 201st career victory , including playoff games , breaking Peyton Manning 's record of 200 . In Week 14 , Brady completed 25 of 38 passes for 406 yards , three touchdowns , and one interception during a 30 -- 23 victory against the Baltimore Ravens on Monday Night Football . The next week , Brady completed 16 - of - 32 passes for 188 yards in a 16 -- 3 victory in Denver . With this victory , the Patriots clinched an eighth consecutive AFC East title and a seventh consecutive first - round bye in the playoffs , both NFL records . On December 20 , 2016 , Brady was named to the Pro Bowl for the eighth straight season and 12th time overall . In Week 16 , Brady threw for 17 of 27 passes for 214 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions as he led the Patriots to a 41 -- 3 win over the Jets . In Week 17 , Brady completed 25 - of - 33 passes for 276 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions in a 35 -- 14 victory over the Miami Dolphins in the regular season finale that gave the Patriots home field advantage throughout the AFC playoffs . Brady 's 276 yards against Miami moved him ahead of former Miami quarterback Dan Marino into fourth place on the NFL 's all - time passing yards list . Brady 's three touchdowns against Miami also gave him 28 passing touchdowns against two interceptions for the regular season . This broke the previous record of Nick Foles 's 27 : 2 TD : INT ratio which was set in 2013 with the Philadelphia Eagles . Brady was named to the AP All - Pro Second Team , behind Matt Ryan of the Atlanta Falcons , who was named to the AP All - Pro First Team . Brady was also was ranked 1st on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 . 2016 postseason Brady hoisting the Vince Lombardi Trophy for the fifth time in his career after winning Super Bowl LI Brady and the Patriots began their postseason run in the Divisional Round , hosting the Houston Texans , who had the league 's No. 1 total defense . Brady completed 18 - of - 38 passes for 287 yards , two touchdowns , and two interceptions as the Patriots won 34 -- 16 , clinching a record sixth consecutive trip to the AFC Championship Game . The Patriots then defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers , 36 -- 17 . Against the Steelers , Brady completed 32 - of - 42 passes for 384 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions . The win gave Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick their record seventh conference title as a quarterback -- head coach tandem , and the Patriots an NFL record ninth Super Bowl appearance . Brady and the Patriots faced the NFC champion Atlanta Falcons -- who boasted the league 's highest scoring offense -- in Super Bowl LI at NRG Stadium in Houston , Texas on Sunday , February 5 , 2017 . Brady threw for 43 completions on 62 attempts for 466 passing yards -- all Super Bowl records . Brady also threw for two touchdowns and an interception . After trailing 28 -- 3 midway through the third quarter , Brady and the Patriots scored 25 unanswered points to tie the game at the end of regulation . This resulted in the first overtime in Super Bowl history . After winning the overtime coin toss , Brady marched the Patriots down the field to score a touchdown and win the game by a score of 34 -- 28 , completing the largest comeback win in both team history and Super Bowl history . With the victory , Brady won his fifth Super Bowl , which set a record for most Super Bowl victories of any quarterback in history and tied defensive player Charles Haley for the most Super Bowl victories for any player . In addition , Brady set another record by winning his fourth Super Bowl MVP award for his clutch performance . After the game , it was discovered that Brady 's jersey had gone missing from the Patriots ' locker room at NRG Stadium . The FBI , in collaboration with Mexican authorities , found the jersey in the home of Martin Mauricio Ortega , a Mexican tabloid writer , along with Brady 's jersey from Super Bowl XLIX . 2017 season 2017 offseason On May 12 , 2017 , Brady was announced as the cover athlete for Madden NFL 18 . In a CBS interview on May 17 , 2017 , Charlie Rose asked Brady 's wife , Gisele Bündchen , if she wanted Brady to retire , despite the fact that he was playing at a high level . Bündchen mentioned that Brady suffered from a concussion in the 2016 season , saying , `` I mean he has concussions pretty much every -- I mean we do n't talk about -- but he does have concussions . I do n't really think it 's a healthy thing for anybody to go through . '' Following the Bündchen interview , the NFL released a statement : `` We have reviewed all reports relating to Tom Brady from the unaffiliated neurotrauma consultants and certified athletic trainer spotters who worked at Patriots ' home and away 2016 season games as well as club injury reports that were sent to the league office . There are no records that indicate that Mr. Brady suffered a head injury or concussion , or exhibited or complained of concussion symptoms . Today we have been in contact with the NFLPA and will work together to gather more information from the club 's medical staff and Mr. Brady '' . Brady 's agent , Don Yee , said that Brady was not diagnosed with a concussion during the 2016 season . 2017 regular season Brady in 2017 The Patriots opened up their 2017 season in the NFL Kickoff Game on September 7 at home against the Kansas City Chiefs . Brady had 267 passing yards in the game , which the Patriots lost 42 -- 27 . In Week 2 , Brady threw three touchdown passes in the first quarter of a game for the first time in his career in a 36 -- 20 win over the New Orleans Saints . He finished the game with 447 passing yards and three touchdowns , earning him his 28th AFC Offensive Player of the Week award . This broke the record previously held by Peyton Manning for the most AFC Offensive Player of the Week awards in a career . In Week 3 , Brady threw for 378 passing yards and five touchdowns as he led the Patriots to a 36 -- 33 comeback win against the Houston Texans , a performance that earned him AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for the second straight week , and the 29th for his career . In Week 4 , Brady played well again , throwing for 307 yards , two touchdowns , and no interceptions , but the Carolina Panthers upset the Patriots 33 -- 30 on a last second field goal from Graham Gano as time expired . In the Patriots ' next game , a narrow 19 -- 14 win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on Thursday Night Football , Brady completed 30 out of 40 passes for 303 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . With this victory , Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history to record 186 career regular season victories , tying Peyton Manning and Brett Favre for the most such wins of any quarterback in NFL history . On October 10 , it was unveiled that Brady was diagnosed with an AC joint sprain in his left ( non-throwing ) shoulder . During Week 6 against the New York Jets , Brady threw for 257 passing yards , two touchdowns , and an interception as the Patriots won 24 -- 17 . Brady obtained his 187th career win , setting the record for most regular season wins in NFL history . The next week , the Patriots hosted the Atlanta Falcons in a rematch of Super Bowl LI on Sunday Night Football . Brady was efficient , completing 21 of 29 passes for 249 yards and two touchdowns as the Patriots defeated the Falcons , 23 -- 7 . The following week , Brady completed 32 - of - 47 passes for 333 yards and one touchdown in a 21 -- 13 win against the Los Angeles Chargers . With the win against the Chargers , the Patriots headed into their bye week with an AFC best 6 -- 2 record . Coming off their bye week , Brady and the Patriots traveled to Denver for a Sunday Night Football match against the Denver Broncos . The Patriots dominated the game , winning 41 - 16 , with Brady completing 25 - of - 34 passes for 266 yards and three touchdowns . For his performance against Denver , Brady was named the AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the third time in the season . After spending the next week training at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs , Colorado , Brady and the Patriots traveled to Mexico City for a special regular season match with the Oakland Raiders . Like the previous week , the Patriots won big , this time by a final score of 33 -- 8 . Brady completed 30 of 37 passes for 339 yards and three touchdowns in the win . During Week 12 against the Dolphins , Brady finished with 227 passing yards , 4 touchdowns , and an interception as the Patriots won 35 - 17 . Brady became the first quarterback at age 40 to throw for 4 touchdowns in a game . Brady was named AFC Offensive Player of the Month for November . During Week 13 against the Buffalo Bills , Brady finished with 258 passing yards and an interception as the Patriots won 23 -- 3 . During the game , Brady yelled at offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels after failing to execute a play properly in the first quarter . Brady claimed that this was n't his first incident with McDainels , with whom he had worked together for 13 years , with a `` fruitful '' relationship . The following week , the Patriots traveled to Miami to face the Dolphins on Monday Night Football . The Dolphins held off a late comeback attempt to defeat the Patriots 27 - 20 , with Brady completing 24 of 43 passes for 233 yards , a touchdown , and two interceptions . In Week 15 , Brady completed 22 of 35 passes for 298 yards , a touchdown , and an interception as he lead the Patriots to a 27 - 24 comeback victory against the Pittsburgh Steelers . With this victory , the Patriots secured their ninth straight AFC East division title . NFL career Statistics ( show ) Legend Led the league NFL record Won the Super Bowl AP NFL MVP & OPOTY Bold Career high Regular season Year Team Games Passing Rushing Sacked Fumbles Record GS Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Sck Yds Fum Lost W -- L 2000 NE 0 33.3 6 2.0 0 0 42.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- 0 2001 NE 15 14 264 413 63.9 2,843 6.9 18 12 86.5 36 43 0 41 216 12 11 -- 3 2002 NE 16 16 373 601 62.1 3,764 6.3 28 14 85.7 42 110 2.6 31 190 11 5 9 -- 7 2003 NE 16 16 317 527 60.2 3,620 6.9 23 12 85.9 42 63 1.5 32 219 13 5 14 -- 2 NE 16 16 288 474 60.8 3,692 7.8 28 14 92.6 43 28 0.7 0 26 162 7 5 14 -- 2 2005 NE 16 16 334 530 63.0 4,110 7.8 26 14 92.3 27 89 3.3 26 188 10 -- 6 2006 NE 16 16 319 516 61.8 3,529 6.8 24 12 87.9 49 102 2.1 0 26 175 12 12 -- 4 2007 NE 16 16 398 578 68.9 4,806 8.3 50 8 117.2 37 98 2.6 21 128 6 16 -- 0 2008 NE 7 11 63.6 76 6.9 0 0 83.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -- 0 2009 NE 16 16 371 565 65.7 4,398 7.8 28 13 96.2 29 44 1.5 16 86 10 -- 6 NE 16 16 324 492 65.9 3,900 7.9 36 111.0 31 30 1.0 25 175 14 -- 2 2011 NE 16 16 401 611 65.6 5,235 8.6 39 12 105.6 43 109 2.5 32 173 6 13 -- 3 2012 NE 16 16 401 637 63.0 4,827 7.6 34 8 98.7 23 32 1.4 27 182 0 12 -- 4 2013 NE 16 16 380 628 60.5 4,343 6.9 25 11 87.3 32 18 0.6 0 40 256 9 12 -- 4 2014 NE 16 16 373 582 64.1 4,109 7.1 33 9 97.4 36 57 1.6 0 21 134 6 12 -- 4 2015 NE 16 16 402 624 64.4 4,770 7.6 36 7 102.2 34 53 1.6 38 225 6 12 -- 4 2016 NE 12 12 291 432 67.4 3,554 8.2 28 112.2 28 64 2.3 0 15 87 5 0 11 -- 1 2017 NE 14 14 346 516 67.1 4,163 8.1 28 7 104.0 23 22 1.0 0 31 183 7 11 -- 3 Total ‡ 251 249 5,590 8,740 64.0 65,745 7.5 484 159 97.6 555 962 1.7 17 448 2,779 113 45 194 -- 55 ‡ Career totals accurate as of week 15 of the 2017 regular season . Playoffs Passing Rushing Sacks Fumbles Record Year Team GS Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Sck Yds Fum Lost W -- L 2001 NE 60 97 61.9 572 5.9 77.3 8 22 2.8 5 36 0 3 -- 0 2003 NE 75 126 59.5 792 6.3 5 84.5 12 18 1.5 0 0 0 0 0 3 -- 0 NE 55 81 67.9 587 7.2 5 0 109.4 7 0.4 0 0 3 -- 0 2005 NE 35 63 55.6 542 8.6 92.2 8 2.7 0 12 0 1 -- 1 2006 NE 70 119 58.8 724 6.1 5 76.5 8 18 0 22 0 2 -- 1 2007 NE 77 109 70.6 737 6.8 6 96.0 − 1 − 0.2 0 8 52 2 -- 1 2009 NE 23 42 54.8 154 3.7 49.1 0 0 0 0 22 0 -- 1 NE 29 45 64.4 299 6.6 89.0 1.0 0 5 40 0 0 -- 1 2011 NE 75 111 67.6 878 7.9 8 100.4 9 10 15 0 0 2 -- 1 2012 NE 54 94 57.4 664 7.1 84.7 1.3 0 9 0 0 1 -- 1 2013 NE 37 63 58.7 475 7.5 0 87.7 6 2.0 34 0 1 -- 1 2014 NE 93 135 68.9 921 6.8 10 100.3 9 13 1.4 16 0 0 3 -- 0 2015 NE 55 98 56.1 612 6.2 76.6 9 19 2.1 18 0 0 1 -- 1 2016 NE 93 142 65.5 1,137 8.0 7 97.7 9 13 1.4 0 9 42 0 0 3 -- 0 Total ‡ 34 34 831 1,325 62.7 9,094 6.8 63 31 89.1 86 135 1.6 6 53 318 10 25 -- 9 ‡ Career totals accurate as of the end of Super Bowl LI . Super Bowl Passing Rushing Result Record Year SB Team Opp Cmp Att Pct Yds Y / A TD Int Rtg Att Yds Avg TD Final score W -- L 2001 XXXVI NE STL 16 27 59.3 145 5.4 0 86.2 3.0 0 W 20 -- 17 1 -- 0 2003 XXXVIII NE CAR 32 48 66.7 354 7.4 100.5 12 6.0 0 W 32 -- 29 1 -- 0 XXXIX NE PHI 23 33 69.7 236 7.2 0 110.2 − 1 − 1.0 0 W 24 -- 21 1 -- 0 2007 XLII NE NYG 29 48 60.4 266 5.5 0 82.5 0 0 0 0 L 17 -- 14 0 -- 1 2011 XLVI NE NYG 27 41 65.9 276 6.7 91.5 0 0 0 0 L 21 -- 17 0 -- 1 2014 XLIX NE SEA 37 50 74.0 328 6.6 101.1 − 3 − 1.5 0 W 28 -- 24 1 -- 0 2016 LI NE ATL 43 62 69.4 466 7.5 95.2 15 15.0 0 W 34 -- 28 ( OT ) 1 -- 0 Career 7 207 309 67.0 2,071 6.7 15 5 95.3 7 26 3.7 0 5 -- 2 NFL records Regular season ( career ) Most games won by a quarterback : 193 Best touchdown to interception ratio in a season : 28 : 2 Most wins on the road by a quarterback : 88 Only quarterback to have three consecutive games with 300 + passing yards , 3 + Touchdown - passes and 0 interceptions Oldest quarterback to throw for 4 TD passes in a game Playoffs ( career ) Most games played : 34 Most games started by a quarterback : 34 Most games won by a starting quarterback : 25 Most consecutive wins , playoffs , by a starting quarterback : 10 ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 ) Most consecutive wins to start a career , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 10 ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2005 ) Most career home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 15 ( 2001 -- 2016 ) Most consecutive home wins , post-season , by a starting quarterback : 8 ( 2001 -- 2007 ) , tied with Jim Kelly Most touchdown passes : 63 Most passing yards : 9,094 Most passes completed : 831 Most passes attempted : 1,325 Most division titles won by a starting quarterback : 14 Most NFL conference championship appearances by a starting quarterback : 11 Most NFL conference championship wins by a starting quarterback : 7 Most career 300 + passing yard games , post-season : 12 Super Bowl ( career ) Most touchdown passes : 15 Most passing yards : 2,071 Most passes completed : 207 Most passes attempted : 309 Most wins as starting QB : 5 Most passes completed in first half of a single Super Bowl : 20 ( XLIX ) Most passes completed in a single Super Bowl : 43 ( LI ) Most passes attempted in a single Super Bowl : 62 ( LI ) Most passing yards in a single Super Bowl : 466 ( LI ) Most Super Bowl appearances : 7 Other endeavors On January 20 , 2016 , Brady announced the launch of his peak performance website TB12Sports.com . The site features information on Brady 's training regimen and includes a store to purchase TB12 equipment and merchandise . Later in the year , on August 23 , 2016 , the TB12 brand then expanded to offer a snack line . The snacks contain raw , vegan , and organic ingredients that are also free of gluten and dairy . The following month , Brady , alongside Boston Private and Robert Paul Properties , announced the formation of the TB12 Foundation . The purpose of the nonprofit foundation is to provide free post-injury rehabilitation care and training to underprivileged , young athletes . In March 2017 , Brady moved beyond his snack line and partnered with meal - kit startup Purple Carrot to offer his own line of TB12 Performance Meals . The meals utilize whole foods and focus on providing nutrients for workout recovery . On September 19 , 2017 , Simon & Schuster published Brady 's first book , The TB12 Method : How to Achieve a Lifetime of Sustained Peak Performance . Within 48 hours , it had become a number one best - seller on Amazon.com . The book also reached # 1 on the New York Times ' weekly Best Sellers list , to be featured in the October 8 , 2017 edition . Personal life Brady riding a bicycle for charity at the Best Buddies Ride in Hyannis , Massachusetts in May 2009 Brady dated actress Bridget Moynahan from 2004 until late 2006 . On February 18 , 2007 , Moynahan confirmed to People magazine that she was more than three months pregnant with Brady 's child . Brady and Moynahan ended their relationship sometime in early December 2006 , around the time Moynahan became pregnant . John Edward Thomas Moynahan , was born on August 22 , 2007 , at Saint John 's Health Center in Santa Monica , California , John 's middle names are Brady 's own first and middle names in reverse order , while Moynahan 's father 's first name is Edward . Brady learned Transcendental Meditation . Brady began dating Brazilian supermodel Gisele Bündchen in December 2006 . In 2009 , Brady revealed they had been set up on a blind date by a mutual friend . Brady and Bündchen married on February 26 , 2009 , in an intimate Catholic ceremony in Santa Monica , California . Together , they have two children : a son named Benjamin Rein was born December 8 , 2009 , and a daughter named Vivian Lake was born December 5 , 2012 . Brady has been featured as a guest star on some popular television programs , hosting Saturday Night Live in 2005 and voicing himself on The Simpsons in 2005 ( `` Homer and Ned 's Hail Mary Pass '' ) and Family Guy in 2006 ( `` Patriot Games '' ) ; both football - themed episodes were broadcast within a week of that year 's Super Bowl . In 2009 , he appeared as himself in a sixth season episode of Entourage . In 2015 , he had cameo appearances as fictionalized versions of himself in the Entourage movie and Ted 2 . Brady and baseball player Kevin Youkilis became brothers - in - law in 2012 , when Youkilis married Brady 's sister Julie . In 2007 , Brady was a model for the Stetson cologne . Brady has endorsed brands including Uggs , Under Armour , Movado , Aston Martin and Glaceau Smartwater . According to Forbes , he earned about $7 million from endorsements alone in 2014 . In 2016 , he began appearing in a Beautyrest Black commercial campaign for Simmons Bedding Company . In 2016 , he launched his own line of vegan snacks . Brady and his family live in Brookline , a suburb of Boston . Politics Brady attended the 2004 State of the Union Address as a special guest of then - President George W. Bush . In 2004 , he told ESPN The Magazine that being a U.S. Senator would be his `` craziest ambition '' . Brady is a friend of President Donald Trump ; in 2017 , Brady indicated he had known Trump `` for 16 years '' . At a political event in New Hampshire on the day before the 2016 presidential election , Trump said he had received a call from Brady , and that Brady told him `` Donald , I support you , you 're my friend , and I voted for you . '' However , after Gisele Bündchen was asked directly on Instagram whether she and Brady backed Trump , Bündchen answered `` NO ! '' . After a Trump campaign `` Make America Great Again '' cap was photographed in Brady 's locker , Brady said that Bündchen told him not to discuss politics anymore , which he thought was a `` good decision '' . While there has been speculation that Brady would run for political office in the future , in a 2015 interview he stated he had no interest in doing so . See also Lists of Michigan Wolverines football passing leaders List of most wins by a National Football League starting quarterback NFL starting quarterback playoff records List of Saturday Night Live guests American football portal Biography portal College football portal Michigan portal New England portal Notes Jump up ^ He did not start as a rookie , and missed nearly all of 2008 with a torn ACL . References Jump up ^ `` Sources : Brady out with ACL tear '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady greatest QB of all time ? It 's now safe to make that argument -- The Denver Post '' . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike . `` Brady Takes Throne as QB GOAT '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neil ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) . `` Tom Brady 's ( Statistical ) Place In The Pantheon Of NFL QBs '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Joe Montana head top 10 quarterbacks in NFL history -- National Football League '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 25 of the greatest NFL Draft picks ever '' . CBS . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Gaines , Cork . `` How the Patriots pulled off the biggest steal in NFL history '' . Business Insider . Business Insider . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reineking , Jim . `` Top all - time NFL draft steals '' . NFL . NFL Enterprise LLC . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` NFL 's statement on upholding Tom Brady 's suspension at four games '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Model Tom Brady & Gisele Bündchen : Married ! '' . People . 2008 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady bio at '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Little brother big shot - thepostgame '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gisele , Tom Brady Christen Baby Benjamin '' . Us Weekly . 2010 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Collie , Ashley Jude ( 2004 - 07 - 01 ) . `` The Brady Brunch '' . American Way . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Schorn , Daniel ( 2007 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Tom Brady : The Winner '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Family Tree '' . Makemyfamilytree.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's roots run deep into 19th - century Boston '' . The Boston Globe . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady connection to Irish Famine ancestors from Boston discovered '' . IrishCentral . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Judge , Clark ( 2005 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Only 27 , Brady seals his Hall of Fame credentials '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots vs. Oakland Raiders -- Recap -- October 2 , 2011 '' . ESPN . 2011 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jim Ducibella ( June 28 , 2005 ) , `` W&M 's football facilities growing '' , Virginia Pilot and Ledger - Star , p. 3 , retrieved January 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Profile , boston.com ; accessed November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Athletic Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Junípero Serra High School . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Story of boy named Tom Brady '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` JockBio : Tom Brady Biography '' . www.jockbio.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons from Tom Brady 's Recruiting in College '' . NCSA Athletic Recruiting Blog . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 tops 1998 as Michigan 's best recruiting class '' . www.maizeandbluenews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Brady '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` The College Recruitment of Tom Brady '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Things fell apart when Cal lost Brady '' . East Bay Times . 2008 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady apparently silently committed to Cal before he visited Michigan '' . USA Today High School Sports . 2017 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady : The Story of a Baseball Failure '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady -- Official New England Patriots biography '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos tried desperately to get Tom Brady to pick baseball over football '' . Patriots Wire. 2017 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The College Recruitment of Tom Brady '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Biography '' . Biography . Bio . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Max ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Tom Brady 's Old Internships Look Really Cute on His Résumé '' . Mashable . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aaron Kinney ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Serra to name football stadium after Brady '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradford , Rob ( 2009 - 01 - 19 ) . `` The Tom Brady Interview ( in Toronto ) '' . WEEI Sportsradio Network . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Michael ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Tom Brady As You Forgot Him : Before he became the premier postseason performer of his generation , the Patriots icon was a middling college quarterback who invited skepticism , even scorn , from fans and his coaches . That was all -- and that was everything '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Lee ( 2008 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Self - made man '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pedulla , Tom ( 2006 - 10 - 31 ) . `` Decorated Patriots QB feels he still has something to prove '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's Guru '' , by Eric Adelson , January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 60 Minutes Sports '' ( Interview ) . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` MGoBlue Statistics Archive '' . University of Michigan . Archived from the original on 2004 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Capital One Bowl : Capital One Bowl football game resource for college football fans '' . 2008 - 09 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady College & Pro Football Statistics - Totalfootballstats.com '' . www.totalfootballstats.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . sports-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historical NFL Wonderlic Scores '' . wonderlictestsample.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . nfldraftscout.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yang , Nicole ( 3 March 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady digs up old T - shirt and harsh scouting reports from NFL combine '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Iyer , Vinnie ( 19 March 2015 ) . `` Draft throwback : Read how Tom Brady nailed his own scouting report '' . Sporting News . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady vs. the Browns : A contrast in winning ways '' . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Patriots beat Texans 41 -- 28 , Ravens up next '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Alan ( 27 September 2001 ) . `` In Brady They Trust : Belichick Has Faith In Backup - turned - starter '' . Hartford Courant . Jump up ^ Cafardo , Nick ( 7 January 2002 ) . `` Patriots clinch AFC East with blowout in Carolina '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` The 10 biggest gambling upsets in Super Bowl history , ranked '' . Fox Sports . Jump up ^ Cimini , Rich . `` Super Bowl XXXVI : Vinatieri and Pats beat Rams in Star - Spangled Stunner '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Longest winning streaks in sports '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` NFL : Brady and Patriots stride past outmatched Jets '' . The New York Times . 27 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 7 January 2006 ) . `` McGinest , Patriots sack Jaguars 28 - 3 '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 29 December 2007 ) . `` Patriots break scoring record , Brady and Moss set season marks '' . NFL . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Dan ( 30 December 2007 ) . `` Just perfect : Patriots make history , beat Giants for 16 - 0 season '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Bayne , Bijan ( 24 December 2007 ) . `` 2007 Patriots vs. 1972 Dolphins : Who Would Win Batttle of the Undefeateds ? '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Bowl - How The 2007 Patriots And The 1972 Dolphins Compare Scientifically '' . Science 2.0 . 30 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 5 January 2008 ) . `` Brady takes 49 of 50 votes in MVP voting '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` AP athletes of the year : Brady makes being a superstar look almost routine '' . Deseret News . 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` Giants Stun Patriots in Super Bowl XLII '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira ( 11 September 2008 ) . `` Brady has both ACL and MCL tears '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Tom Brady Wins AP Comeback Player Award '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ Forsberg , Chris ( 12 September 2011 ) . `` Brady 's INT streak ends at 358 attempts '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Zimmer , John ; Marini , Matt , eds. ( 2013 ) . Official 2013 National Football League Record & Fact Book ( PDF ) . New York : National Football League . ISBN 978 - 1 - 603 - 20980 - 9 . Retrieved February 3rd , 2015 . Jump up ^ NFL.com Wire Reports ( 6 February 2011 ) . `` Patriots ' Brady wins second MVP award by unanimous decision '' . Jump up ^ FanSided Staff ( 24 November 2015 ) . `` Best moments in NFL history : Lawrence Taylor wins 1986 NFL MVP '' . FanSided . Jump up ^ `` AP NFL Most Valuable Player Winners '' . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Winners '' . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NFL Top 100 '' . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ Hutchins , Andy ( 6 February 2012 ) . `` Super Bowl 46 : Bill Belichick 's Coaching Errors Leave Patriots On Losing End '' . SB Nation . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's big night ends with plenty of new entries in SB record book '' . Fox Sports . 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ SI Wire ( 1 February 2015 ) . `` Patriots QB Tom Brady named Super Bowl XLIX MVP '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - Reg - Week - 4 '' . Patriots.com. 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( 6 February 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl 51 : Patriots Take the Fifth in Epic Comeback '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ DaSilva , Cameron ( 5 February 2017 ) . `` Every record Tom Brady broke in his fifth Super Bowl win '' . Fox Sports . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NFL Leaders and Leaderboards '' . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NFL Leaders and Leaderboards '' . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ NFL Career Passing Rating Leaders Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ Hochman , Benjamin ( 2 February 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady greatest QB of all time ? It 's now safe to make that argument '' . Denver Post . `` Tom Brady Cements His Legacy as Greatest Quarterback of All Time '' . Bleacher Report . 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2000 NFL Draft '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Tim ( 2011 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Tom Brady cries when recalling 2000 draft '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Holley , Michael ( 2004 ) . Patriots Reign . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 075794 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL draft steals '' . Msn.foxsports.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NFL 's top 10 draft steals in league history '' . National Football League . 2010 - 04 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Football , National . `` news : Brady , Favre , Manning voted to list of top 10 draft picks of all time '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Best NFL Draft Picks '' . Mynfldraft.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Coach Hears Venom \ Belichick Part of Problem ? '' . Worcester Telegram and Gazette . November 14 , 2000 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Brady -- # 12 QB '' . National Football League . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at Detroit Lions - November 23rd , 2000 '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # TBT : When Tom Brady Made His Debut and No One Really Gave it Much Thought '' . Jump up ^ Lowe , Mike ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` Pats fizzle when it counts '' . Portland Press Herald . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Brady '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cafardo , Nick ( October 15 , 2001 ) . `` Something special : Brady - led rally erases mates ' earlier errors '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cafardo , Nick ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Hold your horses : Patriots rout Colts as defense shows season is not lost '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Pro Bowl 2002 -- National Football League game summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Howe , Jeff . `` Patriots reflect on ' Snow Bowl ' during 10 - year anniversary of tuck rule game '' . NESN . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bledsoe 's return sparks Patriots past Steelers 24 -- 17 '' . CNN . Associated Press . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Caesar , Dan ( January 30 , 2002 ) . `` 14 - Point spread is n't about respect '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cotey , John ( January 26 , 2003 ) . `` Madden sticks by his wrong call last year '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Camps , Mark ( February 5 , 2002 ) . `` Brady beats two Joes as youngest Super QB '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Tom ; Cliff Christl ( February 4 , 2002 ) . `` Brady coolly fits the bill '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 New England Patriots '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( 2004 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Manning . McNair split MVP honors '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII MVP : Tom Brady '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Winning Streaks '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick -- Head Coach '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2011 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterback fought 103 - degree fever , chills '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dillon Returns From Injury To Push Patriots Past Jets '' . Lakeland Ledger . December 5 , 2005 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cafardo , Nick ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Dillon 's resolve solved a few offensive problems '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drehs , Wayne . `` Brady , Patriots finally feel playoff defeat '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2006 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Brady 's groin may be hurt '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NFL Standings , Team & Offensive Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maske , Mark ( 2006 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Romo Gets Pro Bowl Nod in NFC , Brady Does n't in AFC '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ McClain , John ( 2007 - 07 - 02 ) . `` = Young to replace Rivers at Pro Bowl '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Brady , Patriots shake feisty Jets , roll on to San Diego '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Neil . `` Super Chargers top Super Bowl list '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clayton , John . `` Patriots teach Chargers a lesson in playoff football '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pasquarelli , Len . ``. Manning shakes label of not being able to win big one '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Byrne , Kerry J. ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Best individual seasons of 2000s '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Top 10 greatest quarterback seasons , NFL Nation Blog , espn.go.com ; accessed November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 New England Patriots '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( 2007 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Litmus test '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's six TDs give him 27 TDs after seven games '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Young , Shalise Manza ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Patriots 24 , Colts 20 : Tom 's got you , Babe '' . The Providence Journal . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots break scoring record , Brady and Moss set season marks '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . December 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brady an easy winner in AP Male Athlete of Year balloting '' . USA Today . Associated Press . December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mihoces , Gary ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Perfect Pats , Brady make short work of Jaguars '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pats put away Chargers for fourth Super Bowl berth in seven years '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2008 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Foot injury may sideline Tom Brady for another game '' . USA Today . Associated Press . August 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brady to have season - ending knee surgery , will be placed on IR '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( 2008 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Pats confirm Brady out for the year '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira ( 2008 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Sources : Brady tore ACL and MCL '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Chronic right shoulder injury slows Brady '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . 2007 - 09 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Sam ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Tom Brady 's doctor says knee recovery exceeds expectations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Brady Has More Procedures Done on Knee , Report Says '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 2008 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Brady 's recovery hits snag '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Keefe , Neil . `` Brady Named AFC Offensive Player of the Week '' . NESN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady throws six TD passes as Patriots ice winless Titans '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady sets a record for TDs in a quarter '' . The Washington Times . 2009 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Breer , Albert R. ( 2010 - 01 - 04 ) . `` Brady dealing with broken finger on throwing hand '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Brady named Comeback Player of the Year '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . 2010 - 01 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens ' fast start puts Pats on heels , out of playoffs '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2010 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy ( 2010 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Patriots ' Brady Signs League 's Richest Deal , at the Moment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik ( 2010 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Tom Brady Gets 100th Career Win in NFL as Patriots Rout Dolphins 41 -- 14 '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Woodhead keeps contributing as Pats withstand Colts comeback attempt '' . National Football League . Associated Press . 2010 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Krasner , Steven ( 2010 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Brady ties mark with 25th straight home W '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots destroy Jets '' . London Free Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passer Rating Leaders '' . Jump up ^ Springer , Shira & Monique Walker ( 2011 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Brady to have foot surgery today '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady unanimous as NFL MVP '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jets back up talk as Sanchez throws three TDs , defense knocks down Brady '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady picks apart Dolphins as 517 - yard , 4 - TD opener fuels Pats '' . ESPN . September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Chad Henne Combine For Slew of NFL Records On Monday Night Football '' . September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Belichick : ' No quarterback I 'd rather have ' '' . weei.com . Jump up ^ `` Quinton Carter , David Bruton exit hurt '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , Mark . `` Patriots redefine postseason success for coach - quarterback duo '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Beat Ravens 23 -- 20 in AFC Championship Game '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 2012 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` For second time in five seasons , Giants top Brady , Patriots in Super Bowl '' . Associated Press . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom Brady . `` Tom Brady , QB for the New England Patriots at '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( 2013 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Tom Brady , New England Patriots agree to extension '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Peter King ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) . `` More on Tom Brady 's amazing deal ; mail -- NFL -- Peter King -- SI.com '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos at New England Patriots - November 24th , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship - New England Patriots at Denver Broncos - January 19th , 2014 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Orton , Bills beat Patriots 17 -- 9 '' . New England Patriots . Jump up ^ `` Patriots beat the Seahawks in dramatic finale '' . BBC Sport. 1 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` INVESTIGATIVE REPORT CONCERNING FOOTBALLS USED DURING THE AFC CHAMPIONSHIP GAME ON JANUARY 18 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . nfl.com . National Football League . Retrieved 6 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Patriots ' Tom Brady suspended 4 games '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL releases statement on Patriots ' violations '' . National Football League . May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady NFLPA appeal four game suspension '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL upholds four - game suspension of Tom Brady '' . cbsnews.com. 28 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Tom Brady Authorizes NFLPA To Appeal His Case In Federal Court '' . NESN.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Roger Goodell upholds Tom Brady suspension '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gantt , Darin ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Goodell cites destroying phone in upholding Tom Brady 's suspension '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Kevin ; et al. ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` NFL hopes to have expected Tom Brady lawsuit in New York and not Minnesota '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady rips the NFL 's Deflategate decision on his Facebook page '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Robert Kraft attacks the NFL , apologizes to Patriots fans '' . Yahoo Sports . 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Freeman ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` NFL Deflategate Message : No Player Is Above the Rules , Not Even Tom Brady '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Eric Adelson ( 11 May 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady allowed the new NFL Way to smack Patriot Way in stunning fashion '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Somewhere along the line , the debate over what happened in the hours and minutes leading up to the AFC championship game in January went beyond air pressure and weather conditions , and became a referendum on the character of Tom Brady and his franchise . Jump up ^ Ian O'Connor . `` Tom Brady should skip appeal , tell truth now '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYSD Decision and Order '' . Jump up ^ `` Roger Goodell Made Tom Brady Seem Dishonest In Deflategate Appeal Ruling '' . NESN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' Very rare ' performance by Tom Brady reflects his greatness '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2016 ' : No. 2 Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` New England at Denver -- 2016 - 01 - 24 -- National Football League -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Yahoo Sports . Jump up ^ Mike Reiss . `` New deal links Tom Brady to Patriots through 2019 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Volin , Ben ( 3 March 2016 ) . `` Brady 's lawyer feels pressure from judges '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Orr , Connor ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension reinstated '' . NFL.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension upheld '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Volin , Ben ( 25 April 2016 ) . `` Brady must serve ' Deflategate ' suspension , appeals court rules '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Gershman , Jacob ( 25 April 2016 ) . `` Why the NFL Won its ' Deflategate ' Appeal '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Brady keeps Deflategate battle going with another appeal of suspension May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's Deflategate appeal denied by court '' . Jump up ^ Ortega , Mark E. ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady , David Johnson are Players of the Month '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady , Kirk Cousins among Players of Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike . `` Tom Brady wins NFL - record 201st game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Howe , Jeff . `` Patriots , despite miscues , outlast Ravens to move to 11 -- 2 '' . The Boston Herald . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots top Broncos , clinch AFC East , first - round bye '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2017 Pro Bowl rosters '' . NFL.com . December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots clinch home - field advantage in AFC playoffs '' . Jump up ^ Hurley , Michael ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady Sets NFL Record For Best TD - To - INT Ratio Of All Time '' . CBS Boston . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Three rookies , Matt Ryan among players named to All - Pro team '' . NFL.com . January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 - No. 1 Tom Brady Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( January 15 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots Top Texans , Move on to AFC Championship '' . Around the NFL . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots Shred Steelers , Advance to Ninth Super Bowl '' . Around the NFL . National Football League . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI - New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons - February 5th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's stolen Super Bowl jerseys returned to Patriots '' . Fox News . 2017 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Super Bowl jersey thief investigation '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOAT edition : Brady on ' Madden NFL 18 ' cover '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Gisele Bundchen : Tom Brady had a concussion last year '' . Jump up ^ Igel , Lee . `` Gisele Bündchen Casts Doubt On Adequacy Of NFL Concussion Protocol '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Investigating After Gisele Claims Tom Brady Suffered a Concussion '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL looking into Tom Brady concussion claim by Gisele Bundchen '' . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Tom Brady not diagnosed with concussion in ' 16 '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady : We did n't dig very deep on Thursday night '' . Pro Football Talk . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WATCH : In Year 18 , Tom Brady finally does something he 's never done before '' . CBSSports.com . September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maya , Adam ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady , J.J. Nelson among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady takes another title away from his nemesis Peyton Manning '' . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady , Kirk Cousins among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ https://syndication.bleacherreport.com/amp/2735487-tom-brady-ties-brett-favre-peyton-manning-for-most-regular-season-wins-by-qb.amp.html Jump up ^ Orr , Conor . `` Tom Brady has sprain to non-throwing shoulder '' . NFL . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Brady is n't worried about his shoulder : ' I 'm good ' '' . NFL . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000861687/article/tom-brady-becomes-nfls-career-qb-wins-leader Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000865868/article/tom-brady-patriots-roll-through-fog-past-falcons Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Chargers at New England Patriots - October 29th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Maya , Adam ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady , Cam Newton among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000885449/article/case-keenum-wins-nfc-player-of-month-honors Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan . `` Tom Brady , Josh McDaniels have sideline disagreement '' . NFL . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Patriots overcome ugly start to scatter Bills in Buffalo '' . NFL . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's Career Touchdown Plays '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Reiss , Mike ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady sets NFL record for best TD to INT ratio in a season '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Records : Individual -- Passing '' . nfl.com . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adamski , Chris . `` Brady , Big Ben meet again in AFC title game '' . TribLIVE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Records : Individual -- Passing '' . nfl.com . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady , Bill Belichick make NFL history with record 7th Super Bowl appearance '' . abcnews.com . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Announces Launch Of ' TB12 ' Website , Online Store ( Photo ) '' . NESN.com. 2016 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Launches Raw Snack Line Under His TB12 Brand '' . NCA . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady and TB12 Launch TB12 Foundation for Young Athletes - Physical Therapy Products '' . Physical Therapy Products . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` This New Meal Delivery Plan Will Help You Eat Like Tom Brady '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Ahiza . `` Tom Brady launches meal kit service '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Ian ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Brady has No. 1 book on Amazon , Hillary at No. 2 . As they said at Michigan , all he does is winpic.twitter.com/glGlzkGGRd '' . @ Ian_OConnor . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's `` TB12 Method '' Is a Best Seller `` . Boston Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Dagostino , Mark ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Tom Brady , Bridget Moynahan Split Up '' . People . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Smith , Liz ( 2007 - 02 - 18 ) . `` It 's Brady Baby For ' Sixy ' Star '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( 2007 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Ex-Brady Girlfriend Says She 's Pregnant With His Child '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Kristin ( 2007 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Bridget Moynahan ' Thankful ' for Healthy Baby '' . People . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Moynahan Welcomes a Baby Boy '' . People . 2007 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Tao Of Tom : How Tom Brady Uses An 80 - 20 Diet , Meditation , Yoga & One Book To Age Backwards '' . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady & Gisele Bundchen : New Couple ? '' . People . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Quarterback Tom Brady on Football , Fatherhood , and Gisele Bündchen '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gisele Bündchen & Tom Brady Have a Boy '' . People . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gisele Bündchen and Tom Brady Welcome Daughter Vivian Lake '' . People . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan . `` Tom Brady is game for another ' SNL ' hosting gig '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bark , Ed ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Fox gets animated after the Super Bowl '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots News and Notes '' . Patriots Insider . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Entourage '' Fore ( TV Episode 2009 ) - IMDb `` . IMDb . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entourage : Tom Brady replaced Manning brothers in Season 6 cameo '' . Sports Illustrated . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's ' Ted 2 ' Cameo Features Deflategate Line From Mark Wahlberg '' . NESN . June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug . `` Boston ( in ) Common : Kevin Youkilis set to marry Tom Brady 's sister '' . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Buttons NY -- Sound + Picture '' Vote for your favorite Stetson Cologne man , win a $10 gift card , and Listen to the latest Stetson Radio ad , with the original Stetson Jingle ! `` . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning vs. Tom Brady Endorsements : Who 's No. 1 In Commercial Appeal ? '' . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ember , Sydney Tom Brady Still a Key Part of Under Armour 's Broader Ad Push New York Times . August 25 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Beautyrest Black and Tom Brady Score for Sleep -- BedTimes '' . Jump up ^ Alex Reimer , `` Tom Brady 's Vegan Snacks Only Add to His Bourgeois Profile , '' Forbes , 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Hua , Karen ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Inside The Multimillion - Dollar Homes Of Tom Brady '' . Forbes . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best There Ever Was ? '' . GQ. 2005 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning For Republican Presidential Nomination ? Some Believe It 's Possible '' . WBZ - TV ( CBS Boston ) . 2017 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl QB Tom Brady 's No Patriot '' . The Smoking Gun . 2004 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Leibovich , Mark ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Uncomfortable Love Affair Between Donald Trump and the New England Patriots '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sports figures who support Donald Trump '' . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy . `` ' It 's just a friendship ' : Tom Brady opens up a little about President Trump '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rappeport , Alan . `` Did Tom Brady and Gisele Bündchen Back Donald Trump ? She Says No , and He 's Not Saying '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Chestang , Raphael . `` Tom Brady Says Wife Gisele Bundchen Does n't Want Him Talking Politics '' . ET Online . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamisar , Ben ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` 5 NFL stars who could run for office '' . The Hill . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady Talks to Chuck Klosterman About Deflategate ( Sort Of ... ) '' . GQ . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durkee , Travis ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sorry , America , Tom Brady will never run for president '' . Sporting News . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tack , Travis ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Brady Wo n't Talk Politics , Does n't Want To Run For Office '' . Politicus Sports . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Further reading Pierce , Charles ( 2006 ) , Moving the Chains : Tom Brady and the Pursuit of Everything , Farrar , Straus and Giroux , ISBN 0 - 374 - 21444 - 1 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom Brady . New England Patriots profile Career statistics and player information from NFL.com ESPN Yahoo ! Sports SI.com Pro-Football - Reference Rotoworld Tom Brady on IMDb New England Patriots current roster Active roster 2 Brian Hoyer 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 12 Tom Brady 13 Phillip Dorsett 14 Brandin Cooks 15 Chris Hogan 18 Matthew Slater 21 Malcolm Butler 23 Patrick Chung 24 Stephon Gilmore 25 Eric Rowe 28 James White 29 Johnson Bademosi 30 Duron Harmon 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Devin McCourty 33 Dion Lewis 34 Rex Burkhead 35 Mike Gillislee 36 Brandon King 37 Jordan Richards 38 Brandon Bolden 45 David Harris 46 James Develin 47 Jacob Hollister 49 Joe Cardona 50 Nicholas Grigsby 51 Trevor Reilly 52 Elandon Roberts 53 Kyle Van Noy 55 Eric Lee 59 Marquis Flowers 60 David Andrews 62 Joe Thuney 68 LaAdrian Waddle 69 Shaq Mason 70 Adam Butler 71 Cameron Fleming 74 Cole Croston 75 Ted Karras 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 83 Dwayne Allen 85 Kenny Britt 87 Rob Gronkowski 90 Malcom Brown 91 Deatrich Wise Jr . 92 Geneo Grissom 93 Lawrence Guy 94 Ricky Jean Francois 97 Alan Branch 98 Trey Flowers Reserve lists 11 Julian Edelman ( IR ) 19 Malcolm Mitchell ( IR ) 41 Cyrus Jones ( IR ) 42 Keionta Davis ( NF - Inj . ) 43 Nate Ebner ( IR ) 48 Harvey Langi ( NF - Inj . ) 54 Dont'a Hightower ( IR ) 58 Shea McClellin ( IR ) 61 Marcus Cannon ( IR ) 63 Antonio Garcia ( NF - Ill . ) 64 Caleb Kidder ( IR ) 66 Chase Farris ( NF - Inj . ) 76 Andrew Jelks ( NF - Inj . ) 88 Martellus Bennett ( IR ) 95 Derek Rivers ( IR ) 99 Vincent Valentine ( IR ) Practice squad 22 Jomal Wiltz 26 David Jones 27 Ryan Lewis 39 Damarius Travis 64 James Ferentz 72 Jason King 81 Cody Hollister 82 Will Tye 84 Riley McCarron 96 Marcus Hardison AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 15 of the 2017 NFL season ) American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Bryce Petty ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Ben Roethlisberger ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) T.J. Yates ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Trevor Siemian ( Denver Broncos ) Alex Smith ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Aaron Rodgers ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Blaine Gabbert ( Arizona Cardinals ) Jared Goff ( Los Angeles Rams ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) Tom Brady -- championships , awards , and honors Awards and achievements Preceded by Peyton Manning Record for NFL passing touchdowns in a single season 2007 Succeeded by Peyton Manning 1997 Michigan Wolverines football -- AP national champions Jeff Backus Tom Brady David Brandt Mark Campbell Scott Dreisbach Jay Feely Chris Floyd Ian Gold Brian Griese James Hall Tommy Hendricks Chris Howard Steve Hutchinson Jon Jansen Dhani Jones Marcus Knight DeWayne Patmon Marcus Ray Rob Renes Russell Shaw Aaron Shea Glen Steele Tai Streets Sam Sword Anthony Thomas Jerame Tuman Jason Vinson Andre Weathers Clarence Williams Josh Williams Maurice Williams Charles Woodson Head coach : Lloyd Carr Assistant coaches : Vance Bedford Erik Campbell Mike DeBord Jim Herrmann Brady Hoke Fred Jackson Terry Malone Stan Parrish New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXVI champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 11 Drew Bledsoe 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 13 Ken Walter 14 Walter Williams 15 Jimmy Farris 16 Scott McCready 19 Damon Huard 21 J.R. Redmond 22 Terrance Shaw 23 Antwan Harris 24 Ty Law 25 Leonard Myers 26 Matt Stevens 27 Terrell Buckley 28 Brock Williams 29 Hakim Akbar 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Ben Kelly 32 Antowain Smith 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Tebucky Jones 35 Patrick Pass 36 Lawyer Milloy 38 Ray Hill 44 Marc Edwards 45 Otis Smith 48 Arther Love 49 Jabari Holloway 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Bryan Cox 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Andy Katzenmoyer 60 Drew Inzer 61 Stephen Neal 62 Setema Gali 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Greg Randall 65 Damien Woody 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Grey Ruegamer 68 Tom Ashworth 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Chris Sullivan 72 Matt Light 74 Kenyatta Jones 75 Maurice Anderson 76 Grant Williams 77 Mike Compton 80 Troy Brown 81 Charles Johnson 82 Curtis Jackson 83 Rod Rutledge 84 Fred Coleman 85 Jermaine Wiggins 86 David Patten 88 Terry Glenn 90 Marty Moore 91 Bobby Hamilton 92 David Nugent 93 Richard Seymour 94 Jace Sayler 95 Roman Phifer 96 Brandon Mitchell 97 Riddick Parker 98 Anthony Pleasant 99 Kole Ayi Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Ned Burke Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Eric Mangini Josh McDaniels Randy Melvin Markus Paul Rob Ryan Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXVIII champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 10 Jamin Elliott 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 13 Ken Walter 16 Kliff Kingsbury 17 Dedric Ward 18 Chas Gessner 19 Damon Huard 21 Mike Cloud 22 Asante Samuel 23 Antwan Harris 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Larry Centers 32 Antowain Smith 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Chris Akins 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Shawn Mayer 44 Fred McCrary 46 Brian Kinchen 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Sean McDermott 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 60 Wilbert Brown 61 Stephen Neal 62 Tim Provost 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Damien Woody 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 75 Jamil Soriano 76 Brandon Gorin 77 Mike Compton 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch 84 Fred Baxter 85 J.J. Stokes 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Bobby Hamilton 92 Ted Washington 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rick Lyle 97 Jarvis Green 98 Anthony Pleasant 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Sean Gustus John Hufnagel Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Markus Paul Rob Ryan Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXIX champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 8 Josh Miller 10 Kevin Kasper 12 Tom Brady 13 Jim Miller 14 P.K. Sam 18 Cedric James 19 Ricky Bryant 21 Randall Gay 22 Asante Samuel 23 Omare Lowe 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 27 Rabih Abdullah 28 Corey Dillon 29 Earthwind Moreland 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Hank Poteat 32 Kory Chapman 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Cedric Cobbs 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Guss Scott 42 Dexter Reid 46 Zeron Flemister 47 Justin Kurpeikis 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Eric Alexander 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 61 Stephen Neal 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Lance Nimmo 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 69 Buck Rasmussen 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 74 Billy Yates 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Brandon Gorin 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch ( MVP ) 84 Benjamin Watson 85 Jed Weaver 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Marquise Hill 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rodney Bailey 97 Jarvis Green 98 Keith Traylor 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Matt Patricia Markus Paul Dean Pees Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Cory Undlin Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Super Bowl XLIX champions 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 8 Garrett Gilbert 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 16 Jonathan Krause 17 Aaron Dobson 18 Matthew Slater 19 Brandon LaFell 21 Malcolm Butler 22 Stevan Ridley 23 Patrick Chung 24 Darrelle Revis 25 Kyle Arrington 26 Logan Ryan 27 Tavon Wilson 28 James White 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Duron Harmon 31 Justin Green 32 Devin McCourty 34 Shane Vereen 35 Jonas Gray 36 Tyler Gaffney 37 Alfonzo Dennard 38 Brandon Bolden 39 Brandon Browner 41 Daxton Swanson 43 Nate Ebner 44 Deontae Skinner 45 Cameron Gordon 46 James Develin 47 Michael Hoomanawanui 48 Danny Aiken 50 Rob Ninkovich 51 Jerod Mayo 52 Jonathan Casillas 53 Eric Martin 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Akeem Ayers 58 Darius Fleming 59 Chris White 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Ryan Wendell 63 Dan Connolly 64 Chris Barker 65 Jordan Devey 66 Bryan Stork 67 Josh Kline 68 Caylin Hauptmann 71 Cameron Fleming 72 Joe Vellano 74 Dominique Easley 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Sebastian Vollmer 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 81 Tim Wright 82 Josh Boyce 84 Brian Tyms 87 Rob Gronkowski 90 Zach Moore 91 Jamie Collins 92 Jake Bequette 94 Chris Jones 95 Chandler Jones 96 Sealver Siliga 97 Alan Branch 99 Michael Buchanan -- James Morris -- Greg Orton Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Stephen Belichick Josh Boyer Brian Daboll Brendan Daly Dave DeGuglielmo Ivan Fears Brian Flores Patrick Graham Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Harold Nash Scott O'Brien Chad O'Shea Matt Patricia New England Patriots Super Bowl LI champions 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 7 Jacoby Brissett 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 14 Michael Floyd 15 Chris Hogan 16 Devin Lucien 17 DeAndrew White 18 Matthew Slater 19 Malcolm Mitchell 21 Malcolm Butler 22 Justin Coleman 23 Patrick Chung 24 Cyrus Jones 25 Eric Rowe 26 Logan Ryan 27 D.J. Foster 28 James White 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Duron Harmon 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Devin McCourty 33 Dion Lewis 35 Tyler Gaffney 36 Brandon King 37 Jordan Richards 38 Brandon Bolden 43 Nate Ebner 44 Trevor Bates 46 James Develin 47 Glenn Gronkowski 49 Joe Cardona 50 Rob Ninkovich 51 Barkevious Mingo 52 Elandon Roberts 53 Kyle Van Noy 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Jonathan Freeny 58 Shea McClellin 60 David Andrews 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Joe Thuney 63 Tre ' Jackson 64 Chris Barker 65 Jamil Douglas 66 Chase Farris 68 LaAdrian Waddle 69 Shaq Mason 71 Cameron Fleming 74 Woodrow Hamilton 75 Ted Karras 76 Sebastian Vollmer 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 82 Matt Lengel 83 Greg Scruggs 85 Michael Williams 87 Rob Gronkowski 88 Martellus Bennett 90 Malcom Brown 92 Geneo Grissom 93 Jabaal Sheard 95 Chris Long 96 Darius Kilgo 97 Alan Branch 98 Trey Flowers 99 Vincent Valentine Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Stephen Belichick Josh Boyer Nick Caley Brian Daboll Brendan Daly Ivan Fears Brian Flores Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Chad O'Shea Matt Patricia Dante Scarnecchia Jerry Schuplinski Raymond Ventrone James Hardy Super Bowl MVP Award I : Starr II : Starr III : Namath IV : Dawson V : Howley VI : Staubach VII : Scott VIII : Csonka IX : Harris X : Swann XI : Biletnikoff XII : Martin & White XIII : Bradshaw XIV : Bradshaw XV : Plunkett XVI : Montana XVII : Riggins XVIII : Allen XIX : Montana XX : Dent XXI : Simms XXII : Williams XXIII : Rice XXIV : Montana XXV : Anderson XXVI : Rypien XXVII : Aikman XXVIII : E. Smith XXIX : Young XXX : Brown XXXI : Howard XXXII : Davis XXXIII : Elway XXXIV : Warner XXXV : Lewis XXXVI : Brady XXXVII : Jackson XXXVIII : Brady XXXIX : Branch XL : Ward XLI : P. Manning XLII : E. Manning XLIII : Holmes XLIV : Brees XLV : Rodgers XLVI : E. Manning XLVII : Flacco XLVIII : M. Smith XLIX : Brady 50 : Miller LI : Brady Super Bowl champion starting quarterbacks I : Starr II : Starr III : Namath IV : Dawson V : Unitas VI : Staubach VII : Griese VIII : Griese IX : Bradshaw X : Bradshaw XI : Stabler XII : Staubach XIII : Bradshaw XIV : Bradshaw XV : Plunkett XVI : Montana XVII : Theismann XVIII : Plunkett XIX : Montana XX : McMahon XXI : Simms XXII : Williams XXIII : Montana XXIV : Montana XXV : Hostetler XXVI : Rypien XXVII : Aikman XXVIII : Aikman XXIX : Young XXX : Aikman XXXI : Favre XXXII : Elway XXXIII : Elway XXXIV : Warner XXXV : Dilfer XXXVI : Brady XXXVII : Johnson XXXVIII : Brady XXXIX : Brady XL : Roethlisberger XLI : P. Manning XLII : E. Manning XLIII : Roethlisberger XLIV : Brees XLV : Rodgers XLVI : E. Manning XLVII : Flacco XLVIII : Wilson XLIX : Brady 50 : P. Manning LI : Brady Michigan Wolverines starting quarterbacks Barmore ( 1880 ) Horton ( 1881 ) Beach ( 1882 ) McNeil ( 1883 -- 1885 ) Morrow ( 1886 ) Farrand ( 1887 ) F. Smith ( 1888 ) Abbott ( 1889 ) Holden ( 1890 ) Sherman ( 1891 ) Sanderson ( 1892 ) Greenleaf ( 1893 -- 1894 ) Baird ( 1893 -- 1895 ) Richards ( 1895 -- 1897 ) Drumheller ( 1896 ) Felver ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Talcott ( 1898 ) Street ( 1899 ) McGinnis ( 1900 ) Weeks ( 1901 -- 1902 ) James ( 1903 ) Norcross ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Barlow ( 1905 ) Workman ( 1906 ) Wasmund ( 1907 -- 1909 ) McMillan ( 1910 -- 1911 ) Huebel ( 1912 ) Hughitt ( 1913 -- 1914 ) Roehm ( 1915 ) Sparks ( 1916 , 1919 ) Weston ( 1917 ) Knode ( 1918 ) Bank ( 1920 -- 1921 ) Uteritz ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Rockwell ( 1924 ) Friedman ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Hoffman ( 1927 ) Rich ( 1928 ) Simrall ( 1929 ) Tessmer ( 1930 -- 1931 ) Newman ( 1930 -- 1932 ) Fay ( 1933 ) Jennings ( 1934 ) Renner ( 1935 ) Barclay ( 1936 ) Farmer ( 1937 ) Evashevski ( 1938 -- 1940 ) Ceithaml ( 1941 -- 1942 ) Wiese ( 1943 ) Ponsetto ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Yerges ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Elliott ( 1948 ) Ghindia ( 1949 ) Putich ( 1950 ) Topor ( 1951 -- 1952 ) Baldacci ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Maddock ( 1955 ) Van Pelt ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Ptacek ( 1958 ) Noskin ( 1959 ) Stamos ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Glinka ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Timberlake ( 1962 -- 1964 ) Gabler ( 1965 ) Vidmer ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Den . Brown ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Moorhead ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Slade ( 1971 ) Franklin ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Leach ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dickey ( 1979 ) Wangler ( 1979 -- 1980 ) S. Smith ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Zurbrugg ( 1984 ) Harbaugh ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Dem . Brown ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Taylor ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Grbac ( 1989 -- 1992 ) Collins ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Dreisbach ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Griese ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Brady ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Henson ( 2000 ) Navarre ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Henne ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Mallett ( 2007 ) Sheridan ( 2008 ) Threet ( 2008 ) Forcier ( 2009 ) Robinson ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Gardner ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Morris ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Rudock ( 2015 ) Speight ( 2016 -- 2017 ) O'Korn ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Peters ( 2017 ) New England Patriots 2000 NFL draft selections Adrian Klemm J.R. Redmond Greg Randall Dave Stachelski Jeff Marriott Antwan Harris Tom Brady David Nugent Casey Tisdale Patrick Pass Boston / New England Patriots starting quarterbacks Butch Songin ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Tom Greene ( 1960 ) Babe Parilli ( 1961 -- 1967 ) Tom Yewcic ( 1962 ) Eddie Wilson ( 1965 ) Don Trull ( 1967 ) Mike Taliaferro ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Tom Sherman ( 1968 ) Joe Kapp ( 1970 ) Jim Plunkett ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Steve Grogan ( 1975 -- 1990 ) Neil Graff ( 1975 ) Matt Cavanaugh ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Tom Owen ( 1981 ) Tony Eason ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Tom Ramsey ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Bob Bleier ( 1987 ) Doug Flutie ( 1987 -- 1989 ) Marc Wilson ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Tommy Hodson ( 1990 -- 1992 ) Hugh Millen ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Scott Zolak ( 1992 , 1995 , 1998 ) Jeff Carlson ( 1992 ) Drew Bledsoe ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Scott Secules ( 1993 ) Tom Brady ( 2001 -- present ) Matt Cassel ( 2008 ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( 2016 ) Jacoby Brissett ( 2016 ) NFL quarterbacks with a perfect passer rating game Ray Mallouf Sammy Baugh Len Dawson Y.A. Tittle Frank Ryan Sonny Jurgensen Joe Namath Johnny Unitas Don Meredith Craig Morton ( 2 ) Fran Tarkenton Daryle Lamonica Dick Shiner Bob Lee James Harris Ken Anderson Jim Hart Dan Fouts Scott Hunter Terry Bradshaw Steve Grogan Brian Sipe Bob Griese Vince Evans Dave Krieg ( 2 ) Steve Bartkowski Ken O'Brien ( 2 ) Steve Young Joe Montana Rich Gannon Bobby Hebert Mick Buck Drew Bledsoe Craig Erickson Chris Chandler Jeff Blake Kurt Warner ( 3 ) Peyton Manning ( 4 ) Doug Flutie Kerry Collins Chad Pennington Trent Green Ben Roethlisberger ( 3 ) Donovan McNabb Tom Brady ( 2 ) Eli Manning Drew Brees Robert Griffin III Nick Foles Alex Smith Geno Smith Marcus Mariota Ryan Tannehill Kirk Cousins Names in bold are still active Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award winners 1957 : J. Brown 1958 : J. Brown 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : J. Taylor 1963 : Tittle 1964 : Unitas 1965 : J. Brown 1966 : Starr 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Morrall 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Brodie 1971 : Page 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Sipe 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Moseley 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : L. Taylor 1987 : Elway 1988 : Esiason 1989 : Montana 1990 : Montana 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Favre & Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Warner 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Warner 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning & McNair 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Manning 2009 : Manning 2010 : Brady 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Rodgers 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award winners 1972 : Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Campbell 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Campbell 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Fouts 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : Dickerson 1987 : Rice 1988 : Craig 1989 : Montana 1990 : Moon 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Rice 1994 : Sanders 1995 : Favre 1996 : Davis 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Faulk 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Holmes 2003 : Lewis 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Brady 2011 : Brees 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Murray 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan Bert Bell Award winners 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : Robustelli 1963 : J. Brown 1964 : Unitas 1965 : Retzlaff 1966 : Meredith 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Kelly 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Blanda 1971 : Staubach 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Olsen 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Stabler 1977 : Griese 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Jaworski 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Theismann 1983 : Riggins 1984 : Marino 1985 : Payton 1986 : Taylor 1987 : Rice 1988 : Cunningham 1989 : Montana 1990 : Cunningham 1991 : Sanders 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Cunningham 1999 : Warner 2000 : Gannon 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Peterson 2009 : Brees 2010 : Vick 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Watt 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken , Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James PFW / PFWA NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award 1972 : Morrall 1973 : Gabriel 1974 : Namath 1975 : Hampton 1976 : Landry 1977 : Morton 1978 : Riggins 1979 : Csonka 1980 : Plunkett 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Alzado 1983 : B. Johnson 1984 : Stallworth 1985 : No Selection 1986 : Montana & Kramer 1987 : White 1988 : Bell 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Word 1991 : McMahon 1992 : Cunningham 1993 : Allen 1994 : Marino 1995 : Harbaugh 1996 : Bettis 1997 : Brooks 1998 : Flutie 1999 : Young 2000 : J. Johnson 2001 : Hearst 2002 : Maddox 2003 : Kitna 2004 : McGahee 2005 : Smith 2006 : Pennington 2007 : Moss 2008 : Pennington 2009 : Brady 2010 : Vick 2011 : Stafford 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Rivers 2014 : Gronkowski 2015 : Berry 2016 : Nelson 2007 AP NFL All - Pro Team Offense : QB Tom Brady RB LaDainian Tomlinson RB Brian Westbrook FB Lorenzo Neal WR Randy Moss WR Terrell Owens TE Jason Witten OT Matt Light OT Walter Jones G Alan Faneca G Steve Hutchinson C Jeff Saturday Defense : DE Jared Allen DE Patrick Kerney DT Albert Haynesworth DT Kevin Williams OLB Mike Vrabel OLB DeMarcus Ware ILB Lofa Tatupu ILB Patrick Willis CB Antonio Cromartie CB Asante Samuel FS Ed Reed SS Bob Sanders Special teams : P Andy Lee PK Rob Bironas KR Devin Hester 2010 AP NFL All - Pro Team Offense : QB Tom Brady RB Arian Foster RB Jamaal Charles FB Vonta Leach WR Roddy White WR Reggie Wayne TE Jason Witten OT Joe Thomas OT Jake Long G Jahri Evans G Logan Mankins C Nick Mangold Defense : DE Julius Peppers DE John Abraham DT Haloti Ngata DT Ndamukong Suh OLB Clay Matthews OLB James Harrison ILB Jerod Mayo ILB Patrick Willis CB Darrelle Revis CB Nnamdi Asomugha FS Ed Reed SS Troy Polamalu Special teams : P Shane Lechler PK Billy Cundiff KR Devin Hester National Football League NFL 's 2000s All - Decade Team Tom Brady Peyton Manning LaDainian Tomlinson Edgerrin James Jamal Lewis Shaun Alexander Lorenzo Neal Tony Richardson Randy Moss Marvin Harrison Terrell Owens Torry Holt Tony Gonzalez Antonio Gates Walter Jones Jonathan Ogden Orlando Pace Willie Roaf Alan Faneca Steve Hutchinson Will Shields Larry Allen Kevin Mawae Olin Kreutz Dwight Freeney Michael Strahan Jason Taylor Julius Peppers Richard Seymour Warren Sapp Kevin Williams La'Roi Glover Ray Lewis Derrick Brooks Brian Urlacher Joey Porter Zach Thomas DeMarcus Ware Champ Bailey Charles Woodson Ty Law Ronde Barber Ed Reed Brian Dawkins Troy Polamalu Darren Sharper Adam Vinatieri David Akers Shane Lechler Brian Moorman Josh Cribbs Dante Hall Devin Hester Bill Belichick Tony Dungy New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) Offense Brady ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Fryar ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Light ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Seymour ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Wilfork ( DT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Buoniconti ( ILB ) Haynes ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Harrison ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Captains Cappelletti ( Offense ) Bruschi ( Defense ) Coach Belichick New England Patriots All - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many passing attempts does tom brady have | [
"Over his career, Brady has won two league MVP awards, five Super Bowls, and four Super Bowl MVP Awards. A 12-time Pro Bowler, Brady has also twice led the NFL in passing yardage[85][86]. As of November 2017, he currently owns the third-highest career passer rating (97.9) among quarterbacks with at least 1,500 career passing attempts.[87] He has thrown for more passing yards and touchdowns than any quarterback in NFL postseason history; he also has won more playoff games than any other quarterback. As a result of his highly successful career, Brady is rated among the greatest quarterbacks of all time.[88]"
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"at least 1,500"
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-3262313256786527557 | Fifty Shades (film series) | Fifty Shades ( film series ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades ( film series ) For the novel series , see Fifty Shades ( novel series ) . Fifty Shades Directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson ( 1 ) James Foley ( 2 -- 3 ) Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Marcus Viscidi ( 2 -- 3 ) Screenplay by Kelly Marcel ( 1 ) Niall Leonard ( 2 -- 3 ) Based on Fifty Shades trilogy by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan ( See below ) Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Seamus McGarvey ( 1 ) John Schwartzman ( 2 -- 3 ) Edited by Anne V. Coates ( 1 ) Lisa Gunning ( 1 ) Debra Neil - Fisher ( 1 ) Richard Francis - Bruce ( 2 ) Production company Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions ( 2 -- 3 ) Perfect World Pictures ( 2 -- 3 ) Distributed by Focus Features ( 1 ) Universal Pictures Release date 1 : February 13 , 2015 2 : February 10 , 2017 3 : February 9 , 2018 Running time 370 minutes Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 3 films ) : $150 million Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $1.325 billion Fifty Shades is an American film series that consists of three erotic romantic drama films , based on the Fifty Shades trilogy by English author E.L. James . It is distributed by Universal Studios and stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as the lead roles Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey , respectively . Sam Taylor - Johnson directed the first film and initially she was slated to be the director of the sequels as well , however subsequently the second and third films were directed by James Foley . The first film , Fifty Shades of Grey , was released on February 13 , 2015 , while the second , Fifty Shades Darker , was released on February 10 , 2017 . Fifty Shades Freed , the third film , was released on February 9 , 2018 . Worldwide , the series has grossed over $1.320 billion , making it the fourth highest - grossing R - rated franchise of all - time . Contents 1 Development 2 Production 2.1 Director 2.2 Screenwriter 2.3 Casting 2.4 Filming 3 Films 3.1 Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) 3.2 Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) 3.3 Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) 4 Cast 5 Crew 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical and public response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Development ( edit ) Two years after the trilogy 's first novel was released , several distribution companies had bid for the rights of the trilogy . Warner Bros. , Sony , Paramount and Universal , as well as Mark Wahlberg 's production company , put in bids for the film rights . The winning bid went to Universal Studios and Focus Features , at $5 million . With James gaining control over the process of the making of the film , she hand - picked Dana Brunetti and Michael De Luca as the producers . Production ( edit ) Film Release date Producers Director Screenwriter Fifty Shades of Grey February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) Michael De Luca Dana Brunetti E.L. James Sam Taylor - Johnson Kelly Marcel Fifty Shades Darker February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) James Foley Niall Leonard Fifty Shades Freed February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) Director ( edit ) On June 19 , 2013 , Sam Taylor - Johnson was chosen to direct the first film . On February 6 , 2015 , Taylor - Johnson announced the sequels , prompting she would return to direct the sequels . It was later revealed that Taylor - Johnson would not return . On August 20 , 2015 , it was revealed by Deadline Hollywood that James Foley was the front - runner to direct the sequel and third film Fifty Shades Freed . Screenwriter ( edit ) Kelly Marcel was chosen as the screenwriter for the first film . On April 22 , 2015 , it was announced that James ' husband , Niall Leonard , would write the script for the sequel . Leonard also went on to write the script for the third film . Casting ( edit ) The casting for the lead roles was considered controversial . Many contenders considered for the film included Ryan Gosling , Garrett Hedlund , Theo James , Alexander Skarsgård , François Arnaud , Charlie Hunnam , Scott Eastwood , Luke Bracey , and Billy Magnussen as Christian Grey . Alicia Vikander , Imogen Poots , Elizabeth Olsen , Shailene Woodley , and Felicity Jones were all considered for the role of Anastasia Steele . On September 2 , 2013 , Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam were cast as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey respectively . As a result , the displeasure of the casting from fans caused controversy . In response , Brunetti stated , `` There is a lot that goes into casting that is n't just looks . Talent , availability , their desire to do it , chemistry with other actor , etc . So if your favorite was n't cast , then it is most likely due to something on that list . Keep that in mind while hating and keep perspective . '' On October 12 , it was announced Hunnam had quit the role of Grey and the studio was in the process of searching for a new actor . On October 23 , Jamie Dornan was cast as the replacement for Christian Grey . In October 2013 , Jennifer Ehle was cast as Carla Wilks . On October 31 , 2013 , Victor Rasuk was cast as José Rodriguez , Jr . On November 22 , 2013 , Eloise Mumford was cast as Kate Kavanagh . On December 2 , 2013 , singer Rita Ora was cast as Christian 's younger sister Mia . On December 3 , 2013 , Marcia Gay Harden was cast as Christian 's mother , Grace . On January 28 , 2016 , Kim Basinger joined the film to play the role of Elena Lincoln in the sequels , Grey 's business partner and former lover , while Luke Grimes , Eloise Mumford and Max Martini would be returning for the sequels . On February 5 , Bella Heathcote was cast as Leila , one of Grey 's former submissives . In the same month , Eric Johnson was cast to play Jack Hyde , Ana 's boss at SIP . On February 18 , 2016 , Robinne Lee and Fay Masterson joined the film 's cast . On February 20 , Brant Daugherty signed on to play Luke Sawyer , the personal bodyguard for Anastasia in the third film . Filming ( edit ) For Fifty Shades of Grey , principal photography was filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , which began on December 1 , 2013 . Scenes were filmed in the Gastown district of Vancouver . Bentall 5 was used as the Grey Enterprises building . The University of British Columbia serves as Washington State University Vancouver , from which Ana graduates . The Fairmont Hotel Vancouver was used as the Heathman Hotel . The film was also shot at the North Shore Studios . The production officially ended on February 21 , 2014 . Reshoots involving scenes between Dornan and Johnson took place in Vancouver during the week of October 13 , 2014 . For Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed , principal photography was to commence in June in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . This was later to be impossible , due to the script being unwritten at the moment . In November 2015 , Universal Studios announced that both films would be shot back - to - back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016 . Filming began in Paris and Vancouver from February 9 , 2016 , to July 12 , 2016 , under the working title `` Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3 . '' Filming on Fifty Shades Darker concluded on April 11 , 2016 . Films ( edit ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) When Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele , a literature student , goes to interview the wealthy Christian Grey , as a favor to her roommate Kate Kavanagh , she encounters a handsome , brilliant and intimidating man . The innocent and naive Ana , startled to realize she wants him , despite his enigmatic reserve and advice , finds herself desperate to get close to him . Not able to resist Ana 's beauty and independent spirit , Grey admits he wants her too , but in his own terms . Ana hesitates as she discovers the singular tastes of Grey -- despite the embellishments of success -- his multinational businesses , his vast wealth , his loving family -- Grey is consumed by the need to control everything . As they get close , Steele starts to discover Grey 's secrets and explores her own BDSM desires . Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) Following the events of the first film , Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey resume their relationship under Ana 's terms . However , their relationship is tested when Christian 's past threatens the couple . Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) Believing they 've left behind the shadowy figures from the past , billionaire Christian Grey and his new wife , Anastasia , fully embrace their inextricable connection and shared life of luxury . Just as the Greys begin to step into their new roles , sinister events come to light and jeopardize their happy ending before it even begins . Cast ( edit ) Character Film Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Anastasia Steele Dakota Johnson Christian Grey Jamie Dornan Katherine Kavanagh Eloise Mumford José Rodriguez , Jr . Victor Rasuk Elliot Grey Luke Grimes Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey Marcia Gay Harden Mia Grey Rita Ora Jason Taylor Max Martini Carrick Grey Andrew Airlie Carla May Wilks Jennifer Ehle Jennifer Ehle Unrated Edition only Jennifer Ehle Bob Adams Dylan Neal Dylan Neal Unrated Edition only Dylan Neal Raymond Steele Callum Keith Rennie Callum Keith Rennie Jack Hyde Eric Johnson Jerry Roach Bruce Altman Ros Bailey Robinne Lee Elizabeth Morgan Amy Price - Francis Gail Jones Fay Masterson Elena Lincoln ( Mrs. Robinson ) Kim Basinger Kim Basinger Unrated Edition only Leila Williams Bella Heathcote Gia Matteo Arielle Kebbel Luke Sawyer Brant Daugherty Boyce Fox Tyler Hoechlin Crew ( edit ) Occupation Films Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Director Sam Taylor - Johnson James Foley Producer ( s ) Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Marcus Viscidi Writer ( s ) Kelly Marcel Niall Leonard Composer Danny Elfman Director of photography Seamus McGarvey John Schwartzman Editor ( s ) Anne V. Coates Lisa Gunning Debra Neil - Fisher Richard Francis - Bruce Richard Francis - Bruce Debra Neil - Fisher David Clark Production Companies Michael De Luca Productions Michael De Luca Productions Perfect World Pictures Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Runtime ( Unrated ) 128 minutes 131 minutes 110 minutes Release Date February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) Reception ( edit ) Further information on the reception of each film : Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) § Reception , Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) § Reception , and Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) § Reception With a comined worldwide gross over $1.3 billion , the franchise is the fourth biggest R - rated franchise ever , behind only The Matrix ( $1.6 billion over three films ) , The Hangover ( $1.4 billion over three films ) and Alien ( $1.328 billion not counting the PG - 13 Alien vs. Predator ) . Box office ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Budget Reference Opening weekend ( North America ) North America Other territories Worldwide Fifty Shades of Grey February 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) $85,171,450 $166,167,230 $404,838,898 $571,006,128 $40 million Fifty Shades Darker February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) $46,607,250 $114,434,010 $266,547,533 $380,981,543 $55 million Fifty Shades Freed February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) $38,806,000 $100,407,760 $270,217,873 $370,625,633 $55 million Total $ 7008381009000000000 ♠ 381,009,000 $ 7008941604304000000 ♠ 941,604,304 $ 7009132261330400000 ♠ 1,322,613,304 $150 million Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Fifty Shades of Grey 25 % ( 266 reviews ) 46 ( 46 critics ) C+ Fifty Shades Darker 11 % ( 179 reviews ) 33 ( 39 critics ) B+ Fifty Shades Freed 12 % ( 160 reviews ) 31 ( 43 critics ) B+ Average 16 % 37 Accolades ( edit ) Awards Fifty Shades of Grey Award Recipients and nominees Result Ref Academy Awards Best Original Song Belly , Stephan Moccio , Jason Quenneville , and The Weeknd for `` Earned It '' Nominated Brit Awards British Single of the Year Ellie Goulding for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Tove Lo , Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Michael De Luca , Dana Brunetti , E.L. James Won Worst Director Sam Taylor - Johnson Nominated Worst Actor Jamie Dornan Won Worst Actress Dakota Johnson Won Worst Screen Combo Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson Won Worst Screenplay Kelly Marcel Won Grammy Awards Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media Fifty Shades of Grey : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Nominated Best Song Written for Visual Media Savan Kotecha , Max Martin , Tove Lo , Ali Payami and Ilya Salmanzadeh for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Ahmad Balshe , Stephan Moccio , Jason Queenneville and Abel Tesfaye for `` Earned It '' Nominated Best R&B Song Nominated Best Pop Solo Performance Ellie Goulding for `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Best R&B Performance The Weeknd for `` Earned It '' Won MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Performance Dakota Johnson Nominated Best Kiss Jamie Dornan and Dakota Johnson Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Fifty Shades of Grey Nominated Satellite Awards Best Original Song `` Love Me like You Do '' Nominated Fifty Shades Darker Golden Raspberry Awards Worst Picture Michael De Luca , Dana Brunetti , E.L. James , Marcus Viscidi Nominated Worst Prequel , Remake , Rip - off or Sequel Fifty Shades Darker Won Worst Director James Foley Nominated Worst Actor Jamie Dornan Nominated Worst Actress Dakota Johnson Nominated Worst Supporting Actress Kim Basinger Won Worst Screen Combo Any combination of two characters , two sex toys or two sexual positions Nominated Worst Screenplay Niall Leonard Nominated Golden Trailer Awards Best Romance TV Spot Universal Pictures , Trailer Park Nominated Grammy Awards Best Song Written for Visual Media Jack Antonoff , Sam Dew & Taylor Swift for `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' Nominated International Online Cinema Awards Best Original Song Jack Antonoff , Sam Dew & Taylor Swift for `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' Nominated Satellite Awards Best Original Song `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schumann , Rebecka ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React To ' Fifty Shades Darker ' And ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement '' . IBTimes . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie : 6 Things We Know About The ' 50 Shades Of Grey ' Sequel So Far '' . International Business Times . 16 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Taylor - Johnson Will Not Direct ' Fifty Shades Darker ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Fifty Shades ' Sequels , ' Furious 8 ′ ; ' Pacific Rim 2 ′ , ' Mummy ' Moved Back -- CinemaCon Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Wahlberg Talks Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Yahoo ! Movies . June 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Deahl , Rachel ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Publishers Weekly : British Erotica Series Catches Hollywood 's Eye '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades makes EL James top - earning author '' . BBC News . 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Niall Leonard , Husband Of ' Fifty Shades ' Author , Writing Sequel '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` James Foley Frontrunner To Direct ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Sequel For Universal '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Movie Hires Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back to Back , James Foley to Direct Both ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' Casting : Shailene Woodley and Other Surprise Names That Passed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( September 2 , 2013 ) . `` Dakota Johnson , Charlie Hunnam to Star in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Fans petition `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' casting , producer defends choices `` . CBS News . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Ehle Joining ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' As Anastasia Steele 's Mother '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Casts ' How to Make It in America ' Star Victor Rasuk as Jose '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' : Eloise Mumford Tapped to Play Anastasia Steele 's Roommate '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Shades of Grey : Rita Ora cast as Jamie Dornan 's sister '' . Daily Telegraph . December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys Kit ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Adds Marcia Gay Harden as Christian Grey 's Mother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Kim Basinger to Play Christian Grey 's Former Lover in ' Fifty Shades Darker ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds Bella Heathcote as Christian Grey 's Ex '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds ' The Knick 's ' Eric Johnson as Christian Grey 's Rival ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Knick ' Actor Eric Johnson Joins ' Fifty Shades Darker ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds Robinne Lee and Fay Masterson '' . Variety . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( February 20 , 2016 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Signs On For ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Sawyer Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heigl , Alex ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Starts Filming '' . People . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crawley , Joanna ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Photos : Jamie Dornan And Dakota Johnson Start Shooting Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie '' . Entertainmentwise , com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christine ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' filming location updates from Vancouver '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns Bentall 5 Tower into Grey House '' . Yvrshoots.com . December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Set : ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Turns University of British Columbia into Washington State University , Vancouver '' . Yvrshoots . December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Susan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` # FiftyShades of Grey filming in the Hotel Vancouver today '' . TwitPic . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Movie Cast Shoots Charlie Tango , Clayton 's Hardware Store Scenes ( PHOTOS ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey begins filming in Vancouver 's Gastown '' . Vancouver Sun . December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Returns as Christian Grey ( With the Silk Tie ! ) for Fifty Shades of Grey Reshoots '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ? , Christine ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey 2 ′ begins filming in Vancouver in June '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rhonda Richford ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' to Shoot in Paris as Filming Rebounds After Attacks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie 2016 Production Schedule , Location And Possible Smaller Budget Revealed '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Starts Filming After Delay Getting ' 50 Shades Of Grey ' Sequel To Screens ? '' . Fashion & Style . January 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 4 / 15 / 16 : Idris Elba Starts Shooting ' The Dark Tower ' , James Cameron Rolls Cameras on ' Avatar 2 ' , ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Finishes Production '' . SsnInsider.com. April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : Hugh Jackman 's ' Greatest Showman ' Is Still Leggier Than ' Titanic ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Darker Reviews '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed Reviews '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars 2016 : Complete List of Nominees '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2016 winners : Full list '' . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ; Yahr , Emily ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Globes nominations 2016 : Complete list '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.razzies.com/history/2016/2016-noms-press-release.html Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' , ' Fifty Shades ' Songs Score Multiple Grammy Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Author Jamie Lovett @ JamieLovett ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Deadpool , Avengers , And Star Wars Nominated For MTV Movie Awards '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2016 Nominees Announced ; ' Avengers : Age of Ultron , ' ' Jurassic World , ' ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Lead Film Nominations '' . Realty Today . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Song - Categories - International Press Academy '' . Satellite Awards . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RAZZIE AWARD NOMINATIONS ANNOUNCED '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GTA18 Nominees ( 2017 ) '' . Golden Trailer Awards . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` See The Full List Of 60th GRAMMY Nominees '' . Grammy Award . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Online Cinema Awards ( INOCA ) ( 2017 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2017 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fifty Shades ( franchise ) . Fifty Shades by E.L. 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The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_(film_series)&oldid=866389779 '' Categories : English - language films American film series BDSM in films Erotic drama films Erotic romance films Fifty Shades Films based on British novels Films set in Seattle Focus Features films Universal Pictures films Works based on Twilight series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 01 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the sequel of fifty shades of grey | [
"The first film, Fifty Shades of Grey, was released on February 13, 2015, while the second, Fifty Shades Darker, was released on February 10, 2017.[5] Fifty Shades Freed, the third film, was released on February 9, 2018.[5] Worldwide, the series has grossed over $1.320 billion, making it the fourth highest-grossing R-rated franchise of all-time.\n"
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3140972739012711701 | 2018 Tour de France | 2018 Tour de France - wikipedia 2018 Tour de France 2018 Tour de France 2018 UCI World Tour , race 25 of 37 Route of the 2018 Tour de France Race details Dates 7 -- 29 July Stages 21 Distance 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) Winning time 83h 17 ' 13 '' Results Winner Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) ( Team Sky ) Second Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) ( Team Sunweb ) Third Chris Froome ( GBR ) ( Team Sky ) Points Peter Sagan ( SVK ) ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) Mountains Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) ( Quick - Step Floors ) Youth Pierre Latour ( FRA ) ( AG2R La Mondiale ) Combativity Dan Martin ( IRL ) ( UAE Team Emirates ) Team Movistar Team ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 Tour de France was the 105th edition of the Tour de France , one of cycling 's three Grand Tours . The 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) race started from Noirmoutier - en - l'Île , in the Vendée department , on 7 July and concluded with the Champs - Élysées stage in Paris , on 29 July . A total of 176 riders across 22 teams were participating in the 21 - stage race . The Tour was the shortest of the millennium and was the fifth time a tour had set out from Vendée . The race was won for the first time by Geraint Thomas of Team Sky . Tom Dumoulin ( Team Sunweb ) placed second , with Thomas ' teammate and four - time Tour champion Chris Froome coming third . The opening stage was won by Fernando Gaviria of Quick - Step Floors , who became the Tour 's first rider to wear the general classification leader 's yellow jersey . Peter Sagan ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) then took the race lead the following stage . BMC Racing Team won stage three 's team time trial , putting their rider Greg Van Avermaet in yellow . He held the jersey for eight days until the second high mountain stage , where stage winner Thomas took the lead . He held it for the rest of the race to become the first Welshman to win the overall race . As a result , Team Sky -- and additionally British riders -- won six of the previous seven Tours dating back to 2012 . Sagan won the points classification for the sixth time , Julian Alaphilippe ( Quick - Step Floors ) won the mountains classification , and Pierre Latour of AG2R La Mondiale won the young rider classification . Movistar Team won the team classification , and UAE Team Emirates rider Dan Martin was named the most combative for the entire race . Contents 1 Teams 2 Pre-race favourites 2.1 Froome 2.2 Others 3 Route and stages 4 Race overview 5 Classification leadership 6 Final standings 6.1 General classification 6.2 Points classification 6.3 Mountains classification 6.4 Young rider classification 6.5 Team classification 7 See also 8 Notes and references 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 References 8.3 Sources 9 External links Teams ( edit ) Main article : List of teams and cyclists in the 2018 Tour de France The Place Napoléon ( fr ) square in La Roche - sur - Yon , hosted the team presentation ceremony on 5 July . The 18 UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited to the race . On 6 January 2018 , organisers of the Tour , the Amaury Sport Organisation ( ASO ) , announced the four second - tier UCI Professional Continental teams that received a wildcard invitation to participate in the event . The four teams were Cofidis , Direct Énergie , Fortuneo -- Samsic , from France and Belgium 's Wanty -- Groupe Gobert , all of which have participated in the race before . This meant that new French team Vital Concept , with their team leader , sprinter Bryan Coquard , missed out on the race . Christian Prudhomme wished the team the best in their inaugural season . The presentation of the teams -- where the members of each team 's roster are introduced in front of the media and local dignitaries -- took place on Place Napoleon ( fr ) in the town of La Roche - sur - Yon on 5 July , two days before the opening stage . New rules by the cycling 's governing body , the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) reduced the number of riders per team for Grand Tours from 9 to 8 , resulting in a start list total of 176 , instead of the usual 198 . Of these , 35 competed in their first Tour de France . The total number of riders that finished the race was 145 . The riders came from 30 countries . Seven countries had more than 10 riders in the race : France ( 35 ) , Belgium ( 19 ) , the Netherlands ( 13 ) , Italy ( 13 ) , Australia ( 11 ) , Germany ( 11 ) and Spain ( 11 ) . The average age of riders in the race was 29.37 years , ranging from the 21 - year - old Egan Bernal ( Team Sky ) to the 40 - year - old Franco Pellizotti ( Bahrain -- Merida ) . Groupama -- FDJ had the youngest average age while Bahrain -- Merida had the oldest . The teams entering the race were : UCI WorldTeams AG2R La Mondiale Astana Bahrain -- Merida BMC Racing Team Bora -- Hansgrohe EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale Team Dimension Data Groupama -- FDJ Team Katusha -- Alpecin LottoNL -- Jumbo Lotto -- Soudal Movistar Team Mitchelton -- Scott Quick - Step Floors Team Sky Team Sunweb Trek -- Segafredo UAE Team Emirates UCI Professional Continental teams Cofidis Direct Énergie Fortuneo -- Samsic Wanty -- Groupe Gobert Pre-race favourites ( edit ) Froome ( edit ) Defending champion Chris Froome ( pictured at the 2017 Tour de France ) had been considered the favourite for the general classification . Defending champion Chris Froome ( Team Sky ) had generally been considered the main favourite for the general classification . He had won four out of the last five editions , and was also the current defending champion at both other Grand Tours , the Vuelta a España and the Giro d'Italia . However , Froome 's participation was cast into doubt when he returned a urine sample at the 2017 Vuelta a España , which contained twice the allowed amount of the asthma drug salbutamol . This was considered not as a positive doping result , but as an `` Adverse Analytical Finding '' ( AAF ) , meaning that he was allowed to continue racing until the case was resolved . He did however face the possibility of losing his Vuelta victory and all subsequent results . The ASO were unhappy with the situation , which was very similar to that of Alberto Contador , who started the 2011 Tour with his case over a positive test for clenbuterol still unresolved . The UCI conducted an investigation into the AAF , which was still unresolved at the time that Froome won the 2018 Giro d'Italia . With an outcome before the start of the Tour unlikely , the ASO attempted to bar Froome from starting the race , citing article 28 of the race 's rules , saying that the organiser `` expressly reserves the right to refuse participation in -- or to exclude from -- the event , a team or any of its members whose presence would be such as to damage the image or reputation of ASO or the event '' . Froome was cleared by the UCI on 2 July 2018 , with a press statement reading that the authorities had found sufficient evidence `` that Mr Froome 's sample results do not constitute an AAF '' . He was thereafter cleared to start the Tour by the ASO as well . Others ( edit ) The closest rivals of Froome were thought to be Richie Porte ( BMC Racing Team ) , Nairo Quintana , Mikel Landa ( both of Movistar Team ) , Tom Dumoulin ( Team Sunweb ) , and Vincenzo Nibali ( Bahrain -- Merida ) . The other riders considered contenders for the general classification were Geraint Thomas ( Team Sky ) , Romain Bardet ( AG2R La Mondiale ) , Primož Roglič ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) , Adam Yates ( Mitchelton -- BikeExchange ) , Jakob Fuglsang ( Astana ) , Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) , Rigoberto Urán ( EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale ) , Dan Martin ( UAE Team Emirates ) , Bob Jungels ( Quick - Step Floors ) and Ilnur Zakarin ( Team Katusha -- Alpecin ) . The sprinters considered favourites for the points classification and wins on the flat or hilly bunch sprint finishes were Peter Sagan ( Bora -- Hansgrohe ) , Fernando Gaviria ( Quick - Step Floors ) , Dylan Groenewegen ( LottoNL -- Jumbo ) , Arnaud Démare ( Groupama -- FDJ ) , Marcel Kittel ( Team Katusha -- Alpecin ) , Michael Matthews ( Team Sunweb ) , Mark Cavendish ( Team Dimension Data ) , André Greipel ( Lotto -- Soudal ) , Alexander Kristoff ( UAE Team Emirates ) , Sonny Colbrelli ( Bahrain -- Merida ) and John Degenkolb ( Trek -- Segafredo ) . Route and stages ( edit ) The highest point of elevation in the race was the Col de Portet Pyrenean pass , at 2,215 m ( 7,267 ft ) . It was used for the first time in the Tour de France . On 12 February 2017 at a rugby union match between France and Scotland at the Stade de France , the Tour 's race director Christian Prudhomme announced the start of the 2018 Tour ( known as the Grand Départ ) would be in the Vendée department , in the Pays de la Loire region . The departments in the Pays de la Loire region hosted the Tour de France in its first edition back in 1903 . Since then , the cities and towns of the Pays de la Loire region have welcomed the Grand Départ of the Tour de France nine times , five of which have set out from the Vendée . The last time the region hosted the Tour was in 2011 . Two weeks after the announcement , the ASO revealed that the Grand Départ would take place over three stages , with the third a team time trial . In June 2017 , the UCI 's Professional Cycling Council ( PCC ) moved the start of the Tour a week later than usual and originally planned due to a clash with the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The full route was announced on 17 October 2017 ; it was almost completely within France , with short deviations into Spain in the Pyrenees were the only exceptions . It would feature two of the Tour 's most historic climbs , Alpe d'Huez and the Col de Tourmalet , which last featured in 2015 and 2016 respectively . For the first time in 60 to 70 years , it included a section of unpaved roads on the Glières Plateau . Of the route , Mark Cavendish labelled it `` absolutely brutal '' . There were 21 stages in the race , covering a total distance of 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) , the shortest of the 21st century . The race also included 21.7 km ( 13.5 mi ) of cobblestones ( or pavés ) in stage 9 , which were last featured in 2015 . In the first week of the race , two laps of the short , but steep , Mûr - de-Bretagne were included . Stage characteristics and winners Stage Date Course Distance Stage type Winner 7 July Noirmoutier - en - l'Île to Fontenay - le - Comte 201 km ( 125 mi ) Flat Fernando Gaviria ( COL ) 8 July Mouilleron - Saint - Germain to La Roche - sur - Yon 182.5 km ( 113 mi ) Flat Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 9 July Cholet to Cholet 35.5 km ( 22 mi ) Team time trial BMC Racing Team 10 July La Baule to Sarzeau 195 km ( 121 mi ) Flat Fernando Gaviria ( COL ) 5 11 July Lorient to Quimper 204.5 km ( 127 mi ) Medium mountain Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 6 12 July Brest to Mûr - de-Bretagne 181 km ( 112 mi ) Medium mountain Dan Martin ( IRL ) 7 13 July Fougères to Chartres 231 km ( 144 mi ) Flat Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) 8 14 July Dreux to Amiens 181 km ( 112 mi ) Flat Dylan Groenewegen ( NED ) 9 15 July Arras to Roubaix 156.5 km ( 97 mi ) Medium mountain John Degenkolb ( GER ) 16 July Annecy Rest day 10 17 July Annecy to Le Grand - Bornand 158.5 km ( 98 mi ) High mountain Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) 11 18 July Albertville to La Rosière 108.5 km ( 67 mi ) High mountain Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) 12 19 July Bourg - Saint - Maurice to Alpe d'Huez 175.5 km ( 109 mi ) High mountain Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) 13 20 July Le Bourg - d'Oisans to Valence 169.5 km ( 105 mi ) Flat Peter Sagan ( SVK ) 14 21 July Saint - Paul - Trois - Châteaux to Mende 188 km ( 117 mi ) Medium mountain Omar Fraile ( ESP ) 15 22 July Millau to Carcassonne 181.5 km ( 113 mi ) Medium mountain Magnus Cort Nielsen ( DNK ) 23 July Carcassonne Rest day 16 24 July Carcassonne to Bagnères - de-Luchon 218 km ( 135 mi ) High mountain Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) 17 25 July Bagnères - de-Luchon to Saint - Lary - Soulan ( Col de Portet ) 65 km ( 40 mi ) High mountain Nairo Quintana ( COL ) 18 26 July Trie - sur - Baïse to Pau 171 km ( 106 mi ) Flat Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) 19 27 July Lourdes to Laruns 200.5 km ( 125 mi ) High mountain Primož Roglič ( SLO ) 20 28 July Saint - Pée - sur - Nivelle to Espelette 31 km ( 19 mi ) Individual time trial Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) 21 29 July Houilles to Paris ( Champs - Élysées ) 116 km ( 72 mi ) Flat Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) Total 3,351 km ( 2,082 mi ) Race overview ( edit ) Main articles : 2018 Tour de France , Stage 1 to Stage 11 and 2018 Tour de France , Stage 12 to Stage 21 The peloton during the finale of the sixth stage Stage one 's bunch sprint was won by Tour debutant Fernando Gaviria , with Peter Sagan coming in second and Marcel Kittel in third . Gaviria took the yellow and green jerseys as the leader of the general and points classifications respectively . Kévin Ledanois ( Fortuneo -- Samsic ) took the first polka dot jersey as the leader of the mountains classification . Sagan won stage two from a sprint to take the yellow and green jerseys , with Dion Smith of Wanty -- Groupe Gobert claiming the polka . Stage three 's team time trial was won by BMC Racing Team whose riders Tejay van Garderen and Greg Van Avermaet became tied for the overall lead , with Van Avermaet moving into yellow for the second time in his career due to him crossing the finish line ahead of Van Garderen in the first two stages being as there was not yet an individual time trial to measure their times down to the 1000th of a second . Stage four was won by Gaviria from a bunch sprint . Sagan further extend his lead in the points competition by winning stage five . Also in stage five , Toms Skujiņš of Trek -- Segafredo won the mountains points which gave him the polka . Skujins became the first rider from Latvia to ever lead the mountains classification . Stage six was a sprint that Sagan and John Degenkolb raced for , seeing as virtually all of the top sprinters finished close to fifteen minutes behind the general classification contenders . Team Sky , BMC Racing Team , and Movistar Team controlled the peloton , where Geraint Thomas reeled in the final breakaway rider and won the three second time bonus sprint that put him back only three seconds behind Van Avermaet in the general classification . With only about a kilometre to go Dan Martin attacked and was able to stay away and win the stage one second ahead of the bulk of the general classification contenders . Romain Bardet and Tom Dumoulin suffered mechanical issues late in the stage which made them lose time . Stage seven was the longest stage . At the start of stage seven , Van Avermaet remained in the yellow jersey with Thomas in second at three seconds behind . The stage was won by Dylan Groenewegen . There were multiple crashes in the first week of the tour and after stage seven , six riders had abandoned the race for various reasons including the promising young Belgian Tiesj Benoot ( Lotto -- Soudal ) , Luis León Sánchez ( Astana ) , and the green jersey winner of the 2017 Tour Michael Matthews . This marked the end of the first week of the tour . Greg Van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) wearing the race leader 's yellow on one of stage nine 's pavé sectors . He held the jersey from stage three to ten . Groenewegen then won his second sprint stage in a row . Notably , Greipel and Gaviria were penalized for headbutting each other and lost their placing and green jersey points . Martin lost more than a minute after being involved in a crash during the stage . Van Avermaet improved his lead in the general classification after earning a single second in the bonus sprint . Stage nine was the cobblestone stage that was a bad day for numerous sprinters and general classification riders . Richie Porte abandoned after a crash for the second year in a row . Egan Bernal , Jakob Fuglsang , Chris Froome , and Mikel Landa crashed as did many other riders ; many riders had flat tires as well , including Bardet who got three of them . Meanwhile , Yves Lampaert ( Quick - Step Floors ) , Degenkolb , and Van Avermaet survived the carnage going on around them to escape the remaining peloton and cross the finish together with Degenkolb winning his first Tour stage , as Van Avermaet gained time as well as another time bonus to extend his lead in the yellow jersey . The following day was the Tour 's first rest day . The first stage at high altitude and first in the Alps , the tenth , was won by Quick - Step Floors rider Julian Alaphilippe from a large breakaway that included race leader Van Avermaet . Eventually , Alaphillipe attacked and won his first Tour stage while Van Avermaet retained his yellow jersey and extended his lead to nearly two and a half minutes , when many people thought he would not be retaining it . Alaphillipe also took the mountains classification . Thomas achieved back - to - back summit finish wins both from the group of favourites on stages eleven and twelve by pushing the breakaway riders until the very end . In the steep finish of the eleventh , Thomas attacked in the final kilometre and passed lone breakaway rider Mikel Nieve ( Mitchelton -- Scott ) to take the win . He won stage twelve from a sprint on flat finish atop Alpe d'Huez . Dumoulin and Froome arose as the likely contenders in Paris . Sagan won stage thirteen after coming out of nowhere while Kristoff and Arnaud Démare ( Groupama -- FDJ ) dueled it out . In stage fourteen , Omar Fraile of Astana came out of the breakaway and remarkably opened a twenty - minute gap to the main peloton with the yellow jersey contenders . After the Alps , it was basically down to three riders in contention , Thomas , Froome , and Dumoulin . There were many withdrawals after the Alps after names like Kittel , Mark Cavendish , Rigoberto Uran , Gaviria , Groenewegen , and Andre Griepel withdrew for various reasons . Vincenzo Nibali was forced to withdraw after fracturing a vertebrae in his back after being involved in an accident with a spectator near the summit of Alpe d'huez . Smoke from flares and animosity towards Froome were a factor and better security was called for by many people for the final week . Tom Dumoulin of Team Sunweb ( left ) placed second to Team Sky 's Geraint Thomas ( right ) ( pictured on stage nineteen ) in the final general classification . Stage fifteen , the start of the final week , was once again a breakaway victory . Magnus Cort took Astana 's second win in two days as there were no major changes overall . The next day was the second rest day of the race . Stage sixteen had a further incident when the police used tear gas against a protest by local farmers who had placed hay bales on the road . As the riders passed that point , there was still gas in the air . The race was neutralized for about fifteen minutes because several riders had problems with their eyes and had to rinse them . After the restart , a large breakaway escaped and Philippe Gilbert ( Quick - Step Floors ) , while in the lead on a descent , lost control of his bike and smashed into and over the wall . Later , Adam Yates , having taken the lead , fell on the final descent and handed the position and win to Alaphilippe , giving him his second stage win of the tour . On the first of the three Pyrenan stages , seventeen , Froome 's challenge faded on the approach to the summit of the Col de Portet and he dropped to third position in the general classification , 2 : 31 behind Thomas . Dumoulin moved into second place , 1 : 59 off the lead . Nairo Quintana won the stage after attacking at the bottom of the final climb , moving himself up to fifth overall , behind Primož Roglič . The flat stage eighteen was won by Demare from a sprint finish ; by now most of the top sprint had now left the race and Sagan was suffering with injury . On the mountainous stage nineteen from Lourdes to Laruns , Roglič attacked on the final climb , the Col d'Aubisque , and soloed to the finish nineteen seconds ahead of the chasing group of overall favourites . Thomas was able to consolidate his position in the yellow jersey by picking up six bonus seconds in the sprint thereby extending his lead over Dumoulin to 2 min 5 s . The penultimate stage was a 31 km ( 19.3 mi ) time trial , Dumoulin won the stage , one second ahead of Froome . Thomas survived a scare when his back wheel locked , but completed the time trial successfully , finishing fourteen seconds behind Dumoulin taking a lead of 1 min 51 s into the final stage . The stage was won by Kristoff in a bunch sprint on the Champs - Élysées in Paris . Classification leadership ( edit ) Four main individual classifications were contested in the 2018 Tour de France , as well as a team competition . The most important was the general classification , calculated by adding each rider 's finishing times on each stage . Time bonuses were awarded at the end of every stage apart from the time trial stages . The first three riders would get 10 , 6 , and 4 seconds , respectively . Time bonuses of three , two and one seconds , would be given to the first three riders to cross a `` bonus point '' in each of the first nine mass - start stages of the race . It would affect the general classification , but not the points . For crashes within the final 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) of a stage , not including time trials and summit finishes , any rider involved would receive the same time as the group he was in when the crash occurred . The rider with the lowest cumulative time would be the winner of the general classification and the overall winner of the Tour . The rider leading the classification would wear a yellow jersey . Points classification points for the top 15 positions by type Type 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Flat stage 50 30 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 7 6 5 Medium mountain stage 30 25 22 19 17 15 13 11 9 High mountain stage 20 17 15 13 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 Individual time trial Intermediate sprint The second classification was the points classification . Riders received points for finishing among the highest placed in a stage finish , or in intermediate sprints during the stage . The points available for each stage finish were determined by the stage 's type . The leader was identified by a green jersey . The third classification was the mountains classification . Points were awarded to the riders that reached the summit of the most difficult climbs first . The climbs were categorized , in order of increasing difficulty , as fourth - , third - , second - , and first - category and hors catégorie ( read : `` beyond category '' ) . Double points were awarded at the top of the last mountains in the three mountain stages in the Pyrenees ( 16 , 17 and 19 ) . The leader wore a white jersey with red polka dots . The final individual classification was the young rider classification . This was calculated the same way as the general classification , but was restricted to riders born on or after 1 January 1993 . The leader wears a white jersey . The final classification was a team classification . This was calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage ; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time . The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie . The riders in the team that lead this classification are identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys and yellow helmets . In addition , there was a combativity award given after each stage to the rider considered , by a jury , to have `` made the greatest effort and who demonstrated the best qualities of sportsmanship '' . No combativity awards are given for the time trials and the final stage . The winner wore a red number bib the following stage . At the conclusion of the Tour , a rider would win the overall super-combativity award which was , again , awarded by a jury . A total of € 2,287,750 was awarded in cash prizes in the race . The overall winner of the general classification received € 500,000 , with the second and third placed riders getting € 200,000 and € 100,000 respectively . All finishers in the top 160 were awarded money . The holders of the classifications would benefit on each stage they led ; the final winners of the points and mountains would be given € 25,000 , while the best young rider and most combative rider would get € 20,000 . The team classification winners was given € 50,000 . € 11,000 was given to the winners of each stage of the race , with smaller amounts given to places 2 -- 20 . There were also two special awards each with a prize of € 5000 . The Souvenir Henri Desgrange , given to first rider to pass the summit of the highest climb in the Tour , the Col du Portet on stage seventeen , and the Souvenir Jacques Goddet , given to the first rider to pass Goddet 's memorial at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet in stage nineteen . Nairo Quintana won the Henri Desgrange and Julian Alaphilippe won the Jacques Goddet . Classification leadership by stage Stage Winner General classification Points classification Mountains classification Young rider classification Team classification Combativity award Fernando Gaviria Fernando Gaviria Fernando Gaviria Kévin Ledanois Fernando Gaviria Quick - Step Floors Yoann Offredo Peter Sagan Peter Sagan Peter Sagan Dion Smith Sylvain Chavanel BMC Racing Team Greg Van Avermaet Søren Kragh Andersen No award Fernando Gaviria Jérôme Cousin 5 Peter Sagan Toms Skujiņš Toms Skujiņš 6 Daniel Martin Damien Gaudin 7 Dylan Groenewegen Laurent Pichon 8 Dylan Groenewegen Fabien Grellier 9 John Degenkolb Damien Gaudin 10 Julian Alaphilippe Julian Alaphilippe Pierre Latour Movistar Team Greg Van Avermaet 11 Geraint Thomas Geraint Thomas Alejandro Valverde 12 Geraint Thomas Steven Kruijswijk 13 Peter Sagan Michael Schär 14 Omar Fraile Jasper Stuyven 15 Magnus Cort Nielsen Rafał Majka 16 Julian Alaphilippe Bahrain -- Merida Philippe Gilbert 17 Nairo Quintana Movistar Team Tanel Kangert 18 Arnaud Démare Luke Durbridge 19 Primož Roglič Mikel Landa 20 Tom Dumoulin No award 21 Alexander Kristoff Final Geraint Thomas Peter Sagan Julian Alaphilippe Pierre Latour Movistar Team Dan Martin In stage two , Marcel Kittel , who was third in the points classification , wore the green jersey , because first placed Fernando Gaviria wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification and Peter Sagan , who was second in the points classification , wore the rainbow jersey of the world champion . In stage two , Dylan Groenewegen , who was second in the best young rider classification , wore the white jersey , because first placed Fernando Gaviria wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification . In stage three , Alexander Kristoff , who was third in the points classification , wore the green jersey , because first placed Peter Sagan wore the yellow jersey as leader of the general classification , and second placed Fernando Gaviria wore the white jersey as leader of the young rider classification . In stage seventeen Philippe Gilbert did not start , so no rider wore the red bib as the most combative rider of previous stage . Final standings ( edit ) Legend Denotes the winner of the general classification Denotes the winner of the mountains classification Denotes the winner of the points classification Denotes the winner of the young rider classification Denotes the winner of the team classification Denotes the winner of the combativity award General classification ( edit ) Final general classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Time Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 83h 17 ' 13 '' Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 1 ' 51 '' Chris Froome ( GBR ) Team Sky + 2 ' 24 '' Primož Roglič ( SVN ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 3 ' 22 '' 5 Steven Kruijswijk ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 6 ' 08 '' 6 Romain Bardet ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 6 ' 57 '' 7 Mikel Landa ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 7 ' 37 '' 8 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates + 9 ' 05 '' 9 Ilnur Zakarin ( RUS ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 12 ' 37 '' 10 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team + 14 ' 18 '' show Final general classification ( 11 -- 145 ) Rank Rider Team Time 11 Bob Jungels ( LUX ) Quick - Step Floors + 16 ' 32 '' 12 Jakob Fuglsang ( DEN ) Astana + 19 ' 46 '' 13 Pierre Latour ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale + 22 ' 13 '' 14 Alejandro Valverde ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 27 ' 26 '' 15 Egan Bernal ( COL ) Team Sky + 27 ' 52 '' 16 Tanel Kangert ( EST ) Astana + 34 ' 52 '' 17 Warren Barguil ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 37 ' 06 '' 18 Domenico Pozzovivo ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 39 ' 08 '' 19 Rafał Majka ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 39 ' 57 '' 20 Damiano Caruso ( ITA ) BMC Racing Team + 42 ' 31 '' 21 Guillaume Martin ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 44 ' 39 '' 22 Ion Izagirre ( ESP ) Bahrain -- Merida + 46 ' 36 '' 23 Mikel Nieve ( ESP ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 49 ' 19 '' 24 Gorka Izagirre ( ESP ) Bahrain -- Merida + 50 ' 02 '' 25 Simon Geschke ( GER ) Team Sunweb + 50 ' 15 '' 26 Bauke Mollema ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo + 1h 06 ' 33 '' 27 Pierre Rolland ( FRA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 1h 09 ' 09 '' 28 Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 10 ' 14 '' 29 Adam Yates ( GBR ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 1h 17 ' 35 '' 30 Lilian Calmejane ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 18 ' 09 '' 31 Robert Gesink ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 21 ' 13 '' 32 Tejay van Garderen ( USA ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 23 ' 05 '' 33 Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors + 1h 28 ' 08 '' 34 David Gaudu ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 30 ' 01 '' 35 Julien Bernard ( FRA ) Trek -- Segafredo + 1h 34 ' 12 '' 36 Daniel Felipe Martínez ( COL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 1h 38 ' 38 '' 37 Antwan Tolhoek ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 39 ' 01 '' 38 Rudy Molard ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 47 ' 36 '' 39 Sylvain Chavanel ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 1h 47 ' 47 '' 40 Kristijan Đurasek ( CRO ) UAE Team Emirates + 1h 48 ' 06 '' 41 Arthur Vichot ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 51 ' 19 '' 42 Maxime Bouet ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 1h 58 ' 08 '' 43 Nicolas Edet ( FRA ) Cofidis + 1h 58 ' 54 '' 44 Michael Valgren ( DEN ) Astana + 1h 59 ' 20 '' 45 Daniel Navarro ( ESP ) Cofidis + 2h 00 ' 32 '' 46 Daryl Impey ( RSA ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 2h 00 ' 53 '' 47 Jesús Herrada ( ESP ) Cofidis + 2h 01 ' 52 '' 48 Amaël Moinard ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 2h 03 ' 20 '' 49 Michał Kwiatkowski ( POL ) Team Sky + 2h 05 ' 29 '' 50 Andrey Amador ( CRC ) Movistar Team + 2h 05 ' 38 '' 51 Laurens ten Dam ( NED ) Team Sunweb + 2h 06 ' 22 '' 52 Søren Kragh Andersen ( DEN ) Team Sunweb + 2h 06 ' 23 '' 53 Stefan Küng ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 2h 07 ' 14 '' 54 Thomas Degand ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 2h 09 ' 54 '' 55 Mathias Frank ( SUI ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 10 ' 29 '' 56 Jesper Hansen ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 33 '' 57 Omar Fraile ( ESP ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 59 '' 58 Wout Poels ( NED ) Team Sky + 2h 13 ' 23 '' 59 Tom - Jelte Slagter ( NED ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 13 ' 58 '' 60 Franco Pellizotti ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 2h 17 ' 32 '' 61 Pavel Kochetkov ( RUS ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 2h 17 ' 52 '' 62 Marc Soler ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 2h 18 ' 51 '' 63 Jasper Stuyven ( BEL ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 20 ' 24 '' 64 Marco Minnaard ( NED ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 2h 20 ' 31 '' 65 Thomas De Gendt ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 2h 24 ' 41 '' 66 Oliver Naesen ( BEL ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 29 ' 36 '' 67 Nikias Arndt ( GER ) Team Sunweb + 2h 32 ' 02 '' 68 Magnus Cort ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 32 ' 26 '' 69 Darwin Atapuma ( COL ) UAE Team Emirates + 2h 35 ' 47 '' 70 Jonathan Castroviejo ( ESP ) Team Sky + 2h 36 ' 06 '' 71 Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 2h 38 ' 08 '' 72 Chad Haga ( USA ) Team Sunweb + 2h 39 ' 40 '' 73 Romain Sicard ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 2h 42 ' 53 '' 74 Tobias Ludvigsson ( SWE ) Groupama -- FDJ + 2h 45 ' 40 '' 75 Julien Vermote ( BEL ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 45 ' 57 '' 76 Gregor Mühlberger ( AUT ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 2h 46 ' 13 '' 77 Imanol Erviti ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 2h 47 ' 46 '' 78 Koen de Kort ( NED ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 48 ' 29 '' 79 Ian Boswell ( USA ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 2h 51 ' 47 '' 80 Yves Lampaert ( BEL ) Quick - Step Floors + 2h 52 ' 37 '' 81 Paul Martens ( GER ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 2h 52 ' 46 '' 82 Toms Skujiņš ( LAT ) Trek -- Segafredo + 2h 53 ' 41 '' 83 Silvan Dillier ( SUI ) AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 55 ' 15 '' 84 Edvald Boasson Hagen ( NOR ) Team Dimension Data + 2h 57 ' 00 '' 85 Anthony Perez ( FRA ) Cofidis + 2h 58 ' 56 '' 86 Élie Gesbert ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 00 ' 48 '' 87 Nils Politt ( GER ) Team Katusha -- Alpecin + 3h 00 ' 54 '' 88 Edward Theuns ( BEL ) Team Sunweb + 3h 02 ' 15 '' 89 Thomas Boudat ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 04 ' 07 '' 90 Michael Schär ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 3h 04 ' 14 '' 91 Yoann Offredo ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 04 ' 27 '' 92 Marcus Burghardt ( GER ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 04 ' 48 '' 93 Jérôme Cousin ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 05 ' 34 '' 94 Paweł Poljański ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 07 ' 14 '' 95 Andrea Pasqualon ( ITA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 09 ' 34 '' 96 Kévin Ledanois ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 11 ' 55 '' 97 Dion Smith ( NZL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 12 ' 24 '' 98 Laurent Pichon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 12 ' 46 '' 99 Florian Vachon ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 13 ' 47 '' 100 Simon Clarke ( AUS ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 15 ' 40 '' 101 Julien Simon ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 15 ' 55 '' 102 Kristijan Koren ( SLO ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 16 ' 54 '' 103 Tomasz Marczyński ( POL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 3h 19 ' 10 '' 104 Daniele Bennati ( ITA ) Movistar Team + 3h 19 ' 22 '' 105 Romain Hardy ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic + 3h 19 ' 49 '' 106 Rory Sutherland ( AUS ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 21 ' 22 '' 107 Simon Gerrans ( AUS ) BMC Racing Team + 3h 21 ' 37 '' 108 Mathew Hayman ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 21 ' 55 '' 109 Sonny Colbrelli ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 21 ' 55 '' 110 Reinardt Janse van Rensburg ( RSA ) Team Dimension Data + 3h 24 ' 25 '' 111 John Degenkolb ( GER ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 26 ' 35 '' 112 Daniel Oss ( ITA ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 32 ' 29 '' 113 Michael Gogl ( AUT ) Trek -- Segafredo + 3h 32 ' 54 '' 114 Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 33 ' 33 '' 115 Sep Vanmarcke ( BEL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 34 ' 17 '' 116 Anthony Turgis ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 36 ' 11 '' 117 Michael Hepburn ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 36 ' 30 '' 118 Luke Durbridge ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 37 ' 21 '' 119 Niki Terpstra ( NED ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 37 ' 31 '' 120 Fabien Grellier ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 3h 37 ' 56 '' 121 Jack Bauer ( AUS ) Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 39 ' 02 '' 122 Maciej Bodnar ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 39 ' 20 '' 123 Guillaume Van Keirsbulck ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 40 ' 30 '' 124 Christophe Laporte ( FRA ) Cofidis + 3h 41 ' 55 '' 125 Heinrich Haussler ( AUS ) Bahrain -- Merida + 3h 42 ' 24 '' 126 Marco Marcato ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 42 ' 54 '' 127 Olivier Le Gac ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 3h 49 ' 03 '' 128 Luke Rowe ( GBR ) Team Sky + 3h 50 ' 55 '' 129 Tom Scully ( NZL ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 50 ' 59 '' 130 Dimitri Claeys ( BEL ) Cofidis + 3h 51 ' 15 '' 131 Timothy Dupont ( BEL ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 3h 51 ' 16 '' 132 Lukas Pöstlberger ( AUT ) Bora -- Hansgrohe + 3h 56 ' 53 '' 133 Oliviero Troia ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 3h 57 ' 02 '' 134 Ramon Sinkeldam ( NED ) Groupama -- FDJ + 3h 58 ' 01 '' 135 Maximiliano Richeze ( ARG ) Quick - Step Floors + 3h 58 ' 58 '' 136 Taylor Phinney ( USA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 3h 59 ' 07 '' 137 Timo Roosen ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 01 ' 05 '' 138 Roberto Ferrari ( ITA ) UAE Team Emirates + 4h 01 ' 34 '' 139 Amund Grøndahl Jansen ( NOR ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 4h 02 ' 04 '' 140 Damien Gaudin ( FRA ) Direct Énergie + 4h 02 ' 07 '' 141 Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 4h 08 ' 18 '' 142 Jasper De Buyst ( BEL ) Lotto -- Soudal + 4h 08 ' 54 '' 143 Jay Thomson ( RSA ) Team Dimension Data + 4h 09 ' 49 '' 144 Jacopo Guarnieri ( ITA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 4h 12 ' 29 '' 145 Lawson Craddock ( USA ) EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale + 4h 34 ' 19 '' Points classification ( edit ) Final points classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Points Peter Sagan ( SVK ) Bora -- Hansgrohe 477 Alexander Kristoff ( NOR ) UAE Team Emirates 246 Arnaud Démare ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ 203 John Degenkolb ( GER ) Trek -- Segafredo 178 5 Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors 143 6 Greg Van Avermaet ( BEL ) BMC Racing Team 134 7 Andrea Pasqualon ( ITA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert 115 8 Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 110 9 Sonny Colbrelli ( ITA ) Bahrain -- Merida 104 10 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates 98 Mountains classification ( edit ) Final mountains classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Points Julian Alaphilippe ( FRA ) Quick - Step Floors 170 Warren Barguil ( FRA ) Fortuneo -- Samsic 91 Rafał Majka ( POL ) Bora -- Hansgrohe 76 Geraint Thomas ( GBR ) Team Sky 74 5 Tom Dumoulin ( NED ) Team Sunweb 63 6 Primož Roglič ( SVN ) LottoNL -- Jumbo 56 7 Dan Martin ( IRL ) UAE Team Emirates 41 8 Nairo Quintana ( COL ) Movistar Team 40 9 Tanel Kangert ( EST ) Astana 39 10 Steven Kruijswijk ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo 36 Young rider classification ( edit ) Final young rider classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Rider Team Time Pierre Latour ( FRA ) AG2R La Mondiale 83h 39 ' 26 '' Egan Bernal ( COL ) Team Sky + 5 ' 39 '' Guillaume Martin ( FRA ) Wanty -- Groupe Gobert + 22 ' 05 '' David Gaudu ( FRA ) Groupama -- FDJ + 1h 07 ' 18 '' 5 Daniel Martínez ( COL ) EF Education First -- Drapac + 1h 16 ' 01 '' 6 Antwan Tolhoek ( NED ) LottoNL -- Jumbo + 1h 16 ' 48 '' 7 Søren Kragh Andersen ( DEN ) Team Sunweb + 1h 44 ' 10 '' 8 Stefan Küng ( SUI ) BMC Racing Team + 1h 45 ' 01 '' 9 Marc Soler ( ESP ) Movistar Team + 1h 56 ' 14 '' 10 Magnus Cort ( DEN ) Astana + 2h 10 ' 13 '' Team classification ( edit ) Final team classification ( 1 -- 10 ) Rank Team Time Movistar Team 250h 24 ' 53 '' Bahrain -- Merida + 12 ' 33 '' Team Sky + 31 ' 14 '' LottoNL -- Jumbo + 47 ' 24 '' 5 Astana + 1h 15 ' 32 '' 6 Team Sunweb + 1h 58 ' 54 '' 7 AG2R La Mondiale + 2h 15 ' 49 '' 8 BMC Racing Team + 2h 35 ' 45 '' 9 Quick - Step Floors + 3h 06 ' 17 '' 10 Mitchelton -- Scott + 3h 13 ' 41 '' See also ( edit ) Cycling portal France portal 2018 in men 's road cycling 2018 in sports 2018 La Course by Le Tour de France Notes and references ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The start of the tour was postponed a week in order to reduce overlap with the 2018 FIFA World Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robertshaw , Henry ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` 2018 Tour de France rescheduled to reduce clash with FIFA World Cup '' . Cycling Weekly . TI Media . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Energie , Cofidis , Fortuneo and Wanty receive 2018 Tour de France wild cards '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France wildcard decision explained by Christian Prudhomme '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 6 January 2018 . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France team presentation -- Gallery '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Tour teams to be reduced from nine to eight riders from 2018 '' . Cycling Weekly . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of starters -- Tour de France 2018 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Debutants '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official classifications of Tour de France 2018 -- Stage 21 '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Peloton averages '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Youngest competitors '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Oldest competitors '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 -- Average team age '' . ProCyclingStats . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benson , Daniel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : The essential race preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Froome returns adverse analytical finding for Salbutamol '' . Cyclingnews.com. 13 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Fotheringham , William ( 1 July 2018 ) . `` Similarities of Chris Froome now to Alberto Contador in 2011 are clear '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ASO try to block Chris Froome from racing Tour de France '' . Cyclingnews.com. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UCI statement on anti-doping proceedings involving Mr Christopher Froome '' . uci.org . Union Cycliste Internationale. 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Barry ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` Prudhomme says attempt to bar Chris Froome from Tour de France is now ' obsolete ' '' . Cyclingnews.com . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Dumoulin to ride Tour de France after second place at the Giro d'Italia '' . Cyclist.co.uk . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 start list -- Cycling Weekly '' . Cyclingweekly.com. 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ MacLeary , John ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Who are this year 's favourites and can anybody challenge Chris Froome ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 8 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 21 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Who are the bookmakers backing for victory ? '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Scrivener , Peter ( 5 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Chris Froome , Mark Cavendish , Peter Sagan - all you need to know '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Daniel ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : The essential race preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Peter ( 16 June 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : All you need to know about the 105th race for the yellow jersey '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclist predictions : Who we 're backing at the 2018 Tour de France '' . Cyclist . Dennis Publishing . 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 6 July 2018 ) . `` Blazin ' Saddles : Tour de France 2018 yellow jersey guide and top 10 predictions '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostlere , Lawrence ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 contenders : Chris Froome starts as favourite against challenge of Richie Porte , Nairo Quintana and more '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 26 June 2018 ) . `` Blazin ' Saddles : Tour de France 2018 green jersey guide - Sagan , Matthews , Gaviria , Kittel ... '' Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Henrys , Colin ( 4 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 preview : can anybody stop Peter Sagan winning the green jersey ? '' . Road Cycling UK . Mpora . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Aubrey , Jane ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` ' It 's what I want to be ' - the green jersey contenders '' . SBS . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France announces 2018 Grand Départ '' . VeloNews . Pocket Outdoor Media . Agence France - Presse. 12 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 to start on Passage du Gois '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Farrand , Stephen ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 route revealed '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Riders and teams react to the 2018 Tour de France route announcement '' . Cycling Weekly . TI Media . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Route of Tour de France '' . Tour de France . Amaury Sport Organisation . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Augendre 2018 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Daniel , Ostanek ( 7 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Gaviria wins opener and takes first yellow jersey '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostanek , Daniel ( 8 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Peter Sagan wins crash - marred stage 2 and takes yellow jersey '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` At Tour de France , BMC Presents Chris Froome With an Uphill Climb '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 9 July 2018 ) . `` Tejay van Garderen misses Tour de France yellow jersey on tiebreak '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Sadhbh ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Gaviria wins stage 4 in Sarzeau '' . Cycling News . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 10 July 2018 ) . `` Fernando Gaviria out - sprints Peter Sagan to take second stage win of Tour de France '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 29 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Peter Sagan powers to stage five win '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Benson , Daniel ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Dan Martin wins on the Mur de Bretagne '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertshaw , Henry ( 12 July 2018 ) . `` Dan Martin takes uphill victory on Tour de France stage six as Bardet and Dumoulin lose time '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Organisation , Amaury Sport . `` Tour de France 2018 '' . racecenter.letour.fr . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ostlere , Laurence ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Dylan Groenewegen wins stage seven with sprint win over Fernando Gaviria and Peter Sagan '' . The Independebt . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Greipel , Gaviria relegated in separate incidents during sprint in Amiens '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Dylan Groenewegen takes stage eight for second straight win '' . BBC Sport. 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Arthurs - Brennan , Michelle ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Richie Porte abandons 2018 Tour de France after stage nine crash '' . Cycling Weekly . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McCleary , John ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 , stage nine : John Degenkolb triumphs after Richie Porte crashes out on day of chaos on cobbles '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Degenkolb wins much - feared stage in Roubaix '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Whittle , Jeremy ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Julian Alaphilippe takes stage 10 as Tour de France starts Alps climb '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Gregor ( 17 July 2018 ) . `` Greg Van Avermaet : ' It 's an honour to ride in the yellow jersey , that 's why I tried to defend it ' '' . Cycling Weekly . Time Inc . UK . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Patrick ( 18 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas wins stage 11 at La Rosiere , takes yellow '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Cary , Tom ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 , stage 12 : Geraint Thomas makes history on Alpe d'Huez as Welshman extends overall lead '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Sadhbh ( 20 July 2018 ) . `` Kristoff : I thought I had it , but Peter Sagan was too fast '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Omar Fraile wins stage 14 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magnus Cort Nielsen sprints to victory in Tour de France Stage 15 '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc. 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France - etappe tijdelijk stilgelegd na gebruik traangas door politie '' ( The Tour de France -- the stage of his career in style at the doorstep of the door of politics ) . NU.nl ( in Dutch ) . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Alaphilippe wins stage 16 after Adam Yates crash '' . The Guardian . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 , stage 17 : Geraint Thomas tightens grip on yellow as Chris Froome cracks as Nairo Quintana ends five - year wait for victory '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arnaud Demare wins Tour de France stage 18 ; Geraint Thomas retains yellow jersey '' . Sky Sports . Sky plc. 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas edges closer to victory after second place on stage 19 '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas set to win after maintaining lead on stage 20 '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Scrivener , Peter ( 29 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France : Geraint Thomas wins as Chris Froome finishes third '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , pp. 29 -- 30 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , pp. 23 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Race regulations 2018 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , pp. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Race regulations 2018 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Tour de France 2018 : Stage 17 preview '' . Cyclingnews.com . Immediate Media Company . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 25 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Quintana wins on Col du Portet as Froome cracks and Thomas strengthens GC grip '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Felix ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` Tour de France 2018 : Geraint Thomas extends lead as Primoz Roglic zips to Stage 19 win '' . Eurosport . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Sources ( edit ) Augendre , Jacques ( 2018 ) . Guide historique ( Historical guide ) ( PDF ) . Tour de France ( in French ) . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Race regulations ( PDF ) . Tour de France . Paris : Amaury Sport Organisation. 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Tour de France . Official website 2018 Tour de France `` 2017 2019 '' Teams and cyclists Stage 1 -- 11 Stage 12 -- 21 Tour de France By year 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 2020 Classifications ( `` jerseys '' ) Current General ( maillot jaune ) Points ( maillot vert ) Mountains ( maillot à pois ) Young rider ( maillot blanc ) Team ( classement d'équipes ) Combativity ( prix de combativité ) Former Combination ( maillot du combiné ) Intermediate sprints ( maillot rouge ) Directors 1903 -- 1935 : Henri Desgrange 1936 -- 1961 : Jacques Goddet 1962 -- 1986 : Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan 1987 : Jean - François Naquet - Radiguet 1988 : Xavier Louy 1989 -- 2006 : Jean - Marie Leblanc 2007 -- present : Christian Prudhomme Finish locations 1903 -- 1967 : Parc des Princes 1968 -- 1974 : Vélodrome de Vincennes 1975 -- present : Champs - Élysées final stage Lists General classification winners Secondary classification winners Grands Départs Records and statistics Mountain passes and hills Articles and topics During World War II Yellow jersey statistics Lanterne rouge Doping Hors catégorie Souvenir Jacques Goddet Souvenir Henri Desgrange Related articles Émilien Amaury Amaury Sport Organisation Pierre Dumas Géo Lefèvre Didi Senft La Course by Le Tour de France L'Étape du Tour Part of the Grand Tour 2018 UCI World Tour Races Tour Down Under Great Ocean Road Race Abu Dhabi Tour Omloop Het Nieuwsblad Strade Bianche Paris -- Nice Tirreno -- Adriatico Milan -- San Remo Volta a Catalunya E3 Harelbeke Gent -- Wevelgem Dwars door Vlaanderen Tour of Flanders Tour of the Basque Country Paris -- Roubaix Amstel Gold Race La Flèche Wallonne Liège -- Bastogne -- Liège Tour de Romandie Eschborn - Frankfurt Giro d'Italia Tour of California Critérium du Dauphiné Tour de Suisse Tour de France Clásica de San Sebastián Tour de Pologne RideLondon -- Surrey Classic BinckBank Tour Vuelta a España EuroEyes Cyclassics Bretagne Classic Ouest -- France GP de Québec GP de Montréal Il Lombardia Presidential Tour of Turkey Tour of Guangxi Teams AG2R La Mondiale Astana Bahrain -- Merida BMC Racing Team Bora -- Hansgrohe EF Education First -- Drapac p / b Cannondale Team Dimension Data FDJ Team Katusha -- Alpecin Lotto -- Soudal LottoNL -- Jumbo Movistar Team Mitchelton -- Scott Quick - Step Floors Team Sky Team Sunweb Trek -- Segafredo UAE Team Emirates List of 2018 UCI WorldTeams and riders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Tour_de_France&oldid=854473541 '' Categories : 2018 in French sport 2018 Tour de France 2018 UCI World Tour July 2018 events in France July 2018 sports events in Europe Tour de France by year Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use dmy dates from July 2018 Use British English from August 2018 Interlanguage link template link number CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Føroyskt Français Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 16 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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"A total of €2,287,750 was awarded in cash prizes in the race.[75] The overall winner of the general classification received €500,000, with the second and third placed riders getting €200,000 and €100,000 respectively.[77] All finishers in the top 160 were awarded money.[77] The holders of the classifications would benefit on each stage they led; the final winners of the points and mountains would be given €25,000, while the best young rider and most combative rider would get €20,000.[78] The team classification winners was given €50,000.[79] €11,000 was given to the winners of each stage of the race, with smaller amounts given to places 2–20.[77] There were also two special awards each with a prize of €5000.[75] The Souvenir Henri Desgrange, given to first rider to pass the summit of the highest climb in the Tour, the Col du Portet on stage seventeen,[80] and the Souvenir Jacques Goddet, given to the first rider to pass Goddet's memorial at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet in stage nineteen.[75] Nairo Quintana won the Henri Desgrange and Julian Alaphilippe won the Jacques Goddet.[81][82]\n"
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"€500,000"
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5507530115422632939 | American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 | American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 - wikipedia American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Long title An Act making supplemental appropriations for job preservation and creation , infrastructure investment , energy efficiency and science , assistance to the unemployed , State , and local fiscal stabilization , for the fiscal year ending September 30 , 2009 , and for other purposes . Acronyms ( colloquial ) ARRA Nicknames Recovery Act Enacted by the 111th United States Congress Effective February 17 , 2009 Citations Public law 111 - 5 Statutes at Large 123 Stat. 115 Codification Acts amended Energy Policy Act of 2005 Energy Policy Act of 1992 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 Titles amended 16 U.S.C. : Conservation 42 U.S.C. : Public Health and Social Welfare U.S.C. sections amended 16 U.S.C. ch. 46 § 2601 et seq . 42 U.S.C. ch. 134 § 13201 et seq . 42 U.S.C. ch. 149 § 15801 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 1 by Dave Obey ( D - WI ) on January 26 , 2009 Committee consideration by Appropriations and Budget Passed the House on January 28 , 2009 ( 244 -- 188 ) Passed the Senate on February 10 , 2009 ( 61 -- 37 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on February 12 , 2009 ; agreed to by the House on February 13 , 2009 ( 246 -- 183 ) and by the Senate on February 13 , 2009 ( 60 -- 38 ) Signed into law by President Barack Obama on February 17 , 2009 Major amendments Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 `` Stimulus bill '' redirects here . For other uses , see Stimulus bill ( disambiguation ) . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ( ARRA ) ( Pub. L. 111 -- 5 ) , nicknamed the Recovery Act , was a stimulus package enacted by the 111th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in February 2009 . Developed in response to the Great Recession , the ARRA 's primary objective was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible . Other objectives were to provide temporary relief programs for those most affected by the recession and invest in infrastructure , education , health , and renewable energy . The approximate cost of the economic stimulus package was estimated to be $787 billion at the time of passage , later revised to $831 billion between 2009 and 2019 . The ARRA 's rationale was based on the Keynesian economic theory that , during recessions , the government should offset the decrease in private spending with an increase in public spending in order to save jobs and stop further economic deterioration . Since its inception , the impact of the stimulus has been a subject of disagreement . Studies on its effects have produced a range of conclusions , from strongly positive to strongly negative and all reactions in between . In 2012 , the IGM Forum poll conducted by the University of Chicago Booth School of Business found 80 % of leading economists agree unemployment was lower at the end of 2010 than it would have been without the stimulus . Regarding whether the benefits of the stimulus outweighed its costs : 46 % `` agreed '' or `` strongly agreed '' that the benefits outweighed the costs , 27 % were uncertain , and 12 % disagreed or strongly disagreed . IGM Forum asked the same question to leading economists in 2014 . This new poll found 82 % of leading economists strongly agreed or agreed that unemployment was lower in 2010 than it would have been without the stimulus . Revisiting the question about the benefits outweighing the costs , 56 % strongly agreed or agreed that it did , 23 % were uncertain , and 5 % disagreed . Contents 1 Legislative history 1.1 House of Representatives assembly 1.2 Senate 1.3 Comparison of the House , Senate and Conference versions 1.3. 1 Spending ( Senate -- $552 billion , House -- $545 billion ) 1.3. 2 Tax changes ( $275 billion ) 1.4 Conference report 2 Provisions of the Act 2.1 Tax incentives for individuals 2.2 Tax incentives for companies 2.3 Healthcare 2.4 Education 2.5 Aid to low income workers , unemployed and retirees ( including job training ) 2.6 Infrastructure investment 2.6. 1 Transportation 2.6. 2 Water , sewage , environment , and public lands 2.6. 3 Government buildings and facilities 2.6. 4 Communications , information , and security technologies 2.6. 5 Energy infrastructure 2.7 Energy efficiency and renewable energy research and investment 2.8 Housing 2.9 Scientific research 2.10 Other 3 Buy American provision 4 Recommendations by economists 5 Congressional Budget Office reports 6 Recovery.gov 7 Developments under the Act and estimates of the Act 's effects 8 Oversight and administration 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Legislative history Both the House and the Senate versions of the bills were primarily written by Democratic Congressional committee leaders and their staffs . Because work on the bills started before President Obama officially took office on January 20 , 2009 , top aides to President - Elect Obama held multiple meetings with committee leaders and staffers . On January 10 , 2009 , President - Elect Obama 's administration released a report that provided a preliminary analysis of the impact to jobs of some of the prototypical recovery packages that were being considered . House of Representatives assembly Official seal of Recovery.gov , the official site of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 . The House version of the bill , H.R. 1 , was introduced on January 26 , 2009 . It was sponsored by Democrat David Obey , the House Appropriations Committee chairman , and was co-sponsored by nine other Democrats . On January 23 , Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi said that the bill was on track to be presented to President Obama for him to sign into law before February 16 , 2009 . Although 206 amendments were scheduled for floor votes , they were combined into only 11 , which enabled quicker passage of the bill . On January 28 , 2009 , the House passed the bill by a 244 -- 188 vote . All but 11 Democrats voted for the bill , and 177 Republicans voted against it ( one Republican did not vote ) . Senate The senate version of the bill , S. 1 , was introduced on January 6 , 2009 , and later substituted as an amendment to the House bill , S. Amdt. 570 . It was sponsored by Harry Reid , the Majority Leader , co-sponsored by 16 other Democrats and Joe Lieberman , an independent who caucused with the Democrats . The Senate then began consideration of the bill starting with the $275 billion tax provisions in the week of February 2 , 2009 . A significant difference between the House version and the Senate version was the inclusion of a one - year extension of revisions to the alternative minimum tax , which added $70 billion to the bill 's total . Republicans proposed several amendments to the bill directed at increasing the share of tax cuts and downsizing spending as well as decreasing the overall price . President Obama and Senate Democrats hinted that they would be willing to compromise on Republican suggestions to increase infrastructure spending and to double the housing tax credit proposed from $7,500 to $15,000 and expand its application to all home buyers , not just first - time buyers . Other considered amendments included the Freedom Act of 2009 , an amendment proposed by Senate Finance Committee members Maria Cantwell ( D ) and Orrin Hatch ( R ) to include tax incentives for plug - in electric vehicles . The Senate called a special Saturday debate session for February 7 at the urging of President Obama . The Senate voted , 61 -- 36 ( with 2 not voting ) on February 9 to end debate on the bill and advance it to the Senate floor to vote on the bill itself . On February 10 , the Senate voted 61 -- 37 ( with one not voting ) All the Democrats voted in favor , but only three Republicans voted in favor ( Susan Collins , Olympia Snowe , and Arlen Specter ) . Specter switched to the Democratic Party later in the year . At one point , the Senate bill stood at $838 billion . Comparison of the House , Senate and Conference versions President Barack Obama signs the ARRA into law on February 17 , 2009 in Denver , Colorado . Vice President Joe Biden stands behind him . President Barack Obama speaks about the 2,000 th project approved through the ARRA . The president is joined by Vice President Joe Biden and Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood . Senate Republicans forced a near unprecedented level of changes ( near $150 billion ) in the House bill , which had more closely followed the Obama plan . A comparison of the $827 billion economic recovery plan drafted by Senate Democrats with an $820 billion version passed by the House and the final $787 billion conference version shows huge shifts within these similar totals . Additional debt costs would add about $350 billion or more over 10 years . Many provisions were set to expire in two years . The main funding differences between the Senate bill and the House bill were : More funds for health care in the Senate ( $153.3 vs $140 billion ) , renewable energy programs ( $74 vs. $39.4 billion ) , for home buyers tax credit ( $35.5 vs. $2.6 billion ) , new payments to the elderly and a one - year increase in AMT limits . The House had more funds appropriated for education ( $143 vs. $119.1 billion ) , infrastructure ( $90.4 vs. $62 billion ) and for aid to low income workers and the unemployed ( $71.5 vs. $66.5 billion ) . Spending ( Senate -- $552 billion , House -- $545 billion ) Address Before a Joint Session of Congress ( February 24 , 2009 ) Play media Barack Obama 's February 24 , 2009 Address Before a Joint Session of Congress . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was a focal point of the speech . Address Before a Joint Session of Congress ( February 24 , 2009 ) ( audio ) Audio - only version Problems playing these files ? See media help . Aid to low income workers and the unemployed Senate -- $47 billion to provide extended unemployment benefits through December 31 , increased by $25 a week , and provide job training ; $16.5 billion to increase food stamp benefits by 12 percent through fiscal 2011 and issue a one - time bonus payment ; $3 billion in temporary welfare payments . House -- Comparable extension of unemployment insurance ; $20 billion to increase food stamp benefits by 14 percent ; $2.5 billion in temporary welfare payments ; $1 billion for home heating subsidies and $1 billion for community action agencies . Direct cash payments Senate -- $17 billion to give one - time $300 payments to recipients of Supplemental Security Income and Social Security , and veterans receiving disability and pensions . House -- $4 billion to provide a one - time additional Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Insurance payment to the elderly , of $450 for individuals and $630 for married couples . Conference -- $250 one - time payment to each recipient of Supplemental Security Income , Social Security ( Regular & Disability ) Insurance , Veterans pension , Railroad Retirement , or State retirement system . Infrastructure Senate -- $46 billion for transportation projects , including $27 billion for highway and bridge construction and repair and $11.5 billion for mass transit and rail projects ; $4.6 billion for the Army Corps of Engineers ; $5 billion for public housing improvements ; $6.4 billion for clean and drinking water projects . House -- $47 billion for transportation projects , including $27 billion for highway and bridge construction and repair and $12 billion for mass transit , including $7.5 billion to buy transit equipment such as buses ; and $31 billion to build and repair federal buildings and other public infrastructures . Health care Senate -- $21 billion to subsidize the cost of continuing health care insurance for the involuntarily unemployed under the COBRA program ; $87 billion to help states with Medicaid ; $22 billion to modernize health information technology systems ; and $10 billion for health research and construction of National Institutes of Health facilities . House -- $40 billion to subsidize the cost of continuing health care insurance for the involuntarily unemployed under the COBRA program or provide health care through Medicaid ; $87 billion to help states with Medicaid ; $20 billion to modernize health information technology systems ; $4 billion for preventative care ; $1.5 billion for community health centers ; $420 million to combat avian flu ; $335 million for programs that combat AIDS , sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis . Conference -- A 65 % COBRA subsidy for 9 months will apply to workers laid off between Sep 1 , 2008 and Dec 31 , 2009 . Those already laid off have 60 days to apply for COBRA . Education Senate -- $55 billion in state fiscal relief to prevent cuts in education aid and provide block grants ; $25 billion to school districts to fund special education and the No Child Left Behind K -- 12 law ; $14 billion to boost the maximum Pell Grant by $400 to $5,250 ; $2 billion for Head Start . House -- Similar aid to states and school districts ; $21 billion for school modernization ; $16 billion to boost the maximum Pell Grant by $500 to $5,350 ; $2 billion for Head Start . Conference -- The Conference Report merged most education aid with the State Fiscal Stabilization fund ( administered by the Department of Education ) and gave power over the funds to each governor under voluminous restrictions . The Governor is `` Required '' to spend $45 billion of the money on education to restore funding to 2008 levels but the mechanisms to enforce state maintenance of effort at 2005 -- 06 levels are complex and potentially impossible to implement . Hard hit states such as Nevada can not possibly find enough funds to get to the 2005 -- 06 state funding levels for education . Some states with no current budget cuts for education , such as Arkansas and North Carolina , may get nothing . This will result in a monumental 50 state legal and political fight over how to re-budget to best take advantage of the federal legislation . Many states will further reduce state funds for education to the 2005 -- 06 minimum so these state resources can be used for other state priorities and the net gain for education will be far less than the total federal appropriation . Energy Senate -- $40 billion for energy efficiency and renewable energy programs , including $2.9 billion to weatherize modest - income homes ; $4.6 billion for fossil fuel research and development ; $6.4 billion to clean up nuclear weapons production sites ; $11 billion toward a smart electricity grid to reduce waste ; $8.5 billion to subsidize loans for renewable energy projects ; and $2 billion for advanced battery systems . House -- $28.4 billion for energy efficiency and renewable energy programs , including $6.2 billion to weatherize homes ; $11 billion to fund a smart electricity grid . Homeland security Senate -- $4.7 billion for homeland security programs , including $1 billion for airport screening equipment and $800 million for port security . House -- $1.1 billion , including $500 million for airport screening equipment . Law enforcement Senate -- $3.5 billion in grants to state and local law enforcement to hire officers and purchase equipment . House -- Comparable provision . Tax changes ( $275 billion ) House -- About $145 billion for $500 per - worker , $1,000 per - couple tax credits in 2009 and 2010 . For the last half of 2009 , workers could expect to see about $20 a week less withheld from their paychecks starting around June . Millions of Americans who do n't make enough money to pay federal income taxes could file returns next year and receive checks . Individuals making more than $75,000 and couples making more than $150,000 would receive reduced amounts . Senate -- The credit would phase out at incomes of $70,000 for individuals and couples making more than $140,000 and phase out more quickly , reducing the cost to $140 billion . Conference -- Tax Credit reduced to $400 per worker and $800 per couple in 2009 and 2010 and phaseout begins at $75,000 for individuals and $150,000 for joint filers . Note retirees with no wages get nothing . Alternative minimum tax House -- No provision . Senate -- About $70 billion to prevent 24 million taxpayers from paying the alternative minimum tax in 2009 . The tax was designed to make sure wealthy taxpayers ca n't use credits and deductions to avoid paying any taxes or paying at a far lower rate than would otherwise be possible . But it was never indexed to inflation , so critics now contend it taxes people it was not intended to . Congress addresses it each year , usually in the fall . Conference -- Includes a one - year increase in AMT floor to $70,950 for joint filers for 2009 . Expanded child credit House -- $18.3 billion to give greater access to the $1,000 per - child tax credit for low income workers in 2009 and 2010 . Under current law , workers must make at least $12,550 to receive any portion of the credit . The change eliminates the floor , meaning more workers who pay no federal income taxes could receive checks . Senate -- Sets a new income threshold of $8,100 to receive any portion of the credit , reducing the cost to $7.5 billion . Conference -- The income floor for refunds was set at $3,000 for 2009 & 2010 . Expanded earned income tax credit House -- $4.7 billion to increase the earned income tax credit -- which provides money to low income workers -- for families with at least three children . Senate -- Same . Expanded college credit House -- $13.7 billion to provide a $2,500 expanded tax credit for college tuition and related expenses for 2009 and 2010 . The credit is phased out for couples making more than $160,000 . Senate -- Reduces the amount that can be refunded to low - income families that pay no income taxes , lowering the cost to $13 billion . Homebuyer credit House -- $2.6 billion to repeal a requirement that a $7,500 first - time homebuyer tax credit be paid back over time for homes purchased from Jan 1 to July 1 , unless the home is sold within three years . The credit is phased out for couples making more than $150,000 . Senate -- Doubles the credit to $15,000 for homes purchased for a year after the bill takes effect , increasing the cost to $35.5 billion . Conference -- $8,000 credit for all homes bought between 1 / 1 / 2009 and 12 / 1 / 2009 and repayment provision repealed for homes purchased in 2009 and held more than three years . Home energy credit House -- $4.3 billion to provide an expanded credit to homeowners who make their homes more energy - efficient in 2009 and 2010 . Homeowners could recoup 30 percent of the cost up to $1,500 of numerous projects , such as installing energy - efficient windows , doors , furnaces and air conditioners . Senate -- Same . Conference -- Same . Unemployment House -- No similar provision . Senate -- $4.7 billion to exclude from taxation the first $2,400 a person receives in unemployment compensation benefits in 2009 . Conference -- Same as Senate Bonus depreciation House -- $5 billion to extend a provision allowing businesses buying equipment such as computers to speed up its depreciation through 2009 . Senate -- Similar . Money - losing companies House -- $15 billion to allow companies to use current losses to offset profits made in the previous five years , instead of two , making them eligible for tax refunds . Senate -- Allows companies to use more of their losses to offset previous profits , increasing the cost to $19.5 billion . Conference -- Limits the carry - back to small companies , revenue under $5 million Government contractors House -- Repeal a law that takes effect in 2011 , requiring government agencies to withhold three percent of payments to contractors to help ensure they pay their tax bills . Repealing the law would cost $11 billion over 10 years , in part because the government could not earn interest by holding the money throughout the year . Senate -- Delays the law from taking effect until 2012 , reducing the cost to $291 million . Energy production House -- $13 billion to extend tax credits for renewable energy production . Senate -- Same . Conference -- Extension is to 2014 . Repeal bank credit House -- Repeal a Treasury provision that allowed firms that buy money - losing banks to use more of the losses as tax credits to offset the profits of the merged banks for tax purposes . The change would increase taxes on the merged banks by $7 billion over 10 years . Senate -- Same . House -- $36 billion to subsidize locally issued bonds for school construction , teacher training , economic development and infrastructure improvements . Senate -- $22.8 billion to subsidize locally issued bonds for school construction , industrial development and infrastructure improvements . Auto sales House -- No similar provision . Senate -- $11 billion to make interest payments on most auto loans and sales tax on cars deductible . Conference -- $2 billion for deduction of sales tax , not interest payments phased out for incomes above $250,000 . Conference Report Congressional negotiators said that they had completed the Conference Report on February 11 . On February 12 , House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer scheduled the vote on the bill for the next day , before wording on the bill 's content had been completed and despite House Democrats having previously promised to allow a 48 - hour public review period before any vote . The Report with final handwritten provisions was posted on a House website that evening . On February 13 , the Report passed the House , 246 - 183 , largely along party lines with all 246 Yes votes given by Democrats and the Nay vote split between 176 Republicans and 7 Democrats . The Senate passed the bill , 60 - 38 , with all Democrats and Independents voting for the bill along with three Republicans . On February 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama signed the Recovery Act into law . Provisions of the Act Composition of the Act : Tax incentives -- includes $15 B for Infrastructure and Science , $61 B for Protecting the Vulnerable , $25 B for Education and Training and $22 B for Energy , so total funds are $126 B for Infrastructure and Science , $142 B for Protecting the Vulnerable , $78 B for Education and Training , and $65 B for Energy . State and Local Fiscal Relief -- Prevents state and local cuts to health and education programs and state and local tax increases . Section 3 of ARRA listed the basic intent behind crafting the law . This Statement of Purpose included the following : To preserve and create jobs and promote economic recovery . To assist those most impacted by the recession . To provide investments needed to increase economic efficiency by spurring technological advances in science and health . To invest in transportation , environmental protection , and other infrastructure that will provide long - term economic benefits . To stabilize State and local government budgets , in order to minimize and avoid reductions in essential services and counterproductive state and local tax increases . The Act specifies that 37 % of the package is to be devoted to tax incentives equaling $288 billion and $144 billion , or 18 % , is allocated to state and local fiscal relief ( more than 90 % of the state aid is going to Medicaid and education ) . The remaining 45 % , or $357 billion , is allocated to federal spending programs such as transportation , communication , waste water and sewer infrastructure improvements ; energy efficiency upgrades in private and federal buildings ; extension of federal unemployment benefits ; and scientific research programs . The following are details to the different parts of the final bill : Tax incentives for individuals Total : $237 billion $116 billion : New payroll tax credit of $400 per worker and $800 per couple in 2009 and 2010 . Phaseout begins at $75,000 for individuals and $150,000 for joint filers . $70 billion : Alternative minimum tax : a one - year increase in AMT floor to $70,950 for joint filers for 2009 . $15 billion : Expansion of child tax credit : A $1,000 credit to more families ( even those that do not make enough money to pay income taxes ) . $14 billion : Expanded college credit to provide a $2,500 expanded tax credit for college tuition and related expenses for 2009 and 2010 . The credit is phased out for couples making more than $160,000 . $6.6 billion : Homebuyer credit : $8,000 refundable credit for all homes bought between January 1 , 2009 , and December 1 , 2009 , and repayment provision repealed for homes purchased in 2009 and held more than three years . This only applies to first - time homebuyers . $4.7 billion : Excluding from taxation the first $2,400 a person receives in unemployment compensation benefits in 2009 . $4.7 billion : Expanded earned income tax credit to increase the earned income tax credit -- which provides money to low income workers -- for families with at least three children . $4.3 billion : Home energy credit to provide an expanded credit to homeowners who make their homes more energy - efficient in 2009 and 2010 . Homeowners could recoup 30 percent of the cost up to $1,500 of numerous projects , such as installing energy - efficient windows , doors , furnaces and air conditioners . $1.7 billion : for deduction of sales tax from car purchases , not interest payments phased out for incomes above $250,000 . Tax incentives for companies Total : $51 billion $15 billion : Allowing companies to use current losses to offset profits made in the previous five years , instead of two , making them eligible for tax refunds . $13 billion : to extend tax credits for renewable energy production ( until 2014 ) . $11 billion : Government contractors : Repeal a law that takes effect in 2012 , requiring government agencies to withhold three percent of payments to contractors to help ensure they pay their tax bills . Repealing the law would cost $11 billion over 10 years , in part because the government could not earn interest by holding the money throughout the year . $7 billion : Repeal bank credit : Repeal a Treasury provision that allowed firms that buy money - losing banks to use more of the losses as tax credits to offset the profits of the merged banks for tax purposes . The change would increase taxes on the merged banks by $7 billion over 10 years . $5 billion : Bonus depreciation , which extends a provision allowing businesses buying equipment such as computers to speed up its depreciation through 2009 . Healthcare Main article : Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act More than 11 % of the total bill is allocated to help states with Medicaid ARRA included the enactment of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act , also known as the HITECH Act . Total health care spending : $155.1 billion $86.8 billion for Medicaid $25.8 billion for health information technology investments and incentive payments $25.1 billion to provide a 65 % subsidy of health care insurance premiums for the unemployed under the COBRA program $10 billion for health research and construction of National Institutes of Health facilities $2 billion for Community Health Centers $1.3 billion for construction of military hospitals $1.1 billion to study the comparative effectiveness of healthcare treatments $1 billion for prevention and wellness $1 billion for the Veterans Health Administration $500 million for healthcare services on Indian reservations $300 million to train healthcare workers in the National Health Service Corps $202 million for a temporary moratorium for certain Medicare regulations Education Secretary of Education Arne Duncan and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg visit with students at Explore Charter School . Total : $100 billion $53.6 billion in aid to local school districts to prevent layoffs and cutbacks , with flexibility to use the funds for school modernization and repair ( State Fiscal Stabilization Fund ) $15.6 billion to increase Pell Grants from $4,731 to $5,350 $13 billion for low - income public schoolchildren $12.2 billion for IDEA special education $2.1 billion for Head Start $2 billion for childcare services $650 million for educational technology $300 million for increased teacher salaries $250 million for states to analyze student performance $200 million to support working college students $70 million for the education of homeless children Aid to low income workers , unemployed and retirees ( including job training ) Payments to Social Security recipients and people on Supplemental Security Income were parts of the ARRA . Total : $82.2 billion $40 billion to provide extended unemployment benefits through December 31 , and increase them by $25 a week $19.9 billion for the Food Stamp Program $14.2 billion to give one - time $250 payments to Social Security recipients , people on Supplemental Security Income , and veterans receiving disability and pensions . $3.45 billion for job training $3.2 billion in temporary welfare payments ( TANF and WIC ) $500 million for vocational training for the disabled $400 million for employment services $120 million for subsidized community service jobs for older Americans $150 million to help refill food banks $100 million for meals programs for seniors , such as Meals on Wheels $100 million for free school lunch programs Infrastructure investment Total : $105.3 billion Transportation Road and highway construction is the biggest single line infrastructure item in the final bill . Projects funded by the ARRA have a sign marking them , like this one in Middletown , Rhode Island . Sign for an ARRA funded road - widening project on State Highway 9 north of Breckenridge , Colorado . Total : $48.1 billion , some in the form of Transportation Income Generating Economic Recovery ( TIGER ) Grants $27.5 billion for highway and bridge construction projects $8 billion for intercity passenger rail projects and rail congestion grants , with priority for high - speed rail $6.9 billion for new equipment for public transportation projects ( Federal Transit Administration ) $1.5 billion for national surface transportation discretionary grants $1.3 billion for Amtrak $1.1 billion in grants for airport improvements $750 million for the construction of new public rail transportation systems and other fixed guideway systems . $750 million for the maintenance of existing public transportation systems $200 million for FAA upgrades to air traffic control centers and towers , facilities , and equipment $100 million in grants for improvements to domestic shipyards Water , sewage , environment , and public lands Total : $18 billion $4.6 billion for the Army Corps of Engineers for environmental restoration , flood protection , hydropower , and navigation infrastructure projects $4 billion for the Clean Water State Revolving Fund wastewater treatment infrastructure improvements ( EPA ) $2 billion for the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund drinking water infrastructure improvements ( EPA ) $1.38 billion for rural drinking water and waste disposal projects $1 billion to the Bureau of Reclamation for drinking water projects for rural or drought - likely areas $750 million to the National Park Service $650 million to the Forest Service $600 million for hazardous waste cleanup at Superfund sites ( EPA ) $515 million for wildfire prevention projects $500 million for Bureau of Indian Affairs infrastructure projects $340 million to the Natural Resources Conservation Service for watershed infrastructure projects $320 million to the Bureau of Land Management $300 million for reductions in emissions from diesel engines ( EPA ) $300 million to improve Land Ports of Entry ( GSA ) $280 million for National Wildlife Refuges and the National Fish Hatchery System $220 million to the International Boundary and Water Commission to repair flood control systems along the Rio Grande $200 million for cleanup of leaking Underground Storage Tanks ( EPA ) $100 million for cleaning former industrial and commercial sites ( Brownfields ) ( EPA ) Government buildings and facilities Impact of the ARRA on Department of Defense facilities across the nation . Total : $7.2 billion $4.2 billion to repair and modernize Defense Department facilities . $890 million to improve housing for service members $750 million for federal buildings and U.S. Courthouses ( GSA ) $250 million to improve Job Corps training facilities $240 million for new child development centers $240 million for the maintenance of United States Coast Guard facilities $200 million for Department of Homeland Security headquarters $176 million for Agriculture Research Service repairs and improvements $150 million for the construction of state extended - care facilities $100 million to improve facilities of the National Guard Communications , information , and Security technologies Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) map showing the availability of broadband internet access in the U.S. Total : $10.5 billion $7.2 billion for complete broadband and wireless Internet access $1 billion for explosive detection systems for airports $500 million to update the computer center at the Social Security Administration $420 million for construction and repairs at ports of entry $290 million to upgrade IT platforms at the State Department $280 million to upgrade border security technologies $210 million to build and upgrade fire stations $200 million for IT and claims processing improvements for Veterans Benefits Administration $150 million to upgrade port security $150 million for the security of transit systems $50 million for IT improvements at the Farm Service Agency $26 million to improve security systems at the Department of Agriculture headquarters Energy infrastructure Total : $21.5 billion $6 billion for the cleanup of radioactive waste ( mostly nuclear weapons production sites ) $4.5 billion for the Office of Electricity and Energy Reliability to modernize the nation 's electrical grid and smart grid . $4.5 billion to increase energy efficiency in federal buildings ( GSA ) $3.25 billion for the Western Area Power Administration for power transmission system upgrades . $3.25 billion for the Bonneville Power Administration for power transmission system upgrades . Energy efficiency and renewable energy research and investment Loans and investments into green energy technology are a significant part of the final bill Total : $27.2 billion $6 billion for renewable energy and electric transmission technologies loan guarantees $5 billion for weatherizing modest - income homes $3.4 billion for carbon capture and low emission coal research $3.2 billion toward Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grants . $3.1 billion for the State Energy Program to help states invest in energy efficiency and renewable energy $2 billion for manufacturing of advanced car battery ( traction ) systems and components . $800 million for biofuel research , development , and demonstration projects . $602 million to support the use of energy efficient technologies in building and in industry $500 million for training of green - collar workers ( by the Department of Labor ) $400 million for the Geothermal Technologies Program $400 million for electric vehicle technologies $300 million for energy efficient appliance rebates $300 million for state and local governments to purchase energy efficient vehicles $300 million to acquire electric vehicles for the federal vehicle fleet ( GSA ) $250 million to increase energy efficiency in low - income housing $204 million in funding for research and testing facilities at national laboratories $190 million in funding for wind , hydro , and other renewable energy projects $115 million to develop and deploy solar power technologies $110 million for the development of high efficiency vehicles $42 million in support of new deployments of fuel cell technologies Housing Total : $14.7 billion $4 billion to the Department of Housing and Urban Development ( HUD ) for repairing and modernizing public housing , including increasing the energy efficiency of units . $2.25 billion in tax credits for financing low - income housing construction $2 billion for Section 8 housing rental assistance $2 billion for the Neighborhood Stabilization Program to purchase and repair foreclosed vacant housing $1.5 billion for rental assistance to prevent homelessness $1 billion in community development block grants for state and local governments $555 million in mortgage assistance for wounded service members ( Army Corps of Engineers ) $510 million for the rehabilitation of Native American housing $250 million for energy efficient modernization of low - income housing $200 million for helping rural Americans buy homes ( Department of Agriculture ) $140 million in grants for independent living centers for elderly blind persons ( Dept. of Education ) $130 million for rural community facilities ( Department of Agriculture ) $100 million to help remove lead paint from public housing $100 million emergency food and shelter for homeless ( Department of Homeland Security ) Scientific research NASA is among the government agencies receiving additional funds under the Act Total : $7.6 billion $3 billion to the National Science Foundation $2 billion to the United States Department of Energy $1 billion to NASA , including `` $400 million for space exploration related activities . Of this amount , $50 million ( was ) to be used for the development of commercial crew space transportation concepts and enabling capabilities . '' $600 million to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) $580 million to the National Institute of Standards and Technology , of which $68 million was spent on new major ( + $1 M ) scientific instruments , $200 M went to fund major scientific building construction at research universities , and $110 M was spent on new buildings and major upgrades to existing facilities , including energy efficiency and solar panel arrays , at the Gaithersburg MD and Boulder CO campuses . $230 million for NOAA operations , research and facilities $140 million to the United States Geological Survey Other President Obama in Ohio on March 6 , 2009 , for the graduation of the Columbus Police Division 's 114th Class Total : $10.6 billion $4 billion for state and local law enforcement agencies $1.1 billion in waivers on interest payments for state unemployment trust funds $1 billion in preparation for the 2010 census $1 billion in added funding for child support enforcement $750 million for DTV conversion coupons and DTV transition education $749 million in crop insurance reinstatement , and emergency loans for farmers $730 million in SBA loans for small businesses $500 million for the Social Security Administration to process disability and retirement backlogs $201 million in additional funding for AmeriCorps and other community service organizations $150 million for Urban and Rural economic recovery programs $150 million for an increase of claims processing military staff $150 million in loans for rural businesses $50 million for the National Endowment for the Arts to support artists $50 million for the National Cemetery Administration Buy American provision ARRA included a protectionist ' Buy American ' provision , which imposed a general requirement that any public building or public works project funded by the new stimulus package must use only iron , steel and other manufactured goods produced in the United States . A May 15 , 2009 , Washington Post article reported that the ' Buy American ' provision of the stimulus package caused outrage in the Canadian business community , and that the government in Canada `` retaliated '' by enacting its own restrictions on trade with the U.S. On June 6 , 2009 , delegates at the Federation of Canadian Municipalities conference passed a resolution that would potentially shut out U.S. bidders from Canadian city contracts , in order to help show support for Prime Minister Stephen Harper 's opposition to the `` Buy American '' provision . Sherbrooke Mayor Jean Perrault , president of the federation , stated , `` This U.S. protectionist policy is hurting Canadian firms , costing Canadian jobs and damaging Canadian efforts to grow in the world - wide recession . '' On February 16 , 2010 , the United States and Canada agreed on exempting Canadian companies from Buy American provisions , which would have hurt the Canadian economy . Recommendations by economists President Barack Obama announces the creation of the Economic Recovery Advisory Board on February 6 , 2009 . Economists such as Martin Feldstein , Daron Acemoğlu , National Economic Council director Larry Summers , and Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winners Joseph Stiglitz and Paul Krugman favored a larger economic stimulus to counter the economic downturn . While in favor of a stimulus package , Feldstein expressed concern over the act as written , saying it needed revision to address consumer spending and unemployment more directly . Just after the bill was enacted , Krugman wrote that the stimulus was too small to deal with the problem , adding , `` And it 's widely believed that political considerations led to a plan that was weaker and contains more tax cuts than it should have -- that Mr. Obama compromised in advance in the hope of gaining broad bipartisan support . '' Conservative economist John Lott was more critical of the government spending . On January 28 , 2009 , a full - page advertisement with the names of approximately 200 economists who were against Obama 's plan appeared in The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal . This included Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates Edward C. Prescott , Vernon L. Smith , and James M. Buchanan . The economists denied the quoted statement by President Obama that there was `` no disagreement that we need action by our government , a recovery plan that will help to jumpstart the economy '' . Instead , the signers believed that `` to improve the economy , policymakers should focus on reforms that remove impediments to work , saving , investment and production . Lower tax rates and a reduction in the burden of government are the best ways of using fiscal policy to boost growth . '' The funding for this advertisement came from the Cato Institute . On February 8 , 2009 , a letter to Congress signed by about 200 economists in favor of the stimulus , written by the Center for American Progress Action Fund , said that Obama 's plan `` proposes important investments that can start to overcome the nation 's damaging loss of jobs '' , and would `` put the United States back onto a sustainable long - term - growth path '' . This letter was signed by Nobel Memorial laureates Kenneth Arrow , Lawrence R. Klein , Eric Maskin , Daniel McFadden , Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow . The New York Times published projections from IHS Global Insight , Moodys.com , Economy.com and Macroeconomic Advisers that indicated that the economy may have been worse without the ARRA . Congressional Budget Office reports CBO estimates of the impact of the stimulus on GDP The CBO estimated ARRA would positively impact GDP and employment . It projected an increase in the GDP of between 1.4 percent and 3.8 percent by the end of 2009 , between 1.1 percent and 3.3 percent by the end of 2010 , between 0.4 percent and 1.3 percent by the end of 2011 , and a decrease of between zero and 0.2 percent beyond 2014 . The impact to employment would be an increase of 0.8 million to 2.3 million by the end of 2009 , an increase of 1.2 million to 3.6 million by the end of 2010 , an increase of 0.6 million to 1.9 million by the end of 2011 , and declining increases in subsequent years as the U.S. labor market reaches nearly full employment , but never negative . Decreases in GDP in 2014 and beyond are accounted for by crowding out , where government debt absorbs finances that would otherwise go toward investment . A 2013 study by economists Stephen Marglin and Peter Spiegler found the stimulus had boosted GDP in line with CBO estimates . A February 4 , 2009 , report by the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) said that while the stimulus would increase economic output and employment in the short run , the GDP would , by 2019 , have an estimated net decrease between 0.1 % and 0.3 % ( as compared to the CBO estimated baseline ) . The CBO estimated that enacting the bill would increase federal budget deficits by $185 billion over the remaining months of fiscal year 2009 , by $399 billion in 2010 , and by $134 billion in 2011 , or $787 billion over the 2009 -- 2019 period . In a February 11 letter , CBO Director Douglas Elmendorf noted that there was disagreement among economists about the effectiveness of the stimulus , with some skeptical of any significant effects while others expecting very large effects . Elmendorf said the CBO expected short term increases in GDP and employment . In the long term , the CBO expects the legislation to reduce output slightly by increasing the nation 's debt and crowding out private investment , but noted that other factors , such as improvements to roads and highways and increased spending for basic research and education may offset the decrease in output and that crowding out was not an issue in the short term because private investment was already decreasing in response to decreased demand . Recovery.gov Recovery.gov , the website created for this Act . A May 21 , 2009 , article in The Washington Post stated , `` To build support for the stimulus package , President Obama vowed unprecedented transparency , a big part of which , he said , would be allowing taxpayers to track money to the street level on Recovery.gov ... '' But three months after the bill was signed , Recovery.gov offers little beyond news releases , general breakdowns of spending , and acronym - laden spreadsheets and timelines . '' The same article also stated , `` Unlike the government site , the privately run Recovery.org is actually providing detailed information about how the $787 billion in stimulus money is being spent . '' Reports regarding errors in reporting on the Web site made national news . News stories circulated about Recovery.gov reporting fund distribution to congressional districts that did not exist . A recovery.gov plaque on public transport in Miami A new Recovery.gov website was redesigned at a cost estimated to be $9.5 million through January 2010 . The section of the act that was intended to establish and regulate the operation of Recovery.gov was actually struck prior to its passage into law . Section 1226 , which laid out provisions for the structure , maintenance , and oversight of the website were struck from the bill . Organizations that received stimulus dollars were directed to provide detailed reports regarding their use of these funds ; these reports were posted on recovery.gov . On July 20 , 2009 , the Drudge Report published links to pages on Recovery.gov that Drudge alleged were detailing expensive contracts awarded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for items such as individual portions of mozzarella cheese , frozen ham and canned pork , costing hundreds of thousands to over a million dollars . A statement released by the USDA the same day corrected the allegation , stating that `` references to ' 2 pound frozen ham sliced ' are to the sizes of the packaging . Press reports suggesting that the Recovery Act spent $1.191 million to buy `` 2 pounds of ham '' are wrong . In fact , the contract in question purchased 760,000 pounds of ham for $1.191 million , at a cost of approximately $1.50 per pound . '' As of 2016 , the servers for recovery.gov have been shut down and the site is unavailable . Developments under the Act and estimates of the Act 's effects Chart of BLS job - loss data based on OFA 's chart . President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden speak to state legislators about the implementation of the Recovery Act on March 20 , 2009 . The Congressional Budget Office reported in October 2009 the reasons for the changes in the 2008 and 2009 deficits , which were approximately $460 billion and $1.41 trillion , respectively . The CBO estimated that ARRA increased the deficit by $200 billion for 2009 , split evenly between tax cuts and additional spending , excluding any feedback effects on the economy . On February 12 , 2010 , the Bureau of Labor Statistics , which regularly issues economic reports , published job - loss data on a month - by - month basis since 2000 . Organizing for America , a community organizing project of the Democratic National Committee , prepared a chart presenting the BLS data for the period beginning in December 2007 . OFA used the chart to argue , `` As a result ( of the Recovery Act ) , job losses are a fraction of what they were a year ago , before the Recovery Act began . '' Others argue that job losses always grow early in a recession and naturally slow down with or without government stimulus spending , and that the OFA chart was mis - leading . In the primary justification for the stimulus package , the Obama administration and Democratic proponents presented a graph in January 2009 showing the projected unemployment rate with and without the ARRA . The graph showed that if ARRA was not enacted the unemployment rate would exceed 9 % ; but if ARRA was enacted it would never exceed 8 % . After ARRA became law , the actual unemployment rate exceeded 8 % in February 2009 , exceeded 9 % in May 2009 , and exceeded 10 % in October 2009 . The actual unemployment rate was 9.2 % in June 2011 when it was projected to be below 7 % with the ARRA . However , supporters of the ARRA claim that this can be accounted for by noting that the actual recession was subsequently revealed to be much worse than any projections at the time when the ARRA was drawn up . Projected Unemployment Rate According to a March 2009 Industry Survey of and by the National Association of Business Economists , 60.3 % of their economists who had reviewed the fiscal stimulus enacted in February 2009 projected it would have a modest impact in shortening the recession , with 29.4 % anticipating little or no impact as well as 10.3 % predicting a strong impact . The aspects of the stimulus expected by the NABE to have the greatest effectiveness were physical infrastructure , unemployment benefits expansion , and personal tax - rate cuts . One year after the stimulus , several independent macroeconomic firms , including Moody 's and IHS Global Insight , estimated that the stimulus saved or created 1.6 to 1.8 million jobs and forecast a total impact of 2.5 million jobs saved by the time the stimulus is completed . The Congressional Budget Office considered these estimates conservative . The CBO estimated according to its model 2.1 million jobs saved in the last quarter of 2009 , boosting the economy by up to 3.5 percent and lowering the unemployment rate by up to 2.1 percent . The CBO projected that the package would have an even greater impact in 2010 . The CBO also said , `` It is impossible to determine how many of the reported jobs would have existed in the absence of the stimulus package . '' The CBO 's report on the first quarter of 2010 showed a continued positive effect , with an employment gain in that quarter of up to 2.8 million and a GDP boost of up to 4.2 percent . Economists Timothy Conley of the University of Western Ontario and Bill Dupor of the Ohio State University found that while the stimulus ' effects on public sector job creation were unambiguously positive , the effects on private sector job creation were ambiguous . Economist Dan Wilson of the Federal Reserve , who used similar methodology , without the same identified errors , estimates that `` ARRA spending created or saved about 2 million jobs in its first year and over 3 million by March 2011 . '' The CBO also revised its assessment of the long - term impact of the bill . After 2014 , the stimulus is estimated to decrease output by zero to 0.2 % . The stimulus is not expected to have a negative impact on employment in any period of time . In 2011 , the Department of Commerce revised some of its previous estimates . Economist Dean Baker commented : ( T ) he revised data ... showed that the economy was plunging even more rapidly than we had previously recognised in the two quarters following the collapse of Lehman . Yet , the plunge stopped in the second quarter of 2009 -- just as the stimulus came on line . This was followed by respectable growth over the next four quarters . Growth then weakened again as the impact of the stimulus began to fade at the end of 2010 and the start of this year . In other words , the growth pattern shown by the revised data sure makes it appear that the stimulus worked . The main problem would seem to be that the stimulus was not big enough and it was n't left in place long enough to lift the economy to anywhere near potential output . The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ( DCCC ) established a `` Hypocrisy Hall of Fame '' to list Republican Representatives who had voted against ARRA but who then sought or took credit for ARRA programs in their districts . As of September 2011 , the DCCC was listing 128 House Republicans in this category . Newsweek reported that many of the Republican legislators who publicly argued that the stimulus would not create jobs were writing letters seeking stimulus programs for their districts on the grounds that the spending would create jobs . The stimulus has been criticized as being too small . In July 2010 , a group of 40 prominent economists issued a statement calling for expanded stimulus programs to reduce unemployment . They also challenged the view that the priority should be reducing the deficit : `` Making deficit reduction the first target , without addressing the chronic underlying deficiency of demand , is exactly the error of the 1930s . '' In July 2010 , the White House Council of Economic Advisers ( CEA ) estimated that the stimulus had `` saved or created between 2.5 and 3.6 million jobs as of the second quarter of 2010 '' . At that point , spending outlays under the stimulus totaled $257 billion and tax cuts totaled $223 billion . In July 2011 , the CEA estimated that as of the first quarter of 2011 , the ARRA raised employment relative to what it otherwise would have been by between 2.4 and 3.6 million . The sum of outlays and tax cuts up to this point was $666 billion . Using a straight mathematical calculation , critics reported that the ARRA cost taxpayers between $185,000 to $278,000 per job that was created , though this computation does not include the permanent infrastructure that resulted . In August 2010 , Republican Senators Tom Coburn and John McCain released a report listing 100 projects it described as the `` most wasteful projects '' funded by the Act . In total , the projects questioned by the two senators amounted to about $15 billion , or less than 2 % of the $862 billion . The two senators did concede that the stimulus has had a positive effect on the economy , though they criticized it for failing to give `` the biggest bang for our buck '' on the issue of job creation . CNN noted that the two senators ' stated objections were brief summaries presenting selective accounts that were unclear , and the journalists pointed out several instances where they created erroneous impressions . One of the primary purposes and promises of the Act was to launch a large number of `` shovel - ready '' projects that would generate jobs . However , a sizable number of these projects , most of which pertained to infrastructure , took longer to implement than they had expected by most . This was largely attributed to the regulatory process that is involved in such projects . Some of the tax incentives in the Act , including those related to the American opportunity tax credit and Earned Income Tax Credit , were extended for a further two years by the Tax Relief , Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization , and Job Creation Act of 2010 . In November 2011 , the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) updated its earlier reports concerning the Act . The CBO stated that `` the employment effects began to wane at the end of 2010 and have continued to do so throughout 2011 . '' Nevertheless , in the third quarter of 2011 , the CBO estimated that the Act had increased the number of full - time equivalent jobs by 0.5 million to 3.3 million . Section 1513 of the Recovery Act stated that reports on the impact of the act were to be submitted quarterly , however the last report issued occurred for the second quarter of 2011 . As of December 2012 , 58.6 % of Americans are employed . In 2013 , the Reason Foundation , an American libertarian group , conducted a study of the results of the ARRA . Only 23 % of the 8,381 sampled companies hired new workers and kept all of them when the project was completed . Also , just 41 % of sampled companies hired workers at all , while 30 % of sampled companies did hire but laid off all workers once the government money stopped funding . These results cast doubt on previously stated estimates of job creation numbers , which do not factor those companies that did not retain their workers or hire any at all . In February 2014 , the White House stated in a release that the stimulus measure saved or created an average of 1.6 million jobs a year between 2009 and 2012 , thus averting having the recession descend into another Great Depression . Republicans , such as House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio , criticized the report since , in their views , the Act cost too much for too little result . Oversight and administration In addition to the Vice President Biden 's oversight role , a high - level advisory body , the President 's Economic Recovery Advisory Board ( later renamed and reconstituted as the `` President 's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness '' ) , was named concurrent to the passage of the act . As well , the President named Inspector General of the United States Department of the Interior Earl Devaney and the Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board ( RATB ) to monitor administration of the Act . Eleven other inspectors general served on the RATB , and the board also had a Recovery Independent Advisory Panel . In late 2011 , Devaney and his fellow inspectors general on RATB , and more who were not , were credited with avoiding any major scandals in the administration of the Act , in the eyes of one Washington observer . In May 2016 , the chairman of the U.S. Senate Finance Committee , Senator Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) , launched the first steps of an investigation into a part of the stimulus law that gave grants to solar and green energy companies . Hatch sent a letter to the IRS and Treasury Department with a list of questions about the program . According to the Wall Street Journal , letters from senior senators who chair committees can lead to formal investigations by Congress . One part of the stimulus law , section 1603 , gave cash grants to solar companies to encourage investment in solar technology . Because many companies did n't yet make a profit in 2009 in that industry , they were offered cash instead of tax credits . In September 2015 , the U.S. government asked that a Spanish company return $1 million it had received from the program . The company issued a statement saying it fully complied with the request . See also Barack Obama portal Economics portal Financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 2009 energy efficiency and renewable energy research investment 2010 United States federal budget Build America Bonds Economic Recovery and Middle - Class Tax Relief Act of 2009 Energy law of the United States European Economic Recovery Plan Federalreporting.gov Pathways out of Poverty ( POP ) Race to the Top School Improvement Grant Tax Credit Assistance Program References Jump up ^ `` Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output from October 2011 Through December 2011 '' ( PDF ) . A CBO Report . Congressional Budget Office . February 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Stimulus '' . IGM Forum . The Initiative on Global Markets ; Chicago Booth . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Stimulus ( revisited ) '' . IGM Forum . The Initiative on Global Markets ; Chicago Booth . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Romer , Christina ; Bernstein , Jared ( January 10 , 2009 ) , The Job Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Plan ( PDF ) , archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 9 , 2011 , retrieved July 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Legislative Day of January 26 , 2009 for the 111th Congress , First Session ( Office of the Clerk , U.S. House of Representatives ) ^ Jump up to : `` Obama seeks congressional consensus on stimulus plan '' . Newsday . January 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ cqpolitics.com Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ( January 29 , 2009 ) . `` House Passes Stimulus Plan Despite G.O.P. Opposition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roll call vote 046 , via Clerk.House.gov Jump up ^ See , for example : S. Amdt. 106 , S. Amdt. 107 , S. Amdt. 108 , and S. Amdt. 109 Jump up ^ Sheryl Gay Stolberg ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Predicts Support From G.O.P. for Stimulus Proposal '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ cantwell.senate.gov Archived January 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Roll call vote 59 , via Senate.gov Jump up ^ Senator Judd Gregg ( R ) did not vote because , at the time , he was a nominee of the Democratic president to become Secretary of Commerce . Gregg also did not participate in the cloture vote . Jump up ^ Roll call vote 60 , via Senate.gov ^ Jump up to : David Espo . `` Stimulus bill survives Senate test '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stimulus bill far from perfect , Obama says '' MSNBC Jump up ^ Conference report 111 - 16 , Division B Title II 2 / 13 / 09 Jump up ^ Conference report 111 - 16 Jump up ^ Conference report 111 - 16 , 2 - 13 - 09 , Title 14 Jump up ^ `` ReviewJournal.com -- News -- Stimulus in Nevada : Raggio presses Reid : ' We ca n't be required to give what we do n't have ' '' . Lvrj.com . February 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Davey , Monica ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` States and Cities Angle for Stimulus Cash '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : House Conference report 111 - ? Final partially handwritten report released by Nancy Pelosi 's Office 2 / 13 / 09 ^ Jump up to : House Conference report 111 - 16 2 / 13 / 09 Jump up ^ Hitt , Greg ; Weisman , Jonathan ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Congress Strikes $789 Billion Stimulus Deal '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Conference Report 111 - 16 , 2 - 13 - 09 Jump up ^ David M. Herszenhorn ; Carl Hulse ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Deal Struck on $789 Billion Stimulus '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David M. Herszenhorn ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Even After the Deal , Tinkering Goes On '' . The New York Times . p . A20 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Committee on Rules -- Conference Report to Accompany H.R. 1 -- The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 '' . Rules.house.gov . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` US Congress passes stimulus plan '' . BBC . February 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roll call vote 070 , via Clerk.House.gov Jump up ^ `` Summary : American Revovery and Reinvestment '' ( PDF ) . U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations . February 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ recovery.gov Archived September 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Getting to $787 Billion '' . The Wall Street Journal . February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Note that there are deviations in how some sources allocate spending and tax incentives and loans to different categories Jump up ^ `` Summary : American Revovery and Reinvestment '' ( PDF ) . U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations . February 13 , 2009 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 16 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ recovery.gov Jump up ^ `` Getting to $787 Billion '' . The Wall Street Journal . February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Note that there are deviations in how some sources allocate spending and tax incentives and loans to different categories Jump up ^ ARRA of 2009 Questions & Answers Jump up ^ H.R. 1 ( 111th Cong . ) ENR : Title XIII Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . HHS.gov / Recovery . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Archived from the original on 7 July 2010 . Jump up ^ State Fiscal Stabilization Fund Jump up ^ http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/economicrecovery/arrapresentationfinal05012009.ppt Jump up ^ `` Overview of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 '' ( Web page ) . EPA.gov . United States Environmental Protection Agency . 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Stone , Andrea ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` National parks getting $750 million '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service invests $750 million for 800 projects under ARRA 2009 '' ( Web page ) . DOI.gov . U.S. Department of the Interior . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Land Management $305 million funding for 650 projects under ARRA 2009 '' . DOI.gov . U.S. Department of the Interior . 2 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary Salazar Marks Recovery Act Anniversary in Seattle '' . DOI.gov . U.S. Department of the Interior . 17 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Recovery Act Department of Energy Jump up ^ stimulus summary. xls . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ DOE Environmental Management Sites / Locations Jump up ^ Weatherization and Intergovernmental Program : Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant Program Jump up ^ About / HUD Information Related to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Jump up ^ `` Selection Statement For Commercial Crew Development '' ( PDF ) . JSC - CCDev - 1 . NASA . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USDOJ : The Recovery Act Homepage Jump up ^ Faiola , Anthony ; Montgomery , Lori ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Trade Wars Brewing In Economic Malaise '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Canada - U.S. agreement on Buy American came into force '' . Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada . February 16 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Canada - U.S. Agreement on Government Procurement . Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada . February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stiglitz : Stimulus Must Be Big , Provide Relief To States , morningstar.com Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( January 25 , 2008 ) . `` Stimulus Gone Bad '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard Prof Slams Stimulus Plan '' . Boston Herald . January 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Krugman , Paul ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` Failure to Rise '' . The New York Times . p . A31 . Retrieved February 15 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Stimulus Package Will Increase Unemployment -- Opinion '' . Fox News . February 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cato Institute petition against Obama 2009 stimulus plan '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Economists say stimulus wo n't work '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . January 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Letter to Congress : Economists Across the Spectrum Endorse Stimulus Package '' . Center for American Progress Action Fund . Center for American Progress . January 27 , 2009 . Retrieved February 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ; Cooper , Michael ( November 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Consensus Sees Stimulus Package as Worthy Step '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Projections Show It Could Have Been Worse '' . The New York Times . November 21 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Letter by Douglas W. Elmendorf , director of the CBO '' . Congressional Budget Office . February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marglin , Stephen A. ; Spiegler , Peter M. ( July 2013 ) . `` Where Did All the Money Go ? Stimulus in Fact and Fantasy '' ( PDF ) . INET Research Note # 031 . Jump up ^ `` Official CBO report to the Senate budget committee '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . Jump up ^ `` CBO - Budgetary Impact of ARRA '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . Jump up ^ MacGillis , Alec ( May 21 , 2009 ) . `` Tracking Stimulus Spending May Not Be as Easy as Promised '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McMorris , Bill ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` $6.4 Billion Stimulus Goes to Phantom Districts '' . Watchdog.org . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did `` Phantom '' Districts Get Stimulus Cash ? `` . CBS News . November 18 , 2009 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 18 M Spent To Redesign Recovery.gov Web Site '' . ABC News . July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Response to Drudge Item on Recovery Act Funding -- Statement from Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack '' . U.S. Department of Agriculture website . July 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' . web.archive.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Archived index at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CBO Monthly Budget Review -- October 2009 Jump up ^ `` Employment , Hours , and Earnings from the Current Employment Statistics survey ( National ) '' Jump up ^ `` Road to Recovery '' . Organizing for America . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NABE Panel : A Mixed Scorecard for Economic , Financial System Remedies '' . National Association of Business Economists . March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Leonhardt , David ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` Economic Scene : Judging Stimulus by Job Data Reveals Success '' . The New York Times . p . B1 . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Andy ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` Update 2 - US stimulus added up to 2.1 mln jobs in Q4 2009 - CBO '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output Jump up ^ Sullivan , Andy ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` Corrected -- Update 2 - Stimulus raised GDP by up to 4.2 pct in Q1 2010 - CBO '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act : Solely a government jobs program ? Jump up ^ Fiscal Spending Jobs Multipliers : Evidence from the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ CBO letter to Sen. Judd Gregg . February 11 , 2010 . http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/99xx/doc9987/Gregg_Year-by-Year_Stimulus.pdf Jump up ^ Baker , Dean ( August 1 , 2011 ) , `` US debt deal : how Washington lost the plot '' , The Guardian , London , retrieved August 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Hypocrisy Alert : 128 House Republicans Take Credit for the Economic Bills They Opposed '' . Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stone , Daniel ( October 30 , 2011 ) , `` The Tea Party Pork Binge '' , The Daily Beast , retrieved November 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Reboot America -- Manifesto Support Surges '' . The Daily Beast . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Council of Economic Advisers , `` The Economic Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 '' , July 14 , 2010 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Council of Economic Advisers , `` The Economic Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 '' , July 14 , 2010 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Council of Economic Advisers , `` The Economic Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 '' , July 1 , 2011 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` GOP slams stimulus plan with list of 100 worst projects '' . CNN . August 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calmes , Jackie ; Carl Hulse ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Considers Major Expansion in Aid to Jobless '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Michael ( June 19 , 2010 ) . `` Obama Hopes ' Recovery Summer ' Will Warm Voters to the Stimulus '' . The New York Times . p . A8 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( October 17 , 2010 ) . `` Education of a President '' . The New York Times . p . MM40 of the Sunday Magazine . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . He realized too late that ' there 's no such thing as shovel - ready projects ' when it comes to public works . Jump up ^ `` Tax Cut Extension Bill Wends Its Way to White House '' . Accounting Today . December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Estimated Impact of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on Employment and Economic Output from July 2011 Through September 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . November 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey H. Anderson ( 19 October 2012 ) . `` Ahead of Election , Obama Stops Releasing ' Stimulus ' Reports '' . Weekly Standard . Retrieved 23 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey H. Anderson ( 26 January 2013 ) . `` Obama Continues to Violate His Own ' Stimulus ' Law by Not Releasing Quarterly Reports '' . Weekly Standard . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Surve '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . United States Department of Labor . 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Anthony Randazzo ( 16 April 2013 ) . `` Stimulus Jobs Vanish '' . Reason Magazine . Retrieved 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Superville , Darlene ( February 17 , 2014 ) . `` White House : Stimulus was good for economy ; GOP says big spending produced little results '' . US News & World Report . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Paula , `` Obama picks F&M alum to oversee stimulus plan '' Archived February 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , LancasterOnline , February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alter , Jonathan , `` Scandal in the Age of Obama '' , Washington Monthly , November / December 2011 . Retrieved December 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mullins , Brody ; Dugan , Ianthe Jeanne ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Senior Senator Launches Inquiry on ' Green Energy ' Grants '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . 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Complete text of enacted statute at Wikisource American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Fully Searchable Conference Version Recovery.gov -- A website of the Executive for transparency of actions taken under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Full Video of The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 signing ceremony on February 17 , 2009 ( from C - SPAN ) Vice President Biden and President Obama speeches on the 1 - year anniversary of the ARRA ( from C - SPAN ) Council of Economic Advisers - The Economic Impact of the ARRA Five Years Later - February 2014 Analysis Stimulus.org Tracking the Stimulus , Financial Bailout , and Recovery Spending , from the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget Stimulus Analysis -- An economic and fiscal analysis of the Act , from the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget Stimulus Watch.org -- built to help the new administration keep its pledge to invest stimulus money smartly A report of estimated ARRA funds for students with disabilities in public schools by state American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 from Discourse DB EERE Network News , from Energy.gov Great Recession By region Africa Americas United States South America Asia Europe Oceania United States - specific Automotive industry crisis California budget crisis Housing bubble Housing market correction Subprime mortgage crisis Banking losses and fraud Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy Libor scandal Tom Hayes Société Générale trading loss Forex scandal Seán FitzPatrick Bernard Madoff Tom Petters Scott W. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the stimulus bill passed by the u.s. congress in february 2009 is an example of | [
"The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) (Pub.L. 111–5), nicknamed the Recovery Act, was a stimulus package enacted by the 111th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in February 2009. Developed in response to the Great Recession, the ARRA's primary objective was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible. Other objectives were to provide temporary relief programs for those most affected by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy.\n"
] | [
"a stimulus package"
] |
-8117286288647323433 | Tide | Tide - wikipedia Tide The periodic change of sea levels caused by the gravitational and inertial effects of the Moon , the Sun and the rotation of the Earth `` Spring Tide '' redirects here . For the TV series , see Spring Tide ( TV series ) . For other uses , see Tide ( disambiguation ) , Tidal ( disambiguation ) , High tide ( disambiguation ) , and High Water ( disambiguation ) . High tide , Alma , New Brunswick , Canada in the Bay of Fundy , 1972 Low tide at the same fishing port in Bay of Fundy , 1972 Schematic of the lunar portion of Earth 's tides , showing ( exaggerated ) high tides at the sublunar point and its antipode for the hypothetical case of an ocean of constant depth without land . There would also be smaller , superimposed bulges on the sides facing toward and away from the sun . In Maine ( U.S. ) , low tide occurs roughly at moonrise and high tide with a high moon , corresponding to the simple gravity model of two tidal bulges ; at most places however , the Moon and tides have a phase shift . Play media Tide coming in , video stops about 1 - 1 / 2 hours before high tide Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun , and the rotation of Earth . Tide tables can be used to find the predicted times and amplitude ( or `` tidal range '' ) of tides at any given locale . The predictions are influenced by many factors including the alignment of the Sun and Moon , the phase and amplitude of the tide ( pattern of tides in the deep ocean ) , the amphidromic systems of the oceans , and the shape of the coastline and near - shore bathymetry ( see Timing ) . They are however only predictions , the actual time and height of the tide is affected by wind and atmospheric pressure . Some shorelines experience a semi-diurnal tide -- two nearly equal high and low tides each day . Other locations experience a diurnal tide -- only one high and low tide each day . A `` mixed tide '' -- two uneven tides a day , or one high and one low -- is also possible . Tides vary on timescales ranging from hours to years due to a number of factors , which determine the lunitidal interval . To make accurate records , tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time . Gauges ignore variations caused by waves with periods shorter than minutes . These data are compared to the reference ( or datum ) level usually called mean sea level . While tides are usually the largest source of short - term sea - level fluctuations , sea levels are also subject to forces such as wind and barometric pressure changes , resulting in storm surges , especially in shallow seas and near coasts . Tidal phenomena are not limited to the oceans , but can occur in other systems whenever a gravitational field that varies in time and space is present . For example , the shape of the solid part of the Earth is affected slightly by Earth tide , though this is not as easily seen as the water tidal movements . Contents 1 Characteristics 1.1 Definitions 2 Tidal constituents 2.1 Principal lunar semi-diurnal constituent 2.2 Range variation : springs and neaps 2.3 Lunar altitude 2.4 Other constituents 2.5 Phase and amplitude 3 Physics 3.1 History of tidal physics 3.2 Forces 3.3 Laplace 's tidal equations 3.4 Amplitude and cycle time 3.5 Dissipation 3.6 Bathymetry 4 Observation and prediction 4.1 History 4.2 Timing 4.3 Analysis 4.4 Example calculation 4.5 Current 4.6 Power generation 5 Navigation 6 Biological aspects 6.1 Intertidal ecology 6.2 Biological rhythms 7 Other tides 7.1 Lake tides 7.2 Atmospheric tides 7.3 Earth tides 7.4 Galactic tides 8 Misnomers 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Characteristics `` Ebb tide '' redirects here . For other uses , see Ebb tide ( disambiguation ) . Types of tides ( See Timing ( below ) for coastal map ) Tide changes proceed via the following stages : Sea level rises over several hours , covering the intertidal zone ; flood tide . The water rises to its highest level , reaching high tide . Sea level falls over several hours , revealing the intertidal zone ; ebb tide . The water stops falling , reaching low tide . Oscillating currents produced by tides are known as tidal streams . The moment that the tidal current ceases is called slack water or slack tide . The tide then reverses direction and is said to be turning . Slack water usually occurs near high water and low water . But there are locations where the moments of slack tide differ significantly from those of high and low water . Tides are commonly semi-diurnal ( two high waters and two low waters each day ) , or diurnal ( one tidal cycle per day ) . The two high waters on a given day are typically not the same height ( the daily inequality ) ; these are the higher high water and the lower high water in tide tables . Similarly , the two low waters each day are the higher low water and the lower low water . The daily inequality is not consistent and is generally small when the Moon is over the Equator . Definitions From the highest level to the lowest : Highest astronomical tide ( HAT ) -- The highest tide which can be predicted to occur . Note that meteorological conditions may add extra height to the HAT . Mean high water springs ( MHWS ) -- The average of the two high tides on the days of spring tides . Mean high water neaps ( MHWN ) -- The average of the two high tides on the days of neap tides . Mean sea level ( MSL ) -- This is the average sea level . The MSL is constant for any location over a long period . Mean low water neaps ( MLWN ) -- The average of the two low tides on the days of neap tides . Mean low water springs ( MLWS ) -- The average of the two low tides on the days of spring tides . Lowest astronomical tide ( LAT ) and Chart Datum ( CD ) -- The lowest tide which can be predicted to occur . Modern charts use this as the chart datum . Note that under certain meteorological conditions the water may fall lower than this meaning that there is less water than shown on charts . Illustration by the course of half a month Tidal constituents Tidal constituents are the net result of multiple influences impacting tidal changes over certain periods of time . Primary constituents include the Earth 's rotation , the position of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth , the Moon 's altitude ( elevation ) above the Earth 's Equator , and bathymetry . Variations with periods of less than half a day are called harmonic constituents . Conversely , cycles of days , months , or years are referred to as long period constituents . Tidal forces affect the entire earth , but the movement of solid Earth occurs by mere centimeters . In contrast , the atmosphere is much more fluid and compressible so its surface moves by kilometers , in the sense of the contour level of a particular low pressure in the outer atmosphere . See also : Earth tide § Tidal constituents Principal lunar semi-diurnal constituent In most locations , the largest constituent is the `` principal lunar semi-diurnal '' , also known as the M2 ( or M ) tidal constituent . Its period is about 12 hours and 25.2 minutes , exactly half a tidal lunar day , which is the average time separating one lunar zenith from the next , and thus is the time required for the Earth to rotate once relative to the Moon . Simple tide clocks track this constituent . The lunar day is longer than the Earth day because the Moon orbits in the same direction the Earth spins . This is analogous to the minute hand on a watch crossing the hour hand at 12 : 00 and then again at about 1 : 051⁄2 ( not at 1 : 00 ) . The Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction as the Earth rotates on its axis , so it takes slightly more than a day -- about 24 hours and 50 minutes -- for the Moon to return to the same location in the sky . During this time , it has passed overhead ( culmination ) once and underfoot once ( at an hour angle of 00 : 00 and 12 : 00 respectively ) , so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is the above - mentioned , about 12 hours and 25 minutes . The moment of highest tide is not necessarily when the Moon is nearest to zenith or nadir , but the period of the forcing still determines the time between high tides . Because the gravitational field created by the Moon weakens with distance from the Moon , it exerts a slightly stronger than average force on the side of the Earth facing the Moon , and a slightly weaker force on the opposite side . The Moon thus tends to `` stretch '' the Earth slightly along the line connecting the two bodies . The solid Earth deforms a bit , but ocean water , being fluid , is free to move much more in response to the tidal force , particularly horizontally . As the Earth rotates , the magnitude and direction of the tidal force at any particular point on the Earth 's surface change constantly ; although the ocean never reaches equilibrium -- there is never time for the fluid to `` catch up '' to the state it would eventually reach if the tidal force were constant -- the changing tidal force nonetheless causes rhythmic changes in sea surface height . When there are two high tides each day with different heights ( and two low tides also of different heights ) , the pattern is called a mixed semi-diurnal tide . Range variation : springs and neaps The types of tides Animation of tides as the Moon goes round the Earth with the Sun on the right Main article : Tidal range The semi-diurnal range ( the difference in height between high and low waters over about half a day ) varies in a two - week cycle . Approximately twice a month , around new moon and full moon when the Sun , Moon , and Earth form a line ( a configuration known as a syzygy ) , the tidal force due to the Sun reinforces that due to the Moon . The tide 's range is then at its maximum ; this is called the spring tide . It is not named after the season , but , like that word , derives from the meaning `` jump , burst forth , rise '' , as in a natural spring . When the Moon is at first quarter or third quarter , the Sun and Moon are separated by 90 ° when viewed from the Earth , and the solar tidal force partially cancels the Moon 's tidal force . At these points in the lunar cycle , the tide 's range is at its minimum ; this is called the neap tide , or neaps . Neap is an Anglo - Saxon word meaning `` without the power '' , as in forđganges nip ( forth - going without - the - power ) . Spring tides result in high waters that are higher than average , low waters that are lower than average , ' slack water ' time that is shorter than average , and stronger tidal currents than average . Neaps result in less - extreme tidal conditions . There is about a seven - day interval between springs and neaps . Spring tide : Sun and Moon on the same side ( 0 ° ) Neap tide : Sun and Moon at 90 ° Spring tide : Sun and Moon at opposite sides ( 180 ° ) Neap tide : Sun and Moon at 270 ° Spring tide : Sun and Moon at the same side ( cycle restarts ) Lunar altitude Low tide at Bangchuidao scenic area , Dalian , Liaoning Province , China Low tide at Ocean Beach in San Francisco , California , U.S. Low tide at Bar Harbor , Maine , U.S. ( 2014 ) The changing distance separating the Moon and Earth also affects tide heights . When the Moon is closest , at perigee , the range increases , and when it is at apogee , the range shrinks . Every 7 ⁄ lunations ( the full cycles from full moon to new to full ) , perigee coincides with either a new or full moon causing perigean spring tides with the largest tidal range . Even at its most powerful this force is still weak , causing tidal differences of inches at most . Other constituents These include solar gravitational effects , the obliquity ( tilt ) of the Earth 's Equator and rotational axis , the inclination of the plane of the lunar orbit and the elliptical shape of the Earth 's orbit of the Sun . A compound tide ( or overtide ) results from the shallow - water interaction of its two parent waves . Phase and amplitude The M tidal constituent . Amplitude is indicated by color , and the white lines are cotidal differing by 1 hour . The colors indicate where tides are most extreme ( highest highs , lowest lows ) , with blues being least extreme . In almost a dozen places on this map the lines converge . Notice how at each of these places the surrounding color is blue , indicating little or no tide . These convergent areas are called amphidromic points . The curved arcs around the amphidromic points show the direction of the tides , each indicating a synchronized 6 - hour period . Tidal ranges generally increase with increasing distance from amphidromic points . Tide waves move around these points , generally counterclockwise in the N. Hemisphere and clockwise in the S. Hemisphere Because the M tidal constituent dominates in most locations , the stage or phase of a tide , denoted by the time in hours after high water , is a useful concept . Tidal stage is also measured in degrees , with 360 ° per tidal cycle . Lines of constant tidal phase are called cotidal lines , which are analogous to contour lines of constant altitude on topographical maps . High water is reached simultaneously along the cotidal lines extending from the coast out into the ocean , and cotidal lines ( and hence tidal phases ) advance along the coast . Semi-diurnal and long phase constituents are measured from high water , diurnal from maximum flood tide . This and the discussion that follows is precisely true only for a single tidal constituent . For an ocean in the shape of a circular basin enclosed by a coastline , the cotidal lines point radially inward and must eventually meet at a common point , the amphidromic point . The amphidromic point is at once cotidal with high and low waters , which is satisfied by zero tidal motion . ( The rare exception occurs when the tide encircles an island , as it does around New Zealand , Iceland and Madagascar . ) Tidal motion generally lessens moving away from continental coasts , so that crossing the cotidal lines are contours of constant amplitude ( half the distance between high and low water ) which decrease to zero at the amphidromic point . For a semi-diurnal tide the amphidromic point can be thought of roughly like the center of a clock face , with the hour hand pointing in the direction of the high water cotidal line , which is directly opposite the low water cotidal line . High water rotates about the amphidromic point once every 12 hours in the direction of rising cotidal lines , and away from ebbing cotidal lines . This rotation , caused by the Coriolis effect , is generally clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere . The difference of cotidal phase from the phase of a reference tide is the epoch . The reference tide is the hypothetical constituent `` equilibrium tide '' on a landless Earth measured at 0 ° longitude , the Greenwich meridian . In the North Atlantic , because the cotidal lines circulate counterclockwise around the amphidromic point , the high tide passes New York Harbor approximately an hour ahead of Norfolk Harbor . South of Cape Hatteras the tidal forces are more complex , and can not be predicted reliably based on the North Atlantic cotidal lines . Physics See also : Tidal force and Theory of tides History of tidal physics Investigation into tidal physics was important in the early development of celestial mechanics , with the existence of two daily tides being explained by the Moon 's gravity . Later the daily tides were explained more precisely by the interaction of the Moon 's and the Sun 's gravity . Seleucus of Seleucia theorized around 150 B.C. that tides were caused by the Moon . The influence of the Moon on bodies of water was also mentioned in Ptolemy 's Tetrabiblos . In De temporum ratione ( The Reckoning of Time ) of 725 Bede linked semidurnal tides and the phenomenon of varying tidal heights to the Moon and its phases . Bede starts by noting that the tides rise and fall 4 / 5 of an hour later each day , just as the Moon rises and sets 4 / 5 of an hour later . He goes on to emphasise that in two lunar months ( 59 days ) the Moon circles the Earth 57 times and there are 114 tides . Bede then observes that the height of a tides varies over the month . Increasing tides are called malinae and decreasing tides ledones and that the month is divided into four parts of seven or eight days with alternating malinae and ledones . In the same passage he also notes the effect of winds to hold back tides . Medieval understanding of the tides was primarily based on works of Muslim astronomers , which became available through Latin translation starting from the 12th century . Abu Ma'shar ( d. circa 886 ) , in his Introductorium in astronomiam , taught that ebb and flood tides were caused by the Moon . Abu Ma'shar discussed the effects of wind and Moon 's phases relative to the Sun on the tides . In the 12th century , al - Bitruji ( d. circa 1204 ) contributed the notion that the tides were caused by the general circulation of the heavens . Simon Stevin in his 1608 De spiegheling der Ebbenvloet , The theory of ebb and flood , dismissed a large number of misconceptions that still existed about ebb and flood . Stevin pleaded for the idea that the attraction of the Moon was responsible for the tides and spoke in clear terms about ebb , flood , spring tide and neap tide , stressing that further research needed to be made . In 1609 Johannes Kepler also correctly suggested that the gravitation of the Moon caused the tides , which he based upon ancient observations and correlations . Galileo Galilei in his 1632 Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems , whose working title was Dialogue on the Tides , gave an explanation of the tides . The resulting theory , however , was incorrect as he attributed the tides to the sloshing of water caused by the Earth 's movement around the Sun . He hoped to provide mechanical proof of the Earth 's movement . The value of his tidal theory is disputed . Galileo rejected Kepler 's explanation of the tides . Isaac Newton ( 1642 -- 1727 ) was the first person to explain tides as the product of the gravitational attraction of astronomical masses . His explanation of the tides ( and many other phenomena ) was published in the Principia ( 1687 ) and used his theory of universal gravitation to explain the lunar and solar attractions as the origin of the tide - generating forces . Newton and others before Pierre - Simon Laplace worked the problem from the perspective of a static system ( equilibrium theory ) , that provided an approximation that described the tides that would occur in a non-inertial ocean evenly covering the whole Earth . The tide - generating force ( or its corresponding potential ) is still relevant to tidal theory , but as an intermediate quantity ( forcing function ) rather than as a final result ; theory must also consider the Earth 's accumulated dynamic tidal response to the applied forces , which response is influenced by ocean depth , the Earth 's rotation , and other factors . In 1740 , the Académie Royale des Sciences in Paris offered a prize for the best theoretical essay on tides . Daniel Bernoulli , Leonhard Euler , Colin Maclaurin and Antoine Cavalleri shared the prize . Maclaurin used Newton 's theory to show that a smooth sphere covered by a sufficiently deep ocean under the tidal force of a single deforming body is a prolate spheroid ( essentially a three - dimensional oval ) with major axis directed toward the deforming body . Maclaurin was the first to write about the Earth 's rotational effects on motion . Euler realized that the tidal force 's horizontal component ( more than the vertical ) drives the tide . In 1744 Jean le Rond d'Alembert studied tidal equations for the atmosphere which did not include rotation . In 1770 James Cook 's barque HMS Endeavour grounded on the Great Barrier Reef . Attempts were made to refloat her on the following tide which failed , but the tide after that lifted her clear with ease . Whilst she was being repaired in the mouth of the Endeavour River Cook observed the tides over a period of seven weeks . At neap tides both tides in a day were similar , but at springs the tides rose 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) in the morning but 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) in the evening . Pierre - Simon Laplace formulated a system of partial differential equations relating the ocean 's horizontal flow to its surface height , the first major dynamic theory for water tides . The Laplace tidal equations are still in use today . William Thomson , 1st Baron Kelvin , rewrote Laplace 's equations in terms of vorticity which allowed for solutions describing tidally driven coastally trapped waves , known as Kelvin waves . Others including Kelvin and Henri Poincaré further developed Laplace 's theory . Based on these developments and the lunar theory of EW Brown describing the motions of the Moon , Arthur Thomas Doodson developed and published in 1921 the first modern development of the tide - generating potential in harmonic form : Doodson distinguished 388 tidal frequencies . Some of his methods remain in use . Forces The tidal force produced by a massive object ( Moon , hereafter ) on a small particle located on or in an extensive body ( Earth , hereafter ) is the vector difference between the gravitational force exerted by the Moon on the particle , and the gravitational force that would be exerted on the particle if it were located at the Earth 's center of mass . Whereas the gravitational force subjected by a celestial body on Earth varies inversely as the square of its distance to the Earth , the maximal tidal force varies inversely as , approximately , the cube of this distance . If the tidal force caused by each body were instead equal to its full gravitational force ( which is not the case due to the free fall of the whole Earth , not only the oceans , towards these bodies ) a different pattern of tidal forces would be observed , e.g. with a much stronger influence from the Sun than from the Moon : The solar gravitational force on the Earth is on average 179 times stronger than the lunar , but because the Sun is on average 389 times farther from the Earth , its field gradient is weaker . The solar tidal force is 46 % as large as the lunar . More precisely , the lunar tidal acceleration ( along the Moon -- Earth axis , at the Earth 's surface ) is about 1.1 × 10 g , while the solar tidal acceleration ( along the Sun -- Earth axis , at the Earth 's surface ) is about 0.52 × 10 g , where g is the gravitational acceleration at the Earth 's surface . Venus has the largest effect of the other planets , at 0.000113 times the solar effect . The system of the Earth , the Moon and the Sun is an example of a three - body problem , and there is no exact mathematical closed - form expression of their interdependence . The lunar gravity differential field at the Earth 's surface is known as the tide - generating force . This is the primary mechanism that drives tidal action and explains two equipotential tidal bulges , accounting for two daily high waters . The ocean 's surface is closely approximated by an equipotential surface , ( ignoring ocean currents ) commonly referred to as the geoid . Since the gravitational force is equal to the potential 's gradient , there are no tangential forces on such a surface , and the ocean surface is thus in gravitational equilibrium . Now consider the effect of massive external bodies such as the Moon and Sun . These bodies have strong gravitational fields that diminish with distance and act to alter the shape of an equipotential surface on the Earth . This deformation has a fixed spatial orientation relative to the influencing body . The Earth 's rotation relative to this shape causes the daily tidal cycle . The ocean surface moves because of the changing tidal equipotential , rising when the tidal potential is high , which occurs on the parts of the Earth nearest to and furthest from the Moon . When the tidal equipotential changes , the ocean surface is no longer aligned with it , so the apparent direction of the vertical shifts . The surface then experiences a down slope , in the direction that the equipotential has risen . Laplace 's tidal equations Ocean depths are much smaller than their horizontal extent . Thus , the response to tidal forcing can be modelled using the Laplace tidal equations which incorporate the following features : The vertical ( or radial ) velocity is negligible , and there is no vertical shear -- this is a sheet flow . The forcing is only horizontal ( tangential ) . The Coriolis effect appears as an inertial force ( fictitious ) acting laterally to the direction of flow and proportional to velocity . The surface height 's rate of change is proportional to the negative divergence of velocity multiplied by the depth . As the horizontal velocity stretches or compresses the ocean as a sheet , the volume thins or thickens , respectively . The boundary conditions dictate no flow across the coastline and free slip at the bottom . The Coriolis effect ( inertial force ) steers flows moving towards the Equator to the west and flows moving away from the Equator toward the east , allowing coastally trapped waves . Finally , a dissipation term can be added which is an analog to viscosity . Amplitude and cycle time The theoretical amplitude of oceanic tides caused by the Moon is about 54 centimetres ( 21 in ) at the highest point , which corresponds to the amplitude that would be reached if the ocean possessed a uniform depth , there were no landmasses , and the Earth were rotating in step with the Moon 's orbit . The Sun similarly causes tides , of which the theoretical amplitude is about 25 centimetres ( 9.8 in ) ( 46 % of that of the Moon ) with a cycle time of 12 hours . At spring tide the two effects add to each other to a theoretical level of 79 centimetres ( 31 in ) , while at neap tide the theoretical level is reduced to 29 centimetres ( 11 in ) . Since the orbits of the Earth about the Sun , and the Moon about the Earth , are elliptical , tidal amplitudes change somewhat as a result of the varying Earth -- Sun and Earth -- Moon distances . This causes a variation in the tidal force and theoretical amplitude of about ± 18 % for the Moon and ± 5 % for the Sun . If both the Sun and Moon were at their closest positions and aligned at new moon , the theoretical amplitude would reach 93 centimetres ( 37 in ) . Real amplitudes differ considerably , not only because of depth variations and continental obstacles , but also because wave propagation across the ocean has a natural period of the same order of magnitude as the rotation period : if there were no land masses , it would take about 30 hours for a long wavelength surface wave to propagate along the Equator halfway around the Earth ( by comparison , the Earth 's lithosphere has a natural period of about 57 minutes ) . Earth tides , which raise and lower the bottom of the ocean , and the tide 's own gravitational self attraction are both significant and further complicate the ocean 's response to tidal forces . Dissipation See also : Tidal acceleration Earth 's tidal oscillations introduce dissipation at an average rate of about 3.75 terawatts . About 98 % of this dissipation is by marine tidal movement . Dissipation arises as basin - scale tidal flows drive smaller - scale flows which experience turbulent dissipation . This tidal drag creates torque on the moon that gradually transfers angular momentum to its orbit , and a gradual increase in Earth -- moon separation . The equal and opposite torque on the Earth correspondingly decreases its rotational velocity . Thus , over geologic time , the moon recedes from the Earth , at about 3.8 centimetres ( 1.5 in ) / year , lengthening the terrestrial day . Day length has increased by about 2 hours in the last 600 million years . Assuming ( as a crude approximation ) that the deceleration rate has been constant , this would imply that 70 million years ago , day length was on the order of 1 % shorter with about 4 more days per year . Bathymetry The harbour of Gorey , Jersey falls dry at low tide . The shape of the shoreline and the ocean floor changes the way that tides propagate , so there is no simple , general rule that predicts the time of high water from the Moon 's position in the sky . Coastal characteristics such as underwater bathymetry and coastline shape mean that individual location characteristics affect tide forecasting ; actual high water time and height may differ from model predictions due to the coastal morphology 's effects on tidal flow . However , for a given location the relationship between lunar altitude and the time of high or low tide ( the lunitidal interval ) is relatively constant and predictable , as is the time of high or low tide relative to other points on the same coast . For example , the high tide at Norfolk , Virginia , U.S. , predictably occurs approximately two and a half hours before the Moon passes directly overhead . Land masses and ocean basins act as barriers against water moving freely around the globe , and their varied shapes and sizes affect the size of tidal frequencies . As a result , tidal patterns vary . For example , in the U.S. , the East coast has predominantly semi-diurnal tides , as do Europe 's Atlantic coasts , while the West coast predominantly has mixed tides . Observation and prediction History Brouscon 's Almanach of 1546 : Compass bearings of high waters in the Bay of Biscay ( left ) and the coast from Brittany to Dover ( right ) . Brouscon 's Almanach of 1546 : Tidal diagrams `` according to the age of the moon '' . From ancient times , tidal observation and discussion has increased in sophistication , first marking the daily recurrence , then tides ' relationship to the Sun and moon . Pytheas travelled to the British Isles about 325 BC and seems to be the first to have related spring tides to the phase of the moon . In the 2nd century BC , the Babylonian astronomer , Seleucus of Seleucia , correctly described the phenomenon of tides in order to support his heliocentric theory . He correctly theorized that tides were caused by the moon , although he believed that the interaction was mediated by the pneuma . He noted that tides varied in time and strength in different parts of the world . According to Strabo ( 1.1. 9 ) , Seleucus was the first to link tides to the lunar attraction , and that the height of the tides depends on the moon 's position relative to the Sun . The Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder collates many tidal observations , e.g. , the spring tides are a few days after ( or before ) new and full moon and are highest around the equinoxes , though Pliny noted many relationships now regarded as fanciful . In his Geography , Strabo described tides in the Persian Gulf having their greatest range when the moon was furthest from the plane of the Equator . All this despite the relatively small amplitude of Mediterranean basin tides . ( The strong currents through the Euripus Strait and the Strait of Messina puzzled Aristotle . ) Philostratus discussed tides in Book Five of The Life of Apollonius of Tyana . Philostratus mentions the moon , but attributes tides to `` spirits '' . In Europe around 730 AD , the Venerable Bede described how the rising tide on one coast of the British Isles coincided with the fall on the other and described the time progression of high water along the Northumbrian coast . The first tide table in China was recorded in 1056 AD primarily for visitors wishing to see the famous tidal bore in the Qiantang River . The first known British tide table is thought to be that of John Wallingford , who died Abbot of St. Albans in 1213 , based on high water occurring 48 minutes later each day , and three hours earlier at the Thames mouth than upriver at London . William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) led the first systematic harmonic analysis of tidal records starting in 1867 . The main result was the building of a tide - predicting machine using a system of pulleys to add together six harmonic time functions . It was `` programmed '' by resetting gears and chains to adjust phasing and amplitudes . Similar machines were used until the 1960s . The first known sea - level record of an entire spring -- neap cycle was made in 1831 on the Navy Dock in the Thames Estuary . Many large ports had automatic tide gauge stations by 1850 . William Whewell first mapped co-tidal lines ending with a nearly global chart in 1836 . In order to make these maps consistent , he hypothesized the existence of amphidromes where co-tidal lines meet in the mid-ocean . These points of no tide were confirmed by measurement in 1840 by Captain Hewett , RN , from careful soundings in the North Sea . Timing The same tidal forcing has different results depending on many factors , including coast orientation , continental shelf margin , water body dimensions . The tidal forces due to the Moon and Sun generate very long waves which travel all around the ocean following the paths shown in co-tidal charts . The time when the crest of the wave reaches a port then gives the time of high water at the port . The time taken for the wave to travel around the ocean also means that there is a delay between the phases of the Moon and their effect on the tide . Springs and neaps in the North Sea , for example , are two days behind the new / full moon and first / third quarter moon . This is called the tide 's age . The ocean bathymetry greatly influences the tide 's exact time and height at a particular coastal point . There are some extreme cases ; the Bay of Fundy , on the east coast of Canada , is often stated to have the world 's highest tides because of its shape , bathymetry , and its distance from the continental shelf edge . Measurements made in November 1998 at Burntcoat Head in the Bay of Fundy recorded a maximum range of 16.3 metres ( 53 ft ) and a highest predicted extreme of 17 metres ( 56 ft ) . Similar measurements made in March 2002 at Leaf Basin , Ungava Bay in northern Quebec gave similar values ( allowing for measurement errors ) , a maximum range of 16.2 metres ( 53 ft ) and a highest predicted extreme of 16.8 metres ( 55 ft ) . Ungava Bay and the Bay of Fundy lie similar distances from the continental shelf edge , but Ungava Bay is free of pack ice for about four months every year while the Bay of Fundy rarely freezes . Southampton in the United Kingdom has a double high water caused by the interaction between the M and M tidal constituents . Portland has double low waters for the same reason . The M tide is found all along the south coast of the United Kingdom , but its effect is most noticeable between the Isle of Wight and Portland because the M tide is lowest in this region . Because the oscillation modes of the Mediterranean Sea and the Baltic Sea do not coincide with any significant astronomical forcing period , the largest tides are close to their narrow connections with the Atlantic Ocean . Extremely small tides also occur for the same reason in the Gulf of Mexico and Sea of Japan . Elsewhere , as along the southern coast of Australia , low tides can be due to the presence of a nearby amphidrome . Analysis A regular water level chart Isaac Newton 's theory of gravitation first enabled an explanation of why there were generally two tides a day , not one , and offered hope for a detailed understanding of tidal forces and behavior . Although it may seem that tides could be predicted via a sufficiently detailed knowledge of instantaneous astronomical forcings , the actual tide at a given location is determined by astronomical forces accumulated over many days . In addition , precise results require detailed knowledge of the shape of all the ocean basins -- their bathymetry , and coastline shape . Current procedure for analysing tides follows the method of harmonic analysis introduced in the 1860s by William Thomson . It is based on the principle that the astronomical theories of the motions of Sun and Moon determine a large number of component frequencies , and at each frequency there is a component of force tending to produce tidal motion , but that at each place of interest on the Earth , the tides respond at each frequency with an amplitude and phase peculiar to that locality . At each place of interest , the tide heights are therefore measured for a period of time sufficiently long ( usually more than a year in the case of a new port not previously studied ) to enable the response at each significant tide - generating frequency to be distinguished by analysis , and to extract the tidal constants for a sufficient number of the strongest known components of the astronomical tidal forces to enable practical tide prediction . The tide heights are expected to follow the tidal force , with a constant amplitude and phase delay for each component . Because astronomical frequencies and phases can be calculated with certainty , the tide height at other times can then be predicted once the response to the harmonic components of the astronomical tide - generating forces has been found . The main patterns in the tides are the twice - daily variation the difference between the first and second tide of a day the spring -- neap cycle the annual variation The Highest Astronomical Tide is the perigean spring tide when both the Sun and Moon are closest to the Earth . When confronted by a periodically varying function , the standard approach is to employ Fourier series , a form of analysis that uses sinusoidal functions as a basis set , having frequencies that are zero , one , two , three , etc. times the frequency of a particular fundamental cycle . These multiples are called harmonics of the fundamental frequency , and the process is termed harmonic analysis . If the basis set of sinusoidal functions suit the behaviour being modelled , relatively few harmonic terms need to be added . Orbital paths are very nearly circular , so sinusoidal variations are suitable for tides . For the analysis of tide heights , the Fourier series approach has in practice to be made more elaborate than the use of a single frequency and its harmonics . The tidal patterns are decomposed into many sinusoids having many fundamental frequencies , corresponding ( as in the lunar theory ) to many different combinations of the motions of the Earth , the Moon , and the angles that define the shape and location of their orbits . For tides , then , harmonic analysis is not limited to harmonics of a single frequency . In other words , the harmonies are multiples of many fundamental frequencies , not just of the fundamental frequency of the simpler Fourier series approach . Their representation as a Fourier series having only one fundamental frequency and its ( integer ) multiples would require many terms , and would be severely limited in the time - range for which it would be valid . The study of tide height by harmonic analysis was begun by Laplace , William Thomson ( Lord Kelvin ) , and George Darwin . A.T. Doodson extended their work , introducing the Doodson Number notation to organise the hundreds of resulting terms . This approach has been the international standard ever since , and the complications arise as follows : the tide - raising force is notionally given by sums of several terms . Each term is of the form A cos ( ω t + p ) ( \ displaystyle A \ cos \ , ( \ omega t + p ) ) where A is the amplitude , ω is the angular frequency usually given in degrees per hour corresponding to t measured in hours , and p is the phase offset with regard to the astronomical state at time t = 0 . There is one term for the Moon and a second term for the Sun . The phase p of the first harmonic for the Moon term is called the lunitidal interval or high water interval . The next step is to accommodate the harmonic terms due to the elliptical shape of the orbits . Accordingly , the value of A is not a constant but also varying with time , slightly , about some average figure . Replace it then by A ( t ) where A is another sinusoid , similar to the cycles and epicycles of Ptolemaic theory . Accordingly , A ( t ) = A ( 1 + A a cos ( ω a t + p a ) ) ( \ displaystyle A ( t ) = A ( \ bigl ( ) 1 + A_ ( a ) \ cos \ , ( \ omega _ ( a ) t + p_ ( a ) ) ( \ bigr ) ) ) which is to say an average value A with a sinusoidal variation about it of magnitude A , with frequency ω and phase p . Thus the simple term is now the product of two cosine factors : A ( 1 + A a cos ( ω a t + p a ) ) cos ( ω t + p ) ( \ displaystyle A ( \ bigl ( ) 1 + A_ ( a ) \ cos \ , ( \ omega _ ( a ) t + p_ ( a ) ) ( \ bigr ) ) \ cos \ , ( \ omega t + p ) ) Given that for any x and y cos x cos y = 1 2 cos ( x + y ) + 1 2 cos ( x − y ) ( \ displaystyle \ cos x \ cos y = ( \ textstyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) \ cos \ , ( x + y ) + ( \ textstyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) \ cos \ , ( x-y ) ) it is clear that a compound term involving the product of two cosine terms each with their own frequency is the same as three simple cosine terms that are to be added at the original frequency and also at frequencies which are the sum and difference of the two frequencies of the product term . ( Three , not two terms , since the whole expression is ( 1 + cos x ) cos y ( \ displaystyle ( 1 + \ cos x ) \ cos y ) . ) Consider further that the tidal force on a location depends also on whether the Moon ( or the Sun ) is above or below the plane of the Equator , and that these attributes have their own periods also incommensurable with a day and a month , and it is clear that many combinations result . With a careful choice of the basic astronomical frequencies , the Doodson Number annotates the particular additions and differences to form the frequency of each simple cosine term . Tidal prediction summing constituent parts . Remember that astronomical tides do not include weather effects . Also , changes to local conditions ( sandbank movement , dredging harbour mouths , etc . ) away from those prevailing at the measurement time affect the tide 's actual timing and magnitude . Organisations quoting a `` highest astronomical tide '' for some location may exaggerate the figure as a safety factor against analytical uncertainties , distance from the nearest measurement point , changes since the last observation time , ground subsidence , etc. , to avert liability should an engineering work be overtopped . Special care is needed when assessing the size of a `` weather surge '' by subtracting the astronomical tide from the observed tide . Careful Fourier data analysis over a nineteen - year period ( the National Tidal Datum Epoch in the U.S. ) uses frequencies called the tidal harmonic constituents . Nineteen years is preferred because the Earth , Moon and Sun 's relative positions repeat almost exactly in the Metonic cycle of 19 years , which is long enough to include the 18.613 year lunar nodal tidal constituent . This analysis can be done using only the knowledge of the forcing period , but without detailed understanding of the mathematical derivation , which means that useful tidal tables have been constructed for centuries . The resulting amplitudes and phases can then be used to predict the expected tides . These are usually dominated by the constituents near 12 hours ( the semi-diurnal constituents ) , but there are major constituents near 24 hours ( diurnal ) as well . Longer term constituents are 14 day or fortnightly , monthly , and semiannual . Semi-diurnal tides dominated coastline , but some areas such as the South China Sea and the Gulf of Mexico are primarily diurnal . In the semi-diurnal areas , the primary constituents M ( lunar ) and S ( solar ) periods differ slightly , so that the relative phases , and thus the amplitude of the combined tide , change fortnightly ( 14 day period ) . In the M plot above , each cotidal line differs by one hour from its neighbors , and the thicker lines show tides in phase with equilibrium at Greenwich . The lines rotate around the amphidromic points counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere so that from Baja California Peninsula to Alaska and from France to Ireland the M tide propagates northward . In the southern hemisphere this direction is clockwise . On the other hand , M tide propagates counterclockwise around New Zealand , but this is because the islands act as a dam and permit the tides to have different heights on the islands ' opposite sides . ( The tides do propagate northward on the east side and southward on the west coast , as predicted by theory . ) The exception is at Cook Strait where the tidal currents periodically link high to low water . This is because cotidal lines 180 ° around the amphidromes are in opposite phase , for example high water across from low water at each end of Cook Strait . Each tidal constituent has a different pattern of amplitudes , phases , and amphidromic points , so the M patterns can not be used for other tide components . Example calculation Further information : The article on A.T. Doodson has a fully worked example calculation for Bridgeport , Connecticut , U.S.A. Tides at Bridgeport , Connecticut , U.S.A. during a 50 - hour period . Tides at Bridgeport , Connecticut , U.S.A. during a 30 - day period . Tides at Bridgeport , Connecticut , U.S.A. during a 400 - day period . Tidal patterns in Cook Strait . The north part ( Nelson ) has two spring tides per month , versus only one on the south side ( Wellington and Napier ) . Because the Moon is moving in its orbit around the Earth and in the same sense as the Earth 's rotation , a point on the Earth must rotate slightly further to catch up so that the time between semidiurnal tides is not twelve but 12.4206 hours -- a bit over twenty - five minutes extra . The two peaks are not equal . The two high tides a day alternate in maximum heights : lower high ( just under three feet ) , higher high ( just over three feet ) , and again lower high . Likewise for the low tides . When the Earth , Moon , and Sun are in line ( Sun -- Earth -- Moon , or Sun -- Moon -- Earth ) the two main influences combine to produce spring tides ; when the two forces are opposing each other as when the angle Moon -- Earth -- Sun is close to ninety degrees , neap tides result . As the Moon moves around its orbit it changes from north of the Equator to south of the Equator . The alternation in high tide heights becomes smaller , until they are the same ( at the lunar equinox , the Moon is above the Equator ) , then redevelop but with the other polarity , waxing to a maximum difference and then waning again . Current The tides ' influence on current flow is much more difficult to analyse , and data is much more difficult to collect . A tidal height is a simple number which applies to a wide region simultaneously . A flow has both a magnitude and a direction , both of which can vary substantially with depth and over short distances due to local bathymetry . Also , although a water channel 's center is the most useful measuring site , mariners object when current - measuring equipment obstructs waterways . A flow proceeding up a curved channel is the same flow , even though its direction varies continuously along the channel . Surprisingly , flood and ebb flows are often not in opposite directions . Flow direction is determined by the upstream channel 's shape , not the downstream channel 's shape . Likewise , eddies may form in only one flow direction . Nevertheless , current analysis is similar to tidal analysis : in the simple case , at a given location the flood flow is in mostly one direction , and the ebb flow in another direction . Flood velocities are given positive sign , and ebb velocities negative sign . Analysis proceeds as though these are tide heights . In more complex situations , the main ebb and flood flows do not dominate . Instead , the flow direction and magnitude trace an ellipse over a tidal cycle ( on a polar plot ) instead of along the ebb and flood lines . In this case , analysis might proceed along pairs of directions , with the primary and secondary directions at right angles . An alternative is to treat the tidal flows as complex numbers , as each value has both a magnitude and a direction . Tide flow information is most commonly seen on nautical charts , presented as a table of flow speeds and bearings at hourly intervals , with separate tables for spring and neap tides . The timing is relative to high water at some harbour where the tidal behaviour is similar in pattern , though it may be far away . As with tide height predictions , tide flow predictions based only on astronomical factors do not incorporate weather conditions , which can completely change the outcome . The tidal flow through Cook Strait between the two main islands of New Zealand is particularly interesting , as the tides on each side of the strait are almost exactly out of phase , so that one side 's high water is simultaneous with the other 's low water . Strong currents result , with almost zero tidal height change in the strait 's center . Yet , although the tidal surge normally flows in one direction for six hours and in the reverse direction for six hours , a particular surge might last eight or ten hours with the reverse surge enfeebled . In especially boisterous weather conditions , the reverse surge might be entirely overcome so that the flow continues in the same direction through three or more surge periods . A further complication for Cook Strait 's flow pattern is that the tide at the north side ( e.g. at Nelson ) follows the common bi-weekly spring -- neap tide cycle ( as found along the west side of the country ) , but the south side 's tidal pattern has only one cycle per month , as on the east side : Wellington , and Napier . The graph of Cook Strait 's tides shows separately the high water and low water height and time , through November 2007 ; these are not measured values but instead are calculated from tidal parameters derived from years - old measurements . Cook Strait 's nautical chart offers tidal current information . For instance the January 1979 edition for 41 ° 13 9 'S 174 ° 29 6'E ( north west of Cape Terawhiti ) refers timings to Westport while the January 2004 issue refers to Wellington . Near Cape Terawhiti in the middle of Cook Strait the tidal height variation is almost nil while the tidal current reaches its maximum , especially near the notorious Karori Rip . Aside from weather effects , the actual currents through Cook Strait are influenced by the tidal height differences between the two ends of the strait and as can be seen , only one of the two spring tides at the north end ( Nelson ) has a counterpart spring tide at the south end ( Wellington ) , so the resulting behaviour follows neither reference harbour . Power generation Main article : Tidal power Tidal energy can be extracted by two means : inserting a water turbine into a tidal current , or building ponds that release / admit water through a turbine . In the first case , the energy amount is entirely determined by the timing and tidal current magnitude . However , the best currents may be unavailable because the turbines would obstruct ships . In the second , the impoundment dams are expensive to construct , natural water cycles are completely disrupted , ship navigation is disrupted . However , with multiple ponds , power can be generated at chosen times . So far , there are few installed systems for tidal power generation ( most famously , La Rance at Saint Malo , France ) which face many difficulties . Aside from environmental issues , simply withstanding corrosion and biological fouling pose engineering challenges . Tidal power proponents point out that , unlike wind power systems , generation levels can be reliably predicted , save for weather effects . While some generation is possible for most of the tidal cycle , in practice turbines lose efficiency at lower operating rates . Since the power available from a flow is proportional to the cube of the flow speed , the times during which high power generation is possible are brief . Navigation US civil and maritime uses of tidal data Tidal flows are important for navigation , and significant errors in position occur if they are not accommodated . Tidal heights are also important ; for example many rivers and harbours have a shallow `` bar '' at the entrance which prevents boats with significant draft from entering at low tide . Until the advent of automated navigation , competence in calculating tidal effects was important to naval officers . The certificate of examination for lieutenants in the Royal Navy once declared that the prospective officer was able to `` shift his tides '' . Tidal flow timings and velocities appear in tide charts or a tidal stream atlas . Tide charts come in sets . Each chart covers a single hour between one high water and another ( they ignore the leftover 24 minutes ) and show the average tidal flow for that hour . An arrow on the tidal chart indicates the direction and the average flow speed ( usually in knots ) for spring and neap tides . If a tide chart is not available , most nautical charts have `` tidal diamonds '' which relate specific points on the chart to a table giving tidal flow direction and speed . The standard procedure to counteract tidal effects on navigation is to ( 1 ) calculate a `` dead reckoning '' position ( or DR ) from travel distance and direction , ( 2 ) mark the chart ( with a vertical cross like a plus sign ) and ( 3 ) draw a line from the DR in the tide 's direction . The distance the tide moves the boat along this line is computed by the tidal speed , and this gives an `` estimated position '' or EP ( traditionally marked with a dot in a triangle ) . Tidal Indicator , Delaware River , Delaware c. 1897 . At the time shown in the figure , the tide is 1 ⁄ feet above mean low water and is still falling , as indicated by pointing of the arrow . Indicator is powered by system of pulleys , cables and a float . ( Report Of The Superintendent Of The Coast & Geodetic Survey Showing The Progress Of The Work During The Fiscal Year Ending With June 1897 ( p. 483 ) ) Nautical charts display the water 's `` charted depth '' at specific locations with `` soundings '' and the use of bathymetric contour lines to depict the submerged surface 's shape . These depths are relative to a `` chart datum '' , which is typically the water level at the lowest possible astronomical tide ( although other datums are commonly used , especially historically , and tides may be lower or higher for meteorological reasons ) and are therefore the minimum possible water depth during the tidal cycle . `` Drying heights '' may also be shown on the chart , which are the heights of the exposed seabed at the lowest astronomical tide . Tide tables list each day 's high and low water heights and times . To calculate the actual water depth , add the charted depth to the published tide height . Depth for other times can be derived from tidal curves published for major ports . The rule of twelfths can suffice if an accurate curve is not available . This approximation presumes that the increase in depth in the six hours between low and high water is : first hour -- 1 / 12 , second -- 2 / 12 , third -- 3 / 12 , fourth -- 3 / 12 , fifth -- 2 / 12 , sixth -- 1 / 12 . Biological aspects Intertidal ecology A rock , seen at low water , exhibiting typical intertidal zonation . Main article : Intertidal ecology Further information : Intertidal zone Intertidal ecology is the study of ecosystems between the low - and high - water lines along a shore . At low water , the intertidal zone is exposed ( or emersed ) , whereas at high water , it is underwater ( or immersed ) . Intertidal ecologists therefore study the interactions between intertidal organisms and their environment , as well as among the different species . The most important interactions may vary according to the type of intertidal community . The broadest classifications are based on substrates -- rocky shore or soft bottom . Intertidal organisms experience a highly variable and often hostile environment , and have adapted to cope with and even exploit these conditions . One easily visible feature is vertical zonation , in which the community divides into distinct horizontal bands of specific species at each elevation above low water . A species ' ability to cope with desiccation determines its upper limit , while competition with other species sets its lower limit . Humans use intertidal regions for food and recreation . Overexploitation can damage intertidals directly . Other anthropogenic actions such as introducing invasive species and climate change have large negative effects . Marine Protected Areas are one option communities can apply to protect these areas and aid scientific research . Biological rhythms The approximately fortnightly tidal cycle has large effects on intertidal and marine organisms . Hence their biological rhythms tend to occur in rough multiples of this period . Many other animals such as the vertebrates , display similar rhythms . Examples include gestation and egg hatching . In humans , the menstrual cycle lasts roughly a lunar month , an even multiple of the tidal period . Such parallels at least hint at the common descent of all animals from a marine ancestor . Other tides When oscillating tidal currents in the stratified ocean flow over uneven bottom topography , they generate internal waves with tidal frequencies . Such waves are called internal tides . Shallow areas in otherwise open water can experience rotary tidal currents , flowing in directions that continually change and thus the flow direction ( not the flow ) completes a full rotation in 12 ⁄ hours ( for example , the Nantucket Shoals ) . In addition to oceanic tides , large lakes can experience small tides and even planets can experience atmospheric tides and Earth tides . These are continuum mechanical phenomena . The first two take place in fluids . The third affects the Earth 's thin solid crust surrounding its semi-liquid interior ( with various modifications ) . Lake tides Large lakes such as Superior and Erie can experience tides of 1 to 4 cm ( 0.39 to 1.6 in ) , but these can be masked by meteorologically induced phenomena such as seiche . The tide in Lake Michigan is described as 0.5 to 1.5 inches ( 13 to 38 mm ) or 1 ⁄ inches . This is so small that other larger effects completely mask any tide , and as such these lakes are considered non-tidal . Atmospheric tides Atmospheric tides are negligible at ground level and aviation altitudes , masked by weather 's much more important effects . Atmospheric tides are both gravitational and thermal in origin and are the dominant dynamics from about 80 to 120 kilometres ( 50 to 75 mi ) , above which the molecular density becomes too low to support fluid behavior . Earth tides Main article : Earth tide Earth tides or terrestrial tides affect the entire Earth 's mass , which acts similarly to a liquid gyroscope with a very thin crust . The Earth 's crust shifts ( in / out , east / west , north / south ) in response to lunar and solar gravitation , ocean tides , and atmospheric loading . While negligible for most human activities , terrestrial tides ' semi-diurnal amplitude can reach about 55 centimetres ( 22 in ) at the Equator -- 15 centimetres ( 5.9 in ) due to the Sun -- which is important in GPS calibration and VLBI measurements . Precise astronomical angular measurements require knowledge of the Earth 's rotation rate and polar motion , both of which are influenced by Earth tides . The semi-diurnal M Earth tides are nearly in phase with the Moon with a lag of about two hours . Galactic tides Galactic tides are the tidal forces exerted by galaxies on stars within them and satellite galaxies orbiting them . The galactic tide 's effects on the Solar System 's Oort cloud are believed to cause 90 percent of long - period comets . Misnomers Tsunamis , the large waves that occur after earthquakes , are sometimes called tidal waves , but this name is given by their resemblance to the tide , rather than any actual link to the tide . Other phenomena unrelated to tides but using the word tide are rip tide , storm tide , hurricane tide , and black or red tides . Many of these usages are historic and refer to the earlier meaning of tide as `` a portion of time , a season '' . See also Nautical portal Water portal Moon portal Earth sciences portal Aquaculture Clairaut 's theorem Coastal erosion Establishment of a port Head of tide Hough function King tide Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment Lunar phase Marine terrace Mean high water spring Mean low water spring Orbit of the Moon Primitive equations Tidal island Tidal limit Tidal locking Tidal prism Tidal reach Tidal resonance Tidal river Tidal triggering Tide pool Tideline References Jump up ^ Reddy , M.P.M. & Affholder , M. ( 2002 ) . Descriptive physical oceanography : State of the Art . Taylor and Francis . p. 249 . ISBN 90 - 5410 - 706 - 5 . OCLC 223133263 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Richard ( 1893 ) . Boater 's Bowditch : The Small Craft American Practical Navigator . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 136136 - 7 . OCLC 44059064 . Jump up ^ Coastal orientation and geometry affects the phase , direction , and amplitude of amphidromic systems , coastal Kelvin waves as well as resonant seiches in bays . In estuaries , seasonal river outflows influence tidal flow . Jump up ^ `` Tidal lunar day '' . NOAA . Do not confuse with the astronomical lunar day on the Moon . A lunar zenith is the Moon 's highest point in the sky . Jump up ^ Mellor , George L. ( 1996 ) . Introduction to physical oceanography . Springer . p. 169 . ISBN 1 - 56396 - 210 - 1 . Jump up ^ Tide tables usually list mean lower low water ( mllw , the 19 year average of mean lower low waters ) , mean higher low water ( mhlw ) , mean lower high water ( mlhw ) , mean higher high water ( mhhw ) , as well as perigean tides . These are mean values in the sense that they derive from mean data . `` Glossary of Coastal Terminology : H -- M '' . Washington Department of Ecology , State of Washington . Retrieved 5 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Definitions of tidal terms '' . Land Information New Zealand . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Types and causes of tidal cycles '' . U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) National Ocean Service ( Education section ) . Jump up ^ Swerdlow , Noel M. ; Neugebauer , Otto ( 1984 ) . Mathematical astronomy in Copernicus 's De revolutionibus. 1 . Springer - Verlag . p. 76 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 90939 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` neap2 '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Old English ( example given from AD 469 : forđganges nip - without the power of advancing ) . The Danish niptid is probably from the English . The English term neap - flood ( from which neap tide comes ) seems to have been in common use by AD 725 . Jump up ^ Plait , Phil ( 11 March 2011 ) . `` No , the `` supermoon '' did n't cause the Japanese earthquake `` . Discover Magazine . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Rice , Tony ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Super moon looms Saturday '' . WRAL - TV . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Le Provost , Christian ( 1991 ) . Generation of Overtides and compound tides ( review ) . In Parker , Bruce B. ( ed . ) Tidal Hydrodynamics . John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 51498 - 5 Jump up ^ Accad , Y . & Pekeris , C.L. ( November 28 , 1978 ) . `` Solution of the Tidal Equations for the M and S Tides in the World Oceans from a Knowledge of the Tidal Potential Alone '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A. 290 ( 1368 ) : 235 -- 266 . Bibcode : 1978RSPTA. 290 ... 235A . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1978.0083 . Jump up ^ `` Tide forecasts '' . New Zealand : National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 07 . Including animations of the M2 , S2 and K1 tides for New Zealand . Jump up ^ Schureman , Paul ( 1971 ) . Manual of harmonic analysis and prediction of tides . U.S. Coast and geodetic survey . p. 204 . Jump up ^ Ptolemy with Frank E. Robbins , trans. , Tetrabiblos ( Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 1940 ) , Book 1 , chapter 2 . From chapter 2 : `` The moon , too , as the heavenly body nearest the earth , bestows her effluence most abundantly upon mundane things , for most of them , animate or inanimate , are sympathetic to her and change in company with her ; the rivers increase and diminish their streams with her light , the seas turn their own tides with her rising and setting , ... '' Jump up ^ Bede ( 1999 ) . The Reckoning of Time . Translated by Wallis , Faith . Liverpool University Press . p. 82 . ISBN 0 - 85323 - 693 - 3 . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Bede 1999 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Bede 1999 , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Marina Tolmacheva ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) . Glick , Thomas F. , ed . Geography , Chorography . Medieval Science , Technology , and Medicine : An Encyclopedia . Routledge . p. 188 . ISBN 9781135459321 . Jump up ^ Simon Stevin - Flanders Marine Institute ( pdf , in Dutch ) Jump up ^ Palmerino , The Reception of the Galilean Science of Motion in Seventeenth - Century Europe , pp. 200 op books.google.nl Jump up ^ Johannes Kepler , Astronomia nova ... ( 1609 ) , p. 5 of the Introductio in hoc opus ( Introduction to this work ) . From page 5 : `` Orbis virtutis tractoriæ , quæ est in Luna , porrigitur utque ad Terras , & prolectat aquas sub Zonam Torridam , ... Celeriter vero Luna verticem transvolante , cum aquæ tam celeriter sequi non possint , fluxus quidem fit Oceani sub Torrida in Occidentem , ... '' ( The sphere of the lifting power , which is ( centered ) in the moon , is extended as far as to the earth and attracts the waters under the torrid zone , ... However the moon flies swiftly across the zenith ; because the waters can not follow so quickly , the tide of the ocean under the torrid ( zone ) is indeed made to the west , ... ) ^ Jump up to : Lisitzin , E. ( 1974 ) . `` 2 `` Periodical sea - level changes : Astronomical tides '' `` . Sea - Level Changes , ( Elsevier Oceanography Series ) . 8 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` What Causes Tides ? '' . U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) National Ocean Service ( Education section ) . Jump up ^ See for example , in the ' Principia ' ( Book 1 ) ( 1729 translation ) , Corollaries 19 and 20 to Proposition 66 , on pages 251 -- 254 , referring back to page 234 et seq. ; and in Book 3 Propositions 24 , 36 and 37 , starting on page 255 . Jump up ^ Wahr , J. ( 1995 ) . Earth Tides in `` Global Earth Physics '' , American Geophysical Union Reference Shelf # 1 . pp. 40 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Leonhard Euler ; Eric J. Aiton ( 28 June 1996 ) . Commentationes mechanicae et astronomicae ad physicam pertinentes . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 19 -- . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7643 - 1459 - 0 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Thomas , ed . ( March 1819 ) . `` On Capt . Cook 's Account of the Tides '' . Annals of Philosophy . London : Baldwin , Cradock and Joy . XIII : 204 . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Zuosheng , Y. ; Emery , K.O. & Yui , X . ( July 1989 ) . `` Historical Development and Use of Thousand - Year - Old Tide - Prediction Tables '' . Limnology and Oceanography. 34 ( 5 ) : 953 -- 957 . Bibcode : 1989LimOc ... 34 ... 953Z . doi : 10.4319 / lo. 1989.34. 5.0953 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , David E. ( 1999 ) . Tides : A Scientific History . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Case , James ( March 2000 ) . `` Understanding Tides -- From Ancient Beliefs to Present - day Solutions to the Laplace Equations '' . SIAM News . 33 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Doodson , A.T. ( December 1921 ) . `` The Harmonic Development of the Tide - Generating Potential '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A. 100 ( 704 ) : 305 -- 329 . Bibcode : 1921RSPSA. 100 ... 305D . doi : 10.1098 / rspa. 1921.0088 . Jump up ^ Casotto , S. & Biscani , F. ( April 2004 ) . `` A fully analytical approach to the harmonic development of the tide - generating potential accounting for precession , nutation , and perturbations due to figure and planetary terms '' . AAS Division on Dynamical Astronomy . 36 ( 2 ) : 67 . Bibcode : 2004DDA ... 35.0805 C . Jump up ^ Moyer , T.D. ( 2003 ) `` Formulation for observed and computed values of Deep Space Network data types for navigation '' Archived 2004 - 10 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , vol. 3 in Deep - space communications and navigation series , Wiley , pp. 126 -- 8 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 44535 - 5 . Jump up ^ Young , C.A. 1889 . A Textbook of General Astronomy ( 1 ) Page 288 . Jump up ^ According to NASA the lunar tidal force is 2.21 times larger than the solar . Jump up ^ See Tidal force -- Mathematical treatment and sources cited there . Jump up ^ Munk , W. ; Wunsch , C. ( 1998 ) . `` Abyssal recipes II : energetics of tidal and wind mixing '' . Deep - Sea Research Part I. 45 ( 12 ) : 1977 . Bibcode : 1998DSRI ... 45.1977 M . doi : 10.1016 / S0967 - 0637 ( 98 ) 00070 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ray , R.D. ; Eanes , R.J. ; Chao , B.F. ( 1996 ) . `` Detection of tidal dissipation in the solid Earth by satellite tracking and altimetry '' . Nature . 381 ( 6583 ) : 595 . Bibcode : 1996Natur. 381 ... 595R . doi : 10.1038 / 381595a0 . Jump up ^ The day is currently lengthening at a rate of about 0.002 seconds per century . Lecture 2 : The Role of Tidal Dissipation and the Laplace Tidal Equations by Myrl Hendershott . GFD Proceedings Volume , 2004 , WHOI Notes by Yaron Toledo and Marshall Ward . Jump up ^ U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) National Ocean Service ( Education section ) , map showing world distribution of tide patterns , semi-diurnal , diurnal and mixed semi-diurnal . Jump up ^ Thurman , H.V. ( 1994 ) . Introductory Oceanography ( 7th ed . ) . New York , NY : Macmillan . pp. 252 -- 276 . ref Jump up ^ Ross , D.A. ( 1995 ) . Introduction to Oceanography . New York , NY : HarperCollins . pp. 236 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Flussi e riflussi . Milano : Feltrinelli. 2003 . ISBN 88 - 07 - 10349 - 4 . Jump up ^ van der Waerden , B.L. ( 1987 ) . `` The Heliocentric System in Greek , Persian and Hindu Astronomy '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 500 ( 1 ) : 525 -- 545 ( 527 ) . Bibcode : 1987NYASA. 500 ... 525V . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 6632.1987. tb37224. x . Jump up ^ Cartwright , D.E. ( 1999 ) . Tides , A Scientific History : 11 , 18 Jump up ^ `` The Doodson -- Légé Tide Predicting Machine '' . Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology American Meteorological Society . Jump up ^ Webster , Thomas ( 1837 ) . The elements of physics . Printed for Scott , Webster , and Geary . p. 168 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Retrieved June 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : O'Reilly , C.T.R. ; Ron Solvason & Christian Solomon ( 2005 ) . Ryan , J. , ed . `` Where are the World 's Largest Tides '' . BIO Annual Report `` 2004 in Review '' . Washington , D.C. : Biotechnol . Ind . Org. : 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : Charles T. O'reilly , Ron Solvason , and Christian Solomon . `` Resolving the World 's largest tides '' , in J.A Percy , A.J. Evans , P.G. Wells , and S.J. Rolston ( Editors ) 2005 : The Changing Bay of Fundy - Beyond 400 years , Proceedings of the 6th Bay of Fundy Workshop , Cornwallis , Nova Scotia , Sept. 29 , 2004 to October 2 , 2004 . Environment Canada - Atlantic Region , Occasional Report no . 23 . Dartmouth , N.S. and Sackville , N.B. Jump up ^ Pingree , R.D. ; L. Maddock ( 1978 ) . `` Deep - Sea Research '' . 25 : 53 -- 63 . Jump up ^ To demonstrate this Tides Home Page offers a tidal height pattern converted into an . mp3 sound file , and the rich sound is quite different from a pure tone . Jump up ^ Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services , National Ocean Service , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( January 2000 ) . `` Tide and Current Glossary '' ( PDF ) . Silver Spring , MD . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Harmonic Constituents , NOAA . Jump up ^ Society for Nautical Research ( 1958 ) . The Mariner 's Mirror . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bos , A.R. ; Gumanao , G.S. ; van Katwijk , M.M. ; Mueller , B. ; Saceda , M.M. & Tejada , R.P. ( 2011 ) . `` Ontogenetic habitat shift , population growth , and burrowing behavior of the Indo - Pacific beach star Archaster typicus ( Echinodermata : Asteroidea ) '' . Marine Biology . 158 ( 3 ) : 639 -- 648 . doi : 10.1007 / s00227 - 010 - 1588 - 0 . PMC 3873073 . PMID 24391259 . Jump up ^ Bos , A.R. & Gumanao , G.S. ( 2012 ) . `` The lunar cycle determines availability of coral reef fishes on fish markets '' . Journal of Fish Biology . 81 ( 6 ) : 2074 -- 2079 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.2012. 03454. x . PMID 23130702 . Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ( 1871 ) . The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex . London : John Murray . Jump up ^ Le Lacheur , Embert A. Tidal currents in the open sea : Subsurface tidal currents at Nantucket Shoals Light Vessel Geographical Review , April 1924 . Accessed : 4 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Do the Great Lakes have tides ? '' . Great Lakes Information Network . October 1 , 2000 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Calder , Vince . `` Tides on Lake Michigan '' . Argonne National Laboratory . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dunkerson , Duane . `` moon and Tides '' . Astronomy Briefly . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Do the Great Lakes have tides ? '' . National Ocean Service . NOAA . Jump up ^ Nurmi , P. ; Valtonen , M.J. & Zheng , J.Q. ( 2001 ) . `` Periodic variation of Oort Cloud flux and cometary impacts on the Earth and Jupiter '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 327 ( 4 ) : 1367 -- 1376 . Bibcode : 2001MNRAS. 327.1367 N . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 8711.2001. 04854. x . Jump up ^ `` tide '' . Oxford English Dictionary . XVIII ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . p. 64 . Further reading 150 Years of Tides on the Western Coast : The Longest Series of Tidal Observations in the Americas NOAA ( 2004 ) . Eugene I. Butikov : A dynamical picture of the ocean tides Tides and centrifugal force : Why the centrifugal force does not explain the tide 's opposite lobe ( with nice animations ) . O. Toledano et al. ( 2008 ) : Tides in asynchronous binary systems Gaylord Johnson `` How Moon and Sun Generate the Tides '' Popular Science , April 1934 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Tides Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tides . NOAA Tides and Currents information and data History of tide prediction Department of Oceanography , Texas A&M University UK Admiralty Easytide UK , South Atlantic , British Overseas Territories and Gibraltar tide times from the UK National Tidal and Sea Level Facility Tide Predictions for Australia , South Pacific & Antarctica Tide and Current Predictor , for stations around the world Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geochemical Ocean Sections Study Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton ocean model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Theory of tides Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | write two features of any one type of tide | [
"Tide tables can be used to find the predicted times and amplitude (or \"tidal range\") of tides at any given locale. The predictions are influenced by many factors including the alignment of the Sun and Moon, the phase and amplitude of the tide (pattern of tides in the deep ocean), the amphidromic systems of the oceans, and the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry (see Timing). They are however only predictions, the actual time and height of the tide is affected by wind and atmospheric pressure. Some shorelines experience a semi-diurnal tide—two nearly equal high and low tides each day. Other locations experience a diurnal tide—only one high and low tide each day. A \"mixed tide\"—two uneven tides a day, or one high and one low—is also possible.[1][2][3]\n",
"Tide tables can be used to find the predicted times and amplitude (or \"tidal range\") of tides at any given locale. The predictions are influenced by many factors including the alignment of the Sun and Moon, the phase and amplitude of the tide (pattern of tides in the deep ocean), the amphidromic systems of the oceans, and the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry (see Timing). They are however only predictions, the actual time and height of the tide is affected by wind and atmospheric pressure. Some shorelines experience a semi-diurnal tide—two nearly equal high and low tides each day. Other locations experience a diurnal tide—only one high and low tide each day. A \"mixed tide\"—two uneven tides a day, or one high and one low—is also possible.[1][2][3]\n"
] | [
"phase",
"amplitude"
] |
3863117877494111972 | Resident Evil 7: Biohazard | Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard - wikipedia Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard Developer ( s ) Capcom Publisher ( s ) Capcom Director ( s ) Koshi Nakanishi Producer ( s ) Masachika Kawata Tsuyoshi Kanda Designer ( s ) Hajime Horiuchi Keisuke Yamakawa Programmer ( s ) Makoto Fukui Yosuke Noro Tomofumi Ishida Artist ( s ) Tomonori Takano Toshihiko Tsuda Hiroyuki Chi Writer ( s ) Morimasa Sato Richard Pearsey Composer ( s ) Akiyuki Morimoto Series Resident Evil Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Nintendo Switch Release Windows , PS4 , XB1 WW : January 24 , 2017 JP : January 26 , 2017 Nintendo Switch JP : May 24 , 2018 Genre ( s ) Survival horror Mode ( s ) Single - player Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard is a survival horror game developed and published by Capcom , released in January 2017 for Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One , and in May 2018 for the Nintendo Switch in Japan . Diverging from the more action - oriented Resident Evil 5 and Resident Evil 6 , Resident Evil 7 returns to the franchise 's survival horror roots , emphasizing exploration . The player controls Ethan Winters as he searches for his wife in a derelict plantation occupied by a cannibal family , solving puzzles and fighting enemies . It is the first main series game to use a first - person view . Resident Evil 7 is the first full - length game to use Capcom 's in - house RE Engine . The development was led by Koshi Nakanishi , director of the 2012 Nintendo 3DS game Resident Evil : Revelations . It was presented as a virtual reality demo , Kitchen , a year prior to its announcement at E3 2016 , and supports the PlayStation VR headset . Resident Evil 7 was considered a return to form for the series ; critics praised the gameplay , graphics , and design , but criticized the boss battles and the final chapter . The PlayStation VR version received positive reviews , with some criticism including decreased resolution and physical discomfort . By March 2018 , the game had sold over five million copies worldwide . Its initial release was followed by two downloadable scenarios , Not a Hero and End of Zoe . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 2.1 Not a Hero 2.2 End of Zoe 3 Development 4 Release and marketing 4.1 Playable demonstrations 4.2 Downloadable content 5 Reception 5.1 Pre-release 5.2 Post-release 5.3 Sales 5.4 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Using a handgun in combat The player controls Ethan Winters from a first - person perspective as he searches the Baker house for his missing wife . Although Ethan is a civilian with few combat skills , he is able to arm himself with a variety of different weapons including handguns , shotguns , flamethrowers , explosives and chainsaws against the Baker family and a humanoid form of fungus known as the `` Molded '' . He can also block attacks to reduce damage . Various sections of the game are spent being pursued by members of the Baker family , who if engaged in combat , can only be temporarily incapacitated . However , these encounters are avoidable by means of stealth , or running away . Unlike Resident Evil 5 and Resident Evil 6 , the gameplay emphasizes horror and exploration over action . The inventory uses a grid - based system with an initial capacity of 12 slots , but may be expanded several times over the course of the game . An item can occupy up to two spaces , and four items may be assigned to the D - pad . Item boxes found in save rooms may also be used to manage and store items , and can be retrieved from different item boxes for later use . Items in the inventory can be used , examined , or combined with other items to increase their usefulness . Many of the game 's puzzles require that items be examined under certain conditions in order to reveal secrets . Tape recorders can be used to manually save the game 's progress , which , depending on the given difficulty level , may require the use of a cassette tape . Videotapes are scattered for Ethan to find , which place the player in the perspective of a different character , often revealing plot information or clues needed to solve a puzzle . The PlayStation 4 version is playable in virtual reality using the PlayStation VR headset . Plot ( edit ) In 2017 , Ethan Winters is drawn to a derelict plantation in Dulvey , Louisiana , by a message from his wife , Mia , who has been presumed dead for three years . He finds Mia imprisoned in the basement of a seemingly abandoned house , but she becomes violent and attacks him , forcing him to kill her . After receiving a call from a woman named Zoe offering assistance , Ethan is attacked by a revived Mia , who cuts his hand off . Jack , the patriarch of the Baker family , captures Ethan . After Zoe reattaches his hand , Ethan is held captive by Jack , his wife Marguerite , their son Lucas , and an elderly woman who is using a wheelchair and is in a catatonic state . Ethan escapes but is pursued around the house by Jack , who has powerful regenerative abilities . In the basement , Ethan discovers reanimated monsters known as Molded . Zoe reveals that she is Jack 's daughter , and that the family and Mia are infected , but can be cured with a special serum . Ethan makes his way to an old house to retrieve the serum ingredients , kills Marguerite , and has visions of a young girl . Lucas captures Zoe and Mia and forces Ethan to navigate a booby - trapped barn to find them . Ethan chases away Lucas and frees Zoe and Mia . Zoe develops two serum doses , but they are attacked by Jack , now heavily mutated ; Ethan kills him using one of the serums . Ethan must choose to cure either Mia or Zoe . Choosing Zoe leaves Mia heartbroken , despite Ethan 's promise to send help . As he and Zoe flee on a boat , Zoe reveals that the Bakers were infected after Mia arrived with a young girl named Eveline when the wreck of a tanker ship washed ashore . Eveline stops their escape by psychically killing Zoe , and Ethan is knocked from the boat by a creature . If Ethan chooses Mia , Zoe gives a bitter farewell to him and Mia . As he and Mia flee on a boat , they come across the crashed tanker , where they are attacked by the creature and knocked from the boat . Mia searches the wrecked ship for Ethan while experiencing visions of Eveline , who refers to Mia as her mother . Eventually , Mia 's memory is restored , revealing that she was a covert operative for a corporation that developed Eveline as a bioweapon . Mia and another agent were to escort Eveline as she was transported aboard the tanker ; Eveline escaped containment , killed Mia 's colleague , and sank the ship . She infected Mia in an effort to force her to be her mother . Mia finds Ethan and gives him a vial of Eveline 's genetic material . If Ethan cured Mia , she resists Eveline 's control long enough to seal Ethan out of the ship ; if he cured Zoe , Mia succumbs to Eveline 's control and attacks Ethan , forcing him to kill her . Ethan discovers a hidden laboratory inside an abandoned salt mine . He learns that Eveline is a bio-organic weapon capable of infecting people with a psychotropic mold that gives her control over her victims ' minds , resulting in insanity , mutation , and superhuman regenerative abilities . Eveline grew up obsessed with having a family , driving her to infect Mia and the Bakers and lure Ethan . Lucas was immunized against Eveline 's control by her creators , The Connections , in exchange for providing observations on her . Using the lab equipment and Eveline 's genetic material , Ethan synthesizes a toxin to kill her , and proceeds through tunnels that lead back to the Baker house . He overcomes Eveline 's hallucinations , and injects Eveline with the toxin . She reverts to her other form , the elderly woman in a wheelchair ; Eveline has been rapidly aging since escaping . Eveline mutates into a large monster and , aided by the arrival of a military squad led by Chris Redfield , Ethan kills her . The squad extracts Ethan ( and Mia if she was cured ) by helicopter branded with the Umbrella Corporation logo . Not a Hero ( edit ) BSAA agent Chris Redfield teams up with the now reformed Umbrella Corporation in order to apprehend Lucas Baker and uncover evidence on the mysterious group that created Eveline , called `` The Connections '' . After rescuing Ethan Winters and sending him away on a helicopter , Chris proceeds into Lucas ' lab in the salt mine , where he accidentally runs into one of Lucas ' traps and has a bomb attached to his left wrist . Undeterred , Chris continues his pursuit . He tries to rescue several captured Umbrella soldiers , but they are killed by Lucas ' traps . Eventually , Lucas decides to activate a timer on Chris ' bomb . Chris is forced to freeze the bomb in liquid nitrogen , disabling it long enough for him to remove it . With the bomb removed , Chris battles his way through more of Lucas ' Molded and traps . He then finds his way into a secret Connections research lab , where Lucas had killed all of the Connections researchers and plans to betray the organization . Chris manages to corner and shoot Lucas , which triggers a mutation in his body . Chris battles and eventually kills the mutated Lucas , and also stops him from transferring all of his data on Eveline to the Connections . With his mission done and Eveline 's infection contained , Chris returns to the Umbrella base camp for an urgent call . End of Zoe ( edit ) Following the path in the main game in which Ethan cures Mia instead of Zoe , Zoe wanders into the swamp and is apparently killed by Eveline ; however , a pair of Umbrella soldiers find her body and discover she is still alive . They are soon ambushed by Joe Baker , Zoe 's uncle . Joe initially believes Umbrella is responsible for Zoe 's condition , but a surviving Umbrella soldier claims they have a cure for Zoe stored in a nearby shack . Joe goes to the shack , finding a partial cure , and returns to find the Umbrella soldier killed by a Molded . Joe initially flees with Zoe on a boat to find the Umbrella base but is soon forced to search for the base on foot . A powerful and seemingly unkillable Molded called the `` Swamp Man '' pursues them along the way . Joe and Zoe find the Umbrella base abandoned . They learn that the cure has been moved to a nearby paddle boat . Joe boards the boat and , after encountering the Swamp Man once again , uncovers a full dose of the cure . The Swamp Man captures Zoe before Joe can administer the cure . Joe gives chase into a heavily infected portion of the swamp and finds Zoe in an abandoned church . Inside , Joe is ambushed by the Swamp Man , who reveals himself to be Jack Baker , Joe 's brother . Jack knocks Joe unconscious and throws him into the swamp water to die . Joe eventually washes up near the Baker mansion and finds himself in the midst of a battle between the Molded and Umbrella forces . He recovers an Umbrella power gauntlet and enters the mansion , where he successfully kills Jack and administers the cure to Zoe just as Umbrella reinforcements arrive , including Chris Redfield . Chris assures Joe and Zoe that they are there to help , and Zoe is fully cured of her infection . She then receives a phone call from Ethan , and thanks him for keeping his promise to send help for her . Development ( edit ) Resident Evil 7 debuted the use of the RE Engine in a full - length video game . Following the release of Resident Evil 6 , Capcom conducted internal discussions regarding the direction of the next installment . A preliminary version of the game , developed in 2013 , featured a more action - oriented gameplay , similar to that of Resident Evil 6 . Taking inspiration from the 1981 film The Evil Dead , the developers decided to scale back the game to one location and use a first - person perspective to immerse players and return the series to its roots of survival horror . Development began around February 2014 . The game is built on a new engine , named RE Engine , which includes virtual reality ( VR ) development tools . The decision to make the game first - person was made well before VR was considered ; VR development started in October 2015 , for which a separate team was created . The introduction of VR demanded that textures be more detailed , discarding flat textures and inaccurate object sizes that had previously been used . A year before the game 's announcement , Capcom presented to attendants of E3 2015 a first - person horror - themed VR demo , KITCHEN , which ran on the same engine . While Resident Evil 7 had been in development long before , KITCHEN was seen as an opportunity to evaluate how the RE Engine and its VR capabilities would be received . As a hint to the demo 's relation to Resident Evil 7 , the logo of KITCHEN had the letter `` T '' designed so that it resembled a `` 7 '' , but it went largely unnoticed . In the company 's Integrated Report of 2015 , the Resident Evil development division of Capcom was stated to focus on creating experiences for the VR market , which included the new VR engine and games for the eighth generation of consoles . The game was directed by Koshi Nakanishi , who previously helmed Resident Evil : Revelations , leading a development team numbering at about 120 staff . For the first time in the series , the narrative designer was a westerner -- Richard Pearsey , writer of the two expansion packs of F.E.A.R. and one of the narrative designers of Spec Ops : The Line . At the time of the game 's reveal , development was around 65 % complete . Some of the creature models in Resident Evil 7 were first created in physical form -- a number of them from actual meat -- by make - up artists , to then be scanned through the employment of photogrammetry . This technology developed over half of the general assets of the game , but posed a problem in researching the setting of Louisiana because its considerable demand for equipment made it unviable for transport , which required Capcom to model by hand . The game 's score was composed by Capcom 's lead composer Akiyuki Morimoto , Miwako Chinone , and Satoshi Hori , with additional contributions from Cris Velasco and Brian D'Oliveira . Its theme song , an arranged version of the traditional American folk song `` Go Tell Aunt Rhody '' , was written by Michael A. Levine and performed by Jordan Reyne . Levine 's step - daughter Mariana Barreto was the original choice , but ended up doing the background vocals . The song went through about 20 versions until completion . A soundtrack was released digitally by Sumthing Else Music Works alongside the game on January 24 . Release and marketing ( edit ) In October 2016 , Capcom launched a 10 part video series called The World of Resident Evil 7 , teasing pieces of the game 's contents . A cross-save feature between Microsoft Windows and the Xbox One was confirmed in November 2016 . If bought on either PC through the Windows Store or on the Xbox One digitally , it is playable on both platforms through the Xbox Play Anywhere program , making it the first game published by a third - party to be a part of the program . A cloud version for the Nintendo Switch , titled Biohazard 7 : Resident Evil Cloud Version , was released in Japan on May 24 , 2018 . Players may access the first 15 minutes of the game for free , and continue playing it afterwards by purchasing a pass allowing unlimited play for 180 days . The internal marketing team at Capcom collaborated with creative agency iam8bit to produce an escape room called Resident Evil Escape Room Experience , in which groups of six are guided through a series of rooms by Umbrella Corporation employees . It was held at a gallery space in Echo Park , Los Angeles . In London , a similar event was hosted in concurrence with the release . Purchase of a GameStop - exclusive Collector 's Edition included an eight - inch model of the Baker mansion , which when opened functions as a music box playing the main theme rendition of `` Go Tell Aunt Rhody '' , a mannequin finger - shaped 4 GB USB flash drive contained within a VHS tape box , a SteelBook Case containing the game , a lithograph of the Baker family , and a note . The UK version added the Survival Pack : Action Set DLC , a 20th anniversary artbook and a seven - inch replica of the mansion , but did not feature the music box . U.S. pre-orders on the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One came with a code for a free digital download of Resident Evil : Retribution . A 4D candle with the scent of the Baker House Mansion was made to enhance the virtual reality experience . The Gold Edition , released on December 12 , 2017 , includes previously released downloadable content ( DLC ) as well as the upcoming End of Zoe DLC . Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in North America , Europe , Australia and New Zealand on January 24 , 2017 , and in Japan on January 26 . For the first 12 months of its release , the virtual reality format is exclusive to PlayStation VR . Over 3,500,000 players have accumulated worldwide , with over 400,000 of them being VR users . The PC version was tamper - protected by anti-piracy software Denuvo , which was hacked within five days of release . Playable demonstrations ( edit ) Shortly after the game 's reveal , a playable teaser named Resident Evil 7 Teaser : Beginning Hour was released on the PlayStation Store . The demo takes place in a dilapidated house , which the unnamed male player character needs to escape . Depending on the actions taken by the player , the teaser may have three different outcomes . Capcom later revealed that the teaser was a standalone experience and not a segment of the game , which has more variety in its environments , and additional mechanics , such as combat . By July 2016 , the demo had been downloaded over 2 million times . An update called the `` Twilight Version '' was released on September 15 , 2016 , and gave access to new rooms and items to find . Along with the new version , Capcom also released a trailer for the game . Another update called the `` Midnight Version '' was released on December 3 , which unlocked additional areas of the house , along with several new items to find and a puzzle concerning a riddle in the Twilight Version . The demo was released for Xbox One on December 9 and for PC on December 19 . A playable demo called Lantern was made available for attendees at Gamescom 2016 , as part of revealing the first Resident Evil 7 story trailer . It makes use of found footage and first - person narrative as it tells the story of a young woman by the name of Mia hiding from an agitated old lady holding a lantern . The old lady is Marguerite Baker , who was first mentioned in Beginning Hour . Downloadable content ( edit ) The first downloadable content package for the game , Banned Footage Vol. 1 , was released for the PlayStation 4 on January 31 , 2017 . Banned Footage Vol. 1 includes two scenarios , called `` Nightmare '' and `` Bedroom '' , and a new game mode , `` Ethan Must Die '' . On February 14 , Banned Footage Vol. 2 was released for the PlayStation 4 , which includes two additional scenarios , called `` 21 '' and `` Daughters '' , and a new game mode , `` Jack 's 55th Birthday '' . Banned Footage Vol. 1 and Banned Footage Vol. 2 were released for the Xbox One and PC on February 21 . Not a Hero -- a story chapter where players control Chris Redfield , which was delayed from its Q2 2017 release date , was released for free , on December 12 , 2017 , along with a new DLC called End of Zoe , that came out the same day . While End of Zoe was developed by Capcom , development duties for Not a Hero were outsourced to HexaDrive . Reception ( edit ) Pre-release ( edit ) Due to its first - person presentation , the game has drawn comparisons to Konami 's cancelled Silent Hills game and its P.T. demo . Capcom responded to this by pointing out that Resident Evil 7 was in development long before the reveal of P.T. , and dispelled any rumors about staff of P.T. having been hired to work on the game . Shacknews noted that Beginning Hour had several similarities with Sweet Home ( 1989 ) , the Capcom horror game that inspired the original Resident Evil ( 1996 ) . These similarities to Sweet Home include the plot of a film crew going to an abandoned house , a paranormal female presence in the house , and a tragic tale involving a family that once lived there . Eurogamer found the element of survival horror in Lantern reminiscent of Alien : Isolation . Resident Evil 7 was well received for the dissimilarity to its polarizing predecessor , in particular the change from action - oriented combat and effects to an approach more grounded in horror . Post-release ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 83 / 100 ( PS4 ) 86 / 100 ( XONE ) 86 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 10 / 10 EGM 9.5 / 10 Game Informer 8.5 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar+ Giant Bomb IGN 7.7 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 90 / 100 Polygon 9 / 10 The game received generally favorable reviews according to Metacritic . Resident Evil 7 was included in numbered lists of the best video games in 2017 : 5th place for `` Best Horror Game '' and 6th place in the 25 Best Games list at GamesRadar+ and 5th place at Business Insider . Vulture.com also listed the game among the best video games of the year . PlayStation Official Magazine -- UK listed it as the fourth best PlayStation VR game . Entertainment Weekly ranked the game third on their list of the `` Best Games of 2017 '' , Polygon ranked it fifth on their list of the 50 best games of 2017 , and EGMNow ranked it seventh on their list of the 25 Best Games of 2017 , while Eurogamer ranked it 14th on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' . Ben `` Yahtzee '' Croshaw of The Escapist listed it as his favorite game of 2017 , and The Verge named it as one of their 15 Best Games of 2017 . In Game Informer 's Reader 's Choice Best of 2017 Awards , the game came in the lead for `` Best VR Game '' , also giving it the award for `` Best VR Action '' in their 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards . Destructoid 's Zack Furniss felt that the primary accomplishment of Resident Evil 7 concerned its pacing , which was praised as `` masterful '' . Furniss ' apprehensive expectations of how the story would unfold were subverted to his liking , deeming the result a blend similar to the horror and comedy found in The Evil Dead films . He found a sense of finality in the combat and lauded it for having produced lasting tension . What held more sway , however , was the priority of survival horror , with the management of limited resources meeting a positive response . Furniss considered the boss fights to be `` harrowing '' and welcomed the consistent surreality of the game . His playthrough with the PlayStation VR inspired unease , unpredictable jump scares and ultimately an `` intuitive '' experience . Ray Carsillo of EGMNow favored the atmosphere 's constant mood of anxiety , which was partly impacted by the interiors of the main setting . The sound design was also thought to complement this sense of dread , increasing the level of player involvement . He noted the slow narrative build as the game 's most substantial achievement , and likened its efficacy to that of earlier games in the series . Like Furniss , Carsillo expressed appreciation for the pacing , and opined that it brought considerable intrigue , accommodating lengthy play sessions . Playing with the virtual reality headset was `` even more frightening than doing it normally '' , according to Carsillo , echoing Furniss ' view that it made the game more immersive . Writing for Game Informer , Andrew Reiner commended the `` tense , unsettling , overly gory '' atmosphere for providing a competent introduction to Resident Evil 7 . The Baker house and the nature of exploring it posed significant interest to him , for together , they would present new aspects regarding the occupants and be enhanced by the first - person perspective . Scott Butterworth at GameSpot enjoyed the narrative overall , valuing its memorable moments and the thematic consistency of the writing . He was impressed with the reliance of atmosphere as opposed to jump scares to heighten the feeling of danger . Using the Baker family to multifarious ends of gameplay was complimented as a logical extension of the established world ; the interactive VHS tapes were approved of for the same reason , said to serve `` beautifully as both a narrative device and a way to break up Ethan 's exhausting mission '' . On PlayStation VR , Butterworth mentioned that , in its employment , the element of horror appeared more realistic . Leon Hurley , writing for GamesRadar+ , was of the opinion that , while the `` gore and guts '' were sparingly effective , a number of his most favorite moments had to do with investigating the `` beautifully designed '' Baker house . As for the VR , it was dubbed as a terrifying experience `` where the mildewy atmosphere gets into your soul '' . Giant Bomb 's Dan Ryckert referred to Resident Evil 7 as the reinvigoration of earlier components in the series while at the same time yielding a fresh outlook with a yet - unrivaled story . The main antagonists bore substantial weight to Ryckert 's cause for worry , and gave way to thrills when prompted to flee them . He viewed the first - person perspective as `` bold '' , and attributed to the PlayStation VR , an earnest addition to the `` scare factor '' . Chloi Rad of IGN endorsed the pervading tone of eeriness in the game , owed entirely to the plantation , which she thought was `` one of the creepiest single settings since the Spencer Mansion '' . Also , she observed that the game world gave off a robust sense of place with unwavering exploration . To her , the Baker family were the most compelling of the characters because of the consequent emotional strain felt in their presence . Andy Kelly at PC Gamer began his review , writing , `` It 's a return to the atmospheric , slow - burning horror of the original '' . He disagreed with Ryckert 's assessment that the first - person was a bold reinvention , instead praising it for being `` classic Resident Evil through and through '' . Kelly saw the regular state of vulnerability he was faced within the game as one of its greatest strengths , giving credit to the visuals and audio for adding to the `` rumbling sense of dread '' . He considered flashbacks via VHS tapes to be one of his favorite features . Polygon 's Philip Kollar applauded Resident Evil 7 's return to form , declaring that `` no Resident Evil game since the first has done as good a job as RE7 at making me feel scared and helpless '' . Conversely , Furniss observed the boss fight and ending as disappointing . He also cited issues with the PlayStation VR , including the prospect of sacrificing graphics for improved aim and immersion , as the resolution would decrease while in virtual reality . Carsillo disliked the inventory system because its restricted capacity left weaponry and ammunition with the same amount of space as other items critical to story progression . The lack of character development for the protagonist Ethan Winters was disparaged as well , with Reiner stating that the plot suffered flaws of inconsistency from this approach . Also subject to criticism was the required body movements while in seated VR mode , which were described as stomach - churning . Butterworth felt a loss of excitement by the end , blaming the repetition of certain assignments to be carried out . He faulted enemies for exerting less of a threat than was preferred in the given difficulty level . Unlike with other platforms , Butterworth detected inferior visual performance on the Xbox One with degraded colors and textures . Hurley expressed disapproval of the decision one comes across near the end of the game , calling into question its relevance by arguing that it could be quickly resolved in the event of regret . Rad criticized Resident Evil 7 for its dependence on `` overplayed tropes about rural America '' which would eventually resemble a cartoon , and the puzzles were appraised as the sole shortcoming of the setting . Kollar accused boss battles of interrupting the inherent suspense . The game won the Gold Prize , User 's Choice Prizes , and the PlayStation VR Special Award at the PlayStation Awards . It was also nominated for `` Best Setting '' in PC Gamer 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards , and won the award for `` Best VR Game '' in Destructoid 's Game of the Year Awards 2017 . It also won the People 's Choice Award for `` Best VR Experience '' for which it was a runner - up in IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards ; its other nominations were for `` Best Xbox One Game '' , `` Best PlayStation 4 Game '' , `` Best Action / Adventure Game '' , and `` Best Graphics '' . Sales ( edit ) Capcom 's pre-release sales projection for the game 's launch window , through the end of March 2017 , was 4 million copies . The game had shipped over 2.5 million units worldwide days after the release , while the demo exceeded 7.15 million downloads . The modest shipment figure had an effect on Capcom 's stock price , which fell more than three percent following the Tokyo Stock Exchange . It was the best - selling video game in the UK during its week of release according to Chart - Track , amounting to the third - best debut in Resident Evil history behind 5 ( 7.1 mill ) and 6 ( 6.6 mill ) . 200,000 copies had also been sold through Steam during that time . It ranked first in the Japanese charts for the week ending January 29 ; the PS4 sales totalled 187,306 copies , 58.9 percent of its initial shipment . In the month of January in the United States , Resident Evil 7 sold the most out of any video game . On February 1 , Capcom communicated to its investors that the game had recouped its budget . It remained at the top of the UK sales chart in its second week . February saw Resident Evil 7 ranked the second best - selling video game in the United States , behind For Honor . By April 2017 , Resident Evil 7 had sold 3.5 million copies worldwide , short of Capcom 's expectation of 4 million . In May 2017 , Capcom gave the game a lifetime sales forecast of ten million units , citing favorable reviews , marketing and downloadable content as contributing factors . By March 2018 , it had sold over 5.1 million copies worldwide . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Result Ref 2016 Game Critics Awards Best VR Game Nominated Golden Joystick Awards 2016 Most Wanted Game Nominated 2017 Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Best VR Game Won Ultimate Game of the Year Nominated Best Gaming Performance ( Jack Brand ) Nominated The Game Awards 2017 Best Game Direction Nominated Best Audio Design Nominated Best VR / AR Game Won 2018 New York Game Awards 2018 Big Apple Award for Best Game of the Year Nominated Coney Island Dreamland Award for Best Virtual Reality Game Won National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Awards Animation , Technical Nominated Camera Direction in a Game Engine Nominated Control Design , VR Won Direction in a Game Cinema Nominated Game , Franchise Action Nominated Graphics , Technical Nominated Performance in a Drama , Supporting ( Katie O'Hagan ) Nominated Sound Effects Won Sound Mixing in Virtual Reality Won Use of Sound , Franchise Won SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in SFX Nominated Excellence in Technical Achievement Nominated VR Game of the Year Won Game Developers Choice Awards Best VR / AR Game Nominated Game Audio Network Guild Awards Best VR Audio Won Sequel ( edit ) On September 14 , 2017 , Capcom announced that a new Resident Evil was `` already in motion '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stylized as RESIDENT EVII . biohazard , known in Japan as Biohazard 7 : Resident Evil ( Japanese : バイオ ハザード 7 レジデント イービル , Hepburn : Baiohazādo 7 Rejidento Ībiru , stylized as BIOHA7. ARD resident evil ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Gary ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 Ethan story revealed as talk turns to classic character drought '' . Daily Express . Northern & Shell . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Tom ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` If you like lots of guns in Resident Evil , 7 is n't for you '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 plot , combat details outed by ESRB ( update ) '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Capcom ( January 24 , 2017 ) . Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Capcom . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil 7 Biohazard Official Vol. 6 : Immortal '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . October 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : Resident Evil 7 Teaser Demo Not Part of the Main Game '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil 7 Biohazard Official Vol. 2 : Shotgun in the Box '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . October 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil 7 Biohazard Official Vol. 5 : Survival '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . October 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil 7 Biohazard Official Vol. 8 : Imagination '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . November 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Evil 7 Biohazard Official Vol. 4 : Recorder '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . October 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Andy ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard review '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Krupa , Daniel ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : 13 Things You Should Know about Resident Evil 7 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 's demo content wo n't be in the main game , but a new hero will '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 cut content : zombies who reacted to breathing , the Baker 's pet dog Diane '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 Ltd . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famitsu Interview Reveals Resident Evil 7 is About 65 Percent Complete ! '' . Play - Asia . June 16 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Turi , Tim ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 biohazard Ushers in a New Era of Fear '' . Capcom . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Alan ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Adding VR to Resident Evil 7 was ' like working on two games at once ' '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hills - Duty , Rebecca ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Making of Resident Evil 7 Part 3 and 4 are Available '' . VRFocus . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Matt ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Kitchen is the scariest VR game ever '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Communications . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Capcom 's Resident Evil division `` focusing '' on VR `` . GamesIndustry.biz . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arif , Shabana ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 written by a westerner , a first for the series '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 Ltd . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's some of the fine folks you 'll meet in Resident Evil 7 '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greening , Chris ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Composer , music and soundtrack details revealed for Resident Evil 7 : biohazard '' . Video Game Music Online . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 Composer Talks About His Eerie `` Aunt Rhody '' Song And More In New Interview `` . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Sal ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Capcom begins ' The World of Resident Evil 7 ' short video series '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' The World of Resident Evil 7 ' videos volumes 3 and 4 '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( November 25 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 Supports Xbox One to PC Cross-Saves '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard confirmed as a `` Play Anywhere '' game `` . PC Gamer . Future plc . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 biohazard supports cross-buy on Xbox One and PC '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BIOHAZARD 7 : Resident Evil Cloud Version Official Site ( Japanese ) '' . Capcom . May 20 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shamoon , Evan ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Escape Room Experience Tries to Replicate ' Resident Evil ' in Real Life '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RESIDENT EVIIL TM 7 : THE EXPERIENCE '' . Gamasutra . UBM plc . January 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 's $179.99 collector 's edition comes with a mansion '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keefer , John ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 Biohazard collector 's edition offers music box and more for $180 '' . Shacknews . Gamerhub . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saed , Sherif ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Resident Evil 7 collector 's edition is a little different in the UK '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 Ltd . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boccher , Mike ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard pre-orders at Gamestop earn you a free movie code '' . GameZone . GameZone Next . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serrano , Zulai ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Resident Evil 7 Biohazard ' Has A 4D Candle For VR , Because Why Not '' . iDigitalTimes . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hood , Vic ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 Gold Edition announced '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FEAR COMES HOME AS CAPCOM ANNOUNCES RESIDENT EVIL TM 7 biohazard '' . Turn Left Distribution . June 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 VR is ' exclusive to PlayStation VR ' for a year '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GLOBAL STATS '' . ResidentEvil.net . Capcom . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Denuvo Piracy Crisis as Resident Evil 7 Gets Cracked in Record Time '' . TorrentFreak . January 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 announced for PS4 , Xbox One , and PC ; PS4 demo out now '' . Gematsu . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parkin , Jeffrey ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 demo guide '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sykes , Tom ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 wo n't feature quick - time events '' . PC Gamer . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffery ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 's demo is n't part of the full game '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Capcom points to Resident Evil 7 dummy finger use '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Skrebels , Joe ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 Biohazard Beginning Hour Demo Updated With New Areas '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` New Resident Evil 7 Demo Announced With Terrifying Trailer '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haney , Kellen ( December 3 , 2016 ) . `` The final Resident Evil 7 biohazard demo update is out today for PS4 , with X1 and PC demos on the way '' . Capcom . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Tom ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Take a tour of Resident Evil 7 's disturbing new demo '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Liam ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 trailer : Capcom channels Silent Hills with spine - tingling story trailer '' . Daily Express . Northern & Shell . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Alice ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 shows off DLC scares '' . Rock , Paper , Shotgun . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexandra , Heather ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 's New DLC Has One Of The Series ' Best Puzzles '' . Kotaku . Univision Communications . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dayus , Oscar ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 's Second DLC Pack Is Out Today , Here 's What It Includes '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 's next DLC stars Chris Redfield '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Free Resident Evil 7 DLC Chapter Arrives This Spring '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skipper , Ben ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 's free Not a Hero DLC delayed indefinitely '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Product '' . HexaDrive ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hartup , Andy ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Many are calling Resident Evil 7 ' the new Silent Hills ' ... but it 's so much more than that '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butterworth , Scott ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 Producer Explains What the Full Game Will Actually Be Like '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moser , Cassidee ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Facts , Clues , and Theories of Resident Evil 7 '' . Shacknews . Gamerhub . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Summers , Nick ( August 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Resident Evil 7 ' took just 15 minutes to creep me out '' . Engadget . AOL . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : 13 Things You Should Know about Resident Evil 7 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Resident Evil 7 : biohazard for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Resident Evil 7 : biohazard for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Resident Evil 7 : biohazard for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Furniss , Zack ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Resident Evil 7 biohazard '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carsillo , Ray ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard review '' . EGMNow . EGM Media , LLC . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Reiner , Andrew ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` A Familiar Taste of Blood -- Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard -- PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . GameStop . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Butterworth , Scott ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 : biohazard Review '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hurley , Leon ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 Biohazard Review : ' about as an essential a horror experience as you can get ' '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryckert , Dan ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 Review '' . Giant Bomb . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rad , Choli ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 : Biohazard Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 review '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ GamesRadar Staff ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` The 20 best horror games of all time '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The best games of 2017 : Page 2 '' . GamesRadar+ . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ben ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` RANKED : The 11 best video games of 2017 so far '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Joshua ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Best Video Games of 2017 ( So Far ) '' . Vulture.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation VR Hall of Fame '' . PlayStation Official Magazine -- UK . No. 136 . Future plc . June 2017 . p. 108 . Jump up ^ Morales , Aaron ; Abrams , Natalie ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Year 's Best Games '' . Entertainment Weekly . No. 1496 -- 97 . pp. 92 -- 94 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The 50 best games of 2017 '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 30 , 2017 ) . `` EGM 's Best of 2017 : Part Four : # 10 ~ # 6 '' . EGMNow . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 29 , 2017 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Top 50 Games of 2017 : 20 - 11 '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Croshaw , Ben ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Top 5 of 2017 '' . The Escapist . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` The 15 best games of 2017 '' . The Verge . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Reader 's Choice Best Of 2017 Awards ( Page 4 ) '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matt ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 Action Game of the Year Awards ( Page 3 ) '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moyse , Chris ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Here are the winners of the official PlayStation Awards 2017 '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carter , Chris ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Destructoid 's award for Best VR Game of 2017 goes to ... '' Destructoid . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best VR Experience '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Xbox One Game '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best PlayStation 4 Game '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Action / Adventure Game '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Graphics '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 and Dead Rising 4 Sales Projections Revealed '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RESIDENT EVIL 7 biohazard Ships Over 2.5 Million Worldwide ! '' . Capcom . January 27 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Makuch , Eddie ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Capcom Shares Fall After Resident 7 Ships Fewer Copies Than Past Games '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 has third - best week one sales of the series '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Top 10 UK Sales Chart : Resident Evil 7 Has Third - Best Debut In Series History '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Let 's See How Resident Evil 7 Is Doing In Japan '' . Kotaku . Univision Communications . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barabash , Natalie ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Resident Evil 7 ' Is A Hit , But Not So Much In Japan : Only 59 % of Shipment Sold For PS4 '' . iDigitalTimes . IBT Media . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Macy , Seth G. ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 Was the Best - Selling Game of January 2017 '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Third - Quarter Consolidated Financial Results Conference Call for the Fiscal Year ending March 31 , 2017 : Q&A Summary '' ( PDF ) . Capcom . February 1 , 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Top 10 UK Sales Chart : Resident Evil 7 Holds On To Top Spot '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saed , Sherif ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` For Honor and Resident Evil 7 top US charts in February '' . VG247 . Videogaming247 Ltd . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 sales top 3.5 m worldwide '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Resident Evil 7 Expected To Ship 10 Million Units , Still Has A Lot Of Work To Do '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RESIDENT EVIL 7 biohazard Wins Best VR Audio at 2018 G.A.N.G. Awards ! '' . Capcom . April 6 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Game Critics Awards : Best of E3 2016 ( 2016 Nominees ) '' . Game Critics Awards . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2016 voting now open to the public '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ London , Andrew ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Voting is now open for the Golden Joystick awards '' . TechRadar . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here are your 2017 Golden Joystick Award winners '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards crowns The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild best game of 2017 '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Kayla ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Complete list of winners of the New York Game Awards 2018 '' . AXS . Jump up ^ `` Nominee List for 2017 '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . February 9 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Horizon wins 7 ; Mario GOTY '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers . March 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Andrew ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ IGN Studios ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Breath of the Wild & Horizon Zero Dawn lead GDC 2018 Choice Awards nominees ! '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Another Game Of The Year Award '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Awards '' . Game Audio Network Guild . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Avard , Alex ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Work on Resident Evil 8 is `` already in motion . '' Here 's everything we know about it so far `` . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website 2010s portal Horror portal Louisiana portal Speculative fiction portal Video games portal Viruses portal Resident Evil List of media Video games Main series Resident Evil 2002 remake 2019 remake 3 : Nemesis Code : Veronica Zero 5 6 7 : Biohazard Revelations Revelations Revelations 2 Survivor Survivor Survivor 2 -- Code : Veronica Dead Aim Outbreak Outbreak File # 2 Chronicles The Umbrella Chronicles The Darkside Chronicles Other games Gaiden Operation Raccoon City The Mercenaries 3D Umbrella Corps Mobile games Films Live - action series Resident Evil Apocalypse Extinction Afterlife Retribution The Final Chapter Animated films Biohazard 4D - Executer Degeneration Damnation Vendetta Music Video game soundtracks Film soundtracks Characters Ada Wong Albert Wesker Chris Redfield Claire Redfield Jill Valentine Leon S. Kennedy Nemesis Rebecca Chambers Sheva Alomar Tyrant Alice People Shinji Mikami Hideki Kamiya Hiroyuki Kobayashi Jun Takeuchi Noboru Sugimura Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Resident_Evil_7:_Biohazard&oldid=865626887 '' Categories : 2017 video games Amnesia in fiction Bioterrorism in fiction Capcom games Family in fiction Horror video games Mass murder in fiction Nintendo Switch eShop games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games PlayStation VR games Psychic powers in fiction Resident Evil games Single - player video games Survival video games Video games developed in Japan Video games featuring female antagonists Video games featuring female protagonists Video games scored by Cris Velasco Video games set in 2017 Video games set in Louisiana Video games with alternate endings Video games with downloadable content Windows games Xbox One games Xbox One X enhanced games Xbox Play Anywhere games Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from March 2018 Good articles Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 03 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who do you play as in resident evil 7 | [
"Resident Evil 7: Biohazard[a] is a survival horror game developed and published by Capcom, released in January 2017 for Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One, and in May 2018 for the Nintendo Switch in Japan. Diverging from the more action-oriented Resident Evil 5 and Resident Evil 6, Resident Evil 7 returns to the franchise's survival horror roots, emphasizing exploration. The player controls Ethan Winters as he searches for his wife in a derelict plantation occupied by a cannibal family, solving puzzles and fighting enemies. It is the first main series game to use a first-person view.\n"
] | [
"Ethan Winters"
] |
2242440770747062254 | Arizona Robbins | Arizona Robbins - wikipedia Arizona Robbins Jump to : navigation , search Arizona Robbins Grey 's Anatomy character The Season 9 Promotional Photo of Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins First appearance `` Wish You Were Here '' ( 5.11 ) January 8 , 2009 ( as recurring cast ) `` Good Mourning '' ( 6.01 ) September 24 , 2009 ( as series regular ) Last appearance `` All of Me '' ( 14.24 ) May 17 , 2018 ( as main cast ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Jessica Capshaw Information Occupation Attending pediatric surgeon and fetal surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Title Attending Pediatric Surgeon Chief of Fetal Surgery Board Director at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital Chief of Pediatric Surgery ( former ) M.D. F.A.C.S . Family Daniel Robbins ( father ) Barbera Robbins ( mother ) Timothy Robbins ( brother , deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Callie Torres ( ex-wife , dating again ) Significant other ( s ) Lauren Boswell Leah Murphy Eliza Minnick Carina DeLuca Children Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres Arizona Robbins , M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by Jessica Capshaw . She was introduced in the show 's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new chief of pediatric surgery . Originally contracted to appear in three episodes , Capshaw 's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season , with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season . Robbins has been characterized as `` quirky '' and `` perky '' , and is well known for wearing wheely sneakers and a Holly Hobbie pink scrub cap , designed to appeal to her younger patients . She was established as a love - interest for orthopedic resident Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) after the Torres ' storyline with Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) was cut short due to what series creator Shonda Rhimes called `` a lack of chemistry '' . Shonda Rhimes was in contrast pleased with the chemistry between Robbins and Torres , citing the addition of Capshaw to the cast as an element of the season of which she was most proud . Initial media reaction to the character was positive . Matt Mitovich of TV Guide described her as a `` fan favorite '' , and Chris Monfette for IGN praised the addition of `` fresh , new characters '' , such as Robbins over the course of the season . Along with Sarah Drew , Capshaw was fired in March 2018 for `` creative '' reasons regarding cast changes 10 seasons into playing the character . Shonda Rhimes alluded to the impact Capshaw 's character had representing the LGBTQ community . She praised both actresses for `` bringing these characters to life with such vibrant performance and for inspiring women around the globe '' . The decision was controversial , sparking backlash from fans and further speculation about the connection of their firing with Ellen Pompeo 's new $20 million dollar contract a year for the show . Showrunner Krista Vernoff stated , however , that the decision was purely creative , not budgetary . Capshaw made a statement , explaining the significance Robbins had on fans : `` She was one of the first members of the LGBTQ community to be represented in a series regular role on network television . Her impact on the world is permanent and forever . Forever . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Following the death of Dr. Jordan Kenley ( John Sloman ) , Chief Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) replaces his head of pediatric surgery with Dr. Arizona Robbins , a graduate of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine . Robbins has a romantic interest in orthopedic 5 year resident Callie Torres , ( Sara Ramirez ) later goes on to kiss her . The two embark on a relationship , but when Torres ' father , Carlos ( Héctor Elizondo ) , learns of the relationship , he threatens to cut her off financially unless she returns home with him . When Torres ' father returns to Seattle and continues to reject his daughter 's sexuality , Robbins is able to convince him to reconsider . She tells Mr. Torres that her father was able to accept her own sexuality , as she promised him she was still the `` good man in a storm '' he raised her to be , and that Torres is still the same person he raised . Torres is dismayed to learn that Robbins does n't want children , and the two come to a conclusion that they can not continue their relationship , since they both want different things . However , after a shooter enters Seattle Grace with a vendetta for Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , and Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , they are in lockdown together , and the two reconcile . Robbins receives word that she has been given a grant to go to Malawi , and become a doctor there . In the end , Torres is shown to have accepted this as well and has decided to leave with Robbins . However , a fight at the airport results in Robbins leaving for Malawi without Torres , ending their relationship . She returns , hoping to rekindle her relationship with Torres , but is initially rejected . Eventually , Torres reveals that she is pregnant with Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) 's baby . Robbins accepts the situation , and she and Torres restart their relationship . Torres gifts Robbins with a weekend getaway , and Robbins proposes to Torres . After proposing , the two get in a car crash leaving Torres in critical condition . A series of surgeries follows , including the delivery of her premature baby , along with emotional breakdowns of both Sloan and Robbins . Upon the awakening of Torres , she accepts her marriage proposal , and the two are married by Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . As the fifth year residents are coming close to the end of their residency , Robbins urges Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) to work under her . At the end of the Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) , Robbins is hurt badly in a plane crash , resulting in her left leg being amputated . In the aftermath of the plane accident , in which Sloan and Lexie Grey were killed , the hospital is sued and eventually found guilty of negligence . Each victim including Shepherd , Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , and Robbins herself must receive $15 million of compensation , which leads the hospital to a near bankruptcy as the insurances refuse to pay . Those doctors and Callie buy the hospital with the help of the Harper - Avery Foundation to prevent it from closing , and each become members of the new directing board . Robbins is initially cold towards Callie because she was the one who decided for an amputation . She also struggles with body image issues , but they slowly reconcile as Robbins tries to adapt to her new life . When Dr. Lauren Boswell ( Hilarie Burton ) arrives at the hospital to reconstruct the face of a baby and flirts with Robbins , she is flattered that a stranger still finds her attractive despite knowing about her injury and the two have a one - night stand . After finding out that Arizona cheated on her with Lauren , Callie kicks Arizona out of their apartment . They also let out their true feelings about the accident and more is revealed about how they actually have felt . Callie initially agrees to couples therapy , but she shows up at the office only to tell Arizona that she is n't going in . Arizona gets drunk with April for a laugh while Callie , who is at the fundraiser , tells people that Arizona died in the plane crash . Arizona is led to believe that she and Leah slept together , however all they did was dance and make grilled cheese sandwiches after watching Derek perform surgery on film . Arizona pursues a sexual relationship with Leah but cuts ties with her when Callie asks her to come back home . It is revealed that Arizona became pregnant via a sperm donor prior to sleeping with Lauren . They decided to try again for a second child , but after agreeing that Callie would carry it , Callie went to see an OB / GYN and discovered that she had developed adhesions in her uterus since Sofia 's birth , meaning she ca n't carry any more children . When she told Arizona , Arizona offered to carry the baby , but Callie decided that since they 're still on unsteady footing that if something goes wrong , they wo n't make it and she does n't want to put them in that position . They agree to postpone their plans to have another baby . However , in the season finale of Season 10 it is implied that Callie and Arizona 's dream of having other child may come by means of a surrogate . At the beginning of Season 11 , Callie and Arizona decide to have a baby by surrogate and Arizona applies for a fetal surgery fellowship with Dr. Herman . Arizona , with a heavy workload because of the fellowship , and Callie have an argument in the waiting room , and they choose to go to therapy together , resulting in a 30 - day break . Arizona believes that the break strengthened their relationship and made her realize that she needs Callie - Callie on the other hand declares that the break gave her a taste of the freedom that she has been missing . Callie walks away and the two get a divorce later . Callie wants to take Sofia and move to New York with Penny but Arizona does not want to be separated from her daughter so she hires a lawyer and they go to court for a custody battle . After a long case , Arizona wins sole custody of Sofia , but in the end she ends up sharing Sofia with Callie because she thinks that ' both of Sofia 's moms deserve to be happy ' . Callie is referenced occasionally by Arizona and Sophia after her departure from the show . At the conclusion of season 14 , Arizona departs the show to move to New York and it is implied that the two will ultimately reconcile . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) It was first reported in December 2008 that Capshaw would be joining the cast of Grey 's Anatomy as pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins , for a multi-episode arc . Initially scheduled to appear in three episodes of the show 's fifth season , series creator Shonda Rhimes later extended Capshaw 's contract to appear in all of the season 's remaining episodes , becoming a series regular in the sixth season . Speaking of the new addition , Rhimes said : I love Jessica Capshaw , and when I say love I mean love . She could n't be a more wonderful person , and I feel like the chemistry Arizona and Callie have feels like the Meredith and Derek chemistry to me . I find them delightful to watch . -- Shonda Rhimes , TV Fanatic This promotion saw Robbins become the only lesbian series regular on primetime TV . Robbins is described as `` quirky ( and ) perky '' by TV Guide 's Matt Mitovich , and `` a clear and rational surgeon who is not ruled by her emotions '' by Kris De Leon of BuddyTV . William Harper , writer of the episode `` Beat Your Heart Out '' in which Robbins and Torres kiss for the first time , has deemed Robbins : `` genuinely , positively interested in people , in the most selfless way . '' Commenting on Robbins ' confidence , Capshaw commented : `` she never thinks she 's wrong and you do n't hate her for it . There 's no ego though , she just always thinks she 's right and she is . '' She is portrayed as having `` wacky tendencies '' , including wearing roller shoes to work . Characterization ( edit ) The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Robbins as `` confident '' , `` ambitious '' , and `` cheerful '' . Shortly after her arrival in the show , Robbins became a love - interest for Torres ( Ramirez ) . The relationship between the two is referred to by fans by the portmanteau `` Calzona '' . Torres ' previous girlfriend Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) was written out of Grey 's Anatomy in 2008 , due to a lack of chemistry between the characters . Rhimes praised the chemistry between Robbins and Torres in contrast , comparing it to that between the show 's primary couple Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) and Shepherd ( Dempsey ) , and stating : `` They have that little thing that makes you want to watch them . '' Rhimes named the addition of Capshaw to the cast as one of the elements of the season she was most proud of , commenting that she wished she could have found Callie a love interest that `` sparkled '' sooner , but was pleased with eventually having found one in Robbins . When Robbins turned Torres down in the episode `` An Honest Mistake '' due to her inexperience with women , series writer Peter Nowalk offered the insight : I totally understand why Arizona would n't want to date a newborn . It 's like getting a Freshman as your Physics lab partner even though you 're a Senior who not only knows the Laws of Motion but has mastered them in ways that would rock that Freshman 's world . Which is not to say the Freshman wo n't grow to be really good at Physics , or that Callie wo n't catch up to Arizona on the lesbian front , it 's simply that Arizona might not have the patience to wait that long . -- Peter Nowalk , Grey Matter Although the characters go on to begin a relationship , the show 's one - hundredth episode `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' sees them experience difficulties as a result of Torres ' father rejecting her for her sexuality . Rhimes commented on their ultimate reconciliation : `` I love ( Callie ) with Arizona . ( ... ) I like that they make me feel hopeful about love . '' Rhimes has said of their relationship in the sixth season : `` I would like to see Callie happily in a long - term relationship . We have so much to explore with them , because we barely know anything about ( Arizona ) . '' Capshaw has characterized the relationship as `` incredibly understanding and compassionate and sensitive '' . She described the sixth season as being about : `` cementing a very mature and grounded relationship and taking it forward . This is a drama , of course ; there will be conflict , but for the time being , they 're enjoying being in a relationship that seems stable . '' Asked whether Robbins and Torres might marry in the future , Capshaw replied : `` There 's probably a lot more stuff that has to happen before that happens . ( ... ) I do n't think they 're going to get married just to get married . As Arizona goes , I think she has incredible discipline and she does , as you said , have a very strict moral compass and marriage would not be something she would jump into without giving it a great amount of thought . '' Discussing Robbins ' relationship with Torres ' former lover Sloan , Capshaw divulged : `` Whenever there 's been a chance to play that I am intimidated by him or being standoffish , I 've always chosen to make it very playful . It 's much more Arizona 's style to find it very amusing . '' Reception ( edit ) Capshaw 's connection with Sara Ramirez was praised among critics . Robbins ranked seventh in a top ten list of gay characters on TV compiled by Jane Boursaw of TV Squad . Boursaw wrote : `` She 's a mix of ironies - a pediatrician who glides around the hospital on wheelies , impulsively kisses Callie , then tells her she does n't have time to teach a newbie how to be gay . Still , she 's more interesting than the other gays on this show , which are dwindling in numbers since Erica left for parts unknown . '' Commenting on Hahn 's abrupt departure from the show , Dorothy Snarker , writing for LGBT website AfterEllen.com observed of Robbins and Torres ' relationship : `` I ( ... ) ca n't help but be wary of how the Grey 's writers will handle this relationship . Jessica has proven lovely and likable in her brief screen time so far . But it 's not how the romance starts , but what happens next that really matters . '' AfterEllen.com also included Robbins in their poll of the Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters , ranking her at No. 3 and in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters , placing her at No. 2 . Matt Mitovich of TV Guide noted that Robbins `` quickly established herself as a fan favorite '' , describing her as : `` a breath of fresh air in the often angsty halls of Seattle Grace . '' Chris Monfette for IGN has opinionated that the fifth season of Grey 's Anatomy was an improvement on the previous two seasons , attributing this in part to the introduction of `` fresh , new characters '' Robbins and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) . Monfette wrote that Arizona 's ultimate contribution to the season was `` introducing the element of childcare to Seattle Grace '' , which in turn gave Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) `` a great arc '' . Jennifer Godwin for E ! Online approved of Arizona 's season six promotion to a series regular , particularly as it meant the continuation of her relationship with Callie . The Los Angeles Times 's Carina MacKenzie wrote of the sixth - season episode `` Invasion '' : `` By far the best moment in this episode was Robbins ' scene with Torres ' father , Carlos . Jessica Capshaw has an incredible ability to take even the most melodramatic of `` Grey 's '' speeches and deliver them with a subtlety and an honesty that makes them come off as sincere instead of overwrought . `` I was named for a battleship , '' she said , and in the powerful monologue that followed , she calmly and carefully explained that Torres was still the woman Carlos raised . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Jessica Capshaw , Sarah Drew to Exit After Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ JessicaCapshaw ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) . `` For the past ten years ... '' Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( December 3 , 2008 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Exclusive : Eric Stoltz lands killer role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 26 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' exclusive : Jessica Capshaw inks contract ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Jessica Capshaw '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve . `` Jessica Capshaw Promoted to Full Time Cast Member '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Linster , The ( June 18 , 2009 ) . `` It 's official : Callie 's girlfriend is n't walking away this time '' . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Status Report : Knight 's Fate Revealed , and More '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( February 28 , 2009 ) . `` Jessica Capshaw Inks ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Contract '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harper , William ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Bill Harper On `` Beat Your Heart Out '' ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jessica Capshaw on Callie and Arizona 's Impending Trouble '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Glenn Paul ( March 5 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : How Good Exactly is Seattle Grace Again ? '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Snarker , Dorothy ( February 11 , 2009 ) . `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' processes the Calzona kiss `` . AfterEllen.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 15 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's ' boss on finale 's Izzie - George shocker , Mer - Der ' wedding , ' and more ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( April 30 , 2009 ) . `` TV is a ' journey ' for ' Grey 's ' creator Shonda Rhimes '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nowalk , Peter ( February 19 , 2009 ) . `` Pete Nowalk on `` An Honest Mistake '' ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` What 's Next for ' Grey 's ' ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Natalie , Brams ( August 13 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Is `` Heavy '' This Season `` . E ! Online ( Interview ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boursaw , Jane ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` TV Squad Ten : Top gay characters '' . TV Squad . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` ABC Makes It Official : Heigl Is Staying on Grey 's '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Godwin , Jennifer ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Guess Who 's Returning to Grey 's Anatomy ? '' . E ! Online . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MacKenzi , Carina ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Mercy West is in , Izzie Stevens is out '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on 18 October 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arizona_Robbins&oldid=842514804 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional lesbians Fictional surgeons Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional amputees Fictional female doctors Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Polski Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 23 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is arizona introduced on grey's anatomy | [
"\n\nArizona Robbins\n\n\nGrey's Anatomy character\n\n\n\nThe Season 9 Promotional Photo of Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\"Wish You Were Here\" (5.11)\nJanuary 8, 2009\n(as recurring cast)\n\"Good Mourning\" (6.01)\nSeptember 24, 2009\n(as series regular)\n\n\nLast appearance\n\"All of Me\" (14.24)\nMay 17, 2018\n(as main cast)\n\n\nCreated by\nShonda Rhimes\n\n\nPortrayed by\nJessica Capshaw\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nOccupation\nAttending pediatric surgeon and fetal surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital\n\n\nTitle\nAttending Pediatric Surgeon\nChief of Fetal Surgery\nBoard Director at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital\nChief of Pediatric Surgery (former)\nM.D.\nF.A.C.S.\n\n\nFamily\nDaniel Robbins (father)\nBarbera Robbins (mother)\nTimothy Robbins (brother, deceased)\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nCallie Torres (ex-wife, dating again)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nLauren Boswell\nLeah Murphy\nEliza Minnick\nCarina DeLuca\n\n\nChildren\nSofia Robbin Sloan Torres\n\n"
] | [
"\"Wish You Were Here\" (5.11)"
] |
-6698265081955476413 | Staphylococcus epidermidis | Staphylococcus epidermidis - wikipedia Staphylococcus epidermidis Jump to : navigation , search Staphylococcus epidermidis Scanning electron image of S. epidermidis . Scientific classification Domain : Bacteria Phylum : Firmicutes Class : Bacilli Order : Bacillales Family : Staphylococcaceae Genus : Staphylococcus Species : S. epidermidis Binomial name Staphylococcus epidermidis ( Winslow & Winslow 1908 ) Evans 1916 Synonyms Staphylococcus albus Rosenbach 1884 Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram - positive bacterium , and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus . It is part of the normal human flora , typically the skin flora , and less commonly the mucosal flora . Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic , patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection . These infections are generally hospital - acquired . S. epidermidis is a particular concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants because it is known to form biofilms that grow on these devices . Being part of the normal skin flora , S. epidermidis is a frequent contaminant of specimens sent to the diagnostic laboratory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Discovery 3 Cellular morphology and biochemistry 4 Virulence and antibiotic resistance 5 Disease 6 Identification 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) ' Staphylococcus ' - bunch of grape - like berries , ' epidermidis ' - of the epidermis Discovery ( edit ) Friedrich Julius Rosenbach distinguished S. epidermidis from S. aureus in 1884 , initially naming S. epidermidis as S. albus . He chose aureus and albus since the bacteria formed yellow and white colonies , respectively . Cellular morphology and biochemistry ( edit ) Staphylococcus epidermidis , 1000 magnification under bright field microscopy S. epidermidis is a very hardy microorganism , consisting of nonmotile , Gram - positive cocci , arranged in grape - like clusters . It forms white , raised , cohesive colonies about 1 -- 2 mm in diameter after overnight incubation , and is not hemolytic on blood agar . It is a catalase - positive , coagulase - negative , facultative anaerobe that can grow by aerobic respiration or by fermentation . Some strains may not ferment . Biochemical tests indicate this microorganism also carries out a weakly positive reaction to the nitrate reductase test . It is positive for urease production , is oxidase negative , and can use glucose , sucrose , and lactose to form acid products . In the presence of lactose , it will also produce gas . S. epidermidis does not possess the gelatinase enzyme , so it can not hydrolyze gelatin . It is sensitive to novobiocin , providing an important test to distinguish it from Staphylococcus saprophyticus , which is coagulase - negative , as well , but novobiocin - resistant . Similar to those of S. aureus , the cell walls of S. epidermidis have a transferrin - binding protein that helps the organism obtain iron from transferrin . The tetramers of a surface exposed protein , glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase , are believed to bind to transferrin and remove its iron . Subsequent steps include iron being transferred to surface lipoproteins , then to transport proteins which carry the iron into the cell . Virulence and antibiotic resistance ( edit ) The ability to form biofilms on plastic devices is a major virulence factor for S. epidermidis . One probable cause is surface proteins that bind blood and extracellular matrix proteins . It produces an extracellular material known as polysaccharide intercellular adhesin ( PIA ) , which is made up of sulfated polysaccharides . It allows other bacteria to bind to the already existing biofilm , creating a multilayer biofilm . Such biofilms decrease the metabolic activity of bacteria within them . This decreased metabolism , in combination with impaired diffusion of antibiotics , makes it difficult for antibiotics to effectively clear this type of infection . S. epidermidis strains are often resistant to antibiotics , including penicillin , amoxicillin , and methicillin . Resistant organisms are most commonly found in the intestine , but organisms living freely on the skin can also become resistant due to routine exposure to antibiotics secreted in sweat . Disease ( edit ) Staphylococcus epidermidis stained by safranin. ( x1000 ) As mentioned above , S. epidermidis causes biofilms to grow on plastic devices placed within the body . This occurs most commonly on intravenous catheters and on medical prostheses . Infection can also occur in dialysis patients or anyone with an implanted plastic device that may have been contaminated . It also causes endocarditis , most often in patients with defective heart valves . In some other cases , sepsis can occur in hospital patients . Antibiotics are largely ineffective in clearing biofilms . The most common treatment for these infections is to remove or replace the infected implant , though in all cases , prevention is ideal . The drug of choice is often vancomycin , to which rifampin or aminoglycoside can be added . Hand washing has been shown to reduce the spread of infection . Preliminary research also indicates S. epidermidis is universally found inside affected acne vulgaris pores , where Propionibacterium acnes is normally the sole resident . Identification ( edit ) The normal practice of detecting S. epidermidis is by using appearance of colonies on selective media , bacterial morphology by light microscopy , catalase and slide coagulase testing . On the Baird - Parker agar with egg yolk supplement , colonies appear small and black . Increasingly , techniques such as quantitative PCR are being employed for the rapid detection and identification of Staphylococcus strains . Normally , sensitivity to desferrioxamine can also be used to distinguish it from most other staphylococci , except in the case of Staphylococcus hominis , which is also sensitive . In this case , the production of acid from trehalose by S. hominis can be used to tell the two species apart . See also ( edit ) Biofilms Microbiology Staphylococcus Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schleifer , K.H. ; Kloos , W.E. ( 1975 ) . `` Isolation and Characterization of Staphylococci from Human Skin I. Amended Descriptions of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Descriptions of Three New Species Staphylococcus cohnii , Staphylococcus haemolyticus , and Staphylococcus xylosus '' . International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 25 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 61 . ISSN 0020 - 7713 . doi : 10.1099 / 00207713 - 25 - 1 - 50 . Jump up ^ Fey , P.D. ; Olson , M.E. ( 2010 ) . `` Current concepts in biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis '' . Future Microbiology. 5 ( 6 ) : 917 -- 933 . doi : 10.2217 / fmb. 10.56 . ^ Jump up to : Levinson , W. ( 2010 ) . Review of Medical Microbiology and Immunology ( 11th ed . ) . pp. 94 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Salyers , Abigail A. & Whitt , Dixie D. ( 2002 ) . Bacterial Pathogenesis : A Molecular Approach , 2nd ed . Washington , D.C. : ASM Press . ISBN 1 - 55581 - 171 - X . Jump up ^ Queck SY & Otto M ( 2008 ) . `` Staphylococcus epidermidis and other Coagulase - Negative Staphylococci '' . Staphylococcus : Molecular Genetics . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 29 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://www.vetbact.org/vetbact/?artid=205 Jump up ^ Friedrich Julius Rosenbach at Who Named It ? Jump up ^ `` Todar 's Online Textbook of Bacteriology : Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Disease '' . Kenneth Todar , PhD . Retrieved Dec 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bacteria Genomes - STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS '' . Karyn 's Genomes . EMBL - EBI . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Otto M ( 2009 ) , `` Staphylococcus epidermidis -- the ' accidental ' pathogen '' , Nature Reviews Microbiology , 7 ( 8 ) : 555 -- 567 , PMC 2807625 , PMID 19609257 , doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro2182 Jump up ^ Hedin G ( 1993 ) , `` Staphylococcus epidermidis -- hospital epidemiology and the detection of methicillin resistance '' , Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases Supplementum , Oslo Norway : Scandinavian University Press , 90 : 1 -- 59 , PMID 8303217 Jump up ^ Bek - Thomson , M. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Acne is Not Associated with Yet - Uncultured Bacteria '' . Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 46 ( 10 ) : 3355 -- 3360 . PMC 2566126 . PMID 18716234 . doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 00799 - 08 . Jump up ^ Francois P & Schrenzel J ( 2008 ) . `` Rapid Diagnosis and Typing of Staphylococcus aureus '' . Staphylococcus : Molecular Genetics . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 29 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mackay IM ( editor ) . ( 2007 ) . Real - Time PCR in Microbiology : From Diagnosis to Characterization . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 18 - 9 . Jump up ^ Antunes , Ana Lúcia Souza ; Secchi , Carina ; Reiter , Keli Cristine ; Perez , Leandro Reus Rodrigues ; Freitas , Ana Lúcia Peixoto De ; D'azevedo , Pedro Alves ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Feasible identification of Staphylococcus epidermidis using desferrioxamine and fosfomycin disks '' . APMIS. 116 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 20 . ISSN 1600 - 0463 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0463.2008. 00796. x . External links ( edit ) Type strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase ( hide ) Firmicutes ( low - G + C ) Infectious diseases Bacterial diseases : G+ primarily A00 -- A79 , 001 -- 041 , 080 -- 109 Bacilli Lactobacillales ( Cat - ) Streptococcus α optochin susceptible S. pneumoniae Pneumococcal infection optochin resistant Viridans streptococci : S. mitis S. mutans S. oralis S. sanguinis S. sobrinus milleri group β bacitracin susceptible : S. pyogenes Group A streptococcal infection Streptococcal pharyngitis Scarlet fever Erysipelas Rheumatic fever bacitracin resistant , CAMP test + : S. agalactiae Group B streptococcal infection ungrouped Streptococcus iniae Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection γ BEA + : Streptococcus bovis Enterococcus BEA + : Enterococcus faecalis Urinary tract infection Enterococcus faecium Bacillales ( Cat+ ) Staphylococcus Cg+ S. aureus Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome Toxic shock syndrome MRSA Cg - novobiocin susceptible S. epidermidis novobiocin resistant S. saprophyticus Bacillus Bacillus anthracis Anthrax Bacillus cereus Food poisoning Listeria Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis Clostridia Clostridium ( spore - forming ) motile : Clostridium difficile Pseudomembranous colitis Clostridium botulinum Botulism Clostridium tetani Tetanus nonmotile : Clostridium perfringens Gas gangrene Clostridial necrotizing enteritis Peptostreptococcus ( non-spore forming ) Peptostreptococcus magnus Mollicutes Mycoplasmataceae Ureaplasma urealyticum Ureaplasma infection Mycoplasma genitalium Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma pneumonia Anaeroplasmatales Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Erysipeloid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&oldid=796150782 '' Categories : Staphylococcus Gram - positive bacteria Bacteria described in 1908 Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is staphylococcus epidermidis found in the body | [
"Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram-positive bacterium, and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus.[1] It is part of the normal human flora, typically the skin flora, and less commonly the mucosal flora.[2] Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic, patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection. These infections are generally hospital-acquired.[3] S. epidermidis is a particular concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants because it is known to form biofilms that grow on these devices.[4] Being part of the normal skin flora, S. epidermidis is a frequent contaminant of specimens sent to the diagnostic laboratory.[5]",
"Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram-positive bacterium, and one of over 40 species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus.[1] It is part of the normal human flora, typically the skin flora, and less commonly the mucosal flora.[2] Although S. epidermidis is not usually pathogenic, patients with compromised immune systems are at risk of developing infection. These infections are generally hospital-acquired.[3] S. epidermidis is a particular concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants because it is known to form biofilms that grow on these devices.[4] Being part of the normal skin flora, S. epidermidis is a frequent contaminant of specimens sent to the diagnostic laboratory.[5]"
] | [
"skin flora",
"mucosal flora"
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-7343047464608213515 | List of most-liked Instagram pictures | List of most - liked Instagram pictures - wikipedia List of most - liked Instagram pictures Jump to : navigation , search Kylie Jenner currently has the most - liked picture on Instagram . This list contains the top ten pictures with the most likes on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram ; Instagram does not provide an official list . As of February 2018 , the name announcement of Kylie Jenner 's first child is the most - liked picture with over 17 million likes . Top pictures ( edit ) Rank Posted by Post description Likes ( millions ) Post date 1 . Jenner , Kylie Kylie Jenner @ kyliejenner Baby name announcement 17.2 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2018 2 . Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo @ cristiano Fourth child 's birth announcement 11.3 000000002017 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2017 3 . Beyoncé , Beyoncé @ beyonce Twin pregnancy announcement 11.2 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2017 4 . Jenner , Kylie Kylie Jenner @ kyliejenner Pregnancy / Birth announcement 10.6 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 5 . Gomez , Selena Selena Gomez @ selenagomez Kidney transplant 10.5 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 6 . Beyoncé , Beyoncé @ beyonce Twins ' birth announcement 10.3 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 7 . Jenner , Kylie Kylie Jenner @ kyliejenner Posing in a car 8.9 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2018 8 . Kardashian , Khloé Khloé Kardashian @ khloekardashian Pregnancy announcement 8.8 000000002017 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 2017 9 . Gomez , Selena Selena Gomez @ selenagomez Childhood home 8.5 000000002018 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2018 10 . Bieber , Justin Justin Bieber @ justinbieber Showing off new tattoo 8.4 000000002018 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 2018 See also ( edit ) List of most - followed Instagram accounts List of most - liked tweets List of most - retweeted tweets References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Most Liked Pictures - Popular Chips Instagram Stats Instagram Statistics '' . Popular Chips . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kylie Jenner baby pic causes social media Storm ( i ) '' . BBC News . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davies - Day , Rachel ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Kylie Jenner 's First Photo Of Daughter Stormi Just Became The Most Liked Instagram Photo Ever '' . MTV ( UK ) . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Kylie Jenner February 6 , 2018 at 3 : 42pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Cristiano Ronaldo Nov 12 , 2017 at 8 : 19pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beyoncé ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Beyoncé Feb 1 , 2017 at 6 : 39pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Kylie Feb 4 , 2018 at 8 : 27pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Selena Gomez September 14 , 2017 at 5 : 21pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beyoncé ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Beyoncé Jul 14 , 2017 '' . Instagram . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kylie Jenner ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Kylie Feb 13 , 2018 at 1 : 38am UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Khloé Kardashian ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Instagram post by Khloé Kardashian December 20 , 2017 at 5 : 21pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Selena Gomez Jan 7 , 2018 at 5 : 43am UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Justin Bieber ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram post by Justin Bieber Jan 6 , 2018 at 12 : 22am UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Facebook Website Features Beacon Bluetooth Beacon Credits EdgeRank Graph Search Instant Articles Like button Live facebookcorewwwi. onion Platform Safety Check Stories Watch ( List of original programs ) Zero Other products Current Atlas Solutions Express Wi - Fi Free Basics Instagram Hyperlapse List of most liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift Onavo tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First M ( virtual assistant ) Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift Buck FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP MyRocks Open Compute Project Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-liked_Instagram_pictures&oldid=826607521 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 01 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the most liked photo on instagram | [
"This list contains the top ten pictures with the most likes on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram;[1] Instagram does not provide an official list. As of February 2018, the name announcement of Kylie Jenner's first child is the most-liked picture with over 17 million likes.[2][3]"
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"the name announcement of Kylie Jenner's first child"
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-7024862948764244939 | Slender Man (film) | Slender Man ( film ) - wikipedia Slender Man ( film ) Slender Man Theatrical release poster Directed by Sylvain White Produced by Bradley J. Fischer James Vanderbilt William Sherak Robyn Meisinger Sarah Snow Written by David Birke Based on Slender Man by Eric Knudsen Starring Joey King Julia Goldani Telles Jaz Sinclair Annalise Basso Javier Botet Music by Ramin Djawadi Brandon Campbell Cinematography Luca Del Puppo Edited by Jake York Production company Screen Gems Mythology Entertainment Madhouse Entertainment It Is No Dream Entertainment Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date August 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 10 ) ( United States ) Running time 93 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $10 -- 28 million Box office $11.3 million Slender Man is a 2018 American supernatural horror film directed by Sylvain White and written by David Birke , based on the character of the same name . The film stars Joey King , Julia Goldani Telles , Jaz Sinclair , and Annalise Basso , with Javier Botet as the title creature . The film was announced in May 2016 , and much of the cast signed on a year later . Filming took place in Ayer , Massachusetts in June and July of 2017 . Slender Man was released in the United States on August 10 , 2018 , by Screen Gems , and received a largely negative reception from critics and audiences alike , being called `` boring '' and `` derivative '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Marketing 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) One night , four friends , Wren , Hallie , Chloe and Katie , summon the Slender Man after hearing some of the boys from school were going to do it . A week later , Katie disappears and the other three girls go to her house to investigate for clues . The three discover that Katie had been involved in the occult , and that she wanted to be taken by the Slender Man . However , the three girls decide to make contact with the Slender Man , in the hopes that they can get Katie back in exchange for something else . Wren , who has been researching the Slender Man mythology , warns Hallie and Chloe not to open their eyes while the three are making contact with the Slender Man , because seeing the Slender Man will result in death or madness . However , Chloe panics and opens her eyes and comes face to face with the Slender Man . Some time later , the Slender Man enters her house and drives her insane . Soon after , Hallie starts having visions of the Slender Man . Hallie goes on a date with Todd , and has a vision , soon after Hallie explains her situation to Todd and warns him to not watch the video . Wren , suffering from frightening hallucinations , searches for a solution to their predicament while Hallie unsuccessfully attempts to move on . Wren finds a book in the library that explains why this is happening to them , but is confronted by the Slender Man and narrowly escapes . A short while later , Hallie 's younger sister suffers a major panic attack and is sent to the hospital and sedated . Hallie discovers that Wren had attempted to come into contact with the Slender Man again , with the help of Hallie 's sister . After stopping Wren from committing suicide , she confronts her about her sister , Wren tells Hallie that the Slender Man only wants them . Wren is then taken by the Slender Man . Hallie realizes that the only way to save her sister is to give herself to the Slender Man , which she does . Hallie 's sister is able to recover and she reflects on the situation that resulted in the death of her sister and her friends . Cast ( edit ) Joey King as Wren Julia Goldani Telles as Hallie Jaz Sinclair as Chloe Annalise Basso as Katie Jensen Taylor Richardson as Lizzie , Hallie 's sister Alex Fitzalan as Tom , Hallie 's boyfriend Kevin Chapman as Mr. Jensen , Katie 's father Javier Botet as the Slender Man Production ( edit ) In May 2016 , it was reported that Sony Pictures had started developing Slender Man , a film based on the supernatural mythical character created by Eric Knudsen , with the screenplay to be written by David Birke . Sony 's Screen Gems was in talks with Mythology Entertainment , Madhouse Entertainment , and It Is No Dream Entertainment to produce and distribute the project . In January 2017 , Sylvain White was hired to direct the film , while producers were set as Mythology 's Brad Fischer , James Vanderbilt , and William Sherak , Madhouse 's Robyn Meisinger , and No Dream 's Sarah Snow . Casting ( edit ) In May 2017 , Joey King , Julia Goldani Telles , Jaz Sinclair , Annalise Basso , Talitha Bateman ( who would later be replaced by Taylor Richardson ) and Alex Fitzalan joined the cast . In July 2017 , Kevin Chapman was also added , to play an emotionally defeated , alcoholic father . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on June 19 , 2017 , in Boston and concluded on July 28 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) On January 2 , 2018 , the first teaser poster was revealed , with a teaser trailer the following day . Reactions were mixed , with some online publications describing the trailer as taking a `` traditional , low - budget horror route '' . Other publications noted the film 's release coming four years after the Slender Man stabbing in Waukesha County , Wisconsin in 2014 . After the trailer 's online debut , Bill Weier , the father of Anissa Weier ( who had committed the stabbing alongside Morgan Geyser ) , stated that the film 's production and release is `` extremely distasteful '' , and advised local theaters to not screen the film . A second trailer was released on July 26 , 2018 . Release ( edit ) Slender Man was released by Screen Gems on August 10 , 2018 . It was previously slated for May 18 , and then August 24 , 2018 . Prior to the release , Screen Gems shopped the film to other distributors following disagreements between the studio and producers regarding the marketing strategy . Marcus Theaters decided not to screen the film in their theaters in Waukesha and Milwaukee Counties in Wisconsin , out of consideration and respect for those impacted by the real - life events . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Slender Man was released alongside The Meg and BlacKkKlansman , and was projected to gross $8 -- 12 million from 2,109 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $4.9 million on its first day , including $1 million from Thursday night previews , and went on to debut to $11.3 million , finishing fourth at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , Slender Man holds an approval rating of 15 % based on 27 reviews , with an average rating of 3.6 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 28 out of 100 , based on 12 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` D -- '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an `` awful '' 38 % positive score . David Ehrlich of IndieWire , gave the film a D , writing `` a tasteless and inedibly undercooked serving of the internet 's stalest creepypasta , Slender Man aspires to be for the YouTube era what The Ring was to the last gasps of the VHS generation . But ... there 's one fundamental difference that sets the two movies apart : The Ring is good , and Slender Man is terrible . '' Charlie of the popular YouTube channel penguinz0 gave the film a rating of 15 % , citing that the movie was `` as simple as it gets '' and that `` it 's just fucking bad . '' See also ( edit ) Slender : The Eight Pages Slender : The Arrival Marble Hornets Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story Beware the Slenderman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SLENDER MAN ( 15 ) '' . Columbia Pictures Corporation . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Meg ' Chomps A Huge $4 M On Thursday Night -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katie ( 6 May 2016 ) . `` ' Slender Man , ' a Horror Meme , Gets Ready to Step Out of the Shadows '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Sony in Talks for ' Slender Man ' Horror Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sylvain White Set To Helm ' Slender Man ' For Screen Gems '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Joey King , Julia Goldani - Telles & More Join ' Slender Man ' From Director Sylvain White '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda . `` Godzilla : King Of The Monsters ' Adds Elizabeth Ludlow ; Kevin Chapman Cast In ' Slender Man ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Slender Man ' horror movie will be made in Boston - The Boston Globe '' . BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Scott ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Slender Man Movie Poster Will Send Chills Down Your Spine '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan Reed ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Slender Man ' : Watch Disturbing First Trailer for Meme - Based Horror Film '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kaitlyn Tiffany ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Watch the first trailer for the Slenderman movie called Slender Man '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marissa Martinelli ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Prepare to Scream Your Face Off at the First Trailer for the Slender Man Movie '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Lumb ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Slender Man ' trailer is proof some things should n't leave the internet '' . Engadget . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adam Chitwood ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Slender Man ' Trailer Reveals the Creepy Film Adaptation '' . Collider . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chris Evangelista ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Slender Man ' Trailer : The Internet Myth Comes to Life '' . / FILM . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greg Evans ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Slender Man ' Trailer , Poster : Scary Internet Meme Creeps To Big Screen '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Todd ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` Wisconsin girl 's father says Slender Man movie in poor taste '' . MSN.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 25 July 2018 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Father of `` Slender Man '' Attacker Claims New Film Is `` Popularizing a Tragedy '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Musiqclub ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Slender Man Soundtrack '' . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man Release Date Pushed Back '' . Screen Rant. 2018 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Sony Moves Tarantino 's Manson Pic , Dates ' Zombieland 2 ' & ' Little Women ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2018/film/markets-festivals/slender-man-sony-1202826660/ Jump up ^ http://www.wisn.com/article/marcus-theatres-wont-show-slender-man-movie-in-milwaukee-waukesha-counties/22669308 Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Big - Budget ' The Meg ' Heads for Tepid $20 M - Plus U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` Slender Man Review : A Tasteless and Inedibly Undercooked Serving of Creepypasta '' . IndieWire . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ penguinz0 ( 2018 - 08 - 12 ) , Moist Meter Slender Man , retrieved 2018 - 08 - 13 External links ( edit ) Official website Slender Man on IMDb Slender Man at the TCM Movie Database Slender Man at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Sylvain White Trois : The Escort ( 2004 ) I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer ( 2006 ) Stomp the Yard ( 2007 ) The Losers ( 2010 ) The Mark of the Angels -- Miserere ( 2013 ) Slender Man ( 2018 ) Slender Man Video games Slender : The Eight Pages Slender : The Arrival Slender Rising Slender Rising 2 In film Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story Beware the Slenderman Slender Man Related Marble Hornets Slender Man stabbing `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slender_Man_(film)&oldid=854751205 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2018 horror films American films Films directed by Sylvain White American horror films American supernatural horror films American psychological horror films Mystery horror films Films based on mythology Films shot in Massachusetts Screen Gems films American teen horror films 2010s psychological horror films 2010s teen horror films Films about abduction Films based on urban legends Slender Man Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 14 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does slender man the movie come out | [
"The film was announced in May 2016, and much of the cast signed on a year later. Filming took place in Ayer, Massachusetts in June and July of 2017. Slender Man was released in the United States on August 10, 2018, by Screen Gems, and received a largely negative reception from critics and audiences alike, being called \"boring\" and \"derivative\".\n"
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"August 10, 2018"
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3269013091519525647 | Taika Waititi | Taika Waititi - Wikipedia Taika Waititi Jump to : navigation , search Taika Waititi Waititi at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con Taika David Waititi ( 1975 - 08 - 16 ) 16 August 1975 ( age 42 ) Wellington , New Zealand Alma mater Victoria University of Wellington Occupation Film director , screenwriter and comedian Years active 1999 - present Known for Boy , What We Do in the Shadows , Hunt for the Wilderpeople , Thor : Ragnarok Spouse ( s ) Chelsea Winstanley Taika David Waititi ( / ˈtaɪkə waɪˈtiːti / ( listen ) ; born 16 August 1975 ) , also known as Taika Cohen , is a New Zealand film director , writer , actor , painter and comedian . He was nominated for an Academy Award for his 2004 short film Two Cars , One Night . His feature films Boy and Hunt for the Wilderpeople became the top grossing New Zealand films . His horror comedy film What We Do in the Shadows also received critical acclaim . Waititi 's first major Hollywood film , Marvel Studios ' Thor : Ragnarok , is scheduled for release on 3 November 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Career 2.1 Comedy and acting work 2.2 Filmmaking 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Frequent collaborators 3.4 Music videos 3.5 Commercials 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Box office performance 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Waititi hails from the Raukokore area of the East Coast region of the North Island of New Zealand , and grew up there and in Wellington , going to Onslow College in his teen years . His father is Māori of Te Whānau - ā - Apanui and his mother is of Russian Jewish heritage . Waititi has used his mother 's surname , `` Cohen , '' for some of his work in film and writing . Career ( edit ) Taika Waititi speaking at 2015 Sundance Film Festival Comedy and acting work ( edit ) While a drama student at Victoria University of Wellington , Waititi was part of the five - member ensemble So You 're a Man , which toured New Zealand and Australia with some success . He was one half of the comedy duo The Humourbeasts alongside Jemaine Clement -- recipients of New Zealand 's highest comedy accolade , the Billy T Award , in 1999 . In the same period Waititi began acting on screen . He won a local film award for his work as one of the students in successful low - budget Dunedin film Scarfies , and had smaller roles in road movie Snakeskin and TV series The Strip . After a number of years where he concentrated on directing , Waititi played Thomas Kalmaku in 2011 superhero film Green Lantern , and took large roles in two of his own films : 2010 's Boy , and 2013 's What We Do in the Shadows , which he co-directed and co-wrote with Jemaine Clement . He also plays Korg via motion capture in his film Thor : Ragnarok . Filmmaking ( edit ) Among a variety of artistic interests , Waititi began making comical short films for New Zealand 's annual 48 - hour film contest . In 2005 his short film Two Cars , One Night earned him an Academy Award nomination . At the awards ceremony , he famously feigned falling asleep as the nominations were being read out . His first feature film , oddball romantic comedy Eagle vs Shark , was released in U.S. theatres for limited distribution in 2007 . The film stars Waititi 's then real - life partner , Loren Horsley , as Lily . The same year , Waititi wrote and directed one episode of the TV show Flight of the Conchords and was director of another . His second feature , Boy , premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2010 , and was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize . Waititi also took one of the main roles , as the ex-con father who returns to his family . On its release in New Zealand , Boy received enthusiastic reviews and was successful at the local box office , eclipsing several records . After the success of Boy , Waititi hoped that the film 's signature track `` Poi E '' would get to number one ( for the second time ) on the New Zealand charts . The song reached number three , but got to number one on iTunes . In 2011 , Waititi directed New Zealand TV series Super City starring Madeleine Sami , who plays five characters living in one city . In 2013 , Waititi co-wrote and co-directed vampire comedy mockumentary What We Do in the Shadows with friend and fellow comedian Jemaine Clement . The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2014 . Waititi and Clement played members of a group of vampires who live in modern - day Wellington . Waititi 's fourth feature , Hunt for the Wilderpeople , premiered at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival . When it was released back in New Zealand , the comedy adventure broke records for a New Zealand film in its opening weekend . Based on a book by the late Barry Crump , the film centres around a young boy and a grumpy man ( played by Sam Neill ) on the run in the forest . Waititi wrote the initial screenplay for the 2016 Disney film Moana , which focused on gender and family . Those elements were passed over in favour of what would become the finalized story . In 2017 , Waititi won the award for New Zealander of the Year , but was unable to receive it in person due to work commitments . Waititi directed his first major Hollywood film , Marvel Studios ' Thor : Ragnarok , which is scheduled for release on 3 November 2017 . Waititi will be collaborating with Mark Gustafson to direct the upcoming stop - motion animated film Bubbles , which is about the life of Michael Jackson seen in the perspective of his pet chimpanzee , Bubbles . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Credited as Director Producer Screenwriter Actor Notes 1999 Scarfies No No No Yes Role : Alex 2001 Snakeskin No No No Yes Role : Nelson 2001 A New Way Home No No No Yes Short film , Role : Max 2002 John and Pogo Yes No Yes No Short film 2003 Two Cars , One Night Yes No Yes No Short film Tama Tu Yes No Yes No Short film Futile Attraction No No No Yes Role : Waiter 2005 What We Do in the Shadows : Interviews with some Vampires Yes No Yes Yes Short film , the basis for the later Feature Film Mockumentary 2007 Eagle vs Shark Yes No Yes Yes Boy Yes No Yes Yes Role : Alamein 2011 Green Lantern No No No Yes Role : Thomas Kalmaku 2013 The Captain No No No Yes Short Film Directed by Nash Edgerton and Spencer Susser Role : The Captain 2014 What We Do in the Shadows Yes Yes Yes Yes Role : Viago 2016 Hunt for the Wilderpeople Yes Yes Yes Yes Role : Minister 2016 Doctor Strange No No No No Uncredited ; directed mid-credits scene . 2016 Moana No No No No Uncredited ; wrote initial screenplay 2017 Thor : Ragnarok Yes No No Yes Role : Korg 2018 The Breaker Upperers No Yes No No Executive Producer 2019 Bubbles Yes No No No In Development Television ( edit ) Year Program Episode ( s ) Credit ( s ) 2002 The Strip Season 1 , 13 Episodes Role : Mostin 2003 Revelations Season 1 , Episode 14 Role : Ali 2003 Freaky Season 1 , Episode 2 Role : Cleaner 2007 - 09 Flight of the Conchords `` Drive By '' , `` New Zealand Town '' Director , writer 2009 The Jaquie Brown Diaries Season 2 , Episode 7 Role : Friendly Gypsy Radiradirah Season 1 Various Sketch Comedy Roles 2011 Super City Season 1 Director 2012 The Inbetweeners ( U.S. TV series ) Season 1 , 5 Episodes Director 2015 Brown Eye Season 1 Writer , Executive Producer 2017 Paranormal Event Response Unit In Development Co-Creator Frequent collaborators ( edit ) Actor Eagle vs Shark ( 2007 ) Boy ( 2010 ) What We Do in the Shadows ( 2014 ) Hunt for the Wilderpeople ( 2016 ) Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) notes Jemaine Clement Clement and Waititi also worked together on television series Flight of the Conchords and Radiradirah Rachel House Stu Rutherford Cohen Holloway Craig Hall Rhys Darby Darby and Waititi also worked together on television series Flight of the Conchords and Radiradirah Cori Gonzalez - Macuer Oscar Kightley Kightley and Waititi also worked together on the television series Super City and Radiradirah Mike Minogue Sam Neill Music videos ( edit ) `` Ladies of the World '' , Flight of the Conchords ( 2007 ) `` Mutha'uckas '' , Flight of the Conchords ( 2007 ) `` Leggy Blonde '' , Flight of the Conchords ( 2007 ) `` Shanks ' Pony '' , Age Pryor ( 2007 ) `` Bright Grey '' , The Phoenix Foundation ( 2007 ) `` My Imminent Demise '' , Luke Buda ( 2008 ) `` 40 Years '' , The Phoenix Foundation ( 2009 ) `` World Gone Sour ( The Lost Kids ) '' , Method Man ( 2011 ) Commercials ( edit ) Waititi has also been a prolific commercial director . He directed Air New Zealand 's `` The Most Epic Safety Video Ever Made '' featuring Peter Jackson and Elijah Wood as they go through where The Lord of the Rings films were shot . The commercial went viral amassing over 16 million views on YouTube . Waititi directed Tesco 's `` Borg '' which features a comical Thor-esque character shopping in the supermarket , notably , he went onto direct Marvel Studios ' Thor : Ragnarok years later . `` Moussaka Rap '' , Pot Noodle ( 2008 ) `` I Wish ( That Girls Were More Like Pot Noodles ) '' , Pot Noodle ( 2008 ) `` Back with no Appetite '' , Pot Noodle ( 2008 ) `` World Gone Sour ( The Lost Kids ) '' , Sour Patch Kids ( 2011 ) `` Simply The Best '' , Cadbury Dairy Milk ( 2011 ) `` Gold '' , Wispa ( 2011 ) `` Superbowl Brotherhood of Man '' , NBC ( 2012 ) `` Pure '' , Steinlager ( 2012 ) `` New Girl '' , Old Navy ( 2012 ) `` Why Choose ? '' , Old Navy ( 2012 ) `` Australia Day '' , Lambnesia ( 2013 ) `` State Of The - Ation '' , Samsung ( 2013 ) `` MIDWULS '' , Optimum Cable ( 2013 ) `` Borg '' Tesco ( 2013 ) `` Pierce Brosnan '' , Sky Ireland ( 2013 ) `` Blazed '' , New Zealand Transport Agency ( 2013 ) `` # HELLOBEER '' , Carlton ( 2013 ) `` The Kids Party '' , Nimble ( 2014 ) `` The Gas Bill '' , Nimble ( 2014 ) `` The Phone Bill '' , Nimble ( 2014 ) `` Laura '' , Stop Before You Start ( 2014 ) `` Toa '' , Stop Before You Start ( 2014 ) `` Tori '' , Stop Before You Start ( 2014 ) `` Jackson '' , Stop Before You Start ( 2014 ) `` Destiny '' , Stop Before You Start ( 2014 ) `` The Most Epic Safety Video Ever '' , Air New Zealand ( 2014 ) `` Watch It Over and Over '' , Nova Energy ( 2014 ) `` Tinnyvision '' , New Zealand Transport Agency ( 2015 ) `` Choose Your Trebor - Confessions '' , Trebor Mints ( 2015 ) `` Broadband Made Simple '' , 2degrees ( 2015 ) `` Taika 's Appeal '' , New Zealand Human Rights Commission ( 2017 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Eagle vs Shark 54 % ( 107 reviews ) 55 ( 25 reviews ) Boy 86 % ( 66 reviews ) 70 ( 19 reviews ) What We Do in the Shadows 96 % ( 157 reviews ) 76 ( 33 reviews ) Hunt for the Wilderpeople 97 % ( 172 reviews ) 81 ( 30 reviews ) Thor : Ragnarok TBD ( 0 reviews ) TBD ( 0 reviews ) Box office performance ( edit ) Film Studio Release date Box office gross Budget Reference New Zealand North America Worldwide Eagle vs Shark Miramax 15 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 15 ) $733,972 $221,846 $1,298,037 N / A Boy Transmission Films 25 March 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 25 ) $6,750,042 $256,211 $8,621,535 N / A What We Do in the Shadows Madman Entertainment 19 January 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) $2,001,400 $3,469,224 $6,263,224 $1.6 million Hunt for the Wilderpeople Madman Entertainment 22 January 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 22 ) $8,628,197 $5,205,468 $14,698,454 $2.5 million Thor : Ragnarok Marvel Studios 3 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) TBC TBC TBC TBC Personal life ( edit ) In May 2012 , Waititi 's wife , Chelsea Winstanley , gave birth to their first daughter , Te Hinekāhu . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Taika Waititi Interview . Campus MovieFest Luminaries. 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Churchouse , Nick ( 24 April 2010 ) . `` Home Boy hit helps keep local cameras rolling '' . The Dominion Post . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Now Top Grossing NZ Film Of All Time '' . Voxy.co.nz. 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taika Waititi '' . NZ On Screen . Jump up ^ Catherall , Sarah ( 10 December 2014 ) . `` My secret Wellington : Taika Waititi '' . Fairfax New Zealand . Jump up ^ Tom Hunt ( 7 February 2012 ) . `` Taika Waititi reveals childhood passions '' . The Dominion Post . Jump up ^ Elizabeth - cawobeth ( 3 March 2012 ) . `` ' Boy ' movie review , trailer : A charming New Zealand family movie '' . newjerseynewsroom.com . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Nate Bloom ( 10 July 2007 ) . `` Interfaith Celebrities : Kyra Sedgwick , Baseball 's Braun - y Interfaith Rookie and a Jewish Maori director '' . InterfaithFamily.com . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 15 March 2010 ) . `` Two kiwi actors join ' Green Lantern ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek . `` Thor : Ragnarok director Taika Waititi to portray Korg in film '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Release Dates for Boy '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ RT Staff ( 2 December 2009 ) . `` 2010 Sundance Film Festival Lineup Announced '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for Boy ( 2010 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Calder , Peter ( 25 March 2010 ) . `` Boy '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Wendy ( 21 May 2010 ) . `` Waititi 's Boy sets new record for New Zealand film '' . Screen Daily . screendaily.com . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Taika Waititi '' . Marcus Lush . Auckland. 22 March 2010 . ZM . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super City '' . TV3 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` mock documentary WHAT WE DO IN THE SHADOWS '' . 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance debut for Kiwi vampire spoof '' . 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SUNDANCE INSTITUTE COMPLETES FEATURE FILM LINEUP FOR 2016 SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL '' . sundance.org. 7 December 2015 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( 4 April 2016 ) . `` Sundance Crowdpleaser ' Hunt for the Wilderpeople ' Makes Box Office History in New Zealand '' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taika Waititi behind Disney script ' Moana ' '' . The New Zealand Herald . 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Barton , Nicky. `` 2017 NEW ZEALANDER OF THE YEAR AWARDS WINNERS UPDATE '' . New Zealander of the Year Awards . Kiwibank . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 2 October 2015 ) . `` ' Thor 3 ' Finds Its Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 2 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( 21 October 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Thor : Ragnarok ' and Fox 's ' Alien ' To Shoot in Australia '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Taika Waititi to Co-Direct Michael Jackson Movie ' Bubbles ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Horton , Perry ( 7 December 2016 ) . Film School Rejects https://filmschoolrejects.com/the-captain-is-a-hilarious-and-harrowing-hangover-8865cccf69bc/ . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gonzalzes , Umberto ( 28 October 2016 ) . `` ' Thor Ragnarok ' Director Taika Waititi Behind ' Doctor Strange ' Mid-Credit Scene '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Elle ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` Taika Waititi on shaking up Thor and being a Hollywood outsider : ' They take this stuff so seriously ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Thor : Ragnarok director Taika Waititi to portray Korg in film '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Film , NZ ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` THE BREAKER UPPERERS BEGINS PRINCIPAL PHOTOGRAPHY '' . NZ FILM . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhouse , Diana ( 11 February 2017 ) . `` Taika Waititi & Mark Gustafson To Direct Michael Jackson Chimp Pic ' Bubbles ' -- Berlin '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( 30 September 2016 ) . `` What We Do In The Shadows is getting a TV spin - off '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ New Zealand , Air ( 22 October 2014 ) . `` The Most Epic Safety Video Ever Made # AirNZSafetyVideo '' . Air New Zealand . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle vs Shark Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle vs Shark Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic.com. 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic.com. 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What We Do in the Shadows Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What We Do in the Shadows Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic.com. 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hunt for the Wilderpeople Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hunt for the Wilderpeople Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic.com. 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thor : Ragnarok Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic.com. 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ . Box Office Mojo http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=eaglevsshark.htm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ . Box Office Mojo http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=boy2012.htm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ . Box Office Mojo http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=whatwedointheshadows.htm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ . Box Office Mojo http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=huntforwilderpeople.htm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ . Box Office Mojo http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=marvel2017.htm . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Twitter Jump up ^ Powley , Kathryn ( 3 June 2012 ) . `` Girl , not Boy , for director dad '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Taika Waititi on IMDb Official MySpace page Extensive video interview with Waititi and `` Boy '' co-star James Rolleston on American public radio program The Sound of Young America ( hide ) Films directed by Taika Waititi Two Cars , One Night ( 2004 ) Eagle vs Shark ( 2007 ) Boy ( 2010 ) What We Do in the Shadows ( 2014 ) Hunt for the Wilderpeople ( 2016 ) Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) VIAF : 29057264 LCCN : nb2006026504 GND : 139468749 BNF : cb166721932 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taika_Waititi&oldid=800750796 '' Categories : English - language film directors Jewish male actors Living people New Zealand film directors New Zealand Jews New Zealand male Māori actors New Zealand screenwriters New Zealand people of Russian - Jewish descent People educated at Onslow College Te Whānau - ā - Apanui 1975 births Indigenous filmmakers Horror film directors Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use New Zealand English from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Use dmy dates from August 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Articles including recorded pronunciations ( English ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 12 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which marvel film was directed by taika waititi | [
"He was nominated for an Academy Award for his 2004 short film Two Cars, One Night. His feature films Boy and Hunt for the Wilderpeople became the top grossing New Zealand films.[2][3] His horror comedy film What We Do in the Shadows also received critical acclaim. Waititi's first major Hollywood film, Marvel Studios' Thor: Ragnarok, is scheduled for release on 3 November 2017."
] | [
"Thor: Ragnarok"
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3807415294916179226 | Segovia | Segovia - wikipedia Segovia Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Segovia ( disambiguation ) . Segovia Municipality View of the façade of the Segovia Cathedral , the ancient City Walls ( 8th century ) , and the Guadarrama mountains . Flag Coat of arms Segovia Location in Spain Segovia Segovia ( Spain ) Show map of Castile and León Show map of Spain Show all Coordinates : 40 ° 57 ′ N 4 ° 10 ′ W / 40.950 ° N 4.167 ° W / 40.950 ; - 4.167 Coordinates : 40 ° 57 ′ N 4 ° 10 ′ W / 40.950 ° N 4.167 ° W / 40.950 ; - 4.167 Country Spain Autonomous community Castile and León Province Segovia Comarca Capital y Área Metropolitana Comunidad de ciudad y tierra de Segovia Judicial district Partido de Segovia Government Alcalde Clara Luquero ( PSOE ) Area Total 163.59 km ( 63.16 sq mi ) Elevation 1,005 m ( 3,297 ft ) Population ( 2009 ) Total 56,660 Density 350 / km ( 900 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Segoviano , na Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Postal code 40001 - 40006 Official language ( s ) Spanish Website Official website Segovia ( / sɪˈɡoʊviə / ; Spanish pronunciation : ( seˈɣoβja ) ) is a city in the autonomous region of Castile and León , Spain , famous for its magnificent Roman aqueduct and for its cathedral , one of the last Gothic temples to be built in Europe . It is the capital of Province of Segovia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 2.1 Location 2.2 Climate 2.3 Population centers 3 History 4 Demographics 5 Heritage 5.1 World Heritage City 5.2 Religious architecture 5.2. 1 Churches and chapels 5.2. 2 Monasteries and convents 5.3 Civil architecture 5.4 Urban sculpture 5.5 Parks and gardens 6 Economy 7 Education 8 Culture 8.1 Museums 8.2 MUCES 8.3 Festivities 8.3. 1 Holy Week 9 Notable people 10 Twin towns -- sister cities 11 Antipode 12 References 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name of Segovia is of Celtiberian origin . The first inhabitants named the city Segobriga . This name comes from two terms of the Celtiberian language of the Celtic branch of Indo - European . The term Sego means `` victory '' ( the prefix is also present in other city names such as Segeda and Segontia , cf . German `` Sieg '' or Dutch `` zege '' ) and the suffix - briga would mean `` city '' or `` strength '' . So the name might be translated as `` City of the victory '' or `` Victorious city '' . Under the Romans and Arabs , the city was called Segovia ( Σεγουβία , Ptolomeo ii. 6 . § 56 ) and Šiqūbiyyah ( شقوبية ) respectively . Geography ( edit ) Location ( edit ) Aerial view showing part of the city . Segovia is located on the plains of Old Castile , near Valladolid and the Spanish capital , Madrid . Segovia is one of nine provinces that make up the autonomous region of Castile and León . Burgos and Valladolid lie to the north , Ávila to the west , Madrid to the south , and Soria to the east . The altitude of the province varies from 750 metres ( 2,461 feet ) in the extreme northwest to a maximum of 2,430 m ( 7,972 ft ) at Peñalara peak in the Sierra de Guadarrama . The town lies on the main route of the Camino de Santiago de Madrid . Climate ( edit ) The climate is hot - summer Mediterranean ( Csa in the Köppen climate classification ) near the boundaries of Csb and BSk , resulting from the high altitude and the distance from the coast . The average annual temperature is 12.42 ° C ( 54.4 ° F ) , with a minimum in December of − 14 ° C ( 6.8 ° F ) and maximum in August of 39 ° C ( 102.2 ° F ) . The annual precipitation range from 400 to 500 mm per year in the lower plains , and can reach up to 800 mm right in the mountain area of `` Sierra de Guadarrama '' , as rainfalls and snowfalls are more frequent , and decent showers coming from summer thunderstorms help the mountain area of the province to be rainier than average for the entire central Spain area . All of this make the province a damp corner in the context of the region . The predominant forms of vegetation in the mountainous areas include pine , evergreen , oak , beech and juniper . ( hide ) Climate data for Segovia ( 1988 - 2010 ) 1005m Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 23.2 ( 73.8 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 37.3 ( 99.1 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) 38.3 ( 100.9 ) 36.3 ( 97.3 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 23.0 ( 73.4 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 13.9 ( 57 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 25.8 ( 78.4 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 24.0 ( 75.2 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 11.8 ( 53.2 ) 8.8 ( 47.8 ) 17.9 ( 64.22 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 4.3 ( 39.7 ) 5.8 ( 42.4 ) 8.6 ( 47.5 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 22.2 ( 72 ) 22.1 ( 71.8 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 13.0 ( 55.4 ) 7.6 ( 45.7 ) 5.1 ( 41.2 ) 12.42 ( 54.38 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 0.3 ( 32.5 ) ( 34 ) 3.2 ( 37.8 ) 4.2 ( 39.6 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 12.1 ( 53.8 ) 14.6 ( 58.3 ) 14.8 ( 58.6 ) 11.4 ( 52.5 ) 7.9 ( 46.2 ) 3.4 ( 38.1 ) 1.3 ( 34.3 ) 6.88 ( 44.38 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 11.8 ( 10.8 ) − 11.4 ( 11.5 ) − 13.2 ( 8.2 ) − 5.2 ( 22.6 ) − 3.0 ( 26.6 ) 2.5 ( 36.5 ) 4.0 ( 39.2 ) 4.4 ( 39.9 ) 0.8 ( 33.4 ) − 3.2 ( 26.2 ) − 10.4 ( 13.3 ) − 10.5 ( 13.1 ) − 13.2 ( 8.2 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 38 ( 1.5 ) 31 ( 1.22 ) 30 ( 1.18 ) 44 ( 1.73 ) 66 ( 2.6 ) 43 ( 1.69 ) 17 ( 0.67 ) 20 ( 0.79 ) 28 ( 1.1 ) 59 ( 2.32 ) 52 ( 2.05 ) 46 ( 1.81 ) 474 ( 18.66 ) Average precipitation days 7 6 6 8 10 5 5 9 9 8 79 Mean monthly sunshine hours 124 152 203 213 250 314 358 328 246 177 126 110 2,601 Source # 1 : Source # 2 : Population centers ( edit ) Aside from the main city , there are a number of other villages within the municipality of Segovia . Fuentemilanos Hontoria Madrona Revenga , established in 1983 as a `` minor local entity '' ( Spanish : entidad local menor ) , a category of sub-municipal entities in Spain . Zamarramala Torredondo Perogordo History ( edit ) Alcázar of Segovia . The Segovia Cathedral as seen from the air . San Andrés Gate . The first recorded mention of a settlement in what is today Segovia was a Celtic possession . Control later passed into the hands of the Romans . The city is a possible site of the battle in 75 BCE where Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius was victorious over Quintus Sertorius and Hirtuleius . Hirtuleius died in the fighting . During the Roman period the settlement belonged to one of numerous contemporary Latin convents . It is believed that the city was abandoned after the Islamic invasion of Spain centuries later . After the conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI of León and Castile , the son of King Alfonso VI , Segovia was resettled with Christians from the north of the Iberian peninsula and beyond the Pyrenees , providing it with a significant sphere of influence whose boundaries crossed the Sierra de Guadarrama and the Tagus . Segovia 's position on trading routes made it an important centre of trade in wool and textiles . The end of the Middle Ages saw something of a golden age for Segovia , with a growing Jewish population and the creation of a foundation for a powerful cloth industry . Several splendid works of Gothic architecture were also completed during this period . Notably , Isabella I was proclaimed queen of Castile in the church of San Miguel de Segovia on December 13 , 1474 . Like most Castilian textile centres , Segovia joined the Revolt of the Comuneros under the command of Juan Bravo . Despite the defeat of the Communities , the city 's resultant economic boom continued into the sixteenth century , its population rising to 27,000 in 1594 . Then , as well as almost all the cities of Castile , Segovia entered a period of decline . Only a century later in 1694 , the population had been reduced to only 8,000 inhabitants . In the early eighteenth century , Segovia attempted to revitalize its textile industry , with little success . In the second half of the century , Charles III made another attempt to revive the region 's commerce ; it took the form of the Royal Segovian Wool Manufacturing Company ( 1763 ) . However , the lack of competitiveness of production caused the crown withdraw its sponsorship in 1779 . In 1764 , the Royal School of Artillery , the first military academy in Spain , was opened . This academy remains present in the city today . In 1808 , Segovia was sacked by French troops during the War of Independence . During the First Carlist War , troops under the command of Don Carlos unsuccessfully attacked the city . During the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century , Segovia experienced a demographic recovery that was the result of relative economic stability . Demographics ( edit ) The population growth experienced during the nineteenth century accelerated steadily beginning around 1920 : 16,013 inhabitants that year , 33,360 in 1960 , 53,237 in 1981 . Since the 1980s growth has slowed markedly : 55,586 in 2004 and 56,047 in 2007 . Heritage ( edit ) World Heritage city ( edit ) Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct UNESCO World Heritage Site The Roman Aqueduct of Segovia Criteria Cultural : i , iii , iv Reference 311 Inscription 1985 ( 9th Session ) Area 134.28 ha Buffer zone 401.44 ha In 1985 the old city of Segovia and its Aqueduct were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . The old city contains a multitude of historic buildings both civil and religious , including a large number of buildings of Jewish origin , notably within the old Jewish Quarter . One of the most historically important Jewish sites is the Jewish cemetery , El Pinarillo . Among the most important monuments in the city are : The Aqueduct of Segovia , located in Plaza del Azoguejo , is the defining historical feature of the city , dating from the late 1st or early 2nd century CE . Like a number of other aqueducts in Spain , Segovia 's Roman - built aqueduct receives attention for being one of the `` extraordinary engineering accomplishments '' existing in the country , wrote Alejandro Lapunzina in Reference Guides to National Architecture : Architecture of Spain . It is still used to deliver drinking water . `` The aqueduct of Segovia is -- because of its long span , architectural beauty , uncharacteristic slenderness , and dramatic presence in the center of a dense urban fabric -- the most impressive Roman structure in Spain , and one of the most famous among the numerous aqueducts built by the Romans throughout their vast Empire , '' Lapunzina wrote . It consists of about 25,000 granite blocks held together without any mortar , and spans 818 meters with more than 170 arches , the highest being 29 metres high . The Alcazar of Segovia , the royal palace built on a stone peninsula between the rivers Eresma and Clamores , is documented for the first time in 1122 , although it may have existed earlier . It was one of the favored residences of the kings of Castile , built in the transition from Romanesque architecture to Gothic and Mudéjar . The building is structured around two courtyards and has two towers , and a keep . It was a favourite residence of Alfonso X the Wise and Henry IV , and Isabella the Catholic was crowned Queen of Castile in Segovia 's Plaza Mayor . Devastated by a fire in 1862 , it was later rebuilt . It now houses the General Militar de Segovia archive and museum of the Royal School of Artillery , managed by the Board of the Alcazar . Segovia Cathedral as seen from the Alcazar . The Segovia Cathedral , the last Gothic cathedral built in Spain . It is considered a masterpiece of Basque - Castilian Gothic architecture and is known as `` The Lady of Cathedrals . '' Juan Gil de Hontañón , Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón , and other masters of Spanish architecture worked on the construction . It was consecrated in 1768 and is 105 meters long , 50 metres wide and 33 m high in the nave , has 18 chapels and has three doors : El Perdón , San Frutos and San Geroteo . The Walls of Segovia existed when Alfonso VI of León and Castile retook the city from the Arabs . Alfonso had them enlarged , and also increased its perimeter to 3 kilometres , with eight towers , five gates , and several doors . It was built mainly of granite blocks but also reused gravestones from the old Roman necropolis . The wall encircles the historic quarter and currently has three gates : San Cebrián ; Santiago , built in the Mudéjar style ; and San Andrés , gateway to the Jewish quarter ; and the breaches of Consuelo , San Juan , the Sun , and the Moon . Religious architecture ( edit ) Iglesia de San Esteban Old main synagogue View of the church of San Millán de Segovia from Cervantes street Churches and chapels ( edit ) The city maintains an important collection of Romanesque churches of both stone and brick , which include the churches of San Esteban , San Millán , San Martín , la Santísima Trinidad , San Andrés , San Clemente , Santos Justo y Pastor , la Vera Cruz , and San Salvador . The old main synagogue is a former synagogue , converted into a convent after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 . Monasteries and convents ( edit ) The city of Segovia preserved also several monasteries and convents with active religious life : The Monastery of Saint Mary of Parral with the cloistered monks of the Order of Saint Jerome The Monastery of the Humble Incarnation with the cloistered nuns of the Order of Saint Augustine The Monastery of the Immaculate Conception with the cloistered Conceptionist nuns The Monastery of San Vicente el Real with the cloistered nuns of the Cistercian Order The Monastery of San Antonio el Real with the Poor Clare Sisters of the Order of Saint Claire The Convent of Saint John of the Cross with the Discalced Carmelite friars The Convent of Saint Joseph with the cloistered Discalced Carmelite nuns The Convent of Corpus Christi with the Poor Clare Sisters of the Order of Saint Claire The Convent of Santo Domingo el Real with the cloistered nuns of the Dominican Order The Convent of Saint John of God with the Franciscan Sisters of the Third Order of Saint Francis Civil architecture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Ayala Berganza Castilian Palace dates from the late 15th century . Due to a multiple murder that happened in the late 19th century is known by Segovia as `` the house of the crime . '' Casa del Sello on San Francisco street Casa - Museo del Torreón de Lozoya in the Plaza de San Martín Casa del Siglo XV ( or of Juan Bravo ) House of the Count Alpuente , the Casa de los Picos and others in the Calle Real La Taberna Rubi , the oldest tavern in the city The Casa de la Moneda , the oldest industrial building in Europe . View of Segovia from Mirador de la canaleja . Urban sculpture ( edit ) Loba Capitolina at the foot of the aqueduct . Urban Sculpture in Segovia stars works depicting illustrious figures linked to the city , which wanted to pay tribute in this way , but we can also find several pictures of a religious nature . One of the most iconic sculptures of the Loba Capitolina sits in front of the aqueduct . A copy of the Capitoline wolf is preserved in the Capitoline Museum and was a gift that Rome gave to the city in 1974 during the events of the bimillennial anniversary of the aqueduct . Until a few decades ago , a monument dedicated to the artist Daniel Zuloaga which was installed in 1924 , could be seen in the Plaza de la Merced , but it was relocated to the Plaza de Colmenares . Currently located in the center of the Plaza de la Merced , looking towards the church of San Andrés is a bust of the poet Rubén Darío , sculptor Santiago de Santiago , which was donated by the Nicaragua government to the city in 1973 . Letters related to the bust are also found in the Promenade Lounge , the famous poet José Rodas was first installed in 1927 in the plaza of the gardens , and moved to its present site in 1960 by the segovian sculptor Aniceto Marinas . It could not miss this literary group a tribute to Antonio Machado , poet Segovia made his refuge from 1919 to 1932 , the sculpture as it could be otherwise is located in the garden of his home museum , and was done by Emiliano Barral . Religious figures such as Domingo de Soto , Pius XII , Saint Anthony Mary Claret , Saint John of the Cross have their place within the city urban sculpture , the first work of Ortega and the rest of José María García Moro , sculptor prosperous Segovia who must also be a Monument to the Youth located in the Plaza del Conde de Cheste . Other teachers who also paid tribute to his work a few peasants have been both recognized in any street or town square , as is the case for Aniceto Marinas , who dedicated a monument in 1943 his friend and partner Mariano Benlliure . In the field of arms found the monument to Daoíz and Velarde , Aniceto Marinas work . By the same author is the List of people associated with the comunero Juan Bravo sculpture , made in 1921 and located in the heart of the city in the Square of the Sirens , the name given to two statues that top the stairs and representing these mythological beings , made by Francisco Bellver in 1852 . Other sculptures in the city are devoted to medical Andrés Laguna made by the segovian Florentino Trapero and marina located in Plaza de los Huertos , the bust of Lope de la Calle Martín , president of the Provincial council that made Emiliano Barral and can be seen in the square of San Facundo or the monument `` El Favorito '' , by Toribio García de Andrés in the early 20th century . In addition to this series of monuments and sculptures are hidden in the corners of the city some other religious images that are worth mentioning . The most significant of these is the Virgin of the Aqueduct , located in the central niche of the monument has since the Plaza del Azoguejo and it was already in the 16th century , as remember Colmenares in his history of Segovia . The cast of virgins are also members of the Fuencisla in Velarde street , the los Remedios in front of San Juan Gate , the Socorro at the San Andrés Gate or del Carmen on the street of its own name , among others . Parks and gardens ( edit ) Alcazar Gardens . Plaza de la Artillería The Alcazar Gardens was built in the plaza where the Old Cathedral and the Episcopal Palace existed before and was created on the occasion of the marriage of Philip II to Anne of Austria in 1570 , removing the ruins that still existed . This , however , was not fully realized until the visit of Ferdinand VI in the 18th century . Between 1816 and 1817 the first trees were planted , and enclosed with the fence that currently exists . They were destroyed by the fire suffered by the palace in 1862 , and recovered again in 1882 . The Garden of la Merced was the first public garden carried out by the city within the city walls and currently is one of the best and most beautiful city . Named after the former Mercy convent that was located in the same place and began performing in the middle 19th century with the planting of trees and installation of a source , later replaced by the current , more broad and stately ; playground available . Paseo del Salón is one of the oldest gardens in the city , since it was created in 1786 by the Economic Society of Friends of the Country of Segovia , and two years later they began planting trees . In 1846 he set up various sources and replanted again in different species . Jardinillos of San Roque , situated along the so - called `` Paseo Nuevo '' were open to the public in 1872 , but ten years before a public fountain was placed in them . In 1943 they were the place where stood a pavilion dedicated to the Feria de Muestras , the building still stands and is one of the characteristic features of the gardens . Missionaries , The Garden of los Cañuelos The Gardens of los Huertos are named for the orchards occupy a premonstratensian friary . After the removal of the convent in 1836 with the first disentailment laws , the city claimed ownership of the land , a fact that occurred in 1897 . In 1901 he began planting trees and structuring of the gardens , which has gradually been restored today . Alameda del Eresma Alameda de la Fuencisla Fromkes Garden Garden of la Plaza del Conde Alpuente Garden of la Plaza de Colmenares Garden of St. Augustine Parque de la Albuera Parque de la Dehesa Pinarillo de la Cuesta de los Hoyos Clamores Valley Economy ( edit ) The economy of Segovia revolves around metallurgy , agriculture , furniture , construction and , particularly , tourism . The town itself plays host to thousands of day - visitors from Madrid each year due to its popular attractions . Education ( edit ) The city of Segovia is home to a large number of primary schools and secondary schools , the oldest of which ( IES Mariano Quintanilla , founded in 1845 ) having been officially declared `` of cultural interest . '' A high proportion of the student population attends state primary and secondary schools , while private schooling in Segovia is mostly religious in nature . Regarding higher education , Segovia 's premier institution is IE University , a business - oriented undergraduate university , building upon Instituto Empresa 's successful MBA program at Madrid - based IE Business School . Also present is the Segovia campus of the University of Valladolid , offering entrance into careers in computer engineering , law , journalism , advertising and teaching . Culture ( edit ) Museums ( edit ) Gastronomic Museum of Segovia Museum of Segovia . Museum of Contemporary Art ' Esteban Vicente ' Museum of the Bishop 's Palace Museum del Pasado Museum of the Cathedral Museum Zuloaga House - Museum of Antonio Machado Museum of the Rodera - Robles Foundation Museum of Witch Craft Museum of Arms Museum of the Walls of Segovia Jewish Center MUCES ( edit ) MUCES is the Spanish acronym to The City of Segovia Festival of European Cinema , an annual film festival which takes place in the city since 2006 , usually in November . It gives the wider public a chance to get to know quality European cinema and , above all , it offers the general public an opportunity to see European films which have not yet been commercially screened in Spain , but have been very successful with critics and audiences in their own countries . `` My Cat Lives in Segovia '' is one of the films presented to the audience . Festivities ( edit ) Facade of the Cathedral night view . Monastery of Saint Mary of Parral . San Lorenzo ( around August 10 ) . It is the feast of one of the most popular neighborhoods in the city . Fairs and Festivals of San Juan and San Pedro ( late June ) . These feasts are the most famous feasts of the city and have been held since the 15th century . San Frutos ( October 25 ) : Patron saint of Segovia . At Mid-morning the Carol of San Frutos is sung in the Cathedral , after which there are often various activities in the Plaza Mayor , as a proclamation , a concert by the Band of the Segovian Musical Union , mycology exhibition , etc . In recent years , following the established tradition of drawn traditions of the sleeve , Segovia 's pastry chefs have invented a dessert of the saint . On the last night to San Frutos the segovian congregate at the image of the saint who is at the door of the Cathedral to see him turning the page of the book that she holds . Virgin of the Fuencisla ( September 25 ) : Patronenss of Segovia . The biggest celebration day takes place during the last Sunday of the month . Two Thursdays before the Virgin up from his sanctuary in the Alameda of the Fuencisla to the Cathedral to start the novena ( his arrival at the Plaza Mayor is one of the most specific one can be found in Segovia , is typical to make it when the clock of the Town Hall rings ) . During the nine days following celebrates the novena in the Cathedral , which is sung the Hymn of the Fuencisla , and the last Sunday in the Virgin returned to her shrine . Since the Virgin is Captain General of Artillery ( which is indicated for the baton and the sash that has his feet ) from the September 24 , 1916 , en route from the Cathedral Shrine and is accompanied by cadets Artillery Academy and the Band ( which has to be brought from the Academy of Toledo since disappeared local ) . In its trip between the Sanctuary to the Cathedral is accompanied by the Cadets to Plaza del Azoguejo , where they sing a Salve . Until a few years had exhibitions in Castilian Jotas in the Alameda de la Fuencisla in the arrival of the Virgin ; but recently Castilian Jotas are danced in the Azoguejo own . Holy week ( edit ) Paso in the Holy Week in Segovia . Segovia has 10 fraternities , which are : Oración en el Huerto ( neighbourhood of San Lorenzo ) Resurrección del Señor ( neighbourhood of Nueva Segovia ) Cristo con la cruz a Cuestas ( ADEMAR association ) Santo Cristo de la Cruz ( neighbourhood of Cristo del Mercado ) Santo Cristo de San Marcos ( neighbourhood of San Marcos ) Soledad al pie de la Cruz ( neighbourhood of San Millán ) Nuestra Señora de la Piedad ( neighbourhood of San José ) Real Cofradía de la Santa Esclavitud ( neighbourhood of El Salvador ) Feligresía de San Andrés ( neighbourhood of San Andrés ) Soledad Dolorosa ( neighbourhood of Santa Eulalia ) Notable people ( edit ) Víctor Barrio ( perished in bullfight ) Juan Bravo Pedro Delgado Andrés Laguna Arsenio Martínez - Campos ( 1831 -- 1900 ) , military officer Manuel Pérez Brunicardi Cayetano Redondo Aceña Don Abraham Senior Coronel Twin towns -- sister cities ( edit ) Segovia is twinned with : Edinburgh , United Kingdom , since 1985 . Tours , France , since 1972 Gangdong - gu , Seoul , South Korea Antipode ( edit ) Segovia is the Antipode of Masterton , New Zealand . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Segovia '' . Collins Dictionary . n.d . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Meteorología , Agencia Estatal de . `` Valores climatológicos normales : Segovia - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET . Gobierno de España '' . www.aemet.es ( in Spanisch ) . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Meteorología , Agencia Estatal de . `` Extreme values : Segovia - Valores extremos absolutos - Selector - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología '' . www.aemet.es ( in Spanisch ) . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` DECRETO no . 107 / 1983 , de 3 de Noviembre , por el que se aprueba la constitución en entidad local menor del núcleo de población de Revenga , perteneciente al municipio de Segovia '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Boletín Oficial del Estado . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ From the Gracchi to Nero , H.H. Scullard , p 91 however Philip Spann disagreed - Quintus Sertorius and the Legacy of Sulla , p110 Jump up ^ `` Arquitectura romana : Acueducto de Segovia '' . Historia de la Arquitectura en España . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Lapunzina , A. ( 2005 ) . Reference guides to national architecture : Architecture of Spain . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ `` MUCES . The City of Segovia Festival of European Cinema '' . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SENIOR , ABRAHAM - JewishEncyclopedia.com '' . jewishencyclopedia.com . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSegoviaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website Official tourism office of Segovia Official Language Schools of Segovia Segovia photo and video essay Part I and Part II Segovia city guide at HitchHikers Handbook World Heritage Sites in Spain For official site names , see each article or the List of World Heritage Sites in Spain . North West Caves of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias Roman walls of Lugo Route of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela Tower of Hercules North East Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests Caves of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon Pirineos - Monte Perdido Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin Route of Santiago de Compostela San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries Vizcaya Bridge Community of Madrid Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests Aranjuez Cultural Landscape El Escorial University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares Centre Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida Archaeological Site of Atapuerca Ávila with its Extra-mural Churches Burgos Cathedral Cáceres Cuenca Heritage of Mercury . Almadén and Idrija Las Médulas Monastery of Santa María of Guadalupe Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin Route of Santiago de Compostela Salamanca Segovia and its Aqueduct Prehistoric Rock - Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde Toledo East Archaeological Ensemble of Tarraco , Tarragona Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí Ibiza ( Biodiversity and Culture ) Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau , Barcelona Palmeral of Elche Poblet Monastery Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin Serra de Tramuntana Silk Exchange in Valencia Works of Antoni Gaudí South Alhambra , Generalife and Albayzín , Granada Cathedral , Alcázar and General Archive of the Indies , Seville Dolmens Site of Antequera Doñana Historic Centre of Córdoba Renaissance Monuments of Úbeda and Baeza Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin Canary Islands Garajonay San Cristóbal de La Laguna Teide National Park Shared with other region / s Shared with France Shared with Slovenia Shared with Portugal Shared with other regions in Spain and other countries in Europe Municipalities in the province of Segovia Abades Adrada de Pirón Adrados Aguilafuente Alconada de Maderuelo Aldea Real Aldealcorvo Aldealengua de Pedraza Aldealengua de Santa María Aldeanueva de la Serrezuela Aldeanueva del Codonal Aldeasoña Aldehorno Aldehuela del Codonal Aldeonte Anaya Arahuetes Arcones Arevalillo de Cega Armuña Ayllón Añe Barbolla Basardilla Bercial Bercimuel Bernardos Bernuy de Porreros Boceguillas Brieva Caballar Cabañas de Polendos Cabezuela Calabazas de Fuentidueña Campo de San Pedro Cantalejo Cantimpalos Carbonero el Mayor Carrascal del Río Casla Castillejo de Mesleón Castro de Fuentidueña Castrojimeno Castroserna de Abajo Castroserracín Cedillo de la Torre Cerezo de Abajo Cerezo de Arriba Chañe Cilleruelo de San Mamés Cobos de Fuentidueña Coca Codorniz Collado Hermoso Condado de Castilnovo Corral de Ayllón Cozuelos de Fuentidueña Cubillo Cuevas de Provanco Cuéllar Domingo García Donhierro Duruelo El Espinar Encinas Encinillas Escalona del Prado Escarabajosa de Cabezas Escobar de Polendos Espirdo Fresneda de Cuéllar Fresno de Cantespino Fresno de la Fuente Frumales Fuente de Santa Cruz Fuente el Olmo de Fuentidueña Fuente el Olmo de Íscar Fuentepelayo Fuentepiñel Fuenterrebollo Fuentesaúco de Fuentidueña Fuentesoto Fuentidueña Gallegos Garcillán Gomezserracín Grajera Honrubia de la Cuesta Hontalbilla Hontanares de Eresma Ituero y Lama Juarros de Riomoros Juarros de Voltoya La Lastrilla La Losa La Matilla Labajos Laguna de Contreras Languilla Lastras de Cuéllar Lastras del Pozo Los Huertos Maderuelo Marazoleja Marazuela Martín Miguel Martín Muñoz de la Dehesa Martín Muñoz de las Posadas Marugán Mata de Cuéllar Matabuena Melque de Cercos Membibre de la Hoz Migueláñez Montejo de Arévalo Montejo de la Vega de la Serrezuela Monterrubio Moral de Hornuez Mozoncillo Muñopedro Muñoveros Nava de la Asunción Navafría Navalilla Navalmanzano Navares de Ayuso Navares de Enmedio Navares de las Cuevas Navas de Oro Navas de Riofrío Navas de San Antonio Nieva Olombrada Orejana Ortigosa de Pestaño Ortigosa del Monte Otero de Herreros Pajarejos Palazuelos de Eresma Pedraza Pelayos del Arroyo Perosillo Pinarejos Pinarnegrillo Pradales Prádena Puebla de Pedraza Rapariegos Rebollo Remondo Riaguas de San Bartolomé Riaza Ribota Riofrío de Riaza Roda de Eresma Sacramenia Samboal San Cristóbal de Cuéllar San Cristóbal de Segovia San Cristóbal de la Vega San Ildefonso San Martín y Mudrián San Miguel de Bernuy San Pedro de Gaíllos Sanchonuño Sangarcía Santa Marta del Cerro Santa María la Real de Nieva Santiuste de Pedraza Santiuste de San Juan Bautista Santo Domingo de Pirón Santo Tomé del Puerto Sauquillo de Cabezas Sebúlcor Segovia Sepúlveda Sequera de Fresno Sotillo Sotosalbos Tabanera la Luenga Tolocirio Torre Val de San Pedro Torreadrada Torrecaballeros Torrecilla del Pinar Torreiglesias Trescasas Turégano Urueñas Valdeprados Valdevacas de Montejo Valdevacas y Guijar Valle de Tabladillo Vallelado Valleruela de Pedraza Valleruela de Sepúlveda Valseca Valtiendas Valverde del Majano Veganzones Vegas de Matute Ventosilla y Tejadilla Villacastín Villaverde de Montejo Villaverde de Íscar Villeguillo Yanguas de Eresma Zarzuela del Monte Zarzuela del Pinar Capitals of provinces of Spain A Coruña Albacete Alicante Almería Ávila Badajoz Barcelona Bilbao Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Castellón de la Plana Ciudad Real Córdoba Cuenca Donostia - San Sebastián Girona Granada Guadalajara Huelva Huesca Jaén Logroño Las Palmas León Lleida Lugo Madrid Málaga Murcia Ourense Oviedo Palencia Palma Pamplona Pontevedra Salamanca Santander Santa Cruz Segovia Seville Soria Tarragona Teruel Toledo Valencia Valladolid Vitoria - Gasteiz Zamora Zaragoza Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Segovia&oldid=827027240 '' Categories : Segovia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Celtiberian - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2015 Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - 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"Segovia (/sɪˈɡoʊviə/; Spanish pronunciation: [seˈɣoβja][1]) is a city in the autonomous region of Castile and León, Spain, famous for its magnificent Roman aqueduct and for its cathedral, one of the last Gothic temples to be built in Europe. It is the capital of Province of Segovia."
] | [
"Castile and León"
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3799850115958624136 | Television producer | Television producer - wikipedia Television producer This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A television producer is a person who oversees all aspects of video production on a television program . Some producers take more of an executive role , in that they conceive new programs and pitch them to the television networks , but upon acceptance they focus on business matters , such as budgets and contracts . Other producers are more involved with the day - to - day workings , participating in activities such as screenwriting , set design , casting and directing . There is a variety of different producers on a television show . A traditional producer is one who manages a show 's budget and maintains a schedule , but this is no longer the case in modern television . Contents 1 Types of television producers 1.1 Executive producer 1.2 Co-executive producer 1.3 Supervising producer 1.4 Producer 1.5 Co-producer 1.6 Coordinating producer 1.7 Consulting producer , executive consultant , or production consultant 1.8 Associate producer 1.9 Assistant producer 1.10 Chase producer 1.11 Segment producer 1.12 Line producer 1.13 Field producer 1.14 Edit producer 1.15 Post-production producer or post-production coordinator 2 Writer as `` producer '' 3 Star as `` producer '' 4 Notable television producers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Types of television producers ( edit ) Main article : Television crew Different types of producers in the industry today include ( in order of seniority ) : Executive producer ( edit ) There are four meanings for the term in North America . The showrunner is the `` chief executive '' in charge of everything related to the production of the show . It is the highest ranking individual who is responsible for the development and daily management of the show . In fictional television , they supervise the writing room as well . Established show creators with prior writing credits are automatically given the title of executive producer , even after they depart the show . Executive producers can be showrunners , head writers , the head of a production company , or a long - time writer for the show . Co-executive producer ( edit ) Near seniority to the executive producers , these producers serve as `` chief operating officers '' by managing above and below - the - line staff . In fictional shows , they have also contributed significantly in the writing room through table reads , discussions , and / or revisions . The co-executive producer may pen scripts as well . Supervising producer ( edit ) In fictional shows , these producers assist in the creative process by engaging in table discussions , aiding in script rewrites , and also guiding new writers . In reality shows , they are often series directors who supervise other directors . Producer ( edit ) In fictional shows , a producer may not have written the episode , but contributed significantly through table reads , discussions , and / or revisions . They may also be a former executive producer who still writes for the show , but has since relinquished his / her duties as E.P. Producers responsible for production logistics are given the credit of `` produced by . '' Co-producer ( edit ) In fictional shows , a co-producer may not have written the episode , but contributed significantly through table reads , discussions , and / or revisions . Coordinating producer ( edit ) The term is only used when the staff are working simultaneously on multiple shows . In such scenario , this producer coordinates their various tasks for them and places them into teams . Consulting producer , executive consultant , or production consultant ( edit ) They consult certain aspects for the series . These producers are sometimes former executive producers or directors , who no longer work on the show , but are hired to consult for the production , nonetheless . They are usually called upon to assist the writers . Associate producer ( edit ) Serves any of the producer job functions at the request of the showrunner . Assistant producer ( edit ) Sources contributors and stories for the reality program . Chase producer ( edit ) For news and talk show production , locates and schedules ( or `` chases '' ) guests for interviews . Segment producer ( edit ) Writes one segment of a reality program . Line producer ( edit ) In charge of the unit production manager , these producers find staff to hire and manage their pay checks . Most line producers receive the `` produced by '' title , as they tend to also be responsible for production logistics . Field producer ( edit ) In reality shows only . Selects areas to film ( outside of a television studio ) and coordinates stories for a production in the field . They also form a trusting relationship with the cast / participants in order to get interviews while in the field . They may fill a number of different roles , including production manager / coordinator , videographer , and also production assistant . Edit producer ( edit ) Helps co-ordinate the edit by working with the editor and relaying information from other producers . Involved in creating stories and writing the script if necessary . Post-production producer or post-production coordinator ( edit ) Responsible for the overall post-production process , including editing , dubbing , and grading , and are managed by the post-production supervisor . In live television or `` as - live '' , an executive producer seldom has any operational control of the show . His / her job is to stand back from the operational aspects and judge the show as an ordinary viewer might . In film or video productions , the executive producer is almost always given an opportunity to comment on a rough cut , but the amount of attention paid to his / her comments is highly dependent on the overall personnel structure of the production . Writer as `` producer '' ( edit ) Because of the restrictions the Writers Guild of America screenwriting credit system places on writing credits , many script writers in television are credited as `` producers '' instead , even though they may not engage in the responsibilities generally associated with that title . On - screen , a `` producer '' credit for a TV series will generally be given to each member of the writing staff who made a demonstrable contribution to the final script . The actual producer of the show ( in the traditional sense ) is listed under the credit `` produced by '' . Bill Lawrence , a television screenwriter , producer , director and series creator ( Scrubs , Cougar Town and Spin City ) explained during an interview on Off Camera that : ... the end credits of a TV show , it will say Staff Writer , Story Editor , Executive Story Editor , Co-Producer , Producer , Supervising Producer , Co-Executive Producer , Executive Producer . ( While ) ( s ) omeone else will ( also ) be Executive Producer because they help to run the room , every other title is just ... writer who 's been here one year , writer who 's been here two years , writer who 's been here three years , ... and it 's just a pay scale . Star as `` producer '' ( edit ) Sometimes the star of a successful television series can have a degree of influence over the creative process . For example , besides his leading role as Jack Bauer in 24 , Kiefer Sutherland was credited as producer during the show 's second season , then rising to co-executive producer from season 3 to the last few episodes of season 5 , from where he was finally promoted to executive producer . Claire Danes , the star of Homeland , also produces the show . Mark Harmon , star of the series NCIS , serves as one of the show 's producers . Similarly , Tom Welling , the star of the CW show Smallville , became co-executive producer for the show in season 9 and executive producer in season 10 . House star Hugh Laurie became co-executive producer for the show in its sixth season . Holly Marie Combs and Alyssa Milano , the stars of Charmed , became producers of the show in its fifth season . Ellen Pompeo on Grey 's Anatomy was credited as producer in season 14 . Notable television producers ( edit ) J.J. Abrams : Alias , Lost , Fringe Mara Brock Akil : The Game , Girlfriends David Angell : Frasier , Wings , Cheers Alan Ball : Six Feet Under , True Blood Chuck Barris : The Dating Game , The Gong Show , The Newlywed Game , Treasure Hunt Biddy Baxter : Blue Peter ( 1962 -- 65 ; editor 1965 -- 1988 ) Thom Beers : Deadliest Catch , Lobster Wars , numerous other Discovery Channel series Bradley Bell : The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1995 -- present ) William J. Bell : The Young and the Restless ( 1973 - 2005 ) , The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 - 1995 ) Donald P. Bellisario : Magnum , P.I. , Airwolf , JAG , NCIS , Quantum Leap Rick Berman : Star Trek : The Next Generation , Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , Star Trek : Voyager , Star Trek : Enterprise Eric Bischoff : WCW Monday Nitro Linda Bloodworth - Thomason : Designing Women , Evening Shade , Hearts Afire Andy Bobrow : Community , Malcolm in the Middle Steven Bochco : Hill Street Blues , L.A. Law , NYPD Blue Yvette Lee Bowser : Living Single , A Different World , For Your Love , Half and Half Kevin S. Bright : Friends , Veronica 's Closet , Jesse , Joey James L. Brooks : The Mary Tyler Moore Show , Rhoda , Taxi , The Simpsons , The Tracey Ullman Show Jerry Bruckheimer : The Amazing Race , Cold Case , CSI , Without a Trace Mark Burnett : The Apprentice , Survivor , Rock Star , Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? , The Contender , The Voice Stephen J. 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Wyman : Fringe , Almost Human See also ( edit ) Film producer Film director Executive producer Line producer Showrunner Producers Guild of America Writers Guild of America Screenwriter Television director Television program creator References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Sam ( host ) ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) . `` TV Producer Bill Lawrence Reveals How a Writer 's Room Really Works '' . Off Camera . Season 4 . Episode 48 . Audience . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` William J. Bell '' . Jump up ^ http://www.hbo.com/sopranos/cast/crew/david_chase.shtml Jump up ^ HBO : Curb Your Enthusiasm : About the Show `` Curb Your Enthusiasm '' Check url = value ( help ) . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's Biography '' . Jump up ^ http://www.hbo.com/thewire/cast/crew/david_simon.shtml Jump up ^ Aaron Spelling New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Joss Whedon - Biography '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ HBO : cast and crew : Terence Winter : Bio `` Terence Winter '' Check url = value ( help ) . Jump up ^ New York Times . `` Dick Wolf Breaks and Enters With ' Law and Order ' on NBC '' by Bruce Weber . March 1 , 1992 . External links ( edit ) Producers Guild of America Frequently Asked Questions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Television_producer&oldid=854264055 '' Categories : Broadcasting occupations Television producers Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 02 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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3952919950541269204 | Sing (2016 American film) | Sing ( 2016 American film ) - wikipedia Sing ( 2016 American film ) Jump to : navigation , search Sing Theatrical release poster Directed by Garth Jennings Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Written by Garth Jennings Starring Matthew McConaughey Reese Witherspoon Seth MacFarlane Scarlett Johansson John C. Reilly Taron Egerton Tori Kelly Music by Joby Talbot Edited by Gregory Perler Production company Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) ( TIFF ) December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $634.1 million Sing is a 2016 American computer - animated musical comedy - drama film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It was directed and written by Garth Jennings , co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet and starring the voices of Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , John C. Reilly , Taron Egerton , and Tori Kelly . The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition , hosted by a koala hoping to save his theater . The film includes more than 60 songs from famous artists and also has an original song by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande called `` Faith , '' which was nominated for a Golden Globe . It screened on the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2016 , premiered at Microsoft Theater on December 3 , 2016 and was released in the United States on December 21 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $634 million worldwide . Along with The Secret Life of Pets , it marked the first time that Illumination Entertainment released two feature films in the same year . A sequel , entitled Sing 2 , has been announced for a release on December 25 , 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In a world of anthropomorphic animals , koala Buster Moon owns a theater , having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child . Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith , he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000 . But Buster 's assistant , Miss Crawly , accidentally appends two extra zeroes , and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster 's office into the city streets . Animals from all around the city gather for auditions . Those selected include housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita ; street musician mouse Mike ; mobster 's son gorilla Johnny ; and punk - rock porcupine Ash . Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright , while Ash 's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest . Rosita is paired with another contestant , an exuberant pig named Gunter , for a dance routine . Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 ( money he does not have ) , he remains optimistic . Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie 's grandmother , former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman , to persuade her to sponsor the prize money . She is hesitant to contribute but agrees to see a private screening of the show . Encouraged by her grandfather , Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance , but becomes his stage hand instead . When one of the acts quits , and another is injured , Meena is added as an act . The performers ' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals : Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter , after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray . After discovering Lance with a new girlfriend and evicting them from her apartment , Ash is devastated and can no longer sing her assigned song , Carly Rae Jepsen 's `` Call Me Maybe . '' Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices . When he tries to do both , he does not show up for the planned pickup in time , and his father and his gang are arrested . Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright , and Mike , certain that the prize money is as good as his , buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse , and then swindles a group of bears in a card game at a nightclub . The day of the screening , the bears interrupt the show , demanding the money from Mike , who in turn , points to Buster . The bears open the chest containing the prize money , but it is nowhere near $100,000 . The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight , flooding the theater , which then comes crashing down . With the lot repossessed by Judith , Buster , who had been living in his theater 's office desk , takes up residence at Eddie 's place ( his parents ' pool house ) . Although the contestants ( besides Mike , who saw Buster as a fraud ) visit him and try to cheer him up , Buster is too despondent to listen to them . He tries to start over by opening a car wash , using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster 's theater . When Meena goes to the theater 's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen 's `` Hallelujah , '' Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money . They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena 's family members . As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift 's `` Shake It Off , '' more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news . Johnny 's rendition of Elton John 's `` I 'm Still Standing '' impresses his father , who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him . Despite an interruption by Judith , Ash sings her original rock song `` Set It All Free . '' Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra 's `` My Way . '' Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder 's `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing , '' which literally brings down the house . The show becomes a success and impresses Nana , who was in the audience . Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened . Voice cast ( edit ) Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly , Taron Egerton , and Nick Kroll at the film 's premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival . Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon , an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition . Reese Witherspoon as Rosita , a pig who gave up her teenage music dreams to become a devoted wife to Norman , and mother to their 25 piglets . Seth MacFarlane as Mike , an arrogant street musician mouse with a big Frank Sinatra-esque voice . Scarlett Johansson as Ash , a teenage porcupine punk rocker who takes part in an alternative - rock music duo with her boyfriend Lance . John C. Reilly as Eddie Noodleman , a sheep and Buster 's friend who doubts the future of the theater . Tori Kelly as Meena , a teenage elephant with an exquisite singing voice and severe stage fright . Taron Egerton as Johnny , a teenage gorilla who wants to sing , though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps . Jennifer Saunders as Nana Noodleman , a sheep and Eddie 's grandmother who was a singer in her glory days . Jennifer Hudson as Young Nana Garth Jennings as Miss Crawly , an elderly iguana with a glass eye who is Buster 's administrative assistant . Peter Serafinowicz as Big Daddy , a gorilla gang leader who wants his son Johnny to follow in his crime business . Nick Kroll as Gunter , a passionate dancing pig who is partnered with Rosita for the show . Beck Bennett as Lance , a porcupine and Ash 's boyfriend . Jay Pharoah as Meena 's grandfather who pressures her to overcome her stage fright . Nick Offerman as Norman , a pig and Rosita 's husband . Leslie Jones as Meena 's mother Rhea Perlman as Judith , a brown llama from the bank who warns Buster that his theater will be repossessed if he does not pay . Laraine Newman as Meena 's grandmother Adam Buxton as Stan , a gorilla who is a member of Big Daddy 's gang . Brad Morris as Baboon , whom Mike attacks for not donating more money to his street performances . Bill Farmer as News Reporter Dog , who documents Buster 's singing competition . The voices of Rosita 's piglet children were provided by Oscar , Leo , Caspar , and Asa Jennings , the children of Garth Jennings , the film 's writer and director . Jennings had directors Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson provide `` additional voices '' , continuing a tradition of the three friends appearing in each other 's films . Production ( edit ) In January 2014 , it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment , about `` courage , competition and carrying a tune , '' which was originally titled Lunch , and then retitled as Sing . On January 14 , 2015 , Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film 's lead voice role . Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film . On June 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that McConaughey 's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie , a sheep and Buster 's best friend . In November 2015 , it was announced that Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film . The film features 65 pop songs , the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film 's $75 million budget . The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21 , 2016 . Release ( edit ) The almost complete film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11 , 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival . Universal Studios released the film on December 21 , 2016 . Home Media ( edit ) Sing was released on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on March 21 , 2017 . It includes three short films : Gunter Babysits , Love at First Sight , and Eddie 's Life Coach . In Gunter Babysits , Gunter offers to watch over Rosita and Norman 's piglets while they are away as he works to prove himself to be a good babysitter . In Love at First Sight , Johnny sets Miss Crawly up with an online dating website where she manages to score a date with a lizard named Herman . In Eddie 's Life Coach , Eddie 's mother sets Eddie up for a digital training seminar where he will be assigned to a dachshund named Garry `` The Winner '' Wishman . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Sing grossed $270.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $363.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $634.1 million , against a production budget of $75 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film , making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016 . In North America , the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin 's Creed , and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release . The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews . It went on to gross $35.2 million in its opening weekend ( a six - day total of $75.5 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , which was in its second week . Sing holds the record for being the highest - grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office , besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( $241.4 million in 2002 ) . Critical response ( edit ) On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 73 % based on 168 reviews , and an average rating of 6.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sing delivers colorfully animated , cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm - hearted -- albeit familiar -- storyline that lives up to its title . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars and wrote , `` In a year full of talking - animal hits , Sing is n't quite as strong a number . It 's a tale that might not be particularly thought - provoking but sure is toe - tapping . '' In her review for the Los Angeles Times , Katie Walsh called Sing , `` a cute movie with genuinely funny moments ( keep an eye out for the koala car wash ) , and some great tunes to boot . '' The Arizona Republic 's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said , `` Sing is like an album with a good song here and there , but too much filler and not enough hits . '' Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival , Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2 / 5 , stating that `` Garth Jennings 's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it 's following a completely unoriginal formula , and yet carries on regardless . '' While Peter Debruge of Variety , who also saw the film during the same festival , did not find the subplots to have any `` profound life lessons , '' he overall praised Jennings ' direction , the cast 's voice performances and the film 's silliness . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards February 6 , 2017 Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up Sing Nominated Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated Feature Production Joby Talbot Golden Globe Awards January 8 , 2017 Best Animated Feature Film Sing Best Original Song `` Faith '' -- Ryan Tedder , Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Song -- Animated Film Best Soundtrack Album Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Outstanding Music Supervision -- Film Jojo Villanueva Won Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Animated Movie Sing Nominated Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Reese Witherspoon Most Wanted Pet Favorite Soundtrack Sing Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Animated Film Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a sequel , tentatively titled Sing 2 , slated for December 25 , 2020 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Felperin , Leslie ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Matthew McConaughey to Star in Illumination Animated Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` A Complete List of Every Song in Illumination 's ' Sing ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sneak peek : A-list animals ' SING ' together '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hopewell , John ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Annecy : Chris Meledandri on Matthew McConaughey as a Koala Legit Theater Owner , ' The Grinch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Animated Animals of Illumination Entertainment 's 2016 Musical Comedy , ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buxton , Adam ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` EP. 16 - Pub Walk With Garth Jennings '' . soundcloud.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yuen , Jenny ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` TIFF 2016 : Matthew McConaughey optimistic about ' Sing ' '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sing - Full Cast and Credits '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Garth Jennings on Getting Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson to Provide Voices in ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me 3 ′ Set For June 2017 Release ; ' Dr. Seuss ' How The Grinch Stole Christmas ' Arrives Five Months Later '' . Deadline . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` France Fights Bidding War to Lure Hollywood Filmmakers '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Universal now has `` Max '' and `` Lunch '' set up at Illumination MacGuff . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Illumination 's Chris Meledandri Talks Success Secrets , Rumors He 'll Head DreamWorks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Oscar 's French Animation Connection Draws on Deep Talent Pool '' . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' Director Garth Jennings On Working With `` Wizards , '' The Learning Curve Of His Feature Animation Debut `` . Deadline . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Universal & Illumination To Launch ' Sing ' With Live Jennifer Hudson And Tori Kelly Performances At Toronto '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Illumination Entertainment 's ' Sing ' Headed to Retail '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` No. 7 ' Sing ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Rogue One ' Vanquish The Christmas B.O. Competition ? '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Sing 's ' Box - Office Debut Tops ' Assassin 's Creed , ' ' Passengers ' in Tuesday Night Previews '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` With ' Fences , ' ' La La Land ' Enter Top 10 As ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Rule Holiday -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . December 27 , 2016 . Sing * ( Ill / Uni ) 4,022 locations , 4 - day $54.9 M , 3 - day : $35.2 M , 4 - day : $13 , 7K average , Total : $75.5 M , 1 wk Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sing reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Search `` Sing '' . Jump up ^ Brian Truitt ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Animated ' Sing ' is a poppy treat ( and Matthew McConaughey sings ! ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katie Walsh ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Packed with pop tunes , ' Sing ' discovers the simple fun in putting on a show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bill Goodykoontz ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' has too much filler , not enough hits '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TIFF 2016 : Sing Review - HeyUGuys '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Debruge ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Sing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington 's ' Fences ' Leads Nominations for AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing ' Sequel Coming From Illumination and Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . 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-1353618122323919604 | Saint Patrick's Day in the United States | Saint Patrick 's Day in the United States - wikipedia Saint Patrick 's Day in the United States Jump to : navigation , search The north White House fountain has been dyed green for Saint Patrick 's Day every year since 2009 . Saint Patrick 's Day , although a legal holiday only in Suffolk County , Massachusetts ( where it is recognized alongside Evacuation Day ) and Savannah , Georgia , is nonetheless widely recognized and celebrated throughout the United States . It is primarily celebrated as a recognition of Irish and Irish American culture ; celebrations include prominent displays of the color green , eating and drinking , religious observances , and numerous parades . The holiday has been celebrated on the North American continent since the late 18th century . According to the National Retail Federation , consumers in the United States spent $4.4 billion on St. Patrick 's Day in 2016 . This amount is down from the $4.8 billion spent in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early celebrations 2 Customs today 3 Parades 4 Cities with major celebrations 4.1 Atlanta , Georgia 4.2 Baltimore , Maryland 4.3 Boston , Massachusetts 4.4 Buffalo , New York 4.5 Butte , Montana 4.6 Chicago , Illinois 4.7 Cleveland , Ohio 4.8 Columbia , South Carolina 4.9 Dallas , Texas 4.10 Detroit , Michigan 4.11 Enterprise , Alabama 4.12 Hoboken , New Jersey 4.13 Holyoke , Massachusetts 4.14 Hot Springs , Arkansas 4.15 Jackson , Mississippi 4.16 Las Vegas , Nevada 4.17 Maryville , Missouri 4.18 New Orleans 4.19 New York City 4.20 Omaha , Nebraska 4.21 Pearl River , New York 4.22 Peoria , Illinois 4.23 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 4.24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 4.25 Quad Cities , Illinois and Iowa 4.26 Rolla , Missouri 4.27 San Diego , California 4.28 San Francisco , California 4.29 Dublin , California 4.30 Savannah , Georgia 4.31 Scranton , Pennsylvania 4.32 Seattle , Washington 4.33 Syracuse , New York 4.34 Tallahassee , Florida 4.35 Washington , D.C. 5 Sports 5.1 Baseball 5.2 Basketball 5.3 Ice hockey 5.4 Lacrosse 5.5 Football 5.6 Rugby 6 See also 7 References Early celebrations ( edit ) The Charitable Irish Society of Boston organized the first observance of Saint Patrick 's Day in the Thirteen Colonies in 1737 . Surprisingly , the celebration was not Catholic in nature , Irish immigration to the colonies having been dominated by Protestants . The society 's purpose in gathering was simply to honor its homeland , and although they continued to meet annually to coordinate charitable works for the Irish community in Boston , they did not meet on 16 March again until 1794 . During the observance of the day , individuals attended a service of worship and a special dinner . New York 's first Saint Patrick 's Day observance was similar to that of Boston . It was held on 16 March 1762 in the home of John Marshall , an Irish Protestant , and over the next few years informal gatherings by Irish immigrants were the norm . The first recorded parade in New York was by Irish soldiers in the British Army in 1766 . The first documented St. Patrick 's Day Celebration in Philadelphia was held in 1771 . Philadelphia 's Friendly Sons of St. Patrick was found to honor St. Patrick and to provide relief to Irish immigrants in the city . Irish Americans have celebrated St. Patrick 's Day in Philadelphia since their arrival in America . General George Washington , a member of Philadelphia 's Friendly Sons of St. Patrick , actively encouraged Irish American patriots to join the Continental Army . In 1780 , while camped in Morristown , NJ , General Washington allowed his troops a holiday on 17 March `` as an act of solidarity with the Irish in their fight for independence . '' This event became known as The Saint Patrick 's Day Encampment of 1780 . Postcard postmarked 1912 in the United States George Washington 's General Order of March 16 , 1780 , granting Saint Patrick 's Day as a holiday to the troops George Washington 's General Order of March 16 , 1780 , granting Saint Patrick 's Day as a holiday to the troops , page 2 Irish patriotism in New York City continued to soar , and the parade in New York City continued to grow . Irish aid societies like Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick and the Hibernian Society were created and marched in the parades . Finally when many of these aid societies joined forces in 1848 , the parade became not only the largest parade in the United States but one of the largest in the world . The City of Savannah , Georgia , has hosted Saint Patrick 's Day celebrations since 1824 . It boasts a celebration rivaling that of New York City in size and fervor . Unlike any other cities , Savannah 's historic parade is always held on March 17 , not on the neighboring weekend . Festivities begin more than a week in advance with communal rituals and commemorative ceremonies , such as the St. Patrick 's Parade . Such events were , in fact , the main factors in shaping Irish - American identity as recognized today . In fact , leading up to the 1870s , Irish - American identity in the United States was reworked through the shifting character of the Saint Patrick 's Day rituals and features under three separate occasions : initially , in 1853 when it undertook a `` spiritual rhetoric '' notion , then when it became known as a `` reformulated memory of an Irish past couched in terms of vengeance against Britain '' to , finally , adopting a `` sectarian catholic nationalism '' attitude in the 1870s and 1880s . In fact , ceremonies represent the very `` junctures at which processes of identity formation surface through representation , '' which implies that ritual practices represent the molding tools people turn to in order to build a national identity . Furthermore , incorporating `` the analysis of commemorative rituals '' becomes a valuable element `` in the context of broader historical studies '' as such analysis reveals much about the collective conscience of the Irish - American community . There is a clear gradual shift toward a nationalist attitude in the Irish - American Diaspora which can be detected in the prose of Doheny 's commemorative speech in 1853 , but the `` complete ascendency to a nationalist ( approach ) in Irish identity '' truly came in the 1870s and 1880s . More important , there were already numerous evidences of a national identity present in the Irish Catholic labouring classes prior to the settlement of an Irish - Catholic community in America . Despite the longing memory of a loved lost Ireland , the main factor that contributed to creating a clear `` sense of group unity '' in the Irish - American community really came with the hatred sentiments that were felt towards `` British oppression and resistance '' . Furthermore , there is a turnover in perspectives towards the causes of the Great famine in the mind of the Irish - American that can be traced : one that varies from a `` mourning religious view '' , seen in Archbishop Hughes ' sermon , to a perspective that shifts the blame towards the British monarchy for its indifference and greed , seen in Cahill 's speech in 1860 . From that point on , all the following commemorative speeches on the Saint Patrick 's Day invoked nationalist themes such as `` British hatred '' and `` heroic struggle '' and led the way for the creation of a `` new parade '' which gained in adherents and absorbed `` elements of American patriotism and full - fledged nationalism '' . The end result was such that the Irish - American community came to regard itself in the 1870s as a community that defined itself by dual loyalties on one hand , and in another as `` a unified common organism , '' which gathered in strength on the basis that they had a common past , `` not a religious one but one that centered on the common Irish experience of British oppression and suffering '' . In other words , this goes to show that the shifting character of commemorative rituals experienced during the Saint Patrick 's parade have influenced the development of American culture in a larger sense , since it contributed to enriching its heritage and making of its Irish - American Diaspora a prideful concept to be celebrated and admired . Customs today ( edit ) The White River in Indianapolis is dyed green in celebration of St. Patrick 's Day , 2015 In every year since 1991 , March has been proclaimed Irish - American Heritage Month by the US Congress or President due to the date of Saint Patrick 's Day . Christian denominations in the United States observing this feast day include the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , Protestant Episcopal Church , and the Roman Catholic Church . Today , Saint Patrick 's Day is widely celebrated in America by Irish and non-Irish alike . For most Irish - Americans , this holiday is both religious and festive . It is one of the leading days for consumption of alcohol in the United States , as individuals are allowed to break their Lenten sacrifices for the day in order to celebrate Saint Patrick 's Day . The consumption of artificially colored green beer is a common celebration . Green Beer Day , for instance , is a tradition among students at Miami University ( Miami of Ohio ) , dating to 1952 ; the day has been held on the Thursday before spring break due to the fact that Saint Patrick 's Day often occurs during the spring recess . The holiday has been criticized for promoting over-indulgence in alcohol , resulting in drunk driving , property damage , absenteeism , public urination and vomiting , and other ill effects . A notable difference between traditions widely observed in the United States versus those of Ireland is the consumption of corned beef , which is not a traditional Irish dish , but rather one that was adopted by the new immigrants upon their arrival in the 19th Century . Many people choose to wear green colored clothing and items . Traditionally , those who are caught not wearing green are pinched `` affectionately '' . Seattle and other cities paint the traffic stripe of their parade routes green . Chicago dyes its river green and has done so since 1962 when sewer workers used green dye to check for sewer discharges and had the idea to turn the river green for Saint Patrick 's Day . Originally 100 pounds of vegetable dye was used to turn the river green for a whole week but now only forty pounds of dye is used and the color only lasts for several hours . Indianapolis also dyes its main canal green . Savannah dyes its downtown city fountains green . Missouri University of Science and Technology - St Pat 's Board Alumni paint 12 city blocks kelly green with mops before the annual parade . In Jamestown , New York , the Chadakoin River ( a small tributary that connects Conewango Creek with its source at Chautauqua Lake ) is dyed green each year . Columbia , South Carolina , dyes its fountain green in the area known as Five Points ( a popular collegiate location near the University of South Carolina ) . A two - day celebration is held over St Patrick 's Day weekend . In Boston , Evacuation Day is celebrated as a public holiday for Suffolk County . While officially commemorating the British departure from Boston , it was made an official holiday after Saint Patrick 's Day parades had been occurring in Boston for several decades and is believed to have been popularized because of its falling on the same day as Saint Patrick 's Day . Since 1992 , the participation of gay and lesbian people in the Boston parade has been disputed and this was the subject of the 1995 U.S. Supreme Court case Hurley v. Irish - American Gay , Lesbian , and Bisexual Group of Boston . The New York parade has experienced a similar controversy since 1991 , with boycotts by Mayors Menino and Dinkins , and De Blasio , and Walsh expected to boycott in 2014 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick 's Day in the United States . In the Northeastern United States , peas are traditionally planted on Saint Patrick 's Day . Parades ( edit ) Many parades are held to celebrate the holiday . The longest - running public parades are : Saint Patrick 's Day parade , San Francisco , 2007 . Saint Patrick 's Day parade in Atlanta , 2013 . Boston , Massachusetts , since 1737 . This began as a gathering NOT a `` parade '' as explained above in `` Early Celebrations '' section . New York City , New York , since 1762 This began as a gathering NOT a `` parade '' as explained above in `` Early Celebrations '' section . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , since 1771 Morristown , New Jersey , since 1780 New Orleans , Louisiana , since 1809 Buffalo , New York , since 1811 Savannah , Georgia , since 1824 Carbondale , Pennsylvania , since 1833 New Haven , Connecticut , since 1842 Cleveland , Ohio , since 1842 Milwaukee , Wisconsin , since 1843 Chicago , Illinois , since 1843 Saint Paul , Minnesota , since 1851 San Francisco , since 1852 Atlanta , since 1858 Scranton , Pennsylvania , since 1862 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , since 1869 Kansas City , Missouri , since 1873 Butte , Montana , since 1882 Denver , Colorado , since 1889 Rolla , Missouri , since 1909 Holyoke , Massachusetts , since 1952 Baltimore , Maryland , since 1953 Bay City , Michigan , since 1955 Detroit , Michigan , 1959 Pearl River , New York , since 1963 Cincinnati , Ohio , since 1967 St. Louis , Missouri , since 1968 Norfolk , Virginia , since 1968 Lexington , Kentucky , since 1980 Peoria , Illinois , since 1980 San Diego , California , since 1981 Columbia , South Carolina , since 1982 Alexandria , Virginia , since 1982 New London , Wisconsin , since 1984 Cities with Major celebrations ( edit ) Atlanta , Georgia ( edit ) People in Atlanta , Georgia celebrate St. Patrick 's Day by holding a parade that courses through several blocks of a main portion of the city , particularly on Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta . In 2012 , what was called the largest Irish flag in history was used in Atlanta 's parade . The St. Patrick 's Day parade has been held in Atlanta since 1858 . In the 2014 parade , more than 200 units participated from across the South , and as far away as Ireland . Baltimore , Maryland ( edit ) A parade is held the Sunday before St. Patrick 's Day , annually since the 1856 , starting at the Washington Monument and ends at Market Place in the Inner Harbor . The Shamrock 5k is held just before the parade starts . There are large events held in the Federal Hill , Canton , Inner Harbor , and Fell 's Point neighborhoods . The parade in Baltimore is the largest in Maryland . Boston , Massachusetts ( edit ) A large St. Patrick 's Day parade is held in South Boston , Massachusetts . During the Revolutionary War on March 17 , 1776 , when the British soldiers saw a line of 55 American cannons at Dorchester Heights , as well as hollowed - out logs that appeared to be cannons , they left Boston . The password for safe passage through continental lines at that time was `` St. Patrick . '' The very first celebration of Evacuation Day ( Massachusetts ) was in 1901 . This day is celebrated in remembrance of the day that General George Washington and the Continental Army succeeded in causing British troops to end their occupation of Boston . Major George F.H. Murray of the Ninth Regiment of the Army was the first chief marshal of Boston 's St Patrick 's Day parade . In 2015 the first gay groups ( Boston Pride and OutVets ) marched in Boston 's St. Patrick 's Day parade . The 3.2 - mile parade route starts at Andrew Square ( at Broadway MBTA Red Line stop ) , at the intersection of Dorchester Avenue and Broadway in South Boston , Massachusetts , and travels Dorchester Street to Telegraph Street looping through Dorchester Heights and then bearing right onto East Fourth Street it continues down to ' P ' Street bearing left onto East Broadway where it ends ( at the Andrew MBTA Red Line stop ) . Buffalo , New York ( edit ) A news truck for WIVB - TV participating in the Buffalo Saint Patrick 's Day Parade , 2012 . The city of Buffalo has two full Saint Patrick 's Day parades . The first is the `` Old Neighborhood Parade , '' in its 24th year in 2017 , which takes place in the city 's historic Old First Ward in South Buffalo on the Saturday nearest Saint Patrick 's Day ( before or after ) ; through 2015 , that parade followed a route used by the original Saint Patrick 's Day parades in Buffalo , until crowd concerns and drunken rowdiness forced the city to reroute the parade through wider roads in the First Ward . The older , larger `` Buffalo Saint Patrick 's Day Parade '' ( in its 75th consecutive year in 2017 ) also takes place , usually on the day after the Old Neighborhood parade . That parade runs from Niagara Square along Delaware Avenue to North Street . The latter parade is the third largest parade in New York State behind the New York City Parade and the Pearl River Parade . In addition to the full parades , Talty 's Tavern in South Buffalo also holds a spoof parade that lasts only one block . Butte , Montana ( edit ) Butte Montana 's mining history brought in a large population of Irish immigrants , to the point that Gaelic was spoken as a common language in the mines and Butte had the highest percentage of Irish population of any city in America , including Boston . Today , the city 's population is under 40,000 people , and the annual St. Patrick 's Day celebration brings in roughly 30,000 visitors each year , nearly doubling the city 's population for the day . Butte has a long history of running a parade through the Uptown District of the city and hosting music at a number of venues , including numerous bars , including one featuring booths created from church pews that had been imported from Dublin and a stone imported from County Clare at the door for visitors to touch . Until 2013 there was no open container law in Butte , and the current ordinance only prohibits open containers between 2 : 00 am and 8 : 00 am . The day 's events have a reputation for rowdy celebrations . Chicago , Illinois ( edit ) The Chicago River dyed green for Saint Patrick 's Day . The Irish comprise one of the largest ethnic groups in Chicago . Although the Irish are present throughout the city , the Beverly , Bridgeport , Morgan Park , and Mount Greenwood neighborhoods have had strong Irish - Catholic populations as does the adjacent suburbs of Blue Island , Alsip , Merrionette Park , and Oak Lawn . People on the south side that are of Irish heritage are known as the `` South Side Irish , '' and have long had an influential role in the political and economic scene of the city . They even have their own song that features lines pronouncing pride in Irish - American heritage . The city has many different Saint Patrick 's Day celebrations , the most famous being the dyeing of the Chicago River . Each year , the city hosts a parade downtown , which is preceded by the dyeing of the Chicago River . The dyeing of the river involves thousands of people lining the banks of the river and watching as a boat releases dye into the river and turns the river a kelly green color . The Chicago Journeymen Plumbers Union Local 130 has historically sponsored the river dyeing and know the secret to the dye mix . Another famous celebration is the South Side Irish parade . This is known as more of a celebration by those of Irish heritage rather than a popular activity attended by people of all heritages like the downtown celebration has been known . This parade features traditional Irish dancers , as well as various businesses and organisations from around the city . This parade has been scaled back in recent years as the Saint Patrick 's Day committee announced that it was becoming too large for the community to handle . In 2010 , the South Side Parade was suspended . Due in part to pressure from community businesses -- particularly pubs and package goods stores -- as well as local churches on the city , the parade was reinstated in 2012 . Of the various St. Patrick 's Day parades in Chicago , the South Side parade tries to be family friendly and currently has a zero tolerance policy for public alcohol consumption while attending the parade . The Chicago White Sox baseball team , who play on the South side , are known for their `` Halfway to Saint Patrick 's Day '' promotion held in September , when the team wears white jerseys with green pinstripes and caps , in lieu of the usual black . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick 's Day in Chicago . Cleveland , Ohio ( edit ) Over 500,000 people were in attendance for Downtown Cleveland 's Saint Patrick 's Day Parade in 2012 . As Ohio 's largest and oldest St. Patrick 's Day celebration , Cleveland has honored its Irish heritage with an annual Saint Patrick 's Day parade first begun in 1842 . The parade always occurs on March 17 , no matter the day of the week . Originally held in the city 's nearby westside neighborhoods , where a higher percentage of the population was of Irish descent , the parade route today runs along Superior Avenue , downtown , from East 18th Street to Public Square . In recent years , over 15,000 registered participants march in the parade and display their floats in front of hundreds of thousands of spectators . A new record attendance was set in 2012 with over 500,000 people . As part of the parade ceremonies , a Grand Marshal is annually chosen to preside over the procession . This is an honorary title given to a man `` usually in his senior years , who has contributed significantly to the advancement of the Irish Activities in Cleveland . '' This recognition has been part of the parade since 1935 , while `` Mother of the Year '' was established as a distinguished position since 1963 . The 2010 Saint Patrick 's Day parade in Wappingers Falls , New York . Columbia , South Carolina ( edit ) Five Points in Columbia , South Carolina , is home to one of the largest Saint Patrick 's Day celebrations in the Southeast . Each year Saint Patrick 's in Five Points welcomes over 40,000 people living the luck of the Irish and celebrating all things Gaelic . Continually growing and improving , the festival includes a 10K and 5K run , a fun - filled parade , family entertainment , Irish food and craft offerings , child attraction , the Pot O ' Gold Playland , a swinging shag dance exhibition and DJ throwdown , as well as five outdoor stages with live music hosting over 25 musical acts , many nationally known . Dallas , Texas ( edit ) The city of Dallas , Texas has held a Saint Patrick 's Day parade since 1979 down Greenville Avenue . It is the largest celebration in the city . It was almost canceled in 2012 due to rising costs , but was saved by local resident billionaire Mark Cuban . Detroit , Michigan ( edit ) St. Patrick 's Day was first formally celebrated in Detroit in 1808 . The current parade , sponsored by the United Irish Societies , began in 1959 . It is held in Detroit 's Corktown neighborhood , named after the its Irish residents who primarily immigrated from County Cork . Enterprise , Alabama ( edit ) The `` World 's Smallest Saint Patrick 's Day Parade '' occurs in Enterprise , Alabama , each year . A person of Irish descent , generally dressed in festive garb and carrying a large Irish flag , is the only person in the parade . He , or she , walks one block from the courthouse to the Boll Weevil Monument and back to the courthouse . The parade is reported by local and national news . Hoboken , New Jersey ( edit ) The New Jersey city of Hoboken has held an annual Saint Patrick 's Day parade since 1986 . The parade takes place at 1 pm and marches down Washington Street from 14th Street to 1st Street . Over the years , there has been much controversy surrounding the public intoxication during this event . The city has issued a zero tolerance policy , and has been enacting $2,000 minimum fines for any alcohol - related offence . Holyoke , Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : Holyoke , MA Saint Patrick 's Day Parade This western Massachusetts factory town was the site of massive Irish immigration in the 19th century and hosts a parade its organizers claim is the second largest in the United States . It is scheduled on the Sunday following Saint Patrick 's Day each year . Attendance exceeds 300,000 , with over 25,000 marchers through a 2.3 - mile route in the city of 40,000 . A 10K road race and many events create a remarkable festival weekend . Each year an Irish - American who has distinguished himself or herself in his or her chosen profession is awarded the John F. Kennedy National Award . JFK was a National Award Winner in the 1958 Holyoke Parade . Other winners include author Tom Clancy , Homeland Security Director Tom Ridge , and actor Pat O'Brien Hot Springs , Arkansas ( edit ) The Hot Springs , Arkansas , parade is among world 's shortest and is held annually on historic Bridge Street , designated `` The Shortest Street in the World '' in the 1940s by Ripley 's Believe It or Not . The street is 98 feet long , making it suitable for the shortest Saint Patrick 's Day parade in the world . Jackson , Mississippi ( edit ) Mal 's St. Paddy 's Parade in downtown Jackson started in 1983 and has grown each year . The parade is the brainchild of Jackson entrepreneur Malcolm White , who is now the executive director of the Mississippi Arts Commission . For years , a highlight of the parade was the Sweet Potato Queens , who started a separate parade in 2011 because their ranks of marchers had grown too numerous . Las Vegas , Nevada ( edit ) The Southern Nevada ( formerly Las Vegas ) Sons and Daughters of Erin have put on a parade since 1966 . It was formerly held on Fremont Street in downtown Las Vegas , later moved to 4th Street . Since 2005 , the parade has been held in downtown Henderson . It is the biggest parade in the state of Nevada with over 100 entries . The celebration includes a three - day festival , carnival and classic car show in Old Town Henderson . Maryville , Missouri ( edit ) Maryville , Missouri , home of Northwest Missouri State University , annually holds a parade sponsored by The Palms Bar and Grill that has been recognised by the Guinness Book of World Records as the shortest Saint Patrick 's Day parade . It runs approximately 1 / 2 of a block . New Orleans ( edit ) Saint Patrick 's Day parade on lower Magazine Street , New Orleans . Historically the largest entry port for Irish immigrants in the US South , New Orleans has maintained a large population of Irish heritage . The earliest record of Saint Patrick 's Day celebrations in the city is 1809 . Saint Patrick 's Day traditions going back to the 19th century continue , including multiple block parties and parades . The New Orleans parades are mostly based around neighborhood and community organizations . Major parades include the Irish Channel parade , the Downtown Irish Parade starting in the Bywater neighborhood , multiple parades in the French Quarter , and a combined Irish - Italian Parade celebrating both Saint Patrick 's Day and Saint Joseph 's Day . As with many parades in New Orleans , the influence of Mardi Gras is apparent , with some of the floats being reused from local Carnival parades , and beads and trinkets being thrown to those along the parade route . New Orleans Saint Patrick 's Day parades are also famous for throwing onions , carrots , cabbages , potatoes , and other ingredients for making an Irish stew . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick 's Day in New Orleans . Various suburbs and surrounding communities also hold celebrations , including parades in Metairie , Slidell , and an Irish Italian Isleño Parade in Chalmette . New York city ( edit ) Saint Patrick 's Parade on Fifth Avenue , 1909 Saint Patrick 's Day celebration , Union Army . Irish Brigade holds a steeplechase race , 17 March 1863 . The New York parade not only has become the largest Saint Patrick 's Day parade in the world but is also one of the oldest civilian parades in the world . In a typical year , 150,000 marchers participate in it , including bands , firefighters , military and police groups , county associations , emigrant societies and social and cultural clubs with two million spectators line the streets . The parade marches up the 1.5 - mile route along 5th Avenue in Manhattan , is a five - hour procession , and is always led by the 69th Infantry Regiment ( New York ) . The commissioner of the parade always asks the commanding officer if the 69th is ready , to which the response is , `` The 69th is always ready . '' New York politicians -- or those running for office -- are always found prominently marching in the parade . Former New York City Mayor Ed Koch ( who was of Jewish ethnicity ) once proclaimed himself `` Ed O'Koch '' for the day , and he continued to don an Irish sweater and march every year up until 2003 , even though he was no longer in office . For many years the parade banned gay groups , saying groups could not display banners identifying their sexuality . On September 3 , 2014 , the organizers of the parade announced a decision to lift the ban on gay groups , saying they preferred to keep the parade non-political and the ban was having the opposite effect . In 2015 OUT@NBCUniversal , an organization of gay employees of NBCUniversal , became the first gay group to march in the parade . In 1989 Dorothy Hayden Cudahy became the first female Grand Marshal of the New York City Saint Patrick 's Day Parade ; in 1984 she had become the first woman , as well as the first American - born person , to be elected president of the County Kilkenny Association . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick 's Day in New York City . The New York parade is moved to the previous Saturday ( 16 March ) in years where 17 March is a Sunday . The event also has been moved on the rare occasions when , due to Easter 's falling on a very early date , 17 March would land in Holy Week . This same scenario arose again in 2008 , when Easter fell on 23 March , but the festivities occurred on their normal date and were enjoyed by a record number of viewers . In many other American cities ( such as Philadelphia ) , the parade is always held on the Sunday before 17 March , regardless of the liturgical calendar . Omaha , nebraska ( edit ) Omaha 's `` Stockyards '' opened in 1883 and was once considered the largest livestock market in the world . This led to many ethnic groups ' settling in the surrounded area , one of which is Irish . The Irish were the third largest ethnic group in South Omaha in the 20th century . Today the Ancient Order of Hibernians ( AOH ) Sarpy County Division 's St. Patrick 's Day Parade has more than 130 entries and lasts more than 90 minutes as it snakes through downtown and the Old Market . Pearl river , New York ( edit ) Pearl River attracts a crowd of 100,000 people , making it the second largest parade in New York state behind the New York City Parade . The parade started in 1963 . Peoria , Illinois ( edit ) The St. Patrick Society sponsors a St. Patrick 's Day Parade and Party on March 17 of each year . The Parade participants march along the designated parade route through downtown Peoria . Awards are presented in the following parade categories : Business Entries , Family Entries , and Organizational Entries . The Parade route ends near the designated site of the family - focused St. Patrick 's Day Party where families ( Irish Clans ) meet and enjoy Irish Music , Irish Dance and Irish refreshments . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( edit ) St. Patrick 's Day in Pittsburgh is consistently ranked as one of the biggest and best St. Patrick 's Day celebrations in the United States . The parade in Pittsburgh dates back to 1869 and continues to draw record amounts of people out to celebrate as over 23,000 march in the parade which attracts almost 500,000 out to party . The city basically shuts down for the day to celebrate as the downtown area and many of the cities bridges and tunnels are filled with patrons heading out for the day 's festivities . Pittsburgh also has one of the highest percentage of its population that identifies as Irish ( over 13.5 % ) as any city in the U.S. Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( edit ) One of the largest in the nation , the St. Patrick 's Day parade in Philadelphia is held on the Sunday before every St. Patrick 's day , and began there in 1771 . Prior to the first parade , the Irish were already celebrating St. Patrick 's Day in Philadelphia . Before the America republic was founded , Irishmen came together in 1771 to pay honor to Ireland 's patron as founding members of the Society of the Friendly Sons of St. Patrick for the relief of Emigrants from Ireland . George Washington , who has encouraged the many Irish soldiers under his command during the American Revolution to fete St. Patrick 's Day , was an honorary member of this society . The designation of March 17 as a day of special observance was a very early Philadelphia custom . In 2013 , the parade included about 20,000 participants in more than 150 groups . Participants included marching bands , youth groups , music dance groups , Irish associations , float riders and operators , and flag carriers . After years of being on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Central Philadelphia , the 2017 parade route started at John F. Kennedy Boulevard and 16th Street . It then continues its approach to Philadelphia City Hall , goes down 15th Street around City Hall to approach Market Street . It then goes down Market past Independence Hall and reaches its conclusion at Penn 's Landing . Quad cities , Illinois and Iowa ( edit ) A large Irish population in this cluster of Midwestern cities hosts an impressive St. Patrick 's Day parade . It is `` the only bi-state St. Patrick 's Day Parade in the USA '' , according to the St. Patrick 's Day Society of the Quad Cities ( http://www.stpatsqc.com/GrandParade.htm ) , crossing the Centennial Bridge from Rock Island , Illinois into Davenport , Iowa . Being so close to Chicago , this parade still gathers around 200,000 annually on its historical parade route . Some travel experts have labeled it as one of the top St. Patrick 's Day parades in North America . Much of this is due to the unique nature and small town hospitality you get in the Quad Cities . The whole area combined is a population of around 350,000 , with Davenport being the largest city at just under 100,000 . Rolla , Missouri ( edit ) Saint Patrick 's Board Alumni paint Pine Street green Rolla is home to the Missouri University of Science & Technology ( formerly known as University of Missouri - Rolla , and Missouri School of Mines ) , an engineering college . Inasmuch as Saint Patrick is the patron saint of engineers , the school and town 's celebrations start ten days before Saint Patrick 's Day , with a downtown parade held the Saturday before Saint Patrick 's . A royal court is crowned , and the streets in the city 's downtown area are painted solid green . Each year 's celebrations are said to be `` The Best Ever . '' In 2008 , Rolla celebrated its `` 100th Annual Best Ever Saint Patrick 's Day 2008 '' celebration . In previous years , a pit of green liquid was made by students as part of the festivities , and named ' Alice ' -- stepping into Alice was a rite of bravery . In recent years the university faculty has banned the practice out of health concerns . San Diego , California ( edit ) San Diego 's 2015 St. Patrick 's Day Parade and Festival is the 35th Anniversary of the largest St. Patrick 's Day Parade west of the Mississippi . Lasting two hours and featuring over 120 entries , the theme for the day is `` Celebrating Faith and Freedom '' as designated by the Irish Congress of Southern California ( ICSC ) . Enjoyed by more than 30,000 , the St. Patrick 's Day Parade and Festival includes three performance stages , a Kid 's Zone , a Celtic Village , dozens of crafts and food booths , two beer gardens hosted by Guinness . Held in Balboa Park , the event was founded by James Foley who had helped organize the St. Patrick 's Day Parade in Hartford , Connecticut before he and his wife , Pat , moved to San Diego to open the Blarney Stone Pub . San Francisco , California ( edit ) There has been a Saint Patrick 's Day celebration in San Francisco since 1852 . San Francisco has always had a large Irish American population and for many decades Irish Americans were the largest ethnic group in San Francisco . However , as of the early 21st century , the largest ethnic group in San Francisco is Chinese Americans and most of the Irish Americans have moved to the suburban parts of the San Francisco Bay Area . Each year , however , Irish from all over the San Francisco Bay Area come into San Francisco to march in or to see the Saint Patrick 's Day parade march down Market Street , held the Sunday before Saint Patrick 's Day . Numerous people from all ethnic groups can be seen wearing green in San Francisco on Saint Patrick 's Day . Dublin , California ( edit ) The annual Saint Patrick 's Day celebration includes a 5K Fun Run and Walk , a pancake breakfast , a festival , and a parade . The parade is popular with residents and visitors from outside Dublin alike , and has been growing in popularity each year . It is sponsored by the Dublin Host Lions Club and features bands and colorful floats . The Dublin firefighters sponsor the pancake breakfast , and tours of the firehouse are popular with children . The festival continues all weekend , and features food , games , kiddie rides , arts & crafts , and information about local organizations . The festival had been held near the end of the parade route in Shamrock Village on Amador Valley Blvd. , but was relocated to the Civic Center on Dublin Blvd. , in 2007 , moving it closer to the growing population in the eastern part of Dublin . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_California#Saint_Patrick.27s_Day_Celebration Savannah , Georgia ( edit ) One of the largest parades is held in Savannah , Georgia . The parade held in Savannah is the largest in Georgia . Many Irish settled in Savannah even in the earliest years since those freed from debtors ' prison were invited to join General James Oglethorpe 's fledging colony . There is a Mass at the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist prior to the parade . In the early 1960s , there was an attempt to dye the Savannah River green , but all it produced was an irregular green stripe in the middle of the river . The parade organisers claimed an expected attendance of around 400,000 for 2011 . In 2006 , the Tánaiste was featured in the parade . The parade travels through Savannah 's Historic District . One tradition that has developed has been the official `` dyeing of the fountains '' which happens several days before the parade . Some confusion exists about the year of the first Saint Patrick 's Day parade in Savannah . There is some evidence that a private parade was held by `` an unidentified group '' referred to as `` Fencibles '' on 17 March 1813 . Another source states that the first St. Patrick 's Day celebration in Savannah was held in 1818 . However , it is generally accepted that the first publicly held Saint Patrick 's Day procession was in 1824 , organized by the Hibernian Society . The 2012 Parade included over 360 participants making it the largest parade in the history of the City of Savannah . Organizers say that the 2012 crowd was well over a million people . Scranton , Pennsylvania ( edit ) Due to the rich history of Scranton participation in Saint Patrick 's Day festivities it is one of the oldest parades in the United States . It has been going on annually since 1862 by the Saint Patrick 's Day Parade Association of Lackawanna County and the parade has got attention nationally as being one of the better Saint Patrick 's Day parades . The parade route begins on Wyoming Avenue and loops up to Penn Avenue and then Lackawanna Avenue before going back down over Jefferson Avenue to get to Washington Avenue . While it is an impressive parade for a town the size of Scranton , it pales in comparison to larger cities in regards to size . Many people from the area believe this to be one of the greatest parades in the U.S. Since 1962 the St. Patrick 's Parade Day Association of Lackawanna County , Pennsylvania , has conducted this nationally acclaimed parade the weekend before the feast of St. Patrick . Seattle , Washington ( edit ) Seattle 's Festál Irish Festival Seattle Washington 's Saint Patrick 's Day Parade , recognized by CNN in 2009 as one of the `` Five places to get your green on '' in America , travels along a 1 - mile route through the Emerald City 's downtown financial and retail core the Saturday before Saint Patrick 's Day . Seattle 's Saint Patrick 's Day Celebration is the largest and oldest in the Northwestern United States . In 2009 , some 20,000 spectators and groups from throughout the Northwest turned out for the city 's Irish shenanigans . Along with the annual `` Laying ' O the Green '' where Irish revellers mark the path of the next morning 's procession with a mile - long green stripe , the Seattle parade marks the high - point of Seattle 's Irish Week festivities . The week - long civic celebration organized by the city 's Irish Heritage Club ( 3 ) includes the annual Society of the Friends of Saint Patrick Dinner where a century - old Irish Shillelagh has been passed to the group 's new president for 70 years , an Irish Soda Bread Baking Contest , a Mass for Peace that brings together Catholics and others in a Protestant church , and the annual Irish Week Festival , which takes place around Saint Patrick 's Day is enormous , including step dancing , food , historical and modern exhibitions , and Irish lessons . Many celebrities of Irish descent visit Seattle during its Saint Patrick 's Day Celebration . In 2010 The Right Honorable Desmond Guinness , a direct descendant of Guinness Brewery founder Arthur Guinness , will serve as the parade 's grand marshal . In 2009 , The Tonight Show 's Conan O'Brien made a guest appearance at the annual Mayor 's Proclamation Luncheon at local Irish haunt F.X. McCrory 's . And in 2008 , European Union Ambassador to the US and former Irish Prime Minister John Bruton served as the parade 's grand marshal and marched alongside Tom Costello , the mayor of Galway , Seattle 's Irish sister city . Spokane , in eastern Washington , also hosts a Saint Patrick 's Day Parade . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick 's Day in Seattle . Syracuse , New York ( edit ) In the city of Syracuse , NY , Saint Patrick 's celebrations are traditionally begun with the delivery of green beer to Coleman 's Irish Pub on the last Sunday of February . Coleman 's is located in the Tipperary Hill section of the city . Tipperary Hill is home to the World - famous `` Green - on - Top '' Traffic Light and is historically the Irish section in Syracuse . Saint Patrick 's Day is rung in at midnight with the painting of a Shamrock under the Green - Over-Red traffic light . Syracuse boasts the largest Saint Patrick 's Day celebration per - capita in the United States with their annual Syracuse Saint Patrick 's Parade , founded by Nancy Duffy , an honoured journalist in the Central New York area and an active community leader , and Daniel F. Casey , a local Irishman and businessman . `` The parade remains a major annual event , typically drawing an estimated crowd of more than 100,000 visitors to downtown Syracuse , as well as 5,000 to 6,000 marchers . '' Tallahassee , florida ( edit ) The Tallahassee Irish Society has been hosting an annual Saint Patrick 's Day event in Tallahassee since 1999 . In 2010 , along with the City of Tallahassee , the first annual Saint Patrick 's Day parade and Downtown Get Down is being hosted along Adams Street . Washington , D.C. ( edit ) A one - day music festival called National ShamrockFest has been held in Washington , D.C. each year since 2000 in association with Saint Patrick 's Day . Approximately 40,000 people attend each year . There is also a parade . In 2015 , the D.C. Center for the LGBT Community became the first gay group to march in the Washington , D.C. St. Patrick 's Day parade . Sports ( edit ) Baseball ( edit ) Although Major League Baseball is still in its preseason spring training phase when Saint Patrick 's Day rolls around , some teams celebrate by wearing holiday - themed uniforms . The Cincinnati Reds were the first team to wear Saint Patrick 's Day hats in 1978 . The Philadelphia Phillies hold the distinction of being the first baseball team to wear green uniforms on Saint Patricks Day . The tradition was started by Phillies pitcher Tug McGraw , who dyed his uniform green the night before March 17 , 1981 . Along with the Phillies , many other teams have since started wearing Saint Patrick 's day themed jerseys , including the Boston Red Sox in 2004 , who were also the second team to wear Saint Patrick 's Day hats in 1990 ; the green uniforms have also been worn twice during the regular season , in 2007 and 2008 , as a tribute to the NBA 's Boston Celtics , whose primary color is green . Since then it has become a tradition of many sports teams to also wear special uniforms to celebrate the holiday . The Los Angeles Dodgers also have a history with the Irish - American community . With the O'Malley family owning the team and more recently Frank McCourt , the Dodgers have had team celebrations or worn green jerseys on Saint Patrick 's Day . The Detroit Tigers and Philadelphia Phillies also wear Saint Patrick 's Day caps and jerseys . Other teams celebrate by wearing kelly green hats . These teams include : the Chicago Cubs , the Chicago White Sox , the New York Mets , the San Diego Padres , the Atlanta Braves , the Pittsburgh Pirates , the Kansas City Royals , the Seattle Mariners and the St. Louis Cardinals . The Washington Nationals have fan green hat day on 17 September to represent 6 months to Saint Patrick 's Day . The White Sox belatedly celebrate Saint Patrick 's Day every second week of September by wearing a variation of their pinstriped home uniforms , featuring green instead of black , as part of their `` Halfway to St. Patrick 's '' promotion . Nearly all Major League Baseball teams now produce Saint Patrick 's Day merchandise , including Kelly green hats , jerseys , and T - shirts . Basketball ( edit ) Four National Basketball Association teams adopt their third jerseys exclusively for Saint Patrick 's Day ( or Saint Patrick 's Day week ) . During Saint Patrick 's Day week , the Boston Celtics , whose road jersey is green , wear their gold / green jerseys , the Chicago Bulls wear their black / green alternate jersey which was introduced in the 2005 -- 06 season , and the Toronto Raptors wear their black / green alternate jerseys which was introduced during the 2007 -- 08 season . During Saint Patrick 's Day games , the New York Knicks wear their green / orange alternate , which they adopted in the 2005 -- 06 season , but in the 2009 -- 10 season , they adopted it for both March 17 and Christmas ( the league makes a conscious effort to schedule games between teams with green uniforms and red uniforms on the holiday ) . The practice is not present in college basketball , due to the holiday being largely overshadowed by Championship Week and the subsequent NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , NIT and lesser tournaments . Ice Hockey ( edit ) The New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League traditionally wear their throwback uniforms , which include green in the color scheme ( green was removed from the Devils ' uniforms in 1992 ) , on Saint Patrick 's Day and did so for their 2010 and 2012 games against the Pittsburgh Penguins . They also wore them , albeit belatedly , on March 18 , 2011 against the Washington Capitals ; the Devils played a road game on March 17 . Although the Devils , Dallas Stars and Minnesota Wild ( the last two of which have green in their regular color schemes ) are the only U.S. - based teams to wear green on ice , the league has offered a line of holiday - themed gear to its fans in recent years . The Buffalo Sabres also donned green and white Irish - inspired practice jerseys ( complete with insular script for the names and captain designations ) prior to their March 16 , 2014 and March 17 , 2015 games ( the team switched to their regular gold third jerseys prior to the games themselves ) ; the jerseys were auctioned off for charity after each game . Lacrosse ( edit ) The Buffalo Bandits of the National Lacrosse League ( like the NHL 's Sabres , owned by Terrence Pegula ) introduced a special black - and - green third jersey on their Saint Patrick 's Day 2012 game , which was likewise auctioned off for charity . Football ( edit ) The only other major American sport , football , is out of season during the Saint Patrick 's Day holiday . The National Football League does sell Saint Patrick 's Day merchandise for its teams , however . Rugby ( edit ) The Saint Patrick 's Day Test ( also known as the Donnybrook Cup ) is an international rugby league football match played between the United States and Ireland . The game is usually held on or around March 17 to coincide with Saint Patrick 's Day . The competition was first started in 1995 with Ireland winning the first two tests with the US winning the last 4 in 2000 , 2002 , 2003 and 2004 . The game is usually held on or around 17 March to coincide with Saint Patrick 's Day . See also ( edit ) Ireland portal United States portal 2012 St. Patrick 's Day beating St. Patrick St. Patrick 's Day References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : With a signature in green , St. Patrick 's Day became a holiday , 90.9 WBUR , Boston , MA : WBUR , 12 March 2010 , Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Monaco , Rachael ( March 10 , 2013 ) . `` Second oldest St. Patrick 's Day parade in United States hosted by Philadelphians . '' Examiner . Denver , CO : Clarity Digital Group , LLC . 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Iaci-usa.org. 24 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2007 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ The original proclamation is available from the Library of Congress : page 1 -- page 2 Jump up ^ `` Saint Patrick 's Day '' . Encarta . Retrieved 17 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History.com '' . History.com . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` City of Savannah '' . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Moss , `` St Patrick 's Day Celebrations and the Formation of Irish - American Identity , 1845 -- 1875 , '' Journal of Social History , Vol. 29 , No. 1 ( 1995 ) : 144 Jump up ^ Moss , `` St Patrick 's Day Celebrations and the Formation of Irish - American Identity , 1845 -- 1875 , '' 127 , 131 , 133 , 140 . Jump up ^ Moss , `` St Patrick 's Day Celebrations and the Formation of Irish - American Identity , 1845 - 1875 , '' p. 130 Jump up ^ Moss , `` St Patrick 's Day Celebrations and the Formation of Irish - American Identity , 1845 -- 1875 , '' 126 Jump up ^ Moss , `` St Patrick 's Day Celebrations and the Formation of Irish - American Identity , 1845 -- 1875 , '' p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Moss , `` St Patrick 's Day Celebrations and the Formation of Irish - American Identity , 1845 -- 1875 , '' p. 127 Jump up ^ Moss , `` St Patrick 's Day Celebrations and the Formation of Irish - American Identity , 1845 -- 1875 , '' p. 133 Jump up ^ Moss , `` St Patrick 's Day Celebrations and the Formation of Irish - American Identity , 1845 -- 1875 , '' 136 . Jump up ^ Moss , `` St Patrick 's Day Celebrations and the Formation of Irish - American Identity , 1845 -- 1875 , '' p. 137 -- 139 Jump up ^ `` St. Patrick 's Day Celebrations and the Formation of Irish - American Identity , 1845 -- 1875 , '' 126 ^ Jump up to : Richard P. Mcbrien . Lives of the Saints : From Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa . HarperOne . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . The most famous church in the United States is dedicated to him , Saint Patrick 's in New York City . Saint Patrick 's Day is celebrated by people of all ethnic backgrounds by the wearing of green and parades . His feast , which is on the General Roman Calendar , has been given as March 17 in liturgical calendars and martyrologies . The Church of England , the Episcopal Church in the USA , and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America observe his feast on this day , and Saint Patrick is also commemorated on the Russian Orthodox calendar . Jump up ^ Edna Barth . Shamrocks , Harps , and Shillelaghs : The Story of the St. Patrick 's Day Symbols . Sandpiper . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . For most Irish - Americans , this holiday is partly religious and partly festive . St. Patrick 's Day church services are followed by parades and parties , Irish music , songs , and dances . Jump up ^ John Nagle . Multiculturalism 's Double - Bind . Ashgate Publishing . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Like many other forms of carnival , St. Patrick 's Day is a feast day , a break from Lent in which adherents are allowed to temporarily abandon rigorous fasting by indulging in the forbidden . Since alcohol is often proscribed during Lent the copious consumption of alcohol is seen as an integral part of St. Patrick 's day . Jump up ^ James Terence Fisher . Communion of Immigrants : A History of Catholics in America . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . The 40 - day period ( not counting Sundays ) prior to Easter is known as Lent , a time of prayer and fasting . Pastors of Irish - American parishes often supplied `` dispensations '' for St. Patrick s Day , enabling parishioners to forego Lenten sacrifices in order to celebrate the feast of their patron saint . Jump up ^ `` h2g2 - St Patrick 's Day '' . BBC . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ History.com . History.com . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Ed Pilkington in New York . `` New York mayor out of step with St Patrick 's Day march over anti-gay ban US news '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ NYtimes.com ^ Jump up to : `` http://thehiberniansociety.com '' . thehiberniansociety.com. 8 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Stramm , Polly Powers and Janice Shay ( 2009 ) . St. Patrick 's Day in Savannah . Gretna , LA : Pelican Publishing . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58980 - 636 - 8 . 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Retrieved 31 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Where can I watch the St. Patrick 's Day parade in Atlanta and when is it ? , Access Atlanta.com , Atlanta , GA : Atlanta Journal Constitution / Cox Media Group , 14 March 2014 , Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Georgia is set to celebrate St. Patrick 's Day with parades in Atlanta and Savannah , Examiner , Denver , CO : Clarity Digital Group , LLC , Kaas , J. , 14 March 2014 , Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ St. Patrick 's Day Parade : March 16 , 2014 , South Boston Parade.org , Boston , MA : SouthieBoston / South Boston Parade , 2014 , Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : St. Patrick 's Day Parade : History defined , South Boston Parade.org , Boston , MA : SouthieBoston / South Boston Parade , 2014 , Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historic first : Gay groups march in Boston St. Patrick 's Day parade -- LGBTQ Nation '' . Lgbtqnation.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://wivb.com/2016/03/05/change-coming-to-st-patricks-day-parade-route/ Jump up ^ Mentkowski , Aaron ( 13 March 2010 ) . City prepares for weekend Saint Patrick 's Day parades . WKBW - TV . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lenihan , Emily ( 18 March 2011 ) . St. Patrick 's Day parades in Buffalo . WIVB - TV . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Buffalo 's Shortest St. Patrick 's Day Parade . WKBW - TV ( March 16 , 2014 ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Timothy ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` True Irish '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Everett , George ( 2008 ) . `` Butte , Montana : Ireland 's Fifth Province '' . Butteamerica.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ KXLF News ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Ordinance banning open containers of alcohol in Butte now a reality '' . KZBK . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Butte : DUI arrests up , misdemeanors down on St. Patrick 's Day '' . Associated Press . March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Population and Demographics ( Chicago , IL ) '' . Chicago.areaconnect.com . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago celebrates St. Patrick 's Day 2014 : Chicago River dyeing , Chicago St. Patrick 's Day Parade abc7chicago.com '' . Abclocal.go.com. 2014 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cold does n't dull South Side Irish Parade - tribunedigital - chicagotribune '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com. 2014 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Thomas Ondrey , Plain Dealer file ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Cleveland 's St. Patrick 's Day parade to start an hour later than usual '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` St. Patrick 's Day parade draws record crowd of 500,000 to downtown Cleveland cleveland.com '' . Blog.cleveland.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` How Mark Cuban Saved Saint Patrick 's Day in Dallas '' . Business Insider. 2017 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Silas ( 1889 ) . ( 2 ) The History of Detroit and Michigan : Or , The Metropolis Illustrated ; a Full Record of Territorial Days in Michigan , and the Annals of Wayne County , Volume 1 , p. 959 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Smallest St. Patrick 's Day Parade '' . 2camels.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Rachel Yonkunas ( 2013 - 03 - 16 ) . `` World 's Smallest St. Patrick 's Day Parade '' . Wtvy.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` msn '' . Now.msn.com. 2011 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` History - Hoboken St. Patrick 's Parade '' . Hobokensaintpatricksparade.org . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Jersey Journal file photo . `` Hoboken Police Chief : ' Zero tolerance ' on St. Patrick 's Day doubles fines to $2,000 - Hoboken Now '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Holyoke 's St. Patrick 's Day showcases more than Irish pride Associated Press Archived March 21 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holyokestpatricksparade.com Archived April 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Annual World 's Shortest St. Patrick 's Day Parade '' . Hot Springs Convention & Visitors Bureau . Retrieved 15 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Southeast Tourism Society Top 20 Events and Festivals - Winter 2010 '' . Southeasttourism.org. 9 October 2009 . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of World 's Shortest St. Patrick 's Day Parade '' . Retrieved 10 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Malcolm White '' . Mississippi Arts Commission . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet Potato Queens leave Mal 's St. Paddy 's Parade '' . WLBT. 21 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Irish Italian Islenos Parade will roll Sunday in Chalmette , The Times - Picayune , New Orleans , Louisiana : NOLA Media Group , 31 March 2011 , Landry - Zimmer , J. , Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hajela , Deepti ( March 18 , 2008 ) . `` New York boasts the nation 's largest parade . '' Associated Press . New York , NY : Associated Press . Jump up ^ Henry , Renea ( 2 February 2013 ) . `` MAYOR ED KOCH MOURNED BY ST . PATRICK 'S DAY PARADE OFFICIALS '' . Pelham Patch . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Chen , David W. ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Quinn to Mark St. Patrick 's Day Elsewhere , New York Times , March 16 , 2009 '' . Cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Dean E. ( 3 March 2001 ) . `` Archives : Inclusive St. Patrick 's Parade faces exclusion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Perez , Richard ( 20 January 1993 ) . `` St. Patrick Parade Sponsor May Quit Over Gay Dispute , New York Times , Jan 20 , 1993 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Weber , Bruce ( 17 March 1992 ) . `` Judge Refuses to Order Gay Group Admitted to St. Patrick 's Parade , New York Times , March 17 , 1992 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Jerry ( 8 March 1991 ) . `` Gay Group Rebuffed in Bid To Join St. Patrick 's Parade '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Santora , Marc ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` Gay Groups to March in St. Patrick 's Day Parade as a Ban Falls '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malo , Sebastien . `` First gay group marches in NYC St. Patrick 's Day parade , protests seek more - Yahoo News '' . News.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Waite , Thomas L. ( 5 February 1989 ) . `` Irish Call ' First Lady ' A Grand One Indeed - New York Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dorothy Hayden Cudahy , first female grand marshal , passes Irish News '' . IrishCentral . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Bolcer , Julie ( 17 March 2011 ) . `` Irish Minister Criticizes NYC St. Pat 's Parade , The Advocate , Mar 17 , 2011 '' . The Advocate . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ St. Patrick 's Day causing Catholic dilemma - CNN.com Archived December 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Easley , Hema . `` St. Patrick 's Day parade in Pearl River could attract 100,000 '' . Lohud.com . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Peoria St. Patrick Society '' . Jump up ^ `` Best Cities to Celebrate St. Patrick 's Day '' . Niche . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pantazi , Chloe ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Pittsburgh Is America 's Best City for Partying on St. Patrick 's Day '' . thrillist . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hatmaker , Julia . `` Philadelphia St. Patrick 's Day Parade 2017 : Date , route and more '' . The Patriot - News . PA Media Group . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : St. Patrick 's Day Parade : Philadelphia 's long - standing celebration of everything Irish , VisitPhilly.com , Philadelphia , PA : Visit Philadelphia , 10 March 2013 , Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Hatmaker , Julia . `` Philadelphia St. Patrick 's Day Parade 2017 : Date , route and more '' . The Patriot - News . PA Media Group . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Careaga , Andrew ( Winter 2007 ) . `` Go ask Alice ? We would if we could '' . UMR Magazine Vol. 81 No. 4 . mst.edu . Jump up ^ `` San Diego St. Patrick 's Day Parade and Irish Festival website , accessed March 17 , 2011 '' . Stpatsparade.org . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' St. Patrick 's San Diego Celebrations , '' About.com , accessed March 17 , 2011 `` . Sandiego.about.com. 15 March 2008 . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Savannah , Georgia - Saint Patrick 's Day Celebration '' . Savannahsaintpatricksday.com. 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A history of Savannah 's St. Patrick 's Day parade '' . savannahnow.com. 11 March 2008 . Retrieved 9 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Fogarty , William L. ( 1980 ) . The Days We Celebrated . Savannah , GA : Printcraft Press . Jump up ^ Stramm , Polly Powers and Janice Shay ( 2009 ) . St. Patrick 's Day in Savannah . Gretna , LA : Pelican Publishing . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58980 - 636 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Well over a million '' . Savannahnow.com . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lacitis , Erik ( 14 March 2009 ) . `` NWsource.com '' . Seattletimes.nwsource.com . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Jessica Ravitz CNN ( 10 March 2009 ) . `` CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle 's shillelagh is still missing , but Conan O'Brien was in town ! ( updated ) '' . Blog.seattlepi.com . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Syracuse St. Patrick 's Parade '' . Syracusestpatricksparade.org. 13 March 2010 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Duffy '' . Retrieved 17 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Tallahassee Democrat ( 3 March 2010 ) . `` Toast Paddy 's Day with pipes , pints , parties '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ March 15 , 2015 - 09 : 00 pm . `` Gay groups march at last in Boston and D.C. St. Patrick 's Day parades '' . WJLA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jane Walsh ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Gays to march for first time in Washington DC St. Patrick 's Day Parade '' . IrishCentral.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hagen , Paul ( 2011 - 03 - 18 ) . `` When Tug McGraw broke the color barrier with Phillies '' . Philadelphia Media Network . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Site of The Boston Red Sox : News : Boston Red Sox News '' . Retrieved 29 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Site of Major League Baseball : News : Major League Baseball News '' . Retrieved 29 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Auctions - LA Dodger 's St. Patrick 's Day Jersey '' . Dodgers.auction.mlb.com. 25 November 2007 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` St. Patrick 's Day on Yahoo ! News Photos '' . Retrieved 29 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Notes : Outing for Looper is a ' battle ' '' . The Official Site of The St. Louis Cardinals . Retrieved 29 May 2007 . The Cardinals and Braves donned green caps Saturday in honor of St. Patrick 's Day . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com shop '' . Retrieved 29 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Retro Rewind -- New Jersey Devils -- News '' . Devils.nhl.com . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Wyshynski , Greg ( 3 September 2009 ) . `` Can the NHL rule St. Patrick 's Day without embracing booze ? '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Sabres will celebrate St. Patrick 's Day with green jersey auction . WIVB - TV . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Site Of The Buffalo Bandits '' . Bandits.com. 2012 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NFLShop - The Official Online Shop of the NFL - Buy 2015 NFL Nike Gear , NFL Apparel & NFL Merchandise '' . nflshop.com . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Patrick 's Day in the United States . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Patrick%27s_Day_in_the_United_States&oldid=798882246 '' Categories : Public holidays in the United States Irish - American culture Saint Patrick 's Day Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 10 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name a city that has a huge st patrick's day parade | [
"People in Atlanta, Georgia celebrate St. Patrick's Day by holding a parade that courses through several blocks of a main portion of the city, particularly on Peachtree Street in Midtown Atlanta.[42] In 2012, what was called the largest Irish flag in history was used in Atlanta's parade.[42] The St. Patrick's Day parade has been held in Atlanta since 1858.[43] In the 2014 parade, more than 200 units participated from across the South, and as far away as Ireland.[43]"
] | [
"Atlanta, Georgia"
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-3237948557953943941 | Eiffel Tower | Eiffel tower - wikipedia Eiffel tower Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Eiffel Tower ( disambiguation ) . Eiffel Tower Tour Eiffel The Eiffel Tower seen from the Champ de Mars Location within Paris Record height Tallest in the world from 1889 to 1930 General information Type Observation tower Broadcasting tower Location 7th arrondissement , Paris , France Coordinates 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E / 48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E / 48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Construction started 28 January 1887 Completed 15 March 1889 Opening 31 March 1889 ( 128 years ago ) Owner City of Paris , France Management Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) Height Architectural 300 m ( 984 ft ) Tip 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) Top floor 276 m ( 906 ft ) Technical details Floor count Lifts / elevators 8 Design and construction Architect Stephen Sauvestre Structural engineer Maurice Koechlin Émile Nouguier Main contractor Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel Website toureiffel. paris References I. ^ Eiffel Tower at Emporis The Eiffel Tower ( / ˈaɪfəl ˈtaʊ. ər / EYE - fəl TOW - ər ; French : tour Eiffel , pronounced ( tuʁ ‿ ɛfɛl ) listen ) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris , France . It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel , whose company designed and built the tower . Constructed from 1887 -- 89 as the entrance to the 1889 World 's Fair , it was initially criticized by some of France 's leading artists and intellectuals for its design , but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world . The Eiffel Tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world ; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015 . The tower is 324 metres ( 1,063 ft ) tall , about the same height as an 81 - storey building , and the tallest structure in Paris . Its base is square , measuring 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side . During its construction , the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man - made structure in the world , a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930 . Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957 , it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres ( 17 ft ) . Excluding transmitters , the Eiffel Tower is the second - tallest structure in France after the Millau Viaduct . The tower has three levels for visitors , with restaurants on the first and second levels . The top level 's upper platform is 276 m ( 906 ft ) above the ground -- the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union . Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift ( elevator ) to the first and second levels . The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps , as is the climb from the first level to the second . Although there is a staircase to the top level , it is usually accessible only by lift . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Artists ' protest 1.3 Construction 1.3. 1 Lifts 1.4 Inauguration and the 1889 exposition 1.5 Subsequent events 2 Design 2.1 Material 2.2 Wind considerations 2.3 Accommodation 2.4 Passenger lifts 2.5 Engraved names 2.6 Aesthetics 2.7 Maintenance 3 Tourism 3.1 Transport 3.2 Popularity 3.3 Restaurants 4 Replicas 5 Communications 5.1 FM radio 5.2 Digital television 6 Illumination copyright 7 Taller structures 7.1 Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower 7.2 Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History Origin The design of the Eiffel Tower was the product of Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier , two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel , after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle , a world 's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution . Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853 . In May 1884 , working at home , Koechlin made a sketch of their idea , described by him as `` a great pylon , consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top , joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals '' . Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm , but he did approve further study , and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre , the head of company 's architectural department , to contribute to the design . Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower , a glass pavilion to the first level , and other embellishments . First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as Notre Dame de Paris , the Statue of Liberty and the Vendôme Column The new version gained Eiffel 's support : he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin , Nougier , and Sauvestre had taken out , and the design was exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name . On 30 March 1885 , Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils ; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower , he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise , Not only the art of the modern engineer , but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living , and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789 , to which this monument will be built as an expression of France 's gratitude . Little progress was made until 1886 , when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade . A budget for the exposition was passed and , on 1 May , Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition , which effectively made the selection of Eiffel 's design a foregone conclusion , as entries had to include a study for a 300 m ( 980 ft ) four - sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars . ( A 300 - meter tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort ) . On 12 May , a commission was set up to examine Eiffel 's scheme and its rivals , which , a month later , decided that all the proposals except Eiffel 's were either impractical or lacking in details . After some debate about the exact location of the tower , a contract was signed on 8 January 1887 . This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company , and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs : less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs . Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years . He later established a separate company to manage the tower , putting up half the necessary capital himself . Artists ' protest Caricature of Gustave Eiffel comparing the Eiffel tower to the Pyramids The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy , drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds . These objections were an expression of a long - standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering . It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars : a `` Committee of Three Hundred '' ( one member for each metre of the tower 's height ) was formed , led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the arts , such as Adolphe Bouguereau , Guy de Maupassant , Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet . A petition called `` Artists against the Eiffel Tower '' was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition , Charles Alphand , and it was published by Le Temps on 14 February 1887 : We , writers , painters , sculptors , architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris , protest with all our strength , with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste , against the erection ... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower ... To bring our arguments home , imagine for a moment a giddy , ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack , crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame , the Tour Saint - Jacques , the Louvre , the Dome of les Invalides , the Arc de Triomphe , all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream . And for twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal . A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids : `` My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man . Will it not also be grandiose in its way ? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris ? '' These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand , ironically saying , `` Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms , the beauty of the metaphors , the elegance of its delicate and precise style , one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time '' , and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before , and construction on the tower was already under way . Indeed , Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals , and had raised no objection . Eiffel was similarly unworried , pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings , that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them , and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower : `` Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony ? '' Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built ; others remained unconvinced . Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower 's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible . By 1918 , it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower ( a calligram ) to express his feelings about the war against Germany . Today , it is widely considered to be a remarkable piece of structural art , and is often featured in films and literature . Construction Foundations of the Eiffel Tower Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887 . Those for the east and south legs were straightforward , with each leg resting on four 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) concrete slabs , one for each of the principal girders of each leg . The west and north legs , being closer to the river Seine , were more complicated : each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed - air caissons 15 m ( 49 ft ) long and 6 m ( 20 ft ) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m ( 72 ft ) to support the concrete slabs , which were 6 m ( 20 ft ) thick . Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork . Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm ( 4 in ) in diameter and 7.5 m ( 25 ft ) long . The foundations were completed on 30 June , and the erection of the ironwork began . The visible work on - site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes : the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed . The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required : the position of rivet holes was specified to within 0.1 mm ( 0.0039 in ) and angles worked out to one second of arc . The finished components , some already riveted together into sub-assemblies , arrived on horse - drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret and were first bolted together , with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed . No drilling or shaping was done on site : if any part did not fit , it was sent back to the factory for alteration . In all , 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets . At first the legs were constructed as cantilevers , but about halfway to the first level , construction was paused in order to create a substantial timber scaffold . This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower , and sensational headlines such as `` Eiffel Suicide ! '' and `` Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad : He Has Been Confined in an Asylum '' appeared in the tabloid press . At this stage , a small `` creeper '' crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg . They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs . The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888 . Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail , provision had been made to carry out small adjustments in order to precisely align the legs ; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg , capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes , and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary , being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold . Although construction involved 300 on - site employees , only one person died thanks to Eiffel 's stringent safety precautions and the use of movable gangways , guardrails and screens . The start of the erection of the metalwork . 7 December 1887 : Construction of the legs with scaffolding . 20 March 1888 : Completion of the first level . 15 May 1888 : Start of construction on the second stage . 21 August 1888 : Completion of the second level . 26 December 1888 : Construction of the upper stage . 15 March 1889 : Construction of the cupola . Lifts The Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction . Note the drive sprockets and chain in the foreground Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition . Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level , or even the second , lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent . Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward : the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track , and a contract was given to the French company Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs . Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid , articulated links to which the car was attached . Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car 's weight . The car was pushed up from below , not pulled up from above : to prevent the chain buckling , it was enclosed in a conduit . At the bottom of the run , the chains passed around 3.9 m ( 12 ft 10 in ) diameter sprockets . Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains . The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible . No French company wanted to undertake the work . The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected : the fair 's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower . The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward , and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887 . Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs . The car was divided into two superimposed compartments , each holding 25 passengers , with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level . Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m ( 41 ft 7 in ) long and 96.5 cm ( 38.0 in ) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m ( 35 ft 6 in ) : this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves . Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg , producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse , multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated . The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level . After being exhausted from the cylinder , the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg . This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level . The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux . A pair of 81 m ( 266 ft ) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level , reaching nearly halfway up to the third level . One lift car was mounted on top of these rams : cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car . Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway . The 10 - ton cars each held 65 passengers . Inauguration and the 1889 exposition General view of the Exposition Universelle The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and , on 31 March , Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials , accompanied by representatives of the press , to the top of the tower . Because the lifts were not yet in operation , the ascent was made by foot , and took over an hour , with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features . Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels , but a few , including the structural engineer , Émile Nouguier , the head of construction , Jean Compagnon , the President of the City Council , and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré , completed the ascent . At 2 : 35 pm , Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25 - gun salute fired at the first level . There was still work to be done , particularly on the lifts and facilities , and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May ; even then , the lifts had not been completed . The tower was an instant success with the public , and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710 - step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May . Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level , 3 for the second , and 5 for the top , with half - price admission on Sundays , and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors . After dark , the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps , and a beacon sent out three beams of red , white and blue light . Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition . The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top . Illumination of the tower at night during the exposition On the second level , the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press , where a special souvenir edition , Le Figaro de la Tour , was made . There was also a pâtisserie . At the top , there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit . Graffitists were also catered for : sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower . Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ( `` truly curious '' ) . Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales , Sarah Bernhardt , `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody ( his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition ) and Thomas Edison . Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower , where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs , a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition . Edison signed the guestbook with this message : To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu , Thomas Edison . Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years . It was to be dismantled in 1909 , when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris . The City had planned to tear it down ( part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle ) but as the tower proved to be valuable for communication purposes , it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit . Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations , and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies . Subsequent events Play media Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the Lumière brothers , 1898 Play media Franz Reichelt 's preparations and jump from the Eiffel Tower For the 1900 Exposition Universelle , the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives - Lille . These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level , and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism to the Otis lifts , although this was situated at the base of the tower . Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism . At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level . The layout of both first and second levels was modified , with the space available for visitors on the second level . The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later . On 19 October 1901 , Alberto Santos - Dumont , flying his No. 6 airship , won a 100,000 - franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour . Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century . In 1910 , Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower . He found more at the top than expected , incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays . Just two years later , on 4 February 1912 , Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower ( a height of 57 metres ) to demonstrate his parachute design . In 1914 , at the outbreak of World War I , a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications , seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . From 1925 to 1934 , illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower 's sides , making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time . In April 1935 , the tower was used to make experimental low - resolution television transmissions , using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power . On 17 November , an improved 180 - line transmitter was installed . On two separate but related occasions in 1925 , the con artist Victor Lustig `` sold '' the tower for scrap metal . A year later , in February 1926 , pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower . His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station . A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929 . In 1930 , the tower lost the title of the world 's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed . In 1938 , the decorative arcade around the first level was removed . American soldiers watch the French flag flying on the Eiffel Tower , c. 25 August 1944 Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940 , the lift cables were cut by the French . The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946 . In 1940 , German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika - centered Reichskriegsflagge , but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later , and was replaced by a smaller one . When visiting Paris , Hitler chose to stay on the ground . When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944 , Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz , the military governor of Paris , to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city . Von Choltitz disobeyed the order . On 25 June , before the Germans had been driven out of Paris , the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum , who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet , who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans . A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956 , damaging the top of the tower . Repairs took a year , and in 1957 , the present radio aerial was added to the top . In 1964 , the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs , André Malraux . A year later , an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar . According to interviews , in 1967 , Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67 . The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location . Base of the Eiffel Tower In 1982 , the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service . These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze . The new cars operate in pairs , with one counterbalancing the other , and perform the journey in one stage , reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes . At the same time , two new emergency staircases were installed , replacing the original spiral staircases . In 1983 , the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant . The Fives - Lille lifts in the east and west legs , fitted in 1899 , were extensively refurbished in 1986 . The cars were replaced , and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts . The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil - filled hydraulic system , and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system . A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later . Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984 . In 1987 , A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower , using a special cord he had helped develop . Hackett was arrested by the police . On 27 October 1991 , Thierry Devaux , along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac , performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower . Facing the Champ de Mars , Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor . When firemen arrived , he stopped after the sixth jump . The tower is the focal point of New Year 's Eve and Bastille Day ( 14 July ) celebrations in Paris . For its `` Countdown to the Year 2000 '' celebration on 31 December 1999 , flashing lights and high - powered searchlights were installed on the tower . Fireworks were set off all over it . An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event . The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris 's night sky , and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour . The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium On 31 December 2000 . The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001 . The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003 , and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing . The tower received its 200,000,000 th guest on 28 November 2002 . The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors since 2003 . In 2004 , the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level . A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment . Design Material The Eiffel Tower from below The puddled iron ( wrought iron ) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons , and the addition of lifts , shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tons . As a demonstration of the economy of design , if the 7,300 tons of metal in the structure were melted down , it would fill the square base , 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side , to a depth of only 6.25 cm ( 2.46 in ) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tons per cubic metre . Additionally , a cubic box surrounding the tower ( 324 mx 125 mx 125 m ) would contain 6,200 tons of air , weighing almost as much as the iron itself . Depending on the ambient temperature , the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm ( 7 in ) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun . Wind considerations When it was built , many were shocked by the tower 's daring form . Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering . However , Eiffel and his team -- experienced bridge builders -- understood the importance of wind forces , and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world , they had to be sure it could withstand them . In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887 , Eiffel said : Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony ? ... Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower ? It was wind resistance . Well then ! I hold that the curvature of the monument 's four outer edges , which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be ... will give a great impression of strength and beauty , for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole . He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind , rather than a mathematical formula . Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape . All parts of the tower were over-designed to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces . The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework . In the years since it was completed , engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design . The most recent , devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English , is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point . The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ) in the wind . Accommodation Gustave Eiffel 's apartment When originally built , the first level contained three restaurants -- one French , one Russian and one Flemish -- and an `` Anglo - American Bar '' . After the exposition closed , the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250 - seat theatre . A promenade 2.6 - metre ( 8 ft 6 in ) wide ran around the outside of the first level . At the top , there were laboratories for various experiments , and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests , which is now open to the public , complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests . In May 2016 , an apartment was created on the first level to accommodate four competition winners during the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament in Paris in June . The apartment has a kitchen , two bedrooms , a lounge , and views of Paris landmarks including the Seine , the Sacre Coeur , and the Arc de Triomphe . Passenger lifts The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower 's history . Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings , each lift , in normal service , takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip , spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level . The average journey time between levels is 1 minute . The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs . Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance , public access is often restricted . The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift . Engraved names Main article : List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower Names engraved on the tower Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists , engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower . Eiffel chose this `` invocation of science '' because of his concern over the artists ' protest . At the beginning of the 20th century , the engravings were painted over , but they were restored in 1986 -- 87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel , a company operating the tower . Aesthetics The tower is painted in three shades : lighter at the top , getting progressively darker towards the bottom to perfectly complement the Parisian sky . It was originally reddish brown ; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as `` Eiffel Tower Brown '' . The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill - work arches , added in Sauvestre 's sketches , which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition . One of the great Hollywood movie clichés is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower . In reality , since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys , only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower . Maintenance Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting . The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built . Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment . Panorama of Paris and its suburbs from the top of the Eiffel Tower Tourism Transport The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir - Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars - Tour Eiffel . The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna . Popularity Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004 More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889 . In 2015 , there were 6.91 million visitors . The tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world . An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can result in long queues . Tickets can be purchased online to avoid the long queues . Restaurants The tower has two restaurants : Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level , and Le Jules Verne , a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level . This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide . It is run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse and owes its name to the famous science - fiction writer Jules Verne . Additionally , there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower . Replicas Replica at the Paris Las Vegas Hotel , Nevada , United States Main article : List of Eiffel Tower replicas As one of the most iconic landmarks in the world , the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers . An early example is Blackpool Tower in England . The mayor of Blackpool , Sir John Bickerstaffe , was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town . It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 metres ( 518 ft ) tall . Tokyo Tower in Japan , built as a communications tower in 1958 , was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower . There are various scale models of the tower in the United States , including a half - scale version at the Paris Las Vegas , Nevada , one in Paris , Texas built in 1993 , and two 1 : 3 scale models at Kings Island , Ohio , and Kings Dominion , Virginia , amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively . Two 1 : 3 scale models can be found in China , one in Durango , Mexico that was donated by the local French community , and several across Europe . In 2011 , the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full - size replica of the tower would cost approximately US $480 million to build . Communications Top of the Eiffel Tower The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century . Until the 1950s , sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars . These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers . In 1909 , a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar , which still exists today . On 20 November 1913 , the Paris Observatory , using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial , exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory , which used an aerial in Arlington , Virginia . The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington , D.C. Today , radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower . FM radio Frequency kW Service 87.8 MHz 10 France Inter 89.0 MHz 10 RFI Paris 89.9 MHz 6 TSF Jazz 90.4 MHz 10 Nostalgie 90.9 MHz Chante France Digital television A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957 , increasing its height by 18.7 m ( 61.4 ft ) . Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m ( 17.4 ft ) , giving the current height of 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) . Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011 . Frequency VHF UHF kW Service 182.25 MHz 6 -- 100 Canal+ 479.25 MHz -- 22 500 France 2 503.25 MHz -- 25 500 TF1 527.25 MHz -- 28 500 France 3 543.25 MHz -- 30 100 France 5 567.25 MHz -- 33 100 M6 Illumination copyright The Eiffel Tower illuminated in 2015 The tower and its image have long been in the public domain . In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower 's 100th anniversary was an `` original visual creation '' protected by copyright . The Court of Cassation , France 's judicial court of last resort , upheld the ruling in March 1992 . The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright . As a result , the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use . The imposition of copyright has been controversial . The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SNTE ) , Stéphane Dieu , commented in 2005 : `` It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image , so that it is n't used in ways ( of which ) we do n't approve '' . SNTE made over € 1 million from copyright fees in 2002 . However , it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night , as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower . French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented , a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule . Therefore , SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower . Taller structures The Eiffel Tower was the world 's tallest structure when completed in 1889 , a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out . The tower has lost its standing both as the world 's tallest structure and the world 's tallest lattice tower but retains its status as the tallest freestanding ( non-guyed ) structure in France . Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest towers in the world and Observation deck Name Pinnacle height Year Country Town Remarks Tokyo Skytree 634 m ( 2,080 ft ) 2011 Japan Tokyo Kiev TV Tower 385 m ( 1,263 ft ) 1973 Ukraine Kiev Dragon Tower 336 m ( 1,102 ft ) 2000 China Harbin Tokyo Tower 333 m ( 1,093 ft ) 1958 Japan Tokyo Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest structures in France Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Town Remarks Longwave transmitter Allouis 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) Guyed mast Allouis HWU transmitter 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) ? Guyed mast Rosnay Military VLF transmitter ; multiple masts Viaduc de Millau 343 m ( 1,125 ft ) Bridge pillar Millau TV Mast Niort - Maisonnay 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast Niort Transmitter Le Mans - Mayet 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) Guyed mast Mayet La Regine transmitter 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1973 Guyed mast Saissac Military VLF transmitter Transmitter Roumoules 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) Guyed mast Roumoules Spare transmission mast for longwave ; insulated against ground See also Eiffel Tower in popular culture List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest towers in the world Paris portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Eiffel Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . ^ Jump up to : Eiffel Tower at Emporis ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower at a glance '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Engineering News and American Railway Journal . 22 . G.H. Frost. 1889 . p. 482 . Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Loyrette , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Paul Souriau ; Manon Souriau ( 1983 ) . The Aesthetics of Movement . University of Massachusetts Press . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 412 - 9 . Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Eiffel Tower '' . News . The Times ( 32661 ) . London . 1 April 1889 . col B , p. 5 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes ( 2009 ) . Eiffel 's Tower : And the World 's Fair where Buffalo Bill Beguiled Paris , the Artists Quarreled , and Thomas Edison Became a Count . Viking . pp. 163 -- 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02060 - 7 . Jump up ^ Guillaume Apollinaire ( 1980 ) . Anne Hyde Greet , ed . Calligrammes : Poems of Peace and War ( 1913 -- 1916 ) . University of California Press . pp. 411 -- 414 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 01968 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` Origins and construction of the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Loyrette , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Harvie , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Vogel , pp. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Vogel , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Vogel , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Eiffel , Gustave ( 1900 ) . La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres ( in French ) . Paris : Société des imprimeries Lemercier . pp. 171 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Harvie , pp. 122 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower during the 1889 Exposition Universelle '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Harvie , pp. 144 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Eiffel , Gustave ( 1900 ) . La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres . Paris : Lemercier . p. 335 . Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes . `` Thomas Edison at the Eiffel Tower '' . Wonders and Marvels . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Watson , p. 829 . Jump up ^ `` M. Santos Dumont 's Balloon '' . News . The Times ( 36591 ) . London . 21 October 1901 . col A , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Theodor Wulf . Physikalische Zeitschrift . Contains results of the four - day - long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910 . Jump up ^ `` L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol '' . Le Petit Parisien ( in French ) . 5 February 1912 . p. 1 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Barbara Wertheim Tuchman ( 1994 ) . August 1914 . Papermac . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 30516 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stephen Herbert ( 2004 ) . A History of Early Television . 2 . Taylor & Francis . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32667 - 4 . Jump up ^ Piers Letcher ( 2003 ) . Eccentric France : The Bradt Guide to Mad , Magical and Marvellous France . Bradt Travel Guides . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 068 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` An air tragedy '' . The Sunday Times . Perth , WA. 28 February 1926 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Claudia Roth Pierpont ( 18 November 2002 ) . `` The Silver Spire : How two men 's dreams changed the skyline of New York '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Harriss , pp. 180 -- 84 . Jump up ^ http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675021843_Battle-of-France_unfurl-Nazi-flag_Palace-of-Versailles_Eiffel-Tower_Place-de-la-Concorde Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/france/paris/articles/Eiffel-Tower-facts/ Jump up ^ Carlo D'Este ( 2003 ) . Eisenhower : A Soldier 's Life . Henry Holt and Company . p. 574 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 5687 - 7 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` The major events '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower 's lifts '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Nick Auf der Maur ( 15 September 1980 ) . `` How this city nearly got the Eiffel Tower '' . The Montreal Gazette . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Moriarty . `` A Bonanza in Paris '' . Air & Space Magazine . Retrieved 4 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Jano Gibson ( 27 February 2007 ) . `` Extreme bid to stretch bungy record '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Thierry Devaux . `` Eiffel Tower 1991 '' . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower 's illuminations '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower '' ( PDF ) . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower '' . France.com. 23 October 2003 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Denis Cosnard ( 21 April 2014 ) . `` Eiffel Tower renovation work aims to take profits to new heights '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Darwin Porter ; Danforth Prince ; G. McDonald ; H. Mastrini ; S. Marker ; A. Princz ; C. Bánfalvy ; A. Kutor ; N. Lakos ; S. Rowan Kelleher ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's Europe ( 9th ed . ) . Wiley . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 92265 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower gets glass floor in refurbishment project '' . BBC News . 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ David A. Hanser ( 2006 ) . Architecture of France . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31902 - 0 . Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : Europe . Dorling Kindersley. 2012 . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4093 - 8577 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 231 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Debate and controversy surrounding the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elegant shape of Eiffel Tower solved mathematically by University of Colorado professor '' . Science Daily . 7 January 2005 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Watson , p. 807 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` FAQ : History / Technical '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 8 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Morton ( 31 May 2015 ) . `` There is a secret apartment at the top of the Eiffel Tower '' . Architectural Digest . Conde Nast . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Mary Papenfuss ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Tourists have the chance to get an Eiffel of the view by staying in the Tower for a night '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ SETE ( 2010 ) . `` The Eiffel Tower Laboratory '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower gets beautified '' ( PDF ) . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Painting the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Development of clear span buildings -- Exhibition buildings '' . Architectural Teaching Resource . Tata Steel Europe , Ltd . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Getting to the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Eiffel Tower visitors falls in wake of Paris attacks '' . France 24 . 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jean - Michel Normand ( 23 July 2007 ) . `` Tour Eiffel et souvenirs de Paris '' . Le Monde . France . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower reopens to tourists after rare closure for 2 - day strike '' . Associated Press . Fox News . 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Dali Wiederhoft . `` Eiffel Tower : Sightseeing , restaurants , links , transit '' . Bonjour Paris . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Blackpool Tower '' . History Extra . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo '' . KLM . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Todd van Luling ( 19 August 2013 ) . `` The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you did n't know existed '' . Huffpost Travel . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower '' . Pricing the Priceless . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 9 May 2011 . National Geographic Channel ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ `` Paris time by wireless '' . The New York Times . 22 November 1913 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Schlackman ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` Do night photos of the Eiffel Tower violate copyright ? '' . Art Law Journal . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cour de cassation 3 mars 1992 , Jus Luminum n ° J523975 '' ( in French ) . Jus Luminum . Archived from the original on 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Wales ( 3 July 2015 ) . `` If you want to keep sharing photos for free , read this '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower image rights '' . Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel . Jump up ^ Hugh Morris ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Freedom of panorama : EU proposal could mean holiday snaps breach copyright '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower : Repossessed '' . Fast Company . 2 February 2005 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ James Arnold ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` Are things looking up for the Eiffel Tower ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Notions Fondamentales Du Droit D'auteur ( in French ) . World Intellectual Property Organization . 2002 . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 805 - 1013 - 3 . La représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Building - Piercing the Sky '' . CBS Forum . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Bibliography Chanson , Hubert ( 2009 ) . `` Hydraulic engineering legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower '' . In Jerry R. Rogers . Great Rivers History : Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium . American Society of Civil Engineers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 1032 - 5 . Frémy , Dominique ( 1989 ) . Quid de la tour Eiffel . R. Laffont . ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 06488 - 7 . The Engineer : The Paris Exhibition . XLVII . London : Office for Advertisements and Publication. 3 May 1889 . Harriss , Joseph ( 1975 ) . The Eiffel Tower : Symbol of an Age . London : Paul Elek . ISBN 0236400363 . Harvie , David I. ( 2006 ) . Eiffel : The Genius Who Reinvented Himself . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3309 - 7 . Jonnes , Jill ( 2009 ) . Eiffel 's Tower : The Thrilling Story Behind Paris 's Beloved Monument ... . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 05251 - 8 . Loyrette , Henri ( 1985 ) . Eiffel , un Ingenieur et Son Oeuvre . Rizzoli . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 0631 - 7 . Musée d'Orsay ( 1989 ) . 1889 : la Tour Eiffel et l'Exposition Universelle . Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Ministère de la Culture , de la Communication , des Grands Travaux et du Bicentenaire . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 2244 - 7 . Vogel , Robert M. ( 1961 ) . `` Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower , 1889 '' . United States National Museum Bulletin . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . 228 : 20 -- 21 . Watson , William ( 1892 ) . Paris Universal Exposition : Civil Engineering , Public Works , and Architecture . Washington , D.C. : Government Publishing Office . External links Find more aboutEiffel Towerat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Official website Eiffel Tower at Structurae Sketches and plans of the tower 's construction at MailOnline Images of the 2014 refurbishment at ArchDaily History of transmitters at the Eiffel Tower by Pierre Dessapt ( in French ) Records Preceded by Washington Monument World 's tallest structure 1889 -- 1931 300.24 m Succeeded by Chrysler Building 7th arrondissement of Paris Neighbourhoods Faubourg Saint - Germain Quartier du Gros - Caillou Primary and secondary schools Lycée et collège Victor Duruy Établissement La Rochefoucauld Institut de l'Alma Lycée - collège Paul - Claudel Lycée d'Hulst Lycée Sainte - Jeanne Elisabeth Lycée Saint - Thomas - d'Aquin Lycée Thérèse - Chappuis Istituto Statale Italiano Leonardo Da Vinci Colleges and universities American University of Paris Sciences Po Landmarks American Church in Paris Eiffel Tower Hôtel de Boisgelin Hôtel Matignon Les Invalides Musée de l'Armée Musée des Plans - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who came up with the idea of the eiffel tower | [
"The design of the Eiffel Tower was the product of Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier, two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel, after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle, a world's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution. Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853.[4] In May 1884, working at home, Koechlin made a sketch of their idea, described by him as \"a great pylon, consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top, joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals\".[5] Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm, but he did approve further study, and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre, the head of company's architectural department, to contribute to the design. Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower, a glass pavilion to the first level, and other embellishments."
] | [
"Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier"
] |
-1225111482263417140 | Banking in India | Banking in India - Wikipedia Banking in India Structure of the organised banking sector in India . Number of banks are in brackets . Banking in India , in the modern sense , originated in the last decade of the 18th century . Among the first banks were the Bank of Hindustan , which was established in 1770 and liquidated in 1829 -- 32 ; and the General Bank of India , established in 1786 but failed in 1791 . The largest bank , and the oldest still in existence , is the State Bank of India ( S.B.I ) . It originated and started working as the Bank of Calcutta in mid-June 1806 . In 1809 , it was renamed as the Bank of Bengal . This was one of the three banks founded by a presidency government , the other two were the Bank of Bombay in 1840 and the Bank of Madras in 1843 . The three banks were merged in 1921 to form the Imperial Bank of India , which upon India 's independence , became the State Bank of India in 1955 . For many years the presidency banks had acted as quasi-central banks , as did their successors , until the Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935 , under the Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 . In 1960 , the State Banks of India was given control of eight state - associated banks under the State Bank of India ( Subsidiary Banks ) Act , 1959 . These are now called its associate banks . In 1969 the Indian government nationalised 14 major private banks , one of the big bank was Bank of India . In 1980 , 6 more private banks were nationalised . These nationalised banks are the majority of lenders in the Indian economy . They dominate the banking sector because of their large size and widespread networks . The Indian banking sector is broadly classified into scheduled and non-scheduled banks . The scheduled banks are those included under the 2nd Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 . The scheduled banks are further classified into : nationalised banks ; State Bank of India and its associates ; Regional Rural Banks ( RRBs ) ; foreign banks ; and other Indian private sector banks . The term commercial banks refers to both scheduled and non-scheduled commercial banks regulated under the Banking Regulation Act , 1949 . Generally the supply , product range and reach of banking in India is fairly mature - even though reach in rural India and to the poor still remains a challenge . The government has developed initiatives to address this through the State Bank of India expanding its branch network and through the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development ( NABARD ) with facilities like microfinance . Contents 1 History 1.1 Ancient India 1.2 Medieval era 1.3 Post-Independence 1.4 Nationalisation in the 1960s 1.5 Liberalisation in the 1990s 2 Current period 2.1 Payments Bank 2.2 Small finance banks 3 Banking codes and standards 4 Adoption of banking technology 4.1 Automated teller machine growth 4.2 Cheque truncation initiative 4.3 Expansion of banking infrastructure 5 Data Breaches 5.1 2016 Indian Banks data breach 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Ancient India ( edit ) The Vedas ( 2000 -- 1400 BCE ) are earliest Indian texts to mention the concept of usury . The word kusidin is translated as usurer . The Sutras ( 700 -- 100 BCE ) and the Jatakas ( 600 -- 400 BCE ) also mention usury . Also , during this period , texts began to condemn usury . Vasishtha forbade Brahmin and Kshatriya varnas from participating in usury . By the 2nd century CE , usury seems to have become more acceptable . The Manusmriti considers usury an acceptable means of acquiring wealth or leading a livelihood . It also considers money lending above a certain rate , different ceiling rates for different caste , a grave sin . The Jatakas also mention the existence of loan deeds . These were called rnapatra or rnapanna . The Dharmashastras also supported the use of loan deeds . Kautilya has also mentioned the usage of loan deeds . Loans deeds were also called rnalekhaya . Later during the Mauryan period ( 321 -- 185 BCE ) , an instrument called adesha was in use , which was an order on a banker directing him to pay the sum on the note to a third person , which corresponds to the definition of a modern bill of exchange . The considerable use of these instruments has been recorded . In large towns , merchants also gave letters of credit to one another . Medieval era ( edit ) The use of loan deeds continued into the Mughal era and were called dastawez . Two types of loans deeds have been recorded . The dastawez - e-indultalab was payable on demand and dastawez - e-miadi was payable after a stipulated time . The use of payment orders by royal treasuries , called barattes , have been also recorded . There are also records of Indian bankers using issuing bills of exchange on foreign countries . The evolution of hundis , a type of credit instrument , also occurred during this period and remain in use . 9 , first as a private joint stock association , then partnership . Its proprietors were the owners of the earlier Commercial Bank and the Calcutta Bank , who by mutual consent created Union Bank to replace these two banks . In 1840 it established an agency at Singapore , and closed the one at Mirzapore that it had opened in the previous year . Also in 1840 the Bank revealed that it had been the subject of a fraud by the bank 's accountant . Union Bank was incorporated in 1845 but failed in 1848 , having been insolvent for some time and having used new money from depositors to pay its dividends . The Allahabad Bank , established in 1865 and still functioning today , is the oldest Joint Stock bank in India , it was not the first though . That honour belongs to the Bank of Upper India , which was established in 1863 and survived until 1913 , when it failed , with some of its assets and liabilities being transferred to the Alliance Bank of Simla . Foreign banks too started to appear , particularly in Calcutta , in the 1860s . Grindlays Bank opened its first branch in Calcutta in 1864 . The Comptoir d'Escompte de Paris opened a branch in Calcutta in 1860 , and another in Bombay in 1862 ; branches followed in Madras and Pondicherry , then a French possession . HSBC established itself in Bengal in 1869 . Calcutta was the most active trading port in India , mainly due to the trade of the British Empire , and so became a banking centre . The first entirely Indian joint stock bank was the Oudh Commercial Bank , established in 1881 in Faizabad . It failed in 1958 . The next was the Punjab National Bank , established in Lahore in 1894 , which has survived to the present and is now one of the largest banks in India . Around the turn of the 20th Century , the Indian economy was passing through a relative period of stability . Around five decades had elapsed since the Indian rebellion , and the social , industrial and other infrastructure had improved . Indians had established small banks , most of which served particular ethnic and religious communities . The presidency banks dominated banking in India but there were also some exchange banks and a number of Indian joint stock banks . All these banks operated in different segments of the economy . The exchange banks , mostly owned by Europeans , concentrated on financing foreign trade . Indian joint stock banks were generally under capitalised and lacked the experience and maturity to compete with the presidency and exchange banks . This segmentation let Lord Curzon to observe , `` In respect of banking it seems we are behind the times . We are like some old fashioned sailing ship , divided by solid wooden bulkheads into separate and cumbersome compartments . '' The period between 1906 and 1911 saw the establishment of banks inspired by the Swadeshi movement . The Swadeshi movement inspired local businessmen and political figures to found banks of and for the Indian community . A number of banks established then have survived to the present such as Catholic Syrian Bank , The South Indian Bank , Bank of India , Corporation Bank , Indian Bank , Bank of Baroda , Canara Bank and Central Bank of India . The fervour of Swadeshi movement led to the establishment of many private banks in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi district , which were unified earlier and known by the name South Canara ( South Kanara ) district . Four nationalised banks started in this district and also a leading private sector bank . Hence undivided Dakshina Kannada district is known as `` Cradle of Indian Banking '' . The inaugural officeholder was the Britisher Sir Osborne Smith ( 1 April 1935 ) , while C.D. Deshmukh ( 11 August 1943 ) was the first Indian governor. On September 4 , 2016 , Urjit R Patel begins his journey as the new RBI Governor , taking charge from Raghuram Rajan . During the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) through the end of the Second World War ( 1939 -- 1945 ) , and two years thereafter until the independence of India were challenging for Indian banking . The years of the First World War were turbulent , and it took its toll with banks simply collapsing despite the Indian economy gaining indirect boost due to war - related economic activities . At least 94 banks in India failed between 1913 and 1918 as indicated in the following table : Years Number of banks that failed Authorised Capital ( ₹ Lakhs ) Paid - up Capital ( ₹ Lakhs ) 1913 12 274 35 1914 42 710 109 1915 11 56 5 1916 13 231 1917 9 76 25 1918 7 209 Post-independence ( edit ) During 1938 - 46 , bank branch offices trebled to 3,469 and deposits quadrupled to ₹ 962 crore . Nevertheless , the partition of India in 1947 adversely impacted the economies of Punjab and West Bengal , paralysing banking activities for months . India 's independence marked the end of a regime of the Laissez - faire for the Indian banking . The Government of India initiated measures to play an active role in the economic life of the nation , and the Industrial Policy Resolution adopted by the government in 1948 envisaged a mixed economy . This resulted in greater involvement of the state in different segments of the economy including banking and finance . The major steps to regulate banking included : The Reserve Bank of India , India 's central banking authority , was established in April 1935 , but was nationalized on 1 January 1949 under the terms of the Reserve Bank of India ( Transfer to Public Ownership ) Act , 1948 ( RBI , 2005b ) . In 1949 , the Banking Regulation Act was enacted , which empowered the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) to regulate , control , and inspect the banks in India . The Banking Regulation Act also provided that no new bank or branch of an existing bank could be opened without a license from the RBI , and no two banks could have common directors . Nationalisation in the 1960s ( edit ) Despite the provisions , control and regulations of the Reserve Bank of India , banks in India except the State Bank of India ( SBI ) , remain owned and operated by private persons . By the 1960s , the Indian banking industry had become an important tool to facilitate the development of the Indian economy . At the same time , it had emerged as a large employer , and a debate had ensued about the nationalisation of the banking industry . Indira Gandhi , the then Prime Minister of India , expressed the intention of the Government of India in the annual conference of the All India Congress Meeting in a paper entitled `` Stray thoughts on Bank Nationalization . '' The meeting received the paper with enthusiasm . Thereafter , her move was swift and sudden . The Government of India issued an ordinance ( ' Banking Companies ( Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings ) Ordinance , 1969 ' ) and nationalised the 14 largest commercial banks with effect from the midnight of 19 July 1969 . These banks contained 85 percent of bank deposits in the country . Jayaprakash Narayan , a national leader of India , described the step as a `` masterstroke of political sagacity . '' Within two weeks of the issue of the ordinance , the Parliament passed the Banking Companies ( Acquisition and Transfer of Undertaking ) Bill , and it received the presidential approval on 9 August 1969 . A second dose of nationalisation of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980 . The stated reason for the nationalisation was to give the government more control of credit delivery . With the second dose of nationalisation , the Government of India controlled around 91 % of the banking business of India . Later on , in the year 1993 , the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank . It was the only merger between nationalised banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised banks from 20 to 19 . Until the 1990s , the nationalised banks grew at a pace of around 4 % , closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy . Liberalisation in the 1990s ( edit ) In the early 1990s , the then government embarked on a policy of liberalisation , licensing a small number of private banks . These came to be known as New Generation tech - savvy banks , and included Global Trust Bank ( the first of such new generation banks to be set up ) , which later amalgamated with Oriental Bank of Commerce , UTI Bank ( since renamed Axis Bank ) , ICICI Bank and HDFC Bank . This move , along with the rapid growth in the economy of India , revitalised the banking sector in India , which has seen rapid growth with strong contribution from all the three sectors of banks , namely , government banks , private banks and foreign banks . The next stage for the Indian banking has been set up , with proposed relaxation of norms for foreign direct investment . All foreign investors in banks may be given voting rights that could exceed the present cap of 10 % at present . It has gone up to 74 % with some restrictions . The new policy shook the Banking sector in India completely . Bankers , till this time , were used to the 4 -- 6 -- 4 method ( borrow at 4 % ; lend at 6 % ; go home at 4 ) of functioning . The new wave ushered in a modern outlook and tech - savvy methods of working for traditional banks . All this led to the retail boom in India . People demanded more from their banks and received more . Current period ( edit ) Main article : List of Banks in India The Indian banking sector is broadly classified into scheduled banks and non-scheduled banks. All banks included in the Second Schedule to the Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 are Scheduled Banks . These banks comprise Scheduled Commercial Banks and Scheduled Co-operative Banks . Scheduled Co-operative Banks consist of Scheduled State Co-operative Banks and Scheduled Urban Cooperative Banks . In the bank group-wise classification , IDBI Bank Ltd. is included in the category of other public sector bank . Growth of Banking in India of Scheduled Commercial Banks Indicators 31 March of 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 Number of Commercial Banks 284 218 178 169 166 163 163 169 151 Number of Branches 70,373 72,072 74,653 78,787 82,897 88,203 94,019 102,377 109,811 Population per Banks ( in thousands ) 16 16 15 15 15 14 13 13 12 Aggregate Deposits ₹ 17,002 billion ( US $250 billion ) ₹ 21,090 billion ( US $310 billion ) ₹ 26,119 billion ( US $380 billion ) ₹ 31,969 billion ( US $470 billion ) ₹ 38,341 billion ( US $560 billion ) ₹ 44,928 billion ( US $650 billion ) ₹ 52,078 billion ( US $760 billion ) ₹ 59,091 billion ( US $860 billion ) ₹ 67,504.54 billion ( US $980 billion ) Bank Credit ₹ 11,004 billion ( US $160 billion ) ₹ 15,071 billion ( US $220 billion ) ₹ 19,312 billion ( US $280 billion ) ₹ 23,619 billion ( US $340 billion ) ₹ 27,755 billion ( US $400 billion ) ₹ 32,448 billion ( US $470 billion ) ₹ 39,421 billion ( US $570 billion ) ₹ 46,119 billion ( US $670 billion ) ₹ 52,605 billion ( US $770 billion ) Deposit as percentage to GNP ( at factor cost ) 62 % 64 % 69 % 73 % 77 % 78 % 78 % 78 % 79 % Per Capita Deposit ₹ 16,281 ( US $240 ) ₹ 19,130 ( US $280 ) ₹ 23,382 ( US $340 ) ₹ 28,610 ( US $420 ) ₹ 33,919 ( US $490 ) ₹ 39,107 ( US $570 ) ₹ 45,505 ( US $660 ) ₹ 50,183 ( US $730 ) ₹ 56,380 ( US $820 ) Per Capita Credit ₹ 10,752 ( US $160 ) ₹ 13,869 ( US $200 ) ₹ 17,541 ( US $260 ) ₹ 21,218 ( US $310 ) ₹ 24,617 ( US $360 ) ₹ 28,431 ( US $410 ) ₹ 34,187 ( US $500 ) ₹ 38,874 ( US $570 ) ₹ 44,028 ( US $640 ) Credit Deposit Ratio 63 % 70 % 74 % 75 % 74 % 74 % 76 % 79 % 79 % By 2010 , the supply , product range and reach of banking in India was generally fairly mature - even though reach in rural India still remains a challenge for the private sector and foreign banks . In quality of assets and capital adequacy , Indian banks are considered to have clean , strong and transparent balance sheets relative to other banks in comparable economies in its region . The Reserve Bank of India is an autonomous body , with minimal pressure from the government . With the growth in the Indian economy expected to be strong for quite some time - especially in its services sector - the demand for banking services , especially retail banking , mortgages and investment services are expected to be strong . One may also expect M&As , takeovers , and asset sales . In March 2006 , the Reserve Bank of India allowed Warburg Pincus to increase its stake in Kotak Mahindra Bank ( a private sector bank ) to 10 % . This is the first time an investor has been allowed to hold more than 5 % in a private sector bank since the RBI announced norms in 2005 that any stake exceeding 5 % in the private sector banks would need to be vetted by them . In recent years critics have charged that the non-government owned banks are too aggressive in their loan recovery efforts in connexion with housing , vehicle and personal loans . There are press reports that the banks ' loan recovery efforts have driven defaulting borrowers to suicide . By 2013 the Indian Banking Industry employed 1,175,149 employees and had a total of 109,811 branches in India and 171 branches abroad and manages an aggregate deposit of ₹ 67,504.54 billion ( US $980 billion or € 840 billion ) and bank credit of ₹ 52,604.59 billion ( US $770 billion or € 660 billion ) . The net profit of the banks operating in India was ₹ 1,027.51 billion ( US $15 billion or € 13 billion ) against a turnover of ₹ 9,148.59 billion ( US $130 billion or € 110 billion ) for the financial year 2012 -- 13 . Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana ( Hindi : प्रधानमंत्री जन धन योजना , English : Prime Minister 's People Money Scheme ) is a scheme for comprehensive financial inclusion launched by the Prime Minister of India , Narendra Modi , in 2014 . Run by Department of Financial Services , Ministry of Finance , on the inauguration day , 1.5 Crore ( 15 million ) bank accounts were opened under this scheme . By 15 July 2015 , 16.92 crore accounts were opened , with around ₹ 20,288.37 crore ( US $3.0 billion ) were deposited under the scheme , which also has an option for opening new bank accounts with zero balance . Payments Bank ( edit ) Payments bank is a new model of banks conceptualised by the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) . These banks can accept a restricted deposit , which is currently limited to ₹ 1 lakh per customer . These banks may not issue loans or credit cards , but may offer both current and savings accounts . Payments banks may issue ATM and debit cards , and offer net - banking and mobile - banking . The banks will be licensed as payments banks under Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act , 1949 , and will be registered as public limited company under the Companies Act , 2013 . Small finance banks ( edit ) Main article : Small finance bank To further the objective of financial inclusion , the RBI granted approval in 2016 to ten entities to set up small finance banks . Since then , all ten have received the necessary licenses . A small finance bank is a niche type of bank to cater to the needs of people who traditionally have not used scheduled banks . Each of these banks is to open at least 25 % of its branches in areas that do not have any other bank branches ( unbanked regions ) . A small finance bank should hold 75 % of its net credits in loans to firms in priority sector lending , and 50 % of the loans in its portfolio must be less than ₹ 25 lakh ( US $38,000 ) . Banking Codes and standards ( edit ) Main article : The Banking codes and standards Board of India The Banking Codes and standards Board of India is an independent and autonomous banking industry body that monitors banks in India.To improve the quality of banking services in India SS Tarapore ( former deputy governor of RBI ) had the idea to form this committee . Adoption of banking technology ( edit ) The IT revolution has had a great impact on the Indian banking system . The use of computers has led to the introduction of online banking in India . The use of computers in the banking sector in India has increased many fold after the economic liberalisation of 1991 as the country 's banking sector has been exposed to the world 's market . Indian banks were finding it difficult to compete with the international banks in customer service , without the use of information technology . The RBI set up a number of committees to define and co-ordinate banking technology . These have included : In 1984 was formed the Committee on Mechanisation in the Banking Industry ( 1984 ) whose chairman was Dr. C Rangarajan , Deputy Governor , Reserve Bank of India . The major recommendations of this committee were introducing MICR technology in all the banks in the metropolises in India . This provided for the use of standardised cheque forms and encoders . In 1988 , the RBI set up the Committee on Computerisation in Banks ( 1988 ) headed by Dr. C Rangarajan . It emphasised that settlement operation must be computerised in the clearing houses of RBI in Bhubaneshwar , Guwahati , Jaipur , Patna and Thiruvananthapuram . It further stated that there should be National Clearing of inter-city cheques at Kolkata , Mumbai , Delhi , Chennai and MICR should be made operational . It also focused on computerisation of branches and increasing connectivity among branches through computers . It also suggested modalities for implementing on - line banking . The committee submitted its reports in 1989 and computerisation began from 1993 with the settlement between IBA and bank employees ' associations . In 1994 , the Committee on Technology Issues relating to Payment systems , Cheque Clearing and Securities Settlement in the Banking Industry ( 1994 ) was set up under Chairman WS Saraf . It emphasised Electronic Funds Transfer ( EFT ) system , with the BANKNET communications network as its carrier . It also said that MICR clearing should be set up in all branches of all those banks with more than 100 branches . In 1995 , the Committee for proposing Legislation on Electronic Funds Transfer and other Electronic Payments ( 1995 ) again emphasised EFT system . In July 2016 , Deputy Governor Rama Gandhi of the Central Bank of India `` urged banks to work to develop applications for digital currencies and distributed ledgers . '' Automated teller machine growth ( edit ) The total number of automated teller machines ( ATMs ) installed in India by various banks as of end June 2012 was 99,218 . The new private sector banks in India have the most ATMs , followed by off - site ATMs belonging to SBI and its subsidiaries and then by nationalised banks and foreign banks , while on - site is highest for the nationalised banks of India . Branches and ATMs of Scheduled Commercial Banks as of end December 2014 Bank type Number of branches On - site ATMs Off - site ATMs Total ATMs Nationalised banks 33,627 38,606 22,265 60,871 State Bank of India 13,661 28,926 22,827 51,753 Old private sector banks 4,511 4,761 4,624 9,385 New private sector banks 1,685 12,546 26,839 39,385 Foreign banks 242 295 854 1,149 TOTAL 53,726 85,000 77,409 1 , 62,543 Cheque truncation initiative ( edit ) In 2008 the Reserve Bank of India introduced a system to allow cheque truncation -- the conversion of checks from physical form to electronic form when sending to the paying bank -- in India , the cheque truncation system as it was known was first rolled out in the National Capital Region and then rolled out nationally . Expansion of banking infrastructure ( edit ) Physical as well as virtual expansion of banking through mobile banking , internet banking , tele banking , bio-metric and mobile ATMs etc. is taking place since last decade and has gained momentum in last few years . Data breaches ( edit ) 2016 Indian banks data breach ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Indian Banks data breach A huge data breach of data of debit cards issued by various Indian banks was reported in October 2016 . It was estimated 3.2 million debit cards were compromised . Major Indian banks - SBI , HDFC Bank , ICICI , YES Bank and Axis Bank were among the worst hit . Many users reported unauthorised use of their cards in locations in China . This resulted in one of the India 's biggest card replacement drive in banking history . The biggest Indian bank State Bank of India announced the blocking and replacement of almost 600,000 debit cards . See also ( edit ) History of banking Institute of Banking Personnel Selection Banking Frontiers -- a monthly magazine , published in Mumbai Indian Rupee References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Radhe Shyam Rungta ( 1970 ) . The Rise of Business Corporations in India , 1851 -- 1900 . CUP Archive . p. 221 . GGKEY : NC1SA25Y2CB . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ H.K. Mishra ( 1991 ) . Famines and Poverty in India . APH Publishing . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7024 - 374 - 8 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Muthiah S ( 2011 ) . Madras Miscellany . Westland . p. 933 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80032 - 84 - 9 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Advent of Modern Banking in India : 1720 to 1850s '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Reserve Bank of India 's big surprise '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of SBI '' . State Bank of India . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Business Financing : Banks '' . Government of India . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Social Controls , the Nationalisation of Banks and the era of bank expansion -- 1968 to 1985 '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ D. Muraleedharan ( 2009 ) . Modern Banking : Theory And Practice . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3655 - 1 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Directory of Bank Offices : Certain Concepts '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Fred Gottheil ( 1 January 2013 ) . Principles of Economics . Cengage Learning . p. 417 . ISBN 1 - 133 - 96206 - 8 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Santosh Kumar Das ( 1980 ) . The economic history of ancient India . Cosmo Publications . pp. 229 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 307 - 0423 - 4 . Jump up ^ Chris A. Gregory ( 1997 ) . Savage Money : The Anthropology and Politics of Commodity Exchange . Taylor & Francis . p. 212 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5702 - 091 - 9 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Md . Aquique ( 1974 ) . Economic History of Mithila . Abhinav Publications . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 004 - 4 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of Payment Systems in India '' . Reserve Bank of India . 12 December 1998 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kling , Blair B. ( 1976 ) , `` The Fall of the Union Bank '' , Partner in Empire : Dwarkanath Tagore and the Age of Enterprise in Eastern India , University of California Press , p. 198 , ISBN 9780520029279 Jump up ^ Cooke , Charles Northcote ( 1863 ) The rise , progress , and present condition of banking in India . ( Printed by P.M. Cranenburgh , Bengal Print . Co . ) , pp. 177 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Shankar 's Weekly . 1974 . pp. 2 , 3 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Bank branches trebled during 1938 - 46 Jump up ^ Reference www.rbi.org.in ^ Jump up to : Austin , Granville ( 1999 ) . Working a Democratic Constitution -- A History of the Indian Experience . New Delhi : Oxford University Press . p. 215 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 565610 - 5 . Jump up ^ Parmatam Parkash Arya ; B.B. Tandon ( 2003 ) . Economic Reforms in India : From First to Second Generation and Beyond . Deep & Deep Publications . pp. 369 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7629 - 435 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistical Tables Related to Banks in India -- Reserve Bank of India '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` ICICI personal loan customer commits suicide after alleged harassment by recovery agents '' . Parinda.com . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka / Mysore News : ICICI Bank returns tractor to farmer 's mother '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 30 June 2008 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ICICI 's third eye : It 's Indiatime '' . Indiatime.com . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister to Launch Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana Tomorrow '' . Press Information Bureau , Govt. of India . 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ ET Bureau ( 28 August 2014 ) . `` PM ' Jan Dhan ' Yojana launched ; aims to open 1.5 crore bank accounts on first day '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Modi : Banking for all to end `` financial untouchability '' `` . Reuters. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ http://pmjdy.gov.in/account-statistics-country.aspx Jump up ^ `` You ca n't have a 21st century India with 19th century institutions : Amitabh Kant Forbes India '' . Forbes India . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Computerisation of banking sector '' . Jump up ^ `` MICR technology '' . Jump up ^ `` Committee on Computerisation in Banks ( 1988 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM . I.K INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT . LTD. 2006 . ISBN 81 - 88237 - 88 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Reforms in banking system '' . Jump up ^ `` Reforms of banking sector '' . Jump up ^ `` Fintech Storm brings to India a delegation of International leaders in Blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies '' . IT Business News . 2016 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Indian banking system . I.K. International . 2006 . ISBN 81 - 88237 - 88 - 4 . Jump up ^ Srivastava , Samir K , `` Expansion of banking in India '' , The Economic Times , 7 June 2008 , pp. 8 ( Available at : http://m.economictimes.com/PDAET/articleshow/3107960.cms ) Jump up ^ `` 3.2 million debit cards compromised ; SBI , HDFC Bank , ICICI , YES Bank and Axis worst hit '' . The Economic Times . 20 October 2016 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Security breach : SBI blocks over 6 lakh debit cards '' . The Economic Times . 20 October 2016 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) The Evolution of the State Bank of India ( The Era of the Imperial Bank of India , 1921 -- 1955 ) ( Volume III ) External links ( edit ) Reserve Bank of India Economy of India Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Foreign direct investment Foreign exchange reserves Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India Currency Indian rupee Sign History Historical exchange rates Coinage Indian paisa Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Inflation Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money Stock exchanges History Economic development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Delhi Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mizoram Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Coal Iron and Steel Pharmaceuticals Pulp and paper Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Commons Wikiquotes Banking in India Central bank Reserve Bank of India Public sector banks Allahabad Bank Andhra Bank Bank of Baroda Bank of India Bank of Maharashtra Canara Bank Central Bank of India Corporation Bank Dena Bank IDBI Bank Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank Oriental Bank of Commerce Post Bank of India Punjab & Sind Bank Punjab National Bank State Bank of India Syndicate Bank UCO Bank Union Bank of India United Bank of India Vijaya Bank Private sector banks Axis Bank Bandhan Bank Catholic Syrian Bank City Union Bank DCB Bank Dhanlaxmi Bank Federal Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank IDFC Bank IndusInd Bank Jammu & Kashmir Bank Karnataka Bank Karur Vysya Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank Lakshmi Vilas Bank Nainital Bank RBL Bank ( Ratnakar Bank ) South Indian Bank Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited Yes Bank Small finance bank Ujjivan Small Finance Bank Equitas Small Finance Bank AU Small Finance Bank Fincare Small Finance Bank ESAF Small Finance Bank Cooperative banks Buldhana Urban Cosmos Bank Repco Bank Saraswat Bank Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank TNSC Bank Rajkot Nagrik Sahakari Bank Foreign banks ABN AMRO Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Antwerp Diamond Bank Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Bank Maybank Indonesia Bank of America Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait Bank of Ceylon The Bank of Tokyo - Mitsubishi UFJ Barclays Citibank India Credit Suisse DBS Bank Deutsche Bank HSBC Rabobank Royal Bank of Scotland Scotiabank Standard Chartered Regional Rural Banks Other Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank Assam Gramin Vikash Bank Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kerala Gramin Bank North Malabar Gramin Bank Pallavan Grama Bank Pandyan Grama Bank Paschim Banga Gramin Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank South Malabar Gramin Bank Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank Vananchal Gramin Bank Uttar Pradesh Allahabad UP Gramin Bank Baroda UP Gramin Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart Kashi Gomti Samyut Gramin Bank Prathama Bank Purvanchal Bank Sarva UP Gramin Bank Payments bank Aditya Birla Payments Bank Airtel Jio Paytm India Post Payments Bank Defunct banks Alliance Bank of Simla Arbuthnot & Co Bank of Bombay Bank of Calcutta Bank of Chettinad Bank of Cochin Bank of Hindostan Bank of Madras Bank of Madura Bank of Rajasthan Bank of Thanjavur Bareilley Corporation Bank Bengal Central Bank Bharat Overseas Bank Bharatiya Mahila Bank Centurion Bank of Punjab Chartered Bank of India , Australia and China Commercial Bank of India Dass Bank Exchange Bank of India & Africa Global Trust Bank Grindlays Bank Hindustan Commercial Bank Imperial Bank of India ING Vysya Bank Lakshmi Commercial Bank Lord Krishna Bank Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank Mercantile Bank of India , London and China Miraj State Bank Nath Bank Nedungadi Bank New Bank of India Oriental Bank Corporation Oudh Commercial Bank Palai Central Bank Pandyan Bank Sikkim Bank State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur State Bank of Hyderabad State Bank of Indore State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Patiala State Bank of Saurashtra State Bank of Travancore Times Bank United Industrial Bank United Western Bank Interbank networks Cirrus NFS PLUS Electronic funds transfers BBPS IMPS NEFT RTGS UPI ( VPA ) AEPS BHIM Cards MasterCard Debit MasterCard Maestro RuPay Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron Visa payWave Related topics ATM usage fees in India De-Materialisation ( DEMAT ) Foreign Exchange ( FOREX ) Indian Financial System Code ( IFSC ) List of banks in India Prepaid Payment Instruments in India Institiutes Banks Board Bureau Banking Codes and Standards Board of India National Payments Corporation of India Protocol Bharat Bill Payment System Structured Financial Messaging System ( SFMS ) ATM networks BANCS Cashnet CashTree India 1 ATM ( White Label ATM ) Indicash ( White Label ATM ) MITR Payment service Atom BHIM BillDesk Chillr CitrusPay ( Lazy Pay ) Razorpay Tez Zeta India Digital wallets ABPB Wallet Amazon Pay Freecharge HDFC PayZapp ICICI pockets Mobikwik Oxigen Services Paytm PayU Payworld PhonePe SBI buddy Banking in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banking_in_India&oldid=854154034 '' Categories : Banking in India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2016 Use Indian English from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی हिन्दी Norsk Svenska தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 09 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in which year 6 major commercial banks were nationalised in india | [
"A second dose of nationalisation of 6 more commercial banks followed in 1980. The stated reason for the nationalisation was to give the government more control of credit delivery. With the second dose of nationalisation, the Government of India controlled around 91% of the banking business of India. Later on, in the year 1993, the government merged New Bank of India with Punjab National Bank.[22] It was the only merger between nationalised banks and resulted in the reduction of the number of nationalised banks from 20 to 19. Until the 1990s, the nationalised banks grew at a pace of around 4%, closer to the average growth rate of the Indian economy.\n"
] | [
"1980"
] |
2539685152688931956 | List of Twenty20 International records | List of Twenty20 International records - wikipedia List of Twenty20 International records Jump to : navigation , search This article contains records for men 's Twenty20 Internationals . Shahid Afridi has played the most matches and is the highest wicket - taker in T20I cricket . T20I World Record Team Total scoreboard Contents ( hide ) 1 Listing notation 2 Team records 2.1 Overall results 2.2 Highest innings totals 2.3 Highest successful chases 2.4 Lowest innings totals 2.5 Highest margin of victory ( by runs ) 2.6 Highest margin of victory ( by balls remaining ) 2.7 Highest margin of victory ( by wickets ) 2.8 Smallest margin of victory ( by runs ) 2.9 Smallest margin of victory ( by wickets ) 2.10 Tied matches 2.11 Most consecutive wins by a team 2.12 Most consecutive defeats 2.13 Most sixes in an innings 2.14 Most fours in an innings 2.15 Most sixes in a match 2.16 Highest aggregate runs in a single match 2.17 Most fours in a match 3 Individual records ( batting ) 3.1 Most career runs 3.2 Most runs in a calendar year 3.3 Most 50 + Scores 3.4 Highest career strike rate 3.5 Highest career average 3.6 Most career ducks 3.7 Most career sixes 3.8 Most career fours 3.9 Highest individual score 3.10 Highest individual score ( by batting position ) 3.11 Fastest 50 3.12 Fastest 100 3.13 Most sixes in an innings 3.14 Most fours in an innings 3.15 Most runs off an over 4 Individual records ( bowling ) 4.1 Most wickets in a career 4.2 Most wickets in a calendar year 4.3 Most four - wickets - in - an - innings ( and over ) in a career 4.4 Best career economy rate 4.5 Best career strike rate 4.6 Best career averages 4.7 Best figures in a match 4.8 Most runs conceded in an innings 4.9 Hat - tricks 5 Individual records ( fielding ) 5.1 Most catches in T20I career 6 Individual records ( Wicket - Keeper ) 6.1 Most dismissals in career 6.2 Most catches in career 6.3 Most stumpings in career 7 Individual records ( others ) 7.1 Most matches played in career 7.2 Most matches as a captain 7.3 Most matches as an umpire 7.4 Most matches as a match referee 7.5 Most Player - of - the Match Awards 8 Partnership records 8.1 Highest overall partnership runs by a pair 8.2 Highest partnerships ( any wicket ) 8.3 Highest partnerships ( by wicket ) 9 See also 10 References Listing notation ( edit ) Team notation ( 100 / 3 ) indicates that a team scored 100 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed , either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained ( or are able ) to be bowled . ( 100 ) indicates that a team scored 100 runs and was all out , either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets . Batting notation ( 100 * ) indicates a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out . ( 75 ) indicates that a batsman scored 75 runs and was out after that . Bowling notation ( 5 / 40 ) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 40 runs . ( 19.5 overs ) indicates that a team bowled 19 complete overs ( each of six legal deliveries ) , and one incomplete over of just five deliveries . Currently playing Record holders who are currently playing T20Is ( i.e. their record details listed could change ) are shown by . Team records ( edit ) Overall results ( edit ) Team Mat Won Lost Tie + W Tie + L NR Win % Afghanistan 63 41 22 0 0 0 65.07 Australia 100 53 44 0 54.54 Bangladesh 71 22 49 0 0 30.98 Bermuda 0 0 0 0 0.00 Canada 19 14 0 0 23.68 England 100 47 48 0 49.47 Hong Kong 24 10 14 0 0 0 41.66 India 99 61 35 0 63.40 Ireland 61 26 29 0 0 6 47.27 Kenya 29 10 19 0 0 0 34.48 Nepal 11 8 0 0 0 27.27 Netherlands 45 24 19 0 0 55.81 New Zealand 111 54 49 52.51 Oman 17 5 11 0 0 31.25 Pakistan 123 74 46 0 61.38 Papua New Guinea 9 6 0 0 0 33.33 Scotland 44 18 23 0 0 43.90 South Africa 103 60 42 0 0 58.82 Sri Lanka 106 54 50 0 51.90 United Arab Emirates 26 9 17 0 0 0 34.61 West Indies 94 45 42 51.66 World XI 0 0 0 33.33 Zimbabwe 56 13 42 0 0 25.00 The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties ( irrespective of a tiebreaker ) as half a win . Last updated : 21 February 2018 Highest innings totals ( edit ) Score Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 263 / 3 ( 20.0 overs ) Australia Sri Lanka Pallekele 6 September 2016 Scorecard 260 / 5 ( 20.0 overs ) India Sri Lanka Indore 22 December 2017 Scorecard 260 / 6 ( 20.0 overs ) Sri Lanka Kenya Johannesburg 14 September 2007 Scorecard 248 / 6 ( 20.0 overs ) Australia England Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard 245 / 5 ( 18.5 overs ) Australia New Zealand Auckland 16 February 2018 Scorecard Updated : 16 February 2018 Highest successful chases ( edit ) Score Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 245 / 5 ( 18.5 overs ) Australia New Zealand Auckland 16 February 2018 Scorecard 236 / 6 ( 19.2 overs ) West Indies South Africa Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard 230 / 8 ( 19.4 overs ) England South Africa Mumbai 18 March 2016 Scorecard 215 / 5 ( 19.4 overs ) Bangladesh Sri Lanka Colombo 10 March 2018 Scorecard 211 / 4 ( 19.2 overs ) India Sri Lanka Mohali 12 December 2009 Scorecard Updated : 10 March 2018 Lowest innings totals ( edit ) Score Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 39 ( 10.3 overs ) Netherlands Sri Lanka Chittagong 24 March 2014 Scorecard 53 ( 14.3 overs ) Nepal Ireland Belfast 13 July 2015 Scorecard 56 ( 18.4 overs ) Kenya Afghanistan Sharjah 30 September 2013 Scorecard 57 ( 19.3 overs ) New Zealand Sri Lanka Chittagong 31 March 2014 Scorecard 60 ( 13.4 overs ) West Indies Pakistan Karachi 1 April 2018 Scorecard Qualification : Only completed innings in matches that did not have overs reduced are included . Updated : 12 March 2017 If the qualification is removed , there are 14 innings that have scores lower than the 39 scored by the Netherlands . Six of those innings were 0 / 0 ( 0 overs ) , of which four came in matches abandoned with a toss and two were in no results . The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a loss is 29 / 1 by Zimbabwe . Batting second , Zimbabwe were chasing a total of 174 which was set by Sri Lanka . After 5 overs were completed in Zimbabwe 's innings , rain interrupted play with Zimbabwe at 29 / 1 . With no further play possible , the par score was calculated and Zimbabwe were adjudged to be short by 14 runs . The lowest innings total that a team has scored in a win is 36 / 1 by New Zealand against Zimbabwe . Batting second , New Zealand were chasing a total of 85 when after 8.1 overs were completed , rain prevented any further play from occurring . The par score was calculated and New Zealand were adjudged to be ahead by 7 runs . The lowest innings total that a team has scored after batting 20 overs is 70 by Bermuda against Canada . Canada went on to win the match by 8 wickets . Highest margin of victory ( by runs ) ( edit ) Margin Teams Venue Date Scorecard 172 runs Sri Lanka ( 260 / 6 ) beat Kenya ( 88 ) Johannesburg 14 September 2007 Scorecard 143 runs Pakistan ( 203 / 5 ) beat West Indies ( 60 ) Karachi 1 April 2018 Scorecard 130 runs South Africa ( 211 / 5 ) beat Scotland ( 81 ) London ( Oval ) 7 June 2009 Scorecard 119 runs New Zealand ( 243 / 5 ) beat West Indies ( 124 ) Mount Maunganui 3 January 2018 Scorecard 116 runs England ( 196 / 5 ) beat Afghanistan ( 80 ) Colombo ( RPS ) 21 September 2012 Scorecard 109 runs Zimbabwe ( 184 / 5 ) beat Canada ( 75 ) King City 13 October 2008 Scorecard Updated : 3 January 2018 Highest margin of victory ( by balls remaining ) ( edit ) Balls Rem Teams Venue Date Scorecard 90 balls Sri Lanka ( 40 / 1 ) beat Netherlands ( 39 ) Chittagong 24 March 2014 Scorecard 76 balls Ireland ( 72 / 0 ) beat Kenya ( 71 ) Dubai ( DSC ) 14 March 2012 Scorecard 74 balls New Zealand ( 74 / 1 ) beat Kenya ( 73 ) Durban 12 September 2007 Scorecard 73 balls Afghanistan ( 75 / 0 ) beat Ireland ( 71 ) Dubai 20 January 2017 Scorecard 72 balls Ireland ( 54 / 2 ) beat Nepal ( 53 ) Belfast 13 July 2015 Scorecard Updated : 12 March 2017 Highest margin of victory ( by wickets ) ( edit ) Margin Teams Venue Date Scorecard 10 wickets New Zealand ( 171 / 0 ) beat Pakistan ( 168 / 7 ) Hamilton 17 January 2016 Scorecard 10 wickets England ( 143 / 0 ) beat New Zealand ( 139 / 8 ) Wellington 15 February 2013 Scorecard 10 wickets South Africa ( 132 / 0 ) beat Pakistan ( 129 / 8 ) Johannesburg 2 February 2007 Scorecard 10 wickets England ( 128 / 0 ) beat West Indies ( 125 ) London ( Oval ) 23 September 2011 Scorecard 10 wickets New Zealand ( 127 / 0 ) beat Zimbabwe ( 123 / 8 ) Harare 15 October 2011 Scorecard 10 wickets Kenya ( 126 / 0 ) beat Scotland ( 123 ) Nairobi ( Gym ) 4 February 2010 Scorecard Updated : 12 March 2017 Smallest margin of victory ( by runs ) ( edit ) Margin Teams Venue Date Scorecard 1 run West Indies ( 245 / 6 ) beat India ( 244 / 4 ) Florida 27 August 2016 Scorecard 1 run India ( 146 / 7 ) beat Bangladesh ( 145 / 9 ) Bengaluru 23 March 2016 Scorecard 1 run Australia ( 150 / 7 ) beat New Zealand ( 149 / 5 ) Sydney 15 February 2009 Scorecard 1 run South Africa ( 128 / 7 ) beat New Zealand ( 127 / 5 ) Lord 's 9 June 2009 Scorecard 1 run England ( 202 / 6 ) beat South Africa ( 127 / 3 ) Johannesburg 13 November 2009 Scorecard 1 run New Zealand ( 133 / 7 ) beat Pakistan ( 132 / 7 ) Bridgetown 8 May 2010 Scorecard 1 run South Africa ( 120 / 7 ) beat West Indies ( 119 / 7 ) North Sound 20 May 2010 Scorecard Updated : 27 August 2016 ^ ( a ) Rain interrupted play in South Africa 's innings with South Africa having scored 127 / 3 after 13 overs . The par score at this point was 128 . Rain prevented the match from resuming and England won by 1 run . Smallest margin of victory ( by wickets ) ( edit ) Margin Teams Venue Date Scorecard 1 wicket England ( 158 / 9 ) beat Australia ( 157 / 4 ) Adelaide 12 January 2011 Scorecard 1 wicket Netherlands ( 131 / 9 ) beat Kenya ( 128 ) The Hague 26 July 2012 Scorecard 1 wicket Pakistan ( 174 / 9 ) beat Sri Lanka ( 172 / 7 ) Colombo ( RPS ) 1 August 2015 Scorecard Updated : 3 April 2016 Tied matches ( edit ) See also : List of tied Twenty20 Internationals Teams Tie Break Venue Date Scorecard West Indies ( 126 / 8 ) tied New Zealand ( 126 / 7 ) New Zealand won bowl - out Auckland 16 February 2006 Scorecard India ( 141 / 9 ) tied Pakistan ( 141 / 7 ) India won bowl - out Durban 14 September 2007 Scorecard Canada ( 135 / 7 ) tied Zimbabwe ( 135 / 9 ) Zimbabwe won bowl - out King City 11 October 2008 Scorecard West Indies ( 155 / 8 ) tied New Zealand ( 155 / 7 ) West Indies won Super Over Auckland 26 December 2008 Scorecard Australia ( 214 / 4 ) tied New Zealand ( 214 / 6 ) New Zealand won Super Over Christchurch 28 February 2010 Scorecard Australia ( 151 / 4 ) tied Pakistan ( 151 / 8 ) Pakistan won Super Over Dubai ( DSC ) 7 September 2012 Scorecard Sri Lanka ( 174 / 6 ) tied New Zealand ( 174 / 7 ) Sri Lanka won Super Over Pallekele 27 September 2012 Scorecard West Indies ( 139 ) tied New Zealand ( 139 / 7 ) West Indies won Super Over Pallekele 1 October 2012 Scorecard England ( 154 / 8 ) tied Pakistan ( 154 / 7 ) England won Super Over Sharjah 30 November 2015 Scorecard Even though tie - breakers were used to determine a winner in these matches , for statistical purposes , these matches are considered as ties . Updated : 3 April 2016 Most consecutive wins by a Team ( edit ) Wins Team First win Last win 11 Afghanistan West Indies at Nagpur , 27 March 2016 ( Scorecard ) Ireland at Greater Noida , 12 March 2017 ( Scorecard ) 8 England Pakistan at Bridgetown , 6 May 2010 ( Scorecard ) Australia at Adelaide , 12 January 2011 ( Scorecard ) 8 Ireland Kenya at Mombasa , 22 February 2012 ( Scorecard ) Afghanistan at Dubai ( DSC ) , 24 March 2012 ( Scorecard ) 7 South Africa Australia at Johannesburg , 27 March 2009 ( Scorecard ) India at Nottingham , 16 June 2009 ( Scorecard ) 7 Pakistan New Zealand at London ( Oval ) , 13 June 2009 ( Scorecard ) New Zealand at Dubai ( DSC ) , 13 November 2009 ( Scorecard ) 7 India Pakistan at Ahmedabad , 28 December 2012 ( Scorecard ) South Africa at Dhaka , 4 April 2014 ( Scorecard ) 7 India Sri Lanka at Ranchi , 12 February 2016 ( Scorecard ) Bangladesh at Dhaka , 6 March 2016 ( Scorecard ) No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table . A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through , usually due to rain . Updated : 2 June 2017 Most consecutive defeats ( edit ) Defeats Team First defeat Last defeat 16 Zimbabwe Sri Lanka at Providence , 3 May 2010 ( Scorecard ) West Indies at North Sound , 3 March 2013 ( Scorecard ) 12 Netherlands South Africa at Cape Town , 15 September 2007 ( Scorecard ) Australia at Bridgetown , 5 May 2010 ( Scorecard ) 9 United Arab Emirates Sri Lanka at Dhaka , 25 February 2016 ( Scorecard ) Ireland at Dubai , 18 January 2017 ( Scorecard ) 8 Zimbabwe Pakistan at Kolkata , 16 March 2016 ( Scorecard ) Sri Lanka at Colombo , 4 April 2017 ( Scorecard ) No results are treated the same as losses and ties in the above table . A no result occurs when a match is abandoned partway through , usually due to rain . * indicates that the sequence is ongoing Updated : 12 April 2017 Most sixes in an innings ( edit ) Updated : 16 February 2018 Sixes Batting Team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 21 West Indies India Lauderhill 27 August 2016 Scorecard India Sri Lanka Indore 22 December 2017 Scorecard 19 Netherlands Ireland Sylhet 21 March 2014 Scorecard 18 Australia England Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard New Zealand Australia Auckland 16 February 2018 Scorecard Most fours in an innings ( edit ) Fours Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 30 Sri Lanka Kenya Johannesburg 14 September 2007 Scorecard 29 Sri Lanka India Nagpur 9 December 2009 Scorecard 26 West Indies South Africa Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard 25 Australia Sri Lanka Pallekele 6 September 2016 Scorecard 24 South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 11 September 2007 Scorecard Updated : 6 September 2016 Most sixes in a match ( edit ) Sixes Teams Venue Date Scorecard 32 West Indies ( 21 ) v India ( 11 ) Lauderhill 27 August 2016 Scorecard 32 New Zealand ( 18 ) v Australia ( 14 ) Eden Park 16 February 2018 Scorecard 31 India ( 21 ) v Sri Lanka ( 10 ) Indore 22 December 2017 Scorecard 30 Ireland ( 11 ) v Netherlands ( 19 ) Sylhet 21 March 2014 Scorecard 28 Afghanistan ( 16 ) v Ireland ( 12 ) Greater Noida 12 March 2017 Scorecard Updated : 22 December 2017 Highest aggregate runs in a single match ( edit ) Runs Teams Venue Date Scorecard 489 West Indies ( 245 / 6 ) v India ( 244 / 4 ) Florida 27 August 2016 Scorecard 488 New Zealand ( 243 / 6 ) v Australia ( 245 / 5 ) ( 18.5 ) Auckland 16 February 2018 Scorecard 467 South Africa ( 231 / 7 ) v West Indies ( 236 / 6 ) ( 19.2 ) Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard 459 South Africa ( 229 / 4 ) v England ( 230 / 8 ) Mumbai 18 March 2016 Scorecard 457 Australia ( 248 / 6 ) v England ( 209 / 6 ) Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard Updated : 7 September 2016 Most fours in a match ( edit ) Fours Teams Venue Date Scorecard 47 India ( 18 ) v Sri Lanka ( 29 ) Nagpur 9 December 2009 Scorecard 44 South Africa ( 18 ) v West Indies ( 26 ) Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard 43 South Africa ( 24 ) v West Indies ( 19 ) London 13 June 2009 Scorecard 43 Bangladesh ( 22 ) v Pakistan ( 21 ) Kandy 25 September 2012 Scorecard 43 England ( 24 ) v Australia ( 19 ) Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard 43 Australia ( 24 ) v India ( 19 ) Rajkot 10 October 2013 Scorecard Updated : 22 December 2017 Individual records ( Batting ) ( edit ) See also : List of centuries in Twenty20 International cricket Most career runs ( edit ) Runs Innings Batsman Team T20I career span 2,271 73 Martin Guptill ‡ New Zealand 2009 -- Present 2,140 70 Brendon McCullum New Zealand 2005 -- 2015 1,983 53 Virat Kohli ‡ India 2010 -- present 1,889 79 Tillakaratne Dilshan Sri Lanka 2006 -- 2016 1,858 87 Shoaib Malik ‡ Pakistan 2006 -- present Updated : 1 April 2018 Most runs in a calendar year ( edit ) Runs Innings Batsman Team Year 641 13 Virat Kohli India 2016 520 15 Mohammad Shahzad Afghanistan 2016 497 18 Rohit Sharma India 2016 472 13 Martin Guptill New Zealand 2012 471 12 Tillakaratne Dilshan Sri Lanka 2009 471 13 Virat Kohli India 2012 Updated : 21 February 2018 Most 50 + Scores ( edit ) 50 + ( 100 + 50 ) Innings Batsman Team T20I career span 18 ( 0 + 18 ) 53 Virat Kohli India 2010 -- present 16 ( 2 + 14 ) 73 Martin Guptill New Zealand 2009 -- present 15 ( 2 + 13 ) 51 Chris Gayle West Indies 2006 -- present 15 ( 2 + 13 ) 70 Brendon McCullum New Zealand 2005 -- 2015 16 ( 2 + 14 ) 65 Rohit Sharma India 2007 -- present Updated : 21 February 2018 Highest career strike rate ( edit ) Strike rate Balls faced Batsman Team T20I career span 165.68 647 Glenn Maxwell Australia 2012 -- present 163.59 717 Colin Munro New Zealand 2012 -- present 154.96 468 Evin Lewis West Indies 2016 -- present 151.69 795 Aaron Finch Australia 2011 -- present 150.75 932 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 2006 -- 2016 Qualification : 250 balls . Updated : 21 February 2018 Highest career average ( edit ) Average Innings Runs Batsman T20I career span 50.84 53 1,983 Virat Kohli ‡ 2010 -- present 40.20 36 1,206 Aaron Finch ‡ 2011 -- present 37.93 36 1,176 Kevin Pietersen 2005 -- 2013 37.68 77 1,432 MS Dhoni ‡ 2006 -- present 37.59 69 1,767 JP Duminy ‡ 2007 -- present Qualification : 1,000 runs Last updated : 21 February 2018 Most career ducks ( edit ) Ducks Innings Batsman Team T20I career span 10 79 Tillakaratne Dilshan Sri Lanka 2006 -- 2016 9 45 Luke Wright England 2007 -- 2014 8 52 Kevin O'Brien ‡ Ireland 2008 -- present 8 77 Umar Akmal Pakistan 2009 -- 16 8 90 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 2006 -- 2016 Last updated : 12 March 2017 Most career sixes ( edit ) Updated : 21 February 2018 Sixes Balls faced Batsman Team T20I career span 103 1095 Chris Gayle West Indies 2006 -- present 103 1709 Martin Guptill New Zealand 2009 -- present 91 1571 Brendon McCullum New Zealand 2005 -- 2015 83 1006 Shane Watson Australia 2006 -- 2016 79 1279 David Warner Australia 2009 -- present Most career fours ( edit ) Fours Balls faced Batsman Team T20I career span 223 1567 Tillakaratne Dilshan Sri Lanka 2006 -- 2016 210 1444 Virat Kohli ‡ India 2010 -- present 204 1333 Mohammad Shahzad ‡ Afghanistan 2010 -- present 199 1571 Brendon McCullum New Zealand 2005 -- 2015 178 1403 Mohammad Hafeez ‡ Pakistan 2006 -- present Updated : 21 February 2018 Highest individual score ( edit ) Runs Batsman Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 156 Aaron Finch Australia England Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard 145 * Glenn Maxwell Australia Sri Lanka Pallekele 6 September 2016 Scorecard 125 * Evin Lewis West Indies India Kingston 9 July 2017 Scorecard 124 * Shane Watson Australia India Sydney 31 January 2016 Scorecard 123 Brendon McCullum New Zealand Bangladesh Pallekele 21 September 2012 Scorecard Updated : 9 July 2017 Highest individual score ( by batting position ) ( edit ) Runs Position Batsman Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 145 * Position 1 Glenn Maxwell Australia Sri Lanka Pallekele 6 September 2016 Scorecard 156 Position 2 Aaron Finch Australia England Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard 123 Position 3 Brendon McCullum New Zealand Bangladesh Pallekele 21 September 2012 Scorecard 110 * Position 4 K.L. Rahul India West Indies Lauderhill 27 August 2016 Scorecard 101 * Position 5 David Miller South Africa Bangladesh Potchefstroom 29 October 2017 Scorecard 85 * Position 6 Cameron White Australia Sri Lanka Bridgetown 9 May 2010 Scorecard 89 Position 7 Mohammad Nabi Afghanistan Ireland Greater Noida 12 March 2017 Scorecard 52 * Position 8 Ragheb Aga Kenya Scotland ICCA Dubai 19 November 2013 Scorecard 46 Position 9 Anwar Ali Pakistan Sri Lanka Colombo ( RPS ) 1 August 2015 Scorecard 40 Position 10 Sompal Kami Nepal Hong Kong Colombo ( PSS ) 24 November 2014 Scorecard 18 Position 11 Paul van Meekeren Netherlands Hong Kong Dubai 18 January 2017 Scorecard Updated : 29 October 2017 Fastest 50 ( edit ) Balls Batsman Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 12 Yuvaraj Singh India England Durban 19 September 2007 Scorecard 14 Colin Munro New Zealand Sri Lanka Auckland 10 January 2016 Scorecard 17 Paul Stirling Ireland Afghanistan Dubai ( DSC ) 24 March 2012 Scorecard 17 Stephan Myburgh Netherlands Ireland Sylhet 21 March 2014 Scorecard 17 Chris Gayle West Indies South Africa Cape Town 9 January 2015 Scorecard Updated : 29 August 2016 Fastest 100 ( edit ) Updated : 22 December 2017 Balls Batsman Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 35 Rohit Sharma India Sri Lanka Indore 22 December 2017 Scorecard 35 David Miller South Africa Bangladesh Potchefstroom 29 October 2017 Scorecard 45 Richard Levi South Africa New Zealand Hamilton 19 February 2012 Scorecard 46 K.L. Rahul India West Indies Florida 27 August 2016 Scorecard 46 Francois du Plessis South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard Most sixes in an innings ( edit ) Sixes Batsman Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 14 ( 63 ) Aaron Finch Australia England Southampton 29 August 2013 Scorecard 13 ( 51 ) Richard Levi South Africa New Zealand Hamilton 19 February 2012 Scorecard 11 ( 48 ) Chris Gayle West Indies England Mumbai 16 March 2016 Scorecard 10 ( 41 ) Corey Anderson New Zealand Bangladesh Mount Maunganui 8 January 2017 Scorecard 10 ( 43 ) Rohit Sharma India Sri Lanka Indore 22 December 2017 Scorecard 10 ( 53 ) Colin Munro New Zealand West Indies Mount Maunganui 3 January 2018 Scorecard 10 ( 57 ) Chris Gayle West Indies South Africa Johannesburg 11 September 2007 Scorecard Updated : 3 January 2018 Most fours in an innings ( edit ) Fours Batsman Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 14 ( 55 ) Herschelle Gibbs South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 11 September 2007 Scorecard 14 ( 52 ) Aaron Finch Australia India Rajkot 10 October 2013 Scorecard 14 ( 65 ) Glenn Maxwell Australia Sri Lanka Pallekele 6 September 2016 Scorecard 13 ( 53 ) Ricky Ponting Australia India Mumbai 20 October 2007 Scorecard 13 ( 30 ) Aaron Redmond New Zealand Ireland Nottingham 11 June 2009 Scorecard Number in parentheses represents the number of balls the batsman faced during the innings . Updated : 6 September 2016 Most runs off an over ( edit ) Runs Sequence Batsman Batting team Bowler Venue Date Scorecard 36 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 Yuvraj Singh India Stuart Broad Durban 19 September 2007 Scorecard 32 6 -- 6 -- w -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 1 Evin Lewis West Indies Stuart Binny Lauderhill , Florida 27 August 2016 Scorecard 32 6 -- 6 -- 2 -- nb -- ( nb + 4 ) -- 4 -- 6 -- 2 Jos Buttler England Wayne Parnell Edgbaston 12 September 2012 Scorecard 32 4 -- wk -- ( nb + 6 ) -- ( nb + 1 ) -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 1 Jonny Bairstow Luke Wright England Izatullah Dawlatzai Colombo ( RPS ) 21 September 2012 Scorecard 31 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 6 -- 1 David Miller South Africa Mohammad Saifuddin Potchefstroom 29 October 2017 Scorecard Key : nb -- No - ball ( nb + X ) -- A no - ball was bowled and X runs were scored off the bat Ynb -- A no - ball was bowled with one run scored directly from the no - ball and Y - 1 runs being scored from byes or leg byes ( however , all Y runs will be scored as no - balls on the scorecard ) w -- Wide wk -- Wicket Updated : 29 October 2017 ^ ( a ) The over started with Buttler facing and Wright off strike . Buttler faced the first ball and was dismissed on the second ball of the over . Bairstow came in and faced the next two deliveries and Wright faced the last four deliveries . Individual records ( Bowling ) ( edit ) See also : List of five - wicket hauls in Twenty20 International cricket Most wickets in a career ( edit ) Wickets Innings Bowler Team T20I career span 97 96 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 2006 -- 2016 90 68 Lasith Malinga Sri Lanka 2006 -- 2017 85 60 Umar Gul Pakistan 2007 -- 2016 85 63 Saeed Ajmal Pakistan 2009 -- 2015 73 60 Shakib Al Hasan Bangladesh 2006 -- present Updated : 01 November 2017 Most wickets in a calendar year ( edit ) Wickets Matches Bowler Team Year 28 21 Jasprit Bumrah India 2016 27 14 Dirk Nannes Australia 25 16 Saeed Ajmal Pakistan 2012 23 11 Yuzvendra Chahal India 2017 23 15 Shakib Al Hasan Bangladesh 2016 Updated : 24 December 2017 Most four - wickets - in - an - innings ( and over ) in a career ( edit ) 4 + ( 4 + 5 ) Matches Bowler Team T20I career span 6 ( 4 + 2 ) 60 Umar Gul ‡ Pakistan 2007 -- present 5 ( 3 + 2 ) 39 Ajantha Mendis Sri Lanka 2008 -- 2014 4 ( 4 + 0 ) 64 Saeed Ajmal Pakistan 2009 -- 2015 Updated : 3 April 2016 Best career economy rate ( edit ) Economy rate Overs bowled Bowler Team T20I career span 5.70 131.1 Daniel Vettori New Zealand 2007 -- 2014 5.86 110.0 Rashid Khan Afghanistan 2015 -- present 5.98 169.0 Samuel Badree West Indies 2012 -- present 6.02 171.4 Sunil Narine West Indies 2012 -- present 6.07 90.0 Imad Wasim Pakistan 2015 -- present Qualification : 500 balls bowled . Updated : 21 February 2018 Best career strike rate ( edit ) Strike rate Wickets Overs Bowled Bowler Team T20I career span 13.0 44 95.5 Ahsan Malik Netherlands 2012 -- present 13.4 66 147.3 Ajantha Mendis Sri Lanka 2008 -- 2014 13.9 57 132.5 Imran Tahir South Africa 2013 -- present 14.0 47 110.0 Rashid Khan Afghanistan 2015 -- present 14.1 85 200.3 Umar Gul Pakistan 2007 -- present Qualification : 500 balls bowled . Updated : 21 February 2018 . Best career averages ( edit ) Average Wickets Runs conceded Bowler Team T20I career span 13.72 47 645 Rashid Khan Afghanistan 2015 -- present 14.42 66 952 Ajantha Mendis Sri Lanka 2008 -- 2014 15.85 57 904 Imran Tahir South Africa 2013 -- present 16.59 44 730 Ahsan Malik Netherlands 2012 -- present 16.84 51 859 Graeme Swann England 2005 -- 2012 Qualification : 500 balls bowled . Updated : 21 February 2018 . Best figures in a match ( edit ) Figures Bowler Bowling team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 6 / 8 ( 4.0 overs ) Ajantha Mendis Sri Lanka Zimbabwe Hambantota 18 September 2012 Scorecard 6 / 16 ( 4.0 overs ) Ajantha Mendis Sri Lanka Australia Pallekele 8 August 2011 Scorecard 6 / 25 ( 4.0 overs ) Yuzvendra Chahal India England Bangalore 1 February 2017 Scorecard 5 / 3 ( 3.3 overs ) Rangana Herath Sri Lanka New Zealand Chittagong 31 March 2014 Scorecard 5 / 3 ( 2.0 overs ) Rashid Khan Afghanistan Ireland Greater Noida 10 March 2017 Scorecard Updated : 10 March 2017 Most runs conceded in an innings ( edit ) Runs Bowling figures Bowler Bowling team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 69 4 -- 0 -- 69 -- 0 Barry McCarthy Ireland Afghanistan Greater Noida 12 March 2017 Scorecard 68 4 -- 0 -- 68 -- 1 Kyle Abbott South Africa West Indies Johannesburg 11 January 2015 Scorecard 64 3.1 -- 0 -- 64 -- 0 Ben Wheeler New Zealand Australia Auckland 16 February 2018 Scorecard 64 4 -- 0 -- 64 -- 1 James Anderson England Australia Sydney 9 January 2007 Scorecard 64 4 -- 0 -- 64 -- 0 Sanath Jayasuriya Sri Lanka Pakistan Johannesburg 17 September 2007 Scorecard 64 4 -- 0 -- 64 -- 0 Yuzvendra Chahal India South Africa Centurion 21 February 2018 Scorecard Bowling figures given above are in the form of `` Overs - Maidens - Runs - Wickets '' . Updated : 21 February 2018 Hat - tricks ( edit ) See also : List of Twenty20 International cricket hat - tricks Key Hat - trick taken in a World Cup match ( b ) Bowled ( c ) Caught ( cb ) Caught and bowled ( lbw ) Leg before wicket ( st ) Stumped Wicket - keeper No . Bowler For Against Wickets Venue Date Ref . Brett Lee Australia Bangladesh Shakib Al Hasan ( c Gilchrist ) Mashrafe Mortaza ( b ) Alok Kapali ( lbw ) Newlands Cricket Ground , Cape Town 16 September 2007 Jacob Oram New Zealand Sri Lanka Angelo Mathews ( c and b ) Malinga Bandara ( c McCullum ) Nuwan Kulasekara ( c Broom ) Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 2 September 2009 Tim Southee New Zealand Pakistan Younis Khan ( c Brownlie ) Mohammad Hafeez ( c McGlashan ) Umar Akmal ( lbw ) Eden Park , Auckland 26 December 2010 Thisara Perera Sri Lanka India Hardik Pandya ( c Senanayake ) Suresh Raina ( c Chameera ) Yuvraj Singh ( c Gunathilaka ) JSCA International Stadium Complex , Ranchi 12 February 2016 5 Lasith Malinga Sri Lanka Bangladesh Mushfiqur Rahim ( b ) Mashrafe Mortaza ( b ) Mehedi Hasan ( lbw ) R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo 6 April 2017 6 Faheem Ashraf Pakistan Sri Lanka Isuru Udana ( c Hasan Ali ) Mahela Udawatte ( c Babar Azam ) Dasun Shanaka ( lbw ) Sheikh Zayed Stadium , Abu Dhabi 27 October 2017 Source : ESPNcricinfo . Last Updated : 27 October 2017 Individual records ( fielding ) ( edit ) Most catches in T20I career ( edit ) Catches Innings Fielder Team T20I career span 44 73 Ross Taylor ‡ New Zealand 2006 -- present 44 52 AB de Villiers ‡ South Africa 2006 -- present 41 70 Dwayne Bravo ‡ Australia 2009 -- present 39 74 Martin Guptill ‡ New Zealand 2009 -- present 38 62 Umar Akmal Pakistan 2009 -- 16 The list excludes catches made as wicket - keeper Updated : 21 February 2018 Individual records ( wicket - keeper ) ( edit ) Most dismissals in career ( edit ) Dismissals Catches Stumpings Innings Wicket - keeper Team T20I career span 78 49 29 87 MS Dhoni India 2006 -- present 60 28 32 53 Kamran Akmal Pakistan 2006 -- 2017 52 25 27 59 Mohammad Shahzad Afghanistan 2010 -- present 51 32 19 58 Denesh Ramdin West Indies 2006 -- 2016 47 22 25 58 Mushfiqur Rahim Bangladesh 2006 -- present Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper . All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper . Updated : 21 February 2018 Most catches in career ( edit ) Catches Innings Wicket - keeper Team T20I career span 49 87 MS Dhoni India 2006 -- present 32 58 Denesh Ramdin West Indies 2006 -- present 28 53 Kamran Akmal Pakistan 2006 -- 2017 30 31 Quinton de Kock South Africa 2012 -- present 26 34 Wesley Barresi Netherlands 2012 -- present Innings refers to when the player was the designated keeper . All figures exclude catches not made as a wicketkeeper . Updated : 21 February 2018 Most stumpings in career ( edit ) Stumpings Innings Wicket - keeper Team T20I career span 32 54 Kamran Akmal Pakistan 2006 -- 2017 29 87 MS Dhoni India 2006 -- present 27 59 Mohammad Shahzad Afghanistan 2010 -- present 25 57 Mushfiqur Rahim Bangladesh 2006 -- present 20 56 Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 2006 -- 2014 Updated : 21 February 2018 Individual records ( others ) ( edit ) Most matches played in career ( edit ) Matches Player Team T20I Career Span 98 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 2006 -- 2016 92 Shoaib Malik Pakistan 2006 -- present 89 Mahendra Singh Dhoni India 2006 -- present 82 Umar Akmal Pakistan 2009 -- 2016 81 Mohammad Hafeez Pakistan 2006 -- present Ross Taylor New Zealand 2006 -- present Updated : 17 March 2018 Most matches as a captain ( edit ) Matches Player Team T20I Career Span 72 MS Dhoni India 2007 -- 2016 56 William Porterfield Ireland 2008 -- present 47 Darren Sammy West Indies 2011 -- 2016 43 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 2009 -- 2016 38 Asghar Stanikzai Afghanistan 2015 -- present Updated : 17 March 2018 Most matches as an umpire ( edit ) See also : List of Twenty20 International cricket umpires Matches Umpire Country T20I Career Span 42 Aleem Dar Pakistan 2009 -- present 37 Ian Gould England 2006 -- 2016 35 Rod Tucker Australia 2009 -- 2016 34 Simon Taufel Australia 2006 -- 2012 33 Shaun George South Africa 2010 -- present Updated : 17 March 2018 Most matches as a match referee ( edit ) See also : Elite Panel of ICC Referees Matches Referee Country T20I Career Span 85 Ranjan Madugalle Sri Lanka 2006 -- present 71 Chris Broad England 2005 -- present 77 Jeff Crowe New Zealand 2005 -- present 61 Javagal Srinath India 2006 -- present 53 David Jukes England 2010 -- present Updated : 10 March 2017 Most Player - of - the Match Awards ( edit ) See also : Player of the Match awards ( cricket ) § Twenty20_International_Cricket No. of Awards Player Team Matches T20I Career Span 11 Shahid Afridi Pakistan 98 2006 -- 2016 10 Virat Kohli India 57 2010 -- present 9 Chris Gayle West Indies 55 2006 -- present Mohammad Nabi Afghanistan 60 2010 -- present Mohammad Shahzad Afghanistan 60 2010 -- present Shane Watson Australia 58 2006 -- 2016 Last updated : 17 March 2018 Partnership records ( edit ) Highest overall partnership runs by a pair ( edit ) Runs Innings Players Batting team Highest Average 100 / 50 T20I career span 1154 37 David Warner & Shane Watson Australia 133 31.18 3 / 6 2009 -- 2016 1151 24 Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson New Zealand 171 * 50.04 3 / 8 2012 -- Present 1043 38 William Porterfield & Paul Stirling Ireland 109 * 29.80 1 / 6 2009 -- Present 831 22 Martin Guptill & Brendon McCullum New Zealand 127 * 41.55 2 / 4 2009 -- 2015 822 22 Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 166 41.10 2 / 3 2007 -- 2014 An asterisk ( * ) signifies an unbroken partnership ( i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score ) . Updated : 18 February 2018 Highest partnerships ( any wicket ) ( edit ) Runs Partnership Players Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 171 * 1st wicket Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson New Zealand Pakistan Hamilton 17 January 2016 Scorecard 170 1st wicket Graeme Smith & Loots Bosman South Africa England Centurion 15 November 2009 Scorecard 166 2nd wicket Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka West Indies Bridgetown 7 May 2010 Scorecard 165 1st wicket Rohit Sharma & K.L. Rahul India Sri Lanka Indore 22 December 2017 Scorecard 161 4th wicket David Warner & Glenn Maxwell Australia South Africa Johannesburg 6 March 2016 Scorecard An asterisk ( * ) signifies an unbroken partnership ( i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score ) . Updated : 3 April 2016 Highest partnerships ( by wicket ) ( edit ) Partnership Runs Batsmen Batting team Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 1st wicket 171 * Martin Guptill & Kane Williamson New Zealand Pakistan Hamilton 17 January 2016 Scorecard 2nd wicket 166 Mahela Jayawardene & Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka West Indies Bridgetown 7 May 2010 Scorecard 3rd wicket 152 Alex Hales & Eoin Morgan England Sri Lanka Chittagong 27 March 2014 Scorecard 4th wicket 161 David Warner & Glenn Maxwell Australia South Africa Johannesburg 6 March 2016 Scorecard 5th wicket 119 * Shoaib Malik & Misbah - ul - Haq Pakistan Australia Johannesburg 18 September 2007 Scorecard 6th wicket 101 * Cameron White & Michael Hussey Australia Sri Lanka Bridgetown 9 May 2010 Scorecard 7th wicket 91 Paul Collingwood & Michael Yardy England West Indies London 28 June 2007 Scorecard 8th wicket 80 Preston Mommsen & Safyaan Sharif Scotland Netherlands Edinburgh 11 July 2015 Scorecard 9th wicket 66 Dwayne Bravo & Jerome Taylor West Indies Pakistan Dubai ( DSC ) 23 September 2016 Scorecard 10th wicket 31 * Wahab Riaz & Shoaib Akhtar Pakistan New Zealand Auckland 26 December 2010 Scorecard An asterisk ( * ) signifies an unbroken partnership ( i.e. neither of the batsmen were dismissed before either the end of the allotted overs or they reached the required score ) . Updated : 24 September 2016 See also ( edit ) ICC World Twenty20 List of ICC World Twenty20 records List of Afghanistan Twenty20 International cricket records List of Australia Twenty20 International records List of Bangladesh Twenty20 International cricket records List of England Twenty20 International cricket records List of India Twenty20 International records List of Ireland Twenty20 International records List of Nepal Twenty20 International records List of New Zealand Twenty20 International cricket records List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricket records List of Scotland T20 International cricket records List of Sri Lanka T20 International cricket records List of South Africa Twenty20 International cricket records List of West Indies Twenty20 International cricket records List of United Arab Emirates Twenty20 International cricket records List of Zimbabwe Twenty20 International cricket records List of Test cricket records List of One Day International cricket records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Men 's Twenty20 Internationals records '' . 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ESPN . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 Internationals -- Bowling records -- Best career averages -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 Internationals -- Bowling records -- Best figures in an innings -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 Internationals -- Bowling records -- Most runs condeded in an innings -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 14th Match , Group F , ICC World Twenty20 at Cape Town , Sep 16 2007 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I ( N ) , New Zealand tour of Sri Lanka at Colombo , Sep 2 2009 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1st T20I , Pakistan tour of New Zealand at Auckland , Dec 26 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd T20I ( N ) , Sri Lanka tour of India and Bangladesh at Ranchi , Feb 12 2016 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd T20I ( N ) , Bangladesh tour of Sri Lanka at Colombo , Apr 6 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd T20I ( N ) , Sri Lanka tour of United Arab Emirates and Pakistan at Abu Dhabi , Oct 27 2017 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 Internationals -- Fielding records -- Most catches in career -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 Internationals -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most dismissals in career -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 Internationals -- Wicketkeeping records -- Most catches in career -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . 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Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Twenty20_International_records&oldid=834064162 '' Categories : Twenty20 International cricket records and statistics Twenty20 International cricket competitions Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা മലയാളം मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 19 : 19 . About Wikipedia | what is the highest t20 international innings total | [
"\n\nScore\nBatting team\nOpposition\nVenue\nDate\nScorecard\n\n\n263/3 (20.0 overs)\n Australia\n Sri Lanka\nPallekele\n6 September 2016\nScorecard\n\n\n260/5 (20.0 overs)\n India\n Sri Lanka\nIndore\n22 December 2017\nScorecard\n\n\n260/6 (20.0 overs)\n Sri Lanka\n Kenya\nJohannesburg\n14 September 2007\nScorecard\n\n\n248/6 (20.0 overs)\n Australia\n England\nSouthampton\n29 August 2013\nScorecard\n\n\n245/5 (18.5 overs)\n Australia\n New Zealand\nAuckland\n16 February 2018\nScorecard\n\n\nUpdated: 16 February 2018[3]\n\n"
] | [
"263/3 (20.0 overs)"
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-3843980813524423607 | Betalain | Betalain - wikipedia Betalain Jump to : navigation , search The red color of beets comes from betalain pigments . Betalains are a class of red and yellow indole - derived pigments found in plants of the Caryophyllales , where they replace anthocyanin pigments . Betalains also occur in some higher order fungi . They are most often noticeable in the petals of flowers , but may color the fruits , leaves , stems , and roots of plants that contain them . They include pigments such as those found in beets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Chemistry 3 Taxonomic significance 4 Economic uses 5 Semisynthetic derivatives 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Description ( edit ) Swiss chard , showing one plant expressing yellow betaxanthins and another expressing red betacyanins . The name `` betalain '' comes from the Latin name of the common beet ( Beta vulgaris ) , from which betalains were first extracted . The deep red color of beets , bougainvillea , amaranth , and many cactuses results from the presence of betalain pigments . The particular shades of red to purple are distinctive and unlike that of anthocyanin pigments found in most plants . There are two categories of betalains : Betacyanins include the reddish to violet betalain pigments . Among the betacyanins present in plants include betanin , isobetanin , probetanin , and neobetanin . Betaxanthins are those betalain pigments which appear yellow to orange . Among the betaxanthins present in plants include vulgaxanthin , miraxanthin , portulaxanthin , and indicaxanthin . Plant physiologists are uncertain of the function that betalains serve in those plants which possess them , but there is some preliminary evidence that they may have fungicidal properties . Furthermore , betalains have been found in fluorescent flowers . Chemistry ( edit ) Chemical structure of betanin . It was once thought that betalains were related to anthocyanins , the reddish pigments found in most plants . Both betalains and anthocyanins are water - soluble pigments found in the vacuoles of plant cells . However , betalains are structurally and chemically unlike anthocyanins and the two have never been found in the same plant together . For example , betalains contain nitrogen whereas anthocyanins do not . It is now known that betalains are aromatic indole derivatives synthesized from tyrosine . They are not related chemically to the anthocyanins and are not even flavonoids . Each betalain is a glycoside , and consists of a sugar and a colored portion . Their synthesis is promoted by light . The most heavily studied betalain is betanin , also called beetroot red after the fact that it may be extracted from red beet roots . Betanin is a glucoside , and hydrolyzes into the sugar glucose and betanidin . It is used as a food coloring agent , and the color is sensitive to pH . Other betalains known to occur in beets are isobetanin , probetanin , and neobetanin . The color and antioxidant capacity of betanin and indicaxanthin ( betaxanthin derived of L - proline ) are affected by dielectric microwave heating . Addition of TFE ( 2 , 2 , 2 - trifluoroethanol ) is reported to improve the hydrolytic stability of some betalains in aqueous solution . Furthermore , a betanin - europium ( III ) complex has been used to detect calcium dipicolinate in bacterial spores , including Bacillus anthracis and B. cereus . Other important betacyanins are amaranthine and isoamaranthine , isolated from species of Amaranthus . Taxonomic significance ( edit ) Flowers of the cactus Mammillaria sp . contain betalains . Betalain pigments occur only in the Caryophyllales and some Basidiomycota ( mushrooms ) . Where they occur in plants , they sometimes coexist with anthoxanthins ( yellow to orange flavonoids ) , but never occur in plant species with anthocyanins . Among the flowering plant order Caryophyllales , most members produce betalains and lack anthocyanins . Of all the families in the Caryophyllales , only the Caryophyllaceae ( carnation family ) and Molluginaceae produce anthocyanins instead of betalains . The limited distribution of betalains among plants is a synapomorphy for the Caryophyllales , though their production has been lost in two families . Economic uses ( edit ) Inflorescences of Amaranthus caudatus ( love - lies - bleeding ) contain large quantities of betacyanins . Betanin is commercially used as a natural food dye . It can cause beeturia ( red urine ) and red feces in some people who are unable to break it down . The interest of the food industry in betalains has grown since they were identified by in vitro methods as antioxidants , which may protect against oxidation of low - density lipoproteins . Semisynthetic derivatives ( edit ) Betanin extracted from the red beet was used as starting material for the semisynthesis of an artificial betalainic coumarin , which was applied as a fluorescent probe for the live - cell imaging of Plasmodium - infected erythrocytes . See also ( edit ) Biological pigment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strack D , Vogt T , Schliemann W ( February 2003 ) . `` Recent advances in betalain research '' . Phytochemistry. 62 ( 3 ) : 247 -- 69 . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 9422 ( 02 ) 00564 - 2 . PMID 12620337 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson T ( 1963 ) . The Organic Constituents of Higher Plants . Minneapolis : Burgess Publishing . p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Salisbury FB , Ross CW ( 1991 ) . Plant Physiology ( 4th ed . ) . Belmont , California : Wadsworth Publishing . pp. 325 -- 326 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 15162 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kimler LM ( 1975 ) . `` Betanin , the red beet pigment , as an antifungal agent '' . Botanical Society of America , Abstracts of papers . 36 . Jump up ^ Gandía - Herrero F , García - Carmona F , Escribano J ( 2005 ) . `` Botany : floral fluorescence effect '' . Nature . 437 ( 7057 ) : 334 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 437 ... 334G . doi : 10.1038 / 437334a . PMID 16163341 . Jump up ^ Francis F ( 1999 ) . Colorants . Egan Press . ISBN 1 - 891127 - 00 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stafford HA ( 1994 ) . `` Anthocyanins and betalains : evolution of the mutually exclusive pathways '' . Plant Science . 101 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 98 . doi : 10.1016 / 0168 - 9452 ( 94 ) 90244 - 5 . ISSN 0168 - 9452 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 Jump up ^ Raven PH , Evert RF , Eichhorn SE ( 2004 ) . Biology of Plants ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 465 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1007 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gonçalves LC , Di Genova BM , Dörr FA , Pinto E , Bastos EL ( 2013 ) . `` Effect of dielectric microwave heating on the color and antiradical capacity of betanin '' . Journal of Food Engineering . 118 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 55 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jfoodeng. 2013.03. 022 . Jump up ^ Bartoloni FH , Gonçalves LC , Rodrigues AC , Dörr FA , Pinto E , Bastos EL ( 2013 ) . `` Photophysics and hydrolytic stability of betalains in aqueous trifluoroethanol '' . Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly . 144 ( 4 ) : 567 -- 571 . doi : 10.1007 / s00706 - 012 - 0883 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gonçalves LC , Da Silva SM , DeRose PC , Ando RA , Bastos EL ( 2013 ) . `` Beetroot - pigment - derived colorimetric sensor for detection of calcium dipicolinate in bacterial spores '' . PloS One . 8 ( 9 ) : e73701 . Bibcode : 2013PLoSO ... 873701G . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0073701 . PMC 3760816 . PMID 24019934 . ^ Jump up to : Cronquist A ( 1981 ) . An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants . New York : Columbia University Press . pp. 235 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 03880 - 1 . Jump up ^ Escribano J , Pedreño MA , García - Carmona F , Muñoz R ( 1998 ) . `` Characterization of the antiradical activity of betalains from Beta vulgaris L. roots '' . Phytochem . Anal. 9 ( 3 ) : 124 -- 7 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1099 - 1565 ( 199805 / 06 ) 9 : 3 < 124 : : AID - PCA401 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tesoriere L , Allegra M , Butera D , Livrea MA ( October 2004 ) . `` Absorption , excretion , and distribution of dietary antioxidant betalains in LDLs : potential health effects of betalains in humans '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 80 ( 4 ) : 941 -- 5 . PMID 15447903 . Jump up ^ Gonçalves LC , Trassi MA , Lopes NB , Dörr FA , Santos MT , Baader WJ , Oliveira Bastos EL ( 2012 ) . `` A comparative study of the purification of betanin '' . Food Chem. 131 : 231 -- 238 . doi : 10.1016 / j. foodchem. 2011.08. 067 . Jump up ^ Gonçalves LC , Tonelli RR , Bagnaresi P , Mortara RA , Ferreira AG , Bastos EL ( 2013 ) . Sauer M , ed . `` A nature - inspired betalainic probe for live - cell imaging of Plasmodium - infected erythrocytes '' . PloS One . 8 ( 1 ) : e53874 . Bibcode : 2013PLoSO ... 853874G . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0053874 . PMC 3547039 . PMID 23342028 . External links ( edit ) Look up betalain in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Betalain synthesis diagram Types of plant pigments Betalains Betacyanins Betaxanthins Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c Chlorophyll d Chlorophyll f Curcuminoids 1 , 7 - Bis ( 4 - hydroxyphenyl ) - 1 , 4 , 6 - heptatrien - 3 - one Bisdemethoxycurcumin Desmethoxycurcumin Curcumin Flavonoids Anthocyanins Anthocyanidins Anthoxanthins Flavans Condensed tannins Carotenoids Carotenes Retinoids Xanthophylls Other Allophycocyanin Phycocyanin Phycoerythrin Phycoerythrocyanin Quinones Xanthonoids Glycosides Bond O - glycosidic bond N - glycosidic bond S - glycosidic bond C - glycosidic bond Geometry α - Glycoside β - Glycoside 1 , 4 - Glycoside 1 , 6 - Glycoside Glycone Fructoside Galactoside Glucoside Glucuronide Rhamnoside Riboside Aglycone Alcoholic glycoside Cardiac glycoside Bufadienolide Cardenolide Cyanogenic glycoside Glycosylamine Phenolic glycoside Anthraquinone glycoside Coumarin glycoside Flavonoid glycoside Saponin Steviol glycoside Thioglycoside Types of phytochemicals Terpenoids Types of Terpenes and Terpenoids ( # of isoprene units ) Basic forms : Acyclic ( linear , cis and trans forms ) Monocyclic ( single ring ) Bicyclic ( 2 rings ) Iridoids ( cyclopentane ring ) Iridoid glycosides ( iridoids bound to a sugar ) Steroids ( 4 rings ) Hemiterpenoids ( 1 ) Isoprene ( C H ) Prenol Isovaleric acid Monoterpene ( C H ) ( 2 ) Acyclic Ocimene Myrcenes Monocyclic Limonene Terpinene Phellandrene Umbellulone Bicyclic Pinene ( β and α Camphene Thujene Sabinene Carene Monoterpenoids ( 2 , modified ) Acyclic Linalool Citronellal Citral Citronellol Geraniol Geranyl pyrophosphate Monocyclic Grapefruit mercaptan menthol p - Cymene thymol Perillyl alcohol Carvacrol Bicyclic Camphor Borneol Eucalyptol Halomon Eucalyptol Pinene Ascaridole Sesquiterpenoids ( 3 ) Farnesyl pyrophosphate Artemisinin Bisabolol Diterpenoids ( 4 ) Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate Gibberellin Retinol Retinal Phytol Taxol Forskolin Aphidicolin Salvinorin A Sesterterpenoids ( 5 ) geranylfarnesol Triterpenoids ( 6 ) Steroids Phytosterols Campesterol beta Sitosterol gamma sitosterol Stigmasterol Tocopherols Cholesterol Testosterone Cholecalciferol ( Vit D ) Ecdysones Other Saponins Squalane Lanosterol Acids Oleanolic acid Ursolic acid Betulinic acid Moronic acid Sesquarterpenes / oids ( 7 ) ferrugicadiol tetraprenylcurcumene Tetraterpenoids ( Carotenoids ) ( 8 ) Carotenes Alpha - Carotene Beta - Carotene Gamma - Carotene Delta - Carotene Lycopene Neurosporene Phytofluene Phytoene Xanthophylls : Canthaxanthin Cryptoxanthin Zeaxanthin Astaxanthin Lutein Rubixanthin Polyterpenoids ( many ) sap , resins , latex of many plants , e.g. rubber Norisoprenoids ( modified ) 3 - oxo - α - ionol 7 , 8 - dihydroionone Synthesis Terpene synthase enzymes ( many ) , having in common a Terpene synthase N terminal domain ( protein domain ) Activated isoprene forms Isopentenyl pyrophosphate ( IPP ) Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate ( DMAPP ) Phenolic compounds Types of phenolic compounds Natural monophenols Benzenediols Benzenetriols Apiole Carnosol Carvacrol Dillapiole Rosemarinol Polyphenols Types of polyphenols Flavonoids ( C6 - C3 - C6 ) Types of flavonoids Flavonoids Anthoxanthins Flavones Apigenin , Chrysin , et. c . Flavonols Quercetin , Kaempferol , et. c . Isoflavoness Daidzein , Genistein , Orobol et. c . Neoflavonoids Dalbergichromene Flavans Flavan Luteoliflavan Flavan - 3 - ols ( flavanols ) Catechin , Gallocatechol , et. c . Flavan - 4 - ols ( flavanols ) Apiforol , Luteoforol , et. c . Flavan - 3 , 4 - diols Leucocyanidin , Leucodelphinidin , et. c . Flavanones Hesperidin Naringenin Eriodictyol Flavanonols Taxifolin Aromadendrin , et. c . Anthocyanidins 3 - deoxyanthocyanidins Cyanidin , Delphinidin , et. c . 3 - hydroxyanthocyanidin Apigeninidin , Guibourtinidin , et. c . Aurones Aureusidin Leptosidin Chalcones Chalcones Butein , Isoliquiritigenin , et. c . Dihydrochalcone Phloretin Miscellaneous List of phytochemicals in food C - methylated flavonoids O - methylated flavonoids Furanoflavonoids Pyranoflavonoids Prenylflavonoids Methylenedioxy Castavinols Flavonoid biosynthesis Flavonolignans Silymarin Lignans ( ( C6 - C3 ) ) Matairesinol Secoisolariciresinol Pinoresinol Stilbenoids ( C6 - C2 - C6 ) Resveratrol Pterostilbene Piceatannol Pinosylvin Curcuminoids Curcumin Tannins Types of natural tannins Hydrolysable tannins Ellagitannins Punicalagins Castalagins Vescalagins Castalins Casuarictins Grandinins Punicalins Roburin A Tellimagrandin IIs Terflavin B Gallotannins Digalloyl glucose 1 , 3 , 6 - Trigalloyl glucose Condensed tannins Proanthocyanidins Polyflavonoid tannins Catechol - type tannins Pyrocatecollic type tannins Flavolans Phlorotannins Eckol 8 , 8 ′ - Bieckol 6 , 6 ' - Bieckol Dieckol Eckstolonol Diphlorethol Difucol Fucophlorethol A Phlorofucofuroeckol A Tetrafucol A Trifucol Bifuhalol 7 - Phloroeckol Phlorofucofuroeckol B Flavono - ellagitannins ( complex tannins ) Epicutissimin A Acutissimin A Other Miscellaneous Tannin sources Pseudo tannins Synthetic tannins Tannin uses Enological Drilling Ink Tanning Others Diarylheptanoids ( C6 - C7 - C6 ) Anthraquinones Chalconoids ( C6 - C3 - C6 ) Kavalactones Naphthoquinones ( C6 - C4 ) Phenylpropanoids ( C6 - C3 ) Xanthonoids ( C6 - C1 - C6 ) Coumarins and isocoumarins Misc : Polyphenols Aromatic acids Aromatic acids Phenolic acids Monohydroxybenzoic acids Aglycones 3 - Hydroxybenzoic acid 4 - Hydroxybenzoic acid Salicylic acid Glycosides p - Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside Dihydroxybenzoic acids 2 , 3 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid ( Hypogallic acid ) 2 , 4 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid 2 , 6 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3 , 5 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid Ethyl protocatechuate Gentisic acid Homogentisic acid Orsellinic acid Protocatechuic acid Trihydroxybenzoic acids Bergenin Chebulic acid Ethyl gallate Eudesmic acid Gallic acid Tannic acid Norbergenin Phloroglucinol carboxylic acid Syringic acid Theogallin Other phenolic acids Vanillin Ellagic acid Hydroxycinnamic acids α - Cyano - 4 - hydroxycinnamic acid Caffeic acid Cichoric acid Cinnamic acid Chlorogenic acid Diferulic acids Coumaric acid Coumarin Ferulic acid Sinapinic acid Aromatic amino acids phenylalanine tryptophan histidine tyrosine thyroxine 5 - hydroxytryptophan L - DOPA Phenylethanoids Tyrosol Hydroxytyrosol Oleocanthal Oleuropein Others Capsaicin Gingerol Alkylresorcinols Misc : Phenolic compounds Phlorotannins ) Glucosinolates Precursor to isothiocyanates Sinigrin Gluconasturtiin Glucoraphanin Aglycone derivatives Isothiocyanates Sulforaphane Allyl isothiocyanate Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Nitriles Thiocyanates Organosulfides Sulfides Polysulfides Diallyl disulfide Indoles Indole - 3 - carbinol 3 , 3 ' - Diindolylmethane Allicin Alliin Allyl isothiocyanate Piperine Syn - propanethial - S - oxide Betalains Betacyanins Betanin Betaxanthins Indicaxanthin Vulgaxanthin Chlorophylls Chlorophyllin Organic acids Saturated cyclic acids Phytic acid Quinic acid Oxalic acid Tartaric acid Anacardic acid Malic acid Caftaric acid Coutaric acid Fertaric acid Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Hexoses Pentoses Polysaccharides Beta - glucan Chitin Lentinan Fructan Inulins Lignin Pectin Misc : List of phytochemicals and foods in which they are prominent Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betalain&oldid=823343611 '' Categories : Natural dyes Food antioxidants Betalains Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 18 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the pigment found in beetroot cells | [
"Betalains are a class of red and yellow indole-derived pigments found in plants of the Caryophyllales, where they replace anthocyanin pigments. Betalains also occur in some higher order fungi.[1] They are most often noticeable in the petals of flowers, but may color the fruits, leaves, stems, and roots of plants that contain them. They include pigments such as those found in beets."
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"Betalains"
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2213248059534676963 | Willow Rosenberg | Willow Rosenberg - wikipedia Willow Rosenberg Willow Rosenberg Buffy the Vampire Slayer / Angel character Alyson Hannigan as Willow Rosenberg in 2001 First appearance `` Welcome to the Hellmouth '' ( 1997 ) Created by Joss Whedon Portrayed by Alyson Hannigan Information Affiliation Scooby Gang Angel Investigations ( ally ) Notable powers Powerful magical abilities Willow Danielle Rosenberg is a fictional character created for the fantasy television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997 -- 2003 ) . She was developed by Joss Whedon and portrayed throughout the TV series by Alyson Hannigan . Willow plays an integral role within the inner circle of friends -- called the Scooby Gang -- who support Buffy Summers , a teenager gifted with superhuman powers to defeat vampires , demons , and other evil in the fictional town of Sunnydale . The series begins as Buffy , Willow , and their friend Xander are in 10th grade and Willow is a shy , nerdy girl with little confidence . She has inherent magical abilities and begins to study witchcraft ; as the series progresses , Willow becomes more sure of herself and her magical powers become significant if inconsistent . Her dependence on magic becomes so consuming that it develops into a dark force that takes her on a redemptive journey in a major story arc when she becomes the sixth season 's main villain , threatening to destroy the world in a fit of grief and rage . The Buffy series became extremely popular and earned a devoted fanbase ; Willow 's intelligence , shy nature , and vulnerability often resounded strongly with viewers in early seasons . Of the core characters , Willow changes the most , becoming a complex portrayal of a woman whose powers force her to seek balance between what is best for the people she loves and what she is capable of doing . Her character stood out as a positive portrayal of a Jewish woman and at the height of her popularity , she fell in love with another woman , a witch named Tara Maclay . They became one of the first lesbian couples on U.S. television and one of the most positive relationships of the series . Despite not being a titular character , Willow Rosenberg holds the distinction of having the second largest number of appearances on episodes of Buffy and the spin - off series Angel . Alyson Hannigan appeared as Willow in all 144 episodes of Buffy , as well as guest appearances in three episodes of the spinoff Angel , for a total of 147 on screen appearances over the course of both series . She is also featured in an animated series and video game , both of which use Hannigan 's voice , and the comics Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight ( 2007 -- 2011 ) , Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine ( 2011 - 2013 ) , Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten ( 2014 - 2016 ) , and Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eleven ( 2016 - 2017 ) which use Hannigan 's likeness and continues Willow 's storyline following the television series . Contents 1 Character history 1.1 Pilot and casting 1.2 Television series ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 1.2. 1 Seasons 1 -- 3 1.2. 2 Seasons 4 -- 6 1.2. 3 Season 7 1.3 Comic series ( since 2007 ) 2 Identities 2.1 Vamp Willow 2.2 Dark Willow 3 Relationships 3.1 Oz 3.2 Tara Maclay 3.3 Kennedy 4 Cultural impact 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Citations 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading Character history ( edit ) Pilot and casting ( edit ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( often simplified as Buffy ) was originally conceived by Joss Whedon for a 1992 feature film . However , in its development Whedon felt it lost some of the quirkiness he considered was the heart of the project , and it was not received as well as he liked . He began to develop for television the concept of a fashion - conscious girl named Buffy , who is imbued with superhuman abilities and attends a high school situated on a portal to hell . Whedon created a group of friends for the main character , including Willow Rosenberg and Xander Harris . A half - hour pilot was filmed starring Riff Regan as Willow , but it was eventually left unaired and network executives requested that Regan be replaced . Willow 's character demanded that she be shy and unsure of herself , and the casting department encountered some difficulty finding actors who could portray this effectively and still be likable . After seven auditions , 23 - year - old Alyson Hannigan was hired for the role . She was chosen for being able to spin the character 's lines with a self - effacing optimism . She later stated in an interview , `` I did n't want to do Willow as someone who 's feeling sorry for herself . Especially in the first season , she could n't talk to guys , and nobody liked her . I was like , ' I do n't want to play somebody who 's down on herself . ' '' In the beginning of the series , Hannigan used her own experiences in high school -- which she called `` overwhelmingly depressing '' -- to guide her portrayal of Willow : `` My theory on high school was , get in , get out and hopefully I wo n't get hurt . Basically it was a miserable experience , because you 're a walking hormone in this place that is just so cruel . There were times that were OK , but it 's not the little myth that high school is the best years of your life . No way . '' Whedon intended Willow to be realistically introverted , saying , `` I wanted Willow to have that kind of insanely colorful interior life that truly shy people have . And Alyson has that . She definitely has a loopiness I found creeping into the way Willow talked , which was great . To an extent , all the actors conform to the way I write the character , but it really stands out in Willow 's case . '' Television series ( 1997 -- 2003 ) ( edit ) Seasons 1 -- 3 ( edit ) The Buffy television series first aired mid-season in March 1997 , almost immediately earning positive critical reviews . Willow is presented as a bookish nerd with considerable computer skills , dowdily dressed and easily intimidated by more popular girls in school . She grows faint at the sight of monsters , but quickly forms a friendship with Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) and is revealed to have grown up as friends with Xander ( Nicholas Brendon ) . They are mentored by the school librarian who is also Buffy 's Watcher , Rupert Giles ( Anthony Stewart Head ) , who often works closely with Willow in researching the various monsters the group encounters . Joss Whedon found that Hannigan was especially gifted reacting with fear ( calling her the `` king of pain '' ) and viewers responded strongly when she was placed in danger , needing to be rescued by Buffy . Willow in various predicaments became common in early episodes . However , Willow establishes herself as integral to the group 's effectiveness , often willing to break rules by hacking into highly secure computer systems . In the second season when the characters are in 11th grade , Willow becomes more sure of herself , standing up to the conceited Cordelia Chase ( Charisma Carpenter ) , and approaching Xander , on whom she has had a crush for years , although it is unrequited as Xander is in love with Buffy . Seth Green joined the cast during the second season as Oz , a high school senior who becomes a werewolf , and Willow 's primary romantic interest . The show 's popularity by early 1998 was evident to the cast members , and Hannigan remarked on her surprise specifically . Willow was noted to be the spirit of the Scooby Gang , and Hannigan attributed Willow 's popularity with viewers ( she had by May 1998 seven websites devoted to her ) to being an underdog who develops confidence and is accepted by Buffy , a strong , popular person in school . Hannigan described her appeal : `` Willow is the only reality - based character . She really is what a lot of high - schoolers are like , with that awkwardness and shyness , and all those adolescent feelings . '' At the end of the second season , Willow begins to study magic following the murder of the computer teacher and spell caster Jenny Calendar ( Robia LaMorte ) . Willow is able to perform a complicated spell to restore the soul of Angel , a vampire who is also Calendar 's murderer and Buffy 's boyfriend . During the third season three episodes explore Willow 's backstory and foreshadow her development . In `` Gingerbread '' , her home life is made clearer : Sunnydale falls under the spell of a demon who throws the town 's adults into a moral panic , and Willow 's mother is portrayed as a career - obsessed academic who is unable to communicate with her daughter , eventually trying to burn Willow at the stake for being involved in witchcraft ; her father is never featured . In `` The Wish '' a vengeance demon named Anya ( Emma Caulfield ) grants Cordelia 's wish that Buffy never came to Sunnydale , showing what would happen if it were overrun with vampires . In this alternate reality , Willow is an aggressively bisexual vampire . In a related episode , `` Doppelgangland '' , Willow meets `` Vamp Willow '' , who dresses provocatively and flirts with her . Seasons 4 -- 6 ( edit ) Willow chooses to attend college with Buffy in Sunnydale although she is accepted to prestigious schools elsewhere . Her relationships with Buffy and Xander become strained as they try to find their place following high school . Willow becomes much more confident in college , finally finding a place that respects her intellect , while Buffy has difficulty in classes and Xander does not attend school . Willow 's relationship with Oz continues until a female werewolf appears on the scene , aggressively pursuing him , and he leaves town to learn how to control the wolf within . She becomes depressed and explores magic more deeply , often with powerful but inconsistent results . She joins the campus Wicca group , meeting Tara Maclay , eventually falling in love with and choosing to be with her even when Oz returns to Sunnydale after apparently getting his lycanthropic tendencies under control . Each season the Scoobies face a villain they call the Big Bad . In the fifth season , this is a goddess named Glory ( Clare Kramer ) that Buffy is unable to fight by herself . The writers of the series often use elements of fantasy and horror as metaphors for real - life conflicts . The series ' use of magic , as noted by religion professor Gregory Stevenson , neither promotes nor denigrates Wiccan ideals and Willow rejects Wiccan colleagues for not practicing the magic she favors . Throughout the series , magic is employed to represent different ideas - -- relationships , sexuality , ostracism , power , and particularly for Willow , addiction - -- that change between episodes and seasons . The ethical judgment of magic , therefore , lies in the results : performing magic to meet selfish needs or neglecting to appreciate its power often ends disastrously . Using it wisely for altruistic reasons is considered a positive act on the series . Through witchcraft , Willow becomes the only member of the group to cause damage to Glory . She reveals that the spells she casts are physically demanding , giving her headaches and nosebleeds . When Glory assaults Tara , making her insane , Willow , in a magical rage that causes her eyes to turn black , finds Glory and battles her . She does not come from the battle unscathed ( after all , Glory is a goddess and Willow `` just '' a very powerful witch ) and must be assisted by Buffy , but her power is evident and surprising to her friends . The final episode of the fifth season sees Willow restoring Tara 's sanity and crucially weakening Glory in the process . It also features Buffy 's death , sacrificing herself to save the world . Willow and Tara move into the Summers house and raise Buffy 's younger sister Dawn ( Michelle Trachtenberg ) . Fearing that Buffy is in hell , Willow suggests at the beginning of the sixth season that she be raised from the dead . In a dark ceremony in which she expels a snake from her mouth , Willow performs the magic necessary to bring Buffy back . She is successful , but Buffy keeps it secret that she believes she was in heaven . Willow 's powers grow stronger ; she uses telepathy which her friends find intrusive , and she begins to cast spells to manipulate Tara . After Willow fails Tara 's challenge to go for one week without performing magic , Tara leaves her , and for two episodes Willow descends into addiction that almost gets Dawn killed . Willow goes for months without any magic , helping Buffy track three geeks called The Trio who grandiosely aspire to be supervillains . Immediately following Willow 's reconciliation with Tara , Warren ( Adam Busch ) , one of the Trio , shoots Buffy ; a stray shot kills Tara right in front of Willow . In an explosion of rage and grief , Willow soaks up all the dark magic she can , which turns her hair and eyes black . In the final episodes of the season Willow becomes exceedingly strong , surviving unharmed when Warren hits her in the back with an axe . She hunts Warren , tortures him by slowly pushing a bullet into his body , then kills him by magically flaying him . Unsatisfied , she attempts to kill the other two members of the Trio but is unsuccessful due to her weakening power . She solves this problem by killing her ' dealer ' from earlier in the season and draining him of his magic . When she is confronted by Buffy they begin to fight , only to be stopped by Giles who has borrowed magic from a coven of wiccans . Willow successfully drains him of this borrowed magic , fulfilling his plan and causing her to feel all the pain of everyone in the world . She tries to ease the pain by destroying the world , finally to be stopped by Xander . Season 7 ( edit ) The seventh season starts with Willow in England , unnerved by her power , studying with a coven near Giles ' home to harness it . She fears returning to Sunnydale and what she is capable of doing if she loses control again , a fear that dogs her the whole season . Buffy and the Scoobies face the First Evil , bent on ending the Slayer line and destroying the world . Potential Slayers from around the globe congregate at Buffy 's home and she trains them to battle the First Evil . Willow continues to face her grief over Tara 's death and , reluctantly , becomes involved with one of the Potentials , Kennedy ( Iyari Limon ) . In the final episode of the series , `` Chosen '' , Buffy calls upon Willow to perform the most powerful spell she has ever attempted . With Kennedy nearby , cautioned to kill her if she becomes out of control , Willow infuses every Potential Slayer in the world with the same powers Buffy and Faith have . The spell momentarily turns her hair white and makes her glow -- Kennedy calls her `` a goddess '' -- and it ensures that Buffy and the Potentials defeat the First Evil . Willow is able to escape with Buffy , Xander , Giles , and Kennedy as Sunnydale is destroyed . Through the gamut of changes Willow endures in the series , Buffy studies scholar Ian Shuttleworth states that Alyson Hannigan 's performances are the reason for Willow 's popularity : `` Hannigan can play on audience heartstrings like a concert harpist ... As an actress she is a perfect interpreter in particular of the bare emotional directness which is the specialty of ( series writer Marti ) Noxon on form . '' Comic series ( since 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight The one - shot comic cover of Willow : Goddesses and Monsters showing the character in an embrace with Aluwyn . Artwork by Jo Chen . Subsequent to Buffy 's television finale , Dark Horse Comics collaborated with Joss Whedon to produce a canonical comic book continuation of the series , Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight ( 2007 -- 11 ) , written by Whedon and many other writers from the television series . Unfettered by the practical limitations of casting or a television special effects budget , Season Eight explores more fantastic storylines , characters , and abilities for Willow . Willow 's cover art is done by Jo Chen , and Georges Jeanty and Karl Moline produce character artwork and provide alternative covers . It was followed by two closely interlinked sequels , Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine and Angel & Faith ( both 2012 -- 14 ) . Willow features at different times in both series , as well as in her own spin - off miniseries . Jeanty continues to provide Willow 's likeness in Season Nine , while Rebekah Isaacs and Brian Ching are the primary pencillers of Angel & Faith and Willow : Wonderland respectively . While Season Nine and Angel & Faith are substantially less fantastical in tone than Season Eight , Willow 's spin - off is high fantasy and focuses on her journey through magical alternate worlds . Willow appears to Buffy and Xander , who are in charge of thousands of Slayers , a year after the destruction of Sunnydale . Willow reveals a host of new abilities including being able to fly and absorbing others ' magic to deconstruct it . The Big Bad of Season Eight is a being named Twilight who is bent on destroying magic in the world . A one - shot comic dedicated to Willow 's story was released in 2009 titled Willow : Goddesses and Monsters . It explores the time she took away to discover more about her magical powers , under the tutelage of a half - woman half - snake demon named Aluwyn . Willow is still involved with Kennedy through Season Eight , but becomes intimate with Aluwyn while they are together . She also continues to deal with grief from Tara 's death , and struggles with the dark forces of magic that put her in opposition to Buffy . At the conclusion of the season , Buffy destroys an object , a seed , that is the source of the magic in the world , leaving Willow powerless . Whedon divulged that recovering her magical abilities will become Willow 's `` personal obsession '' in a miniseries where she will be the central character . Identities ( edit ) From the inception of Willow 's character in the first season , she is presented with contradictions . Bookish , rational , naive , and sometimes absent - minded , she is also shown being open to magic , aggressively boyish , and intensely focused . Willow is malleable , in continuous transition more so than any other Buffy character . She is , however , consistently labeled as dependable and reliable by the other characters and thus to the audience , making her appear to be stable . She is unsure of who she is ; despite all the tasks she takes on and excels at , for much of the series she has no identity . This is specifically exhibited in the fourth season finale `` Restless '' , an enigmatic pastiche of characters ' dream sequences . In Willow 's dream , she moves from an intimate moment painting a love poem by Sappho on Tara 's bare back , to attending the first day of drama class to learn that she is to be in a play performed immediately for which she does not know the lines or understand . The dream presents poignant anxieties about how she appears to others , not belonging , and the consequences of people finding out her true self . As Willow gives a book report in front of her high school class , she discovers herself wearing the same mousy outfit she wore in the first episode of the show ( `` Welcome to the Hellmouth '' ) as her friends and classmates shout derisively at her , and Oz and Tara whisper intimately to each other in the audience . She is attacked and strangled by the First Slayer as the class ignores her cries for help . Long a level - headed character who sacrifices her own desires for those of her friends , she gradually abandons these priorities to be more independent and please herself . She is often shown making choices that allow her to acquire power or knowledge and avoid emotional conflict . The story arc of Willow 's growing dependence on magic was noted by Marti Noxon as the representation of `` adult crossroads '' and Willow 's inability and unwillingness to be accountable for her own life . Willow enjoys power she is unable to control . She steals to accomplish her vocational goals and rationalizes her amoral behavior . This also manifests itself in a competitive streak and she accuses others who share their concerns that she uses magic for selfish purposes of being jealous . No longer the conscience of the Scooby Gang , Willow cedes this role to Tara then revels in breaking more rules . After Tara leaves Willow , Willow divulges to Buffy that she does not know who she is and doubts her worth and appeal -- specifically to Tara -- without magic . Contradicting the characterization of Willow 's issues with magic as addiction , Buffy essayist Jacqueline Lichtenberg writes `` Willow is not addicted to magic . Willow is addicted to the surging hope that this deed or the next or the next will finally assuage her inner pain . '' Vamp Willow ( edit ) Vamp Willow appears in the third season episodes `` The Wish '' and `` Doppelgangland '' . She is capricious and aggressive , the opposite of Willow 's usual nature ; her bad behavior so exaggerated that it does not instill fear into the viewer like other female vampires in the series , but indicates more about Willow 's personality . Shocked upon seeing her alter ego in `` Doppelgangland '' , Willow states `` That 's me as a vampire ? I 'm so evil and skanky . And I think I 'm kinda gay ! '' Angel is stopped by Buffy in telling the Scoobies that the vampire self carries many of the same attributes as the human self , at which Willow says that is nothing like her . Many Buffy fans saw this as a funny Easter egg when Willow revealed herself to actually be lesbian in later seasons . As surprised as Willow is with Vamp Willow , she feels bound to her , and does not have the heart to allow Buffy to kill her . Both Willows make the observation that `` this world 's no fun '' , before they send Vamp Willow back into the alternate dimension from which she came , whereupon she is staked and dies immediately . Dark Willow ( edit ) Willow transitions into Dark Willow in `` Villains '' , with Tara 's blood splattered on her neck ( 2002 ) A shadow of Dark Willow appears to fight Glory in the fifth season episode `` Tough Love '' , but she does not come into full force until the sixth season in `` Villains '' , `` Two to Go '' , and `` Grave '' . The transition from Willow into Dark Willow , precipitated by Tara 's immediate death when she is shot through the heart , was ambiguously received by audiences , many of whom never foresaw Willow 's psychic break . It was simultaneously lauded for being an overwhelming depiction of a powerful woman , and derided as representative of a worn cliché that lesbians are amoral and murderous . Dark Willow proved to be exceptionally more powerful than Buffy . She changes visually when she walks into the Magic Box , a store owned by Giles , telekinetically retrieves dozens of dark magic books from the shelves , and leeches the words from the pages with her fingertips . As the words crawl up her arms and soak into her skin , her eyes and hair become black and her posture `` aggressively aware and confident '' . Susan Driver writes that it is `` crucial to recognize that never before in a teen series has raw fury been so vividly explored through a young queer girl responding to the sudden death of her lover '' . Dark Willow is preternaturally focused on revenge , relentless and unstoppable . Lights explode when she walks past . She forcefully takes advantage of any opportunity to further her goals . She saves Buffy by removing the bullet from her chest , but later commandeers a tractor trailer , making it slam into Xander 's car while he and Buffy are inside protecting Jonathan and Andrew , the other two members of the Trio . She floats , flies , teleports and dismantles the local jail where Jonathan and Andrew are held . She is cruelly honest to Dawn and Buffy , and overpowers everyone with whom she comes in contact . When she takes Giles ' magic from him , she gains the ability to feel the world 's pain , becoming determined to put the world out of its misery . She does not acknowledge her grief , and only Xander can force her to face it when he tells her that he loves her no matter what or who she is , and if she is determined to end the world she must start by killing him . Only then does Willow return , sobbing . At Salon.com , Stephanie Zacharek writes that Dark Willow is `` far from being a cut - out angry lesbian , is more fleshed out , and more terrifyingly alive , than she has ever been before . More than any other character , she has driven the momentum of the past few episodes ; she very nearly drove it off a cliff . '' Several writers state that Willow 's transition into Dark Willow is inevitable , grounded in Willow 's self - hatred that had been festering from the first season . Both Dark Willow and even Willow herself state that Willow 's sacrifices for her friends and lack of assertiveness are her undoing . In `` Doppelgangland '' , Willow ( posing as Vampire Willow ) says `` It 's pathetic . She lets everyone walk all over her and gets cranky at her friends for no reason . '' In `` Two to Go '' , Dark Willow remarks `` Let me tell you something about Willow . She 's a loser . And she always has been . People picked on Willow ... and now Willow 's a junkie . '' Vamp Willow served as an indicator of what Willow is capable of ; immediately before she flays Warren in one violent magical flash , she uses the same line Vamp Willow used in the third season : `` Bored now . '' Following the sixth season , Willow struggles to allow herself to perform magic without the darkness within her taking her over . She is no longer able to abstain from magic as it is such an integral part of her that doing so will kill her . In the instances when she is highly emotional the darkness comes out . Willow must control that part of her and is occasionally unable to do so , giving her a trait similar to Angel , a cursed vampire who fears losing his soul will turn him evil . In a redemptive turn , when Willow turns all the Potentials into Slayers , she glows and her hair turns white , astonishing Kennedy and prompting her to call Willow a goddess . Relationships ( edit ) Willow 's earliest and most consistent relationships are with Buffy and Xander , both of whom she refers to as her best friends although they have their conflicts , and Giles as a father figure . Willow takes on the leadership role when Buffy is unavailable , and her growing powers sometimes make her resent being positioned as Buffy 's sidekick . Some scholars see Willow as Buffy 's sister - figure or the anti-Buffy , similar to Faith , another Slayer whose morals are less strict . In early seasons , Willow 's unrequited crush on Xander creates some storylines involving the relationships between Xander , Cordelia , and Oz . Willow is part of a powerful quartet : she represents the spirit , Giles intelligence , Xander heart , and Buffy strength of the Scoobies . Although they often drift apart , they are forced to come together and work in these roles to defeat forces they are unable to fight individually . Oz ( edit ) Main article : Oz ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) Willow meets stoic Oz in the second season . Their courtship is slow and patient . Oz is bitten by a werewolf , and just as Willow begins to confront him about why he does not spend time with her , he transforms and attacks her . She must shoot him with a tranquilizer gun several times while he is wild , but her assertiveness in doing so makes her more confident in their relationship . Oz 's trials in dealing with a power he can not control is , according to authors J. Michael Richardson and J. Douglas Rabb , a model for Willow to reference when she encounters her own attraction to evil . When Willow and Oz decide to commit to each other , Willow is enthusiastic that she has a boyfriend , and , as a guitarist in a band , one so cool . Her relationship with Oz endures the high school storylines of exploring her attraction to Xander , which briefly separates them . She worries that she is not as close to Oz as she could be . They stay together through graduation into college , but Oz is drawn to Veruca , another werewolf . He admits an animal attraction to Veruca , which he does not share with Willow . He sleeps with Veruca and leaves shortly after to explore the werewolf part of himself . Willow becomes very depressed and doubts herself . She drinks , her magical abilities are compromised , her spells come out wrong , and she lashes out at her friends when they suggest she get over it ( `` Something Blue '' ) . Joss Whedon did not intend to write Oz out of the series . Seth Green came to Whedon early in the fourth season to announce that he wished to work on his film career . Whedon admitted he was upset by Green 's announcement and that if he had wanted to continue , Oz would have been a part of the story . However , to resolve the relationship between Oz and Willow Whedon says , `` we had to scramble . And out of the heavens came Amber Benson . '' Tara Maclay ( edit ) Main article : Tara Maclay Willow and Tara 's first on - screen kiss did not occur until the fifth season episode `` The Body '' in a story that diverted attention away from the display . Buffy earned international attention for its unflinching focus on the relationship between Willow and Tara Maclay . Whedon and the writing staff had been considering developing a story arc in which a character explores his or her sexuality as the Scoobies left high school , but no particular effort was made to assign this arc to Willow . In 1999 , at the end of the third season , the Boston Herald called Buffy `` the most gay show on network TV this year '' despite having no overtly gay characters among the core cast . It simply presented storylines that resembled coming out stories . In the fourth season episode `` Hush '' , Willow meets Tara , and to avoid being killed by a group of ghouls , they join hands to move a large vending machine telekinetically to barricade a door . The scene was , upon completion , noticeably sensual to Whedon , the producers , and network executives , who encouraged Whedon to develop a romantic storyline between Willow and Tara , but at the same time placed barriers on how far it could go and what could be shown . Two episodes later , Hannigan and Amber Benson were informed that their characters would become romantically involved . The actors were not told the end result of the Willow -- Oz -- Tara storyline , not sure what the eventual trajectory of the relationship would be , until Hannigan said , `` Then finally it was , ' Great ! It 's official . We 're in luurrvvve . ' '' Whedon made a conscious effort to focus on Willow and Tara 's relationship instead of either 's identity as a lesbian or the coming out process . When Willow discloses to Buffy what she feels for Tara , she indicates that she has fallen in love with Tara , not that she is a lesbian , and avoids categorizing herself . Some critics regard this as a failure on Willow 's part to be strong ; Em McAvan interprets this to mean that Willow may be bisexual . Scholar Farah Mendlesohn asserts that Willow 's realization that she is in love with Tara allows viewers to re-interpret Willow 's relationship with Buffy ; in the first three seasons , Willow is often disappointed that she is not a higher priority to Buffy , and even after Willow enters a relationship with Tara , still desires to feel integral to Buffy 's cause and the Scooby Gang . Willow 's progression has been noted to be unique in television . Her relationship with Tara coincides with the development of her magical abilities becoming much more profound . By the seventh season , she is the most powerful person in Buffy 's circle . Jessica Ford at PopMatters asserts that Willow 's sexuality and her magical abilities are connected and represented by her relationships . In her unrequited attraction to Xander , she has no power . With Oz , she has some that gives her the confidence she sorely lacks , but his departure leaves her unsure of herself . Only when she meets Tara do her magical abilities flourish ; to Ford , sexuality and magic are both empowering agents in Willow 's story arc . David Bianculli in the New York Daily News writes that Willow 's progression is `` unlike anything else I can recall on regular prime - time television : a character evolving naturally over four seasons of stories and arriving at a place of sexual rediscovery '' . Not all viewers considered Willow and Tara 's relationship a positive development . Some fans loyal to Willow reacted angrily as she chose to be with Tara when Oz made himself available , and they lashed out at Tara and Amber Benson on the fansite message boards . Whedon replied sardonically , `` we 're going to shift away from this whole lifestyle choice that Willow has made . Just wipe the slate . From now on , Willow will no longer be a Jew . And I think we can all breathe easier . '' However , he seriously explained his motivation , writing `` My show is about emotion . Love is the most powerful , messy , delightful and dangerous emotion ... Willow 's in love . I think it 's cool . '' Hannigan was also positive about the way the character and her relationship with Tara was written : `` It is not about being controversial or making a statement . I think the show is handling it really nicely . It 's about two people who care about each other . '' Contrasting with some of the more sexual relationships of the other characters , Willow and Tara demonstrate a sentimental , soft , and consistent affection for each other . Some of this was pragmatic : the show was restricted in what it could present to viewers . Willow and Tara did not kiss until the fifth season in an episode that diverted the focus away from the display of affection when Buffy 's mother dies in `` The Body '' . Before this , much of their sexuality is represented by allusions to witchcraft ; spells doubled for physical affection such as an erotic ritual in `` Who Are You ? '' where Willow and Tara chant and perspire in a circle of light until Willow falls back on a pillow gasping and moaning . Within the Buffy universe , magic is portrayed in a mostly female realm . As opposed to it being evil , it is an earth - bound force that is most proficiently harvested by women . The treatment of the lesbian relationship as integral to magic , representative of each other ( love is magic , magic is love ) , earned the series some critical commentary from conservative Christians . To avoid large - scale criticism , scenes had to be shot several different ways because censors would not allow some types of action on screen . In the fourth and fifth seasons , the characters could be shown on a bed , but not under the covers . Hannigan noted the inconsistent standards with the other relationships on the show : `` you 've got Spike and Harmony just going at it like rabbits , so it 's very hypocritical '' . As a couple , Willow and Tara are treated by the rest of the Scoobies with acceptance and little fanfare . Susan Driver writes that younger viewers especially appreciate that Willow and Tara are able to be affectionate without becoming overly sexual , thus making them objects of fantasy for male enjoyment . Willow and Tara 's influence on specifically younger female viewers is , according to Driver , `` remarkable '' . Academics , however , comment that Willow is a less sexual character than the others in the show . She is displayed as `` cuddly '' in earlier seasons , often dressing in pink fuzzy sweaters resulting in an innocent tomboyishness . She becomes more feminine in her relationship with Tara , who is already feminine ; no issues with gender are present in their union . Their relationship is sanitized and unthreatening to male viewers . When the series moved broadcast networks from the WB to UPN in 2001 , some of the restrictions were relaxed . Willow and Tara are shown in some scenes to be `` intensely sexual '' , such as in the sixth season episode `` Once More , with Feeling '' where it is visually implied that Willow performs cunnilingus on Tara . When Willow and Tara reconcile , they spend part of the episode in `` Seeing Red '' unclothed in bed , covered by red sheets . Willow is more demonstrative in the beginning of her relationship with Tara . Where in her relationship with Oz she described herself as belonging to him , Tara states that she belongs to Willow . Willow finds in Tara a place where she can be the focus of Tara 's attention , not having to appease or sacrifice as she has in the past . Tara , however , eclipses Willow 's role as the moral center of the Scoobies , and as Willow becomes more powerful and less ethical , Tara becomes a maternal figure for the group . Willow acts as a sort of middle child between Xander 's immaturity and Buffy 's weighty responsibilities . She becomes completely devoted to and enamored of Tara , and then manipulates her to avoid conflict when Tara does not conform to what she wants . Displeased with how Willow abuses her power , especially toward herself , Tara leaves Willow while continuing to counsel Dawn and Buffy . Long after Tara 's death , Willow faces the choices she made : in the Season Eight episode `` Anywhere But Here '' , Willow tells Buffy that she is responsible for Tara 's death . Her ambition to bring back Buffy from the dead inevitably led to Tara getting shot and killed . In the one - shot comic , Willow is offered Tara as a guide for her mystical path to understanding her own powers , but rejects her as being an illusion , too much of a comfort , and not a guide who will force her to grow . She begins a relationship with Kennedy . Kennedy ( edit ) Main article : Kennedy ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) Following protests angry about the death of Tara , Whedon and the writing team made a decision to keep Willow gay . In 2002 , he told The Advocate about the possibility of Willow having a relationship with a man , `` We do that now , and we will be burned alive . And possibly justifiably . We ca n't have Willow say , ' Oh , cured now , I can go back to cock ! ' Willow is not going to be straddling that particular fence . She will just be gay . '' Kennedy is markedly different from Tara . She is younger , outspoken , and aggressively pursues Willow , who hesitates to become involved again . When they first kiss in the episode `` The Killer in Me '' , Willow 's realization that she let Tara go reacts with a curse put upon her by another witch named Amy Madison ( Elizabeth Anne Allen ) , turning Willow into Warren , Tara 's murderer . The spell is broken when Willow acknowledges her guilt and Kennedy kisses her again . Kennedy expresses that she does not understand the value of magic and assumes it involves tricks , not the all - consuming energy that Willow is capable of . When Willow eventually exhibits what power she has , it briefly frightens Kennedy . Willow worries about becoming sexually intimate with Kennedy , unsure of what may transpire if she loses control of herself . In season 7 episode 20 , `` Touched '' , in which practically all the main cast has sex ( two by two ) Willow and Kennedy take part in the first lesbian sex scene on primetime television . In Season Eight , Kennedy and Willow are still romantically involved , but separated during Willow 's self - exploration . Unlike her relationship with Tara , Willow is able to hold a separate identity while with Kennedy . When she realizes her powers have gone at the end of Season Eight , however , Willow ends her relationship with Kennedy , saying that there is someone else Willow is in love with , who she will never see again . Kennedy 's role split many Buffy fans into two groups . Many viewers hated Kennedy , because they saw her as a way of saying ; `` Tara 's dead , let 's move on . '' and they were n't ready to . After the emotional death of Tara and Willow 's reaction ( nearly ending all life on Earth ) many fans thought that it was ridiculous for Willow to recover and move on so quickly . Kennedy overall , has received much hate , but there is the other side who say that she was exactly what Willow needed to recover and continue a happy life . Cultural impact ( edit ) Willow Rosenberg is undoubtedly the most complexly represented girl in love and lust with other girls to be developed within a mainstream network television series . Susan Driver in Queer Girls and Popular Culture Willow 's religion and sexuality have made her a role model for audiences . Whedon , however , has compared her Jewish identity to her sexuality , stating that they are rarely made a significant focus of the show . Willow at times reminds the other characters of her religion , wondering what her father might think of the crucifixes she must apply to her bedroom wall to keep out vampires , and commenting that Santa Claus misses her house every Christmas because of the `` big honkin ' menorah '' . Buffy essayist Matthew Pateman criticizes the show for presenting Willow 's Jewish identity only when it opposes Christian declarations of holidays and other traditions . The New York Times , however , named her as a positive example of a depiction of a Jewish woman , who stood out among portrayals of Jews as harsh , unfeminine , and shallow . Producer Gail Berman states that as a Jew , Willow `` handles herself just fine , thank you '' . In Queer Girls and Popular Culture , Susan Driver states that television ascribes to viewers what lesbians look and act like , and that realistic portrayals of girls outside the norm of white , upper or middle class , and heterosexual are extremely rare . Realistic depictions of lesbians are so rare that they become strong role models and enable `` hope and imagination '' for girls limited by the conditions of their immediate surroundings , who may know of no other gay people . The time and space given to Willow to go from being a shy scared girl into a confident woman who falls in love with another woman is , as of 2007 , unique in television ; it does not occur in one flash or single moment . It is a progression that defies strict definition . Manda Scott in The Herald states that Willow 's lack of panic or self - doubt when she realizes she is in love with Tara makes her `` the best role model a teen could ask for '' . When viewers realized that Willow was falling in love with Tara , Whedon remembered that some threatened to boycott the show , complaining `` You made Willow a fag '' , to which he responded , `` Bye . We 'll miss you a whole lot . '' However , he also said , `` For every ( negative ) post , there 's somebody saying , ' You made my life a lot easier because I now have someone I can relate to on screen ' . '' Gay characters had been portrayed before on television , and at the time the popular sitcom Will & Grace was on the air . Lesbian - themed HBO special If These Walls Could Talk 2 won an Emmy . Twenty - three television shows depicted a gay character of some kind in 2000 . However , these other characters were mostly desexualized , none were partnered or shown consistently affectionate towards the same person . Willow and Tara 's relationship became the first long - term lesbian relationship on U.S. television . Jane magazine hailed Willow and Tara as a bold representation of gay relationship , remarking that `` they hold hands , slow - dance and lay in bed at night . You wo n't find that kind of normalcy on Will and Grace . '' Despite Whedon 's intentions of not making Buffy about overcoming issues , he said Willow 's exploration of her sexuality `` turned out to be one of the most important things we 've done on the show '' . Although the show 's writers and producers received a minimal negative reaction from Willow choosing Tara over Oz , the response from viewers and critics alike was overwhelming towards Whedon for killing Tara , accusing him of homophobia . Particularly because Tara 's death came at a point where Willow and Tara had reconciled and were shown following an apparent sexual encounter , the writers were criticized for representing the consequences of lesbian sex as punishable by death . Series writer and producer Marti Noxon -- whose mother fell in love with another woman when Noxon was 13 years old -- was unable to read some of the mail the writing team received because it was so upsetting . To her , the pain expressed in viewers ' letters was a logical reaction to the lack of realistic lesbian role models on television . Willow 's cultural impact has been noted in several other ways . Patrick Krug , a biologist at California State University , Los Angeles named a sea slug with traits of sexual flexibility Alderia willowi partly for his grandmother and partly after Willow 's character . Willow was included in AfterEllen.com 's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters , ranking at No. 7 . She was also ranked No. 12 in their Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . UGO.com named her one of the best TV nerds . AOL also listed her as the # 1 TV witch of all time , and one of the 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters . See also ( edit ) Television portal Fictional characters portal Willow & Tara ( Buffy comic ) Wicked Willow trilogy Unnatural Selection ( Buffy novel ) Deep Water ( Buffy novel ) Apocalypse Memories Homosexuality in speculative fiction Queer horror Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The lines are in Greek addressed to Aphrodite , translated as `` I beg you , do n't overcome my spirit with pain and care , mistress '' , foreshadowing Willow 's conflict between her devotion to Tara and her addiction to magic ( Battis ) . Jump up ^ Buffy scholar Edwina Bartlem asserts that many of the sexual relationships on Buffy are symbolized . Willow and Tara 's tend to be represented by otherworldly passion , `` disembodied and spiritual '' . ( Barlem , Edwina ( 2003 ) . `` Coming out on a Mouth of Hell '' , Refractory : a Journal of Entertainment Media , 2 , p. 16 . ) Hannigan noted in an interview , `` Obviously during a couple spells they are so fucking . I was like , ' This is n't a spell -- this is just the sex you ca n't get away with on television . ' `` ( Epstein , Jeffrey ( August 2001 ) `` Alyson 's Wonderland '' , Out , 10 ( 2 ) , pp. 46 -- 53 . ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( January 18 , 1998 ) . `` Cool and Complicated Creator of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Shaking up Plots so as Not to Hit the Same Beats '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , p . G - 2 . Jump up ^ Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Complete Fifth Season ; `` Casting Buffy '' Featurette. ( 2008 ) ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Bonka , Larry ( January 12 , 1998 ) . Buffymania Sweeps the Land as Ultra-cool Kids Conquer the Un-dead `` , The Virginian - Pilot and The Ledger - Star , ( Norfolk , VA ) , p . E1 ^ Jump up to : Cox , Ted ( May 11 , 1999 ) . `` Hannigan 's Willow becomes a favorite of ' Buffy ' fans '' , Chicago Daily Herald , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( September 22 , 1997 ) . `` Teen Life , with a Macabre Twist '' . The Cleveland Plain Dealer , p. 5E . ^ Jump up to : Mason , Charlie ( May 16 , 1998 ) . `` Beyond the Impaled Blossoming Wallflower 's Appeal is Play to ' Vampire ' Buffs '' , Times - Picayune , p . E1 . Jump up ^ Stafford , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Grahnke , Lon ( March 10 , 1997 ) . `` Biting satire : ' Buffy , ' a sly new series , raises the stakes '' , The Chicago Sun - Times , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Okamoto , David ( March 10 , 1997 ) . `` Transylvania , 90210 : ' Buffy ' is back with bite in stylish new WB series '' , The Dallas Morning News , p. 15A . Jump up ^ Whedon , Joss ( 2008 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Complete First Season ; `` DVD Commentary for `` Welcome to the Hellmouth '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Jowett , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Golden and Holder , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Rohan , Virginia ( February 23 , 1999 ) . `` The Dark Side of the Good Friend '' , The Record , p . Y01 . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Christine ; Burr , Viv ( 2005 ) . `` ' Friends are the family we choose for ourselves : Young people and families in the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer '' , Nordic Journal of Youth Research , 13 ( 3 ) , pp. 269 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , pp. 284 -- 286 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , pp. 287 -- 291 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , pp. 128 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , pp. 293 -- 295 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , pp. 295 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , pp. 300 -- 304 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Interview with Buffy creator Joss Whedon 3 / 26 / 07 , Dark Horse Comics . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Vary , Adam ( January 19 , 2011 ) . Joss Whedon talks about the end of the ' Buffy the Vampire Slayer ' Season 8 comic , and the future of Season 9 -- EXCLUSIVE , Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved on January 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Glendening , Daniel ( November 30 , 2012 ) . Allie discusses Willow 's quest to bring magic back to the Buffyverse , Comic Book Resources . Retrieved on December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stafford , pp. 367 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Whedon , Joss ; Moline , Karl ( December 2009 ) . Willow : Goddesses and Monsters , Dark Horse Comics . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( December 10 , 2010 ) . Behind Buffy Season 8 : `` Last Gleaming '' , Comic Book Resources . Retrieved on January 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Battis , Jes ( 2003 ) . `` She 's Not All Grown Yet '' : Willow as Hybrid / Hero in Buffy the Vampire Slayer . '' Archived 2011 - 07 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . The Online International Journal of Buffy Studies , 8 . Retrieved on August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ South , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Driver , pp. 67 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Stafford , pp. 244 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Richardson and Rabb , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Stevenson , pp. 181 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Yeffeth , p. 131 . Jump up ^ South , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Jowett , pp. 80 -- 82 . ^ Jump up to : Mangels , Andy ( August 20 , 2002 ) . `` Lesbian sex = death ? '' , The Advocate , 869 / 870 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Barlem , Edwina ( 2003 ) . `` Coming out on a Mouth of Hell '' , Refractory : a Journal of Entertainment Media , 2 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Driver , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Driver , p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` Two to Go '' . Buffy the Vampire Slayer . BUFFY : Willow 's got an addictive personality , and she just tasted blood . She could be there already . ANYA : No . She could n't , a witch at her level . She can only go airborne . ( they stop walking and look at her ) It 's a thing . More flashy , impresses the locals , but it does take longer . XANDER : Longer than what ? ANYA : Teleporting . Jump up ^ Ruditis , pp. 145 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( May 22 , 2002 ) . Willow , destroyer of worlds , Salon.com . Retrieved on August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yeffeth , p. 132 . ^ Jump up to : South , p. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Jowett , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Jowett , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Wilcox and Lavery , pp. 46 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Richardson and Rabb , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Richardson and Rabb , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Jowett , pp. 124 -- 127 . Jump up ^ South , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Stafford , pp. 15 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( May 18 , 1999 ) . `` Television ; ' Buffy ' promises finale with bite and takes high - stakes gamble '' , The Boston Herald , p. 44 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Writer and producer Joss Whedon discusses his career and his latest show , ' Buffy the Vampire Slayer ' '' , Fresh Air , National Public Radio ( May 9 , 2000 ) . ^ Jump up to : McDaniel , Mike ( May 16 , 2000 ) . `` Coming Out on ' Buffy ' : Willow discovers she 's attracted to another woman , Tara '' , Houston Chronicle , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Stafford , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Driver , p. 74 . Jump up ^ McAvan , Em ( 2007 ) . `` I Think I 'm Kinda Gay '' : Willow Rosenberg and the Absent / Present Bisexual in Buffy the Vampire Slayer Archived 2011 - 07 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Slayage Online : The Online International Journal of Buffy Studies . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lavery and Wilcox , pp. 45 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Jessica ( March 10 , 2011 ) . Coming Out of the Broom Closet : Willow 's Sexuality and Empowerment in ' Buffy ' . PopMatters . Retrieved on March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bianculli , David ( May 2 , 2000 ) . `` Buffy Character Follows Her Bliss '' , New York Daily News , p. 77 . Jump up ^ `` Star stakes out Sydney '' , Sunday Telegraph ( November 5 , 2000 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Dudley , Jennifer ( November 16 , 2000 ) . `` Charmed , I 'm Sure '' , Courier Mail ( Brisbane , Australia ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Driver , p. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Jowett , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Wilcox and Lavery , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Jowett , p. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Kaveney , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Ruditis , pp. 205 -- 229 . Jump up ^ `` '' Buffy '' to Show First Lesbian Sex Scene on Broadcast TV `` . AfterEllen.com . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Hill , Shawn ( January 24 , 2011 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer # 40 , Comics Bulletin . Retrieved on January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Driver , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Jowett , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Pateman , Matthew ( 2007 ) . `` ' That Was Nifty ' : Willow Rosenberg Saves the World in Buffy the Vampire Slayer '' , Shofar : An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies , 25 ( 4 ) . pp. 64 - 77 . Jump up ^ Hannania , Joseph ( March 7 , 1999 ) . `` Playing Princesses , Punishers and Prudes '' , The New York Times , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Driver , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Scott , Manda ( August 17 , 2002 ) . `` If the Buffy generation turns out an excess of teenage dykes , I 'll be happy but surprised '' , The Herald , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Epstein , Jeffrey ( August 2001 ) `` Alyson 's Wonderland '' , Out , 10 ( 2 ) , pp. 46 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( November 11 , 2000 ) . `` Ellen 's children : No doubt , this is the Year of the Queer , with an unprecedented 23 prime - time programs featuring homosexual characters . '' , National Post , p . W06 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Bill ( 3 January 2001 ) . `` Magazine Hails Gutsy Gals who ' Bold ' Us Over '' . New York Post . p. 3 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Variable Larval Development Modes ( poecilogony ) , California State University , Los Angeles Krug Labs . Retrieved on August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Lesbian and Bisexual Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . March 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AfterEllen. com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters '' . AfterEllen.com . February 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Nerds '' . UGO Networks . March 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Potts , Kim ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` 100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters '' . AOL TV . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Driver Susan ( 2007 ) . Queer Girls and Popular Culture : Reading , Resisting , and Creating Media , Peter Lang . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 7936 - 5 Golden , Christopher ; Holder , Nancy ( 1998 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Watcher 's Guide , Volume 1 , Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 02433 - 7 Jowett , Lorna ( 2005 ) . Sex and the Slayer : A Gender Studies Primer for the Buffy Fan , Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6758 - 1 Kaveney , Roz ( ed . ) ( 2004 ) . Reading the Vampire Slayer : The New , Updated , Unofficial Guide to Buffy and Angel , Tauris Parke Paperbacks . ISBN 1 - 4175 - 2192 - 9 Richardson , J. Michael ; Rabb , J. Douglas ( 2007 ) . The Existential Joss Whedon : Evil and Human Freedom in Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Angel , Firefly and Serenity , McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2781 - 7 Ruditis , Paul ( 2004 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Watcher 's Guide , Volume 3 , Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 689 - 86984 - 3 South , James ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Philosophy : Fear and Trembling in Sunnydale , Open Court Books . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9531 - 3 Stafford , Nikki ( 2007 ) . Bite Me ! The Unofficial Guide to Buffy the Vampire Slayer , ECW Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 807 - 6 Stevenson , Gregory ( 2003 ) . Televised Morality : The Case of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Hamilton Books . ISBN 0 - 7618 - 2833 - 8 Waggoner , Erin ( 2010 ) . Sexual Rhetoric in the Works of Joss Whedon : New Essays , McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 4750 - 8 Wilcox , Rhonda ( 2005 ) . Why Buffy Matters : The Art of Buffy the Vampire Slayer , I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 029 - 3 Wilcox , Rhonda and Lavery , David ( eds . ) ( 2002 ) . Fighting the Forces : What 's at Stake in Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Rowman and Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1681 - 4 Yeffeth , Glenn ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . Seven Seasons of Buffy : Science Fiction and Fantasy Authors Discuss Their Favorite Television Show , Benbella Books . ISBN 1 - 932100 - 08 - 3 Further reading ( edit ) The Death of Tara , the Fall of Willow and The Dead / Evil Lesbian Cliché FAQ Buffy the Vampire Slayer Canon Index Joss Whedon Awards Series Film Television Episodes Unaired pilot Season 1 5 6 7 Comics Season Eight Nine Ten Eleven Twelve Characters Main Buffy Xander Willow Cordelia Giles Angel Oz Spike Riley Anya Dawn Tara Recurring Joyce Harmony Jenny Snyder Jonathan Faith Wesley Halfrek Andrew Robin Kennedy Satsu Fray Villains Main The Master Angelus The Mayor Adam Glory Dark Willow The First Twilight Severin D'Hoffryn Other Darla Anointed One Amy Spike Drusilla Bringers Walsh The Initiative Warren The Trio Turok - Han Caleb Simone Doffler Universe Big Bads Vengeance demons Hellmouth Monsters Old Ones Scooby Gang Slayers Locations Sunnydale Summers Residence Vampire Watcher Werewolf Witch Spin - offs Angel Fray Tales of the Slayers Tales of the Vampires Undeveloped spinoffs Buffy : The Animated Series Other media Card game High School yearbook Home video Guidebooks Magazines Music Novels Role - playing games Video games Related articles Academia In popular culture Fan productions Cast and crew Filming locations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willow_Rosenberg&oldid=866525341 '' Categories : Angel ( TV series ) characters Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Buffyverse characters who use magic Buffyverse witches Female characters in comics Female characters in television Fictional American Jews Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional college students Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional hackers Fictional lesbians Fictional murderers Fictional telekinetics Fictional telepaths Fictional vampire hunters LGBT characters in comics Fictional LGBT characters in television Magic in comics Teenage characters in television Television sidekicks Witchcraft in television Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Français Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does willow become a witch in buffy the vampire slayer | [
"At the end of the second season, Willow begins to study magic following the murder of the computer teacher and spell caster Jenny Calendar (Robia LaMorte). Willow is able to perform a complicated spell to restore the soul of Angel, a vampire who is also Calendar's murderer and Buffy's boyfriend. During the third season three episodes explore Willow's backstory and foreshadow her development. In \"Gingerbread\", her home life is made clearer: Sunnydale falls under the spell of a demon who throws the town's adults into a moral panic, and Willow's mother is portrayed as a career-obsessed academic who is unable to communicate with her daughter, eventually trying to burn Willow at the stake for being involved in witchcraft;[14] her father is never featured. In \"The Wish\" a vengeance demon named Anya (Emma Caulfield) grants Cordelia's wish that Buffy never came to Sunnydale, showing what would happen if it were overrun with vampires. In this alternate reality, Willow is an aggressively bisexual vampire. In a related episode, \"Doppelgangland\", Willow meets \"Vamp Willow\", who dresses provocatively and flirts with her.[15]\n"
] | [
"At the end of the second season"
] |
-7354490628098958265 | One Tree Hill (season 3) | One Tree Hill ( season 3 ) - wikipedia One Tree Hill ( season 3 ) One Tree Hill ( season 3 ) One Tree Hill Season 3 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network The WB Original release October 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 05 ) -- May 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 Next → Season 4 List of One Tree Hill episodes The third season of One Tree Hill , an American teen drama television series , began airing on October 5 , 2005 . The season concluded on May 3 , 2006 , after 22 episodes . It is the final season that aired on The WB television network . Season three dipped in ratings , averaging 2.8 million viewers weekly . Contents 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Regular 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest Cast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 DVD release 6 References Overview ( edit ) This season focuses on the first half of senior year at Tree Hill High School . Starting three months after the second season finale , Haley returns to Tree Hill and tries to save her marriage with Nathan . Peyton gets to know her birth mother . Lucas and Brooke begin a relationship . Keith and Karen get engaged . Nathan patches things up with Lucas , while Mouth begins a complicated relationship with newcomer Rachel , who also spreads a lot of drama through the core characters . After a shooting at the school things between Lucas and Peyton heat up despite Peyton 's proposal to Jake . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill characters Regular ( edit ) Chad Michael Murray as Lucas Scott ( 21 episodes ) James Lafferty as Nathan Scott ( 22 episodes ) Hilarie Burton as Peyton Sawyer ( 22 episodes ) Bethany Joy Galeotti as Haley James Scott ( 22 episodes ) Paul Johansson as Dan Scott ( 20 episodes ) Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis ( 22 episodes ) Barbara Alyn Woods as Deb Scott ( 13 episodes ) Lee Norris as Mouth McFadden ( 18 episodes ) Barry Corbin as Whitey Durham ( 12 episodes ) Craig Sheffer as Keith Scott ( 6 episodes ) Moira Kelly as Karen Roe ( 20 episodes ) Recurring ( edit ) Danneel Harris as Rachel Gatina ( 19 episodes ) Bevin Prince as Bevin Mirskey ( 16 episodes ) Tyler Hilton as Chris Keller ( 12 episodes ) Sheryl Lee as Ellie Harp ( 8 episodes ) Vaughn Wilson as Fergie Thompson ( 7 episodes ) Antwon Tanner as Antwon `` Skills '' Taylor ( 7 episodes ) Cullen Moss as Junk Moretti ( 6 episodes ) Kevin Kilner as Larry Sawyer ( 6 episodes ) Brett Claywell as Tim Smith ( 5 episodes ) Kelsey Chow as Gigi Silveri ( 5 episodes ) Shawn Shepard as Principal Turner ( 4 episodes ) Guest Cast ( edit ) Michael Trucco as Cooper Lee ( 3 episodes ) Bryan Greenberg as Jake Jagielski ( 3 episodes ) Colin Fickes as Jimmy Edwards ( 2 episodes ) Amber Wallace as Glenda Farrell ( 1 episode ) Allison Scagliotti as Abigail `` Abby '' Brown ( 1 episode ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of One Tree Hill episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Like You Like an Arsonist '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn October 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 05 ) 2T6151 3.46 In the third season premiere , we finally discover Dan 's fate after the fire . In addition to the situation with his father , Nathan also has to deal with Haley 's reappearance in Tree Hill and the future of their relationship . Peyton tries to find the truth about the mysterious woman claiming to be her mother . Lucas looks forward to Brooke 's return after a summer apart . This episode is named after a song by Paris , Texas . 47 `` From the Edge of the Deep Green Sea '' Kevin Dowling Mark Schwahn October 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 12 ) 2T6152 3.12 Brooke has an end of the summer party on the beach . Nathan is home from basketball camp . Lucas deals with Brooke 's rules for non-exclusive dating . Brooke ends up having a ball with many guys whereas Lucas spends the night alone and then tells Brooke that he is the one for her , which marks the beginning of his mission to become exclusive . Peyton deals with family issues , by confronting her mom about her drug problem , after Lucas witnesses her buying . Haley tries to tell Nathan how she feels , however he is not ready for a relationship yet and is still angry with her . This episode is named after a song by The Cure . 48 `` First Day on a Brand New Planet '' Billy Dickson Terrence Coli October 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 19 ) 2T6153 3.12 It 's the first day of senior year for the Tree Hill gang . Lucas tells Dan he saved his life . Peyton discovers Ellie 's secret . Nathan tells Haley he 's considering a divorce . Dan accuses several people of starting the dealership fire and tries to get Whitey replaced as Ravens coach . This episode is named after a song by the band Jesse James . 49 `` An Attempt to Tip the Scales '' Janice Cooke Stacy Rukeyser October 26 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 26 ) 2T6154 3.36 It 's Halloween in Tree Hill and everybody 's celebrating at TRIC , with special guest band Fall Out Boy . The masquerade ball gives Haley the chance to win Nathan back , while Lucas keeps trying to convince Brooke to be exclusive . Peyton decides to face her new mother and get to know her . Dan tries to use blackmail to become mayor but things do n't turn out the way he thought they would when Deb gets in his way . This episode is named after a song by Bright Eyes . 50 5 `` A Multitude of Casualties '' Thomas J. Wright R. Lee Fleming , Jr November 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 02 ) 2T6155 3.03 The Ravens begin basketball practice . New team captain Nathan clashes with Lucas over Haley , and a new cheerleader named Rachel Gatina sets her sights on Lucas . Dan 's mayoral bid takes a surprising turn when an unlikely opponent emerges in Karen . This episode is named after a song by The Hold Steady . 51 6 `` Locked Hearts & Hand Grenades '' Marita Grabiak James Stoteraux and Chad Fiveash November 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 09 ) 2T6156 3.42 Brooke starts a `` Fantasy Boy Draft '' , after the cheerleaders start fighting over the same guys . Haley and Peyton continue to argue about Nathan . Dan butts heads with Karen as the election draws nearer . Lucas tries to keep up with the fast pace of basketball . This episode is named after a song by Plan A Project . 52 7 `` Champagne for My Real Friends , Real Pain for My Sham Friends '' Paul Johansson Mark Schwahn November 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 16 ) 2T6157 3.52 The fantasy draft dates begin , Lucas finds himself with Rachel and a very familiar setting . Brooke is on a double date with a surprising person and a surprising couple . Skills goes to Bevin 's house for the night , but is n't quite interested in what she has in mind . Mouth and Peyton hang out . Karen and Deb take the campaigning for mayor to a new level , to bring down Dan . Nathan gets mad when Chris gets close to Haley . This episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy . 53 8 `` The Worst Day Since Yesterday '' John Asher Mike Herro & David Strauss November 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 30 ) 2T6158 3.41 As the town readies for the Ravens ' first basketball game , Lucas worries that his head and heart are n't in it . Nathan accuses Lucas of being the Ravens ' weak link . Peyton and Haley mend fences to support Brooke in her time of need . When the mayoral race tightens , Dan resorts to a smear campaign . This episode is named after a song by Flogging Molly . 54 9 `` How a Resurrection Really Feels '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn December 7 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 07 ) 2T6159 3.33 It is revealed that Lucas knows who tried to kill Dan and he confronts the guilty party . Brooke , Peyton and Haley find themselves behind bars . Peyton is annoyed by the presence of her guilty conscience . Chris Keller convinces Nathan to be his wingman at a cash poker game . The residents of Tree Hill finally choose a mayor . This episode is named after a song by The Hold Steady . 55 10 `` Brave New World '' John Asher John A. Norris January 11 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 11 ) 2T6160 3.23 Lucas and Peyton take a road trip together to find Ellie . While out of town , Lucas reconnects with a friend from the past . Brooke , Haley and Mouth successfully launch the Clothes Over Bro 's website , only to find that demand far exceeds supply . Deb reveals to Nathan that she tried to kill Dan . Nathan and Haley finally get back together . This episode is named after a song by Iron Maiden from the album of the same name . 56 11 `` Return of the Future '' Bethany Rooney Terrence Coli January 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 18 ) 2T6161 2.67 The Ravens lose their second game in a row , Whitey decides to teach them a tough lesson . Peyton and Ellie look for support for their album and hope to attract Nada Surf to the project . Both Dan and Haley upset Nathan , while Brooke plans a romantic thank - you for Lucas . This episode is named after a song by Scooter . 57 12 `` I 've Got Dreams to Remember '' Stuart Gillard Mike Herro & David Strauss January 25 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 25 ) 2T6162 2.70 As the students meet with the school counselor to plan for the future , Nathan and Haley realize they want to attend colleges across the country from one another . Brooke discovers Rachel 's reasons for submitting her designs to Rogue Vogue . Meanwhile , Ellie and Peyton bond as they finish the benefit album . This episode is named after a song by Otis Redding . 58 13 `` The Wind That Blew My Heart Away '' David Jackson Stacy Rukeyser February 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 01 ) 2T6163 3.01 A violent rainstorm knocks out the power in Tree Hill , leading Haley to Nathan 's doorstep and Brooke out into the downpour for a dramatic confrontation with Lucas . Peyton finally confronts the truth about Ellie 's illness . Mouth is tempted by his new friend , Rachel . Before morning , secrets are revealed , relationships are tested and romance heats up . This episode is named after a song by Fruit Bats . 59 14 `` All Tomorrow 's Parties '' David Paymer Anna Lotto February 8 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 08 ) 2T6164 2.89 Brooke is forced to grow up in a hurry when her trip to a New York City fashion show prevents her from attending an annual cheerleading tournament . Nathan and Lucas are influenced by the father of a friend . Skills tells Bevin he ca n't swim to trick her into giving him a swimming lesson . Struggling with her birth mother 's cancer , Peyton joins Rachel for a night of blowing off steam . Haley and Nathan use their hotel room as the honeymoon suite they never had . This episode is named after a song by The Velvet Underground and Nico . 60 15 `` Just Watch the Fireworks '' Billy Dickson James Stoteraux & Chad Fiveash February 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) 2T6165 2.85 When someone unleashes the students ' time capsule on Tree Hill High , Lucas and Mouth must confront a person from their past . Brooke deals with the revelation that secrets are n't the only things she exposed in the time capsule . Dan tries to forgive Keith . Haley is forced to reconcile the man Nathan was before with the man he has become . Peyton 's Breast Cancer Benefit Concert at TRIC features performances by Haley and Jack 's Mannequin and the return of Fall Out Boy . This episode is named after a song by Jimmy Eat World . 61 16 `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' Greg Prange Mark Schwahn March 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 01 ) 2T6166 3.36 In the aftermath of the release of the time capsule , chaos breaks out , Jimmy Edwards holds students of Tree Hill High School hostage with a gun . While lives hang in the balance , Nathan and Lucas put themselves at risk to protect their friends and loved ones . Young lives are shattered and two will end . Dan takes revenge on a close relative . This episode is named after a song by Explosions in the Sky . 62 17 `` Who Will Survive , and What Will Be Left of Them '' John Asher Mark Schwahn March 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 29 ) 2T6167 2.82 The aftermath of the school shooting and the death of Jimmy Edwards force everyone in Tree Hill to examine their lives . Nathan reassesses his relationship with Haley , while Brooke and Rachel join forces to heal the student body . Dan must deal with the ramifications of killing Keith . Lucas and Peyton consider the implications of their kiss in the library . This episode is named after an album by Murder by Death . The title is also the tagline of the 1974 horror movie The Texas Chain Saw Massacre . 63 18 `` When It Is n't Like It Should Be '' Paul Johansson R. Lee Fleming , Jr . April 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 05 ) 2T6168 2.93 Rachel invites the gang for a weekend getaway at her family 's cabin . Craziness will ensue , including a game of `` I Never '' which will cause people to do things they normally would n't . A nasty little issue Mouth has been harboring toward Rachel will surface . Meanwhile , Karen confronts Dan about Keith 's death . This episode is named after a song by Saves the Day . 64 19 `` I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me '' Moira Kelly William H. Brown April 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 12 ) 2T6169 2.76 Lucas attempts to play in the first game after Keith 's death , but he can not bring himself to do it . After seeing Lucas 's pain , Nathan asks Whitey to forfeit the game . Lucas finally tells Whitey , Nathan , and Karen about his heart condition ( HCM ) after Deb convinces him to be there for Karen after Keith 's death . Nathan and Haley prepare to renew their vows . Mouth tries to get closer to Rachel . Peyton gets an invitation to go to Chicago , from Pete . Brooke gets revenge on Rachael , by making posters of Rachael who got multiple surgeries to become attractive , because she was obese when she was 14 . This episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy . 65 20 `` Everyday Is a Sunday Evening '' Billy Dickson Mark Schwahn April 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 19 ) 2T6170 2.67 Nathan deals with a player who is a rival both on and off the court . Dan is given a restraining order from Deb and Nathan . Brooke and Mouth look to get even with Rachel , who has tricked Cooper into thinking she is 26 and a model . Dan has a run - in with Cooper . Peyton makes a major decision and goes to see Jake and Jenny who are in Savannah . At the end of the episode Peyton asks Jake to marry her . This episode is named after an album by The Blackouts . 66 21 `` Over the Hills and Far Away '' Thomas J. Wright Mark Schwahn April 26 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 26 ) 2T6171 2.87 Haley argues with Brooke about her wedding dress . Brooke plans an engagement party for Nathan and Haley . Karen and Lucas get back in town . Peyton is surprised by her own feelings when she mumble she loves Lucas in her sleep and Jake overhears . This episode is named after a song by Led Zeppelin and another by Gary Moore which was covered by Nightwish . 67 22 `` The Show Must Go On '' Mark Schwahn Mark Schwahn May 3 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 03 ) 2T6172 3.06 Nathan worries about Haley as they prepare to renew their vows . Deb confesses to Dan about the fire . Peyton and Brooke 's friendship becomes strained when Peyton confesses she still loves Lucas . Nathan , Cooper and Rachel 's lives hang in the balance after a car accident . Someone might be pregnant . This episode is named after a song by Queen . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 3rd Wednesday 8 / 7C October 5 , 2005 May 3 , 2006 2005 -- 2006 # 137 2.8 DVD release ( edit ) The DVD release of season three was released after the season has completed broadcast on television . It has been released in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . As well as every episode from the season , the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast , deleted scenes , gag reels and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The Complete Third Season Set details Special features 22 episodes 937 minutes ( Region 1 ) ; 968 minutes ( Region 2 ) ; 900 minutes ( Region 4 ) 6 - disc set 1.78 : 1 aspect ratio Languages : English ( Dolby Digital 2.0 Surround ) Subtitles : Spanish and French ( Region 1 ) English , Danish , Finnish , Portuguese , Norwegian , Swedish , English for the Hearing Impaired ( Regions 2 and 4 ) Audio commentaries : `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' - with creator / executive producer / writer Mark Schwahn , executive producer Joe Davola , actors Colin Fickes , Sophia Bush , Lee Norris and music supervisor Lindsey Wolfington `` The Show Must Go On '' - with creator / executive producer / writer / director Mark Schwahn , executive producer Joe Davola , actors Sophia Bush and Lee Norris Deleted scenes : Episodes : 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 9 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 20 & 22 `` Anatomy of an Episode : A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Creation of `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' Gag reel Release dates United States United Kingdom Australia September 26 , 2006 October 23 , 2006 July 4 , 2007 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Reporter : 2005 - 06 primetime wrap '' . Hollywood Reporter . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) & Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2004 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Like You Like an Arsonist '' . One Tree Hill . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 42 minutes in . The WB . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Jump up ^ ( 12 ) Jump up ^ ( 13 ) Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( March 2 , 2006 ) . `` Super sweeps sesh '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 14 ) Jump up ^ ( 15 ) Jump up ^ ( 16 ) Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ ( 18 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - The Complete 3rd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` One Tree Hill - The Complete Third Season ( 2006 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill - Series 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` One Tree Hill ; Complete Season 3 : M15 ( DVD ) '' . Sanity . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 11 . One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Tree_Hill_(season_3)&oldid=856657308 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) episodes 2005 American television seasons 2006 American television seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Italiano Русский Српски / srpski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 19 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does haley and nathan get back together | [
"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)461\"Like You Like an Arsonist\"Greg PrangeMark SchwahnOctober 5, 2005 (2005-10-05)2T61513.46[3]\nIn the third season premiere, we finally discover Dan's fate after the fire. In addition to the situation with his father, Nathan also has to deal with Haley's reappearance in Tree Hill and the future of their relationship. Peyton tries to find the truth about the mysterious woman claiming to be her mother. Lucas looks forward to Brooke's return after a summer apart.[2]\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Paris, Texas.\n472\"From the Edge of the Deep Green Sea\"Kevin DowlingMark SchwahnOctober 12, 2005 (2005-10-12)2T61523.12[4]\nBrooke has an end of the summer party on the beach. Nathan is home from basketball camp. Lucas deals with Brooke's rules for non-exclusive dating. Brooke ends up having a ball with many guys whereas Lucas spends the night alone and then tells Brooke that he is the one for her, which marks the beginning of his mission to become exclusive. Peyton deals with family issues, by confronting her mom about her drug problem, after Lucas witnesses her buying. Haley tries to tell Nathan how she feels, however he is not ready for a relationship yet and is still angry with her. \n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by The Cure.\n483\"First Day on a Brand New Planet\"Billy DicksonTerrence ColiOctober 19, 2005 (2005-10-19)2T61533.12[5]\nIt's the first day of senior year for the Tree Hill gang. Lucas tells Dan he saved his life. Peyton discovers Ellie's secret. Nathan tells Haley he's considering a divorce. Dan accuses several people of starting the dealership fire and tries to get Whitey replaced as Ravens coach.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by the band Jesse James.\n494\"An Attempt to Tip the Scales\"Janice CookeStacy RukeyserOctober 26, 2005 (2005-10-26)2T61543.36[6]\nIt's Halloween in Tree Hill and everybody's celebrating at TRIC, with special guest band Fall Out Boy. The masquerade ball gives Haley the chance to win Nathan back, while Lucas keeps trying to convince Brooke to be exclusive. Peyton decides to face her new mother and get to know her. Dan tries to use blackmail to become mayor but things don't turn out the way he thought they would when Deb gets in his way.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Bright Eyes.\n505\"A Multitude of Casualties\"Thomas J. WrightR. Lee Fleming, JrNovember 2, 2005 (2005-11-02)2T61553.03[7]\nThe Ravens begin basketball practice. New team captain Nathan clashes with Lucas over Haley, and a new cheerleader named Rachel Gatina sets her sights on Lucas. Dan's mayoral bid takes a surprising turn when an unlikely opponent emerges in Karen.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by The Hold Steady.\n516\"Locked Hearts & Hand Grenades\"Marita GrabiakJames Stoteraux and Chad FiveashNovember 9, 2005 (2005-11-09)2T61563.42[8]\nBrooke starts a \"Fantasy Boy Draft\", after the cheerleaders start fighting over the same guys. Haley and Peyton continue to argue about Nathan. Dan butts heads with Karen as the election draws nearer. Lucas tries to keep up with the fast pace of basketball.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Plan A Project.\n527\"Champagne for My Real Friends, Real Pain for My Sham Friends\"Paul JohanssonMark SchwahnNovember 16, 2005 (2005-11-16)2T61573.52[9]\nThe fantasy draft dates begin, Lucas finds himself with Rachel and a very familiar setting. Brooke is on a double date with a surprising person and a surprising couple. Skills goes to Bevin's house for the night, but isn't quite interested in what she has in mind. Mouth and Peyton hang out. Karen and Deb take the campaigning for mayor to a new level, to bring down Dan. Nathan gets mad when Chris gets close to Haley.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy.\n538\"The Worst Day Since Yesterday\"John AsherMike Herro & David StraussNovember 30, 2005 (2005-11-30)2T61583.41[8]\nAs the town readies for the Ravens’ first basketball game, Lucas worries that his head and heart aren't in it. Nathan accuses Lucas of being the Ravens' weak link. Peyton and Haley mend fences to support Brooke in her time of need. When the mayoral race tightens, Dan resorts to a smear campaign.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Flogging Molly.\n549\"How a Resurrection Really Feels\"Greg PrangeMark SchwahnDecember 7, 2005 (2005-12-07)2T61593.33[10]\nIt is revealed that Lucas knows who tried to kill Dan and he confronts the guilty party. Brooke, Peyton and Haley find themselves behind bars. Peyton is annoyed by the presence of her guilty conscience. Chris Keller convinces Nathan to be his wingman at a cash poker game. The residents of Tree Hill finally choose a mayor.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by The Hold Steady.\n5510\"Brave New World\"John AsherJohn A. NorrisJanuary 11, 2006 (2006-01-11)2T61603.23[11]\nLucas and Peyton take a road trip together to find Ellie. While out of town, Lucas reconnects with a friend from the past. Brooke, Haley and Mouth successfully launch the Clothes Over Bro's website, only to find that demand far exceeds supply. Deb reveals to Nathan that she tried to kill Dan. Nathan and Haley finally get back together.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Iron Maiden from the album of the same name.\n5611\"Return of the Future\"Bethany RooneyTerrence ColiJanuary 18, 2006 (2006-01-18)2T61612.67[12]\nThe Ravens lose their second game in a row, Whitey decides to teach them a tough lesson. Peyton and Ellie look for support for their album and hope to attract Nada Surf to the project. Both Dan and Haley upset Nathan, while Brooke plans a romantic thank-you for Lucas.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Scooter.\n5712\"I've Got Dreams to Remember\"Stuart GillardMike Herro & David StraussJanuary 25, 2006 (2006-01-25)2T61622.70[13]\nAs the students meet with the school counselor to plan for the future, Nathan and Haley realize they want to attend colleges across the country from one another. Brooke discovers Rachel's reasons for submitting her designs to Rogue Vogue. Meanwhile, Ellie and Peyton bond as they finish the benefit album.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Otis Redding.\n5813\"The Wind That Blew My Heart Away\"David JacksonStacy RukeyserFebruary 1, 2006 (2006-02-01)2T61633.01[14]\nA violent rainstorm knocks out the power in Tree Hill, leading Haley to Nathan's doorstep and Brooke out into the downpour for a dramatic confrontation with Lucas. Peyton finally confronts the truth about Ellie's illness. Mouth is tempted by his new friend, Rachel. Before morning, secrets are revealed, relationships are tested and romance heats up.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Fruit Bats.\n5914\"All Tomorrow's Parties\"David PaymerAnna LottoFebruary 8, 2006 (2006-02-08)2T61642.89[15]\nBrooke is forced to grow up in a hurry when her trip to a New York City fashion show prevents her from attending an annual cheerleading tournament. Nathan and Lucas are influenced by the father of a friend. Skills tells Bevin he can't swim to trick her into giving him a swimming lesson. Struggling with her birth mother's cancer, Peyton joins Rachel for a night of blowing off steam. Haley and Nathan use their hotel room as the honeymoon suite they never had.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by The Velvet Underground and Nico.\n6015\"Just Watch the Fireworks\"Billy DicksonJames Stoteraux & Chad FiveashFebruary 15, 2006 (2006-02-15)2T61652.85[16]\nWhen someone unleashes the students' time capsule on Tree Hill High, Lucas and Mouth must confront a person from their past. Brooke deals with the revelation that secrets aren't the only things she exposed in the time capsule. Dan tries to forgive Keith. Haley is forced to reconcile the man Nathan was before with the man he has become. Peyton's Breast Cancer Benefit Concert at TRIC features performances by Haley and Jack's Mannequin and the return of Fall Out Boy.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Jimmy Eat World.\n6116\"With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept\"Greg PrangeMark SchwahnMarch 1, 2006 (2006-03-01)2T61663.36[17]\nIn the aftermath of the release of the time capsule, chaos breaks out, Jimmy Edwards holds students of Tree Hill High School hostage with a gun. While lives hang in the balance, Nathan and Lucas put themselves at risk to protect their friends and loved ones. Young lives are shattered and two will end. Dan takes revenge on a close relative.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Explosions in the Sky.\n6217\"Who Will Survive, and What Will Be Left of Them\"John AsherMark SchwahnMarch 29, 2006 (2006-03-29)2T61672.82[18]\nThe aftermath of the school shooting and the death of Jimmy Edwards force everyone in Tree Hill to examine their lives. Nathan reassesses his relationship with Haley, while Brooke and Rachel join forces to heal the student body. Dan must deal with the ramifications of killing Keith. Lucas and Peyton consider the implications of their kiss in the library.\n\n\nThis episode is named after an album by Murder by Death. The title is also the tagline of the 1974 horror movie The Texas Chain Saw Massacre.\n6318\"When It Isn't Like It Should Be\"Paul JohanssonR. Lee Fleming, Jr.April 5, 2006 (2006-04-05)2T61682.93[19]\nRachel invites the gang for a weekend getaway at her family's cabin. Craziness will ensue, including a game of \"I Never\" which will cause people to do things they normally wouldn't. A nasty little issue Mouth has been harboring toward Rachel will surface. Meanwhile, Karen confronts Dan about Keith's death.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Saves the Day.\n6419\"I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me\"Moira KellyWilliam H. BrownApril 12, 2006 (2006-04-12)2T61692.76[20]\nLucas attempts to play in the first game after Keith's death, but he cannot bring himself to do it. After seeing Lucas's pain, Nathan asks Whitey to forfeit the game. Lucas finally tells Whitey, Nathan, and Karen about his heart condition (HCM) after Deb convinces him to be there for Karen after Keith's death. Nathan and Haley prepare to renew their vows. Mouth tries to get closer to Rachel. Peyton gets an invitation to go to Chicago, from Pete. Brooke gets revenge on Rachael, by making posters of Rachael who got multiple surgeries to become attractive, because she was obese when she was 14.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Fall Out Boy.\n6520\"Everyday Is a Sunday Evening\"Billy DicksonMark SchwahnApril 19, 2006 (2006-04-19)2T61702.67[21]\nNathan deals with a player who is a rival both on and off the court. Dan is given a restraining order from Deb and Nathan. Brooke and Mouth look to get even with Rachel, who has tricked Cooper into thinking she is 26 and a model. Dan has a run-in with Cooper. Peyton makes a major decision and goes to see Jake and Jenny who are in Savannah. At the end of the episode Peyton asks Jake to marry her.\n\n\nThis episode is named after an album by The Blackouts.\n6621\"Over the Hills and Far Away\"Thomas J. WrightMark SchwahnApril 26, 2006 (2006-04-26)2T61712.87[22]\nHaley argues with Brooke about her wedding dress. Brooke plans an engagement party for Nathan and Haley. Karen and Lucas get back in town. Peyton is surprised by her own feelings when she mumble she loves Lucas in her sleep and Jake overhears.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Led Zeppelin and another by Gary Moore which was covered by Nightwish.\n6722\"The Show Must Go On\"Mark SchwahnMark SchwahnMay 3, 2006 (2006-05-03)2T61723.06[23]\nNathan worries about Haley as they prepare to renew their vows. Deb confesses to Dan about the fire. Peyton and Brooke's friendship becomes strained when Peyton confesses she still loves Lucas. Nathan, Cooper and Rachel's lives hang in the balance after a car accident. Someone might be pregnant.\n\n\nThis episode is named after a song by Queen."
] | [
"\"Brave New World\""
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-2189502267633491757 | Boston Celtics | Boston Celtics - wikipedia Boston Celtics `` Celtics '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Celts , Gaels , Celtic F.C. , or Gaelic ( disambiguation ) . Boston Celtics 2018 -- 19 Boston Celtics season Conference Eastern Division Atlantic Founded 1946 History Boston Celtics 1946 -- present Arena TD Garden Location Boston , Massachusetts Team colors Green , gold , black , brown , white Main sponsor General Electric President Rich Gotham General manager Danny Ainge Head coach Brad Stevens Ownership Boston Basketball Partners ( Wyc Grousbeck , CEO and governor ) Affiliation ( s ) Maine Red Claws Championships 17 ( 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 ) Conference titles 21 ( 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 2008 , 2010 ) Division titles 22 ( 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1991 , 1992 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2017 ) Retired numbers 22 ( 00 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 10 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , LOSCY ) Website www.nba.com/celtics Home Away Third Fourth The Boston Celtics are an American professional basketball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . The Celtics compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division . Founded in 1946 as one of the original eight NBA teams to survive the league 's first decade , the team is owned by Boston Basketball Partners LLC . The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden , which they share with the National Hockey League ( NHL ) 's Boston Bruins . The franchise is the most successful in NBA history , with 17 championships , which accounts for 23.9 percent of all NBA championships since the league 's founding . The Celtics have a notable rivalry with the Los Angeles Lakers , and have played the Lakers a record 12 times in the NBA Finals ( including their most recent appearances in 2008 and 2010 ) , of which the Celtics have won 9 . Four Celtics players ( Bob Cousy , Bill Russell , Dave Cowens and Larry Bird ) have won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for an NBA record total of 10 MVP awards . Both the nickname `` Celtics '' and their mascot `` Lucky the Leprechaun '' are a nod to Boston 's historically large Irish population . After winning 16 championships throughout the 20th century , the Celtics , after struggling through the 1990s , rose again to win a championship in 2008 with the help of Kevin Garnett , Paul Pierce , and Ray Allen in what was known as the new `` Big Three '' era , following the original `` Big Three '' era that featured Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , and Robert Parish , which combined to win the 1981 , 1984 , and 1986 championships . Following the win in 2008 , general manager Danny Ainge began a rebuilding process with the help of head coach Brad Stevens , who led the Celtics to a return to the playoffs from 2015 . During the following season , the Celtics clinched the top seed in the Eastern Conference , and eventually reached the Conference Finals prior to losing to the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games . In the 2017 off - season , via some trades and free agency , Ainge rebuilt the roster into a championship caliber team by creating a third `` Big Three '' era consisting of Kyrie Irving , Gordon Hayward , and Al Horford . By the end of the season , the Celtics finished second in the Eastern Conference standings . During the season opener , Hayward left the game with a season - ending injury by dislocating his ankle and fracturing his tibia . Irving went down in March and went through knee surgery . Therefore , they entered the playoffs with only Horford and managed to reach the Eastern Conference Finals , taking the Cavaliers to seven games . The Celtics lost game seven , eliminating them from the playoffs . Contents 1 Franchise history 1.1 1946 -- 1950 : Early years 1.2 1950 -- 1957 : Arrival of Bob Cousy and Red Auerbach 1.3 1957 -- 1969 : The Bill Russell era 1.4 1970 -- 1978 : Heinsohn and Cowens duo 1.5 1979 -- 1992 : The Larry Bird era 1.6 1993 -- 1998 : Rebuilding 1.7 1998 -- 2013 : The Paul Pierce era 1.7. 1 2004 -- 2007 : The `` Doc '' is here 1.7. 2 2007 -- 2012 : The new `` Big Three '' : Pierce , Allen , and Garnett 1.8 2013 -- present : Brad Stevens era 2 Rivalries 2.1 Atlanta Hawks 2.2 Brooklyn Nets 2.3 Detroit Pistons 2.4 Los Angeles Lakers 2.5 New York Knicks 2.6 Philadelphia 76ers 2.7 Washington Wizards 3 Season - by - season record 4 Records , retired numbers and awards 4.1 FIBA Hall of Fame 5 Home arenas 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retained draft rights 6.3 Captains 6.4 Franchise leaders 7 Coaches 7.1 Head coaches 7.2 Assistant coaches 8 Logos and uniforms 8.1 Logos 8.2 Uniforms 8.2. 1 `` Icon '' and `` Association '' uniforms 8.2. 2 Alternate uniforms 8.2. 3 Special uniforms 8.2. 4 Memorial patches 8.2. 5 Uniform traditions 9 Television and radio 10 Management 10.1 Ownership history 10.2 Team presidents 10.3 General managers 10.4 Other 11 Medical staff 11.1 Team physicians 11.2 Team athletic trainers 12 Boston Celtics Communications 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Boston Celtics 1946 -- 1950 : early years ( edit ) The Boston Celtics were formed on June 6 , 1946 by Boston Garden - Arena Corporation President Walter A. Brown as a team in the Basketball Association of America , and became part of the National Basketball Association after the absorption of the National Basketball League by the BAA in the fall of 1949 . In 1950 , the Celtics signed Chuck Cooper , becoming the first NBA franchise to draft a black player . 1950 -- 1957 : arrival of Bob Cousy and Red Auerbach ( edit ) Bob Cousy played 13 years for the team , 6 of them ending in NBA titles . The Celtics struggled during their early years , until the hiring of coach Red Auerbach . In the franchise 's early days , Auerbach had no assistants , ran all the practices , did all the scouting -- both of opposing teams and college draft prospects -- and scheduled all road trips . One of the first great players to join the Celtics was Bob Cousy , whom Auerbach initially refused to draft out of nearby Holy Cross because he was `` too flashy . '' Cousy 's contract eventually became the property of the Chicago Stags , but when that franchise went bankrupt , Cousy went to the Celtics in a dispersal draft . After the 1955 -- 56 season , Auerbach made a stunning trade , sending perennial All - Star Ed Macauley to the St. Louis Hawks along with the draft rights to Cliff Hagan for the second overall pick in the draft . After negotiating with the Rochester Royals -- a negotiation that included a promise that the Celtics owner would send the highly sought - after Ice Capades to Rochester if the Royals would let Russell slide to # 2 -- Auerbach used the pick to select University of San Francisco center Bill Russell . Auerbach also acquired Holy Cross standout , and 1957 NBA Rookie of the Year , Tommy Heinsohn . Russell and Heinsohn worked extraordinarily well with Cousy , and they were the players around whom Auerbach would build the champion Celtics for more than a decade . 1957 -- 1969 : the Bill Russell era ( edit ) Bill Russell starred on 11 NBA title teams in 13 years as a Celtic . With Bill Russell , the Celtics advanced to the 1957 NBA Finals and defeated the St. Louis Hawks in seven games , the first of a record 17 championships . Russell went on to win 11 championships , making him the most decorated player in NBA history . In 1958 , the Celtics again advanced to the NBA Finals , this time losing to the Hawks in 6 games . However , with the acquisition of K.C. Jones that year , the Celtics began a dynasty that would last for more than a decade . In 1959 , the Celtics won the NBA Championship after sweeping the Minneapolis Lakers , the first of their record eight consecutive championships . During that time , the Celtics met the Lakers in the Finals five times , starting an intense and often bitter rivalry that has spanned generations . In 1964 , the Celtics became the first NBA team to have an all African - American starting lineup . On December 26 , 1964 , Willie Naulls replaced an injured Tommy Heinsohn , joining Tom ' Satch ' Sanders , K.C. Jones , Sam Jones , and Bill Russell in the starting lineup . The Celtics defeated St. Louis 97 -- 84 . Boston won its next 11 games with Naulls starting in place of Heinsohn . The Celtics of the late - 1950s -- 1960s are widely considered as one of the most dominant teams of all time . Auerbach retired as coach after the 1965 -- 66 season and Russell took over as player - coach , which was Auerbach 's ploy to keep Russell interested . With his appointment Russell became the first African - American coach in any U.S. pro sport . Auerbach would remain the general manager , a position he would hold well into the 1980s . However , the Celtics ' string of NBA titles ended when they lost to the Philadelphia 76ers in the 1966 Eastern Conference Finals . The aging team managed two more championships in 1968 and 1969 , defeating the Los Angeles Lakers each time . Russell retired after the 1969 season , effectively ending a Celtics dynasty that had garnered an unrivaled 11 NBA titles in 13 seasons . The team 's run of 8 consecutive is the longest championship streak in U.S. professional sports history . 1970 -- 1978 : Heinsohn and Cowens duo ( edit ) Tom Heinsohn coached the Celtics to the 1974 and 1976 NBA Championships . Dave Cowens helped the Celtics win 2 titles during the mid-1970s The 1970 season was a rebuilding year , as the Celtics had their first losing record since the 1949 -- 50 season . However , with the acquisition of Dave Cowens , Paul Silas , and Jo Jo White , the Celtics soon became dominant again . After losing in the Eastern Conference Finals in 1972 , the Celtics regrouped and came out determined in 1973 and posted an excellent 68 -- 14 regular season record . But the season ended in disappointment , as they were upset in 7 games by the New York Knicks in the Conference Finals . John Havlicek injured his right shoulder in game six and was forced to play game 7 shooting left handed . The Celtics returned to the playoffs the next year , defeating the Milwaukee Bucks in the NBA Finals in 1974 for their 12th NBA Championship . The teams split the first four games , and after the Celtics won Game 5 in Milwaukee they headed back to Boston leading three games to two , with a chance to claim the title on their home court . However , the Bucks won Game 6 when Kareem Abdul - Jabbar nestled in a hook shot with 3 seconds left in the game 's second overtime , and the series returned to Milwaukee . But Cowens was the hero in Game 7 , scoring 28 points , as the Celtics brought the title back to Boston for the first time in five years . In 1976 , the team won yet another championship , defeating the Phoenix Suns in six games . The Finals featured one of the greatest games in the NBA 's history . With the series tied at two games apiece , the Suns trailed early in the Boston Garden , but came back to force overtime . In double overtime , a Gar Heard turn - around jumper at the top of the key sent the game to a third overtime , at which point the Celtics prevailed . Tommy Heinsohn coached the team for those two championships . After the 1976 championship and a playoff appearance in 1977 , Boston went into another rebuilding phase . In the 1977 NBA draft , the Celtics drafted a young forward from UNC Charlotte named Cedric Maxwell . `` Cornbread '' Maxwell did not contribute much in his rookie season , but he showed promise . Auerbach 's job became even tougher following the 1977 -- 78 season in which they went 32 -- 50 as John Havlicek , the Celtics ' all - time leading scorer , retired after 16 seasons . 1979 -- 1992 : the Larry Bird era ( edit ) The Celtics owned two of the top eight picks in the 1978 NBA draft . Auerbach took a risk and selected junior Larry Bird of Indiana State with the 6th pick , knowing he would elect to remain in college for his senior year but believing Bird 's potential would make it worth the wait . The team would retain his rights for one year -- a rule that was later changed -- and Bird indeed signed soon after leading Indiana State to the NCAA Championship game . Freeman Williams was also taken , being traded before the 1978 -- 79 season began . In 1978 , owner Irv Levin traded his stake in the Celtics to John Y. Brown , Jr. for control of the Buffalo Braves , which he moved to California as the San Diego Clippers . As part of the deal trades were made between the two franchises which resulted in many former Braves joining the Celtics . A move that irked Auerbach was a trade Brown made with the Braves that saw Buffalo 's franchise center Bob McAdoo join the Celtics in return for three first round draft picks Auerbach had planned on using for rebuilding the Celtics . The dispute nearly led to him resigning as general manager for a similar position with the New York Knicks . With public support strongly behind Auerbach , Brown sold the team to Harry Mangurian rather than run the risk of losing his famed GM . The Celtics would struggle through the season , going 29 -- 53 without Bird . Newcomers Chris Ford , Rick Robey , Cedric Maxwell and Nate Archibald failed to reverse the team 's momentum . Bird debuted for the Celtics during the 1979 -- 80 season . With a new owner in place , Auerbach made a number of moves that would bring the team back to prominence . He almost immediately traded McAdoo , a former NBA scoring champion , to the Detroit Pistons for guard M.L. Carr , a defensive specialist , and two first - round picks in the 1980 NBA draft . He also picked up point guard Gerald Henderson from the CBA. Carr , Archibald , Henderson and Ford formed a highly competent backcourt , blending in well with the talented frontcourt of Cowens , Maxwell and Bird . With Bird winning NBA Rookie of the Year honors the team went 61 -- 21 , its 32 game improvement the best single - season turnaround in NBA history . Playing strong in the playoffs , the Celtics fell to the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals . Some thirty years later the Celtics broke their own single - season turnaround record . After the season , Auerbach completed one of the most lopsided trades in NBA history , garnering a pair of future Hall of Famers for a pair of first round draft picks . He had always been a fan of stockpiling draft picks , so even after the success of the 1979 -- 80 season the Celtics had both the 1st and 13th picks in the coming 1980 NBA draft . Seeking to improve the team immediately Auerbach sent them to the Golden State Warriors for both center Robert Parish and the Warriors ' first round pick , the 3rd overall . He then used the pick to select University of Minnesota power forward Kevin McHale . With the addition of star prospect Larry Bird , the Celtics ' new `` Big 3 '' put the team back on the path to dominance . Despite losing center Dave Cowens to retirement late in training camp , the Celtics went 62 -- 20 under coach Bill Fitch in 1980 -- 81 . Once again the Celtics faced the 76ers in the Eastern Conference Finals , falling behind 3 games to 1 before coming back to win the 7th game 91 -- 90 . The Celtics went on to win the 1981 NBA Championship over the Houston Rockets , with Maxwell named NBA Finals MVP . Following the 1981 -- 82 NBA season , the Celtics once again met the Sixers , and fell behind 3 - 1 before losing Game 7 at Boston Garden . In 1983 the Celtics were swept in the playoffs for the first time by the Milwaukee Bucks ; afterward Fitch resigned and the team was sold to new owners led by Don Gaston . In 1983 -- 84 , the Celtics , under new coach K.C. Jones , would go 62 -- 20 and return to the NBA Finals after a three - year hiatus . Boston came back from a 2 -- 1 deficit to defeat the Lakers for their 15th championship . Bird renewed his college rivalry with Lakers star Magic Johnson during this series . After the season Auerbach officially retired as general manager but maintained the position of team President . He was succeeded by Jan Volk , who had been with the Celtics since graduating from Columbia Law School in 1971 , serving as the team 's General Counsel since 1976 and Assistant GM since 1980 . In his first major transaction Volk made an offseason deal with the Seattle SuperSonics to send Henderson in return for their first round pick in the 1986 NBA draft . In 1985 , the Lakers and Celtics met again in the championship round , with the Lakers winning . This was the first time the Lakers had defeated the Celtics in the finals , and the only time the team won a championship at Boston Garden . During the following off - season , the Celtics acquired Bill Walton from the Los Angeles Clippers in exchange for Cedric Maxwell . Walton had been an All - Star and league MVP while leading the Portland Trail Blazers to the 1977 NBA championship , but injuries had hobbled him since . Considering the talent Boston had in its frontcourt - Robert Parish emerging as an All - Star center and one more future Hall of Famers - Walton was willing to come off the bench to help the team . Considered the best passing center in NBA history , he stayed healthy and was a big part of the Celtics ' success in 1986 . Dennis Johnson was a key contributor to the `` Big Three '' title teams of the 1980s . In 1985 -- 86 , the Celtics fielded one of the best teams in NBA history . The team went 67 - 15 , winning all but one game at home . Bird won his third consecutive MVP award and Walton took home the Sixth Man of the Year Award . The Celtics defeated the Houston Rockets in the NBA Finals in six games , the franchise 's 16th championship and last of the 20th century . The Celtics won the second pick in the 1986 NBA draft after a remarkably poor year by the Seattle Supersonics , whose draft pick rights had been included in the 1984 trade of Gerald Henderson . They drafted University of Maryland star Len Bias , one of the most heralded prospects of his era . Bias died 48 hours later of an accidental cocaine overdose . Despite the loss the Celtics remained competitive in 1986 -- 87 , going 59 -- 23 and again winning the Eastern Conference Championship . Injuries to key players led to a Lakers series win in six games . In 1988 , the Celtics lost in six games to future champion Detroit Pistons in the Eastern Conference Finals . Following the season , head coach K.C. Jones retired and was replaced by assistant Jimmy Rodgers . Boston 's hopes for 1988 -- 89 faded when only 6 games into the season Larry Bird underwent a procedure to remove bone spurs in his feet . Bird did not play until after the All - Star Break , and the Celtics won just 42 games before a first round playoff defeat to the Detroit Pistons , who would go on to win the championship . Bird returned in 1989 -- 90 and led the Celtics to a 52 -- 30 record . In the playoffs the Celtics collapsed after winning the first two games in a best - of - five series against the New York Knicks , losing 3 straight , including the decisive fifth game at Boston Garden . Rodgers was consequently fired and replaced by assistant coach and former Celtics ' player Chris Ford . Under Ford 's leadership the Celtics improved to 56 -- 26 in 1990 -- 91 , recapturing the Atlantic Division title even though Bird missed 22 games with several injuries . The Celtics again lost to the Detroit Pistons , this time in the Conference Semifinals . In 1992 , a late season rally allowed a 51 -- 31 Celtics team to catch the New York Knicks and repeat as Atlantic Division champions . After sweeping the Indiana Pacers in the first round , the Celtics lost a seven - game Eastern Conference Semifinals series to the Cleveland Cavaliers . Back injuries limited Bird to only 45 regular season games , and just four of ten in the playoffs . After thirteen NBA seasons and a gold medal at the Barcelona Olympics with the Dream Team , continued back trouble led Bird to retire in 1992 . The Celtics ' struggle to maintain roster continuity with a salary cap led the NBA and NBPA to create the `` Bird exception , '' which allows teams to exceed the salary cap to re-sign players they 've drafted , at an amount up to the maximum salary . 1993 -- 1998 : rebuilding ( edit ) The loss of Bird and aging of the team 's other veteran stars forced coach Chris Ford into rebuilding mode . Hopes centered on 26 - year - old Reggie Lewis , a small forward out of Boston 's Northeastern University . In the first round of the 1993 playoffs Lewis fainted during Boston 's four - game sweep by the Charlotte Hornets . An examination revealed heart problems , but Lewis was able to get doctors to clear him for a comeback . Before he could make it he died of a heart attack while shooting baskets at Brandeis University during the offseason . The Celtics honored his memory by retiring his number 35 . With Kevin McHale having retired after the Celtics ' playoff loss to the Hornets , Boston 's original Big 3 era came to an end in 1994 upon Robert Parish 's signing with Charlotte . The team collapsed , finishing out of the playoffs with a 32 -- 50 mark . In 1994 , the Celtics hired former player and legendary towel - waving cheerleader M.L. Carr as the team 's new V.P. of Basketball Operations . Working alongside G.M. Jan Volk , Carr selected University of North Carolina star Eric Montross with Boston 's first round pick in the 1994 NBA draft . Montross became the new heir apparent in the paint , but failed to develop and was eventually traded . 1994 -- 95 was the Celtics ' final season in the Boston Garden . The Celtics signed aging Dominique Wilkins as a free agent , who led the team in scoring with 17.8 PPG . Second - year player Dino Rađa , a power forward from Croatia , added an interior presence the team had been lacking in 1993 -- 94 . The Celtics made the playoffs , losing to the heavily favored Orlando Magic in 4 games . In 1995 , the Celtics moved from the Boston Garden to the Fleet Center ( later TD BankNorth , then TD Garden ) . Carr fired Chris Ford and took the coaching reins himself . After drafting Providence College star Eric Williams , the Celtics struggled to a 33 -- 49 record . Things got worse in 1996 -- 97 as the Celtics lost a franchise record 67 games , setting an unwanted NBA record winning only once against other Atlantic Division teams and just fifteen victories overall . In spite of the emergence of 1st - round draft pick Antoine Walker Carr 's coaching stint was deemed a failure , and he took another job in the organization when owner Paul Gaston convinced star college coach Rick Pitino to join the franchise as the team 's president , director of basketball operations , and head coach . Pitino 's appointment as team president was controversial as Auerbach , the incumbent who had filled that role for more than 25 years , first heard about the change from local media . Unfortunately for the franchise , Pitino was not the savior everyone hoped he 'd be . Auerbach bore the insult of being elbowed out with dignity , even as the team failed to improve . The Celtics received the third and sixth draft picks in the 1997 NBA draft , and used the picks to select a brand new backcourt through Chauncey Billups and Ron Mercer . The young team that lost 67 games the year before was dismantled , with David Wesley , Dino Rađa and Rick Fox being let go , and Williams traded to the Denver Nuggets for a pair of second round draft picks ( Williams would return to the Celtics in 1999 and played for four years ) . Walter McCarty was also acquired in a trade with the Knicks . With a promising start , upsetting the defending champions Chicago Bulls at home on opening night , and hard play from the youngsters that led to leaderships in turnovers and steals , the team improved its victories from 15 to 36 despite many losing streaks . Billups was subsequently traded to the Raptors during his rookie year , and Mercer was traded to the Nuggets during his third season . 1998 -- 2013 : the Paul Pierce era ( edit ) Paul Pierce was drafted 10th overall in the 1998 NBA draft , going on to win the 2008 NBA Finals MVP award . The following year in the 1998 NBA draft , the Celtics drafted Paul Pierce , a college star who had been expected to be drafted much earlier than the Celtics ' 10th overall pick . Pierce had an immediate impact during the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 NBA season , averaging 19.5 points and being named Rookie of The Month in February as he led the league in steals . However , the Celtics continued to struggle as Pitino failed to achieve meaningful success . After Boston lost to the Toronto Raptors on March 1 , 2000 , on a buzzer - beater by Vince Carter , Pitino delivered the memorable `` Larry Bird is not walking through that door , fans '' speech . He resigned in January 2001 . Following the resignation of Rick Pitino , the Celtics saw modest improvement under coach Jim O'Brien . Paul Pierce matured into an NBA star and was ably complemented by Antoine Walker and the other players acquired over the years . While the team was 12 -- 21 when Pitino left , O'Brien's record to finish the season was 24 -- 24 . Following the 2000 -- 01 season O'Brien was given the job of head coach on a permanent basis . As a result of numerous trades , the Celtics had three picks in the 2001 NBA draft . They selected Joe Johnson , Joe Forte , and Kedrick Brown . Only Johnson managed to succeed in the NBA , becoming a perennial All - Star after leaving the Celtics . The Celtics entered the 2001 -- 02 season with low expectations . The team 's success in the latter stages of 2000 -- 01 was largely forgotten , and critics were surprised when the team , along with the New Jersey Nets , surged to the top of the Atlantic Division ahead of the Philadelphia 76ers , who were fresh off a trip to the NBA Finals . The Celtics won a hard - fought 5 - game series with the 76ers in the first round , 3 -- 2 . Pierce scored 46 points in the series - clinching blowout at the Fleet Center . In the Conference Semifinals , the Celtics defeated the favored Detroit Pistons 4 -- 1 . In their first trip to the Eastern Conference Finals since 1988 , the Celtics jumped out to a 2 -- 1 series lead over the Nets , after rallying from 21 points down in the fourth quarter to win Game 3 , but would lose the next three games to fall 4 -- 2 . In 2003 , the Celtics were sold by owner Paul Gaston to Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. , led by H. Irving Grousbeck , Wycliffe Grousbeck and Steve Pagliuca . The team made it back to the playoffs but were swept by the Nets in the second round , despite bringing Game 4 to double overtime . Before their elimination , the team hired former Celtics ' guard Danny Ainge as general manager , moving Chris Wallace to another position in the organization . Ainge believed the team had reached its peak and promptly sent Antoine Walker to the Dallas Mavericks ( along with Tony Delk ) . In return , the Celtics received the often - injured Raef LaFrentz , Chris Mills , Jiří Welsch , and a first - round pick in 2004 . The Celtics made the playoffs , only to be swept in the first round by the Indiana Pacers , losing all 4 games by blowout margins . Head coach Doc Rivers led the Celtics to an NBA title in 2008 . 2004 -- 2007 : the `` Doc '' is here ( edit ) The Celtics were a young team under new coach Doc Rivers during the 2004 -- 05 season , having drafted youngsters Al Jefferson , Delonte West and Tony Allen in the 2004 Draft . Yet they seemed to have a core of good young players , led by Pierce and rookie Al Jefferson , to go along with a group of able veterans . The Celtics went 45 -- 37 and won their first Atlantic Division title since 1991 -- 92 , receiving a boost from returning star Antoine Walker in mid-season . The Pacers defeated them in the first round yet again , with the series culminating in an embarrassing 27 - point loss in Game 7 at the Fleet Center . After the season Walker was traded again , this time to the Miami Heat . Despite Pierce 's career season , in which he averaged career - highs in points ( 26.8 ) , the Celtics missed the playoffs with a 33 -- 49 record , owing largely to a young roster and constant roster shuffling , which saw the likes of Marcus Banks , Ricky Davis and Mark Blount traded for underachieving former first - overall pick Michael Olowokandi and former all - star Wally Szczerbiak . The Celtics continued to rebuild in the 2006 NBA draft . The Celtics selected Kentucky point guard Rajon Rondo , who was to become a key piece in the team 's revival . In the second round the Celtics added Leon Powe . The 2006 -- 07 season was a gloomy one for the franchise , starting with the death of Red Auerbach at 89 . Auerbach was one of the few remaining people who had been a part of the NBA since its inception in 1946 . The Celtics went 2 -- 22 from late December 2006 through early February 2007 after losing Pierce to injury , the result of a stress reaction in his left foot . At first , the Celtics received a much needed boost from guard Tony Allen but he tore his ACL and MCL on a needless dunk attempt after the whistle . The Celtics compiled a record of 24 -- 58 , second - worst in the NBA , including a franchise record 18 - game losing streak . At the end of the season , the Celtics , with the second worst record in the NBA , were at least hopeful that they could secure a high draft pick and select either Greg Oden or Kevin Durant to help rebuild the franchise , but the Celtics fell to fifth in the Draft Lottery . 2007 -- 2012 : the New `` Big three '' : Pierce , Allen , and Garnett ( edit ) The Boston Celtics celebrate after winning the 2008 NBA championship The 17th championship banner was raised above the TD Garden rafters on October 28 , 2008 . In the summer of 2007 , GM Danny Ainge made a series of moves that returned the Celtics to prominence . On draft night , he traded the No. 5 pick Jeff Green , Wally Szczerbiak and Delonte West to Seattle for perennial all - star Ray Allen and Seattle 's second - round pick which the team used to select LSU 's Glen `` Big Baby '' Davis . Then the Celtics traded Ryan Gomes , Gerald Green , Al Jefferson , Theo Ratliff , and Sebastian Telfair to Minnesota , where Ainge 's former teammate Kevin McHale was the G.M. , and swapped 2009 first round draft picks , for MVP Kevin Garnett . These moves created the `` Boston Three Party '' ( the nickname given to describe the combining of Allen , Garnett , and Pierce by Scott Van Pelt in a `` This Is Sportscenter '' commercial ) , which would revitalize the team and lead them back to glory . The Celtics completed the largest single - season turnaround in NBA history . The new `` Big Three '' of Pierce , Allen and Garnett went 66 -- 16 in the regular season , a 42 - game improvement . However , the team struggled initially in the playoffs . The Atlanta Hawks took them to seven games in the first round , as did the Cleveland Cavaliers in the conference semifinals . The Celtics defeated the Detroit Pistons in six games of the Eastern Conference Finals , winning two road games . In the 2008 NBA Finals , the Celtics faced MVP Kobe Bryant and the Los Angeles Lakers for the 11th time , the first time since 1987 . The Celtics won Game 1 at home 98 -- 88 , fueled by strong play by Garnett and Pierce 's dramatic comeback from a second half knee injury . They would also go on to win Game 2 108 -- 102 , despite nearly blowing a 24 - point lead in the fourth quarter . As the series shifted to Los Angeles , the Lakers stifled Pierce and Garnett in Game 3 and won 87 -- 81 . However , the Celtics would overcome a 24 - point deficit in Game 4 to win 97 -- 91 , the largest comeback in NBA Finals history . After again blowing a large lead , the Lakers hung on to win Game 5 103 -- 98 , sending the series back to Boston . In Game 6 , the Celtics overpowered the Lakers , winning 131 -- 92 , clinching their 17th NBA title , and first since 1986 . It remains the most win in a championship - clinching game ; Paul Pierce was named Finals MVP . The win in Game 6 was a sense of relief , as it was a difficult path to this championship ; in that game , these Celtics set a record for most games a team had ever played in a postseason , with 26 , surpassing the 1994 New York Knicks , whom Coach Doc Rivers played for , and the 2005 Detroit Pistons , each of whom played 25 , but lost their respective finals in seven games ( Knicks in 1994 , Pistons in 2005 ) . The Celtics during the 2008 -- 09 season opener : ( L-R ) Paul Pierce , Kevin Garnett , Eddie House , Kendrick Perkins and Ray Allen The 2008 -- 09 Celtics started off the season at 27 -- 2 , the then - best starting record in NBA history . They also had a pair of 10 + game winning streaks including a franchise record 19 - game streak . After the All Star Break , Kevin Garnett was injured in a loss against the Utah Jazz , missing the last 25 games of the season . Garnett was eventually shelved for the playoffs . The 2009 Celtics still finished with 62 victories , but their playoff run would end against the Magic in the second round , losing in seven games after leading 3 -- 2 , the first such occurrence in team history . In the prior round they were pushed to a Game 7 against the Chicago Bulls , with four of those games went to overtime , yet the Celtics ' experience was too much for the young Bulls . The following year , with the return of Garnett from injury and the additions of Rasheed Wallace and Marquis Daniels , the Celtics started the season 23 -- 5 and at one point had the best record in the NBA . However , Doc Rivers decided to lessen his aging stars ' minutes to keep them fresh for the playoffs . As a result , the Celtics sputtered to an even 27 -- 27 record the rest of the way and finished the 2009 -- 10 regular season with a 50 -- 32 record , with a better road ( 26 -- 15 ) than home ( 24 -- 17 ) record . Despite previous predictions the Celtics would never go deeper into the playoffs , the Celtics still managed to make the NBA Finals despite their lowly fourth seeding . They defeated the Miami Heat in five games , upset the top - seeded Cavaliers in six games and toppled the defending Eastern champion Magic , avenging their loss from the previous season . Rajon Rondo emerged as a bonafide superstar during post-season play , continuing his rise to fame beginning with his first All - Star appearance . For the 12th time , their opponent were the Lakers . After taking a 3 -- 2 lead heading into Los Angeles for Game 6 , the Celtics appeared poised to win their 18th title . But Kendrick Perkins , the team 's starting center , suffered a severe knee injury early in Game 6 , and the Celtics would lose Game 6 , and go on to blow a 13 - point lead in Game 7 . After speculation coach Doc Rivers would resign to spend more time with his family , he affirmed on June 30 , 2010 , that he would return to the team for the 2010 -- 11 season . During the 2010 off season , with Perkins expected to be out until February 2011 , the Celtics signed two former All - Star centers , Shaquille O'Neal and Jermaine O'Neal , along with Turkish center Semih Erden , their 2008 second round pick , and the return of Delonte West . Shaquille O'Neal's presence wound up leading to Perkins departure : the Celtics were 33 -- 10 in games Perkins had missed during the year due to injury , with a 19 -- 3 record with O'Neal played over 20 minutes . Consequently , Perkins was traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder in February , when the Celtics were 41 -- 14 and held the Eastern Conference leaderboard despite another rash of injuries . Following the trade , however , they proceeded to win only 15 of their final 27 games to finish with a 56 -- 26 record , sliding to the third seed , due to the injuries -- O'Neal played only five minutes -- and difficult adjustment of new Celtics such as Jeff Green , Nenad Krstić and Carlos Arroyo . The 2010 -- 11 season still provided three landmarks : the Celtics became the second team to reach 3,000 victories , Paul Pierce became the third Celtic to score 20,000 points after Larry Bird and John Havlicek , and Ray Allen broke the NBA record for most three - pointers made in a career . The 2011 NBA Playoffs started with the Celtics sweeping the New York Knicks 4 -- 0 in the opening round , but in the second round they were ousted by eventual Eastern champions Miami Heat in five games . Shaquille O'Neal , limited to 12 minutes in two games of the second round , retired at the end of the season . At the 2011 NBA draft , the Celtics acquired two Purdue teammates , JaJuan Johnson and E'Twaun Moore . During the short preseason following the 2011 NBA lockout , the Celtics signed free agents Marquis Daniels , Chris Wilcox , Keyon Dooling and Greg Stiemsma , while acquiring Brandon Bass from the Magic for Glen Davis and Von Wafer . They also re-signed Jeff Green , only to have it voided after a physical revealed that Green was diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm , forcing him to miss the season . The Celtics started the season 0 -- 3 with Paul Pierce out with a heel injury and his replacement Mickaël Piétrus taking long to debut . The struggles let to the longest losing streak in the `` Big Three '' era with five games , and by the All Star break , the Celtics were below . 500 with a 15 -- 17 record . However , they were one of the hottest teams after the break , going 24 -- 10 the rest of the year and winning their 5th division title in a row . The Celtics would end up making the playoffs as the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference in the 2012 NBA Playoffs . In the playoffs , the Celtics faced the Atlanta Hawks in the first round , beating them in six games led by strong play from Pierce and Garnett . In the Conference Semifinals the Celtics faced the Philadelphia 76ers led by Doug Collins and a young group of promising players that would push the Celtics into a full - seven game series . Following a Game 7 85 -- 75 win the Celtics faced the Miami Heat in the Eastern Conference Finals , who had defeated them in the playoffs the previous year . After losing the first two games in Miami , Boston fought back and won the next three games . With the possibility of closing the series at home , the C suffered a blowout loss at the TD Garden of 98 -- 79 , taking the series back to Miami for Game 7 , where the Celtics built an early lead but eventually lost 101 -- 88 ; Miami would go on to defeat the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Finals . Rajon Rondo became the Celtics ' leader after the new `` Big Three '' left . The 2012 offseason started with the Celtics having only six players under contract . While Kevin Garnett renewed , Ray Allen chose to sign with the Miami Heat for less money , bringing the five - year `` Big Three '' era to a somewhat acrimonious end . The Celtics also signed free agents Jason Terry , Jason Collins , Darko Miličić and Leandro Barbosa ; acquired Courtney Lee in a three - team sign and trade -- where Johnson , Moore , Sean Williams and a future second round pick were sent to the Houston Rockets and the Portland Trail Blazers got Sasha Pavlovic ; drafted three players , Jared Sullinger , Fab Melo and Kris Joseph ; and renewed with Brandon Bass along with Chris Wilcox and Jeff Green , who both were returning to play after sustaining season - ending heart ailments . Despite losing Rondo and Sullinger to injury , the Celtics compiled a seven - game winning streak , including victories over the Heat in double overtime and the Nuggets in triple overtime . The winning streak was snapped on February 12 when Leandro Barbosa suffered a season - ending torn ACL . To compensate , the Celtics signed swingman Terrence Williams , forwards D.J. White and Shavlik Randolph , and traded Barbosa and Collins to the Washington Wizards in exchange for guard Jordan Crawford . The Celtics finished the season with 41 wins , but played only 81 games after a home game against the Indiana Pacers on April 16 was cancelled following the Boston Marathon bombings ; the game was not made up with both teams already assured of their playoff positions . The 41 wins were the lowest totals the Celtics achieved as a playoff - bound team since 2004 . The Celtics trailed 3 -- 0 to the New York Knicks in the first round of the 2013 NBA Playoffs , before losing the series in six games . In Game 6 , the Celtics nearly completed a comeback when they went on a 20 -- 0 run to cut the lead to 4 , but that was the closest they got as the New York Knicks would take over to win . During the offseason , head coach Doc Rivers was allowed out of his contract and left to coach the Los Angeles Clippers , giving the Celtics a 2015 unprotected first round pick as compensation . A few days later , Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett ( after waiving his no - trade clause ) , along with Jason Terry and D.J. White , were traded to the Brooklyn Nets for Keith Bogans , MarShon Brooks , Kris Humphries , Kris Joseph , Gerald Wallace , and three future first - round draft picks ( 2014 , 2016 , 2018 ) , with the right to swap 2017 first - round picks with Brooklyn . The deal was later approved by the league on July 12 , 2013 , effectively ending the ' Big 3 ' era and marking the start of a youth movement for the team . 2013 -- present : Brad Stevens era ( edit ) Brad Stevens is the Celtics ' current head coach . On July 3 , 2013 , the Celtics announced that Brad Stevens , the head coach of Butler University , would replace Doc Rivers as head coach . Halfway through the season , in January , Rajon Rondo made his return and was named the 15th Team Captain in team history , and the team furthered the youth movement by acquiring two draft picks in a three team trade that sent Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks to the Golden State Warriors while the Celtics received the Heat center Joel Anthony . The 2013 -- 14 season marked the Celtics ' first missed playoffs since the `` Big Three '' . The next off - season , the Celtics drafted Marcus Smart with the 6th overall pick and James Young with the 17th overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft , and signed Evan Turner . The 2014 -- 15 season had several roster moves , the most prominent being Rondo and rookie Dwight Powell traded to the Dallas Mavericks for center Brandan Wright , forward Jae Crowder , veteran point guard Jameer Nelson , and future picks . A total of 22 players spent time with the Celtics , leading scorer and rebounder Sullinger suffered a season - ending left metatarsal stress fracture , and the team was only tenth in the East with 28 games remaining . However , midseason acquisition Isaiah Thomas helped the team win 22 of their last 34 games , finishing the season with a 40 -- 42 record , enough for the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference Playoffs . The Celtics were swept by the second seeded Cleveland Cavaliers in the first round . In the 2015 NBA draft Boston selected Terry Rozier , R.J. Hunter , Jordan Mickey , and Marcus Thornton with the 16th , 28th , 33rd , and 45th selections respectively . During the off - season , the Celtics signed forward Amir Johnson and traded Gerald Wallace and Chris Babb in exchange for Warriors forward David Lee . The Celtics finished the 2015 -- 16 NBA season with a 48 -- 34 record , earning the fifth seed in the Eastern Conference . They played the fourth seed Atlanta Hawks in the first round of the playoffs . After leading by 3 points in the fourth quarter of Game 1 , guard Avery Bradley went down with a hamstring injury , making him sit out for the rest of the series . The Celtics lost the series 4 -- 2 to the Hawks , ending their season . On July 8 , 2016 , the Celtics signed 4 - time All - Star Al Horford . The Celtics finished the 2016 -- 17 season with a 53 -- 29 record and clinched the top seed in the Eastern Conference . After a hip injury ended Thomas ' impressive playoff run in game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals , the Celtics eventually lost to the Cavaliers in five games . For the 2017 NBA draft , the Celtics won the draft lottery , earning them the first pick . They were projected to select freshman guard Markelle Fultz , but the pick was subsequently traded to the Philadelphia 76ers in exchange for the third pick in the 2017 draft and future picks . The 76ers would go on to draft Fultz , while the Celtics used the third pick to select freshman forward Jayson Tatum . Semi Ojeleye , Kadeem Allen , and Jabari Bird were selected with the 37th , 53rd , and 56th selections , respectively , in the second round . At the start of the off - season , the team signed Tatum and Ante Žižić , among others , with the biggest acquisition being the signing of Gordon Hayward . On August 22 , 2017 , the Celtics agreed to a deal that sent Isaiah Thomas , Jae Crowder , Žižić , and the Brooklyn Nets ' 2018 first round draft pick to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyrie Irving . An additional draft pick ( Celtics ' 2020 second round ) was later added to the package from the Celtics to the Cavaliers after doctors revealed that Thomas 's injury was more significant than initially anticipated . By the end of the off - season , only 4 Celtics ' players remained from the 2016 -- 17 team , with Marcus Smart being the longest tenured Celtic from the 2014 NBA draft . On the team 's opening night game against the Cavaliers , Hayward suffered a fractured tibia and dislocated ankle in his left leg , causing him to be ruled out for the rest of the regular season . Despite the loss , the Celtics went on a 16 - game winning streak , which also went down as the fourth - longest winning streak in the teams ' history . The streak started with a 102 -- 92 victory over the Philadelphia 76ers on October 20 and ended on November 22 to the hands of the Miami Heat with a 98 -- 104 loss . The Celtics finished the year with a 55 -- 27 record , good enough for second place in the Eastern Conference . In the playoffs , they defeated the Milwaukee Bucks in the First Round in seven games , and continued the feat in the Conference Semifinals by defeating the Philadelphia 76ers in five games before losing to the Cleveland Cavaliers in seven games in the Conference Finals . Rivalries ( edit ) Atlanta Hawks ( edit ) The Celtics -- Hawks rivalry is a rivalry in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association that has lasted for over five decades , although the two teams have played each other since the 1949 -- 50 season , when the then - Tri-Cities Blackhawks joined the NBA as part of the National Basketball League and the Basketball Association of America merger . However , the Blackhawks could not field a truly competitive team until they moved to St. Louis as the St. Louis Hawks after a four - year stopover at Milwaukee . The two teams have faced each other eleven times in the NBA Playoffs , four times in the NBA Finals , with the Celtics winning ten of twelve series against the Hawks , including three out of four NBA Finals . While the Hawks have only defeated the Celtics twice out of eleven series in the NBA Playoffs , they still often managed to make their series with the Celtics memorable . The rivalry intensified in 2016 with Hawks All - Star Center Al Horford spurning the team and joining the Celtics . Brooklyn Nets ( edit ) The Boston Celtics were once rivals of the New Jersey Nets during the early 2000s due to their respective locations and their burgeoning stars . The Nets were led by Jason Kidd and Kenyon Martin , while the Celtics were experiencing newfound success behind Paul Pierce and Antoine Walker . The rivalry began to heat up in the 2002 Eastern Conference Finals , which was preceded by trash talking from the Celtics who claimed Martin was a `` fake '' tough guy . Things progressed as the series started , and on - court tensions seemed to spill into the stands . Celtics ' fans berated Kidd and his family with chants of `` Wife Beater ! '' in response to Kidd 's 2001 domestic abuse charge . When asked about the fan barbs being traded , Kenyon Martin stated , `` Our fans hate them , their fans hate us . '' Bill Walton said at the time that Nets - Celtics was the `` beginning of the next great NBA rivalry '' during the Eastern Conference Finals in 2002 with the Nets advancing to the NBA Finals , though New Jersey would go on to sweep Boston in the 2003 playoffs . In 2012 , the year the Nets returned to New York in the borough of Brooklyn , there were indications that the rivalry might be rekindled when an altercation occurred on the court on November 28 , resulting in the ejection of Rajon Rondo , Gerald Wallace , and Kris Humphries . Rondo was suspended for two games in the aftermath , while Wallace and Kevin Garnett were fined . The story was revisited on December 25 , when Wallace grabbed Garnett 's shorts and the two had to be broken up by referees and players alike . However , the rivalry between the Nets and the Celtics appeared significantly cooled off by the June 2013 blockbuster trade that dealt Celtics stars Garnett and Paul Pierce to the Nets in exchange for Wallace , Humphries , and others . This move was billed as a merger of the two Atlantic Division teams . Celtics announcer Sean Grande said `` It 's almost as if you found a great home for these guys . You could n't have found a better place . These guys will be in the New York market , they 'll be on a competitive team , they 'll stay on national TV . It 's funny , because the enemy of my enemy is my friend . So with Celtics fans feeling the way they do about the Heat , feeling the way they do about the Knicks , the Nets are going to become almost the second ( Boston ) team now . '' The trade would end up crippling the Nets who posted a record of 151 - 259 following the trade including three consecutive seasons with fewer than 30 wins from 2016 to 2018 . Brooklyn would win just one playoff series with Garnett and Pierce , neither of whom were with the team by the close of the 2014 -- 2015 season . The Celtics would use Brooklyn 's draft picks to acquire Jaylen Brown and Jayson Tatum through the draft in 2016 and 2017 respectively and Kyrie Irving via trade , en route to consecutive appearances in the Eastern Conference Finals in 2017 and 2018 . Detroit Pistons ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Pistons rivalry The rivalry between the Celtics and the Detroit Pistons peaked in the 1980s , featuring players such as Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , Robert Parish , Isiah Thomas , Bill Laimbeer , Dennis Rodman , and Joe Dumars . These teams met in the NBA Playoffs five times in 7 seasons from 1985 to 1991 , with the Celtics winning in 1985 and 1987 , and the Pistons coming out on top en route to back - to - back Finals appearances in 1988 and their championship seasons of 1989 and 1990 . Led by Paul Pierce , Kevin Garnett and Ray Allen in the 2008 Eastern Conference Finals the Celtics defeated the Pistons in 6 games to advance to the NBA Finals where they went on to beat the Lakers also in 6 games . Los Angeles Lakers ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Lakers rivalry The rivalry between the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers involves the two most storied franchises in NBA history . It has been called the NBA 's best rivalry . The two teams have met a record twelve times in the NBA Finals , starting with their first Finals meeting in 1959 . They would go on to dominate the league in the 1960s and the 1980s , facing each other six times in the 1960s , three times in the 1980s , in 2008 , and in 2010 . The rivalry had been less intense since the retirements of Magic Johnson and Larry Bird in the early 1990s , but in 2008 it was renewed as the Celtics and Lakers met in the Finals for the first time since 1987 , with the Celtics winning the series in six games . They faced off once again in the 2010 NBA Finals which the Lakers won in seven games . The two teams have won the two highest numbers of championships , the Celtics 17 , the Lakers 16 ; together , the 33 championships account for almost half of the 70 championships in NBA history . New York Knicks ( edit ) Main article : Celtics -- Knicks rivalry The rivalry between the Celtics and the New York Knicks stems from the location of the teams , both of which are in the NBA 's Atlantic division . It is one of many rivalries between Boston and New York teams . Boston and New York are also the only two original NBA franchises that have remained in the same city for the duration of their existence . The teams have played 512 games against each other during the regular season , with the Celtics winning 276 times . The two teams have also faced each other 61 times during the playoffs , with the Celtics winning 34 times . Philadelphia 76ers ( edit ) Wilt Chamberlain of the Philadelphia 76ers being defended by Celtics ' center Bill Russell Main article : 76ers -- Celtics rivalry The Celtics and the Philadelphia 76ers are the two teams who have the most meetings in the NBA Playoffs , playing each other in 19 series , of which the Celtics have won 12 . The 76ers are considered as the Celtics ' biggest rival in the Eastern Conference . The rivalry reached its peak when players Bill Russell and Wilt Chamberlain of the 76ers played each other from 1965 to 1968 . Their play would result in the Celtics not winning every NBA Finals series in the 1960s when the Sixers won in 1967 . During the early 1980s , the teams constantly fought for conference championships with Larry Bird leading the Celtics and Julius Erving leading the 76ers . Washington Wizards ( edit ) The most recent and unexpected rivalry that has been created between the Celtics is with the Washington Wizards . Although both teams had engaged in a fight in 1984 , the rivalry intensified during the 2015 -- 16 season in a January regular season game after Jae Crowder was given a technical foul . Crowder then began to exchange words with then Wizards coach Randy Wittman . It began to escalate that off - season when the Celtics were trying to sign Al Horford . It was publicly reported that Jae Crowder emphasized that the Celtics beat the Wizards in all of their meetings that season and should sign with them rather than Washington . In their first meeting of the 2016 - 17 season , Wall hit Marcus Smart in the back - court when they were up by 20 late in the 4th quarter . Wall was hit with a Flagrant 2 foul and was promptly ejected . Smart immediately got back up and began to scuffle with Wall . Their words continued even after being separated with Wall telling Smart to meet him out back after the game . No incident was reported between the two following the game . In their next meeting , the Celtics won 117 -- 108 . However , after the game Wall and Crowder exchanged words in front of the Wizards bench . Crowder ended up trying to jab his finger at Wall 's nose and Wall tried to fight back with a slap . Teammates and coaches from both sides had to step in and separate the two teams but the players continued to yell while entering their respective locker rooms . Police officers had to be on guard between the two locker rooms to ensure no further confrontation . Otto Porter is quoted as calling the Celtics as dirty . Isaiah Thomas replied `` If playing hard is dirty , then I guess we are a dirty team . '' In their next game in January , the Wizards wore all black to enter the game . The notion was that it is similar to the attire of a funeral . Their decision worked as they defeated the Celtics 123 -- 108 . The two teams would go on to meet in the Conference Semifinals in the 2017 Playoffs . In Game 1 , Markieff Morris landed on Horford 's ankle after shooting a jumpshot. Morris sprained his ankle and had to miss the rest of the game which was a 123 - 111 loss . Morris believed that Horford did this intentionally . In Game 2 , Morris retaliated by grabbing Horford by the waist and pushed him into the seats . In Game 3 , Kelly Olynyk set a hard screen on Kelly Oubre . Olynyk 's shoulder hit Oubre in the chin causing him to drop to the floor . Oubre angrily rose and pushed Olynyk down onto the floor . Oubre was then assessed a flagrant 2 foul and was ejected while also being suspended for Game 4 . No significant altercations erupted in the rest of the seven game series in which the Celtics would go on to win . The rivalry has since dissipated as the Celtics have retooled their roster but their match - ups are still seen as significant as they played on Christmas in 2017 . Season - by - season record ( edit ) List of the last five seasons completed by the Celtics . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Boston Celtics seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , % = Winning Percentage ; Season GP % Finish Playoffs 2012 -- 13 81 41 40 . 506 3rd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Knicks ) 2013 -- 14 82 25 57 . 305 4th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 82 40 42 . 488 2nd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Cavaliers ) 2015 -- 16 82 48 34 . 585 2nd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Hawks ) 2016 -- 17 82 53 29 . 646 1st , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 1 -- 4 ( Cavaliers ) 2017 -- 18 82 55 27 . 671 2nd , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Cavaliers ) Records , retired numbers and awards ( edit ) Main article : List of Boston Celtics accomplishments and records The Celtics have a NBA record 17 Championships including 8 in a row , and 11 championships in 13 years . They also have 52 playoff appearances . The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame have 40 enshrined players who played for the Celtics , and the franchise has retired 22 jersey numbers , more than any other American sports team . FIBA Hall of Fame ( edit ) Boston Celtics FIBA Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 6 Bill Russell 1956 -- 1969 2007 36 Shaquille O'Neal 2010 -- 2011 2017 Home arenas ( edit ) Boston Garden TD Garden Arena Location Duration Boston Arena Boston , Massachusetts 1946 -- 1955 Boston Garden 1955 - 1995 TD Garden 1995 -- present Players ( edit ) Main article : Boston Celtics all - time roster Current roster ( edit ) Boston Celtics roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Baynes , Aron 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1986 -- 12 -- 09 Washington State 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Bird , Jabari 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1994 -- 07 -- 03 California G / F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Brown , Jaylen 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1996 -- 10 -- 24 California 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Hayward , Gordon 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 226 lb ( 103 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 23 Butler F / C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Horford , Al 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1986 -- 06 -- 03 Florida 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Irving , Kyrie 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1992 -- 03 -- 23 Duke -- Lemon , Walter ( TW ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) 1992 -- 07 -- 26 Bradley 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Morris , Marcus 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1989 -- 09 -- 02 Kansas 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Ojeleye , Semi 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1994 -- 12 -- 05 SMU 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Rozier , Terry 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 17 Louisville 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Smart , Marcus 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 06 Oklahoma State 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Tatum , Jayson 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1998 -- 03 -- 03 Duke F / C 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Theis , Daniel 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 243 lb ( 110 kg ) 1992 -- 04 -- 04 Germany 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Wanamaker , Brad 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 209 lb ( 95 kg ) 1989 -- 07 -- 25 Pittsburgh 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Williams , Robert 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 241 lb ( 109 kg ) 1997 -- 10 -- 17 Texas A&M 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Yabusele , Guerschon 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1995 -- 12 -- 17 France Head coach Brad Stevens Assistant coach ( es ) Jerome Allen Jay Larrañaga Scott Morrison Micah Shrewsberry Jamie Young Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 07 -- 08 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Celtics hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player is ostensibly either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref Captains ( edit ) Former Celtics captain Paul Pierce being defended by LeBron James All - time Team captains Captain Tenure Bob Cousy 1950 -- 1963 Frank Ramsey & Bill Russell 1963 -- 1964 Bill Russell 1964 -- 1966 John Havlicek January 16 , 1967 -- 1978 Jo Jo White & Dave Cowens October 17 , 1978 -- November 14 , 1978 Jo Jo White November 14 , 1978 -- January 30 , 1979 Dave Cowens & Chris Ford January 31 , 1979 -- 1979 Dave Cowens 1979 -- October 1 , 1980 Larry Bird 1983 -- 1992 Reggie Lewis 1992 -- 1993 Robert Parish 1993 -- 1994 Dominique Wilkins & Dee Brown 1994 -- 1995 Dee Brown 1995 -- 1996 Rick Fox 1996 -- 1997 Dee Brown & Antoine Walker October 8 , 1997 -- December 2 , 1997 Dee Brown , Antoine Walker , & Pervis Ellison December 2 , 1997 - February 18 , 1998 Antoine Walker and Pervis Ellison February 18 , 1998 -- 1998 Antoine Walker 1998 -- 1999 Antoine Walker & Dana Barros 1999 -- 2000 Antoine Walker & Paul Pierce 2000 -- 2003 Paul Pierce 2003 -- 2013 Rajon Rondo January 17 , 2014 -- December 19 , 2014 Franchise leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team . Italic denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 season ) 1 . John Havlicek ( 26,395 ) 2 . Paul Pierce ( 24,021 ) 3 . Larry Bird ( 21,791 ) 4 . Robert Parish ( 18,245 ) 5 . Kevin McHale ( 17,335 ) 6 . Bob Cousy ( 16,955 ) 7 . Sam Jones ( 15,411 ) 8 . Bill Russell ( 14,522 ) 9 . Dave Cowens ( 13,192 ) 10 . Jo Jo White ( 13,188 ) 11 . Bill Sharman ( 12,287 ) 12 . Tom Heinsohn ( 12,194 ) 13 . Antoine Walker ( 11,386 ) 14 . Don Nelson ( 9,968 ) 15 . Satch Sanders ( 8,766 ) 16 . Frank Ramsey ( 8,378 ) 17 . Cedric Maxwell ( 8,311 ) 18 . Reggie Lewis ( 7,902 ) 19 . Ed Macauley ( 7,882 ) 20 . Dennis Johnson ( 6,805 ) 21 . Danny Ainge ( 6,257 ) 22 . Kevin Garnett ( 6,233 ) 23 . Ray Allen ( 5,987 ) 24 . Bailey Howell ( 5,812 ) 25 . Rajon Rondo ( 5,783 ) 26 . Don Chaney ( 5,689 ) 27 . Dee Brown ( 5,512 ) 28 . Larry Siegfried ( 5,420 ) 29 . K.C. Jones ( 5,011 ) 30 . Avery Bradley ( 5,000 ) 31 . Kevin Gamble ( 4,895 ) 32 . Rick Fox ( 4,759 ) 33 . Tiny Archibald ( 4,550 ) 34 . Isaiah Thomas ( 4,422 ) 35 . Eric Williams ( 4,248 ) 36 . Paul Silas ( 3,744 ) 37 . Dino Radja ( 3,733 ) 38 . Gerald Henderson ( 3,521 ) 39 . Jeff Green ( 3,252 ) 40 . Brandon Bass ( 3,216 ) 41 . Chris Ford ( 3,194 ) 42 . Jim Loscutoff ( 3,156 ) 43 . Dana Barros ( 3,109 ) 44 . Sherman Douglas ( 2,981 ) 45 . Ricky Davis ( 2,940 ) 46 . Steve Kuberski ( 2,929 ) 47 . Kendrick Perkins ( 2,917 ) 48 . Jared Sullinger ( 2,856 ) 49 . Rick Robey ( 2,829 ) 50 . Walter McCarty ( 2,806 ) Other statistics ( regular season ) ( as of April 18 , 2017 ) Most minutes played Player Minutes John Havlicek 46,471 Bill Russell 40,726 Paul Pierce 40,360 Robert Parish 34,977 Larry Bird 34,443 Bob Cousy 30,131 Kevin McHale 30,118 Dave Cowens 28,551 Jo Jo White 26,770 Sam Jones 24,285 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Bill Russell 21,620 Robert Parish 11,051 Dave Cowens 10,170 Larry Bird 8,974 John Havlicek 8,007 Kevin McHale 7,122 Paul Pierce 6,651 Satch Sanders 5,798 Tom Heinsohn 5,749 Antoine Walker 4,782 Most assists Player Assists Bob Cousy 6,945 John Havlicek 6,114 Larry Bird 5,695 Rajon Rondo 4,474 Paul Pierce 4,305 Bill Russell 4,100 Jo Jo White 3,686 Dennis Johnson 3,486 K.C. Jones 2,908 Dave Cowens 2,828 Most steals Player Steals Paul Pierce 1,583 Larry Bird 1,556 Rajon Rondo 990 Robert Parish 873 Antoine Walker 828 Dee Brown 675 Danny Ainge 671 Dennis Johnson 654 Dave Cowens 569 Reggie Lewis 561 Most blocks Player Blocks Robert Parish 1,703 Kevin McHale 1,690 Larry Bird 755 Paul Pierce 668 Kendrick Perkins 646 Dave Cowens 473 Reggie Lewis 417 Kevin Garnett 394 Cedric Maxwell 378 Tony Battie 369 Most three - pointers made Player 3 - pointers made Paul Pierce 1823 Antoine Walker 937 Ray Allen 798 Larry Bird 649 Avery Bradley 520 Isaiah Thomas 460 Walter McCarty 417 Dana Barros 416 Danny Ainge 348 Eddie House 332 Coaches ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Boston Celtics head coaches Red Auerbach coached the Boston Celtics to 9 NBA titles , with eight straight between 1959 and 1966 . There have been 17 head coaches in Celtics ' history . Red Auerbach is the most successful franchise 's head coach having won 9 NBA championships with the team . Celtics ' legend Bill Russell took coaching duties from Auerbach and led them to 2 NBA championships while playing and coaching at the same time . The other two coaches that won 2 NBA titles with the team are Tom Heinsohn and K.C. Jones . Both Bill Fitch and Doc Rivers led the Celtics to 1 NBA championship the latter being the most recent coach to do so . Brad Stevens is the team 's current head coach . Assistant coaches ( edit ) All - time Assistant coaches Name Tenure Name Tenure Danny Silva 1946 -- 1948 Dana Barros February 2004 - end of 2003 -- 04 Henry McCarthy 1948 -- 1950 Jim Brewer 2004 -- 2006 Art Spector 1949 -- 1950 Paul Cormier February 2004 -- 2005 John Killilea 1972 -- 1977 Tony Brown 2004 -- 2007 K.C. Jones 1977 -- 1983 1996 -- 1997 Kevin Eastman 2004 -- 2013 Satch Sanders 1977 -- 1978 Armond Hill 2004 -- 2013 Bob McKinnon 1978 -- 1979 Paul Pressey 2004 -- 2006 Jim Rodgers 1980 -- 1988 Dave Wohl 2004 -- 2007 Chris Ford 1983 -- 1990 Clifford Ray 2005 -- 2010 Ed Badger 1984 -- 1988 Mike Longabardi 2007 -- 2013 Lanny Van Eman 1988 -- 1990 Tom Thibodeau 2007 -- 2010 Don Casey 1990 -- 1996 Lawrence Frank 2010 -- 2011 Jon P. Jennings 1990 -- 1994 Roy Rogers 2010 -- 2011 Dennis Johnson 1993 -- 1997 Tyronn Lue 2011 -- 2013 John Kuester 1995 -- 1997 Jamie Young 2011 -- present Winston Bennett 1997 -- 1998 Jay Larrañaga 2012 -- present Jim O'Brien 1997 -- 2001 Ron Adams 2013 -- 2014 John Carroll 1997 -- 2004 Micah Shrewsberry 2013 -- present Mark Starns 1997 -- 2001 Walter McCarty 2013 -- 2018 Kevin Willard 1997 -- 2001 Darren Erman 2014 -- 2015 Lester Conner 1998 -- 2004 Jerome Allen 2015 -- present Andy Enfield 1998 -- 2000 Scott Morrison 2017 -- present Dick Harter 2001 -- 2004 Frank Vogel 2001 -- 2004 Logos and uniforms ( edit ) Logos ( edit ) The Celtics ' wordmark , used since the 1969 -- 70 season The Boston Celtics logo since the early 1960s features a leprechaun spinning a basketball , named Lucky . It was originally designed by Zang Auerbach , the brother of Celtics head coach Red Auerbach . For a long time , the logo 's only colors were black , white and green . Then for the 1996 -- 97 season , celebrating the club 's 50th anniversary , the logo got a full - color treatment . Lucky 's face and hands were both painted tan , while gold was included on the vest , bow tie and hat , as well as brown on the ball and shillelagh , and black on its pants and shoes . The Celtics also have various alternative logos , with the most popular being a white shamrock with the letters `` Celtics '' above it , wrapped in a green circle , which has been used since the 1998 -- 99 season . The alternate logo is based on logos used by the Celtics before they used the Zang Auerbach leprechaun . For much of its history , the shamrock was trimmed in gold , as seen in the old team warmup jackets . A new secondary logo , unveiled in 2014 , featured a variation of the leprechaun logo , in silhouette form . Uniforms ( edit ) `` Icon '' and `` Association '' uniforms ( edit ) For much of their history , the Celtics wore green uniforms on the road and white uniforms at home . The basic template of the current Celtics ' uniforms were formalized in the 1950s , and along the way they made a few adjustments in the lettering and stripes . Among the more notable changes in the uniforms were the switch from serifed to sans - serif block lettering in 1968 , the addition of names in 1972 , and the incorporation of the three - leaf shamrock logo in 1998 . While the white uniforms remained largely intact , the green uniforms have featured either the city name ( 1950s -- 1965 ; 2014 -- present ) or the team name ( 1965 -- 2014 ) . When Nike became the NBA 's uniform provider in 2017 they decided to eliminate the ' home ' and ' away ' uniform designations . Thus the white Celtics uniforms became known as the `` Association '' uniforms while the green uniforms became the `` Icon '' uniforms . Both sets are now used regardless of home and road games . In January 2017 , the Celtics signed a multi-year deal with General Electric where they became the `` exclusive Data and Analytics partner '' for the team . As part of the deal , GE agreed to pay the Celtics more than $7 million per year to have the uniforms with a GE logo prominently placed on the left shoulder of jerseys in green and white . This was the first time a corporate logo were placed on the game uniforms . Along with the GE logo , the Nike logo now emblazons the right shoulder of the Celtics ' uniforms . Alternate uniforms ( edit ) From 2005 to 2017 , the Celtics wore alternate green uniforms with black lettering and trim featuring the word `` Boston '' on the front side . One noticeable difference in the alternate uniforms were the black panels with a green shamrock , reminiscent of the original Celtics uniforms worn in the late 1940s . A gray uniform set was also used from 2014 to 2017 . Dubbed `` Parquet Pride '' , the uniforms featured sleeves ( a prominent figure in Adidas ' NBA uniforms ) , white letters with green trim , the silhouetted leprechaun logo on the shorts , the shamrock logo on the left leg , and a parquet - like pattern on the sides . For 2017 and beyond , the Celtics will wear black `` Statement '' uniforms ( labeled by Nike in reference to the league 's third jerseys ) . Its features include green letters with white trim , green panels with black shamrock and white player names . The team name is prominently featured in front . The Celtics will also wear a fourth alternate uniform , dubbed by Nike as the `` City '' uniforms . Their first `` City '' uniforms are in gray and features a pattern of the parquet floor throughout , a green shamrock with white trim on the left leg , green letters with white trim , Red Auerbach 's signature near the uniform tag , and a portion of the 2008 championship banner on the beltline . Special uniforms ( edit ) Between 2006 and 2017 , the Celtics wore special St. Patrick 's Day uniforms . The initial uniforms were worn from 2006 to 2013 and it strongly resembled their regular green uniforms save for gold and white trim and the city name in front . For 2014 and 2015 , the uniforms were sleeved , replaced the city name in front in favor of the team name , and now resembled their green / black alternates . In 2016 and 2017 , the uniforms were again sleeveless and featured the city name in front , but kept the previous striping . During the NBA Europe Live Tour prior to the 2007 -- 08 season , the Celtics used the alternate road jerseys in their game against the Toronto Raptors in Rome , except that the words `` Boston '' on the front side of the jersey and the shamrock on the shorts and on the reverse side of the jersey contained the green , white and red tricolors of the Italian flag . In the second game in London , the regular road jerseys featured a patch containing the Union Jack . At the 2008 -- 09 season opener against the Cleveland Cavaliers , the Celtics wore a modified version of their home uniforms , accented with gold , to commemorate last season 's championship team . The Celtics have also worn special edition Christmas Day uniforms since the 2008 -- 09 season . For the first four games , they wore their regular green uniforms modified with the NBA logo inside a snowflake . Then in the 2012 -- 13 season , they wore monochrome uniforms with green lettering trimmed in white . For the 2016 -- 17 season , the Celtics wore a special green uniform with a more ornate script lettering , but without the additional striping . Memorial patches ( edit ) During the 2006 -- 07 season , the Celtics wore a commemorative patch of a black shamrock with the nickname `` Red '' in green letters on the right top of the jersey in remembrance of Red Auerbach , who died shortly prior to the beginning of the season . The team has honored deceased members of the Celtics family with a commemorative black band on the left shoulder strap of the jersey . It has been featured eight times in the history of the franchise : Walter Brown ( 1964 -- 65 ) , Bob Schmertz ( 1975 -- 76 ) , Joan Cohen ( 1989 -- 90 ) , Johnny Most ( 1993 -- 94 ) , Reggie Lewis ( 1993 -- 94 ) , Dorothy Auerbach ( 2000 -- 01 ) , Dennis Johnson ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Jim Loscutoff ( 2015 -- 16 ) and Jo Jo White ( 2017 -- 18 ) . The Celtics also wore a black band for reasons not related to the franchise , such as the Boston Marathon bombing in 2013 , and the death of Isaiah Thomas ' younger sister during the 2017 NBA Playoffs . Uniform traditions ( edit ) The team also had the tradition of wearing black sneakers through most of their history , except during the early 1980s when they wore green sneakers . According to legend , Celtics patriarch Red Auerbach had a problem with the white sneakers , claiming that the white sneakers can easily get dirty ; hence starting a long tradition with the black sneakers . But prior to the 2003 -- 04 season , current Celtics GM Danny Ainge and captain Paul Pierce suggested wearing white sneakers , in due part to a growing number of teams wearing black sneakers . Auerbach gladly accepted and the white sneakers have remained since on home games . They still wore the black sneakers on away games , but in the 2008 -- 09 season , they wore white sneakers with green and gold accents while wearing their St. Patrick 's Day jerseys on the road . Most recently , when the Celtics play on Christmas Day , they wore white or green sneakers with red and gold accents . Since the 2009 -- 10 season , the NBA relaxed its rules on specified sneaker colors , and Celtics players are now seen wearing custom - made and personalized sneakers at home and on the road , although for the most part they wear either green , white or black sneakers . The Celtics were the only team to wear warmup jackets with the player names on the back . During the 1980s , this style was dominant in most NBA warmup jackets , but by the late 1990s , this style gradually declined . The Celtics , however , kept the design in keeping with tradition , before discontinuing the practice after the 2011 -- 12 season in favor of a templated jacket design common to all 30 teams . Television and radio ( edit ) Main article : List of Boston Celtics broadcasters NBC Sports Boston is the Boston Celtics ' main television outlet , having aired its games since 1981 when the station was known as PRISM New England . In 1983 , it rebranded as SportsChannel New England . Like all the other SportsChannel networks , the New England channel was rebranded as Fox Sports New England when former owner Cablevision entered into a partnership with Liberty Media and News Corporation in 1998 . Comcast purchased Cablevision 's original network stake in 2001 , then acquired the remaining stake in what was now FSN New England in 2007 and rebranded the network as Comcast SportsNet New England . In 2017 , all CSN networks ( including CSN New England ) were renamed as NBC Sports Regional Networks in reference to Comcast 's current ownership of NBCUniversal . Mike Gorman provides the play - by - play with former Celtics player and coach Tommy Heinsohn serving as analyst for home games , while former Celtics ' player Brian Scalabrine serves as analyst for road games . Abby Chin serves as courtside reporter . The Celtics can be heard on 98.5 the Sports Hub during all Boston Celtics games , all season long from preseason to postseason . The play - by - play announcer is Sean Grande with commentary from Cedric Maxwell . On September 26 , 2013 , the Celtics and 98.5 The Sports Hub announced a multi-year partnership in which the Boston Celtics games will be broadcast on the market 's leading sports station . Beginning with the 2013 -- 14 season , 98.5 The Sports Hub will feature select pre-season games , and all regular and post-season matchups , as well as produce extended pre - and postgame shows focused entirely on the Celtics . Management ( edit ) Ownership history ( edit ) Ownership history Owner Tenure Boston Garden - Arena Corporation June 6 , 1946 -- July 31 , 1950 Walter A. Brown / Lou Pieri July 31 , 1950 -- September 7 , 1964 Lou Pieri and Marjorie Brown , wife of team founder September 7 , 1964 -- June 24 , 1965 Marvin Kratter / Knickerbocker Brewing Company , subsidiary of National Equities June 24 , 1965 -- 1968 Ballantine Brewery , subsidiary of Investors Funding Corporation 1968 -- 1969 1971 -- 1972 Trans - National Communications 1969 -- 1971 Irv Levin and Harold Lipton April 1972 -- May 1972 * November 1975 -- 1978 Robert Schmertz / Leisure Technology May 1972 -- January 1975 Robert Schmertz / Leisure Technology , Irv Levin , and Harold Lipton January 1975 -- November 1975 John Y. Brown , Jr. and Harry T. Mangurian , Jr . 1978 -- 1979 Harry T. Mangurian , Jr . 1979 -- 1983 Don Gaston , Alan N. Cohen , Paul Dupee 1983 -- 1993 Paul Gaston 1993 -- 2002 Boston Basketball Partners L.L.C. -- consisting of Wycliffe Grousbeck , Stephen Pagliuca , H. Irving Grousbeck and The Abbey Group , represented by Robert Epstein 2002 -- present * Sale not approved by NBA Team presidents ( edit ) All - time Team presidents President Tenure Walter A. Brown 1946 -- 1963 Louis Pieri 1963 -- 1965 Jack Waldron 1965 -- 1967 1968 -- 1970 Clarence H. Adams 1967 -- 1968 Red Auerbach 1970 -- 1997 1997 -- 2001 Rick Pitino 1997 -- 2001 Rich Gotham 2007 -- present General managers ( edit ) GM history GM Tenure Walter A. Brown 1946 -- 1951 Red Auerbach 1951 -- 1984 Jan Volk 1984 -- 1997 Chris Wallace 1997 -- 2007 Danny Ainge 2007 -- present Other ( edit ) Name Position Tenure Dave Gavitt CEO 1990 -- 1994 Larry Bird Special assistant to front office 1992 -- 1997 M.L. Carr Director of Basketball Operations 1994 -- 1997 Danny Ainge President of Basketball Operations 2003 -- present Medical staff ( edit ) Team physicians ( edit ) All - time Team physicians Physician Tenure Dr. Robert Steinsieck 1956 -- 1958 Dr. Jack Longford 1958 -- 1959 Dr. John Doherty 1959 -- 1969 Dr. Thomas Silva 1969 -- 1987 Dr. Arnold Scheller 1987 -- 2005 Dr. Brian McKeon 2005 -- present Team athletic trainers ( edit ) All - time Athletic Trainers Trainer Tenure Harry Cohen 1946 -- 1958 Buddy LeRoux 1958 -- 1967 Joe DeLauri 1967 -- 1972 Frank Challant 1972 -- 1979 Ray Melchiorre 1979 -- 1987 Ed Lacerte 1987 -- 2017 Art Horne 2017 -- present Boston Celtics Communications ( edit ) Main articles : WEEI ( AM ) and WFXT Boston Celtics Communications is a broadcasting division of the Celtics . In September 1989 , the team through its owners , Don Gaston , Alan N. Cohen and Paul Dupee acquired radio station WEEI ( on the 590 frequency now known as WEZE ) from CBS Radio , as well as Fox affiliated station WFXT from Fox Television Stations . The sale was completed on May 10 , 1990 . CBS discontinued its association with WEEI that year , and they instead joined ABC Direction . WEEI , which had already carried Celtics broadcasts since 1987 , expanded its sports programming to cover the Boston Bruins and certain Sports Byline USA and CBS Radio Sports broadcasts . However , WEEI was sold off in 1994 , and would later reemerge as the name of an ESPN - radio affiliate , Sportsradio 850 WEEI . WFXT continued to carry the Fox network programming ; however , during the team 's ownership of the station , they broadcast the team 's games and they also had a news share agreement with regional cable news channel New England Cable News in 1993 . WFXT meanwhile was reacquired by Fox Television Stations group , and once again was Fox owned - and - operated from 1995 . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal The Sports Museum ( at TD Garden ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This pick originally belonged to the Brooklyn Nets , but was sent to the Celtics in the 2013 trade involving Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett . The Nets had the worst record in the previous season , which gave the Celtics the highest chance of winning the lottery . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Boston Celtics seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . National Basketball Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creation of a Logo '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , Taylor C. ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Celtics Showcase New Nike Uniform System '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . May 2 , 2018 . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtics , GE Announce Multi-Year Partnership '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals History : Finals Champions and MVPs '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player Award Winners '' basketball-reference.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What 's in a Name ? '' . Boston Celtics . August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Celtics Related Books , nba.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Earl Lloyd -- First Black Coach , sports.jrank.org accessed 2008 -- February 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Lisette Auerbach 's Celtics played as a team , espn.go.com/classic . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry . `` Celtics triedltimate passer '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bob Cousy Biography , nba.com/history , accessed February 1 , 2008 Jump up ^ Ed Macauley , hoophall.com , accessed May 26 , 2008 . Archived October 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Only the Ball Was Brown , daviskamp.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Season Recap -- 1950s , nba.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bob Pettit Bio , nba.com/history . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 -- 1968 ) , sportsecyclopedia.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boston Celtics ( 1946 -- present ) , sportsecyclopedia.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Lakers History , nba.com/lakers . Retrieved January 13 , 2005 . Archived August 17 , 2011 , at WebCite Jump up ^ ( 1 ). , Retrieved November 02 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Berube , Reagan High Five , nba.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Celtics Coach Red Auerbach Retires , massmoments.org . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Boston Celtics blinkbits.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2005 . Archived September 3 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heritage Week : Power Rankings , 1969 -- 70 nba.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unbreakable '' Sports Records ( The World Almanac ) Archived 2009 - 08 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . worldalmanac.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Season Recaps -- 1970s , nba.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Bucks NBA Archived 2008 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , jsonline.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Greatest Game Ever , nba.com/suns . Retrieved March 2 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Boston Drafts Cedric Mexwell , sportsfilter.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2001 . Archived April 8 , 2002 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oklahoma Sooners Official Athletic Site -- Men 's Basketball Archived 2008 - 02 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , soonersports.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : NBA -- Celtics , Braves once made a really big trade '' . assets.espn.go.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill Memories of Red , sports.espn.go.com October 30 , 2006 , February 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Bob McAdoo Bio , nba.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2001 . Jump up ^ CNN / SI -- 33 : Timeline , sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2002 . Jump up ^ All - Time Finals Challenge : 1981 Celtics , nba.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Boston Celtics History , nba.com . Retrieved February 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bob McAdoo Summary , nba.com/history . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rookie of the Year Award Winners , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1980 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Editors of Publication International , Ltd . Robert Parish , entertainment.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Complete First Round Results -- 1980 -- 89 , nba.com/history/draft . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Yearly Win / Loss Record , nba.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1981 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finals MVP , nba.com/history . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1982 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1983 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Investment group buys Celtics for $360 million , sportsillustrated.cnn.com September 27 , 2002 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boston Celtics Roster and Statistics , basketball - reference . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The 1984 NBA Finals , nba.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Red Auerbach Biography , jockbio.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1985 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Postscript on the Walton - Maxwell Trade , lexnihilnovi.blogspot.com September 7 , 1985 . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Scoop The legend of Len Bias , sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Len Bias Tragedy , washingtonpost.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1987 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1988 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Villanova to Retire Former Celtic Player , Coach Chris Ford 's Jersey nba.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1993 NBA Playoff Summary , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ PRO BASKETBALL ; Reggie Lewis 's Family Had a History of Heart Problems , Report Asserts -- New York Times nytimes.com September 13 , 1993 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Did Reggie Lewis Have to Die ? -- TIME , time.com June 21 , 2001 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Reggie ... -- The Official Site of the BOSTON CELTICS '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Citizens Bank Closes Deal with Rick Pitino Celtics Head Coach Signs on With Personal Services Contract , highbeam.com December 9 , 1997 . Retrieved December 15 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Complete First round Results -- 1990 -- 99 nba.com/history . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira ( 2 November 1997 ) . `` ON BASKETBALL ; Pitino 's Young Guns Overrun The Bulls '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ Celtics , Boston . `` Boston Celtics History -- Celtics.com -- The official website of the Boston Celtics '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Wins Without Pitino '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Wise , Mike ( 19 February 1998 ) . `` BASKETBALL ; Kenny Anderson Is Traded To Celtics in 7 - Player Deal '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ What the Hell Happened to ... Ron Mercer ? , celticslife.com May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1998 NBA Draft History -- Round 1 , mynbadraft.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Philippine Daily Inquirer -- Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Dave ( March 13 , 2000 ) . `` There 's something about Pitino and the Celtics '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pitino 's resignation does n't mean an end to his career , sportsillustrated.cnn.com January 8 , 2001 . Retrieved January 9 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Franchise Index , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ 2002 NBA Playoffs Archived 2013 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , basketball-reference.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Basketball Partners Assume Ownership of Celtics Franchise '' . NBA.com . December 31 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2003 NBA Playoffs , nba.com , accessed May 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Mavs Acquire ( sic ) Antoine Walker and Tony Delk from Boston , nba.com/mavericks . Retrieved April 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire LaFrentz , Mills & Welsch From Mavericks , nba.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ 2004 NBA Playoffs , sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Doc Rivers goes back to the bench , hired to coach Boston Celtics , findarticles.com May 17 , 2004 , accessed May 20 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire Draft Rights to Leon Powe , nba.com , accessed April 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Legendary Celtics coach Auerbach dead at age 89 , sports.espn.go.com October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved October 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gil , Gideon Recovery from ACL tear took 6 -- 9 months , boston.com September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Celtics finished with second - worst record last season , sports.espn.go.com May 10 , 2007 , accessed May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire Seven - Time All - Star Ray Allen from Sonics Archived 2012 - 02 - 18 at WebCite , nba.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Celtics Acquire 10 - Time All - Star Kevin Garnett , nba.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce shoots Celtics to first Finals appearance since ' 87 '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics smash Lakers , bring home 17th NBA championship '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` Celtics Remain Mindful Of a Missed Opportunity '' . The New York Times . p . D2 . Jump up ^ NBA Celtics win 19th straight to set franchise record , news.google.com December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lakers snap Celtics 19 game winning streak , outsidethebeltway.com December 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` EWING PROPHETIC AS MAGIC BEAT CELTICS IN GAME 7 '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Celtics claw into second round with cagy Game 7 victory , espn.go.com May 2 , 2009 , accessed May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach Home Court Records and Champions , celticshub.com March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( 2010 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Celtics finally finish off Magic in Game 6 to head back to Finals '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Lakers edge Celtics in Game 7 , win 16th title '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : May , Peter ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Celtics Creak Toward Postseason , Hoping They Have Legs for a Run '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Payne , Greg ( May 16 , 2011 ) . `` Doc Rivers : Timing of trade was off '' . ESPNBoston.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amare Stoudemire back as Celts ' reserves top Knicks ' second string '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Shaquille O'Neal , who has played 5 minutes , 29 seconds since February 1 , also sat out . Jump up ^ Chris ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Report card : Shaquille O'Neal '' . ESPNBoston.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sign D.J. White '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shavlik Randolph Signs 10 - Day Contract With Celtics -- RealGM Wiretap '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Golliver . `` NBA cancels game between Celtics and Pacers after Boston Marathon blasts '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks vs. Celtics -- Game Recap -- May 3 , 2013 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nets , Celtics work out blockbuster '' . ESPN . June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Complete Trade With Brooklyn Nets '' . NBA.com . July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtics Hire Brad Stevens as Head Coach '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 's big three miss playoffs in same year for first time '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What can the Celtics do with the sixth pick ? '' . CBS Sports . CBS . Retrieved 10 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Complete Trade With Dallas Mavericks '' . Boston Celtics . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Roster overhaul has n't changed C 's goals '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jared Sullinger of Boston Celtics will miss rest of season due to foot injury '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Celtics Will Probably Miss the Playoffs , and That 's Okay '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Now in playoffs , Isaiah Thomas has discovered the Boston Celtics are not one of the NBA 's worst teams '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Sign Al Horford '' . NBA.com . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Clinch # 1 Seed ; Will Face Bulls In First Round '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott . `` Isaiah Thomas out for Rest of 2017 NBA Postseason with Hip Injury '' . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Boston Celtics trade No. 1 overall draft pick to Philadelphia 76ers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA Draft picks : Complete results , full list of players selected , highlights , grades '' . CBS Sports . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sign Jayson Tatum , Ante Zizic '' . NBA.com . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Sign Gordon Hayward '' . NBA.com . July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Four - Time All - Star Kyrie Irving '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/article/2017/08/30/report-boston-celtics-include-second-round-pick-complete-trade-cleveland Jump up ^ https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/celtics/2017/08/22/celtics-turn-over-roster-time/RsW2CQloAYAye2DSSq3JFK/story.html Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Gordon Hayward Suffers Dislocated Ankle , Fractured Tibia in First Quarter of Season Opener '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics granted $8.4 M player exception for Gordon Hayward '' . ESPN.com . October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.nba.com/article/2017/11/18/boston-celtics-longest-winning-streaks#/ Jump up ^ Boston Celtics Franchise History , nba.com . Retrieved November 8th , 2012 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm ; Everson , Darren ( May 20 , 2002 ) . `` Celtics Talk A Good Game -- New York Daily News '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ Steve WilsteinAP Sports Writer ( May 31 , 2002 ) . `` Celtics fans ' taunts hurt Jason Kidd 's wife Amarillo.com Amarillo Globe - News '' . Amarillo.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter , May ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Suspension and 2 Fines After Brawl '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Nets owner Mikhail Prokhorov 's win - at - all - costs mentality is reminiscent of late George Steinbrenner '' . New York : NY Daily News . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Grande : Celtics found ' good home ' for KG , Pierce '' . Csnne.com . July 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics - Pistons Top 10 games '' . ESPN.com. 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA ; s Best Rivalries '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Knicks and Celtics Renew Playoff Rivalry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Most frequent playoff matchups '' . McCubed.net . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( May 12 , 1985 ) . `` Celtics - 76ers has been a playoff tradition '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.celticslife.com/2017/04/the-last-time-celtics-played-washington.html Jump up ^ `` How Celtics - Wizards became the NBA 's most unexpected rivalry '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Buckner , Candace ( 2017 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Things change , but NBA hopes Wizards - Celtics rivalry still brings Christmas magic '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Dodson , Aaron ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Kelly Oubre Jr. vs. Kelly Olynyk : In the battle of the Kellys , Twitter stood by Oubre Jr '' . The Undefeated . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Hall of Famers '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers -- Celtics '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` C 's Captain a Work in Progress '' . Telegram & Gazette . February 28 , 1999 . Jump up ^ AP ( October 10 , 1963 ) . `` Celtics Vow To Be Champions '' . Gadsden Times . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( January 16 , 1967 ) . `` Havlicek Celtic Captain '' . The Day . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UPI ( October 12 , 1978 ) . `` White , Cowens captains ; Maxwell to start Friday '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UPI ( February 1 , 1979 ) . `` Celtics Defuse Rockets '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cowens Calls It Quits '' . The Daily Union Democrat . October 2 , 1980 . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ UPI ( October 28 , 1983 ) . `` Talented , ambitious Celtics in opener at Detroit tonight '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( October 14 , 1992 ) . `` Celtics name Lewis captain '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Hohman , Ralph ( October 31 , 1993 ) . `` Celtics wish for a new star '' . Record - Journal . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( November 2 , 1994 ) . `` Brown , Wilkins appointed as co-captains for Celtics '' . Sun Journal . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ AP ( October 11 , 1995 ) . `` High Hopes at Celts ' Camp '' . The Hour . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( November 28 , 1996 ) . `` Magic Edge Hawks '' . Gainesville Sun . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Holley , Michael ( October 9 , 1997 ) . `` Pitino does his analysis play by play '' . The Boston Globe . ^ Jump up to : AP ( December 3 , 1997 ) . `` Pitino names Ellison captain '' . Sun Journal . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Holley , Michael ( February 19 , 1998 ) . `` Pitino Plies Trade Again '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Bulpett , Steve ( October 27 , 1999 ) . `` Walker , Barros will captain ship '' . Boston Herald . Jump up ^ `` Pierce , Walker are Co-Captains '' . Telegram & Gazette . October 12 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` C 's Name Rondo Captain On Night of Return '' . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Celtics : Players '' . Basketball Reference. 2017 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Managements and Captains , nba.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Announce New Alternate Logo '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics unveil new alternate logo '' . ESPNBoston.com . July 21 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics x Nike '' . NBA.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Brooke ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) . `` GE 's Nickel - and - Diming Included a Payroll Switch '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dylan ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` GE Just Struck a Major Partnership with the Celtics '' . BostInno . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Unveil New Alternate Road Uniforms '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . November 21 , 2005 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics and adidas Unveil Parquet Pride Collection '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NIKE NBA CITY EDITION UNIFORM '' ( Press release ) . Nike , Inc . December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics Unveil Special St. Patrick 's Uniforms '' . NBA.com ( Press release ) . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . March 6 , 2006 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics unveil green , sleeved St. Patrick 's Day jerseys by Adidas '' . Sports Illustrated . March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 -- 08 Downloadable Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . nba.com . p. 223 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Joseph P. ( May 11 , 2003 ) . `` Celtics court change with a move to white sneakers '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , 98.5 The Sports Hub Announce Multi-Year Broadcast Partnership `` CBS Boston '' . Boston.cbslocal.com. 2013 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Brown , Pieri Purchases Celtics Basketball Club '' . The Hartford Courant . August 1 , 1950 . Jump up ^ `` New Owner But Red Is Still Boss of Celts '' . Lewiston Evening Journal . January 14 , 1975 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Paul Gaston to run Celtics ; Cohen out , highbeam.com September 2 , 1993 . Retrieved February 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics ' owner dispute is more confused than ever '' . The Tuscaloosa News . July 22 , 1974 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rich Gotham , Team President , nba.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chris Wallace , General Manager , nba.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Danny Ainge , Executive Director of Basketball Operations and General Manager , nba.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Boston Celtics : Medical Staff , http://www.museumstuff.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics and trainer Ed Lacerte and conditioning coach Bryan Doo part ways '' , The Boston Globe , July 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Celtics . Official website Boston Celtics Founded in 1946 Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Seasons Accomplishments Head coaches Current season Arenas Boston Arena Boston Garden Hartford Civic Center TD Garden The Auerbach Center ( practice facility ) Administration Boston Basketball Partners ( owner ) Wyc Grousbeck ( CEO ) Wyc Grousbeck , H. Irving Grousbeck , Stephen Pagliuca ( managing partners ) Danny Ainge ( General manager ) Brad Stevens ( Head coach ) General managers Brown Auerbach Volk Wallace Ainge Retired numbers 00 5 6 10 14 15 16 17 18 LOSCY 19 21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 35 MIC Hall of Famers Boston Celtics Hall of Famers G League affiliate Maine Red Claws Rivalries Detroit Pistons Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Culture Celtic Pride Greatest game ever played Tommy Points `` Love ya , Cooz ! '' Close , but no cigar ! Bill Russell Beat L.A. Celtics / Lakers : Best of Enemies Mike Gorman Johnny Most `` Havlicek stole the ball ! '' Henderson steals the ball ! Bird steals the ball ! 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Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Museum of Fine Arts Museum of Science New England Aquarium Old North Church Paul Revere House Symphony Hall TD Garden USS Constitution Museum Business districts Back Bay Downtown Fenway -- Kenmore Financial District Government Center Innovation district North End Route 128 corridor South End List of companies in Boston Government City council City Hall Elections Emergency Medical Services ( EMS ) FinComm Fire Housing ( BHA ) Mayor Police Boston Planning and Development Agency Neighborhoods Allston -- Brighton Allston Brighton Back Bay Bay Village Beacon Hill Downtown Boston Financial District Government Center Charlestown Chinatown Dorchester Columbia Point South Bay East Boston Fenway -- Kenmore Harbor Islands Hyde Park Readville Jamaica Plain Forest Hills Leather District Mattapan Mission Hill Longwood North End Roslindale Roxbury Fort Hill South Boston Fort Point South End West End West Roxbury Chestnut Hill Sports Boston Bruins Boston Celtics Boston Red Sox New England Patriots New England Revolution Suffolk County Boston - Cambridge Metro Massachusetts United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Celtics&oldid=854707351 '' Categories : Boston Celtics Irish - American organizations Irish - American history National Basketball Association teams Basketball teams established in 1946 1946 establishments in Massachusetts Sports teams in Boston Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük Yorùbá Zazaki 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 06 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time boston celtics was in the finals | [
"Boston Celtics\n2018–19 Boston Celtics season\nConference\nEasternDivision\nAtlanticFounded\n1946History\nBoston Celtics1946–present[1][2]Arena\nTD GardenLocation\nBoston, MassachusettsTeam colors\nGreen, gold, black, brown, white[3][4][5] Main sponsor\nGeneral Electric[6]President\nRich GothamGeneral manager\nDanny AingeHead coach\nBrad StevensOwnership\nBoston Basketball Partners(Wyc Grousbeck, CEO and governor)Affiliation(s)\nMaine Red ClawsChampionships\n17 (1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1986, 2008)Conference titles\n21 (1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1974, 1976, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 2008, 2010)Division titles\n22 (1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2017)Retired numbers\n22 (00, 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, LOSCY)Website\nwww.nba.com/celtics\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThird\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFourth\n\n\n"
] | [
"2010"
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5872945032257549184 | Life as a House | Life as a house - wikipedia Life as a house Jump to : navigation , search Life as a House Original poster Directed by Irwin Winkler Produced by Rob Cowan Irwin Winkler Written by Mark Andrus Starring Kevin Kline Kristin Scott Thomas Hayden Christensen Jena Malone Mary Steenburgen Music by Mark Isham Cinematography Vilmos Zsigmond Edited by Julie Monroe Distributed by New Line Cinema Release date October 26 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 26 ) Running time 124 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $27 million Box office $23,903,791 Life as a House is a 2001 American drama film produced and directed by Irwin Winkler . The screenplay by Mark Andrus focuses on a man who is anxious to repair his relationship with his ex-wife and teenaged son after he is diagnosed with terminal cancer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 5 Awards and nominations 6 DVD release 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) George Monroe , an architectural model fabricator , is fired when he refuses to use computer technology . At his boss 's refusal to let George keep a few models , he destroys all but one of the models with a spindle from an architectural drawing . As he exits the building with the remaining model , he collapses and is rushed to the hospital , where it is revealed he has advanced stage cancer and any treatment would be futile . George decides to demolish the home left by his father and replace it with a house in keeping with the neighborhood . He enlists his son , Sam , who is alienated from his stepfather Peter and his mother Robin . Sam must spend the summer with George , who has not revealed his terminal condition , and help him with the house , but Sam makes it a point not to help him . When George refuses to give Sam money unless he works for it , Sam toys with becoming a male prostitute , but is nearly caught and flees from his first encounter . This leads him to steal George 's Vicodin . George slowly reconnects with Sam . Robin decides to assist as well , and she finds herself rediscovering George . Also joining in the construction are Alyssa , Sam 's classmate who lives next door with her mother Colleen ; local policeman Kurt Walker , George 's childhood friend ; Sam 's young half - brothers Adam and Ryan ; various neighbors ; and eventually Peter , even after separating from Robin when she tells him that her feelings for George have re-awakened . George tells Robin of his disease , sending her into shock . George tells Sam , who is betrayed and accuses George of being selfish and takes refuge at Alyssa 's house . George collapses and is found by Robin the following morning . Complications arise when neighbor David Dokos tries to halt construction because the building 's height exceeds the allowable limit by six inches . His plans to halt the project are stopped by Sam , who recognizes him from his prostitution attempt and blackmails him . Sam puts Christmas lights all over the unfinished house and shows George the gleaming house from his hospital window . The next morning , Sam returns to finish the house and Robin sits beside George until his death . Robin goes to the house and tells Sam about his father 's death . Sam inherits the house he finished building . Sam gives the property to a woman who has been living in a trailer park . As a girl , she was injured in a car crash caused by his grandfather . Cast ( edit ) Kevin Kline as George Monroe Kristin Scott Thomas as Robin Kimball Hayden Christensen as Sam Monroe Jena Malone as Alyssa Beck Mary Steenburgen as Colleen Beck Jamey Sheridan as Peter Kimball Ian Somerhalder as Josh Scott Bakula as Kurt Walker Sam Robards as David Dokos John Pankow as Bryan Burke Mike Weinberg as Adam Kimball Scotty Leavenworth as Ryan Kimball Production ( edit ) In Character Building : Inside Life as a House , a bonus feature on the DVD release of the film , director Irwin Winkler confesses he never realized the rekindling love between George and Robin was a key aspect of the script until he saw the emotion displayed by Kevin Kline and Kristin Scott Thomas in their scenes together . Winkler encouraged his cast to improvise moments leading into and following their scripted dialogue , many of which were included in the final film . In From the Ground Up , another DVD bonus feature , production designer Dennis Washington discusses how he was required to construct an entire street of houses leading to Sam 's house , which was perched on a cliff overlooking the Pacific Ocean in Palos Verdes , California . The new house was built on another site , then dismantled and transported to the film set as each section was needed . Because the film tracked the progress of the dismantling of the old house and the construction of the new one , it had to be shot in sequence . When the film was completed , the house was dismantled , moved , reconstructed , and enlarged to become a library for the Kenter Canyon Elementary School in Brentwood . The soundtrack includes `` What You Wish For '' and `` Rainy Day '' by Guster , `` That 's the Way '' by Gob , `` Live a Lie '' and `` Somewhere '' by Default , `` Sweet Dreams '' by Marilyn Manson , `` Water '' by ohGr , `` Rearranged '' by Limp Bizkit , `` Both Sides Now '' by Joni Mitchell , `` Gramercy Park '' by Deadsy , and `` How to Disappear Completely '' by Radiohead . The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and was shown at the Boston Film Festival before going into limited release in the US on October 26 , 2001 . Reception ( edit ) Life as a House received mixed reviews from critics . It holds a 47 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 105 reviews . Box office ( edit ) The film opened in twenty - nine theaters in the US and grossed $294,056 on its opening weekend . It eventually earned $15,667,270 in the US and $8,236,521 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $23,903,791 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Hayden Christensen was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role and won the National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance by an Actor . Kevin Kline was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role . The film won the Audience Award for Favorite Feature at Aspen Filmfest . DVD release ( edit ) New Line Home Entertainment released the film on DVD on March 26 , 2002 . It is in anamorphic widescreen format with an audio track and subtitles in English . Bonus features include commentary by director / producer Irwin Winkler , producer Rob Cowan , and screenwriter Mark Andrus ; Character Building : Inside Life as a House and From the Ground Up , documentaries about the making of the film ; four deleted and / or alternate scenes ( one with William Russ , originally cast as Kurt Walker but replaced when he was injured in a motorcycle accident after filming began ) with optional commentary ; a theatrical press kit ; and the original trailer . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BoxOfficeMojo.com Jump up ^ The New York Times External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Life as a House Life as a House on IMDb Life as a House at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Irwin Winkler Guilty by Suspicion ( 1991 ) Night and the City ( 1992 ) The Net ( 1995 ) At First Sight ( 1999 ) Life as a House ( 2001 ) De-Lovely ( 2004 ) Home of the Brave ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_as_a_House&oldid=764674456 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2000s drama films American drama films Films set in California New Line Cinema films Films directed by Irwin Winkler Fiction narrated by a dead person Films about cancer Films produced by Irwin Winkler American films Film scores by Mark Isham Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2017 , at 07 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | he played sam in life as a house | [
"Hayden Christensen as Sam Monroe"
] | [
"Hayden Christensen"
] |
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